1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,600 2 00:00:03,600 --> 00:00:09,800 My name is Pamela Smith. I’m a professor in the History Department and the Director of the Making and Knowing Project. 3 00:00:09,800 --> 00:00:15,700 I’m Marc Smith, Professor of Paleography at the École nationale des chartes in Paris. 4 00:00:15,700 --> 00:00:16,000 5 00:00:16,000 --> 00:00:22,000 So I’m here today to ask Marc, how was Ms. French 640 made? 6 00:00:22,000 --> 00:00:27,800 Let us first look at the paper. Like for any book, handwritten or printed at the time, 7 00:00:27,800 --> 00:00:36,100 sheets of paper were made from disintegrated and pulped textile, formed in more or less standard sizes on a wire mold. 8 00:00:36,100 --> 00:00:42,100 In the making, each sheet was marked with a design that was part of the mold, called a watermark. 9 00:00:42,100 --> 00:00:47,100 This is the watermark of the paper used for Ms. French 640. 10 00:00:47,100 --> 00:00:55,600 It shows that this paper was made by Nicolas Lebe, whose paper could be found throughout France in the later sixteenth century. 11 00:00:55,600 --> 00:00:56,000 12 00:00:56,000 --> 00:01:04,000 Once the paper was dried and prepared for writing, sheets were put together in stacks of four, five, and sometimes more. 13 00:01:04,000 --> 00:01:12,400 And then, according to the desired format, they were folded once, or several times, into what are called “gatherings” or “quires.” 14 00:01:12,400 --> 00:01:21,600 Ms. French 640 is a folio volume, which means that the sheets of paper were folded once into what is called a bifolium. 15 00:01:21,600 --> 00:01:32,000 Each bifolium contains two folios. Each folio has two pages: a front page, called recto, and a back page, called verso. 16 00:01:32,000 --> 00:01:39,300 Then the quire was stitched together with further quires, as you can see in this model handmade book. 17 00:01:39,300 --> 00:01:47,900 Ms. French 640 likely began as a ready stitched book, rather like this soft parchment covered blank book. 18 00:01:47,900 --> 00:01:55,100 This book began to be used to record accounts, and on what is now the very last folio of the manuscript, 19 00:01:55,100 --> 00:02:06,000 a scribe recorded a list of payments for lands belonging to the Ouvrier family in 1578 and 1579, at Saint-Frajou near Toulouse. 20 00:02:06,000 --> 00:02:17,700 After 1579, someone crossed out the accounts, drew a line, and began writing below this crossed-out entry—a few medical recipes, and a list of books. 21 00:02:17,700 --> 00:02:25,333 Then when he ran out of room, he turned the whole book upside down and flipped it over and continued the list of books. 22 00:02:25,333 --> 00:02:33,500 On the following page there are further medical recipes and lists of books, including a list of “books to recover.” 23 00:02:33,500 --> 00:02:44,300 Finally, on the third folio, the same person inscribed a cross at the top of the page, and then began to record recipes for all kinds of materials and objects. 24 00:02:44,300 --> 00:02:45,200 25 00:02:45,200 --> 00:02:50,800 In the first half of the seventeenth century, the manuscript came into the possession of Philippe de Béthune, 26 00:02:50,800 --> 00:02:54,600 an avid collector of printed books and manuscripts. 27 00:02:54,600 --> 00:03:03,466 In order to make it fit with the other books on the shelves of the Béthune collection, the manuscript was first disassembled and the bifolia cut apart. 28 00:03:03,466 --> 00:03:09,933 Strips of paper were then glued around the edges of each folio to enlarge the format while preserving the marginalia, 29 00:03:09,933 --> 00:03:12,500 which had come very close to the edges of the paper. 30 00:03:12,500 --> 00:03:22,366 Once this was done, the manuscript was rebound into its splendid red Morocco leather binding, stamped with the owner's coat of arms. 31 00:03:22,366 --> 00:03:27,200 Finally, in 1663, Philippe’s son, Hippolyte de Béthune, 32 00:03:27,200 --> 00:03:33,433 donated the entire family library and art collection to the King of France, Louis XIV. 33 00:03:33,433 --> 00:03:39,833 And the King’s Library then formed the core of what today is the Bibliothèque nationale de France. 34 00:03:39,833 --> 00:03:40,133 35 00:03:40,133 --> 00:03:45,366 36 00:03:45,366 --> 00:03:47,366 37 00:03:47,366 --> 00:03:51,899 makingandknowking.org
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