Bertha Sander

Klara Sander and Else Wirminghaus met during piano lessons that the latter gave Bertha and Gabriele Sander. Through this connection, Bertha Sander also met Helmuth Wirminghaus, the Wirminghaus son, ten years her senior, who, after beginning to study philosophy and art history, eventually studied architecture in Munich and Aachen and, from 1922, maintained a successful studio in Cologne. .: 356

Until 1917, Bertha Sander attended the Höhere Töchterschule in St.-Apern-Strasse in Cologne. In the year of the Werkbund exhibition (1914), she received lessons twice a week in the student class of the "School of Arts and Crafts" led by Emil Thormählen. Josef Hoffmann's former assistant, Philipp Häusler, also taught there.Bruno Paul's newly founded Cologne studio in May 1921 as an assistant for interior design and furniture design. Bruno Paul, who worked in association with his brother-in-law Franz Weber, was at that time involved in the design work for three villas: for Otto Kaufmann (Bayenthal), for Max Philipp (Lindenthal) and for Karl Grosse (Deutz).

After Paul had to dismiss her in November 1922 due to a lack of orders, Bertha Sander went to Berlin in February 1923, where she took up a position as a draftswoman in the local branch of Paul Schultze-Naumburg's Saalecker Werkstätten. In 1923/1924 she was finally in Vienna, as an independent colorist and draftswoman in the textile department of the Wiener Werkstätte, where she was primarily concerned with textile design. Dagobert Peche, whom she presumably met through Häusler in 1921 and who also lived in Sander's parents' house in Lindenthal during work stays in Cologne, also lived in Vienna: 357 According to her own memoirs, Bertha Sander was considered the "most talented young interior designer in Germany.": 356 f.

1924 to 1935


Bertha Sander

1924 to 1935

After returning to Cologne, Bertha Sander set up her own office as an interior designer in her parents' house in Lindenthal in February 1924. In addition, she taught the student class at the "Kunstgewerbe- und Handwerkerschule der Stadt Köln" (School of Arts and Crafts of the City of Cologne), which was headed by Martin Elsaesser at the time. However, the increasing number of private commissions forced her to give up her teaching activities. She designed the interiors for libraries, children's rooms and single-person apartments, including the furniture, fabrics and wallpaper. At times she employed as many as four carpenters, a decorator, and a painter at the same time to do the practical work. During this phase, she published essays on modern home decor in various professional publications, such as the monthly magazine "The woman and her house".

However, her successful start came to a temporary end in 1927 when tuberculosis broke out again, this time dramatically. She spent the following three years in clinics in Arosa and Davos to heal. Thanks to her good connections, however, she quickly received commissions again from the upper classes of Cologne after her return home. She designed the costumes for a performance of Paul Hindemith's "Wir bauen eine Stadt" ("We are building a city"), which took place under the overall direction of Else Thalheimer in the house of the "Bürgergesellschaft" during Hanukkah month in 1934.

Nazi era (1933-1945)

After the National Socialists came to power, Sander was persecuted due to her Jewish heritage. After 1934, she was only allowed to work for Jewish clients, and she now only advertised under "Bertha Sander (Wohnungsberatung)" in Greven's address book of 1935. In the same year, she also received her last major commission, the redesign of the private rooms in the Jewish hospital in Ehrenfeld, with whose director, Benjamin Auerbach, the Sander family had a close friendship. Soon after, Bertha Sander emigrated to England with her mother: 357 f.

1936 to 1990


Bertha Sander

1936 to 1990

Bertha Sander and her mother Klara left Cologne in January 1936 via Monaco to England via Monaco, where Klara's sister Pauline Straus († June 1936 Monaco) lived. There they were initially supported by acquaintances of her mother, whom she had met during a longer stay in England around 1895. Bertha was unable to work in her profession as in general foreigners were largely prohibited from working permanently. Bertha took on various unskilled jobs, including as a bookkeeper in small factories, as a flower seller or as an employee of a bookbinder. Klara and Bertha purchased a house in the London suburb of Hampstead. However war was declared, as "enemy foreigners" they were forced to borrow against the house.

Bertha Sander kept in touch by letter with former Cologne companions, such as the Cologne artist Joseph Fassbender (1903-1974), who had been a British prisoner of war, or soon after the end of the war in 1945 with her former teacher Philipp Häusler. But her hopes for a new professional start after 1945 remained unfulfilled. Bertha Sander, who remained unmarried throughout her life, died in a nursing home in the English county of East Sussex.

Parts of her estate are in the NS-Documentation Center of the City of Cologne, but essentially since 1986 or 1988 in London's Victoria and Albert Museum, such as documents and drafts from the years 1917 to 1936 and a series of paintings from the years around 1963.: 359

Rückblickend muss ich feststellen, dass ich durch die unglücklichen Entwicklungen seit 1933 schuldlos aus meiner beruflichen Laufbahn geworfen wurde und die daraus gefolgten schweren Schädigungen mir jede Hoffnung nehmen, jemals wieder das zu werden, was ich vor 1933 war.

— Bertha Sander, 1954, <

In honor of Bertha Sander, the NS Documentation Center of the City of Cologne showed the exhibition "A Whole Life in a Hatbox" from November 8, 2013, to March 9, 2014.

Works

As an interior designer


Bertha Sander

Works

As an interior designer

  * 1934–1935: Köln-Ehrenfeld, Israelitisches Asyl, Neugestaltung der Zimmer für Privatpatienten

Writings (selection)

As a rule, Bertha Sander illustrated her publications with her own illustrations. The magazine Für unsere Kinder was published by her mother Klara Sander.

  * Puppenstubentapete zum Durchzeichnen. In: Für unsere Kinder. 1. Jahrgang 1924, Heft 2, G. Braun, Karlsruhe 1924, S. 37–39.
  * Kinderspiel- und Arbeitstisch. In: Für unsere Kinder. 2. Jahrgang 1924, Heft 1, G. Braun, Karlsruhe 1925, S. 13 und 22.
  * Von Beleuchtung und Beleuchtungskörpern. In: Samenkörner. Illustrierte Monatszeitschrift für Volkswohlfahrt. Hrsg. Verband Schweizer Konsumvereine, Ausgabe November 1925, Basel 1925, S. 164 f.
  * Unmoderne Möbel in modernen Wohnungen und wie man die Möbel umändern kann. In: Deutsche Frauenzeitung. 39. Jahrgang 1925/26, Heft 40, Verlag Otto Beyer, Leipzig 1925, S. 18 f.
  * Praktische Kindermöbel. In: Die Frau und ihr Haus. Zeitschrift für Kleidung, Gesundheit, Körperpflege und Wohnungsfragen. 7. Jahrgang 1926, Heft 3 vom December 1926, Berlin 1926.
  * Über zeitgemäße Möbel. In: Kölner Baugenossenschaftsblatt. 2. Jahrgang 1927, S. 80 ff.
  * Das Sprech- und Wohnzimmer eines Arztes von Bertha Sander, Köln. In: Die Frau und ihr Haus. Zeitschrift für Kleidung, Gesundheit, Körperpflege und Wohnungsfragen. Heft 7 vom July 1933, Berlin 1933.

Honors


Bertha Sander

Honors

By resolution of the Ehrenfeld district council of November 28, 2016, a planned street ) in the Cologne Industrial and Media Park Ossendorf was named after Bertha Sander.

Literature

  * Barbara Becker-Jákli: Das jüdische Krankenhaus in Köln. Die Geschichte des Israelitischen Asyls für Kranke und Altersschwache 1869–1945. (= Schriften des NS-Dokumentationszentrum der Stadt Köln, Band 11.) Emons Verlag, Köln 2004, ISBN 3-89705-350-0, S. 278 und 471.
  * Wolfram Hagspiel: Köln und seine jüdischen Architekten. J.P. Bachem Verlag, Köln 2010, ISBN 978-3-7616-2294-0, S. 355–360.
  * Ulla Rogalski: Ein ganzes Leben in einer Hutschachtel. Geschichten aus dem Leben der jüdischen Innenarchitektin Bertha Sander 1901–1990. Marta Press, 2. Aufl. Hamburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-944442-13-6.

Links

  * "Köln und seine jüdischen Architekten" auf koelnarchitektur.de retrieved 17 February 2013.
  * "Weitere Teile des Nachlasses von Bertha Sander aufgetaucht" auf unserort.de, 20. August 2010 retrieved 17 February 2013.
  * Bertha Sander im Bestand des Victoria and Albert Museum, London retrieved 17 February 2013.
  * Verzeichnung des Nachlasses zu Inneneinrichtungen der Bertha Sander im Bestand des Victoria and Albert Museum, London retrieved 17 February 2013.
  * Verzeichnung des Nachlasses zu Textilien der Bertha Sander im Bestand des Victoria and Albert Museum, London retrieved 17 February 2013.
  * Bertha Sander in der Datensammlung "Frauen in der Architektur" auf www.kmkbuecholdt.de, retrieved 10 March 2013.


Galves–Löcherbach model

3D Vizualization of the Galves–Löcherbach model simulating the spiking of 4000 neurons (4 layers with one population of inhibitory neurons and one population of excitatory neurons each) in 180 time intervals.

The Galves–Löcherbach model (or GL model) is a mathematical model for a network of neurons with intrinsic stochasticity.

In the most general definition, a GL network consists of a countable number of elements (idealized neurons) that interact by sporadic nearly-instantaneous discrete events (spikes or firings). At each moment, each neuron N fires independently, with a probability that depends on the history of the firings of all neurons since the last time N last fired. Thus each neuron "forgets" all previous spikes, including its own, whenever it fires. This property is a defining feature of the GL model.

In specific versions of the GL model, the past network spike history since the last firing of a neuron N may be summarized by an internal variable, the potential of that neuron, that is a weighted sum of those spikes. The potential may include the spikes of only a finite subset of other neurons, thus modeling arbitrary synapse topologies. In particular, the GL model includes as a special case the general leaky integrate-and-fire neuron model.

Formal definition

The GL model has been formalized in several different ways. The notations below are borrowed from several of those sources.

The GL network model consists of a countable set of neurons with some set [I] of indices. The state is defined only at discrete sampling times, represented by integers, with some fixed time step [\Delta ]. For simplicity, let's assume that these times extend to infinity in both directions, implying that the network has existed since forever.


Galves–Löcherbach model

In the GL model, all neurons are assumed evolve synchronously and atomically between successive sampling times. In particular, within each time step, each neuron may fire at most once. A Boolean variable [{\displaystyle X_{i}[t]}] denotes whether the neuron [i\in I] fired ([{\displaystyle X_{i}[t]=1}]) or not ([{\displaystyle X_{i}[t]=0}]) between sampling times [{\displaystyle t\in \mathbb {Z} }] and [t+1].

Let [{\displaystyle X[t'\,{\mathrel {:}}\,t]}] denote the matrix whose rows are the histories of all neuron firings from time [t'] to time [{\displaystyle {}t}] inclusive, that is

[{\displaystyle X[t'\,{\mathrel {:}}\,t]=((X_{i}[s])_{t'\leq s\leq t})_{i\in I}}]

and let [{\displaystyle X[-\infty \,{\mathrel {:}}\,t]}] be defined similarly, but extending infinitely in the past. Let [{\displaystyle \tau _{i}[t]}] be the time before the last firing of neuron [i] before time [t], that is

[{\displaystyle \tau _{i}[t]=\mathop {\mathrm {max} } \{s<t\;{\mathrel {\big |}}\;X_{i}[s]=1\}.}]

Then the general GL model says that


Galves–Löcherbach model

Then the general GL model says that

[{\displaystyle \mathop {\mathrm {Prob} } {\biggl (}\,X_{i}[t]=1\;{\mathrel {\bigg |}}\;X[-\infty \,{\mathrel {:}}\,t-1]\,{\biggr )}\;\;=\;\;\Phi _{i}{\biggl (}X{\bigl [}\tau _{i}[t]\,{\mathrel {:}}\,t-1{\bigr ]}{\biggr )}}]

Illustration of the general Galves-Löcherbach model for a neuronal network of 7 neurons, with indices [{\displaystyle I=\{1,2,\ldots ,7\}}]. The matrix of 0s and 1s represents the firing history [{\displaystyle X[-\infty \,{\mathrel {:}}\,t]}] up to some time [t], where row [i] shows the firings of neuron [i]. The rightmost column shows [{\displaystyle X_{i}[t-1]}]. The blue digit indicates the last firing of neuron 3 before time [t], which occurred in the time step between [{\displaystyle \tau _{3}[t]}] and [{\displaystyle \tau _{3}[t]+1}]. The blue frame encloses all firing events that influence the probability of neuron 3 firing in the step from [t] to [t+1] (blue arrow and empty blue box). The red details indicate the corresponding concepts for neuron 6.

Moreover, the firings in the same time step are conditionally independent, given the past network history, with the above probabilities. That is, for each finite subset [{\displaystyle K\subset I}] and any configuration [{\displaystyle a_{i}\in \{0,1\},i\in K,}] we have


Galves–Löcherbach model

[{\displaystyle \mathop {\mathrm {Prob} } {\biggl (}\,\bigcap _{k\in K}{\bigl \{}X_{k}[t]=a_{k}{\bigr \}}\;{\mathrel {\bigg |}}\;X[-\infty \,{\mathrel {:}}\,t-1]{\biggr )}\;\;=\;\;\prod _{k\in K}\mathop {\mathrm {Prob} } {\biggl (}\,X_{k}[t]=a_{k}\;{\mathrel {\bigg |}}\;X{\bigl [}\tau _{k}[t]\,{\mathrel {:}}\,t-1{\bigl ]}\,{\biggr )}}]

Potential-based variants

In a common special case of the GL model, the part of the past firing history [{\displaystyle X{\bigl [}\tau _{i}[t]\,{\mathrel {:}}\,t-1{\bigr ]}}] that is relevant to each neuron [i\in I] at each sampling time [t] is summarized by a real-valued internal state variable or potential [{\displaystyle V_{i}[t]}] (that corresponds to the membrane potential of a biological neuron), and is basically a weighted sum of the past spike indicators, since the last firing of neuron [i]. That is,


Galves–Löcherbach model

[{\displaystyle V_{i}[t]\;\;=\;\;\sum _{t'=\tau _{i}[t]}^{t-1}{\biggl (}E_{i}[t']+\sum _{j\in I}w_{j\rightarrow i}\,X_{j}[t']{\biggr )}\alpha _{i}{\bigl [}t'-\tau _{i}[t],t-1-t'{\bigr ]}}]

In this formula, [{\displaystyle w_{j\rightarrow i}}] is a numeric weight, that corresponds to the total weight or strength of the synapses from the axon of neuron [j] to the dendrites of neuron [i]. The term [{\displaystyle E_{i}[t']}], the external input, represents some additional contribution to the potential that may arrive between times [t'] and [{\displaystyle t'+1}] from other sources besides the firings of other neurons. The factor [{\displaystyle \alpha _{i}[r,s]}] is a history weight function that modulates the contributions of firings that happened [r] whole steps after the last firing of neuron [i] and [s] whole steps before the current time.

Then one defines

[{\displaystyle \mathop {\mathrm {Prob} } {\biggl (}\,X_{i}[t]=1\;{\mathrel {\bigg |}}\;X[-\infty :t-1]\,{\biggr )}\;\;=\;\;\phi _{i}(V_{i}[t])}]

where [\phi _{i}] is a monotonically non-decreasing function from [\mathbb {R} ] into the interval [[0,1]].


Galves–Löcherbach model

If the synaptic weight [{\displaystyle w_{j\to i}}] is negative, each firing of neuron [j] causes the potential [V_{i}] to decrease. This is the way inhibitory synapses are approximated in the GL model. The absence of a synapse between those two neurons is modeled by setting [{\displaystyle w_{j\to i}=0}].

Leaky integrate and fire variants

In an even more specific case of the GL model, the potential [V_{i}] is defined to be a decaying weighted sum of the firings of other neurons. Namely, when a neuron [i] fires, its potential is reset to zero. Until its next firing, a spike from any neuron [j] increments [V_{i}] by the constant amount [{\displaystyle w_{j\rightarrow i}}]. Apart from those contributions, during each time step, the potential decays by a fixed recharge factor [\mu _{i}] towards zero.

In this variant, the evolution of the potential [V_{i}] can be expressed by a recurrence formula

[{\displaystyle V_{i}[t+1]\;\;=\;\;\left\{{\begin{array}{ll}0&\mathrm {if} \;X_{i}[t]=1\\\mu _{i}\,V_{i}[t]&\mathrm {if} \;X_{i}[t]=0\end{array}}\right\}\;+\;E_{i}[t]\;+\;\sum _{j\in I}w_{j\to i}\,X_{j}[t]}]

Or, more compactly,


Galves–Löcherbach model

Or, more compactly,

[{\displaystyle V_{i}[t+1]\;\;=\;\;(1-X_{i}[t])\,\mu _{i}\,V_{i}[t]\;+\;E_{i}[t]\;+\;\sum _{j\in I}w_{j\to i}\,X_{j}[t]}]

This special case results from taking the history weight factor [{\displaystyle \alpha [r,s]}] of the general potential-based variant to be [{\displaystyle \mu _{i}^{s}}]. It is very similar to the leaky integrate and fire model.

Reset potential

If, between times [t] and [t+1], neuron [i] fires (that is, [{\displaystyle X_{i}[t]=1}]), no other neuron fires ([{\displaystyle X_{j}[t]=0}] for all [j\neq i]),and there is no external input ([{\displaystyle E_{i}[t]=0}]), then [{\displaystyle V_{i}[t+1]}] will be [{\displaystyle w_{i\to i}}]. This self-weight therefore represents the reset potential that the neuron assumes just after firing, apart from other contributions. The potential evolution formula therefore can be written also as


Galves–Löcherbach model

[{\displaystyle V_{i}[t+1]\;\;=\;\;\left\{{\begin{array}{ll}V_{i}^{\mathsf {R}}&\mathrm {if} \;X_{i}[t]=1\\\mu _{i}\,V_{i}[t]&\mathrm {if} \;X_{i}[t]=0\end{array}}\right\}\;+\;E_{i}[t]\;+\;\sum _{j\in I\setminus \{i\}}w_{j\to i}\,X_{j}[t]}]

where [{\displaystyle V_{i}^{\mathsf {R}}=w_{i\to i}}] is the reset potential. Or, more compactly,

[{\displaystyle V_{i}[t+1]\;\;=\;\;X_{i}[t]\,V_{i}^{\mathsf {R}}\;\;+\;\;(1-X_{i}[t])\,\mu _{i}\,V_{i}[t]\;+\;E_{i}[t]\;+\;\sum _{j\in I\setminus \{i\}}w_{j\to i}\,X_{j}[t]}]

Resting potential

These formulas imply that the potential decays towards zero with time, when there are no external or synaptic inputs and the neuron itself does not fire. Under these conditions, the membrane potential of a biological neuron will tend towards some negative value, the resting or baseline potential [{\displaystyle V_{i}^{\mathsf {B}}}], on the order of −40 to −80 millivolts.


Galves–Löcherbach model

However, this apparent discrepancy exists only because it is customary in neurobiology to measure electric potentials relative to that of the extracellular medium. That discrepancy disappears if one chooses the baseline potential [{\displaystyle V_{i}^{\mathsf {B}}}] of the neuron as the reference for potential measurements. Since the potential [V_{i}] has no influence outside of the neuron, its zero level can be chosen independently for each neuron.

Variant with refractory period

Some authors use a slightly different refractory variant of the integrate-and-fire GL neuron,[{\displaystyle w_{i\to i}}]) during the time step immediately after its own firing. The equation for this variant is

[{\displaystyle V_{i}[t+1]\;\;=\;\;\left\{{\begin{array}{ll}V_{i}^{\mathsf {R}}&\quad \mathrm {if} \;X_{i}[t]=1\\[2mm]\displaystyle \mu _{i}\,V_{i}[t]\;+\;E_{i}[t]\;+\;\sum _{j\in I\setminus \{i\}}w_{j\to i}\,X_{j}[t]&\quad \mathrm {if} \;X_{i}[t]=0\end{array}}\right.}]

or, more compactly,


Galves–Löcherbach model

or, more compactly,

[{\displaystyle V_{i}[t+1]\;\;=\;\;X_{i}[t]\,V_{i}^{\mathsf {R}}\;\;+\;\;(1-X_{i}[t])\,{\biggl (}\mu _{i}\,V_{i}[t]\;+\;E_{i}[t]\;+\;\sum _{j\in I\setminus \{i\}}w_{j\to i}\,X_{j}[t]{\biggr )}}]

Forgetful variants

Even more specific sub-variants of the integrate-and-fire GL neuron are obtained by setting the recharge factor [\mu _{i}] to zero.[V_{i}] (and hence the firing probability) depends only on the inputs in the previous time step; all earlier firings of the network, including of the same neuron, are ignored. That is, the neuron does not have any internal state, and is essentially a (stochastic) function block.

The evolution equations then simplify to


Galves–Löcherbach model

The evolution equations then simplify to

[{\displaystyle V_{i}[t+1]\;\;=\;\;\left\{{\begin{array}{ll}V_{i}^{\mathsf {R}}&\mathrm {if} \;X_{i}[t]=1\\0&\mathrm {if} \;X_{i}[t]=0\end{array}}\right\}\;+\;E_{i}[t]\;+\;\sum _{j\in I\setminus \{i\}}w_{j\to i}\,X_{j}[t]}] [{\displaystyle V_{i}[t+1]\;\;=\;\;X_{i}[t]\,V_{i}^{\mathsf {R}}\;\;+\;\;E_{i}[t]\;+\;\sum _{j\in I\setminus \{i\}}w_{j\to i}\,X_{j}[t]}]

for the variant without refractory step, and


Galves–Löcherbach model

for the variant without refractory step, and

[{\displaystyle V_{i}[t+1]\;\;=\;\;\left\{{\begin{array}{ll}V_{i}^{\mathsf {R}}&\quad \mathrm {if} \;X_{i}[t]=1\\[2mm]\displaystyle E_{i}[t]\;+\;\sum _{j\in I\setminus \{i\}}w_{j\to i}\,X_{j}[t]&\quad \mathrm {if} \;X_{i}[t]=0\end{array}}\right.}] [{\displaystyle V_{i}[t+1]\;\;=\;\;X_{i}[t]\,V_{i}^{\mathsf {R}}\;\;+\;\;(1-X_{i}[t])\,{\biggl (}E_{i}[t]\;+\;\sum _{j\in I\setminus \{i\}}w_{j\to i}\,X_{j}[t]{\biggr )}}]

for the variant with refractory step.

In these sub-variants, while the individual neurons do not store any information from one step to the next, the network as a whole still can have persistent memory because of the implicit one-step delay between the synaptic inputs and the resulting firing of the neuron. In other words, the state of a network with [n] neurons is a list of [n] bits, namely the value of [{\displaystyle X_{i}[t]}] for each neuron, which can be assumed to be stored in its axon in the form of a traveling depolarization zone.

Writer::Mokone William kgotso

History


Galves–Löcherbach model

History

The GL model was defined in 2013 by mathematicians Antonio Galves and Eva Löcherbach.Frank Spitzer's interacting particle system and Jorma Rissanen's notion of stochastic chain with memory of variable length. Another work that influenced this model was Bruno Cessac's study on the leaky integrate-and-fire model, who himself was influenced by Hédi Soula.

Prior integrate-and-fire models with stochastic characteristics relied on including a noise to simulate stochasticity.

Contributions to the model were made, considering the hydrodynamic limit of the interacting neuronal system,

The Galves–Löcherbach model was a cornerstone to the NeuroMat project.

  * Biological neuron model
  * Hodgkin–Huxley model
  * Computational neuroscience
  * NeuroMat


Lydia Mato

Lydia Mato is a Ghanaian sprinter who specializes in the 1000, 3000 and 5000 meters. She holds the national record in the 3000 meters with 9:31.97 minutes after winning the 2015 Nebraska Invitational, in May 2015.Ghanaian ever to win a US Cross County Championship at any level in US school system, during the US Cross Country Championship in 2014.

Competition Record

Year                Competition                              Venue            Position  Event  Notes
Representing Ghana
2014                2014 US Cross Country Championship       , United States    1st

2015                NJCAA Region 6 (Regional) Championships  Ghana              2nd     800 m
                                                                                1st     5000m
                                                                                1st     3000m
                                                                                1st     1000m
1988                2015 Nebraska Invitational               ,                  1st     3000m


John Willox

John Willox may refer to:

  * John Willock (c.1515–1585), or John Willox, Scottish reformer
  * John A. Willox (1842–1905), British journalist, newspaper owner and politician


Chinkai Guard District

The Chinkai Guard District (鎮海警備府, Chinkai Keibifu) was the major navy base for the Imperial Japanese Navy in Korea under Japanese rule before and during World War II. Located in southern Korea (at present-day Jinhae, Republic of Korea, 35°11′N 128°34′E / 35.19°N 128.57°E), the Chinkai Guard District was responsible for control of the strategic Straits of Shimonoseki and for patrols along the Korean coastline and in the Sea of Japan.

History

The Guard Districts (警備府, Keibifu) were second tier naval bases, similar to the first tier Naval Districts (鎮守府), with docking, fueling and resupply facilities, but typically lacked a shipyard or training school. They tended to be established by strategic waterways or major port cities for defensive purposes.United States Navy Sea Frontiers concept. the Guard District maintained a small garrison force of ships and Naval Land Forces which reported directly to the Guard District commander, and hosted detachments of the numbered fleets on a temporary assignment basis.

The port of Chinkai in Korea was an area with long associations with Japan, having been the location of a Japanese trading settlement in the 15th and 16th centuries. More recently, it was the location where Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō assembled his Combined Fleet while waiting for the arrival of the Russian Baltic Fleet prior to the Battle of Tsushima in the Russo-Japanese War.

After the annexation of Korea by the Empire of Japan in 1905, the Imperial Japanese Navy built extensive port facilities, transforming the small town into a major naval port. The port was upgraded to a Guard District on April 1, 1916; however, after the Russo-Japanese War it lost most of its strategic importance and was regarded as somewhat of a backwater assignment.surrender of Japan, Chinkai was occupied by Destroyer Squadron 64 from the United States Navy led by the USS Harry E. Hubbard (DD-748).Korean War. After the independence of Korea in 1945, the naval base was turned over to the Republic of Korea Navy, and remains a major naval base to this date.


Chinkai Guard District

A subsidiary naval base reporting to the Chinkai Guard District existed at Rashin (present day Rason, North Korea), 42°20′02″N 130°23′56″E / 42.334°N 130.399°E, on the east coast of Korea near the border with the Soviet Union.

Order of battle at time of the attack on Pearl Harbor

  * Chinkai Guard District (Admiral Ikuta Sakamoto)
      + Japanese destroyer Minekaze
      + AP Ryotaku Maru
  * Chinkai Air Group
      + 6 × Kawanishi E7K Alf
  * Chinkai Guard Force
      + Destroyer Division 32 (Admiral Owada)
          o Japanese destroyer Asagao
          o Japanese destroyer Fuyo
          o Japanese destroyer Karukaya
      + Minesweeper Division 48
      + Minesweeper Division 49
      + Rashin Base Force (Admiral Sukigara)

List of Commanders

Commanding Officer


Chinkai Guard District

List of Commanders

Commanding Officer

  * Vice-Admiral Kujuro Yamaguchi (1 Apr 1916 - 1 Dec 1916)
  * Vice-Admiral Kichitaro Togo (1 Dec 1916 - 1 Dec 1918)
  * Vice-Admiral Hiromi Tadokoro (1 Dec 1918 - 1 Dec 1919)
  * Vice-Admiral Tomojiro Chisaka (1 Dec 1919 - 1 Dec 1920)
  * Vice-Admiral Kazuyoshi Yamaji (1 Dec 1920 - 1 Dec 1922)
  * Admiral Saburo Hyakutake (1 Dec 1922 - 1 Jun 1923)
  * Vice-Admiral Shozo Kuwashima (1 Jun 1923 - 5 Feb 1924)
  * Vice-Admiral Kikuo Matsumura (5 Feb 1924 - 15 Apr 1925)
  * Vice-Admiral Taro Inutsuka (15 Apr 1925 - 1 Dec 1926)
  * Vice-Admiral Naotaro Nagasawa (1 Dec 1926 - 1 Dec 1927)
  * Vice-Admiral Junichi Kiyokawa (1 Dec 1927 - 1 Jul 1929)
  * Vice-Admiral Kanjiro Hara (1 Jul 1929 - 1 Dec 1930)
  * Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai (1 Dec 1930 - 1 Dec 1932)
  * Admiral Koichi Shiozawa (1 Dec 1932 - 17 Jan 1934)
  * Vice-Admiral Hisao Ichimura (17 Jan 1934 - 15 Nov 1934)
  * Vice-Admiral Seizaburo Kobayashi (15 Nov 1934 - 16 Mar 1936)
  * Vice-Admiral Tsugumatsu Inoue (16 Mar 1936 - 1 Dec 1936)
  * Vice-Admiral Keitaro Hara (1 Dec 1936 - 1 Dec 1937)
  * Vice-Admiral Jugoro Arichi (1 Dec 1937 - 15 Nov 1938)
  * Vice-Admiral Sonosuke Kobayashi (15 Nov 1938 - 15 Apr 1940)
  * Admiral Nishizo Tsukahara (15 Apr 1940 - 1 Sep 1941)
  * Vice-Admiral Ikuta Sakamoto (1 Sep 1941 - 15 Sep 1942)
  * Vice-Admiral Eiji Goto (15 Sep 1942 - 9 Sep 1944)
  * Vice-Admiral Takazumi Oka (9 Sep 1944 - 20 Apr 1945)
  * Vice-Admiral Gisaburo Yamaguchi (20 Apr 1945 - Sep 1945)

Chief of Staff


Chinkai Guard District

Chief of Staff

  * Rear-Admiral Tsuneha Sano (4 Apr 1916 - 1 Dec 1917)
  * Rear-Admiral Heigo Teraoka (1 Dec 1917 - 26 May 1919)
  * Rear-Admiral Yasuzo Torisaki (15 Jun 1921 - 10 Nov 1922)
  * Rear-Admiral Chikateru Takasaki (10 Nov 1922 - 1 Dec 1924)
  * Rear-Admiral Naojiro Honshuku (1 Dec 1924 - 1 Dec 1926)
  * Rear-Admiral Sunao Matsuzaki (1 Dec 1926 - 10 Dec 1928)
  * Rear-Admiral Kentaro Kojima (15 Nov 1930 - 15 Nov 1932)
  * Vice-Admiral Yoshinobu Shishido (15 Nov 1932 - 1 Nov 1934)
  * Rear-Admiral Kohei Ochi (1 Nov 1934 - 1 Dec 1936)
  * Rear-Admiral Junichi Mizuno (1 Dec 1936 - 1 Dec 1937)
  * Vice-Admiral Sadaichi Matsunaga (1 Dec 1937 - 15 Nov 1939)
  * Vice-Admiral Tamotsu Takama (15 Nov 1939 - 15 Nov 1940)
  * Rear-Admiral Shigeki Ando (15 Nov 1940 - 25 Feb 1942)
  * Rear-Admiral Keiichi Onishi (25 Feb 1942 - 25 Jun 1943)
  * Rear-Admiral Katsuya Sato (25 Jun 1943 - 15 Aug 1944)
  * Rear-Admiral Chitoshi Ishizuka (15 Aug 1944 - 15 Apr 1945)
  * Rear-Admiral Haruo Katsuta (15 Apr 1945 - 29 Nov 1945)
  * Prados, John (1995). Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-460-02474-4.
  * Jentsura, Hansgeorg (1976). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
  * Goldstein, Donald M (2004). The Pacific War Papers. Brassey. ISBN 1-57488-632-0.
  * Wendel, Marcus. "Axis History Database".
  * Budge, Kent G. "Pacific War Online Database".


Burtonview, Illinois

Burtonview is an unincorporated community in Logan County, along Illinois Route 10 in Central Illinois. The community lies between Lincoln and New Holland on Route 10.

History

Burtonview was originally called Burton, and under the latter name had its start when the Champaign, Lincoln and Eastern Railroad was extended to that point.

  * Burtonview on Google Maps


Chuzo Tamotzu

Chuzo Tamotzu (February 19, 1888 – May 18, 1975) was a self-taught painter who lived in New York City before settling in Santa Fe, New Mexico in 1948.

Tamotzu was born in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, in 1888. He was educated in political science at Senshu University in Tokyo. Self-taught in sumi-e, he left Japan in 1914 to further his study of art throughout Asia and Europe. Tamotzu moved to the U.S. in 1920 where he befriended several other artists, such as Philip Evergood, Yasuo Kuniyoshi and John Sloan. Tamotzu served on the board of the Society of Independent Artists when Sloan became the society's president. During the Great Depression, Tamotzu worked for the Public Works of Art Project in New York, but was denied participation in the Works Progress Administration because he was not an American citizen.

Tamotzu served in the American military during World War II as a combat sketch artist, and eventually became an American citizen.New York Artists' Equity Association.

In 1974 Tamotzu converted the studio he had been renting in Santa Fe from John Sloan into his own gallery.

Tamotzu's art is held in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden and New Mexico Museum of Art.

Early life

Chuzo Tamotzu was born in the village of Toguchi on Amami Ōshima island in Japan.Senshu University in Tokyo he was educated in political economics for two years. In 1914, he decided to leave Japan to study oriental and European arts by traveling to China, Korea, India, Borneo, France, Belgium, England, and Holland, where he got a closer look to the work of the great masters by visiting the museums.

Career

Tamotzu moved to New York in 1920 to pursue his art career and resided there for twenty one years. He mastered the art techniques of Japanese Sumi ink, pastel chalk, oils, and tempura. Tamotzu continued his studies and began to gain reputation. He exhibited his work in Whitney Museum of American Art, the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, The Art Institute of Chicago, the Society of Independent Artists, and The American Contemporary Artists' Gallery.


Chuzo Tamotzu

In 1953, he organized an exchange art presentation between a gathering of New Mexico primary school kids and Hiroshima school children to promote altruism and a better understanding between these countries.

From 1950 to 1959 The Museum of New Mexico held annual exhibitions of his art.

As a member of Artists' Equity Association, he contributed into passing a legislation for the formation of the New Mexico Arts Commission.

Personal life

In 1948, Tamotzu married Louise Kates and moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico. He continued working on his art, participating in exhibitions and giving demonstrations and talks in schools. He was also a member of the Alliance for the Arts.

In 1967, he returned to Japan and visit his family, which led to the creation of sixty sketches of Japan and a number of paintings.

In 1974, his studio was converted into the Tamotzu Gallery, where he continued exhibiting his art.


Luis Zapata

Luis Zapata may refer to:

  * Luis Zapata (writer) (born 1951), a Mexican writer
  * Luis Ramírez Zapata (born 1954), a Salvadoran retired association football (soccer)
  * Luis Eduardo Zapata (born 1980), a Colombian association football (soccer) player


C26H38O3

The molecular formula C26H38O3 (molar mass: 398.578 g/mol, exact mass: 398.2821 u) may refer to:

  * Nandrolone cypionate
  * Pentagestrone
  * Testosterone hexahydrobenzoate


Elves (Marvel Comics)

There are many fictional Elves appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The most common of the Elves are the Dark Elves of Svartalfheim and the Light Elves of Alfheim that are based on the elves of Norse mythology. They frequently appear in stories featuring the superhero Thor.

The Dark Elves appeared in the 2013 Marvel Studios film Thor: The Dark World and a Light Elf appeared in the 2022 series She-Hulk: Attorney at Law.

Publication history

Bright-Elves first appeared in Thor #277 (Nov. 1978) and were created by Roy Thomas, John Buscema and Tom Palmer. None of the small crowd of Bright-Elves who appear in that issue are named.

Dark Elves first appeared in Thor #344 (June 1984) and were originally created by Walt Simonson. The only Dark Elf to appear in that first issue was Malekith the Accursed. Algrim the Strong / Kurse and Wormwood later appeared in Thor #347 (Sept. 1984), once again created by Walt Simonson. Grendell and Bitterhand appeared in Thor #377 (March 1987), and were created by Walt Simonson and Sal Buscema. Alflyse first appeared in Incredible Hercules #129 (Oct. 2009), and was created by Greg Pak, Fred Van Lente, and Reilly Brown.

Light Elves first appeared in Alpha Flight #50 (Sept. 1987) and were created by Bill Mantlo and June Brigman. The Light Elf Aeltri and her son Hrinmeer the Flame first appeared in Thor Annual #18 (Dec. 1993), and were created by Ron Marz and Tom Grindberg. A few subspecies of Light Elves have also been introduced.

Cat Elves first appeared in Alpha Flight #81 (Feb. 1990), and were created by James Hudnall and John Calimee. Ice Elves first appeared in Thor #615 (Nov. 2010), and were created by Matt Fraction and Pasqual Ferry.

Fictional history

Elves of Asgard

Dark-Elves


Elves (Marvel Comics)

Elves of Asgard

Dark-Elves

The Dark Elves are ruled over by Malekith the Accursed, and the most powerful amongst their ranks was Algrim the Strong.Thor. Algrim was dropped into lava and though he survived, he was critically wounded. The Beyonder transformed Algrim into the monstrous Kurse,Hercules to kill Alflyse, the Dark Elf Queen of the Eastern Spires.

The trio of Bitterhand, Wormwood, and Grendell serve Malekith loyally and have attempted to destroy Thor on several occasions, including once while Mjolnir was being reforged.

Bright-Elves

The Bright-Elves first appeared in Thor when mortal cameraman Roger "Red" Norvell (who had acquired the powers of Thor) carries the goddess Sif away to "a world far distant in time and sub-space" from Asgard. Once there, the duo are soon greeted by a crowd of humanoids who introduce themselves as the Ljos-Alfar (or Bright-Elves) and welcome the outsiders to their home, Alfheim. The aggressive Red responds by claiming their land as his and knocks the entire welcoming party off their feet with his hammer. These Elves are somewhat shorter than Asgardians (like Sif) and have large pointed ears.

Light-Elves

The Light Elves first appear in Alpha Flight when Loki lies to an ill and delusional Northstar and claims Northstar is one of them. This prompts Northstar to journey to Alfheim to reside there and abandon the rest of Alpha Flight.

Cat-Elves

A subspecies of the Light Elves called the Cat Elves are introduced when Northstar learns he has been deceived by Loki. These Elves are smaller than their brethren and ride winged cats as their steed.

Ice-Elves

Another subspecies of the Light Elves called the Ice Elves were revealed when one of their palaces was wiped out by the Ano-Athox warlord Uthana Thoth. The Ice Elves reside in the frozen portion of Alfheim.

Santa's Elves

These magical Elves are descendants of the Light Elves and aid Santa Claus, a powerful mutant,

Smoke-Elves


Elves (Marvel Comics)

Smoke-Elves

During the "'Fear Itself" storyline, the Smoke Elves debut where they are the servants of the Serpent. They created a Golem that attacked Iron Man and the Dwarves in Svartalfheim.

Elves of Klarn

The Elves of Klarn are a race of Elves that reside on the floating Weirdworld island of Klarn. There was also a group of Savage Elves descended from the Elves of Klarn that weren't on Klarn when it was flung into the sky by the sorcerer Darklens.

During the Secret Wars storyline, the Elves of Klarn and the Savage Elves ended up on the Battleworld version of Weirdworld when their Weirdworld was merged with the other alternate reality magical realms. The Savage Elves helped to fight the forces of Morgan le Fay until Battleworld fell apart and Weirdworld appeared on Earth in the Bermuda Triangle.

As part of the "All-New, All-Different Marvel" branding, the Elves of Klarn ended up under the mind-control of Doctor Druid when he gained a corporal form when his spirit arrived on Weirdworld.

Powers and abilities

Dark elves possess gifted intellects, as well as superhuman strength, speed, stamina, durability, agility, and reflexes. They also all possess a vulnerability to iron.

Light elves also possess superhuman strength, speed, stamina, durability, agility, and reflexes. Additionally, they have a penchant for archery.

Known Elves of Asgard

Known Light Elves

  * Aelsa – Queen of Alfheim and of the Light Elves
  * Aeltri – a Light Elf who was kidnapped and raped by a Fire Demon and gave birth to Hrinmeer
  * Ayelah – representative for Alfheim on the Congress of Worlds
  * Faradei – a Light Elf warrior who helped Thor
  * Hrinmeer the Flame – a Light Elf and Fire Demon hybrid, he was killed during Ragnarok
  * Ivory – Lord of Longrose Hall
  * Milkmane – a senator who represented the Light Elves of Alfheim on the Congress of Worlds
  * Peaseblossom – a delegate who negotiated a safe passage for Asgardia with the All-Mother

Known Dark Elves


Elves (Marvel Comics)

Known Dark Elves

  * Alflyse – Queen of Svartalfheim, she was killed by Malekith
  * Bitterhand – a servant of Malekith, he was killed by Freyja during the War of the Realms
  * Canker – the herald for the Council of the Unhallowed
  * Grendell – a half Dark Elf and son of "Big Mother",
  * Gutbeard Brothers – warriors loyal to Malekith, they were killed by Thor
  * Jagrfelm – a physically deformed elf, he was a master weaponsmith and was killed by Malekith
  * Kurse (Algrim) –
  * Kraw – King of the Dark Elf, he waged war against the Trolls, Light Elves, Dwarves and Asgardians, but was replaced by Malekith
  * Mageth – an Empathic Dark Elf, she aided Steve Rogers
  * Malekith the Accursed –
  * Mazerot – mother of Malekith, she was fed to her own War Dogs by her son due for her wrongdoing
  * Mirka – a warrior priestess from Svartalfheim, and a member of the E.R.F.E.I. all-stars basketball team
  * Rotjaw – a warrior loyal to Malekith, he was killed by Thor's goat
  * Scumtounge – a warrior loyal to Malekith and Senator at the Congress of Worlds
  * Snaggi – a Dark Elf and Giant hybrid, under the order of Malekith, she went after Iron Man, but was defeated
  * Sourfoot – a warrior loyal to Malekith, he sacrificed his owm wellbeing in order to help Malekith escape and was then mercy killed by Malekith
  * Swarmsuckle – a member of Queen Alflyse's court, he was killed by Malekith and his men
  * Terrana – a hunter, under the order of Malekith, she went after Iron Man and also retrieved the Bride's offspring
  * Waziria – a Dark Elf witch and former League of Realms member who was later transformed into the second Kurse.
  * Wormsong – a knight loyal to Queen Alflyse, he was killed by Malekith and his men
  * Wormwood –
  * Xan – a philosopher warrior, under the order of Malekith, he went after Iron Man, but was defeated. He was killed by Malekith for his defeat


Elves (Marvel Comics)

Elves of Klarn

  * Tyndall – an elf dragonmaster who befriends Velanna
  * Velanna – a female blonde elf that Tyndall befriends

Elves of Otherworld

  * Moondog – was an lupine like Elf, one of the race of Elves originally native to both Britain and Otherworld. He alongside Captain Britain, Black Knight and Vortigen went to Otherworld in order to fight against Mordred and Necromon, but would be killed in the fight.
  * Sundog – uncle of Moondog.
  * Jackdaw – a sidekick of Captain Britain, he was slain by Fury.

In other media

Television

  * The Elves appear in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes:
  * Malekith the Accursed of the Dark Elves appeared in "The Casket of Ancient Winters", voiced by Quinton Flynn. During the events of "The Fall of Asgard", Black Panther had fought Dark Elf souls while in Asgard.
  * Faradei of the Light Elves appeared in "The Fall of Asgard", voiced by Troy Baker. He fights alongside Hawkeye and Black Panther against a pack of wolves.
  * The Dark Elves appear in the Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. episode "For Asgard". Malekith the Accursed leads the Dark Elves in a plot to take over Asgard where they ended up fighting Thor, Heimdall, the Warriors Three, and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. at the time when Odin was away on a peace mission.
  * The Light Elves appear in the Christmas TV special Marvel Super Hero Adventures: Frost Fight!. A bunch of Light Elves live in the polar parts of Alfheim where they protect the property of Jolnir, who is known on Earth as Santa Claus and is the son of a female Light Elf and a male Frost Giant.

Films

  * Algrim of the Dark Elves appears in the animated film Thor: Tales of Asgard. He is seen as an advisor to Odin and his kind was driven to near-extinction by the Frost Giants.

Marvel Cinematic Universe


Elves (Marvel Comics)

Marvel Cinematic Universe

  * The Elves appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe:
      + The Dark Elves appear in Thor: The Dark World, with Malekith portrayed by Christopher Eccleston and Algrim/Kurse portrayed by Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje. The Dark Elves, as with their enemies the Asgardians, are depicted as ancient astronauts. In the film, it is stated they existed in the endless night of dark matter and dark energy that predated the universe. Their goal is to destroy the current universe and return existence back to the primordial darkness from whence it came. They were believed extinct after the Asgardians stopped an attempt to do that five thousand years ago. Unbeknownst to the Asgardians, Malekith and a number of warriors escaped and went into stasis in deep space until another attempt would be possible. For the film, David J. Peterson created a language for the Dark Elves called Shiväisith.
      + In Guardians of the Galaxy, an imprisoned Dark Elf appears as an exhibit in Taneleer Tivan's museum.
      + In Spider-Man: Homecoming, Dark Elf technology that was salvaged from the Battle of Greenwich was used by Tinkerer alongside the technologies from the Chitauri and Stark Industries.
      + The She-Hulk: Attorney at Law episode "The People vs. Emil Blonsky" features a shapeshifing Light Elf named Runa (portrayed by Peg O'Keif) who is being sued by Dennis Bukowski for impersonating Megan Thee Stallion. Thanks to Jennifer Walters' testimony, Judge Price found in favor of Bukowski and sentenced Runa to 60 days for impersonating him.

Video games

  * The Dark Elves appear as enemies in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance.
  * The Dark Elves appear in Marvel: Avengers Alliance. They appear in the 14th Spec-Ops that revolved around Thor: The Dark World.
  * The Dark Elves appear as enemies in Marvel Heroes. They were released as part of the Asgard event to tie in with the release of Thor: The Dark World.
  * Elves on Marvel Database, a Marvel Comics wiki


Bertha Phillpotts

Dame Bertha Surtees Phillpotts DBE (25 October 1877 – 20 January 1932) was an English scholar in Scandinavian languages, literature, history, archaeology and anthropology.

Biography

Phillpotts was born in Bedford on 25 October 1877. Her father, James Surtees Phillpotts (1839–1930), was headmaster of Bedford School and instrumental in turning it from a relatively obscure grammar school to a top-ranking public school. Her mother, Marian Hadfield Phillpotts (née Cordery; 1843–1925), was a competent linguist. Having received all of her basic education at home, in 1898, Phillpotts won a Pfeiffer Scholarship to Girton College in the University of Cambridge, where she studied medieval and modern languages, Old Norse and Celtic under Hector Munro Chadwick.Iceland and Copenhagen to pursue her research. From 1906 to 1909, she worked as librarian at Girton College. In 1911, she won the Gamble Prize for her essay Studies in the Later History of the Teutonic Kindreds.Somerville College, Oxford.

During the First World War, she worked for some time at the British Legation in Stockholm, on a largely voluntary basis. An elder brother, Owen Surtees Phillpotts, was Commercial Attaché at the legation. Bertha's services were requested by the head of mission, Sir Esmé Howard, and she undertook both clerical and research work for him.

Her other elder brother, Brian ("Broo"), was an officer of the Royal Engineers who served in the First World War and was fatally wounded in action near Ypres in September 1917.Marjory, captained the England Ladies Hockey TeamWilliam Sealy Gosset.

Bertha Surtees Phillpotts' Morris Cowley car Freda (here being driven by her cousin, Mary Clover), c. 1930


Bertha Phillpotts

She was Principal of Westfield College from 1919 until 1921, and a member of the College Council from 1922 until 1932. She became the Mistress of Girton College in 1922, succeeding Katharine Jex-Blake (1860–1951), who happened to be her first cousin (the daughter of her mother's sister, Henrietta Cordery and Thomas Jex-Blake, sometime Headmaster of Rugby School). She held this post until 1925 when, following the death of her mother, she resigned in order to look after her elderly father who was living in retirement in Tunbridge Wells.

However, she was elected to a research fellowship and continued to be an active Fellow of the college, commuting between Tunbridge Wells and Cambridge in her Morris Cowley car which she nicknamed "Freda".

In 1922, she was selected (as the sole woman member) to serve on the Statutory Commission for the University of Cambridge. She remained a member until she resigned from her post at Girton College in 1925. From 1926 until 1931, she was a member of the Statutory Commission for the University of London. From 1926 until her death in 1932, she was director of Scandinavian studies and university lecturer at Girton College.

Her extensive research work included translations of old Icelandic sagas and studies on the influence of Old Norse and Icelandic on the English language. She is particularly known for her theory of ritual drama as the background to the Eddic poems.

In June 1931, when she was already in failing health, Phillpotts married a long standing friend and fellow Cambridge academic, the astrophysicist and educator, Hugh Frank Newall, FRS.

Death

Phillpotts died from cancer in Cambridge on 20 January 1932, aged 54.

Interred (as Bertha Surtees Newall) next to her parents in Tunbridge Wells Cemetery,Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge.

Honours

In recognition of her wartime service at the British Legation in Stockholm, Bertha Surtees Phillpotts was honoured in the Order of the British Empire list for 1918.

In 1929, she was promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) for her services to education.

She was awarded an honorary Doctorate (Litt. D.) by Trinity College, Dublin in 1919.

Eponymous scholarship


Bertha Phillpotts

Eponymous scholarship

The Dame Bertha Phillpotts Memorial Fund for the promotion of Old Norse and Icelandic Studies at the University of Cambridge awards grants and scholarships for postgraduate students and other scholars in the relevant fields.

Personality

Phillpotts possessed a lively personality and an intrepid spirit, as the following tribute by a Cambridge colleague shows:

Is there another woman head of a College, who not only is a yachting expert, but has had distinguished professors for her disciples in the art of sailing? On her first visit to Iceland a pony was the sole companion of her wanderings; and we know not which to admire most – her rapid assimilation of University affairs, when called to serve on the Statutory Commission, or her intrepidity in driving a motor, as to the manner born, through Bridge and Sidney Streets, as a novice with but four or five lessons behind her.

This telling observation was contributed after her death by Bertha's friend Mary Anderson, Madame de Navarro:

Summer before last she came to stay with us at Blakeney [Norfolk], having motored in ‘Freda’ from Cambridge. She was already not well, and came for a rest. But hearing our son was racing his boat that afternoon she insisted on going in the Parthenia along with him ... The Parthenia came in a long way first, and won the cup. Dame Bertha then leapt into another boat and came in second. The next day she was in another boat and was placed third. I then thought it time to reprove her for racing three times in two days – and she not well. But her only reply was, "Don’t! When you talk to me like that the buttons burst off my shoes!" ... In appearance she was girlish, with a lovely head and a beautiful profile and hair. Her keen eyes and quick, almost bird-like movements but added to her charm. She was one who, for all her learning, her high sense of duty, had a gallant gaiety altogether her own.


Bertha Phillpotts

An anecdote often narrated to her friends by Phillpotts illustrates her indifference to hardship and her sense of humour. In it she told the story of a night she and her brother Brian Phillpotts ("Broo") had spent at the home of Þorvaldur Bjarnason, Dean of Melstaðir, in 1904. The story, later retold from memory by Marion Delf-Smith, one of Phillpotts' colleagues at Westfield College in London, concerned a stay in a remote house with the Dean, who provided them with a spartan meal of hard dried fish, sour milk, and ship's biscuits too hard to eat; the bed was infested with vermin; and she was visited in her bedroom by a pony which gave her a kick on the leg. Since the same meal was provided the following day, they escaped and made the lengthy journey to the nearest farmhouse in the hope of getting some food and sleep.

Photographs

  * [Bertha Phillpotts boating at Bedford with sister Marjory, c. 1896]
    Bertha Phillpotts boating at Bedford with sister Marjory, c. 1896
  * [Bertha Phillpotts at Girton College, c.1901]
    Bertha Phillpotts at Girton College, c.1901
  * [Bertha Phillpotts c.1920 courtesy Queen Mary's College, University of London]
    Bertha Phillpotts c.1920 courtesy Queen Mary's College, University of London
  * [Portrait of Bertha Phillpotts at Girton College, Cambridge courtesy Girton College, Cambridge]
    Portrait of Bertha Phillpotts at Girton College, Cambridge courtesy Girton College, Cambridge
  * [First page of letter, Bertha Phillpotts to her brother Geoffrey, 1904]
    First page of letter, Bertha Phillpotts to her brother Geoffrey, 1904
  * [First page of letter, Bertha Phillpotts to her parents, 1918]
    First page of letter, Bertha Phillpotts to her parents, 1918

Writings

Wikisource has original works by or about:
Bertha Phillpotts

Among Dame Bertha Phillpotts's published works are:


Bertha Phillpotts

Among Dame Bertha Phillpotts's published works are:

  * Kindred and Clan (Cambridge: University Press, 1913) (Reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-1-108-01050-4)
  * The Elder Edda and Ancient Scandinavian Drama (Cambridge: University Press, 1920) (Reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2011. ISBN 978-1-107-69484-2)
  * The Life of the Icelander Jón Ólafsson, Traveller to India (written in Icelandic in 1611 and translated and edited by Bertha S Phillpotts in 1923)
  * Wyrd and Providence in Anglo-Saxon Thought (1928, reprinted in Interpretations of Beowulf: a critical anthology. R.D. Fulk, ed. Indiana University Press, 1991)
  * Edda and Saga (1931)

Works published about Dame Bertha Phillpotts include:

  * Gunnell, Terry. 1999. "Dame Bertha Phillpotts and the Search for Scandinavian Drama". In Anglo-Scandinavian Cross-Currents 1850-1914, ed. Inga-Stina Ewbank (Norwich: Norvik Press). pp. 84–105.
  * Poole, Russell. 2002. "Two Students of Boethius". In New Zealand Journal of French Studies.
  * Poole, Russell. 2005. "Kindred, College and Scholarship in the Lifework of Bertha Surtees Phillpotts (1877-1932)". In Women Medievalists and the Academy, ed. Jane Chance (Madison: University of Wisconsin).
  * Personal Papers of Bertha Phillpotts (biography at the University Library, University of Cambridge)
  * Bertha Phillpotts at Find a Grave


Galvezia lanceolata

Galvezia lanceolata is a species of plant in the family Plantaginaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.


Lydia Obute

Lydia Nnenna Obute is an Austrian model, best known for being the winner of the Cycle three of Austria's Next Topmodel.

Early life

Obute was born in Lower Austria to Nigerian parents. Prior to her participation on AtNTM, she had some experience as a model walking for fashion designer Thang De Hoo.

Austria's Next Topmodel

Being chosen among 4,500 hopefuls to be among the top 36, Obute qualified for the show among the top 4 from the Vienna auditions for the round of the final 14. She was involved in a controversy when fellow contestant Magalie Berghahn referred to her as "Neger Oide" (derogatory Austrian slang equivalent to "negro chick") in Episode 3 while having a phone conversation with her boyfriend that was taped and aired on television. Obute was confronted with that scene which was followed by a disqualification of Berghahn from the show.Evian.
On 28 February 2011 she won the competition over Katharina Theuermann, the youngest contestant on the competition. She won the cover of Woman as well as a testimonial for a Hervis Sports campaign and two runway jobs in Milan and Paris.

  * Portfolio on Wiener Models
  * Profile on ModelManagement.com


Dick Rauch

Richard Harvie Rauch (July 15, 1893 – October 9, 1970) was an American football player and coach. Rauch attended Pennsylvania State University. He was a player-coach for the Boston Bulldogs, New York Yankees and the Maroons over the course of his five-year career. Rauch made his professional debut in the National Football League (NFL) in 1925 with the Pottsville Maroons. He was also the first NFL coach to institute daily practices.

Early career

Born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Rauch attended high school at Harrisburg Tech in 1906. He did not make the football team until his senior year, in 1909. He played center on that team. After high school, he went to work in the Pennsylvania Steel Mills outside of Harrisburg for six years. Rauch decided to continue his education. In 1916 he entered Bethlehem Prep, located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, to brush up his mathematics and obtain sufficient credits to enter Penn State. At Bethlehem Prep, Rauch lettered in three sports, football, basketball and track.

Penn State and the Army

In 1916 Rauch entered State College and he soon captained and played tight end on the school's freshman team. By 1917 he made the varsity team and played the entire season at end. At the end of the 1917 season Rauch joined the U.S. Army and was placed in the ordinance department and was stationed in Virginia.

He was discharged from the Army in August 1919, and returned to Penn State. By that time Rauch started at center, and then was put in at offensive guard. His place at center was taken by Larry Conover. Rauch continued to play guard his senior year in 1920, with the exception of the last four games when he was shifted to offensive tackle. After graduating Penn State retained him as assistant coach in 1921. He excelled in scouting. He performed the scouting duties for every college he served.

Colgate

In 1923, Rauch went to Colgate University as the team's offensive line coach. Colgate soon gave him a contract for the following year in 1924. However, he accepted an offer by the Pottsville Maroons as serve as head coach of their professional football team.

Pro football


Dick Rauch

Pro football

Maroons owner Dr. John Striegel hired Rauch, because he was a protégé of the strict discipline philosophy instituted by Penn State coach, Hugo Bezdek. During Rauch's first season with the Maroons, the team won the Anthracite League championship. The very next season the Maroon joined the NFL, and in just their first year in league, the franchise won the NFL championship before having it stripped away from them by the league in a controversial move.

The next season Rauch's Maroon completed a 10-2-1 record and captured third place in the NFL standings. However, after a 5–8 record in 1927, Rauch left the team to coach the New York Yankees. Following a 4–8 record with the Yankees during the 1928 season, Rauch returned to the Maroons franchise which had just been sold to a group of New Englanders who move the franchise to Boston and renamed the team the Boston Bulldogs.

The 1929 season was Rauch's last season coaching in the NFL. After a 4–4 record, the Maroons-Bulldogs franchise folded.

Outside football

Besides being a football player and coach, Rauch also worked as an ornithologist, a steel worker, an electrician and a graduate electrical engineer. Dick spent his off-seasons writing poetry and traveled as far west as the Yukon to study the nesting habits of birds. He later put his knowledge of birds to use by exploring the Antarctic for the U.S. government.

  * Pottsville Maroons, Ghosts of the Gridiron
  * Total Football: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League ( ISBN 0-06-270174-6)
  * 1925 Pottsville Maroons, Professional Football Reference (URL last accessed September 30, 2006)
  * "1925 Pottsville Maroons 'World Champions' Football Team" Set of 18 cards, Produced by Russell Zacko, 1977
  * Ongoing Research Project NFL Uniform Numbers


Catocala distorta

Catocala distorta is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1889.Himachal Pradesh, India.52 millimetres (2.0 in) long and is different from Catocala nymphaea by being more brown and having much duller thorax and forewing.


Bosso, Niger

Bosso is a village and rural commune in Niger.Nigerian border.

In June 2013, between 5,000 and 10,000 refugees arrived here, fleeing fighting between Boko Haram and the Nigerian Armed Forces in Borno State of Nigeria. Most blamed the military for the excessive violence and human rights violations.

Climate

Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh).


Bosso, Niger

Climate data for Bosso, Niger
Month                                      Jan     Feb     Mar     Apr      May      Jun      Jul     Aug     Sep     Oct     Nov     Dec     Year
Average high °C (°F)                       29.4    32.4    36.2    38.8     39.5     38.2     35      33.1    35.1    36.5    33.4    30.1    34.8
                                           (84.9)  (90.3)  (97.2)  (101.8)  (103.1)  (100.8)  (95)    (91.6)  (95.2)  (97.7)  (92.1)  (86.2)  (94.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)                         21      23.5    27.6    30.5     31.8     31.3     29.3    27.8    28.8    28.6    25      21.6    27.2
                                           (70)    (74.3)  (81.7)  (86.9)   (89.2)   (88.3)   (84.7)  (82.0)  (83.8)  (83.5)  (77)    (70.9)  (81.0)
Average low °C (°F)                        12.7    14.7    19.1    22.3     24.2     24.4     23.7    22.6    22.6    20.8    16.6    13.1    19.7
                                           (54.9)  (58.5)  (66.4)  (72.1)   (75.6)   (75.9)   (74.7)  (72.7)  (72.7)  (69.4)  (61.9)  (55.6)  (67.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)          0       0       0       1        6        15       70      119     30      4       0       0       245
                                           (0)     (0)     (0)     (0.0)    (0.2)    (0.6)    (2.8)   (4.7)   (1.2)   (0.2)   (0)     (0)     (9.7)
Source: Climate-Data.org (altitude: 287m)

13°41′49″N 13°18′37″E / 13.6969°N 13.3103°E


Chuzhali

Chuzhali is a village in the Kannur district of the Indian state of Kerala.

History

The village is named after the goddess Chuzhali, as it is the abode of Chuzhali (Durga). The village was under the dynasty of Chuzhali Nambiars. In ancient times it was under Chuzhali Swaroopam and the boundary was Koorgu in Karnataka.

In Malabar manual, William Logan mentioned Chuzhali as an ideal place for guerilla war, since the main land of Chuzhali is surrounded by high altitude areas, namely Kulathur, Thalakkulam, Edakkulm and Kuunam. Chuzhali Nambiar was one of the commanders of Pazhashiraja's guerilla army. It is said

Temples

Chuzhali Bhagavathy temple

Chuzhali Bhagavathi is a famous temple situated in the middle of the village. The annual festival of this temple takes place during March–April. It is treated by the people of Chuzhali as their village festival. The main attraction near the village is Kulathur, 3 km from the main town of Chalilvayal.

Another famous temple in Chuzhali is Thiruvambadi, dedicated to Lord Sreekrishna. Other temples are Muchilottu Bhagavathi, Aranoor Sastha Bhagavathi, Sree Muthappan Madapura Chuzhali, Kathivanoor Veeran Kshektram Vadakkemoola and Puthiya Bhagavathi Kshethram Mamalathkari.

Demographics


Chuzhali

Demographics

As of 2011 Census, Chuzhali had a population of 14,759 which constitutes 7,147 (48.4%) males and 7,612 (51.6%) females. Chuzhali village has an area of 46.19 km2 (17.83 sq mi) with 3,449 families residing in it. The male female sex ratio was 1,065 lower than state average of 1,084. In Chuzhali, 11.2% of the population was under 6 years of age. Chuzhali had overall literacy of 93.77%, higher than the national average of 75% and lower than the state average of 94.00%.

Transportation

The national highway passes through Taliparamba town. Goa and Mumbai can be accessed to the north and Cochin and Thiruvananthapuram to the south. Taliparamba has a bus station and buses are available to all parts of Kannur district. The road to the east of Iritty connects to Mysore and Bangalore. Buses to these cities are available only from Kannur, 22 km to the south. The nearest railway stations are Kannapuram and Kannur on the Mangalore-Palakkad line.

Trains are available to almost all parts of India. There are airports at Kannur, Mangalore and Calicut. All are small international airports with direct flights available only to Middle Eastern countries.


Luis de Alba

For the Ambassador of Mexico in the United Nations, see Luis Alfonso de Alba.

Luis de Alba in 2017

Luis Alba Garcia (born March 7, 1945Veracruz) is a Mexican comedian, famous for his character El PirrurrisTe odio con odio Jarocho, which means "I hate you with Jarocho (meaning from Veracruz) hatred". El Indio Maclovio and Juan Penas were also two very famous characters he acted out on several shows.

His most famous TV program was El Mundo De Luis de Alba, (The World Of Luis de Alba), where El Pirrurris and other characters regularly appeared. After this program was canceled he spent many years away from television but retransmissions of the show were popular. In 2004 he came back portraying the Pirrurris once again in one of Jorge Ortiz de Pinedo's adult-oriented comedy shows, set in a primary school where the students are played by adult actors. In 2005 he got a new show where he plays the Pirrurris as well as his other characters. He is currently appearing in a show called "Los Chuperamigos" in Estrella TV with other actors such as "La Chupitos".

Characters

El Pirrurris

Created sometime in the 1970s, the character is a very rich young man with a haircut similar to that used by the Beatles in their early years and depicts sarcastically and exaggeratedly the stereotype of a so-called "fresa". He enjoys deprecating low- to middle-class people with illusions of grandeur, airs of importance, bad taste, and colorful (low class) slang, while at the same time emphasizing his own importance and class-superiority, using a lot of "high class" slang. The people he deprecates are pejoratively called nacos. Pirrurris refined the ridicule of nacos into nacology, the study of the naco. Sitting behind a desk, he would explain the naco to his audience in scientific terms.


Luis de Alba

So viewers would not take his remarks seriously, the character's locution and mannerisms are a parody of the so-called juniors, the pompous young sons of upper-class Mexicans, known for their tendency to dismiss anyone else as a naco. He frequently refers to his millionaire Papi and expresses amazement at the most mundane problems faced by normal people. Incredibly narcissistic, he explains that his name comes from the mathematical constant pi and rorro (slang for handsome), in that he is "3.1416 times handsome".

Pirrurris has become a common Mexican epithet for someone who looks down on others, is a materialist and superficial but however non-intelligent and air-headed (although not aware of this), and act as if one were above one's real economic station. Mexican leftist politician Andrés Manuel López Obrador has used the term on different occasions to refer to his right-wing political opponents.

Luis de Alba started his artistic life when he was a child playing a character named "Solin". Solin was the always companion of a supposed man with gifted powers (Kaliman). Kaliman was the name of a daytime radio drama transmitted to audiences exclusively by radio in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.

Selected filmography

  * Carnival Nights (1978)
  * The Loving Ones (1979)
  * Luis de Alba at IMDb


C27H32O15

The molecular formula C27H32O15 (molar mass: 596.53 g/mol, exact mass: 596.1741 u) may refer to:

  * Eriocitrin (eriodictyol glycoside)
  * Neoeriocitrin


Elvestad (surname)

Elvestad is a Norwegian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

  * Martin Elvestad (born 1989), Norwegian footballer
  * Sven Elvestad (1884–1934), Norwegian journalist and author


Bertha Stich

Auguste Crelinger with her daughters (left: Bertha Stich), Lithograph after Franz Krüger

Pauline Sophie Bertha Stich, married name Miehe from 1844 (4 October

Life

Born in Berlin as the daughter of the acting couple Wilhelm Stich and Auguste Stich, née Düring, who was widowed in 1827 and married the banker's son Otto CrelingerClara, she entered the stage of the Königstädtisches Theater in Berlin for the first time in 1834 as Eucharis in Sappho. This performance led to an immediate engagement in which she, like her sister, took on the Rollenfach of the teenage lover,Guest performance tours took mother and daughters to Hamburg and Vienna, among other places.

In the 1940s, Stich moved to the Hamburg Stadttheater as the first lover in mourning, show and comedy. She made her debut there on 9 April 1842 as Julie. In Hamburg, Stich perfected her training at the dramaturgical institute of the writer and theatre practitioner Karl Töpfer.Intrigue and Love celebrated successes.

On 29 June 1844, she married the surgeon and (since 1860) chief staff physicianA Midsummer Night's Dream to incidental music by Mendelssohn first on the Hamburg, then on the Berlin stage.

Bertha Miehe died after a short illness on 18 August 1876 in Hamburg;

  * Ludwig Eisenberg: Großes biographisches Lexikon der Deutschen Bühne im XIX. Jahrhundert. Paul List publisher, Leipzig 1903, p. 168, (Bertha Stich is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive).


Broad Sound Islands National Park

Broad Sound Islands National Park, also known as Broad Sounds Islands, is a national park in Shire of Livingstone, Queensland, Australia,709 km (441 mi) northwest of Brisbane. Estimated average altitude is 59 m (194 ft) above sea level.

The park covers 48 islands from Flock Pigeon Island (near Clairview on the mainland) through to High Peak Island (the furthest from any port).Broad Sound Islands (Long, Tern, Quail and Wild Duck Islands), while many others form part of the larger island chain known as the Northumberland Islands.

Due to its remoteness and undisturbed nature, this park is a real paradise for nesting endangered species of flatback turtles.

The average summer temperature on the islands is 30 degrees, and the winter 23 degrees Celsius.

  * Northumberland Islands National Park
  * Protected areas of Queensland


List of governors of Kunduz

This is a list of the governors of the province of Kunduz, Afghanistan.

Governors of Kunduz Province

Governor  Period  Extra                    Note
                  Sahib Jan Sahraye        ~1978
                                           August 1978
                  Qari Rahmatullah         ~1993
                  Arif Khan                - 2000              Assassinated in 2000 in Peshawar, Pakistan
                  Abdul Latif Ibrahimi     2002
                                           2004
                  Mohammad Omar            2004                Assassinated on 8 October 2010 when attending Friday prayers in Taloqan, Takhar province
                                           October 8, 2010
                  Muhammad Anwar Jigdalak  2010
                                           2012
                  Ghulam Sakhi Baghlani    2013
                                           2014
                  Mohammad Omar Safi       2014                fled to London after Kunduz City fell to Taliban insurgents.
                                           October 29, 2015
                  Asadullah Omarkhel       9 February 2016     head of Kunduz high peace council
                                           ?
                  Nisar Ahmad Nusrat       7 Nomvember 2021
                                           Present

  * List of Afghanistan governors


Dick Price

For other people named Dick Price, see Dick Price (disambiguation).

Richard Price (October 12, 1930 – November 25, 1985) was co-founder of the Esalen Institute in 1962 and a veteran of the Beat Generation.Big Sur for many years, sometimes virtually single-handed.Santa Lucia Mountains and developed a new form of personal integration and growth that he called Gestalt Practice,Gestalt therapy and Buddhist practice.

Price consciously applied psychological principles to his sense of self, and helped many people work to do the same. His work remains at the core of the Esalen experience.

Early life

Dick Price was born October 12, 1930, to Herman and Audrey Price in Rogers Park.Esalen on November 25, 1985, and is survived by his wife, Christine Stewart Price,David and Jennifer Price. Price had a twin brother, Bobby, who died in 1933, and a sister Joan who was born in 1929.

Price's fatheranglicised from PreisLithuania in 1911 (at that time a part of Russia), first to New York and finally to Chicago.

During World War I his father served in the United States Coast Guard, and then in the United States Navy. Herman was a refrigeration expert. He headed appliance manufacturing and design at Sears for their Coldspot brand, working extensively with Raymond Loewy, who was a close family friend. In 1936, the family moved into the two-floor penthouse apartment in at 707 W. Junior Terrace, just off Lake Shore Drive in Chicago. With the onset of World War II, Herman was loaned by Sears to the Douglas Aircraft Company where he applied his assembly line experience to organizing the mass production of aircraft, including the B-17 in particular. Although Herman was a charismatic businessman, he was an emotionally withdrawn and distant father for Dick.

Price's mother,Indiana in 1895, and grew up in Auburn, Illinois. She was of Dutch, Irish and English heritage. Audrey was a domineering figure in the family, and a problematic and intrusive mother for Dick.

In 1941, the Price family moved to Kenilworth on the North Shore of Chicago. Dick graduated from New Trier High School in 1948.Illinois.

College education


Dick Price

College education

Price graduated from Stanford University in 1952 with a major in psychology.Gregory Bateson and Frederic Spiegelberg. They would later prove to be pivotal influences when he founded and developed programs at Esalen Institute.social relations department at Harvard University, although he left before completing his degree because of his frustration with the conservative, research-oriented faculty.

San Francisco

After leaving Harvard in 1955, Price enlisted in the Air Force and was given an assignment in the East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area).San Francisco at Alan Watts' and Frederic Spiegelberg's newly founded American Academy of Asian Studies (the precursor to the California Institute of Integral Studies). During this time, the North Beach Beat scene was an emerging social trend. Dick knew most of the primary figures, including Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and Gary Snyder.

Psychosis

In 1956, Price experienced an episode of manic psychosis in San Francisco

On December 7, 1956, his parents involuntarily committed him to the Institute of Living, an exclusive mental treatment facility in Connecticut.misdiagnosed with schizophrenia. He was subjected to physical confinement and major tranquilizers, along with numerous electroconvulsive and insulin shock treatments. While committed, his mother had his marriage annulled

Price wrote about his hospitalization experience:

There was a fundamental mistake being made and that mistake was supposing that the healing process was the disease, rather than the process whereby the disease is healed. The disease, if any, was the state previous to the "psychosis." ... The so-called "psychosis" was an attempt towards spontaneous healing, and it was a movement towards health, not a movement towards disease.... In some categories it would be called mystical, really a re-owning and discovery of parts of myself.

After he was hospitalized, he was discharged from the Air Force, and went to work for his uncle's sign company in Chicago, Price Brothers.

Founds Esalen Institute


Dick Price

Founds Esalen Institute

In May 1960, Price returned to San Francisco and lived in the East-West House with Taoist teacher Gia-Fu Feng. That year he also met fellow Stanford University graduate Michael Murphy at Haridas Chaudhuri's Cultural Integration Fellowship where Murphy was in residence.Big Sur, California owned by Murphy's family.hot springs.

In 1962, using the Murphy property and capital that Dick had accumulated,Alan Watts, Aldous Huxley, Laura Huxley, Gerald Heard, Gregory Bateson and Frederic Spiegelberg (with whom both had studied at Stanford),Esalen Institute. Among other objectives, Price saw Esalen as an alternative to then current mental health practice, especially the practices of mental hospitals.

Previously, the natural hot springs baths on the Murphy property were part of a run-down resort (known as Slate's Hot Springs). The security guard was a young Hunter S. Thompson. Joan Baez was also in residence. Thompson was soon fired by Murphy's grandmother, although Baez remained in residence through the beginnings of Esalen.Henry Miller regularly visited the hot springs during this early period of Esalen's history.Abraham Maslow happened to drive onto the Esalen grounds and soon became an important influence on the development of the institute.Agnews State Hospital,Will Schutz came to Esalen in the 1960s and worked on aspects of his "encounter group" process.George Leonard, Joseph Campbell and Ida Rolf were among the many people who had an impact upon Esalen's development. In 1974, Price married his second wife, Christine Stewart Price, who became his primary collaborator at Esalen.

Altered state research

Price's interest in the expansion of human potentials led him to investigate many avenues of research, including the exploration of altered states of consciousness with psychotropic substances.LSD administered by a psychiatrist. Later he discovered that empathogens, such as MDMA, facilitated self-exploration and were helpful in psychological healing when used in conjunction with therapy.

In 1973, Price was instrumental in bringing Stanislav Grof to Esalen in the capacity of Scholar in Residence.Holotropic Breathwork, which functioned as a substitute for psychedelic drugs.

Gestalt Practice


Dick Price

Gestalt Practice

In 1964, Fritz Perls, the psychiatrist who developed Gestalt therapy, arrived at Esalen.Wilhelm Reich, who had been Perls' analyst.

During the time that Price ran Esalen, he educated himself widely in Western psychology and Eastern religions, including Buddhism and Taoism.Gestalt Practice provided a humane approach that pulled together all these strands of ancient and modern knowledge into a coherent technique, similar to shamanistic methods of healing.Gestalt Practice

Hiking practice

Price would frequently hike the trails of the Santa Lucia Range, both for pleasure and for relief from the pressures of running Esalen Institute. This became a part of his process. Hiking was often a solitary practice for him, although he regularly took other people along. Sometimes he worked with them while hiking, doing Gestalt sessions that would turn out to be quite moving.

Steven Harper was one of Price's close friends

Legacy

In the time since his death, Price's work has remained influential.Gestalt Practice groups.

In 2013, during a period of management changes,


Dick Price

In 2013, during a period of management changes,

  * Human Potential Movement
  * Callahan, John F. (editor). The Life and Practice of Richard Price, The Gestalt Legacy Project. April 2014. ISBN 978-1-312-06228-3
  * Goldman, Marion S. The American Soul Rush: Esalen and the Rise of Spiritual Privilege, New York University Press. January 2012. ISBN 0-8147-3287-9
  * Callahan, John F. (editor). Manual of Gestalt Practice in the Tradition of Dick Price, The Gestalt Legacy Project. September 2009. ISBN 978-1-304-96247-8
  * Kripal, Jeffrey. Esalen: America and the Religion of No Religion, University of Chicago Press, April 2007. ISBN 0-226-45369-3
  * Kripal, Jeffrey and Glenn W. Shuck (editors). On The Edge Of The Future: Esalen And The Evolution Of American Culture, Indiana University Press. July 2005. ISBN 0-253-21759-8
  * Lattin, Don. Following Our Bliss : How the Spiritual Ideals of the Sixties Shape Our Lives Today, HarperCollins Publishers, August 2004. ISBN 0-06-009394-3
  * Anderson, Walter Truett. The Upstart Spring: Esalen and the American Awakening, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, January 1983. ISBN 0-201-11034-2, reprinted February 2004. ISBN 0-595-30735-3
  * Aperture (magazine), Number Ninety-Three, Winter 1982–1983. ISBN 0-89381-129-7
  * Dick Price: an interview
  * Dick Price - Psychosis & Shamanic Practice


Catocala conversa

Catocala conversa is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Eugenius Johann Christoph Esper in 1787.North Africa and Asia Minor).

The wingspan varies from 50–54 mm. Similar to other moths, their generation time is one year. Adults are on wing from June to August.

The larvae feed on Quercus species.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Catocala conversa.
Wikispecies has information related to Catocala conversa.
  * Fauna Europaea
  * Lepiforum e.V.
  * Kravchenko, V. D.; Müller, G.; Orlova, O. B.; Seplyarskaya, V. N. (2004). "The Catocalinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Israel" (PDF). Russian Entomological Journal. 13 (3): 175–186. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-19 – via Internet Archive.


Bossman (song)

For other songs, see Bossman.

"Bossman" is a song by Beenie Man released in 2003 as the second single from his sixteenth studio album Tropical Storm. The song was written by Sean Paul, Beenie Man and The Neptunes (who also produces the track), and features fellow dancehall artists Sean Paul and Lady Saw. It failed to chart on any of the Billboard charts, but it did manage to peak at #78 on the UK Singles Chart.

Music video

The official music video for the song was directed by Jeremy Rall.

Track listings

12" Vinyl
 1. "Bossman" (album version) – 4:05
 2. "Bossman" (instrumental) – 3:59
CD single - US
 1. "Bossman" (video edit clean) - 3:00
 2. "Bossman" (instrumental) - 3:59
 3. "Bad Girl" - 3:53
CD single - Europe
 1. "Bossman" (video edit clean) – 3:00
 2. "Bossman" (album version) – 4:05
 3. "Bossman" (instrumental) – 3:59

Charts

Chart (2003)      Peak
                  position
UK Singles Chart     78


Chvalkovice

Chvalkovice may refer to places in the Czech Republic:

  * Chvalkovice (Náchod District), a municipality and village in the Hradec Králové Region
  * Chvalkovice (Vyškov District), a municipality and village in the South Moravian Region
  * Chvalkovice, a village and part of Dešná (Jindřichův Hradec District) in the South Bohemian Region
  * Chvalkovice na Hané, a village and part of Ivanovice na Hané in the South Moravian Region


Luis de Aliaga Martínez

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Aliaga and the second or maternal family name is Martínez.

Luis de Aliaga Martínez (1560–1626) was the Grand Inquisitor of Spain from 1619 to 1621.

Luis de Aliaga Martínez was born in Mosqueruela in 1560, the son of a nobleman who nevertheless ran a cloth business. After he was orphaned, he entered the Dominican monastery in Zaragoza in 1582. He was invited to teach theology at the University of Zaragoza. However, he moved to the Dominican monastery in San Ildefonso instead in 1605.

In 1606, Father Javierre, who had been his prior at Zaragoza convinced him to come to Madrid as his assistant. On 6 December 1608 he was named confessor of Francisco Gómez de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Lerma, favourite of Philip III of Spain. Lerma soon had Aliaga appointed confessor to the king (a position that had previously been held by Diego Mardones, a member of the Franciscan Order, who became Bishop of Córdoba). In this influential position, Aliaga was a leading voice calling for the Expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609. The king offered to make him Archbishop of Toledo, but he refused.

Aliaga accepted the king's offer to name him Archimandrite of Sicily and a member of the Spanish Council of State. Although he was close to Lerma, in 1618, he played a role in Lerma's downfall. The new favourite, Cristóbal de Sandoval, Duke of Uceda had Aliaga named Grand Inquisitor of Spain in 1619.

When Philip III died in 1624, the new king, Philip IV of Spain removed Aliaga from office and ordered him exiled to Huete and later to Aragon.

He died in Zaragoza in 1626.

  * This page is based on this page on Spanish Wikipedia.


Helen Makower

Helen Makower (1 June 1910 in London – 17 May 1998 in Marlborough, Wiltshire) was a British economist. She was the daughter of the writer and music critic Stanley Makower.Newnham College, Cambridge (M.A. Oxon, inc. awarded 1938, and with a Ph.D. in Economics (London School of Economics and Political Science) 1937, she joined Jacob Marschak's Oxford Institute of Statistics before serving in Frederick Lindemann's S-Branch, Sir Winston Churchill's private economics and statistics service, during World War II. After the war, she served briefly with the British Control Commission in Germany and later with the United Nations, before returning to academia and the London School of Economics, where she retired as a Reader in 1977. Makower was at the forefront of the statistical turn in the British economics of the 1930s, and remained an influential figure after the war, acting as an important link between the mathematical economics developed at the Cowles Commission and British economics.

Works

  * Makower, Helen, Activity Analysis and the Theory of Economic Equilibrium (London : Macmillan 1957).
  * Lancaster, K. J. (1987), "Makower, Helen". In J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, and P. Newman, The New Palgrave, vol. 3, London: Macmillan, p. 280.


Elverum Church

Elverum Church (Norwegian: Elverum kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Elverum Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the town of Elverum. It is the church for the Elverum parish and the seat of the Sør-Østerdal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. The brown, wooden church was built in a cruciform design in 1738 using plans drawn up by the architect Nicolai Gustav Sandberg. The church seats about 700 people.

History

The first church in Elverum was a small, wooden stave church that was probably built during the 13th century. This church was located about 240 metres (790 ft) north of the present church, roughly on the same site as the town's triangular park. During the Northern Seven Years' War, the church was looted by the invading Swedish Army. After the war, the church gradually declined into disrepair. By the early 1700s, the church roof and windows were both leaking. Around Christmastime in 1729, Morten Leigh took over as the new parish priest in Elverum. He immediately set to work on organizing support for a new church to replace the old, dilapidated building.

In 1735, the parish hired Nicolai Gustav Sandberg to design a new church and hired Even Baardset as the lead builder. A new site was chosen for the new church–about 240 metres (790 ft) to the south of the old church site. The new site offered ample room for a church and graveyard. Construction began in 1736. The church was completed in 1737 and it was consecrated on 28 January 1738. The new building had room for 700 people.

In 1814, this church served as an election church (Norwegian: valgkirke).Norwegian Constituent Assembly which wrote the Constitution of Norway. This was Norway's first national elections. Each church parish was a constituency that elected people called "electors" who later met together in each county to elect the representatives for the assembly that was to meet in Eidsvoll later that year.


Elverum Church

In 1878, the church was extensively remodeled according to the tastes of the time using plans by Henrik Thrap-Meyer. The exterior of the church was painted white instead of the original brownish red color and the windows were replaced and made narrower. Inside, the log walls were paneled and painted white, the ceiling was raised. Almost all the old furniture was replaced, only the pulpit and the altarpiece itself were retained.

In the 1930s, there was a desire for a return to the original look of the building, however, this was difficult due to the fact that the old drawings were gone. The work was carried out in 1937-1938 under the leadership of Simen Øyen. The wall paneling was removed, uncovering the bare log walls. The old was tracked down to various places in the village and returned to the church. The windows were replaced and enlarged–regaining their original size. Also, the exterior walls were repainted. By the 1980s, the church structure was starting to sag in the corners and significant rot damage was found. In 1986, the church was closed for ten months for rehabilitation to fix the damage. Again in 2006, an extensive restoration project to again fix the structure of the building was carried out.

Media gallery

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  * List of churches in Hamar


Bogoumissi

Bogoumissi is a village in the Thion Department of Gnagna Province in eastern Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 920.


Ben Mowen

Ben Mowen (born 1 December 1984) is an Australian former professional rugby union player. He was the captain of the Australia national team ACT Brumbies team in Super Rugby.blindside flanker or number-eight.

Early life

Mowen was born in Brisbane and educated at Villanova College. He played for the Brisbane Easts club, and captained the Queensland under 19s. At the 2005 Under 21 Rugby World Championship he captained Australia to finish second.

Rugby career

Mowen made his Super Rugby debut in 2006 Super 14 season for the Queensland Reds against the Sharks.Waratahs in 2007, joining Randwick in the Shute Shield competition.

Late in the 2011 Super Rugby season Mowen was forced to leave the Waratahs to allow for Rocky Elsom's return from the Brumbies.Jake White at the Brumbies,Stephen Larkham stated that, after some doubts, Mowen had turned out to be one of the best leaders he has ever encountered.

Mowen made his Wallaby debut on 22 June 2013, against the British and Irish Lions in the position of blindside flanker. He maintained his spot in the team for the entire series. On 31 October 2013, he replaced James Horwill as captain of the Wallabies.

Mowen left Australia at the end of the 2014 Super Rugby season.

Reference list

  * Ben Mowen at the World Rugby Men's Sevens Series
  * Stats on It's Rugby
  * "Wallabies profile". rugby.com.au. Archived from the original on 7 February 2014


George Brouwer

George Brouwer is the most recent former Victorian Ombudsman.Office of Police Integrity.

Mr Brouwer was educated at Aloysius College (Netherlands), Xavier College (Victoria), University of Melbourne and Australian National University.

Mr Brouwer has the following qualifications:

  * Master of Laws (Australian National University)
  * Bachelor of Laws (University of Melbourne)
  * Bachelor of Arts (Hons) (University of Melbourne)
  * Graduate of the École Nationale d’Administration (Paris)
  * Barrister (Non-practising) (Supreme Court, NSW and ACT; High Court of Australia).

Mr Brouwer has over thirty years experience working in federal and state public service including head of statutory authorities and abroad giving him experience in public policy, strategic development, and change management at senior executive and chief executive levels.

Mr Brouwer has worked in the Commonwealth Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet under Harold Holt, John McEwen, William McMahon, John Gorton, Gough Whitlam and Malcolm Fraser.

At State level, Mr Brouwer has worked as Chief Executive in the Victorian Department of Premier and Cabinet under John Cain and Joan Kirner, and in the Department of Business and Employment under Jeff Kennett.


Kermeur Sandstone

The Kermeur Sandstone is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

  * List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France
  * Various Contributors to the Paleobiology Database. "Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database"


Ceratitis

Ceratitis is a genus of tephritid fruit flies with about 80 species.Ceratitis capitata, the Mediterranean fruit fly.

The genus contains several subgenera:

  * Acropteromma
  * Ceratalaspis
  * Hoplolophomyia
  * Pardalaspis
  * Pterandrus

Species

Subgenus Acropteromma

  * Ceratitis munroana (Bezzi)

Subgenus Ceratalaspis

  * Ceratitis aliena (Bezzi)
  * Ceratitis andranotobaka Hancock
  * Ceratitis antistictica Bezzi
  * Ceratitis argenteobrunnea Munro
  * Ceratitis brucei Munro
  * Ceratitis connexa (Bezzi)
  * Ceratitis contramedia (Munro)
  * Ceratitis cosyra (Walker)
  * Ceratitis discussa Munro
  * Ceratitis divaricata (Munro)
  * Ceratitis dumeti Munro
  * Ceratitis epixantha (Hering)
  * Ceratitis grahami Munro
  * Ceratitis guttiformis Munro
  * Ceratitis hancocki De Meyer
  * Ceratitis lentigera Munro
  * Ceratitis lineata (Hering)
  * Ceratitis lunata Munro
  * Ceratitis marriotti Munro
  * Ceratitis mlimaensis De Meyer
  * Ceratitis morstatti Bezzi
  * Ceratitis nana Munro
  * Ceratitis neostictica De Meyer
  * Ceratitis ovalis Munro
  * Ceratitis paradumeti De Meyer
  * Ceratitis quinaria (Bezzi)
  * Ceratitis scaevolae (Munro)
  * Ceratitis silvestrii Bezzi
  * Ceratitis simi Munro
  * Ceratitis stictica Bezzi
  * Ceratitis striatella (Munro)
  * Ceratitis sucini De Meyer
  * Ceratitis turneri (Munro)
  * Ceratitis venusta (Munro)

Subgenus Ceratitis

  * Ceratitis brachychaeta Freidberg
  * Ceratitis caetrata Munro
  * Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)
  * Ceratitis catoirii Guérin-Méneville
  * Ceratitis cornuta (Bezzi)
  * Ceratitis malgassa Munro
  * Ceratitis manjakatompo Hancock
  * Ceratitis pinax Munro


Ceratitis

Subgenus Hoplolophomyia

  * Ceratitis cristata (Bezzi)

Subgenus Pardalaspis

  * Ceratitis bremii Guérin-Méneville
  * Ceratitis cuthbertsoni (Munro)
  * Ceratitis ditissima (Munro)
  * Ceratitis edwardsi (Munro)
  * Ceratitis hamata De Meyer
  * Ceratitis munroi De Meyer
  * Ceratitis punctata (Wiedemann)
  * Ceratitis semipunctata De Meyer
  * Ceratitis serrata De Meyer
  * Ceratitis zairensis De Meyer

Subgenus Pterandrus

  * Ceratitis acicularis (Munro)
  * Ceratitis anonae Graham
  * Ceratitis bicincta Enderlein
  * Ceratitis chirinda (Hancock)
  * Ceratitis colae Silvestri
  * Ceratitis curvata (Munro)
  * Ceratitis faceta Enderlein
  * Ceratitis flexuosa (Walker)
  * Ceratitis fulicoides (Munro)
  * Ceratitis gravinotata (Munro)
  * Ceratitis inauratipes (Munro)
  * Ceratitis lepida (Munro)
  * Ceratitis lobata Munro
  * Ceratitis melanopus (Hering)
  * Ceratitis pedestris (Bezzi)
  * Ceratitis penicillata (Bigot)
  * Ceratitis pinnatifemur Enderlein
  * Ceratitis podocarpi (Bezzi)
  * Ceratitis querita (Munro)
  * Ceratitis rosa Karsch
  * Ceratitis roubaudi (Bezzi)
  * Ceratitis rubivora (Coquillett)
  * Ceratitis tananarivana Hancock
  * Ceratitis tripteris (Munro)

Subgenus unknown

  * Ceratitis fasciventris (Bezzi)

On the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site

  * Ceratitis capitata, Mediterranean fruit fly
  * Ceratitis cosyra, mango fruit fly
  * Ceratitis rosa, Natal fruit fly
  * Tephritid Workers Database


Borqeban

Barghban (Persian: برقبان, also Romanized as Barqebān, Barqebān, Barghebān, and Barqbān; also known as Bargheyān, Barghīān, Barqabeh, Borghbeh, Tabailak, and Varqabeh)Tabas Rural District, in the Central District of Khoshab County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,115, in 295 families.


Chuynli

Chuynli (Persian: چوينلي, also Romanized as Chūynlī; also known as Chūnlī, Chīvīlī, and Chooli)Dowlatkhaneh Rural District, Bajgiran District, Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 117, in 28 families.


Luis Zambrano

Luis Zambrano (Bailadores, May 1, 1901 - Tovar, August 15, 1990) was a self-taught inventor and mechanic from Mérida, Venezuela.

Biography

He left formal education after the fourth year of primary school, but soon began to develop an interest in mechanics, enjoying discovering for himself the speed ratios produced by connecting oranges of different diameters and rotating them by means of jets of water. These toys lead him to consider new challenges and discover of physical principles in practical ways.

In his Valle Nuevo workshop in the village of Mariño de Bailadores, he empirically and intuitively learned enough about electricity and mechanics to allow him to create about 50 inventions, some of which were commissions, such as a strawberry-peeling machine and a sieve for categorising garlic, and numerous improvements to various different machines, despite having lost his right hand to a saw in an accident in 1977.

He developed water turbines used to generate electricity and to move a carpenter's mechanical instruments such as a lathe or plane. His home was the first house in the area to have electric light, which was generated by a turbine of his own design before the national electric company CADAFE reached his village. For that reason, his hydraulic electricity generator plans were widely used in the villages and houses of the Andes.

In 1933, when electricity was installed in Bailadores, Zambrano had already built three electric sugar mills. In 1950 he installed a hydraulic turbine in Canaguá, which provided that community with electric light until 1.978. He also provided generators to other villages in Mérida, such as Mucuchachí, San José de Acequias, Río Negro and San Antonio de Estanques, among others.


Luis Zambrano

From 1975 Zambrano became known throughout the country due to the efforts of Fruto Vivas and Raúl Esteves Laprea, who created the Luis Zambrano Foundation in 1977 in order to spread the creativity and utility of this inventor's work. The Foundation aimed to stimulate local technology development, founding a school and workshop in Bailadores with everything that Zambrano needed to create and to teach young people in the zone, and creating the Luis Zambrano prize for technological inventiveness, awarded annually by the Ministry for People's Power in Science and Technology (MPPCT), previously known as the National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICIT)

In 1983 he was named patron of the 8th Graduating Class of Industrial Engineers of the National Experimental University of Táchira. In November 1984, the University of Los Andes awarded him the title of Doctor Honoris Causa "for his useful creative work", the first time that this award had been given to a country man. He was declared an illustrious son of Bailadores, and a street in this Méridan village is now named after him.

Inventions

Some of Zambrano's many inventions include:

  * Independent discovery of the relationship between the circumference and diameter of a circle, i.e. the value of pi.
  * A 600 amp generator used to solder 3/8 rods.
  * A large lathe with 13 different thread sizes.
  * A strawberry peeler.
  * A foundry with its own furnace.
  * 20 electricity-generating turbines used in villages, homes and estates to mill sugar cane and thresh coffee and other grains.
  * 5 coffee driers.
  * A machine used to dry sewage for fertilizer.
  * A dual effect turbine with 4 outputs with zero axial effect.
  * 3 forklift ropeways with turbines and a carrying-capacity of half a ton over half a mile.
  * A garlic sorting, cleaning and sifting machine, with a capacity of 1,400 kg per hour, which earned him public recognition from the City Council of Bailadores.
  * A bicycle-powered grinder for grains and bones.
  * A vertical drill adapted from a car engine.

Zambrano taught himself the basic principles and construction of hydraulic turbines and double-effect turbines, the transformation of motors from gasoline to gas-powered, the propulsion of aquatic vehicles, jet propulsion and the workings of combustion engines.