Academic journaw

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Different types of peer-reviewed research journaws; dese specific pubwications are about economics

An academic or schowarwy journaw is a periodicaw pubwication in which schowarship rewating to a particuwar academic discipwine is pubwished. Academic journaws serve as permanent and transparent forums for de presentation, scrutiny, and discussion of research. They are usuawwy peer-reviewed or refereed.[1] Content typicawwy takes de form of articwes presenting originaw research, review articwes, and book reviews. The purpose of an academic journaw, according to Henry Owdenburg (de first editor of Phiwosophicaw Transactions of de Royaw Society), is to give researchers a venue to "impart deir knowwedge to one anoder, and contribute what dey can to de Grand design of improving naturaw knowwedge, and perfecting aww Phiwosophicaw Arts, and Sciences."[2]

The term academic journaw appwies to schowarwy pubwications in aww fiewds; dis articwe discusses de aspects common to aww academic fiewd journaws. Scientific journaws and journaws of de qwantitative sociaw sciences vary in form and function from journaws of de humanities and qwawitative sociaw sciences; deir specific aspects are separatewy discussed.

The first academic journaw was Journaw des sçavans (January 1665), fowwowed soon after by Phiwosophicaw Transactions of de Royaw Society (March 1665), and Mémoires de w'Académie des Sciences (1666). The first fuwwy peer-reviewed journaw was Medicaw Essays and Observations (1733).[3]

History[edit]

Adrien Auzout's "A TABLE of de Apertures of Object-Gwasses" from a 1665 articwe in Phiwosophicaw Transactions, showing a tabwe

The idea of a pubwished journaw wif de purpose of "[wetting] peopwe know what is happening in de Repubwic of Letters" was first conceived by Eudes de Mazerai in 1663. A pubwication titwed Journaw wittéraire généraw was supposed to be pubwished to fuwfiww dat goaw, but never was. Humanist schowar Denis de Sawwo (under de pseudonym "Sieur de Hédouviwwe") and printer Jean Cusson took Mazerai's idea, and obtained a royaw priviwege from King Louis XIV on 8 August 1664 to estabwish de Journaw des sçavans. The journaw's first issue was pubwished on 5 January 1665. It was aimed at peopwe of wetters, and had four main objectives:[4]

  1. review newwy pubwished major European books,
  2. pubwish de obituaries of famous peopwe,
  3. report on discoveries in arts and science, and
  4. report on de proceedings and censures of bof secuwar and eccwesiasticaw courts, as weww as dose of Universities bof in France and outside.

Soon after, de Royaw Society estabwished Phiwosophicaw Transactions of de Royaw Society in March 1665, and de Académie des Sciences estabwished de Mémoires de w'Académie des Sciences in 1666, which more strongwy focused on scientific communications.[5] By de end of de 18f century, nearwy 500 such periodicaw had been pubwished,[6] de vast majority coming from Germany (304 periodicaws), France (53), and Engwand (34). Severaw of dose pubwications however, and in particuwar de German journaws, tended to be short wived (under 5 years). A.J. Meadows has estimated de prowiferation of journaw to reach 10,000 journaws in 1950, and 71,000 in 1987. However, Michaew Mabe warns dat de estimates wiww vary depending on de definition of what exactwy counts as a schowarwy pubwication, but dat de growf rate has been "remarkabwy consistent over time", wif an average rates of 3.46% per year from 1800 to 2003.[7]

In 1733, Medicaw Essays and Observations was estabwished by de Medicaw Society of Edinburgh as de first fuwwy peer-reviewed journaw.[8] Peer review was introduced as an attempt to increase de qwawity and pertinence of submissions.[9] Oder important events in de history of academic journaws incwude de estabwishment of Nature (1869) and Science (1880), de estabwishment of Postmodern Cuwture in 1990 as de first onwine-onwy journaw, de foundation of arXiv in 1991 for de dissemination of preprints to be discussed prior to pubwication in a journaw, and de estabwishment of PLOS One in 2006 as de first megajournaw.[10]

Schowarwy articwes[edit]

There are two kinds of articwe or paper submissions in academia: sowicited, where an individuaw has been invited to submit work eider drough direct contact or drough a generaw submissions caww, and unsowicited, where an individuaw submits a work for potentiaw pubwication widout directwy being asked to do so.[11] Upon receipt of a submitted articwe, editors at de journaw determine wheder to reject de submission outright or begin de process of peer review. In de watter case, de submission becomes subject to review by outside schowars of de editor's choosing who typicawwy remain anonymous. The number of dese peer reviewers (or "referees") varies according to each journaw's editoriaw practice – typicawwy, no fewer dan two, dough sometimes dree or more, experts in de subject matter of de articwe produce reports upon de content, stywe, and oder factors, which inform de editors' pubwication decisions. Though dese reports are generawwy confidentiaw, some journaws and pubwishers awso practice pubwic peer review. The editors eider choose to reject de articwe, ask for a revision and resubmission, or accept de articwe for pubwication, uh-hah-hah-hah. Even accepted articwes are often subjected to furder (sometimes considerabwe) editing by journaw editoriaw staff before dey appear in print. The peer review can take from severaw weeks to severaw monds.[12]

Reviewing[edit]

Review articwes[edit]

Review articwes, awso cawwed "reviews of progress," are checks on de research pubwished in journaws. Some journaws are devoted entirewy to review articwes, some contain a few in each issue, and oders do not pubwish review articwes. Such reviews often cover de research from de preceding year, some for wonger or shorter terms; some are devoted to specific topics, some to generaw surveys. Some journaws are enumerative, wisting aww significant articwes in a given subject; oders are sewective, incwuding onwy what dey dink wordwhiwe. Yet oders are evawuative, judging de state of progress in de subject fiewd. Some journaws are pubwished in series, each covering a compwete subject fiewd year, or covering specific fiewds drough severaw years. Unwike originaw research articwes, review articwes tend to be sowicited submissions, sometimes pwanned years in advance. They are typicawwy rewied upon by students beginning a study in a given fiewd, or for current awareness of dose awready in de fiewd.[13]

Book reviews[edit]

Reviews of schowarwy books are checks upon de research books pubwished by schowars; unwike articwes, book reviews tend to be sowicited. Journaws typicawwy have a separate book review editor determining which new books to review and by whom. If an outside schowar accepts de book review editor's reqwest for a book review, he or she generawwy receives a free copy of de book from de journaw in exchange for a timewy review. Pubwishers send books to book review editors in de hope dat deir books wiww be reviewed. The wengf and depf of research book reviews varies much from journaw to journaw, as does de extent of textbook and trade book review.[14]

Prestige and ranking[edit]

An academic journaw's prestige is estabwished over time, and can refwect many factors, some but not aww of which are expressibwe qwantitativewy. In each academic discipwine, dere are dominant journaws dat receive de wargest number of submissions, and derefore can be sewective in choosing deir content. Yet, not onwy de wargest journaws are of excewwent qwawity.[15]

In de naturaw sciences and in de sociaw sciences, de impact factor is an estabwished proxy, measuring de number of water articwes citing articwes awready pubwished in de journaw. There are oder qwantitative measures of prestige, such as de overaww number of citations, how qwickwy articwes are cited, and de average "hawf-wife" of articwes. Cwarivate Anawytics' Journaw Citation Reports, which among oder features, computes an impact factor for academic journaws, draws data for computation from de Science Citation Index Expanded (for naturaw science journaws), and from de Sociaw Sciences Citation Index (for sociaw science journaws).[15] Severaw oder metrics are awso used, incwuding de SCImago Journaw Rank, CiteScore, Eigenfactor, and Awtmetrics.

In de Angwo-American humanities, dere is no tradition (as dere is in de sciences) of giving impact-factors dat couwd be used in estabwishing a journaw's prestige. Recent moves have been made by de European Science Foundation (ESF) to change de situation, resuwting in de pubwication of prewiminary wists for de ranking of academic journaws in de humanities.[15] These rankings have been severewy criticized, notabwy by history and sociowogy of science British journaws dat have pubwished a common editoriaw entitwed "Journaws under Threat."[16] Though it did not prevent ESF and some nationaw organizations from proposing journaw rankings, it wargewy prevented deir use as evawuation toows.[17]

In some discipwines such as knowwedge management/intewwectuaw capitaw, de wack of a weww-estabwished journaw ranking system is perceived by academics as "a major obstacwe on de way to tenure, promotion and achievement recognition".[18] Conversewy, a significant number of scientists and organizations consider de pursuit of impact factor cawcuwations as inimicaw to de goaws of science, and have signed de San Francisco Decwaration on Research Assessment to wimit its use.

The categorization of journaw prestige in some subjects has been attempted, typicawwy using wetters to rank deir academic worwd importance.

Three categories of techniqwes have devewoped to assess journaw qwawity and create journaw rankings:[19]

  • stated preference;
  • reveawed preference; and
  • pubwication power approaches[20]

Costs[edit]

Many academic journaws are subsidized by universities or professionaw organizations, and do not exist to make a profit. However, dey often accept advertising, page and image charges from audors to pay for production costs. On de oder hand, some journaws are produced by commerciaw pubwishers who do make a profit by charging subscriptions to individuaws and wibraries. They may awso seww aww of deir journaws in discipwine-specific cowwections or a variety of oder packages.[21]

Journaw editors tend to have oder professionaw responsibiwities, most often as teaching professors. In de case of de wargest journaws, dere are paid staff assisting in de editing. The production of de journaws is awmost awways done by pubwisher-paid staff. Humanities and sociaw science academic journaws are usuawwy subsidized by universities or professionaw organization, uh-hah-hah-hah.[22]

New devewopments[edit]

The Internet has revowutionized de production of, and access to, academic journaws, wif deir contents avaiwabwe onwine via services subscribed to by academic wibraries. Individuaw articwes are subject-indexed in databases such as Googwe Schowar. Some of de smawwest, most speciawized journaws are prepared in-house, by an academic department, and pubwished onwy onwine – such form of pubwication has sometimes been in de bwog format. Currentwy, dere is a movement in higher education encouraging open access, eider via sewf archiving, whereby de audor deposits a paper in a discipwinary or institutionaw repository where it can be searched for and read, or via pubwishing it in a free open access journaw, which does not charge for subscriptions, being eider subsidized or financed by a pubwication fee. Given de goaw of sharing scientific research to speed advances, open access has affected science journaws more dan humanities journaws.[23] Commerciaw pubwishers are experimenting wif open access modews, but are trying to protect deir subscription revenues.[24]

The much wower entry cost of on-wine pubwishing has awso raised concerns of an increase in pubwication of "junk" journaws wif wower pubwishing standards. These journaws, often wif names chosen as simiwar to weww-estabwished pubwications, sowicit articwes via e-maiw and den charge de audor to pubwish an articwe, often wif no sign of actuaw review. Jeffrey Beaww, a research wibrarian at de University of Coworado, has compiwed a wist of what he considers to be "potentiaw, possibwe, or probabwe predatory schowarwy open-access pubwishers"; de wist numbered over 300 journaws as of Apriw 2013, but he estimates dat dere may be dousands.[25] The OMICS Pubwishing Group, which pubwishes a number of de journaws on dis wist, has dreatened to sue Beaww.[26]

Some academic journaws use de registered report format, which aims to counteract issues such as data dredging and hypodesizing after de resuwts are known, uh-hah-hah-hah. For exampwe, Nature Human Behaviour has adopted de registered report format, as it "shift[s] de emphasis from de resuwts of research to de qwestions dat guide de research and de medods used to answer dem".[27] The European Journaw of Personawity defines dis format: "In a registered report, audors create a study proposaw dat incwudes deoreticaw and empiricaw background, research qwestions/hypodeses, and piwot data (if avaiwabwe). Upon submission, dis proposaw wiww den be reviewed prior to data cowwection, and if accepted, de paper resuwting from dis peer-reviewed procedure wiww be pubwished, regardwess of de study outcomes."[28]

Lists of Academic Journaws[edit]

Wikipedia has many Lists of Academic Journaws by discipwine, such as List of African Studies Journaws and List of Forestry Journaws. The wargest database providing detaiwed information about journaws is Uwrichs Gwobaw Seriaws Directory. Oder databases providing detaiwed information about journaws are de Modern Language Association Directory of Periodicaws and Genamics JournawSeek. Journaw hosting websites wike Project MUSE, JSTOR, Pubmed, Ingenta Web of Science, and Informaworwd awso provide journaw wists. Some sites evawuate journaws, providing information on such dings as how wong de journaw takes to review articwes and what types of articwes dey want.[29]

See awso[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Gary Bwake; Robert W. Bwy (1993). The Ewements of Technicaw Writing. Macmiwwan Pubwishers. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-02-013085-7.
  2. ^ The Royaw Society: Royaw Society journaw archive made permanentwy free to access, 26 October 2011.
  3. ^ Mudrak, Ben, uh-hah-hah-hah. "Schowarwy Pubwishing: A Brief History". American Journaw Experts. Retrieved 2018-06-18.
  4. ^ "Histoire du Journaw des Savants", p. 1-2
  5. ^ "History of Phiwosophicaw Transactions – The Secret History of de Scientific Journaw". arts.st-andrews.ac.uk.
  6. ^ Kronick, David A. (1962). "Originaw Pubwication: The Substantive Journaw". A history of scientific and technicaw periodicaws:de origins and devewopment of de scientific and technowogicaw press, 1665-1790. New York: The Scarecrow Press.
  7. ^ Mabe, Michaew (1 Juwy 2003). "The growf and number of journaws" (PDF). Seriaws: The Journaw for de Seriaws Community. 16 (2): 191–197. doi:10.1629/16191.
  8. ^ Mudrak, Ben, uh-hah-hah-hah. "Schowarwy Pubwishing: A Brief History". American Journaw Experts. Retrieved 2018-06-18.
  9. ^ "Preface". Medicaw Essays and Observations (2nd ed.): v–xvi. 1737.
  10. ^ Mudrak, Ben, uh-hah-hah-hah. "Schowarwy Pubwishing: A Brief History". American Journaw Experts. Retrieved 2018-06-18.
  11. ^ Gwen Meyer Gregory (2005). The successfuw academic wibrarian: Winning strategies from wibrary weaders. Information Today. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-1-57387-232-4.
  12. ^ Michèwe Lamont (2009). How professors dink: Inside de curious worwd of academic judgment. Harvard University Press. pp. 1–14. ISBN 978-0-674-05733-3.
  13. ^ Deborah E. De Lange (2011). Research Companion to Green Internationaw Management Studies: A Guide for Future Research, Cowwaboration and Review Writing. Edward Ewgar Pubwishing. pp. 1–5. ISBN 978-1-84980-727-2.
  14. ^ Rita James Simon; Linda Mahan (1969). "A Note on de Rowe of Book Review Editor as Decision Maker". The Library Quarterwy. 39 (4): 353–56. doi:10.1086/619794. JSTOR 4306026.
  15. ^ a b c Rowena Murray (2009). Writing for Academic Journaws (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hiww Education. pp. 42–45. ISBN 978-0-335-23458-5.
  16. ^ "Journaws under Threat: A Joint Response from History of Science, Technowogy and Medicine Editors". Medicaw History. 53 (1): 1–4. 2009. doi:10.1017/s0025727300003288. PMC 2629173. PMID 19190746.
  17. ^ Pontiwwe, David; Torny, Didier (2010). "The controversiaw powicies of journaw ratings: Evawuating sociaw sciences and humanities". Research Evawuation. 19 (5): 347. doi:10.3152/095820210X12809191250889.
  18. ^ Nick Bontis; Awexander Serenko (2009). "A fowwow-up ranking of academic journaws". Journaw of Knowwedge Management. 13 (1): 17. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.178.6943. doi:10.1108/13673270910931134.
  19. ^ Pauw Benjamin Lowry; Sean LaMarc Humpherys; Jason Mawwitz; Joshua Nix (2007). "A scientometric study of de perceived qwawity of business and technicaw communication journaws". IEEE Transactions on Professionaw Communication. 50 (4): 352–78. doi:10.1109/TPC.2007.908733. SSRN 1021608.
  20. ^ Awexander Serenko; Changqwan Jiao (2011). "Investigating Information Systems Research in Canada" (PDF). Canadian Journaw of Administrative Sciences. 29 (1): 3–24. doi:10.1002/cjas.214.
  21. ^ Theodore C. Bergstrom (2001). "Free Labor for Costwy Journaws?". Journaw of Economic Perspectives. 15 (3): 183–98. doi:10.1257/jep.15.4.183.
  22. ^ Robert A. Day; Barbara Gastew (2011). How to Write and Pubwish a Scientific Paper (7f ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 122–24. ISBN 978-0-313-39195-8.
  23. ^ Davis, Phiwip M; Wawters, Wiwwiam H (Juwy 2011). "The impact of free access to de scientific witerature: A review of recent research". Journaw of de Medicaw Library Association. 99 (3): 208–217. doi:10.3163/1536-5050.99.3.008. ISSN 1536-5050. PMC 3133904. PMID 21753913.
  24. ^ James Hendwer (2007). "Reinventing Academic Pubwishing-Part 1". IEEE Intewwigent Systems. 22 (5): 2–3. doi:10.1109/MIS.2007.4338485.
  25. ^ Kowata, Gina (Apriw 7, 2013). "Scientific Articwes Accepted (Personaw Checks, Too)". New York Times. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  26. ^ Deprez, Esme (August 29, 2017). "Medicaw journaws have a fake news probwem". Bwoomberg. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  27. ^ "Promoting reproducibiwity wif registered reports". Nature Human Behaviour. 1 (1): 0034. 10 January 2017. doi:10.1038/s41562-016-0034.
  28. ^ "Streamwined review and registered reports soon to be officiaw at EJP". THE EJP BLOG. European Journaw of Personawity. Retrieved 8 Apriw 2018.
  29. ^ For exampwe de Reviews of Peer-Reviewed Journaws in de Humanities and Sociaw Sciences

Furder reading[edit]

Externaw winks[edit]
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