Besides gaining reputation with your questions and answers, you receive badges for being especially helpful. Badges appear on your profile page, flair, and your posts.

Question Badges

First bounty you manually award on another person's question
8 awarded
First bounty you manually award on your own question
44 awarded
Ask a good question on 5 separate days, and maintain a positive question record
66 awarded
First bounty you offer on another person's question
17 awarded
Question score of 10 or more
301 awarded
Question with 1,000 views
188 awarded
First bounty you offer on your own question
66 awarded
Ask a question and accept an answer
550 awarded
First question with score of 1 or more
1.3k awarded
Asked a question with zero score, no answers, no comments, and low views for a week
47 awarded

Answer Badges

Edit and answer 1 question (both actions within 12 hours, answer score > 0)
24 awarded
Answer score of 10 or more
234 awarded
Answer more than 30 days after a question was asked as first answer scoring 2 or more
290 awarded
Answer your own question with score of 3 or more
29 awarded
Answer a question with score of 1 or more
666 awarded

Participation Badges

Complete "About Me" section of user profile
2.6k awarded
Visit an election during any phase of an active election and have enough reputation to cast a vote
Leave 10 comments
146 awarded
Earn at least 200 reputation (the daily maximum) in a single day
12 awarded
Followed the Area 51 proposal for this site before it entered the commitment phase
38 awarded
One post with score of 2 on meta
80 awarded
Post 10 messages, with 1 or more starred, in chat
34 awarded

Tag Badges

You must have a total score of 100 in at least 20 non-community wiki answers to achieve this badge.
12 awarded

Moderation Badges

First flagged post
131 awarded
First rollback
14 awarded
First down vote
143 awarded
Complete at least one review task. This badge is awarded once per review type
263 awarded
Delete own post with score of 3 or higher
5 awarded
First edit
769 awarded
Edit first post that was inactive for 6 months
39 awarded
First retag
48 awarded
Delete own post with score of -3 or lower
20 awarded
Approve or reject 100 suggested edits
4 awarded
Use 30 votes in a day
21 awarded
First up vote
1.4k awarded
First approved tag synonym
6 awarded
First tag wiki edit
20 awarded
Use the maximum 40 votes in a day
17 awarded

Other Badges

Visited every section of the FAQ (retired)
37 awarded
Share a link to a question later visited by 25 unique IP addresses
105 awarded
Read the entire tour page
277 awarded
http://cogsci.stackexchange.com/help/badges?tab=General&filter=bronze
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