Lesson 1 - the full document. (MS Word) - Unesco

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Oct 26, 2013 (3 years and 9 months ago)

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ICT for Library and Information Professionals: A Training Package for Developing Countries



Module 5: The Internet as an Information Resource

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Teacher’s Guide


Module 5.
The Internet as an Information Resource



Lesson 1. How the Internet works



Note

The Teacher’s Guide provides notes and tips for the PowerPoint presentation
that you will use in conducting the course
.






Tip

Ask the students what their concept of the Internet is and if any of them have
used it before and for what purpose. After that, ask them if they have an idea of
how the Internet works. This can serve as a motiv
ation activity that will let
them think ahead, and share their knowledge and experiences with regards to
the subject matter, with you and their fellow students.





Rationale


In Asia many librarians have not obtained adeq
uate training in the use of the Internet as an
information resource. However, with the shift from printed to digital format, as well as a lot of
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users and researchers becoming more and more reliant on the Internet as an information
resource, it is imperati
ve that librarians obtain adequate training in
its
use
in order for them to
cope with the challenges and take advantage of the features of the Internet.






Learning outcomes


By the end of the lesson,

students should be able to:

1.

Define what is the Internet

2.

Identify the major Internet tools and services

3.

Discuss briefly the Internet's history

4.

Understand basic Internet concepts, terms and technology

5.

Describe how the Internet works






Scope


1.

What is the Internet?

2.

What are the major Internet Tools and services?

3.

What is the Internet’s history?

4.

What are the basic Internet concepts, terms and technologies?

5.

How does the Internet work?

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Wha
t is the Internet?


The Internet is a global network of computer networks utilizing a suite of protocols called the
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) that supports interconnection of a
number of different computer networks.





The Internet covers large, international Wide Area Networks (WAN’s) as well as smaller Local
Area Networks (LAN’s) and individual computers connected to the Internet worldwide





The Internet sup
ports communication and sharing of data, and offers

a

vast amount of
information through a variety of services and tools


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What are the major Internet tools and services?


The Internet has several tools and services that ma
ke it ideal as an information resource. Each of
these features has its own merits and therefore should be utilized depending on the type of
information one needs to access.





E
-
Mail


By far the most popular service availab
le on the Internet, e
-
mail as a form of correspondence has
revolutionali
z
ed the way we communicate
with

each other. It stands for “electronic mail,
a way
of sending messages from one computer to another. Its ability to send files through
attachments

als
o factors in its popularity. Readily available, and in most cases free of charge, this speedy
alternative to postage mail comprises the bulk of traffic on the Internet. Almost all ‘Net users
have at least one e
-
mail address, and in some cases,
several

addresses. It has also become the
most basic form of identification on the Internet, with a lot of websites requiring an e
-
mail
address before offering services.











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Newsgroups


Newsgroups are an online forum for di
scussion of related topics, accessible by a newsreader.
Some newsgroups allow postings or messages from anyone, while others are moderated
(postings are screened). Several

u
niversity departments have also set up newsgroups for specific
issues and class u
se. On the Internet, there are literally thousands of newsgroups covering every
conceivable interest.


To view and post messages to a newsgroup, you need a news reader, a program that runs on your
computer and connects you to a news server on the Internet
.





Internet Relay Chat


Using chat is like "talking" to other people who are online at the same time as you are. Special
software allows typed
-
in messages to be viewed by everyone taking part at that time. Chats can
be on
going or scheduled for a particular time and duration. Most chats are focused on a
particular topic of interest and some involve guest experts or famous people who "talk" to
anyone joining the chat. Topics of interest are organized into “channels”, facilit
ating specialized
chat sessions that occur in chatrooms. More advanced forms of chat use sound cards to allow
voices
,

and 2D or 3D characters called “avatars” to represent the participants. Some websites
have built in chatrooms enabling on
-
site chatting.




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Telnet


Telnet is client software allowing a user to login from a local desktop computer to a remote
server, the Telnet host, and use its resources. Usually access is controlled by passwords given to
each individual or g
roup. Once access is given, the remote user can issue commands or use the
resources of the host, depending on the level of access given the user. Mainly used by libraries to
allow access to information stored in
their

computers





File Transfer Protocol


File Transfer Protocol or FTP is an Internet utility that allows the transfer of files from one
location to another. In order to do this, one must have an FTP program to connect to other
servers and be able to download fi
les. These FTP programs are available
both
commercially and
for free, and

offer

various
features. Most modern web browsers have built in FTP capabilities
enabling downloads through websites.












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Wor
ld Wide Web


The World Wide Web (WWW or W3) was invented by Tim Berners
-
Lee in 1991 and further
developed at the CERN labs in Switzerland in the early 1990s. It is a vast collection of
interconnected files and programs spanning the globe and retrievable vi
a a client
-
server system
utilizing HTML
(
Hyper Text Markup Language
)

enabled documents called webpages. It is
responsible for the so called Internet boom, transforming it from a largely academic domain into
a commercial one. It has grown to encompass no
t only its native http protocol, but also ftp,
newsgroups, e
-
mails, chat and telnet. In fact, because of this most people equate the Web
with

the
Internet
.


The Web is accessed by programs called browsers (e.g., Netscape Navigator or Internet
Explor
er). These browsers enable webpages and websites containing multimedia content and
applications to be accessed anytime, anywhere. Users navigate the Internet by following links
from
one
document
to other documents on computers located anywhere on th
e globe. These links
are called hyperlinks, and connect the contents of Webpage
s

to each other as well as to other
Webpages identified by their URLs.




Activity 1
-
1

Visit the following sites:

1.

Learn the Net: The Animated Internet
http://www.learnthenet.c
om/english/animate/animate.htm

2.

A Basic Guide to the Internet
http://library.albany.edu/internet/internet.html




Tip

Visit these sites:

1.

Internet 101.org. Scott Cottingham. http://www.internet101.org/

2.

BBC Becoming WebWise Online Course for Beginners.
http
://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/learn/menu.shtml

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What is the Internet's History?


The Internet grew from ARPANET
,

the first computer network designed for the Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S Department of Def
ense. ARPA sponsored
research on interconnecting geographically remote computers to allow communication and
sharing of data and resources. The goal was to create a communications network that could exist
even if parts of it were incapacitated.





What is the Internet's History?


One of the early developments that proved significant to the success of ARPANET (which later
on becomes the Internet) were “packet switching” and “TCP/IP”. Packet switching involves
digital systems

that transmit data in small packets that use

the best current path to
their

destination. TCP/IP is the core Internet protocol that allows computers to communicate with each
other.



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What is the Internet's History?


R
ealizing the value of interconnected computers the academic community started with
its

own
research networks. One of these academic networks is

NSFNET.

NSFNET
,

created and named
for the National Science Foundation, linked academic networks tha
t connected universities and
research organizations around North America. Later on, networks from Europe and other
countries were connected to NSFNET, making it the backbone of the Internet.





What is the Internet's Histor
y?


ARPANET was decommissioned and the management of the Internet was passed on to the
NSFNET. NSFNET lifted the restriction on commercial use, which contributed to the Internet’s
growth as well as to its commercialization. This significant development wa
s followed by the
emergence of

the

World Wide Web, and later on Mosaic, the first graphical browser, that
brought an unprecedented growth to the Internet. Eventually, NSFNET revert
ed

back to a
research project, leaving the Internet in commercial hands and

its management to independent
organizations.



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What is the Internet's History?


The Internet started as a military network called ARPANET, which was involved in networking
research.
The research involved the creation of
standards and protocols that will support
interconnection of a number of computer networks. It also involved the creation of applications
and technologies that utilize

current and emerging technologies. This process continues as the
Internet grows dynamic
ally.


The Internet later expanded to include universities, businesses and individuals.


However, the
Internet only started to gain popularity
with

the casual computer user in the 1990
s
, with the
creation of the World Wide Web, followed by the introducti
on of Mosaic
,

the first graphical
Web browser.
Today, the Internet is also referred to as the Net, Information Superhighway, and
Cyberspace.




Activity 1
-
2

Visit the following sites to know more about the Internet's history:

1.

A Brief History of the Inter
net and Related Networks. Vint Cerf.
http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/cerf.shtml


2.

The History of the Internet. Dave Kristula.
http://www.davesite.com/webstation/net
-
history.shtml




Tip

Read more about the Internet's History:

1.

All About The Internet:
History of the Internet. Internet Society (ISOC).
http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml

2.

History and Development of the Internet: a Timeline. Rhonda Davila.
http://www.sat.lib.tx.us/Displays/itintro.htm

3.

The Living Internet. William Stewart. http
://livinginternet.com/





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How does the Internet work?


The following are some of technologies that make the Internet work:



Protocols


standardized rules that define how computers communicate and exchange data



IP addr
ess


unique number used to identify computers on the Internet



Domain name


structured naming system to locate computers on the Internet



URL


uniform naming scheme that specifies unique addresses of Internet resources



Client and server


computing archi
tecture used by most Internet services





TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)


The Internet is a packet
-
switching network that uses TCP/IP as its core protocol. TCP/IP is a
suite of protocols that gov
ern network addresses and the organization and packaging of the
information to be sent over the Internet. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) handles the flow
control and recovery of packets, while Internet Protocol (IP) is responsible for addressing and
f
orwarding of individual packets.



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Internet Protocols


Below are some of the Internet Protocols used by Internet tools and services:




HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol
)


a protocol
for accessing and transmitting

World Wide
Web documents



FTP (File Transfer Protocol
)


a protocol
for transferring files from one computer to another



Gopher Protocol


a protocol
for accessing documents via Gopher menus (no longer widely
used)



Telnet Protocol


a protoco
l that
allows users to logon to a remote computer



SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)


a protocol
for sending and managing electronic
mails (e
-
mail)





IP address


Unlike local computer networks, which are centrally cont
rolled, the Internet is decentralized by
design. Its operators can choose which Internet services to use and which services to make
available to the global Internet community. Each Internet computer, called a host, is independent
and has a unique address,
called the IP address.
TCP/IP uses the IP address to route packets of
information from a sender to a location on the Internet.
The
IP address consist of four sets of
numbers ranging from 0 to 255, Ex. 249.7.13.53



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IP addr
ess




249.7.13.53 (Example IP address)



The first two number sets designate the network



The third number set identifies the local network



The fourth number set identifies the particular machine




Activity 1
-
3

Read the following articles:

1.

TCP/IP Networking
-

What is TCP/IP?
http://tutorials.beginners.co.uk/read/category/90/id/282

2.

Internet Protocols.
http://www.rad.com/networks/1997/nettut/protocols.html

3.

Internet protocol and addressing. http://supportnet.merit.edu/m
-
intint/t
-
netbas/text/intpro.html

4.

Understan
ding IP Addressing. Webopedia.
http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/2002/March/IPaddressing.html




Tip

View these sites:

1.

Networking Background. http://supportnet.merit.edu/m
-
intint/t
-
netbas/text/netbac.html

2.

Introduction to the Internet Protocols.
http://
oac3.hsc.uth.tmc.edu/staff/snewton/tcp
-
tutorial/index.html

3.

The Internet Protocol Part One: The Foundations. Shvetima Gulati.
http://www.acm.org/crossroads/columns/connector/july2000.html



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Domain names


Domain names are t
he alias or English
-

language equivalent of a computer’s IP address
.
The
Domain Name System (DNS) allows the use of easier to remember domain names instead of IP
addresses to locate computers on the Internet. Domain Name Resolvers scattered across the
In
ternet translate domain names into IP addresses





Domain names


Domain names have two parts: the first part names the host computer while the second part
identifies the top level domain. Accordingly, there are two types of

Top Level Domains (TLD):
generic Top Level Domains and country code Top Level Domains.
The
TLD identifies the type
of host; for example a domain that ends with .edu is an educational institution. Domain names
are used in URLs and e
-
mail addresses.



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Top Level Domains


Only a few top
-
level domains are currently recognized, but this is changing. Here is a list of the
domains generally accepted by all:

.edu

--

educational site (usually a university or college)

.com

--

comme
rcial business site

.gov

--

U.S. governmental/non
-
military site

.mil

--

U.S. military sites and agencies

.net

--

networks, internet service providers, organizations

.org

--

U.S. non
-
profit organizations and others





A
dditional Top Level Domains


In mid November 2000, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
voted to accept an additional seven new suffixes, which are expected to be made available to
users
:

.aero

--

restricted use

by air transportation industry

.biz

--

general use by businesses

.coop

--

restricted use by cooperatives

.info

--

general use by both commercial and non
-
commercial sites

.museum

--

restricted use by museums

.name

--

general use by individuals

.pro

-
-

restricted use by certified professionals and professional entities


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Country Code Top Level Domains


.au



Australia



.ph



Philippines

.cn



China



.sg



Singapore

.fj



Fiji



.uk



United Kingdom


.id



Indonesia

.


.us



United States


.jp



Japan



.tw

-

Taiwan

.mn



Mongolia


.vn

-

Vietnam


The complete list can be accessed at http://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld
-
whois.htm




Note

Because the Internet was created in this country, "US" was n
ot originally
assigned to U.S. domain names; however, it is used to designate state and local
government hosts, including many public schools.




Activity 1
-
4

Read the following articles:

1.

Introduction to Domain Name Service. http://supportnet.merit.edu/
m
-
intint/t
-
domnam/text/intro1.html.

2.

IANA Domain Name Services. http://www.iana.org/domain
-
names.htm

3.

The Domain Name System: A Non
-
Technical Explanation


Why
Universal Resolvability Is Important? InterNIC FAQ.
http://www.internic.net/faqs/authoritative
-
dns
.html




Tip

Read this article:

1.

The D
-
N
-
What: A Layman's Guide to the Domain Naming System. M.A.
Dockter http://webservercompare.internet.com/dns/


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Uniform Resource Locator


A URL or Uniform Resource Locator is the uniq
ue address of a given webpage. Know
ing

the
URL allows you to locate a given webpage. Much like a house address, the URL consists of
several parts
: the protocol, the domain name and the path.



Protocol


let
s

the co
mputer know how to process the information it receives



Domain name


Internet address of the computer hosting the site and storing the documents



Path


let
s

the computer
know
which directory and file to access





Figure1: A
natomy of a URL





Uniform Resource Locator


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In the example http://www.amazon.com/books/children.html



"http“

-

hypertext transfer protocol



"www"

-

world wide web server name



“amazon"

-

second
-
level domain name



“com"

-

top
-
level domain name



"books"

-

directory name



“children"

-

file name



"html"

-

file type




Activity1
-
5

Visit these sites:

1.

Learn the NET: Anatomy of a URL.
http://www.learnthenet.com/english/web/110www.htm

2.

The Anatomy of a URL
(Uniform Resource Locator).
http://www2.widener.edu/Wolfgram
-
Memorial
-
Library/pyramid/
wwwanato.htm





Client Server


The client server model is the distributed computing architecture used by most Internet services,
genera
lly classifying hosts on the Internet as clients and servers. Client computers use client
programs to access Internet services provided by host computers (servers) running server
programs that provide the information or service needed. For example
,

web bro
wsers are client
programs used to access information hosted by web servers. Each Internet service requires a
specific client program
;

however most of these services can now be accessed by simply using a
web browser.



Activity 1
-
6

Read these articles:

1.

In
troduction to Client/Server Networking: A proven approach to
distributed computing
http://compnetworking.about.com/library/weekly/aa050201a.htm

2.

Client/Server Software Architectures
-
An Overview.
http://www.sei.cmu.edu/str/descriptions/clientserver_body.html

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3.

What is client/server computing?
http://www.apinforma.com/biblio/online/internic/cliensrv/sld01.html




Tip

Visit these sites:

1.

Howstuffworks "How Web Servers and the Internet Work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/web
-
server.htm

2.

Client
-
server architecture:
bringing order to the bramble bush
http://www.ssa
-
lawtech.com/wp/wp3
-
5.htm

3.

Client/Server Fundamentals
http://www.networkcomputing.com/netdesign/1005part1a.html

4.

Network Solutions 15 Minute series
http://www.apinforma.com/biblio/online/internic/





Refer
ences


______ (1995) Internet and World Wide Web simplified. IDG Books
Worldwide; Foster City; California.


Capron, H. L. (1996) Computers: Tools for an information age. (4
th

ed.) New
York: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company.


Franks, Mike. (1995) Th
e Internet publishing handbook: for World Wide Web,
Gopher and WAIS. Addison
-
Wesley; Reading Massachusetts.


Hutchinson, S. E. & Sawyer, S. C. (2000). Computers, Communications &
Information: A users introduction. (7th ed.) Boston: Irwin McGraw
-
Hill.


Elec
tronic Resources


BBC Becoming WebWise: Online Course for Beginners.

British Broadcasting
Corporation
.
[Online] URL

http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/learn/menu.shtml


Beginners.co.uk.
TCP/IP Networking
-

What is TCP/IP?

Visualsoft UK Ltd.
[Online] URL http://t
utorials.beginners.co.uk/read/category/90/id/282


Behar, Gil, Loewy, Guy and Solomonovich, Oz.
Networks for Beginners:
Internet Protocols
. [Online] URL
http://www.rad.com/networks/1997/nettut/protocols.html


Brain, Marshall. HowStuffWorks:
How Web servers

and the Internet Work.

[Online] URL http://www.howstuffworks.com/web
-
server.htm


Cerf, Vint.
A Brief History of the Internet and Related Networks
. Internet
Society (ISOC). [Online] URL http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/cerf.shtml

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Client
-
server archite
cture: bringing order to the bramble bush
. Steele
Scharbach Associates L.L.C. [Online] URL http://www.ssa
-
lawtech.com/wp/wp3
-
5.htm


Client/Server Software Architectures
-
An Overview.
Carnegie Mellon
University: Software Engineering Institute. [Online] URL
h
ttp://www.sei.cmu.edu/str/descriptions/clientserver_body.html


Cohen, Laura.
A Basic Guide to the Internet
. University at Albany Libraries:
Internet Tutorials. [Online] URL
http://library.albany.edu/internet/internet.html


Cottingham, Scott.
Internet 101
.
[Online] URL http://www.internet101.org/


Davila, Rhonda.
History and Development of the Internet: a Timeline
. [Online]
URL http://www.sat.lib.tx.us/Displays/itintro.htm


Dockter, M.A.
The D
-
N
-
What: A Layman's Guide to the Domain Naming
System.

WebServer C
ompare. INT Media Group. [Online] URL

http://webservercompare.internet.com/dns/


Gulati, Shvetima.
The Internet Protocol Part One : The Foundations
.
Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. [Online] URL
http://www.acm.org/crossroads/columns/connector/july
2000.html


IANA Domain Name Services
. [Online] URL http://www.iana.org/domain
-
names.htm


Kristula, Dave.
The History of the Internet
. [Online] URL
http://www.davesite.com/webstation/net
-
history.shtml


Learn the NET: Anatomy of a URL.

Michael Lerner Produc
tions. [Online]
URL

http://www.learnthenet.com/english/web/110www.htm


Learn the Net
:
The Animated Internet
. Michael Lerner Productions. [Online]
URL http://www.learnthenet.com/english/animate/animate.htm


Leiner, Barry M., Cerf, Vinton G., Clark, David D.
,

Kahn, Robert E., Kleinrock, Leonard, Lynch, Daniel C.,

Postel, Jon, Roberts, Larry G., and Wolff, Stephen.
All About The Internet:
History of the Internet
. Internet Society (ISOC). [Online] URL
http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml


Mitchell,
Bradley.
Introduction to Client/Server Networking: A proven
approach to distributed computing
. [Online] URL
http://compnetworking.about.com/library/weekly/aa050201a.htm

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Network Computing.
Client/Server Fundamentals
. CMP Media LLC. [Online]
URL http://www.n
etworkcomputing.com/netdesign/1005part1a.html


Network Solutions 15 Minute series.
[Online] URL
http://www.apinforma.com/biblio/online/internic/


Newton, Steven E.
Introduction to the Internet Protocols
. [Online] URL
http://oac3.hsc.uth.tmc.edu/staff/snewt
on/tcp
-
tutorial/index.html


Stewart, William.
The Living Internet
. [Online] URL http://livinginternet.com/


SupportNet Online.
Internet protocol and addressing.
Eastern Upper Peninsula
ISD and Merit Network, Inc. [Online] URL http://supportnet.merit.edu/m
-
intint/t
-
netbas/text/intpro.html


SupportNet Online.
Introduction to Domain Name Service
. Eastern Upper
Peninsula ISD and Merit Network, Inc. [Online] URL
http://supportnet.merit.edu/m
-
intint/t
-
domnam/text/intro1.html.


SupportNet Online.
Networking Backgr
ound
.
Eastern Upper Peninsula ISD
and Merit Network, Inc
.

[Online] URL http://supportnet.merit.edu/m
-
intint/t
-
netbas/text/netbac.html


The Domain Name System: A Non
-
Technical Explanation


Why Universal
Resolvability Is Important?

InterNIC FAQ. [Online] UR
L
http://www.internic.net/faqs/authoritative
-
dns.html


The Anatomy of a URL (Uniform Resource Locator).

Wofgram Memorial
Library.

Widener University. [Online] URL

http://www2.widener.edu/Wolfgram
-
Memorial
-
Library/pyramid/
wwwanato.htm


Webopedia.
Understan
ding IP Addressing
.
INT Media Group. [Online] URL

http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/2002/March/IPaddressing.html


What is client/server computing?
Network Solutions 15 Minute series
(Mirrored). [Online] URL
http://www.apinforma.com/biblio/online/internic
/cliensrv/sld01.html
https://www.techylib.com/en/view/gazecumming/lesson_1_the_full_document._ms_word_unesco
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