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Free UKSG webinar: Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data

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In this webinar, David Walters and Christopher Daley from Brunel University London explore the complexities of the current UK open access (OA) policy landscape and examine the concurrent emergence of open science services which aim to provide global OA data. Using the results of their recent study, they will consider whether the global data on open access activity offered by services such as Sherpa REF, CORE and Unpaywall can enhance publication data held within institutional systems. These results will assist discussion of how local, institutional systems may be able to provide a more complete picture of collaborative OA activity through greater interoperability with global data services.

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Free UKSG webinar: Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data

  1. 1. Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data Christopher Daley and David Walters
  2. 2. Brunel University London Contents 1. UK Policy landscape > UK OA Policies > Possible concerns > Global policy stack 2. Technology landscape > Global research services & OA data sources > Representational State Transfer (REST) > JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) & Sherpa REF API > CORE (COnnecting Repositories) API 3. Global OA and Research Landscape > The ‘state of OA’ 4. Brunel research using open science services > Background > Methodology > Data and Results 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 2
  3. 3. Brunel University London Learning outcomes 1. Wider understanding of current OA policies in the UK. 2. An overview of some major services that aggregate global OA data and the methodologies used for data capture. 3. An understanding of institutional systems used for open access compliance and related issues around interoperability with external systems. 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 3
  4. 4. Brunel University London UK policy landscape 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 4 • 2012 – Finch Report – recommended support for ‘Gold’ Open Access. • UK Research and Innovation (Research Councils) strongly prefer Gold for their funded research. • A number of charities (eg. Wellcome Trust) mandate Gold. • Research England (formerly HEFCE) requires all researchers to follow the ‘Green’ Open Access route to remain eligible for REF 2021.
  5. 5. Brunel University London UK policy landscape – levels of OA • Universities UK found 37% of UK publications were open access on publication in 2016. • More than half available to view within 12 months of publication (either Gold or Green) • Universities UK. 2017. Monitoring the Transition to Open Access. Online: http://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk /policy-and- analysis/reports/Documents/2 017/monitoring-transition- open-access-2017.pdf 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 5 • Research England report, June 2018. • ‘…over 80 per cent of the outputs covered meet the policy requirements, or an exception is known to apply […]. This represents an enormous achievement, contributing to increased access and use of UK research.’ • Research England. 2018. Monitoring sector progress towards compliance with funder open access policies. Online: https://re.ukri.org/documents/2018/re search-england-open-access-report- pdf/
  6. 6. Brunel University London UK policy landscape Some concerns – OA as a tick-box exercise 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 6
  7. 7. Brunel University London UK policy landscape Some concerns – duplication of effort 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 7
  8. 8. Brunel University London UK policy landscape – recent discussions To my mind, we rushed in too quickly with policy demands instead of providing the mechanisms by which academic communities could form their own flavour of openness. At that point openness lost the opportunity to become a cultural norm because it then became a compliance issue. Academics did open because they HAD to, for fear of not being REF-submittable or being blacklisted for further funding. - Elizabeth Gadd. 2018. ‘Measuring openness: should we be careful what we wish for?’ Online: https://thebibliomagician.wordpress.com/2018/08/21/measuring-openness-should-we-be-careful-what- we-wish-for/ 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 8 However, what is imperative to keep in mind when reading the report is that compliance with a policy is not the end goal of a policy in itself. While clearly the UK policies over the past five years have increased the amount of UK research that is available open access, we do need to ask ourselves ‘so what?’. What we are not measuring, or indeed even discussing, is the reason why we are doing this. - Danny Kingsley. 2018. The institutions have spoken, Research England Blog. Online: https://re.ukri.org/blog/danny-kingsley/the-institutions-have-spoken/
  9. 9. Brunel University London Global OA policy stack 18 September 2018 9
  10. 10. Brunel University London Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 10
  11. 11. Brunel University London Global research services & OA data sources 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 11 101 Innovations in Scholarly Communication: https://innoscholcomm.silk.co/
  12. 12. Brunel University London Global research services & OA data sources18 September 2018 12 Open Hardware Open Software Open Peer review Open data Open Education Reproducible research Open Access
  13. 13. Brunel University London Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 13 What open science services are out there to help institutions identify OA publications and data?
  14. 14. Brunel University London Global research services & OA data sources18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 14 Unpaywall: OA classes Primary function Clients API Unpaywall OA data provider Identifying OA for published works Browser extension, Scopus, WoS, others Yes CORE OA data and publication aggregator TDM services Web interface, Repository recommender Yes Sherpa REF Journal OA policy provider, REF compliance REF compliance Web interface Yes Jisc Blog post – ‘CORE becomes the world’s largest aggregator’: https://scholarlycommunications.jiscinvolve.org/
  15. 15. Brunel University London Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 15 What is a REST API??
  16. 16. Brunel University London Representational State Transfer (REST) • Architectural style encompassing common web standards (e.g. HTTP, URL, HTML and XML). • Accessing resources from a REST API is much like requesting a web page from a web server • Client-Server • REST retains benefits of the ‘design’ of the web in terms of: loose- coupling, scalability, open-standards-based and vendor- independent technologies 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 16
  17. 17. Brunel University London Representational State Transfer (REST) • An architectural ‘style’ or approach, not a standard (unlike SOAP, which is a W3C standard) • RESTful standards make data available for machines as well as humans. • REST is a term originally coined by Roy Fielding in his PhD dissertation. In Fielding’s own words: • “The name ‘Representational State Transfer’ is intended to evoke an image of how a well-designed Web application behaves: a network of web pages (a virtual-state machine), where the user progresses through the application by selecting links (state transitions), resulting in the next page (representing the next state of the application) being transferred to the user and rendered for their use.” • Stateless – each request has to complete, carrying all required info to process request • Standard HTTP operations (GET, PUT, POST, DELETE) • Resources uniquely identified by URIs • Software components, e.g. clients, manipulate resources. One resource might contain URIs to other related resources 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 17 Fielding, R. T. (2000) Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures [Online], University of California, Irvine, Section 6.1. Available at https://www.ics.uci.edu/ ~fielding/ pubs/ dissertation/ evaluation.htm#sec_6_1 (Accessed 9 June 2018).
  18. 18. Brunel University London Representational State Transfer (REST) • Operationally, REST is not at all concerned with how it is implemented. • Rather, based on ‘resource’ concept • A resource is defined by own unique address/representation • a client requesting any URI receives a response that places the client in either a new or a refreshed state • Key Concepts: • State (HTTP response – page/content) • Transition (another state accessible from the current state, e.g. a URI available in the current state) • Transport protocol (simply HTTP) 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 18
  19. 19. Brunel University London Representational State Transfer (REST) • Lightbulb moment • http://www.example.com/lightbulb • Consider the case of a light switch that wants to convey to the light whether to be ‘on’ or ‘off’. 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 19
  20. 20. Brunel University London Representational State Transfer (REST) • Light ON • PUT "true" to http://www.example.com/lightbulb • Light OFF • PUT “false" to http://www.example.com/lightbulb • Check the state of the resource • GET http://www.example.com/lightbulb • Return data, e.g. true/false 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 20
  21. 21. Brunel University London Representational State Transfer (REST) • REST summary • A stateless methodology or style • Transported via HTTP or HTTPS • Request is transported as a URI • Response data can be XML, JSON or other text-based methods • Analysis of URI and HTTP method indicate intent 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 21
  22. 22. Brunel University London SHERPA REF • https://ref.sherpa.ac.uk/api • Pass an ISSN or EISSN to access the resource • Example - Nature 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 22
  23. 23. Brunel University London Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 23 What’s Json? And…
  24. 24. Brunel University London JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 24 • JSON commonly used as a web services tool to read and retrieve data from a web server and display that data within a web application, or simply a web page. • JSON is a standard and it is maintained by http://www.json.org/ . • JSON as a lightweight data-interchange format that has been widely adopted • an alternative data-interchange format to XML • JSON’s advantages are that it tends to be more compact than XML, understands JavaScript, and some would argue that it is easier to read and write • JSON has close links with Javascript - easy conversation to native JavaScript objects
  25. 25. Brunel University London CORE (COnnecting Repositories) • An aggregation service with more than a thousand data providers • CORE aggregates open access journals and repositories (subject and institutional) • The collected data are available to everyone via the CORE search engine • Supports text and data mining of the aggregated content via the API and the Data Dumps • Provides a recommendation tool for repositories and journal software 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 25
  26. 26. Brunel University London CORE (COnnecting Repositories) • https://core.ac.uk/docs/ • Register for the API • You’ll receive an API key parameter which is common to all API methods • For all API methods the API key can be provided either as a query parameter or in the request header. • Demo CORE API with Results from Brunel research (example paper) • https://figshare.com/articles/CORE_SQL_query_and_data_sampl e/5799336 • JSON viewer • http://jsonviewer.stack.hu/ 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 26
  27. 27. Brunel University London Results 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 27 • CORE records contain additional geolocation data, enabling physical host locations to be plotted on a map. • https://drive.google.com/open?id=1J1BZvySYDwC32nHm6grsuojgat PmuKYy&usp=sharing • highest concentration of OA locations is in European territories and within the UK • 370 distinct works in multiple OA locations • One paper was found in 9 separate OA locations. A comparison with Google scholar found 24 OA locations CORE found 1894 OA locations for 1073 distinct publications
  28. 28. Brunel University London Global OA landscape Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 28
  29. 29. Brunel University London The ‘state of OA’ • Unpaywall, launched late 2016, is a database of over 20 million open access articles. Unpaywall also offers a free browser extension and a free API that is used in thousands of academic libraries and handles over 1.5 million unique uses daily • Piwowar, H.; Priem, J.; Larivière, V.; Alperin, J.P.; Matthias, L.; Norlander, B.; Farley, A.; West, J.; Haustein, S. The state of OA: A large-scale analysis of the prevalence and impact of Open Access articles. PeerJ 2018, 6, e4375. • 45% of recent scholarly works were found to be legally available through Gold or Green publishing models • At the highest level, Piwowar and Priem (et al.) define OA as ‘free to read online, either on the publisher website or in an OA repository’ and ‘all articles not meeting this definition were defined as Closed’ 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 29
  30. 30. Brunel University London The ‘state of OA’ 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 30 Unpaywall: OA classes Gold: Published in an open-access journal that is indexed by the DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals—a directory indexing open access peer-reviewed journals). Hybrid: Free under an open licence in a toll-access journal. Bronze: Free to read on the publisher page, but without a clearly identifiable licence. Green: Toll-access on the publisher page, but there is a free copy in an OA repository. Closed: All other articles, including those shared only on an Academic Social Network or in Sci-Hub.
  31. 31. Brunel University London The ‘state of OA’ 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 31 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4375/fig-1 Percent of articles by OA status, Crossref-DOIs sample vs Unpaywall- DOIs sample. • Unpaywall also have an API and client services for monitoring OA – institutions should make good use of it • Unpaywall is fast becoming the best source of identifying OA information for a publication
  32. 32. Brunel University London Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 32 Brunel research utilising open science services (2018)
  33. 33. Brunel University London Aims 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 33 • Create OA classification schemes to interpret the data • Investigate possible OA locations (Sherpa REF). • Investigate OA locations (CORE) • and plot the geolocation of Brunel works (CORE). • Investigate OA locations and volume (Unpaywall / CORE) resources. Looking beyond institutional systems to the collaborative OA environment
  34. 34. Brunel University London Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 34 • V Results – Intersection of OA locations and research collaboration
  35. 35. Brunel University London Results 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 35 • Sherpa REF data highlights the scale of possible OA locations available to authors when making dissemination decisions for their research • The service covered 84% of serials in the sample that had an ISSN or EISSN. • the most common OA location is the archiving of an accepted manuscript into an institutional repository. The results demonstrate that many publisher policies align with the requirements of UK funding bodies • However, the data shows 34 total OA scenarios for authors • https://figshare.com/articles/Sherpa_REF_SQL_query_and_data_sa mple/5799339 6% of journal titles had 8 or more possible OA locations available to authors
  36. 36. Brunel University London Results 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 36 Count Sherpa REF Results 1 Archive, Accepted Version, Author Website 2 Archive, Accepted Version, Department website 3 Archive, Accepted Version, Institutional Repository 4 Archive, Accepted Version, Other 5 Archive, Accepted Version, Disciplinary repository 6 Archive, Published Version, Author Website 7 Archive, Published Version, Department website 8 Archive, Published Version, Institutional Repository 9 Archive, Published Version, Other 10 Archive, Published Version, Disciplinary repository 11 Hybrid, Published Version, Author Website 12 Hybrid, Published Version, Institutional Repository 13 Hybrid, Published Version, Disciplinary repository open access dissemination options for the Journal of Applied Physics (AIP Publishing).
  37. 37. Brunel University London Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 37 • V Results – Volume and scope of OA locations
  38. 38. Brunel University London Results 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 38 • ‘best available’ OA classification scheme Increased levels of Gold and Green OA
  39. 39. Brunel University London Results 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 39 • ‘best available’ OA classification scheme The ‘gap’ to OA – just 7% of outputs with a green option
  40. 40. Brunel University London Results 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 40 • ‘best available’ OA classification scheme Growth in Hybrid, stabilisation of Gold
  41. 41. Brunel University London Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 41 • V Results – Replication and multiplicity
  42. 42. Brunel University London Results 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 42 Most Gold is found in other locations, irrespective of licence conditions
  43. 43. Brunel University London Results 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 43 Green is the most popular form of OA, with the least replication
  44. 44. Brunel University London Results 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 44 Gold is replicated more than Hybrid
  45. 45. Brunel University London Research findings 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 45 Global research collaboration National policy requirements Institutional compliance levels
  46. 46. Brunel University London Research findings 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 46 Kramer, Bianca; Bosman, Jeroen (2015): 101 Innovations in Scholarly Communication - the Changing Research Workflow. figshare. Poster. Online: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1286826.v1
  47. 47. Brunel University London The future? Plan S Target: “After 1 January 2020 scientific publications on the results from research funded by public grants provided by national and European research councils and funding bodies, must be published in compliant Open Access Journals or on compliant Open Access Platforms.” Ten principles (including): - Authors retain copyright of their publication with no restrictions. All publications must be published under an open license, preferably the Creative Commons Attribution Licence CC BY. - The Funders will ensure jointly the establishment of robust criteria and requirements for the services that compliant high quality Open Access journals and Open Access platforms must provide; - The ‘hybrid’ model of publishing is not compliant with the above principles - When Open Access publication fees are applied, their funding is standardised and capped (across Europe) Full details here: https://www.scienceeurope.org/coalition-s/ 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 47
  48. 48. Brunel University London Plan S Initial questions …I think this is one of the stronger funder-based policies in Open Access that has been committed to in recent years, and they should be applauded for that. So one of the key weakness for me is again the focus on APC-driven Open Access. This is just one part of a complex ecosystem, such as green OA (or self archiving) which is free for authors, and would also motivate the improvement and connectivity of existing library/institutional infrastructure and subject repositories. - Jon Tennant. 2018. Full comments about ‘Plan S’ and the future of Open Access in Europe. 6th September. Online: http://fossilsandshit.com/full-comments-about-plan-s-and-the-future-of-oa/ 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 48 …who decides the level of the cap? What does this mean for policies on green open access, where publications from subscription journals are placed in open repositories sometimes after an embargo period? How will smaller institutions whose libraries lack the funding to cover article processing charges comply? - Martin Eve. 2018. Dial S for strategy. ResearchResearch. 5th September. Online: https://www.researchresearch.com/news/article/?articleId=1376978
  49. 49. Brunel University London Thank you! Any questions? Further reading: Piwowar, H.; Priem, J.; Larivière, V.; Alperin, J.P.; Matthias, L.; Norlander, B.; Farley, A.; West, J.; Haustein, S. The state of OA: A large-scale analysis of the prevalence and impact of Open Access articles. PeerJ 2018, 6, e4375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Martín-Martín, A.; Rodrigo Costas, T.; Emilio, D. Evidence of Open Access of Scientific Publications in Google Scholar: A Large-scale Analysis. ArXiv 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Walters, D.; Daley, C. Enhancing Institutional Publication Data Using Emergent Open Science Services. Publications 2018, 6, 23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/publications6020023 18 September 2018 Exploring how emerging open science services can enhance institutional publication data 49 Follow us on Twitter: @cr_daley @_DavidWalters

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