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A Bibliometric Analysis of Australia’s International Research Collaboration in Science and Technology: Analytical Methods and Initial Findings

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A Bibliometric Analysis of Australia’s International Research Collaboration in Science and Technology: Analytical Methods and Initial Findings

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This paper presents the initial findings from an exploratory bibliometric analysis of Australia’s international collaboration in science and technology. This paper is focusses on: (a) Assessing the methodological challenges faced in comprehensively mapping Australia’s science and technology research activity from an international engagement perspective; (b) Suggesting solutions to these challenges; (c) Providing some policy-relevant findings of potential use to the Australian Government and the European Commission. Seeking to generate useful results in order to meet objective (c) provides a useful means of addressing objectives (a) and (b) in a clear manner. It is important to recognise that fields of research vary in the extent to which journal publications can be regarded as the primary mode of research dissemination (in some areas books are the primary dissemination channel). In addition, the Web of Science (WoS)i data used in this paper does not comprehensively cover the output of journals in: - Most fields in the humanities and social sciences; - Engineering, information sciences; - Some other fields of research in the applied sciences; and - The applied end of the research spectrum even for fields generally well covered in WoS. However, although the coverage of WoS is not universal, for subfields where a large proportion of their research has a basic orientation the coverage of these fields is extensive. Therefore, the main focus in this paper is upon science and technology fields. Most of the analysis in this paper relates to counts of publications in different research fields and in a limited number of different combinations of national authorship, together with citations per paper (CPP) associated with these publications. CPP is a useful indicator of publication quality. In this paper it is expressed as relative CPP, that is to say CPP performance normalised for world CPP rates in a given research field (see methodology section for a detailed definition). In this analysis there is a particular emphasis on examining how different clusters of international collaborative activity affect relative CPP performance. The clusters chosen for analysis involve Australian scientific research papers and co-authorship clusters between the USA, Europe and the European Union.
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A Bibliometric Analysis of Australia’s International Research
Collaboration in Science and Technology: Analytical Methods
and Initial Findings
FEAST Discussion Paper 1/09
Dr Mark Matthews1
Mrs Bev Biglia
Dr Kumara Henadeera
Mr Jean-François Desvignes-Hicks
Dr Rado Faletic
Mrs Olivia Wenholz
Introduction
This paper presents the initial findings from an exploratory bibliometric analysis of Australia’s
international collaboration in science and technology. This paper is focusses on:
(a) Assessing the methodological challenges faced in comprehensively mapping Australia’s
science and technology research activity from an international engagement perspective;
(b) Suggesting solutions to these challenges;
(c) Providing some policy-relevant findings of potential use to the Australian Government
and the European Commission.
Seeking to generate useful results in order to meet objective (c) provides a useful means of
addressing objectives (a) and (b) in a clear manner.
It is important to recognise that fields of research vary in the extent to which journal publications
can be regarded as the primary mode of research dissemination (in some areas books are the
primary dissemination channel). In addition, the Web of Science (WoS)i data used in this paper
does not comprehensively cover the output of journals in:
Most fields in the humanities and social sciences;
Engineering, information sciences;
Some other fields of research in the applied sciences; and
The applied end of the research spectrum even for fields generally well covered in WoS.
However, although the coverage of WoS is not universal, for subfields where a large proportion of
their research has a basic orientation the coverage of these fields is extensive. Therefore, the main
focus in this paper is upon science and technology fields.
Most of the analysis in this paper relates to counts of publications in different research fields and
in a limited number of different combinations of national authorship, together with citations per
paper (CPP) associated with these publications.
1 Corresponding author, email: mark.matthews@anu.edu.au. Mark Matthews is Executive Director of FEAST and Jean-
François Desvignes-Hicks, Rado Faletic and Olivia Wenholz are members of the FEAST Secretariat. Bev Biglia and Kumara
Henadeera are with the Research Evaluation and Policy Project (REPP). Both FEAST and REPP are units within the new
Centre for Policy Innovation at The Australian National University, see cpi.anu.edu.au.
2
CPP is a useful indicator of publication quality. In this paper it is expressed as relative CPP, that is
to say CPP performance normalised for world CPP rates in a given research field (see methodology
section for a detailed definition). In this analysis there is a particular emphasis on examining how
different clusters of international collaborative activity affect relative CPP performance. The
clusters chosen for analysis involve Australian scientific research papers and co-authorship clusters
between the USA, Europe and the European Union.
Policy issues
There is a growing emphasis on supporting international engagement in research. Effective
international engagement can provide the following benefits:
Reduced unnecessary duplication of research efforts;
Enhanced economies of scale and scope in research teams;
An improved ability to exploit synergies between different capabilities, types of
instrumentation and natural circumstances;
Improved knowledge transfer;
Enhanced skills development and recruitment;
More effective work addressing global challenges;
Contributing to constructive international relations;
Stimulating foreign investment flows; and
Facilitating access to research infrastructure (see Borthwick 2008).
Adams et al. (2007:3) states that international research activity is a rapidly growing component of
core research activity for all countries. It is encouraged at a policy level because it provides access
to a wider range of facilities and resources. International collaboration is particularly important in
small to middle range countries like Australia because it allows participation in and access to
activities from which scientific and technological innovation largely derive (Bourke and Butler
1995) - especially where the cost of major research facilities and associated research projects
would be prohibitive for a smaller economy.
Given the benefits, it is natural for governments seeking to maximise productivity in academic
research to focus on the measured benefits arising from international collaboration. If, from a
public policy perspective, the ‘yield’ from funding academic research is partly reflected in the
impact of the resulting publications on peers and other knowledge users then citation rates
provide a useful indicator of this aspect of quality.
In general terms, the best type of case to make for increasing the level of funding available to
support international engagement in research will be the case most likely to influence the Treasury
(or Central Economic Ministry to use the generic term). This will inevitably tend to take the form of
a productivity equation and it is therefore important to recognise that citation impact will, in such
circles, tend to be approached as one element in productivity assessments. Given this, the scope
exists to assess the extent to which increased support for international research collaboration can
be expected to generate a productivity dividend – as expressed in the impact on citation rates.
Collaboration Patterns and Fields of Research
Fields of research vary in the extent to which journal publications reflect the total publication
output. As previously stated, bibliometric analyses using journal based datasets are problematic in
some research fields, particularly disciplines in the applied sciences, social sciences, and
humanities. Much of the research in these fields is not published in journal articles, and even when
output is journal-based the capture rate in WoS indices can be incomplete. A study by Butler and
Visser (2006) found that the proportion of total output that finds its way into the public domain in
source journals indexed by ISI [WoS] ranges from 90% in chemistry down to 6% in law. A
summary of these results is provided in Table 1, for full details refer to Butler and Visser
(2006:329).
3
Table 1. WoS Coverage of Australian University Publications, 1999-2001
WoS Coverage of Publications (%)
Chemistry
90
Physics
85
Biology
78
Medicine
73
Mathematics
68
Agric., Vet., Envir. Sciences
64
Earth Sciences
64
Psychology
54
Engineering
40
Philosophy
32
Economics
27
Human Society*
23
Computing
21
Politics and Policy
20
History
18
Management
16
Education
14
Language
14
The Arts
13
Communication
9
Architecture
9
Law
6
*Sociology, Social Work, Anthropology, Human Geography, Demography
Source: Butler and Visser (2006).
Consequently, bibliometric data based on journal outputs should be used cautiously in the
humanities and the social sciences because the proportion of publications captured may be
relatively small. In addition, a large number of papers may only be single authored papers, so the
sample size when trying to analyse international collaborations will be even smaller. The number
of co-authored papers in the Social Sciences Citation Index has increased over the 1991-2005 time
period. However, the total number of internationally authored papers in these fields still represents
only 21% of the total publications.
In contrast, in science and technology fields that are well represented in the journal citation
indices, the analysis of co-authorship patterns are more robust. It is for this reason this paper has
focussed attention on the major fields of research in science and technology.
Methodology
One potentially useful measure is relative CPP performance (see box below for details). Relative
CPP tells us the extent to which a group of publications deviate, upwards or downwards, from the
median or the average CPP for that field of research (depending on which summary measure is
used).
4
Relative Citation Impact defined
Relative Citation Impact compares the citation rate with the relevant world average or
median (as appropriate). It is calculated by dividing the average or median number of
citations per publication in any given subfield by the average or median number of citations
for all publications in that subfield i.e. the world citation rate for that subfield. A relative
citation impact of more than 1.0 indicates a higher position relative to the world norm,
whilst a relative citation impact less than 1.0 would indicate a relatively low performance.
In the analysis that follows, relative citation rates are calculated on the basis of median rather
than average citations because this is the most appropriate metric to use for skewed distributions,
a characteristic of citation patterns (see Bornmann et al. 2008).
The paper explores the co-authorship clusters between Australian authors and some of their
traditional partners in international scientific research. The analysis focuses specifically on USA,
Europe and the European Union.
Relative productivity in this context can be defined as the relationship between relative CPP
performance and different co-authorship clusters. Note that sole authored Australian publications
can be treated as a particularly simple cluster from this more global perspective. It is therefore
interesting to consider the extent to which relative CPP performance is influenced by cluster
composition treating co-authorship clusters as the primary unit of analysis rather than nations
per se. This cluster-based approach, when operationalised in appropriate data structures, provides
a useful means of mapping collaboration patterns and of analysing how relative CPP performance
relates to cluster composition.
Results
A Snapshot of International Collaborations in Australian Publications
Most of the growth in Australia’s research publications is associated with international
collaboration rather than purely domestic efforts.
The proportion of Australian publications in the Science Citation Index with international
coauthorship has increased from almost 21% in 1991 to over 44% of total publications in 2005.
The output of internationally collaborative papers is growing at almost double the rate of purely
domestic papers. This trend is illustrated in Figure 1.
5
Figure 1. International Collaborations in Australian Publications, Science Citation Index,
1991-2005
This trend is investigated further in Figure 2, which compares the increase in the number of
Australian collaborative papers with USA, Europe and with European Union based researchers. It is
evident from the graph that the volume of international collaboration increased significantly after
the 1990’s. A report by Adams (2007) on patterns of international collaboration for the UK also
revealed a similar increase in the volume of international collaboration for UK researchers (see also
Bourke and Butler 1995:20 for UK University international collaboration by regions of the world).
The changing pattern of international collaboration between the early 1980’s and after the 1990’s
is also influenced to some extent by the increased coverage of the journals captured in the science
citation indices and by technological improvements in communication.
Figure 2. Australian Collaborations with the European Union, Europe and USA, Total
publications, 1981-2006
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Number of Publications
International co-authors
Australian authors only
Total
Linear(International co-authors)
Linear(Australian authors only)
Linear(Total)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Number of Publications
European Union
Europe
USA
6
Collaborative Patterns in Science and Technology
The following section analyses major fields of the Science Citation Index in terms of various co-
authorship patterns and relative citation measures.
Figure 3 graphs the relative citation rates for collaboration between Australia-based researchers
and a selection of collaborative groupings: Australia-US collaboration; Australia-Europe
collaboration and Australia-USA-Europe collaboration. The higher relative citation performance of
the latter, multilateral group, is noteworthy.
Figure 3. Relative Citation Impact of Science Citation Index Publications. 1991-2005
In order to investigate this issue further, data on relative citation impact by major research fields
of science were examined. The results can be found in Figure 4 and Table 3 (below) for the period
1991-2005. Table 2 provides basic statistics by major science research fields.
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Relative Citation Impact
Collaborations with USA (not involving Europe)
Collaborations with Europe (not involving USA)
Collaborations involving both Europe and USA
Australian Publications with no International Collaborations
7
Figure 4. Median Relative Citations per Publication in Science Citation Index
Publications by Major Research Fields, 1991-2005
These findings confirm that, at this level of aggregation, bilateral collaboration between Australia
and Europe is associated with higher citation rates than are achieved by publications with no
international co-authorship. Furthermore, in most major research fields multilateral collaboration
involving Australian, European, and USA-based co-authors is associated with higher citation rates
than bilateral cooperation alone.
The increase in relative citation performance is particularly pronounced for medical and health
science and general science publications (the latter comprise broad-scoped high impact factor
journals such as Nature). The only exceptions are chemical sciences and information, computing
and communication science. Significantly, these are two research fields with relatively small
numbers of papers with Australian, European and USA located authors, suggesting that this may
simply be a consequence of small numbers and poor ISI coverage.
The case of information, computing and communication science is particularly noteworthy in this
regard. There are only 3,229 publications captured in this dataset, mainly due to the fact that this
research field tends to validate and disseminate results through channels other than journal
publications. Therefore the results for that research field should be used cautiously.
The case of chemical sciences is different. With 23,177 publications tracked over this time period
and 297 papers with Australian, European and USA located authors, the reasons for this type of
multilateral collaboration to be associated with lower relative citation rates warrants further
investigation.
In general however, these results suggest that there is a clear incentive to pursue bilateral
collaboration with European researchers and an even stronger incentive for Australia-located
researchers to collaborate multilaterally with European and USA-based authors. This is one logical
explanation for the important role that international collaboration plays in driving increases in
publications output (as summarised in Figure 1).
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
Mathematical Sciences
Physical Sciences
Chemical Sciences
Earth Sciences
Biological Sciences
Information, Computing
and Communication
Science
Engineering and
Technology
Agricultural, Veterinary
and Environmental
Sciences
Medical and Health
Sciences
Science - general
Relative Citations Per Paper by Field
Median relative citations per paper for all Australian authored papers
Median relative citations per paper for Australian and European authored papers
Median relative citations per paper for Australian and USA authored papers
Median relative citations per paper for Australian, European AND USA authored papers
8
This finding lends support to the argument that an increased share of nationally available funding
made available for international research collaboration would lead to increased relative citation
impacts. In Central Economic Ministry terms, an increased proportion of national research funding
made available for international research collaboration would increase the productivity of the
academic research sector.
9
Table 2. Summary Statistics on Publications Output by Major Science Research Field,1991-2005
Publication numbers
Mathematical
Sciences
Physical
Sciences
Chemical
Sciences
Earth Sciences
Biological
Sciences
Information,
Computing and
Communication
Science
Engineering and
Technology
Agricultural,
Veterinary and
Environmental
Sciences
Medical and
Health Sciences
Science -
general
Number of Australian authored papers
7,890
30,217
23,177
17,174
54,380
3,229
29,193
28,913
91,860
17,068
Number of Australian authored papers
with international collaborators
3,710
14,395
7,696
7,122
18,568
1,297
9,644
7,440
9,644
5,865
Number of Australian authored papers
with no international collaborators
4,180
15,822
15,481
10,052
35,812
1,932
19,549
21,473
82,216
11,203
Number of Australian and European
authored papers
1,844
8,130
3,806
3,091
9,023
521
3,829
2,930
12,951
2,697
Number of Australian and USA authored
papers
1,102
5,829
1,728
2,765
7,088
425
2,634
2,185
9,939
2,378
Number of Australian, European and USA
authored papers
206
2,189
297
638
1,540
72
385
360
2,697
601
Number of world papers (science and
technology fields)
356,875
1,809,067
1,523,503
373,961
1,787,226
1,787,226
1,510,057
647,854
3,501,262
519,630
Table 3. Median Relative Citations per Paper by Major Science Research Field, 1991-2005
Citations per paper medians (1991-
2005)
Mathematical
Sciences
Physical
Sciences
Chemical
Sciences
Earth Sciences
Biological
Sciences
Information,
Computing and
Communication
Science
Engineering and
Technology
Agricultural,
Veterinary and
Environmental
Sciences
Medical and
Health Sciences
Science -
general
Median relative citations per paper for all
Australian authored papers
1.10
1.24
1.12
1.14
0.92
0.96
1.14
1.09
1.06
0.81
Median relative citations per paper for
Australian and European authored papers
1.31
1.62
1.35
1.57
1.31
0.95
1.30
1.56
1.80
1.55
Median relative citations per paper for
Australian and USA authored papers
1.56
2.11
1.47
1.78
1.50
1.21
1.67
1.72
2.12
1.81
Median relative citations per paper for
Australian, European and USA authored
papers
2.45
2.74
1.35
2.44
2.11
0.89
1.67
2.58
3.58
2.97
10
Discussion
These findings indicate that it is preferable to map and analyse Australia’s competitiveness in
research with reference to participation in global collaboration clusters (GCCs) rather than simply
as sets of discrete bilateral collaborations. In the natural sciences at least, Australia’s
competitiveness needs to be framed in relation to participation in these global collaboration
clusters rather than simply a nationally based definition of competitiveness in research.
To explain this point in financial terms the ‘asset’ may be the global collaboration cluster itself
(which benefits from the economies of scale and scope in research that are associated with larger
international projects) not simply the sum of nationally based assets in that cluster.
Consequently, determining the extent to which the improved citation performance associated with
participation in GCCs is the result of benefiting from the higher citation rate norms found in the
various partner countries (an ‘extrinsic’ effect) versus the beneficial citation impact generated by
the cluster itself (an ‘intrinsic’ effect) requires further investigation.
This is a different perspective than that often adopted in bibliometric work – which tends to use a
particular nation as the primary unit of analysis. Nation-based analyses are extracted from the
wider dataset by selecting all records with at least one author with an address in that country. This
generates a partial view of the more complex reality of publishing activity, which consists of a
range of different types of publication clusters.
Arguably, the more narrowly nation-based approach has evolved partly because of the severe
technical challenges involved in mapping and characterising more complex bibliometric datasets.
The very large number of data queries required to carry out clustering work means that this
process must be automated, and requires more sophisticated software algorithms.
If the performance of different nations is to be compared, starting only with nation-based
datasets, then double counting problems arise because a proportion of each nation’s publications
are in fact joint publications. As this paper has demonstrated, in some cases such joint publications
are multilateral and not simply bilateral. Furthermore, the more highly cited the paper the more
likely it is to involve authors from a number of nations.
This is not to say that all Australia’s competitiveness in research results mainly from participation
in these global collaboration clusters, but it does imply that there are two major drivers of
research competitiveness at work: a national effect (linked to both natural location advantages
and advantages generated via accumulated research experience) and a global collaboration cluster
effect.
Conclusions and next steps
As a result of these initial findings, work is now underway in FEAST aimed at automating
bibliometric data queries in order to extract the data in a wide range of different permutations.
This will allow us to create a large secondary dataset that can then be used to map Australia’s key
collaborative research relationships as expressed in publications. The result will be a two-stage
process that will allow for far more sophisticated analyses than can be carried out at present. The
first stage requires access to fast and sophisticated computer processing power, but once
completed this will allow for far easier and more flexible bibliometric analysis than can be achieved
using case-by-case data queries.
This two stage process will allow a more thorough analysis of the global collaboration clusters in
which Australian researchers operate and of the relative importance of the national effect and the
global collaboration cluster effect on Australia’s publications performance.
The next Discussion Paper in this series will build upon this analysis, focusing on a more detailed
analysis of Australia’s science and technology collaborations with the major EU member states (UK,
Germany, and France) by major field of research and with regard to both bilateral and multilateral
collaboration.
11
References
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Leading Partners (Summary Report). A report commissioned by the UK Office of Science
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i Certain data included herein are derived from the Web of Science® prepared by THOMSON REUTERS®, Inc.
(Thomson®), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: © Copyright THOMSON REUTERS® 2006. All rights reserved.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Article
Full-text available
With the ready accessibility of bibliometric data and the availability of ready-to-use tools for generating bibliometric indicators for evaluation purposes, there is the danger of inappropri- ate use. Here we present standards of good practice for analyzing bibliometric data and presenting and interpreting the results. Comparisons drawn between research groups as to research perfor- mance are valid only if (1) the scientific impact of the research groups or their publications are looked at by using box plots, Lorenz curves, and Gini coefficients to represent distribution characteristics of data (in other words, going beyond the usual arithmetic mean value), (2) different reference stan- dards are used to assess the impact of research groups, and the appropriateness of the reference stan- dards undergoes critical examination, and (3) statistical analyses comparing citation counts take into consideration that citations are a function of many influencing factors besides scientific quality.
Article
Summary This paper reports the first results of the extension of citation analysis to 'non-source' items, which is one strand of an extensive study of quantitative performance indicators used in the assessment of research. It would be presumptuous to draw firm conclusions from this first foray into the realm of non-source citations, however our analysis is based on an extensive experimental database of over 30,000 publications, so the results can be viewed as strong pointers to possible generalised outcomes. We show that it is possible to mine ISI databases for references to a comprehensive oeuvre of items from whole institutions. Many types of publications are visible in the ISI data - books, book chapters, journals not indexed by ISI, and some conference publications. When applied to the assessment of university departments, they can have a significant effect on rankings, though this does not follow in all cases. The investment of time, effort, and money in a significantly extended analysis will not be equally beneficial in all fields. However, a considerable amount of testing is required to confirm our initial results.
Extending Citation Analysis to Non-Source Items i Certain data included herein are derived from the Web of Science® prepared by THOMSON REUTERS®, Inc All rights reserved
  • L Butler
  • M S Visser
Butler, L. and M.S. Visser. 2006. Extending Citation Analysis to Non-Source Items, Scientometrics 66(2): 327-343. i Certain data included herein are derived from the Web of Science® prepared by THOMSON REUTERS®, Inc. (Thomson®), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: © Copyright THOMSON REUTERS® 2006. All rights reserved.
Patterns of International Collaboration for the UK and Leading Partners (Summary Report). A report commissioned by the UK Office of Science and Innovation, Evidence Ltd
  • J Adams
  • K Gurney
  • S Marshall
Adams, J, K. Gurney and S. Marshall. 2007. Patterns of International Collaboration for the UK and Leading Partners (Summary Report). A report commissioned by the UK Office of Science and Innovation, Evidence Ltd, June.
International Research
  • J Borthwick
Borthwick, J. 2008. 'International Research.' Australian International Education Conference. URL: http://www.aiec.idp.com/pdf/Borthwick_Fri_1140_M4.pdf
International Links in Higher Education Research
  • P Bourke
  • L Butler
Bourke, P. and L. Butler. 1995. International Links in Higher Education Research. Commissioned Report No. 37, National Board of Employment, Education and Training, AGPS, Canberra.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200442276_A_Bibliometric_Analysis_of_Australia's_International_Research_Collaboration_in_Science_and_Technology_Analytical_Methods_and_Initial_Findings
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