উইকিপিডিয়া:অ-মুক্ত উপাদান

(উইকিপিডিয়া:NFC থেকে পুনর্নির্দেশিত)

উইকিপিডিয়ার লক্ষ্য হল মুক্ত বিষয়বস্তু সম্বলিত একটি মুক্ত বিশ্বকোষ হওয়া, যেখানে বিষয়বস্তুকে এমনভাবে সংরক্ষণ করা হয় যেন তা পুনঃবিতরন, অধ্যয়ন, সংশোধন ও উন্নতির ক্ষেত্রে কোনো ধরণের গ্রন্থস্বত্ব বা লেখস্বত্ব বহন করে না, অথবা অন্যথায় যেকোন মাধ্যমে, এমনকি বাণিজ্যিকভাবেও যেকোন উদ্দেশ্যে বিষয়বস্তুগুলো ব্যবহার করা যায়। এই মানদণ্ডগুলি পূরণ করে না এমন কোনো বিষয়বস্তুকে অ-মুক্ত বলা হয়৷ অ-মুক্ত বিষয়বস্তুর মধ্যে রয়েছে সমস্ত কিছু ( ছবি সহ) যেগুলি সম্পূর্ণ লেখস্বত্বযুক্ত, বা যা "শুধুমাত্র ব্যক্তিগত ব্যবহার" বা "কেবল উইকিপিডিয়াতে ব্যবহারের জন্য"- এমন বিধিনিষেধ এর সাপেক্ষে উপস্থাপন করা হয়েছে। (অনেক ছবি যা সাধারণত বিনামূল্যে পাওয়া যায় তাও উইকিপিডিয়ার উদ্দেশ্যে "অ-মুক্ত" হতে পারে। ) ফাউন্ডেশন এখানে বর্ণিত হিসাবে "মুক্ত" এর সংজ্ঞা ব্যবহার করে।

উইকিমিডিয়া ফাউন্ডেশনের লাইসেন্স নীতিমালা অনুসারে যদিও উইকিপিডিয়ার সমস্ত বিষয়বস্তু বিনামুল্যে পাওয়া যায়, তবুও এর মাঝে কিছু ব্যতিক্রম রয়েছে। নীতিমালাগুলো প্রকল্পগুলিকে (উইকিমিডিয়া কমন্স ব্যতীত) অ-মুক্ত বিষয়বস্তু ব্যবহারের অনুমতি দিয়ে একটি অব্যাহতি মতবাদ নীতি গ্রহণ করতে অনুমতি দেয়। সেগুলোর ব্যবহার আবদ্ধ এবং সীমিত হওয়া উচিত (কিছু ব্যতিক্রম সহ) যেন ঐতিহাসিকভাবে উল্লেখযোগ্য ঘটনাগুলিকে চিত্রায়িত করা যায়, লোগোর মতো ব্যক্তিগত কাজগুলিকে চিহ্নিত করা সম্ভব হয় বা কপিরাইটযুক্ত সমসাময়িক কাজগুলি সম্পর্কে নিবন্ধগুলিকে (সংকীর্ণ সীমার মধ্যে) অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা সম্ভব হয়। অ-মুক্ত বিষয়বস্তু ব্যবহার করা উচিত নয় যখন একটি স্বাধীনভাবে স্বত্বকৃত নথি যা একই উদ্দেশ্য বহন করে এমন কোনো বিষয়বস্তু আপলোড করা হবে বা রয়েছে বলে আশা করা যায়। অ-মুক্ত বিষয়বস্তু বিনামূল্যে কন্টেন্ট দ্বারা প্রতিস্থাপিত করা উচিত যদি সেগুলো এই ধরণের হয়ে থাকে।

অ-মুক্ত বিষয়বস্তুর মানদণ্ড নীতি বর্তমানে ইংরেজি উইকিপিডিয়ার অব্যাহতি মতবাদ নীতি হিসাবে কাজ করে, যখন এই নথিটি এই নীতির সাথে সম্পর্কিত নির্দেশিকা প্রদান করে। অ-মুক্ত বিষয়বস্তু কিছু ক্ষেত্রে উইকিপিডিয়াতে ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে (উদাহরণস্বরূপ, কিছু পরিস্থিতিতে যেখানে একটি নির্দিষ্ট বিষয়ের জন্য একটি অবাধ লাইসেন্সপ্রাপ্ত ছবি অর্জন করা সম্ভব নয়), তবে শুধুমাত্র মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ন্যায্য ব্যবহার আইনি মতবাদের মধ্যে, এবং উইকিপিডিয়ার নিজস্ব অ-মুক্ত বিষয়বস্তুর মানদণ্ড যেমন নীচে উল্লেখ করা হয়েছে। তাই উইকিপিডিয়ায় অ-মুক্ত বিষয়বস্তুর ব্যবহার মার্কিন কপিরাইট আইনে নির্ধারিত মানদণ্ডের অধীনস্ত নীতি অনুসরণ না করে উদ্দেশ্যমূলকভাবে কঠোর মানদণ্ডের অনুসরণ করে।

  The following section of this page is an official policy on Wikipedia. It is considered a standard that all users should follow. Feel free to edit this section as needed, but please make sure that changes you make to this policy reflect consensus before you make them.

Transcluded from Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria; this is the part of the current page that is official policy

২৩শে মার্চ ২০০৭-এ উইকিমিডিয়া ফাউন্ডেশনের লাইসেন্স নীতিমালার নিয়য়মাবলী অনুসারে, এই নথিটি অব্যহতি তত্ত্ব নীতি (Exemption Doctrine Policy) হিসেবে ইংরেজি উইকিপিডিয়ার জন্য কাজ করে। বাংলা উইকিপিডিয়ার জন্যও এই নীতিমালাটি প্রযোজ্য।

যৌক্তিকতা সম্পাদনা

  • উইকিপিডিয়ার অন্যতম প্রধান লক্ষ্য - সবার জন্য ও সকল মাধ্যমে মুক্ত উপাদানসমূহের অসীম মেয়াদে বিতরণ, পরিবর্তন বা পরিবর্ধন এবং প্রয়োগের সুবিধাকে সমর্থন করা।
  • মুক্ত-নয় - এরকম উপাদানের ব্যবহার কমিয়ে আইনগত ব্যবস্থাদির প্রয়োজনীয়তা হ্রাস করা।
  • মুক্ত-নয় - এরকম উপাদানসমূহের সুবিচারপূর্ণ প্রয়োগ নিশ্চিত করা, যার ফলে একটি উচ্চমানসম্পন্ন বিশ্বকোষ নির্মাণ করা সহজ হবে।

নীতিমালা সম্পাদনা

উইকিপিডিয়ার নিবন্ধ বা অন্য কোন জায়গায় মুক্ত - নয় এমন উপাদান ব্যবহারের কোন স্বয়ংক্রিয় অনুমতি বা অধিকার বা স্তত্ব নেই। নিবন্ধসমূহ বা উইকিপিডিয়ার পাতাগুলোতে, নীতিমালা অনুযায়ী, কপিরাইটযুক্ত উপাদান বা মিডিয়া থেকে সংক্ষিপ্তভাবে হুবহু পাঠগত উদ্ধৃতাংশ ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে, তবে সেখানে অবশ্যই এই উদ্ধৃতাংশের মূল সূত্র বা তার লেখকের সূত্র সঠিকভাবে উদ্ধৃত করতে হবে এবং বিশেষভাবে উদ্ধৃতি চিহ্নের মাধ্যমে সরাসরি উদ্ধৃতি হিসেবে <blockquote> বা একটি অনুরূপ পদ্ধতিতে নির্দেশ করতে হবে। নিম্নলিখিত ১০টি মানদণ্ড মেনে চললে অন্য মুক্ত নয় এমন উপাদান সাথে সকল কপিরাইটযুক্ত ছবি, অডিও এবং ভিডিও ক্লিপ যার মুক্ত উপাদান লাইসেন্সের অভাব রয়েছে, এই গুলিকে এই বাংলা উইকিপিডিয়াতে ব্যবহার করা যাবে।


  1. উইকিপিডিয়া:অ-মুক্ত উপাদান/spanমুক্ত নয়-এর সমতুল্য মুক্ত-নয় এমন উপাদান কেবল তখনই ব্যবহার করা যায় যখন এর সমতুল্য, বিশ্বকোষে ব্যবহারযোগ্য কোন মুক্ত উপাদান পাওয়া অথবা তৈরি করা অসম্ভব হয়।
  2. উইকিপিডিয়া:অ-মুক্ত উপাদান/spanবাণিজ্যিক সুযোগের প্রতি সম্মান প্রদর্শন. মুক্ত-নয় এমন উপাদান এমনভাবে ব্যবহার করা যায় না যাতে তা কপিরাইটকৃত প্রকৃত উপাদানের মূল বাণিজ্যিক ভূমিকা নিয়ে নেয়।
  3. উইকিপিডিয়া:অ-মুক্ত উপাদান/spanসংক্ষিপ্ত ব্যবহার:
    1. উইকিপিডিয়া:অ-মুক্ত উপাদান/spanMinimal number of items. Multiple items of non-free content are not used if one item can convey equivalent significant information.
    2. উইকিপিডিয়া:অ-মুক্ত উপাদান/spanMinimal extent of use. An entire work is not used if a portion will suffice. Low- rather than high-resolution/fidelity/bit rate is used (especially where the original could be used for deliberate copyright infringement). This rule also applies to the copy in the File: namespace.
  4. উইকিপিডিয়া:অ-মুক্ত উপাদান/spanPrevious publication. Non-free content must be a work which has been published or publicly displayed outside Wikipedia by (or with permission from) the copyright holder, or a derivative of such a work created by a Wikipedia editor.
  5. উইকিপিডিয়া:অ-মুক্ত উপাদান/spanContent. Non-free content meets general Wikipedia content standards and is encyclopedic.
  6. উইকিপিডিয়া:অ-মুক্ত উপাদান/spanMedia-specific policy. Non-free content meets Wikipedia's media-specific policy. For example, images must meet Wikipedia:Image use policy.
  7. উইকিপিডিয়া:অ-মুক্ত উপাদান/spanOne-article minimum. Non-free content is used in at least one article.
  8. উইকিপিডিয়া:অ-মুক্ত উপাদান/spanContextual significance. Non-free content is used only if its presence would significantly increase readers' understanding of the article topic, and its omission would be detrimental to that understanding.
  9. উইকিপিডিয়া:অ-মুক্ত উপাদান/spanRestrictions on location. Non-free content is allowed only in articles (not disambiguation pages), and only in article namespace, subject to exemptions. (To prevent an image category from displaying thumbnails, add __NOGALLERY__ to it; images are linked, not inlined, from talk pages when they are a topic of discussion.)
  10. উইকিপিডিয়া:অ-মুক্ত উপাদান/spanImage description page. The image or media description page contains the following:
    1. উইকিপিডিয়া:অ-মুক্ত উপাদান/spanIdentification of the source of the original copyrighted material, supplemented, where possible, with information about the artist, publisher and copyright holder, and year of copyright; this is to help determine the material's potential market value. See: Wikipedia:Citing sources § Multimedia.
    2. উইকিপিডিয়া:অ-মুক্ত উপাদান/spanA copyright tag that indicates which Wikipedia policy provision is claimed to permit the use. For a list of image copyright tags, see Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Non-free content.
    3. উইকিপিডিয়া:অ-মুক্ত উপাদান/spanThe name of each article (a link to each article is also recommended) in which fair use is claimed for the item, and a separate, specific non-free use rationale for each use of the item, as explained at Wikipedia:Non-free use rationale guideline.[১] The rationale is presented in clear, plain language and is relevant to each use.

Enforcement সম্পাদনা

  • A file with a valid non-free-use rationale for some (but not all) articles it is used in will not be deleted. Instead, the file should be removed from the articles for which it lacks a non-free-use rationale, or a suitable rationale added.
  • A file on which non-free use is claimed that is not used in any article (criterion 7) may be deleted seven days after notification.
  • A file in use in an article and uploaded after 13 July 2006 that does not comply with this policy 48 hours after notification to the uploading editor will be deleted. To avoid deletion, the uploading editor or another Wikipedian will need to provide a convincing non-free-use defense that satisfies all 10 criteria. For a file in use in an article that was uploaded before 13 July 2006, the 48-hour period is extended to seven days.
    • Note that it is the duty of users seeking to include or retain content to provide a valid rationale; those seeking to remove or delete it are not required to show that one cannot be created—see burden of proof.

Deletion criteria for non-free content are specified in Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion § Files.

পাদটীকা সম্পাদনা

  1. A redirect pointing to the page where the non-free content is intended to be used is acceptable as the article name in the non-free use rationale.

Guideline examples সম্পাদনা

Non-free content that meets all of the policy criteria above but does not fall under one of the designated categories below may or may not be allowable, depending on what the material is and how it is used. These examples are not meant to be exhaustive, and depending on the situation there are exceptions. When in doubt as to whether non-free content may be included, please make a judgement based on the spirit of the policy, not necessarily the exact wording. If you want help in assessing whether a use is acceptable, please ask at Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. Wikipedia talk:Copyrights, Wikipedia talk:Copyright problems, and Wikipedia talk:Non-free content may also be useful. These are places where those who understand copyright law and Wikipedia policy are likely to be watching.

See also: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2008-09-22/Dispatches, a guide to evaluating the acceptability of non-free images.

Acceptable use সম্পাদনা

Text সম্পাদনা

Brief quotations of copyrighted text may be used to illustrate a point, establish context, or attribute a point of view or idea. Copyrighted text that is used verbatim must be attributed with quotation marks or other standard notation, such as block quotes. Any alterations must be clearly marked, i.e. [brackets] for added text, an ellipsis (...) for removed text, and emphasis noted after the quotation as "(emphasis added)" or "(emphasis in the original)". Extensive quotation of copyrighted text is prohibited.

Audio clips সম্পাদনা

  1. Music clips may be used to identify a musical style, group, or iconic piece of music when accompanied by appropriate sourced commentary and attributed to the copyright holder. Samples should generally not be longer than 30 seconds or 10% of the length of the original song, whichever is shorter (see Wikipedia:Music samples).
  2. Spoken word clips of historical events, such as speeches by public figures, may be used when accompanied by appropriate sourced commentary and attributed to the speaker/author.
  3. For further information, see Wikipedia:Music samples.

Images সম্পাদনা

Some copyrighted images may be used on Wikipedia, providing they meet both the legal criteria for fair use, and Wikipedia's own guidelines for non-free content. Copyrighted images that reasonably can be replaced by free/libre images are not suitable for Wikipedia.

  1. Cover art: Cover art from various items, for identification only in the context of critical commentary of that item (not for identification without critical commentary).
  2. Team and corporate logos: For identification. See Wikipedia:Logos.
  3. Stamps and currency: For identification of the stamp or currency, not its subject.
  4. Other promotional material: Posters, programs, billboards, ads. For critical commentary.
  5. Film and television screen shots: For critical commentary and discussion of the cinema and television.
  6. Screenshots from software products: For critical commentary.
  7. Paintings and other works of visual art: For critical commentary, including images illustrative of a particular technique or school.
  8. Images with iconic status or historical importance: As subjects of commentary.

Unacceptable use সম্পাদনা

Text সম্পাদনা

  1. Unattributed pieces of text from a copyrighted source.
  2. Excessively long copyrighted excerpts.
  3. An image of a newspaper article or other publication that contains long legible sections of copyrighted text. If the text is important as a source or quotation, it should be worked into the article in text form with the article cited as a source.
  4. All copyrighted text poses legal problems when making spoken word audio files from Wikipedia articles, and should be avoided in such files, because the resulting audio file cannot be licensed under the GFDL.

Multimedia সম্পাদনা

  1. Excessive quantities of short audio clips in a single article. A smaller number may be appropriate if each is accompanied by commentary in the accompanying text.
  2. A long audio excerpt, to illustrate a stylistic feature of a contemporary band; see above for acceptable limits.
  3. A short video excerpt from a contemporary film, without sourced commentary in the accompanying text.

The use of non-free media (whether images, audio or video clips) in galleries, discographies, and navigational and user-interface elements generally fails the test for significance (criterion #8).

Images সম্পাদনা

  1. An album cover as part of a discography, as per the above.
  2. A rose, cropped from a record album, to illustrate an article on roses.
  3. A map, scanned or traced from an atlas, to illustrate the region depicted. Use may be appropriate if the map itself is a proper subject for commentary in the article: for example, a controversial map of a disputed territory, if the controversy is discussed in the article.
  4. An image whose subject happens to be a war, to illustrate an article on the war. Use may be appropriate if the image itself is a proper subject for commentary in the article: for example, an iconic image that has received attention in its own right, if the image is discussed in the article.
  5. An image to illustrate an article passage about the image, if the image has its own article (in which case the image may be described and a link provided to the article about the image)
  6. A photo from a press agency (e.g., AP), unless the photo itself is the subject of sourced commentary in the article.
  7. A Barry Bonds baseball card, to illustrate the article on Barry Bonds. The use may be appropriate to illustrate a passage on the card itself; see the Billy Ripken article.
  8. A magazine or book cover, to illustrate the article on the person whose photograph is on the cover. However, if the cover itself is the subject of sourced discussion in the article, it may be appropriate if placed inline next to the commentary. Similarly, a photo of a copyrighted statue (and there is no freedom of panorama in the country where the statue is) can only be used to discuss the statue itself, not the subject of it.
  9. An image with an unknown or unverifiable origin. This does not apply to historical images, where sometimes only secondary sources are known, as the ultimate source of some historical images may never be known with certainty.
  10. A chart or graph. These can almost always be recreated from the original data.
  11. A commercial photograph reproduced in high enough resolution to potentially undermine the ability of the copyright holder to profit from the work.
  12. Pictures of people still alive, groups still active, and buildings still standing; provided that taking a new free picture as a replacement (which is almost always considered possible) would serve the same encyclopedic purpose as the non-free image. This includes non-free promotional images.
    However, for some retired or disbanded groups, or retired individuals whose notability rests in large part on their earlier visual appearance, a new picture may not serve the same purpose as an image taken during their career, in which case the use would be acceptable.

Non-free image use in list articles সম্পাদনা

In articles and sections of articles that consist of several small sections of information for a series of elements common to a topic, such as a list of characters in a fictional work, non-free images should be used judiciously to present the key visual aspects of the topic. It is inadvisable to provide a non-free image for each entry in such an article or section. The following considerations should be made to reduce the number of new non-free images associated with such lists:

  1. Images that show multiple elements of the list at the same time, such as a cast shot or montage for a television show, are strongly preferred over individual images. Such an image should be provided by the copyright holder or scanned/captured directly from the copyrighted work, instead of being created from multiple non-free images by the user directly (as the "extent" of use is determined by the number and resolution of non-free images, and not the number of files.)
  2. Images which are discussed in detail in the context of the article body, such as a discussion of the art style, or a contentious element of the work, are preferable to those that simply provide visual identification of the elements.
  3. An image that provides a representative visual reference for other elements in the article, such as what an alien race may look like on a science-fiction television show, is preferred over providing a picture of each element discussed.
  4. If another non-free image of an element of an article is used elsewhere within Wikipedia, either referring to its other use or, more preferably, repeating its use on the list are strongly preferred over including a new, separate, non-free image. If duplicating the use of a non-free image, please be aware that a separate non-free fair use rationale must be supplied for the image for the new use.
  5. For media that involves live actors, do not supply an image of the actor in their role if an appropriate free image of the actor exists on their page (as per WP:BLP and above), if there is little difference in appearance between actor and role. However, if there is a significant difference due to age or makeup and costuming, then, when needed, it may be appropriate to include a non-free image to demonstrate the role of the actor in that media.
  6. Barring the above, images that are used only to visually identify elements in the article should be used as sparingly as possible. Consider restricting such uses to major characters and elements or those that cannot be described easily in text, as agreed to by editor consensus.

Non-free image use in galleries সম্পাদনা

The use of non-free images arranged in a gallery or tabular format is usually unacceptable, but should be considered on a case-by-case basis. Exceptions should be very well-justified and alternate forms of presentation (including with fewer images) strongly considered.

In categories that include non-free content, MediaWiki's __NOGALLERY__ code should be used to disable the display of the content while still listing it.

Exemptions সম্পাদনা

Exemptions from non-free content policy are made for the use of non-free content on certain administrative, non-article space pages as necessary to creating or managing the encyclopedia, specifically for those that are used to manage questionable non-free content. Those pages that are exempt are listed in Category:Wikipedia non-free content criteria exemptions.

Implementation and enforcement সম্পাদনা

Non-free images need a copyright tag, source information, and use rationales. We have various copyright tag templates. Be sure to describe the source from which the image was obtained. A separate use rationale must be written each time the image is used in an article, specific to that particular use. All of these go in the image description page at the time the image file is uploaded.

Explanation of policy and guidelines সম্পাদনা

Background সম্পাদনা

"Free" content is defined as that which meets the "Definition of Free Cultural Works".

Material that is not free is permitted only if it meets the restrictions of this policy. This has been explicitly declared since May 2005.[১] The stated mission of the Wikimedia Foundation, which runs Wikipedia, is "to empower and engage people around the world to collect and develop educational content under a free license or in the public domain, and to disseminate it effectively and globally." These concerns are embodied in the above requirements that all non-free content must meet, and our policy of deleting non-compliant content. Being generous to the world sometimes means being hard on ourselves. Please understand that these rules are not arbitrary; they are central to our mission.

Wikipedia distributes content throughout the world with no restrictions on how people use it. Legally, we could use any copyrighted material for ourselves that is either licensed to us by the owner, or that fits the definition of "fair use" under US copyright law. However, we favor content that everyone can use, not just Wikipedia. We want them to be free to use, redistribute, or modify the content, for any purpose, without significant legal restrictions, particularly those of copyright.

To honor its mission, Wikipedia accepts incoming copyright licenses only if they meet Wikipedia's definition of "free" use. This is a higher standard than we would need just for our own use. But our ability to use a work does not guarantee that others may use it. We reject licenses that limit use exclusively to Wikipedia or for non-commercial purposes. Commercial use is a complex issue that goes well beyond a company's for-profit status, another reason to be careful. In fact, we reject any licenses with significant limitations. That is not free enough.

Similarly, Wikipedia imposes higher fair-use standards on itself than US copyright law. There are some works, such as important photographs, significant modern artworks, that we cannot realistically expect to be released under a free content license, but that are hard to discuss in an educational context without including examples from the media itself. In other cases such as cover art / product packaging, a non-free work is needed to discuss a related subject. This policy allows such material to be used if it meet U.S. legal tests for fair use, but we impose additional limitations. Just because something is "fair use" on a Wikipedia article in the US does not mean it is fair use in another context. A downstream user's commercial use of content in a commercial setting may be illegal even if our noncommercial use is legal. Use in another country with different fair use and fair dealing laws may be illegal as well. That would fail our mission. We therefore limit the media content we offer, to make sure what we do offer has the widest possible legal distribution.

We do not want downstream re-users to rely solely on our assurances. They are liable for their own actions, no matter what we tell them. We therefore show them and let them make their own decision. To that end we require a copyright tag describing the nature of a copyrighted work, sourcing material saying exactly where any non-free content comes from, and a detailed non-free media rationale for every use of copyrighted content in every article, justifying why use in that article is permitted.

A further goal of minimizing licensed and fair-use material is to encourage creation of original new content, rather than relying on borrowed content that comes with restrictions.

Legal position সম্পাদনা

In general সম্পাদনা

Under United States copyright law, creative works published in the United States prior to 1923 are in the public domain. Some creative works published in the United States between 1923 and 1963 are still copyrighted. It is illegal (among other things) to reproduce or make derivative works of copyrighted works without legal justification.[২] Unless a thorough search is conducted to determine that a copyright has expired or not been renewed, it should be regarded as copyrighted.[৩]

Certain works have no copyright at all. Most material published in the United States before 1923, works published before 1978 without a copyright notice, with an expired copyright term, or produced by the US federal government, among others, is public domain, i.e. has no copyright. Some such as photos and scans of 2-dimensional objects and other "slavish reproductions", short text phrases, typographic logos, and product designs, do not have a sufficient degree of creativity apart from their functional aspects to have a copyright.

Copyright law only governs creative expressions that are "fixed in a tangible medium of expression," not the ideas or information behind the works. It is legal to reformulate ideas based on written texts, or create images or recordings inspired by others, as long as there is no copying (see plagiarism for how much reformulation is necessary).

If material does have a copyright, it may only be copied or distributed under a license (permission) from the copyright holder, or under the doctrine of fair use. If there is a valid license, the user must stay within the scope of the license (which may include limitations on amount of use, geographic or business territory, time period, nature of use, etc.). Fair use, by contrast, is a limited right to use copyrighted works without permission, highly dependent on the specific circumstances of the work and the use in question. It is a doctrine incorporated as a clause in United States copyright code, arising out of a concern that strict application of copyright law would limit criticism, commentary, scholarship, and other important free speech rights. A comparable concept of fair dealing exists in some other countries, where standards may vary.

Any materials that were published in other nations, and which are copyrighted under the laws of that nation, should be considered to be copyrighted in the United States under the URAA.

Applied to Wikipedia সম্পাদনা

Never use materials that infringe the copyrights of others. This could create legal liabilities and seriously hurt the project.

Uploading an image file, audio or video file, or text quotation into Wikipedia, and adding that file to a project page, both raise copyright concerns. Editors who do either must make sure their contributions are legal. If there is any doubt as to legality, ask others for help, try to find a free equivalent, or use your own words to make the same point. Also, consider asking the copyright holder to release the work under an appropriate GFDL license. See Wikipedia:Boilerplate request for permission for a sample form letter.

If a work has no copyright or is licensed to Wikipedia under an acceptable "free" license, it is a free work and may be used on Wikipedia without copyright concerns. See public domain, copyright, and Cornell University's guide to copyright terms for discussion of works that are not covered by copyright. Also see free license regarding free licenses and Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Free licenses for a list of copyright tags for these works. Restricted licenses to these works offer some legal rights, but Wikipedia ignores them because they are not free enough for its purposes. Instead, works covered by inadequate licenses are treated the same on Wikipedia as works with no licenses at all.

If a work is not free, Wikipedia requires that it comply with Wikipedia's non-free use policy. As explained above, this policy is more restrictive than US law requires. Logically, material that satisfies the policy should also satisfy legal requirements as well. However, to be more certain of avoiding legal liability, and to understand the meaning of Wikipedia policy, editors should consider the legal rules as well. See fair use for further information, and the Stanford University summary of relevant cases, on the subject of fair use.

Non-free material is used only if, in addition to other restrictions, we firmly believe that the use would be deemed fair use if we were taken to court. The Wikimedia Foundation reserves the right to remove unfree copyrighted content at any time. Note that citation sources and external links raise other copyright concerns that are addressed in other policies.

অন্যান্য উইকিমিডিয়া প্রকল্প সম্পাদনা

This policy is specific to the English language Wikipedia. Other Wikimedia projects, including Wikipedias in other languages, may have different policies on non-free content. As of November 2008, 28 out of 52 Wikimedia projects do not allow any fair use. A list of projects and their policies on fair use can be read at Wikimedia Meta-wiki. Specific information about different language versions of Wikipedia and their rules on fair use can also been seen at Meta.

তথ্যসূত্র সম্পাদনা

  1. May 19, 2005 statement by Jimbo Wales
  2. "A 1961 Copyright Office study found that fewer than 15% of all registered copyrights were renewed. For books, the figure was even lower: 7%. Barbara Ringer, "Study No. 31: Renewal of Copyright" (1960) "Study No. 31: Renewal of Copyright" (1960), reprinted in Library of Congress Copyright Office. Copyright law revision: Studies prepared for the Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-sixth Congress, first [-second] session. (Washington: U. S. Govt. Print. Off, 1961), p. 220. ... A good guide to investigating the copyright and renewal status of published work is Samuel Demas and Jennie L. Brogdon, "Determining Copyright Status for Preservation and Access: Defining Reasonable Effort," Library Resources and Technical Services 41:4 (October, 1997): 323-334." , Hirtle, Peter (2007) Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States footnote 7. Of the total US material first published between 1923 and 1963, the percentage of renewed copyrights is far lower, because most published material was never registered at all.

  3. To find out how to search for copyright registrations and renewals, see, e.g., How to Investigate the Copyright Status of a Work, Stanford's Copyright Renewal Database, Project Gutenberg and Iinformation about The Catalog of Copyright Entries.

বহিঃসংযোগ সম্পাদনা
https://bn.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:NFC
bn.m.wikipedia.org
CC-MAIN-2024-22
188056
application/http; msgtype=response
sha1:RE4DNLTDSBKDIBL6TGWSSETORMZH5DV3
<urn:uuid:e22cde82-fe93-455a-9810-5ccbc60f8702>
2024-05-28T05:31:31Z
208.80.154.224
text/html
sha1:Z35TJ6DIPQEQHGZ7QD4IF34IABX6GZME
<urn:uuid:b30dd6db-b678-4854-99ea-49d200bcfc72>
https://bn.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:NFC
response
<urn:uuid:c364e323-178e-4d7b-8a1b-220b3756c304>
isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2024-22
publisher: Common Crawl
description: Wide crawl of the web for May 2024
operator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)
hostname: ip-10-67-67-253
software: Apache Nutch 1.19 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)
robots: checked via crawler-commons 1.5-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)
format: WARC File Format 1.1
conformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/