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5.the management

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  • 1. The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0888-045X.htm Management The management of e-book of e-book collections and their implication collections on the economic management 173 of the library Received 15 July 2011 Nuria Lloret Romero DCADHA, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, SpainAbstractPurpose – The addition of digital formats such as specialised magazines and e-books to libraries hasled to a dramatic change in management format with respect to those involved in the reading process:users, publishers, distributors, booksellers, and authors; and in turn, the way in which libraries areplanned and managed. This article aims to focus on these issues.Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyses the implementation of e-books and therelevant literature on the implementation of electronic books, not only in the library ﬁeld but in othersectors. The article uses various sources to offer conclusions on the interest not only economic but alsoto improve the quality of service offered by its implementation in libraries or centers of documentation.Findings – Not only is there space-saving in libraries but also a new manner in which to consumeinformation that libraries must adapt to as soon as possible given the increasing demands of users inthis connection. All of the previous has given rise to changes in the economic management of libraries.Originality/value – These changes must be assessed before making a decision regarding thepurchase of e-book collections and their subsequent organization and management, which indirectlychange many of the tasks currently carried out by library staff members, thereby optimizing times andprocesses for the beneﬁt of increased visibility of the electronic collection.Keywords Libraries, E-books, Financial managementPaper type General reviewFrom specialised journals in digital format to e-booksE-books represent the second stage in the evolution of the digital revolution. Theirpresence in libraries and the users’ knowledge level is still low, but the development ofspeciﬁc collections by publishers, advances in on-line distribution systems andimprovements in e-readers are changing this situation, which in turn will haveimportant consequences for the production and consumption of such materials beyondthose of a purely technological nature. Whereas a clear change in the use of scientiﬁcinformation was evidenced as a result of the launching of scientiﬁc journals, in the caseof e-books, an even greater change is being evidenced given the large majority of usersencompassed. Furthermore, while electronic information was exclusively for thespecialised users in each sector, e-books reach any user of any discipline, and especiallythe end consumer, extending to leisure spaces, schools, etc, since the entire populationis a potential user of this type of devices. Scientiﬁc journals are now an established and The Bottom Line: Managing Libraryirreversible model of the incorporation of electronic publishing in the processes of Finances Vol. 24 No. 3, 2011scientiﬁc communication, especially in research libraries. However, the response to pp. 173-179 q Emerald Group Publishing Limiteddigital books has been mixed, taking into consideration, that they were introduced in 0888-045Xlibraries, in the same years as journals, but with a lower level of acceptance by users. DOI 10.1108/08880451111186017
  • 2. BL This reaction was due, inter alia, to the lack of speciﬁc reading devices allowing documents with a large number of pages to be read comfortably as in the case of books.24,3 Seen in this light, the ﬁrst question that needs to be asked are as follows: in what key ways should the manner in which collections are managed be changed in order to be efﬁcient and reduce costs to the potential user of such digital products? The general advantages arising are as follows:174 . multiple access is allowed; . continuous access at any time and place; . instant delivery; . saving of shelf space; . prevention from damage, loss or theft; . no shipping and handling; and . access to out of print materials. However, there are some drawbacks: . cost of e-book readers; . difﬁculty in accessing computers or the internet; . resistance to change in reading habits; and . lack of knowledge of software/hardware. Moving directly to the focus of this article on the changing of work processes in the library relating to the management of e-book collections, the integration of e-books in the library primarily has implications for three areas of processes and services: (1) Purchasing service. (2) Organization planning service. (3) Collection circulation service. 1. Purchases Experience in the management of electronic resources acquired by librarians over a decade ago is relevant in many respects to meet the new challenge of incorporating e-books in libraries. The business model for the acquisition of e-books is in a deﬁning stage with proposals such as establishing a higher price for libraries to offset possible losses on the sales no longer made. Although the price of a printed book is the same for both consumers, and libraries, the arrival of e-books has led to a change, since libraries are required to pay more for books given the multiple use of this resource. Another model proposes the purchase of a copy, followed by the payment of a license fee every time someone downloads it, prints, etc. Generally, business models hover between the plurality of access provided by new technologies and proposed restrictions on same publishers to safeguard their interests. In e-book marketing models, speciﬁc aspects respond to idiosyncrasies of the monograph and the publishers’ caution against the risk of this format to their business. Package selection or pick and choose. Publishers generally allow both options. Package purchases prevent librarians from having to make a selection, although there will be high demand for some of the titles while others will scarcely be consulted due to
  • 3. the imbalance of the selection, with titles of high interest to users and others of only Managementrelative interest. The package license option is cheaper in terms of total titles thanindividual stock selection, but the latter ensures that the titles selected are more of e-bookrelevant. collections Access license and purchases in perpetuity. Publishers also offer buyers theopportunity to buy books in perpetuity, or purchase an access license, which isrenewable on an annual basis. Each option has advantages and drawbacks: the ﬁrst of 175which is price, given that a permanent copy is always more expensive, although thesame book will not be paid for repeatedly each year. However, the license option alsoenables the collection to be continually renewed. Publisher versus aggregator. One of the most controversial aspects of e-bookmarketing is the immediacy of the relationship between the publisher and user, whichcould affect other agents until now required in the marketing of books such asbooksellers and distributors. These agents are likely to be replaced by the publisherdirectly, or by a marketing platform such as Amazon, Barnes & Noble, or in Spain,Libranda, TodoeBooks, Leer-E and Luarna, which sell e-books from several publishers. Single-use versus multi-user access. One of the advantages of digital formats ascompared to print books is the multiple use of the document by several people at thesame time. In the case of single use, books are lent as if they were a physical unit, in thesame manner as the hard copy of a document, i.e. for use by one reader at one time.This is possible through the use of a DRM (Digital Rights Management) device, but italso limits the fundamental capabilities of the digital format. Generally, scientiﬁcpublishers (Sweets, Elsevier, etc.), are less likely to use DRM as compared to platforms. In times of tight budgets and as in the case of electronic journals, consortiumpurchasing is a good proposal, although the speciﬁc features of e-books must be takeninto account. On this basis, the library consortia will have to deﬁne a speciﬁc policy fore-books based on user needs, content analysis and the development of a consortiumplatform 8. Their role in the development of lines of business, which are more in linewith the interests of libraries and the needs of users, must also be more active.2. Planning and organisation serviceTwo ways of organising electronic books in libraries are under consideration: theintegration of these materials in libraries’ OPAC, or their consultation from thepublishers’ platforms. The advantage of the aggregators’ platforms is that they willenable users to search for both books and journal or magazine articles, or to search foreach separately. Moreover, integration in the library catalog facilitates queries whensearching for monographic material, as some providers also provide the e-book MARCrecord free. However, the use of both is not incompatible. In terms of organization itmust be taken into account that users who are already familiar with internet access willwant to locate information in a basic Google search style, as in the case of morespecialised OPAC. Therefore, it is important to have a good metadata description sothe user is able to ﬁnd the titles in any more general way than just by subject matter,etc. This will involve extra work in relation to the description and classiﬁcation ofbooks. The time required to organize the print library books purchased will beconverted in time spent on best describing the materials for their access by end users.The change in professional proﬁle was already implicit from the time that Internet usebecame widespread but the current globalization of the use of electronic resourcesrequires professionals to manage all of their time with these activities in mind.
  • 4. BL 3. Collection circulation The implementation of this new service will require a promotion plan through different24,3 channels. The desire of library managers is for their investment in the implementation of this new content to be reﬂected in usage statistics. Additionally, the budget should be optimized. E-book lending in a strict sense involves the e-books inclusion in the catalog or on a176 speciﬁc platform. In public libraries the tendency is to use platforms integrated into the libraries’ web, which allow for the design and structure of the institutions’ image to be customised. In the US the leading company is Overdrive, which is most famous for its use by the New York Public Library (NYPL), which has approximately 18,300 electronic titles, which when compared to its collection of printed books, amounting to 860,500 titles, accounts for only 2 percent of the total. However, the advent of new formats is having a signiﬁcant effect in terms of the number of books borrowed, which in just a couple of years has increased from 607,275 borrowed in 2007 to almost one million in 2009. A visit to the library is not even required for the purpose of loaning materials, but rather a visit to the web site from home or any other location, the only requirements being that the user is a library member and that he provides the proper identiﬁcation data in order to be able to download books to his computer or device. The downloaded book has the DRM system built-in, which automatically makes the book disappear from one’s device once the loan period has been completed, meaning that it is not even necessary to return the book, and consequently there will be no ﬁnes for late returns. According to preliminary data, the use of such platforms has resulted in an increase in the number of loans. However, the problem is that there is a loss of the visitors and consequently, the loss of the library as a meeting space. There are also additional advantages such as the fact that this is a permanent service, which is available 24 hours a day, no books are lost due to theft, and the books do not become deteriorated. Therefore, there is no need to replace them and there are no expenses relating to their repair. Despite these obvious advantages there are some problems which have yet to be satisfactorily resolved, such as the fact that DRM e-books limit many of the possibilities offered by the digital format such as multi-user access, i.e. books are lent as if they were physical units, meaning that they can only be lent to one user at a time, so libraries must purchase two licenses if they wish two have two copies of the same book. Moreover, once the books have been lent, other borrowers who wish to read them must reserve them, and once the books are eliminated from the borrower’s device on the expiration of the loan period, they are then transferred to the account of the users who have reserved them. Conclusion The increasing popularity of e-books involves multiple changes in almost all aspects relating to the publishing industry and to consumer and reading habits, ranging from the transformation and deﬁnition of business models based on the proposals of publishing agents, the transformation of the production chain and changes in the marketing of book and pricing policies, as well as the redistribution of authors’ revenues and issues related to safeguarding the rights of both parties. The library, as a manager and content provider, is not alien to this rebalancing, which affects various aspects relating to the management, development and design of services for the purpose of incorporating this new format. These transformations have implications
  • 5. affecting the relationship between publishers and libraries, as well as the internal Managementorganization and distribution of tasks assigned to staff members, the development anddesign of services, and the relationship between users and libraries. All of previously of e-bookmentioned aspects are paramount when designing budgets and deﬁning collectionsimprovements in economic management of the library, through the selection of theﬁnest collections of e-books, allowing for improved use and an expansion of libraryusers. 177Further reading ´Alvite Dıez, L. and Bravo, B.R. (2009), “E-books in Spanish academic libraries”, The Electronic Library, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 86-95, available at: http://ejournals.ebsco.com/direct. asp?ArticleID¼406495E8F8610EED9F2BAnuradha, K.T. and Usha, H.S. (2010), Implications of E-books in Libraries, Institute of Science, Bangalore, available at: www.chillibreeze.com/articles_various/epublishing/16.% 20Implications%20of%20eBooks%20in%20libraries.pdf ´ ´ ´ ´Arevalo, J.A., Cordon-Garcıa, J.A. and Martın-Rodero, H. (2010), “The emergence of electronic books publishing in Spain”, Library Hi Tech, Vol. 28 No. 3, pp. 454-69.Barsky, E., Schattman, L. and Greenwood, A. (2009), “Comparing Safari Tech Books Online and Books 24 £ 7 E-book Collections: a case study from the University of British Columbia Library”, Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship, Vol. 56 No. 2, available at: www. istl.org/09-winter/article2.htmlBeall, J. (2009), “Free books: loading brief MARC records for open-access books in an academic library catalog”, Cataloging & Classiﬁcation Quarterly, Vol. 47 No. 5, pp. 452-63, available at: www.informaworld.com/10.1080/01639370902870215Bennett, L. and Landoni, M. (2005), “E-books in academic libraries”, The Electronic Library, Vol. 23 No. 1, available at: www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/02640470510582709Berube, L. (2005), “E-books in public libraries: a terminal or termination technology?”, Interlending & Document Supply, Vol. 33 No. 1, available at: www.emeraldinsight.com/ Insight/viewContainer.do?containerType¼Journal&containerId¼10957Brantley, P. (2008), “Digital books and the impact on libraries”, Library Trends, Vol. 57 No. 1, ´ Monograﬁco.Chan, E.S.K., Wilkins, P.M.C. and Swatman, L. (2006), “E-book technology and its impact on libraries”, CollECTeR ’06, available at: www.collecter2006.unisa.edu.au/Paper%207% 20Elsie%20Chan.pdf ´Clavero, J. et al., (2009), “Estudio de caso de servicio de prestamo de libros electronicos”,´ ´ El Profesional de la Informacion, Vol. 18 No. 2, available at: http://upcommons.upc.edu/e- prints/bitstream/2117/2846/1/clavero_estudiocaso.pdfFernandes, D. (2007), “The Safari e-book route through the ICT jungle: experiences at Hillingdon Libraries”, Program: Electronic Library and Information Systems, Vol. 41 No. 3, pp. 227-38, available at: www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/00330330710774110 ´ ´Hernandez Salazar, P., Nicholas, D. and Rowland, I. (2009), “Acceso y uso de libros electronicos por comunidades universitarias del Reino Unido Resumen PDF”, Revista Interamericana de Bibliotecologia, Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 13-58, available at: http://aprendeenlinea.udea.edu.co/ revistas/index.php/RIB/article/view/5057/4417Jamali, H.R., Nicholas, D. and Rowlands, I. (2009), “Scholarly e-books: the views of 16,000 academics: results from the JISC National E-Book Observatory”, Aslib Proceedings, Vol. 61 No. 1, pp. 33-47, available at: www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/00012530910932276
  • 6. BL Janssens, G. and Harry, M. (2009), “The feasibility of e-ink readers in distance learning: a ﬁeld study”, International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (IJIM), available at:24,3 online-journals.org/ijim/article/view/726 Joint, N. (2010), “The electronic book: a transformational library technology?”, Library Review, Vol. 59 No. 2, pp. 83-91, available at: www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/ 00242531011023844178 ` ´ ´ Jonchere, L. (2007), “Des livres electroniques pour les etudiants: une action de l’Universite ´ ´ ´ ` numerique en Region Bretagne”, Bulletin des bibliotheques de France, Vol. 52 No. 6, available at: http://bbf.enssib.fr/sdx/BBF/pdf/bbf-2007-6/bbf-2007-06-0028-005.pdf Kiriakova, M. (2010), “Aiming at a moving target: pilot testing ebook readers in an urban academic library”, Computers in Libraries, Vol. 30 No. 2, pp. 20-4, http://search.ebscohost. com/login.aspx?direct¼true&db¼lxh&AN¼48757663&site¼ehost-live Landoni, M. and Hanlon, G. (2007), “E-book reading groups: interacting with e-books in public libraries”, The Electronic Library, Vol. 25 No. 5, available at: www.emeraldinsight.com/10. 1108/02640470710829578 Levine-Clark, M. (2007), “Electronic books and the humanities: a survey at the University of Denver”, Collection Building, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 7-14, available at: www.emeraldinsight.com/ 10.1108/01604950710721548 Merlo Vega, J.A. and Sorli Rojo, A. (2000), “Bibliotecas Digitales (I): colecciones de libros de ´ ˜ ´ ´ acceso publico”, Revista espanola de documentacion cientıﬁca, Vol. 23 No. 1, available at: http://exlibris.usal.es/merlo/escritos/redcbd1.htm MobileRead Wiki (2009), “EBook lending libraries”, MobileRead Wiki, available at: http://wiki. mobileread.com/wiki/EBook_Lending_Libraries Nelson, M.R. (2008), “E-books in higher education: nearing the end of the era of hype?”, Educase Review, Vol. 43 No. 2, available at: http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ERM0822.pdf ´ Nicholas, D., Rowlands, I., Clark, D., Huntington, P., Jamali, H.R. and Olle, C. (2008), “UK scholarly e-book usage: a landmark survey”, Aslib Proceedings, Vol. 60 No. 4, pp. 311-34, available at: www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/00012530810887962 ´ ´ OCLC (2010), “Libros electronicos de NetLibrarye: Libros electronicos de texto completo de NetLibrary”, OCLC, available at: www.oclc.org/americalatina/es/ebooks/default.htm Park, Y.-H. (2007), “A study of consortium models for e-books in university libraries in Korea”, Collection Building, Vol. 26 No. 3, pp. 77-83, available at: www.emeraldinsight.com/10. 1108/01604950710761634 Parkes, D. (2007), “E-books from ebrary at Staffordshire University: a case study”, Program: Electronic Library and Information Systems, Vol. 41 No. 3, pp. 253-61, available at: www. emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/00330330710774138 Perrone, A. (2009), “Electronic book collection development in Italy: a case study”, IFLA Journal, Vol. 35 No. 4, pp. 305-12, available at: www.iﬂa.org/ﬁles/hq/papers/iﬂa75/212-perrone-en. pdf ´ ´ Perez Arranz, F. and Moscoso, P. (2007), “El libro electronico y su incidencia en las bibliotecas ´ ˜ ˜ ´ universitarias y cientıﬁcas espanolas”, Revista Espanola de Documentacion Cientıﬁca, ´ Vol. 30 No. 3, available at: http://redc.revistas.csic.es/index.php/redc/issue/view/46 Renner, R.A. (2009), “Ebooks – costs and beneﬁts to academic and research libraries”, Springer.com, available at: www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_ downloaddocument/eBookþWhiteþPaper.pdf?SGWID¼0-0-45-415198-0 ´ ´ Rich, M. (2009), “Los desafıos en el prestamo de libros digitales”, The New York Times, available at: www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id¼1187212
  • 7. ´ ´ ´ ´Rodrıguez Bravo, B. (2004), “Evaluacion del acceso y gestion de los libros electronicos en las Management ˜ bibliotecas universitarias espanolas”, Feycit, available at: http://univ.micinn.fecyt.es/univ/ html/informes/estudios_analisis/resultados_2004/ea0115/ea0115.pdf of e-bookShelburne, W.A. (2009), “E-book usage in an academic library: user attitudes and behaviours”, collections Library Collections, Vol. 33 Nos 2-3, pp. 59-72, available at: www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/B6VSH-4WJ91G91/2/3463459efdcd3410bcbef8885ef5e60eSimpson, B., Lundgren, J. and Barr, T. (2007), “Linking print and electronic books: one approach”, 179 Library Resources & Technical Services, Vol. 51 No. 2, pp. 146-52.Siriginidi Subba, R. (2005), “Electronic books: their integration into library and information centers”, The Electronic Library, Vol. 23 No. 1, available at: www.emeraldinsight.com/ Insight/viewContentItem.do?contentType¼Article&hdAction¼lnkpdf&contentId¼ 1464899Soules, A. (2009), “The shifting landscape of e-books”, New Library World, Vol. 110 Nos 1-2, pp. 7-21, available at: www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/03074800910928559Steen, D. (2010), “Ebooks from institutional to consortial considerations”, Online, Vol. 34 No. 3, pp. 29-35, available at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct¼true&db¼ lxh&AN¼50140886&site¼ehost-liveTaylor, A. (2007), “E-books from MyiLibrary at the University of Worcester: a case study”, Program: Electronic Library and Information Systems, Vol. 41 No. 3, pp. 217-26, available at: www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/00330330710774101 ´Universidad Complutense de Madrid (2009), Normativa y formulario de solicitud de prestamo de ´ lectores de libros electronicos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, available at: www.ucm.es/BUCM/eis/doc11773.pdfvan Gisbergen, M., Profera, E. and Stamison, C.M. (2009), “A librarian’s view of ebook acquisitions”, Information Today, Vol. 26 No. 11, pp. 14-15, available at: http://search. ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct¼true&db¼lxh&AN¼45574463&site¼ehost-livevan Gisbergen, M., Profera, E. and Stamison, C.M. (2010), “A librarian’s view of ebook acquisitions”, Infotoday.com, available at: www.infotoday.com/IT/dec09/vanGisbergen- Profera-Stamison.shtmlVasileiou, M., Hartley, R. and Rowley, J. (2009), “An overview of the e-book marketplace”, Online Information Review, Vol. 33 No. 1, pp. 173-92, available at: www.emeraldinsight.com/10. 1108/14684520910944454Wilkins, V. (2007), “Managing e-books at the University of Derby: a case study”, Program: Electronic Library and Information Systems, Vol. 41 No. 3, pp. 238-51, available at: www. emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/00330330710774129Corresponding authorNuria Lloret Romero can be contacted at: nlloret@upvnet.upv.esTo purchase reprints of this article please e-mail: reprints@emeraldinsight.comOr visit our web site for further details: www.emeraldinsight.com/reprints

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