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Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction
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Searching the Literature: Search Techniques and Construction

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  • 1. LECTURE 2: SEARCHING THELITERATURE: SEARCHTECHNIQUES & CONSTRUCTION Mark MacEachern, MLIS
  • 2. Overview Introductory items Search construction  Concept building  Boolean logic  Vocabulary  Techniques Sources  PubMed  Ovid MEDLINE  EMBASE  Grey literature Search completion  Documentation  Reporting  Citation management If time permits: Demonstration (from beginning to end)
  • 3. Why search? A high-quality lit search is essential for a successful meta- analysis It is from the search results that data is gathered for analysis Failure to locate important studies can significantly affect results Remember the goal is to capture every relevant study Important to report search so your methodology can be reproduced
  • 4. What to expect? Expect 1000s of results Expect to search multiple databases  Ovid, EMBASE, Cochrane, PubMed, etc. Expect the search process to take weeks or months Expect to publish search strategy and search methodology Expect to consult a professional with search expertise (health sciences librarian)
  • 5. Search construction Concept building Boolean logic Vocabulary Techniques Evaluating searches
  • 6. Search construction: Concept building Identify major concepts of topic PICO helps for clinical questions Example: Is the incidence of breast cancer greater in people who are obese? What are the major concepts?  Breast cancer  Obesity  Incidence  People
  • 7. Search construction: Concept building Alternate words / Synonyms  Obesity, obese, overweight, BMI, etc.  Breast cancer, breast neoplasms, breast tumors, etc.  Incidence, epidemiology
  • 8. Search construction: Boolean Logic AND Breast Obesity Cancer OR Breast Obesity Cancer NOT Breast Obesity Cancer
  • 9. Search construction: Boolean Logic Concept 1 Concept 2 Concept 3 Breast cancer Obesity Incidence OR OR ORBreast neoplasms AND Obese AND Epidemiology OR OR Overweight Breast tumors OR BMI(Concept 1a OR 1b OR 1c ) AND (Concept 2a OR 2b OR 2c) AND (Concept 3a OR 3b)
  • 10. Search construction: Vocabulary Keywords Controlledvocabularies
  • 11. Search construction: Vocabulary Keywords What are they?  Literal search  Looks for occurrences of words When to use?  Current topics  Not easy to describe concepts  No vocabulary exists in database Examples  Drug names (Lipitor, Prozac) Controlled  Slangvocabularies  Concepts (Swine flu, oil spill)
  • 12. Search construction: Vocabulary Keywords Pros  Very current projects/topics  No knowledge of controlled vocabulary necessary  Slang  Broad, difficult to describe concepts Cons  Not consistent (many variations)  Burden on enduser to discover synonyms (might miss some) Controlled  Too many (irrelevant) resultsvocabularies  Difficult to limit results
  • 13. Search construction: Vocabulary Keywords What are they?  Set of words or phrases used to describe concepts  Dictionary of accepted terms for a database When to use?  Searching a database that uses one Examples  MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) Controlled  EMTREE (Embase)vocabularies
  • 14. Search construction: Vocabulary Keywords Pros  Burden on database to discover variations in terms  Consistency & reproducible searches  Specific & targeted (increased relevancy) Cons  Restrictive  Burden on enduser to learn vocabulary  Vocabularies differ (no consistency) Controlledvocabularies
  • 15. Search construction: Vocabulary Keywords MeSH Controlledvocabularies
  • 16. Search construction: Techniques Truncation  obes* Wild cards  an?sthesiology Adjacency  screen* adj10 cancer* Phrases  “breast cancer” Boolean  “vitamin d” AND cancer Parentheses  (“breast cancer” OR “breast neoplasms”) AND obes* Note: Techniques vary from database to database
  • 17. Search construction: Techniques Limits – use sparingly (language, species, pt)
  • 18. Search construction: Techniques Exploding subject headings  Use differs across databases
  • 19. Search construction: Techniques Subheadings "Vaccines/economics"[majr] AND "public health"[majr]
  • 20. Search construction: Techniques Floating subheadings Ovid MEDLINE (part of a search) PubMed (part of a search)1. exp Arthritis, Rheumatoid/ ("inflammatory bowel diseases"[mesh] OR2. exp Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/ "chronic ulcerative colitis” OR cuc[title/abstract]3. cuc.tw. OR crohn[title/abstract] OR "crohns”4. chronic ulcerative colitis.tw. [title/abstract] OR crohns[title/abstract] OR5. crohn*.tw. ibd[title/abstract] OR "rheumatoid arthritis”6. ibd.tw. [title/abstract]) AND ("postoperative7. rheumatoid arthritis.tw. complications"[mesh] OR "perioperative8. or/1-7 care"[mesh] OR "surgery"[Subheading] OR9. exp Postoperative Complications/ "post operative"[title/abstract] OR10. exp Perioperative Care/ "postoperative"[title/abstract])11. su.fs.12. or/9-1113. 8 and 12
  • 21. Search construction: Filters A predefined search designed to target specific study methodologies (RCTs, Cohort, Systematic Reviews) Use a validated filter (whenever possible) Example: PubMed Clinical Queries – Specific, Therapy  (randomized controlled trial[Publication Type] OR (randomized[Title/Abstract] AND controlled[Title/Abstract] AND trial[Title/Abstract]))  93% Sensitive  97% Specific
  • 22. Search construction: Evaluation Important to validate your search in each database Make sure search captures all sentinel articles How:  Cross search set of sentinel papers with your final search  (Set of Papers) NOT (Final Search) Save searches for reporting
  • 23. Sources PubMed  Conference Papers Index Ovid MEDLINE  ClinicalTrials.gov EMBASE  Proquest Theses & Dissertations Scopus  CABI Web of Science  Google Scholar PsycINFO  Sociological Abstracts CINAHL  And others… Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
  • 24. Sources: PubMed (pubmed.gov) Primary biomedical  Native interface for database MEDLINE dataset 20+ million citations  Citations indexed with MeSH
  • 25. Sources: Ovid MEDLINE Different interface to search  Provides additional search MEDLINE dataset functionality (adjacency) Heavily used for systematic  Uses MeSH (like PubMed) reviews
  • 26. Sources: Ovid MEDLINE
  • 27. Sources: EMBASE Similar to PubMed, Ovid  Uses EMTREE Indexes many more  Includes MEDLINE, unless you international journals than NOT out MEDLINE
  • 28. Sources: Grey literature “Information produced on all levels of government, academic, business and industry in electronic and print formats not controlled by commercial publishing, i.e., where publishing is not the primary activity of the producing body” Types  Conference abstracts (Conference Papers Index)  Clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov)  Government reports, documents (.gov, CABI)  Dissertations (ProQuest Dissertations and Theses)  Unpublished manuscripts
  • 29. Sources: Other options Examine the references of articles of relevance  Included studies and relevant reviews Use cited by features Contact authors Snowballing (esp for complex questions or interventions) Contact companies, organizations, societies, etc Hand search important journals (by Impact Factor, perhaps) Search for ongoing studies (prelim data)  Clinicaltrials.gov ; controlled-trials.com (ISRCTN) Citation tracking
  • 30. Search Completion Documentation Reporting Citation Management
  • 31. Search Completion: Documentation Important to document exact search terms MeSH Terms? Keywords? Limits? Filters? Databases? Dates? Save strategy
  • 32. Search completion: Reporting See PRISMA statement  “The aim of the PRISMA Statement is to help authors report a wide array of systematic reviews to assess the benefits and harms of a health care intervention. PRISMA focuses on ways in which authors can ensure the transparent and complete reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.” http://www.prisma-statement.org/statement.htm
  • 33. Search completion: Reporting See Cochrane Handbook  http://www.cochrane-handbook.org/  Section 6.6 “It should be borne in mind at the outset that the full search strategies for each database will need to be included in an Appendix of the review.”
  • 34. Search completion: Reporting See Cochrane Handbook  http://www.cochrane-handbook.org/  Section 6.6 In study flow diagram:  number of unique records identified by the searches;  number of records excluded after preliminary screening (e.g. of titles and abstracts); and  number of records retrieved in full text
  • 35. Search completion: Reporting See Cochrane Handbook  http://www.cochrane-handbook.org/  Section 6.6 In abstract:  List all databases searched.  Note the dates of the last search for each database or the period searched.  Note any language or publication status restrictions (but refer to Section 6.4.9).  List individuals or organizations contacted.”
  • 36. Search completion: Reporting See Cochrane Handbook  http://www.cochrane-handbook.org/  Section 6.6 In methods:  List all databases searched.  Note the dates of the last search for each database AND the period searched.  Note any language or publication status restrictions  List grey literature sources.  List individuals or organizations contacted.  List any journals and conference proceedings specifically handsearched for the review.  List any other sources searched (e.g. reference lists, the internet).
  • 37. Search completion: Citation mgmt Endnote Refworks ZoteroCost $105 $0 (UM & alumni) $0Web-based No (and yes) Yes Yes (Firefox, Chrome, others)Database imports 700+ 800+ Some (not EMBASE, but YouTube, Amazon)Output styles 3700+ (customize) 800+ (customize) 1250+ (customize)References Unlimited (100000) Unlimited UnlimitedLearning curve High Lowish LowFile attachments Yes Yes (limited space) Yes (not easy to share)Collaborate Best for single users; Shared account Public groups Endnote web Source: http://guides.lib.umich.edu/citationmanagement
  • 38. Search completion: Citation mgmt Endnote Refworks ZoteroCost $105 $0 (UM & alumni) $0Web-based No (and yes) Yes Yes (Firefox, Chrome, others)Database imports 700+ 800+ Some (not EMBASE, but YouTube, Amazon)Output styles 3700+ (customize) 800+ (customize) 1250+ (customize)References Unlimited (100000) Unlimited UnlimitedLearning curve High Lowish LowFile attachments Yes Yes (limited space) Yes (not easy to share)Collaborate Best for single users; Shared account Public groups Endnote web Source: http://guides.lib.umich.edu/citationmanagement
  • 39. Search completion: Citation mgmt Endnote
  • 40. Recap Spend time developing your search Search multiple databases Test your searches Take notes during process to facilitate reporting Consult an expert searcher
  • 41. Thanks! Mark MacEachern Health Sciences Librarian Taubman Health Sciences Library markmac@umich.edu

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