Shipping (fandom)

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Shipping, derived from the word relationship, is the belief that two characters, fictional or non-fictional, would be interesting or believable (or are, or will be, or should be) in a romantic relationship. It is considered a general term for fans' emotional involvement with the ongoing development of romance in a work of fiction. Though technically applicable to any such involvement, it refers chiefly to various related social dynamics observable on the Internet, and is seldom used outside of that context.

Shipping can involve virtually any kind of relationship – from the well-known and established, to the ambiguous or those undergoing development, and even to the highly improbable and the blatantly impossible. One rule of shipping states that if more than one person ships a couple it is a rightful ship.

In anime/manga communities, shipping is more commonly referred to as pairing(s); in Filipino pop culture, it is frequently called loveteam(s). In East Asian contexts, the practice is also referred to as coupling or CP.

Etymology[edit]

The activity of fans creating relationships out of some or most of the cast of characters far predates the term. Though the word "ship" evolved from "relationship", where and when it was first used to indicate involvement with fictional romance is unclear. The first "ship" that became widely popular and accepted was Kirk and Spock of the television show Star Trek. This began in the mid 1960s, and was often referred to as K/S. This is why relationships between two men is often now referred to as "slash". More recently, however, shipping grew in popularity with the TV show The X-Files, in which internet fans thought the two main characters, Fox Mulder and Dana Scully, should be or were engaged in a romantic relationship. The term was (and still is) used frequently by fans of Pokémon, of which there are several major pairings in both the manga and anime.[1]

The term for a fan of shipping also evolved:[2] from relationshipper,[3][4] R'shipper,[5] 'shipper, and finally just shipper.[6] These terms were already established and required no explanation when posted in alt.tv newsgroups in 1996.

Recently, 'anchoring' has been used as a term for fans who 'ship' themselves with their favorite fictional characters.

Notation and terminology[edit]

"Ship" and its derivatives in this context have since then come to be in wide and versatile use. "Shipping" refers to the whole phenomenon; a "ship" is the concept of a fictional couple; to "ship" a couple means to have an affinity for it in one way or another; a "shipper" is somebody significantly involved with such an affinity, and so forth.

Some of the terminology used in Shipping fandom is as follows:

  • Ship = The relationship between two or more characters
  • Sailed Ship = A ship that is canonically true
  • Crack Ship = a Ship that could never happen
  • Ghost Ship = A Ship that you once supported and perhaps still do that went down in the ocean, drowning all on board (basically, a hopeless relationship)
  • Cannonball (wrecking ball) = An abrupt, painful happening in a fandom that hits you like one
  • Shore = A happy ending to a Ship (Ships almost always go out into the waters again, but it’s nice to rest here for a while)
  • Storm/Seastorm/Tidal Wave/etc. = Problems faced by the Ship
  • Thunder = Implications of an upcoming storm
  • Slash = A homosexual Ship
  • Cargo = Moments or other implications that a Ship is canon, or else cute exchanges between the characters involved in a Ship
  • Pirate = A person who attacks other Ships, perhaps to steal cargo, or because of vengeance—whatever reason, they try to shoot down your Ship
  • Submarine/Dinghy = A pairing between two characters so minor that no one will ever notice.
  • Ark = A shipping of biblical characters or those of other religious texts.
  • Breaking the bottle = What got you Shipping them
  • OTP = Short for "One True Pairing"—by deeming a Ship your OTP, you have declared that you have really strong emotions for it, perhaps that you feel that the characters involved in that relationship are meant for each other above all other relationships you may put them in
  • BROTP = Related to OTP, except that instead of a romantic relationship, it's a friend relationship that it's referring to; the term "BROTP" is a combination of Bromance and "OTP". A Bromance is a relationship in which two men are close enough that they could be dating, but aren't.
  • There are also several variations of OTP besides BROTP, which include but are not limited to; NOTP- The Ship you will never, ever be a part of, OT3- A Ship with three participants (The digit on the end goes up with the number of characters in the Ship) and sometimes, depending on the Ship itself and what is considered a staple of that pairing, it is mixed with another word of some meaning to the Fandom.
  • Shark = Anyone or anything that flocks to your Ship at the first hint of blood—at the first hint of some slight wound in your Ship—and tears it apart for this
  • Stranded = Either stuck without a Ship, or afraid to Ship again so you’re avoiding pairings
  • Passenger = A person who Ships a certain couple (also sometimes called a "Shipper")
  • Getting on board = Beginning to Ship something, about to Ship something, etc.
  • Ship Wars = Battles between the fans over which ship is better, will be canon, will be sunk, etc. and can sometimes tear the fandom apart.

Various naming conventions have developed in different online communities to refer to prospective couples, likely due to the ambiguity and cumbersomeness of the "Character 1 and Character 2" format. The most widespread appears to be putting the slash character (/) between the two names ("Character1/Character2"). Other methods include:[citation needed]

  • using a word that describes the relationship between, or something involving both characters and adding the word "Shipping" to it (e.g., MartyrShipping to refer to the relationship between Ivypool and Hollyleaf from the Warriors series, because both suffered a great deal for their beliefs)
  • like the ?Shipping method, only by adding the word "Heart" to the end of the word that describes their relationship
  • using the letter X in place of the slash ("Character1XCharacter2")
  • putting characters' names in CamelCase ("Character1Character2")
  • abbreviating both names (usually taking only the first letter of each, with additional letters used if necessary to avoid two or more couples in the same fandom sharing a name) ("Ch1/Ch2")
  • using the initials of either the characters' first names or their full names ("CC" or "C1C2")
  • forming a portmanteau from the names of the two participants (e.g., "Brangelina", when the names of the characters are "Brad Pitt" and "Angelina Jolie"); this is common mostly within fan communities of anime in emulation of the naming conventions for couples used in the equivalent Japanese fandoms. (e.g., IchiRuki in Bleach, ZoSan in One Piece, or NaruSaku in Naruto, AtsuMina in AKB48, JuriRena in SKE48, SayaMilky in NMB48. Some in Fairy Tail include Nalu,Jerza, Gavy/Gale.).
    • using portmanteaus are especially popular among soap opera fans, who use them to describe existing couples as well as couples that they would like to see together, or that they feel should reunite. Some examples from one of the most popular soap operas General Hospital are: Lante (Lulu/Dante), Krithan (Kristina/Ethan), Jolivia (Johnny/Olivia), JaSam (Jason/Sam), Spixie (Spinelli/Maxie), CarJax (Carly/Jax), and Niz (Nikolas/Elizabeth). Generally, it can be applied to movie and TV couples as well: Romione (Ron/Hermione), Merthur (Merlin/Arthur), Johnlock (John/Sherlock), Bangel (Buffy/Angel), Frary (Francis/Mary), Destiel (Dean/Castiel), Delena (Damon/Elena), Stelena (Stefan/Elena), LoVe (Logan/Veronica), Clois (Clark/Lois), CaptainSwan (Captain Hook/Emma Swan), Chair (Chuck/Blair), Caskett (Castle/Beckett), Hannigram (Hannibal/Will), Finchel (Finn/Rachel) etc..
  • using codes for the character names that can be used in shipping. For example, according to Japanese wordplay, Takeshi Yamamoto can be represented by the number 80 and Hayato Gokudera by the number 59, thus the Reborn! pairing is referred to as "8059".
  • using 'titles/nicknames' for pairings. For example, in the anime/manga Prince of Tennis, Shuichiro Oishi and Eiji Kikumaru play together as a doubles team for tennis and as known as the "Golden Pair" for their talent, thus they are also called the "Golden Pair" when referring to them as a pairing. Another example is the series Young Justice, where shippers refer to Artemis and Kid Flash as "Spitfire" because of a comment made by Dr. Fate, telling Kid Flash to find his own "little spitfire". In addition to this, a pairings interests or personalities can be combined to make a title. For example; In 'Dude, That's My Ghost!' Spencer Wright enjoys directing short films, and Billy Joe Cobra is the ghost mentioned in the title. Their ship name is Ectofeature, 'Ecto' being what ghosts are made of, and Feature standing for Spencers photography.
  • using the template '?A?R' or '?A?L' (the A standing for 'and', and the R standing for 'romance', or the L for 'love'), inserting the first letters of characters names filling the '?s'. These unique examples come from the Invader Zim fandom, "ZADR" for example standing for Zim and Dib Romance, and the Pokémon fandom, "AaIL" meaning Ash and Iris Love.

Some fandoms have evolved unique trends in their shipping notation. The Pokémon, Harry Potter and Yu-Gi-Oh! fandoms have specific semi-descriptive names corresponding with their ships. The Pokémon fandom was the first to develop specific names for pairings that ended in the term "shipping," and this development happened shortly after the term "shipping" was coined. One of the earliest specific "shipping" names that was coined was Rocketshipping, referring to the pairing of Jessie and James, characters who are both members of Team Rocket. Following that, other pairings within the fandom were named, for example Ash/Iris is referred to as Negaishipping, and Advanceshipping refers to Ash/May which refers to May's debut appearance in the Advance Generation arch in 2002, which spanned of about four seasons. The Harry Potter fandom has taken this a step forward and uses puns on the naval ship/fandom ship linguistic duality in the form of "HMS foobar". The Saiyuki fandom has a system by which each of the main characters is assigned a number corresponding with their name, and a ship could be referred to as "1X5" or "2X4" (a similar notation system is in use among Gundam Wing yaoi enthusiasts).

The "Twilight" as well as the The Hunger Games fandom have multiple canon ships that result in conflict within the fandom. The construction of the novels has a female lead that can be vicariously projected upon while the story leads to a climatic romantic decision between the two male leads.[7] This results in a polarized fandom where each side describes their preferred choice as a "team". In Twilight these are "Team Jacob" and "Team Edward". In The Hunger Games, these are Team Peeta and Team Gale. While "teams" for reality competition shows usually indicate who an individual wants to win, occasionally ships are formed (for instance, Team Europe on Top Chef).

Slash and non-conventional ships[edit]

Shipping is not limited to heterosexual (or "het") relationships. In the fan fiction community, homosexual pairings are also popular (known as "slash and femslash" or by their borrowed Japanese terms yaoi, male homosexuality, and yuri, female homosexuality). A person who supports homosexual pairings and reads or writes slash fiction may be referred to as a "slasher".

The term "Slash" itself predates the use of "shipping" by at least some 20 years. It was originally coined as a term to describe a pairing of Kirk and Spock of Star Trek, Kirk/Spock (or "K/S"; sometimes spoken "Kirk-slash-Spock", whence "Slash") homosexual fan fiction.[8] For a time in the late 1970s and early 1980s, both "K/S" and "Slash" were used to describe such fan fiction, regardless of whether or not they were related to Star Trek. But as homosexuality became more accepted in society, so too did the terms lose their derogatory connotation. Thus "Slash" became a universal term to describe all homosexual themed fan works.

Parallel to this development, the term "Slash" was also being used in some fandoms to denote fan fiction or other fan works depicting sexual acts with an implied rating of NC-17, whether homosexual or heterosexual. It is likely that this is the same "Slash" term born of the Star Trek fandom, but adapted to the pornographic focus that commonly dominates fanfiction and fan works in the Kirk/Spock ship, as well as the ships of other homosexual couples, ( Dean/Cas, John/Sherlock, Merlin/Arthur, Captain Jack/Ianto, etc....) allowing the use of the term to spread to heterosexual ships. However, this use of the term has now become largely archaic due to the standardization of terminology by large fandom sites such as fanfiction.net. "Slash" now refers only to male/male pairings. "Femmeslash" or "femslash" denotes female/female pairings.

Shipping may defy social standards and taboos. Some online groups support ships which constitute incest or bestiality. Characters of any age, even adults and children, may be paired together in romantic fan fiction.

Real Person Shipping (referred to by its natural result, Real Person Fiction or RPF) is often considered taboo by fandoms and fandom communities, but persists, commonly with two real life actors who portray oft-shipped characters. Much of the controversy stems from the dehumanization of performers and the degree of detail used from the real person's life. Individual ships by themselves aren't necessarily controversial, for example Monchele (Lea Michele and Cory Monteith, romantic interests Rachel and Finn respectively on Glee).

Sometimes the name of one of the two characters can be changed in order to make the name flow smoother, for example if the shipped first name of two characters ended with a -ro and the shipped last name of the two characters ended in -ra the last name could be changed to end in -ro.

Fan works[edit]

In fan fiction circles, authors often let their shipping tendencies influence their work and espouse a certain romantic pairing between two particular characters in their fiction; in fact, the pairings found within are considered such a defining factor that story summaries in fiction archives often notify the potential reader of them while neglecting other important features. The extremity of this phenomenon can be found in many fan fiction archives, where fanfiction is searchable by rating, length, genre, date, language, and "pairing". While this in part reflects an emphasis on shipping by many fan fiction authors, it is also considered a useful service to those readers who only wish to read about certain pairings (or conversely, wish to avoid reading about pairings they dislike).

To a lesser degree, this influence still exists in other fan works. Since fan art, for example, is by nature more focused on a particular scene or character(s) and allows for less flexibility in terms of theme integration, it is usually either without shipping influence at all or wholly a tribute to a certain pairing.

Case studies of shipping-afflicted fandoms[edit]

Daria fandom[edit]

Daria fandom was marked through its entire run by shipper debate. From the series' first season, the main conflict was between people who thought that the title character, Daria Morgendorffer, should have a relationship with Trent Lane, a slacker rock-band frontman, whom Daria met through his sister, Jane. A common argument against this possible outcome was that such a development would signal a turn away from the more subversive aspects of Daria's character, and thus the show.

The show's writers responded by having Daria develop a crush on Trent, even having Daria go as far as to get a piercing because Trent encouraged her to, as well as having her get rashes on her head at the sight of Trent. Trent, however, remained involved with his off-and-on girlfriend Monique, who immediately became a target of shipper ire. The crush ended in the third season's finale, "Jane's Addition", when Daria realized that Trent could never satisfy her in the long run.

That same episode introduced Tom Sloane, a charming and intellectual son of privilege who nonetheless drove a Ford Pinto. Although Tom became Jane's boyfriend, threatening Daria and Jane's friendship in the process, Daria and Tom warmed up to each other throughout the fourth season, leading up to its finale, "Dye! Dye! My Darling," broadcast August 2, 2000.[9] With Jane and Tom's relationship in crisis, a heated argument between Daria and Tom led up to a kiss in Tom's car. With Daria indecisive as to whether this relationship should be pursued further, Daria and Jane's friendship was in tatters for the rest of the episode. In the made-for-TV movie "Is it Fall Yet?," Daria decided to begin a relationship with Tom, and Daria and Jane patched up their friendship.

This caused an instant uproar. The shipper faction having won the initial debate (in fair part having do with other artistic decisions Daria made after Season 1 reflecting a conceptual desire towards post-modernity, such as a musical episode, "Daria!", extended dream sequences laden with 70s–80s detective show references ("Murder, She Snored"), and human representations of the major holidays [and Guy Fawkes Day] manifesting themselves in Lawndale in "Depth Takes A Holiday"), conversation now turned to whether Tom was more appropriate than the long-dismissed Trent. The debate was satirized by the show's writers in a piece on MTV's website.[10]

In the series finale, the made-for-TV movie, "Is It College Yet?", Daria and Tom broke up over the fact that they were going to different colleges. The debate was over, and so was the series.

In interviews done after the series' run, series co-creator Glenn Eichler revealed that "any viewer who really thought that Daria and Trent could (have) a relationship was just not watching the show we were making,"[11] Tom came about because "going into our fourth year... I thought it was really pushing credibility for Daria to have only had one or two dates during her whole high school career," and "teaser" episodes like "Pierce Me" were "intended to provide some fun for that portion of the audience that was so invested in the romance angle. The fact that those moments were few and far between should have given some indication that the series was not about Daria's love life."[12]

Harry Potter fandom[edit]

The Harry Potter series generated ship debates with supporters of the prospective relationship between Harry Potter and his close female friend Hermione Granger at odds with supporters of Hermione ending up instead with Ron Weasley, close friend of both.

Quotes from Rowling which seemed to contradict the possibility of Harry ending up with Hermione were usually countered by claiming them to be deliberate obfuscations designed to lure astute observation off-course (though such claims were far from undisputed, given that these allegedly vague quotes included such phrases as "[Harry and Hermione] are very platonic friends",[13] and were repeated on at least three different occasions).

Another alternative is of Harry ending up with Ginny Weasley, Ron's younger sister, whose obvious crush on him served as a comical plotline starting in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and apparently subsiding in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, where Hermione informs Harry that Ginny has "given up" on him.

The resolution did not come until 2005, with the release of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. The book contained a prominent sub-plot in which Harry develops a crush on the previously-pining Ginny, convinced that he has missed his opportunity with her. In the end Ginny turns out to never have given up on Harry after all, but merely taken Hermione's advice to try to date other boys to boost her self-confidence and be more like herself around him. Though their romantic relationship becomes one of the few sources of comfort in Harry's difficult life, he makes a bold decision to break it apart for fear that Voldemort would learn of it and target Ginny. Rowling later commented that she had planned Ginny as Harry's "ideal girl" from the very beginning. Other common ships include Nuna, Neville Longbottom and Luna Lovegood, who are obviously paired because of their awkwardness. A common slash ship is Drarry (Draco/Harry), which is an example of a popular fan habit of shipping antagonists.

The effect of this turnout was dramatically amplified by an interview with J.K. Rowling conducted by fansite webmasters Emerson Spartz (MuggleNet) and Melissa Anelli (The Leaky Cauldron) shortly after the book's release. During the interview Spartz commented that Harry/Hermione shippers were "delusional", to which Rowling chuckled, though making it clear that she did not share the sentiment and that the Harry/Hermione fans were "still valued members of her readership". This incident resulted in an uproar among Harry/Hermione shippers, some of whom announced that they would return their copies of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and boycott future Harry Potter books, leveling criticism at Spartz, Anelli, and Rowling herself. Many of them complained that both sites had a Ron/Hermione bias and criticized Rowling for not including a representative of their community, as a way to avoid difficult questions. The uproar was loud enough to merit an article in the San Francisco Chronicle.[14]

Rowling's attitude towards the shipping phenomenon has varied between amused and bewildered to frustrated, as she revealed in that interview. She explained:[15]

Well, you see, I'm a relative newcomer to the world of shipping, because for a long time, I didn't go on the net and look up Harry Potter. A long time. Occasionally I had to, because there were weird news stories or something that I would have to go and check, because I was supposed to have said something I hadn’t said. I had never gone and looked at fan sites, and then one day I did and oh – my – god. Five hours later or something, I get up from the computer shaking slightly [all laugh]. ‘What is going on?’ And it was during that first mammoth session that I met the shippers, and it was a most extraordinary thing. I had no idea there was this huge underworld seething beneath me.

The release of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in July 2007 saw an epilogue, nineteen years after the events at the focus of the series, where Harry and Ginny are married and have three kids, Lily Luna, James Sirius, and Albus Severus, and Ron and Hermione are also married and have two, Rose and Hugo. This has been received negatively by some fans, especially those who ship non-canon pairings. A result has been the EWE tag added to the summaries of fan-fiction, meaning "Epilogue, What Epilogue?". A popular Harry Potter shipping is Drapple, which involves Draco Malfoy being in a romantic relationship with an apple.

Xena: Warrior Princess fandom[edit]

The Xena: Warrior Princess fandom saw often "shipping wars" that turned especially intense due to spillover from real-life debates about homosexuality and gay rights.

Shortly after the 1995 debut of the action/fantasy series about a woman warrior seeking redemption for a dark past, fans started discussing the possibility of a relationship between Xena and her sidekick and best friend Gabrielle. Toward the end of the first season, the show's producers began to play to this perception by deliberately inserting usually humorous lesbian innuendo into some episodes. The show acquired a cult following in the lesbian community. However, Xena had a number of male love interests as well, and from the first season she had an adversarial but sexually charged dynamic with Ares, the God of War, who frequently tried to win her over as his "Warrior Queen." Gabrielle herself once had a male husband, and his death deeply affected her.

In a 10-year retrospective of the show in Salon.com, journalist Cathy Young wrote:[1]

Almost from the start, the fandom was bitterly divided among various factions, particularly subtext fans pitted against those who saw Xena and Gabrielle as friends. Fandom wars over relationships are nothing new: "X-Files" fans clashed vehemently over whether Mulder and Scully should do the deed. In the "Xena" fandom, though, these wars had the added angle of sexual politics. Some of the anti-subtext sentiment was undoubtedly driven by bona fide bigotry. Some lesbian fans, on the other hand, approached the argument as a real-life gay rights struggle and labeled all dissent as homophobic: To them, denying a sexual relationship between Xena and Gabrielle was tantamount to denying the reality of their own lives, and the "Are they or aren't they" tease was an insulting way to keep the characters in the closet.

In a way, knowing that the staff paid attention to fan opinions may have made matters worse: There was an incentive for the rival groups to out-shout one another to make themselves heard. Many fans who had no appetite for these wars fled the online fandom. Storylines that were seen as betraying the subtext, particularly the Xena-Ares relationship in the fifth season, were met with intense hostility from a small but vocal group; at other times, non-subtext fans grumbled about what they saw as pandering to the pro-subtext fan base (such as several sixth-season episodes emphasizing Xena and Gabrielle's transcendent bond as soul mates).

In 2000, during the airing of the fifth season, the intensity and sometimes nastiness of the "shipping wars" in the Xena fandom was chronicled (from a non-subtexter's point of view) by Australian artist Nancy Lorenz in an article titled "The Discrimination in the Xenaverse" in the online Xenaverse magazine Whoosh![2], and also in numerous letters in response.[3]

The wars did not abate after the series came to an end in 2001. With no new material from the show itself, the debates have been fueled by often contradictory statements from the cast and staff. In January 2003, Lucy Lawless, the star of Xena: Warrior Princess, told Lesbian News magazine that after watching the series finale (in which Gabrielle revived Xena with a mouth-to-mouth water transfer filmed to look like a full kiss) she had come to believe that Xena and Gabrielle's relationship was "definitely gay."[4]. However, in the interviews and commentaries on the DVD sets released in 2003–2005, the actors, writers and producers continued to stress the ambiguity of the relationship, and in several interviews both Lawless and Renee O'Connor, who played Gabrielle, spoke of Ares as a principal love interest for Xena. In the interview for the Season 6 episode "Coming Home", O'Connor commented, "If there was ever going to be one man in Xena's life, it would be Ares."

In March 2005, one-time Xena screenwriter Katherine Fugate, an outspoken supporter of the Xena/Gabrielle pairing, posted a statement on her website appealing for tolerance in the fandom:[5]

The show existed as it did, when it did. And it enabled many to be empowered on many levels, for many walks of life. So if one definition doesn't work for you, then discard it. If it does, hold it gently. But please, allow everyone the grace to take what they need from the show and make it theirs. Let them have what moved them – be it that Xena was in love with Gabrielle or Xena was in love with Ares. Please stop the arguing and name-calling and need to be right, because in the end, the show worked, it healed, it changed lives, it created new friendships, new loves and new thought, and it was bloody fantastic. And that's what matters. That it simply lived.

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Shipper – Fan History Wiki: The Fandom History Resource". Fanhistory.com. 2009-12-06. Retrieved 2012-07-21. 
  2. ^ "alt.tv.x-files Greatest Threads of All Time". 14 Aug 2001. Retrieved 2011-09-29. 
  3. ^ "alt.tv.x-files Her *name* is *Bambi*? (use of 'relationshipper')". 7 January 1996. Retrieved 2011-09-29. 
  4. ^ "alt.tv.homicide Expunge cleverness (use of 'relationshipping')". 6 January 1996. Retrieved 2011-09-29. 
  5. ^ "alt.tv.x-files.creative NEW: TITLE 17 [1/1] (use of "R'shipper")". 20 April 1996. Retrieved 2011-09-29. 
  6. ^ "alt.tv.x-files My problem with 'anti-relationshippers'.... (use of 'shipper' in post 85)". 19 May 1996. Retrieved 2011-09-29. 
  7. ^ ""Twilight": Sexual Longing in an Abstinence-Only World". 9 Aug 2008. Retrieved 2012-08-03. 
  8. ^ "Fanfic: is it right to write?" from The Age
  9. ^ "Episode #413: "Dye! Dye! My Darling"". Outpost Daria. 2000-08-02. Retrieved 2012-07-21. 
  10. ^ "DARIA Definitive Chapter 3". MTV.com. 2006-03-09. Retrieved 2012-07-21. 
  11. ^ "DVDaria Petition – Buy Daria DVDs!". The-wildone.com. 2005-03-16. Retrieved 2012-07-21. 
  12. ^ "DVDaria Petition – Buy Daria DVDs!". The-wildone.com. 2006-01-02. Retrieved 2012-07-21. 
  13. ^ "1999: Accio Quote!, the largest archive of J.K. Rowling interviews on the web". Accio-quote.org. 1999-10-20. Retrieved 2012-07-21. 
  14. ^ "If you’re an obsessed Harry Potter fan, Voldemort isn’t the problem. It’s Hermione versus Ginny.". San Francisco Chronicle]. August 3, 2005. Retrieved December 19, 2010. 
  15. ^ "2005: Accio Quote!, the largest archive of J.K. Rowling interviews on the web". Accio-quote.org. 2005-07-16. Retrieved 2012-07-21. 

External links[edit]
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