Tallinn Town Hall

Although the city administration worked in the town hall until 1970, it still holds the role of a representational building of the city administration and welcomes visitors as a concert venue and a museum where visitors can learn about the centuries-long historical and architectural value of the Tallinn Town Hall.UNESCO world Heritage Sites list since 1997.

In 2005, the Tallinn Town Hall received a high recognition – second prize in the category of conservation of Architectural Heritage for the revival of the last surviving Gothic Town Hall in Northern Europe and the exemplary revealing of all the historical layers of this icon of the great European tradition of municipal power. The prize was presented to Elvira Liiver Holmström, the director of Tallinn Town Hall by Queen Sofía of Spain at the European Heritage Awards Ceremony which was held on 27 June 2006 at the Palacio Real de El Pardo, Madrid. Europa Nostra medal was presented to Tallinn Town Hall at the ceremony on 15 September 2006 by Siim Kallas, Vice President of the European Commission, and Thomas Willoch, Europa Nostra board member.

In the 1870s, when the Town Hall was going through a renovation, the workers found behind a cabin, 14 woodboxes of old documents. They had not been opened for several centuries. The oldest document was from 1248. The 300 documents span from period 1200-1700 and are written in Latin, two kind of German languages and Swedish. The documents are about Tallinn's, then called Reval, history as well in general the history of the East-Sea Provinces. The documents was sorted by an appointed Commission by Filologs Christian Eduard Pabst, Rutzwurm and Gotthard von Hansen in six categories: the Danish King's Privileges for Reval, letters to a council Selhorst in Reval, and historic documents about the Swedish Town Visby.

Architecture

One of the gargoyles of the Tallinn town hall

Town Hall Square seen from the town hall tower.


Tallinn Town Hall

Town Hall Square seen from the town hall tower.

The town hall was initially a building where urban citizens held meetings. It was later used as a government building, a court and a place to introduce new goods. The building process of representational town halls started in the 12th century. Usually they were built in the centre of the town, near the market square. The Lübeck Town Hall (13th–14th century), the Venetian Doge's Palace (started in the first half of the 14th century), the Town Hall of Narva, Estonia (built at the end of the 17th century, restored in 1963) and of course the Tallinn Town Hall

The town hall is built out of grey limestone and the roof out of clay roof tiles.diele-dornse (vestibule and a rear) spatial system of distribution emerged. According to the results of field studies, it can be said that the oldest town hall building covered the current town hall's western part and the south wall of the current arcade faced the market square.

In 1346, the king of Denmark ceded the power in Estonia to the Teutonic Order.Hanseatic city, Tallinn gained the right to control the eastern trade having the so-called right as a stockpile area. The fast growth of trading and prosperity determined the need for new rooms and a presentable appearance for the town hall.

The oldest, eastern part of the building was extended from 1371 to 1374 towards the west. This building with the current length did not differ much from a big citizen's house. The building got its exterior in 1402–04, with the rebuilding led by stonemason Ghercke, which has been preserved in the key features to the present day.

A salient octahedral tower, which is mostly built into the building and leans on the wall, rises from the building's eastern gable. It was built in 1627–28 by G. Graff. It has a three-piece baroque spire with open galleries. The tower is 64 metres high. The spire was built in 1627, but obtained its final shape in 1781 and was also reconstructed in this shape in 1952 after its destruction during World War II (architect A. Kukkur).Late Renaissance style.


Tallinn Town Hall

Decorative details are a crenelated battlement that acts as a stronghold, the "Old Thomas" (Vana Toomas) on top of the tower (the copy of the original from 1530 is in the Tallinn City Museum (Linnamuuseum)), vane with three eggs, that are held by the simple rock lion and gargoyles decorated with the heads of dragons on the western gable. The Old Thomas is wearing the clothing of a 16th-century city guard. He can be named the symbol of Tallinn and there are even poems dedicated to him. The Old Thomas is holding a flag that has 1996 written on it.

An open arcade gearannexes on the western side of the building were established at the end of the 18th century. The main façade's windows were also repeatedly changed; in the 18th century they were quadrangular.torture chamber and wine cellar were located on the first floor. In the Middle Ages, there was a court on the second floor and in addition a coffer, a room for keeping accounts, representative hall for citizens, town hall parlour (raesaal) and town hall kitchen (raeköök).

The massive façade supporting on the open sharp arcade gear is split into groups by narrow quadrangular windows, which are a bit bigger than those of regular houses.kämmerei); the single-nave town hall room, which was the hall meetings room for the town hall lords; and a two-nave citizens' hall.Church of the Holy Ghost and a rear parapet on the façade's cornice line refer to the indirect contacts with the sub-Rhineland building art.

The main façade is decorated by a defensive parapet and dragon head-shaped gargoyles. It is pervaded by an arcade, which consists of nine arcs and is the length of almost the whole building. In addition, the façade is supported by eight pillars.pillory. Criminals were chained to it to display them to the townspeople, so that they could dishonor and mock them.


Tallinn Town Hall

The fiber of the first floor's western side is similar to the cellar under it – its edgeline vault is carried by four low tetrahedral pillars. In the Middle Ages there was supposedly a so-called trade hall here where new goods were introduced and bargains were made. The room on the eastern side from the trade hall, whose vaults lean on identical tetrahedral pillars, was a torture chamber in the Middle Ages. The room was connected by the staircases built in the northern wall, with the parlour of the Town Hall on the second floor where a court was located. From the two eastern rooms, the one in the south was a coffer, from which there was access to the second floor in the accounting room (kämmerei) by the staircases located in the city wall. As a treasury, the room located in the north is also covered with a barrel vault. This room's city wall held an oven (kalorifeer) before, to heat the parlour with warm air.

The most interesting rooms of the main storey are a festive citizen's hall with six vaults and the town hall parlour in the east. The so-called citizens' hall on the second floor in the west, which is 16.2 metres long and 12 metres wide, is a 7.5 metre-high room with two vaults. The room is supported by two octahedral pillars typical to the 16th-century architecture. The room is covered by a low octahedral groin vault, which is allocated by a three-piece belt arc (vööndkaar). In the southeast corner of the town hall is a shaft, which pervades all of the floors, used to be a lavatory (profatt)

Citizens' Hall

The Citizens' Hall in 2012

The big hall in the town hall is called the Citizens' Hall.impost is architectural motive of consoles, that originates from the Cistercian architecture and often appears later in Tallinn's architecture.Arched ceilings were rarely seen elsewhere than in churches, monasteries and fortresses. In dwelling houses were usually built wooden ceilings.


Tallinn Town Hall

Nine windows make the room very light, the slender Cistercian-influenced pillars on which the arched ceiling supports, add more wideness to the room. The two-vaulted room is separated with seven consoles into six bays of vault. In the Middle Ages, the floor was laid with special-sized limestone slabs; nowadays they are uniform.

Consoles and pillars are covered with a three-coloured herringbone pattern. They were restored on the example of the westward remained pillar fragment. At completion, the Citizens' Hall was supposedly not as spacious as it is now. Visually the room was straightened by the paintings of grapevines, that probably covered the walls and the ceiling.lavatories (profatt)Estonian: raesaal). Above the portal is a niche whose initial content is unknown. Since 1561 an admonition plaque in Latin for aldermen has stood in the niche. On the walls of the Citizens' Hall are tapestries which were ordered from Enghien, the Netherlands, and which depict scenes from King Solomon's life.

Parlour

The closets on the first floor in the Town Hall

The profile of the arc, consisting of two strong sharp-clear edge toruses, is repeated variably also in the two-vaulted parlour of the town hall that is behind the citizens' hall. Low-relief keystones in the vaulted ceiling in the parlour are one of the first examples of the low embossing style that is representative of the local late Gothic period. The parlour (raesaal) is the most important room of the town hall. The aldermen held meetings and carried the votes there.cocklestove, standing in the corner, appeared several centuries later.

Parlour of the Tallinn Town Hall in 2009


Tallinn Town Hall

Parlour of the Tallinn Town Hall in 2009

Two money closets were immured in the walls of the parlour. The closets' oak doors (oak is a very durable tree) have tinned iron hinges. These doors could have been locked because documents, money and other valuables were kept there. The town council had a town clerk position, whose task was to mark important things in documents and who, besides having beautiful handwriting, also had a good education. The accounting room, called kämmerei can be called the Ministry of Finance. An account of all the town's income and expenses was kept there. The treasury could be accessed only through the kämmerei. Treasured pewter, silverware, and other large-dimension treasures that did not fit in the closets of the parlour were stored there.

Other rooms

The basement and the ground floors rooms (wine cellar and trade hall) are covered by simple circular groin vaults, which support on the tetrahedral pillars. The building was restored from 1971 to 1975 (T. Böckler, L. Pärtelpoeg, U. Umberg).

Architectural self-awareness

The architectural model of the Tallinn Town Hall is not directly taken from somewhere else. It gained its shape on the basis of local long-term processing experience, architectural tradition and the masters' job skills. Some external influences obtained a unique interpretation in Tallinn, shaping the forms of architecture in their own ways and making it unparalleled.

The masters of Tallinn had to know the public buildings of Italy, which the arcade gear shows.sublimity are all intertwined with each other and reflected there.

Surprisingly in the compact corpus of the building, which architectural character's final determinants are constructive monumental forms, that were chosen with strict simplicity, have numerously found their places as another types of rooms with different functions besides the big halls. As the oldest and the most unusual European town hall and Tallinn's first big building of secular architecture, it impersonates the concentrated wealth and self-awareness of a Hanseatic town that has grown strong.

Construction history


Tallinn Town Hall

Construction history

Studies of the construction have proved that the town hall was located at the same place in the 13th century. The 600-year-old building was built upon the old town hall's brickwork.consistorium) and a basement (cellarium civitatis) is mentioned in 1322. As the town grew richer and more powerful, it was rebuilt. At the end of the 14th century, the building was as tall as it is now, but it was narrow and without the tower. Only the arcade-gear, which differed from the current one, referred to the fact that it was not an ordinary dwelling house.

By the 14th century, Tallinn (old name: Reval) developed into one of the most important intermediate ports of the Hanseatic trade road between Europe and Russia. The 15th century was the heyday of the Hanseatic city Tallinn, when the city was largely rebuilt thanks to the profits from trade. The central article that made its way from Europe through Tallinn to Russia, was salt. Salt was followed by fabrics and herring. Metals, wine and spices were also important. Although some of the things mentioned stayed at the local market, most of it went on to Russia. Crops were the most important from the goods taken from Tallinn to the west. Rye, wood, flax and limestone were from Livonia. Most building monuments that have remained to this day, come from the 15th century: Middle Age merchant houses, churches, guild halls and including the town hall.


Tallinn Town Hall

The major work began at the beginning of the 15th century. The town council celebrated Easter of 1402 in the old building. The construction started right after the holidays. The leading master of the building was probably stonemason Ghercke. It is possible that the leading masters, including Ghercke, came from downtown Toompea, where extensive works had ended in the last quarter of the 14th century in the fortress, the circular wall of Great Toompea and in the cathedral (toomkirik). 600 logs, 581 balks, 46 pairs of girders and 107 burdens of stone were brought to the construction site. The stones were brought from Lasnamäe, where a stonemasons village was located. The names of the carriers have been documented. Crude stones were brought for the bricklaying, but some of the details had to be made of cut stone. The main construction – foundations, walls and vaults – was built out of limestone brought from the limestone plateau, limestone brought from stone pits near the city and all put together using lime mortar. In 1403, the stones were cut and an arcade, pillars supporting the vaults, window jambs, etc. were built.Tallinna Toomkirik) was used as an example.Rigan mark weighed 207.8 g of silver).

Tallinn Town Hall during the Christmas

The construction work was finished at the end of 1404. The masters who had placed the tiles, glazed the windows and cleaned up the debris, got their salaries. The town council celebrated Christmas in a new building. The construction had lasted for two and a half years. The builders worked only in summer.

The construction works continued later: the roof and a tower were repaired, the windowpanes and staircases were changed and the ovens were set.Linnamuuseum)). Heinrich Hartmann, who was from a well-known molder family, prepared a bell for the town hall at the end of the 16th century. In the 17th century the town hall got a new spire that was made by master builder Greiger Graff.

Tallinn Town Hall's bell


Tallinn Town Hall

Tallinn Town Hall's bell

The sharp Gothic spire was replaced with a current spire in a Late Renaissance style in 1627–1629. "It can be said by the bricks with one sign, that several of the façade works, the repairs of the tower’s console and gable, the installation of new decorative gargoyles and the works of the interior, were done in the same time or at least solidly," architect Teddy Böckler said. "Apparently, the partitions were built in the grand hall between the pillars and the bulkhead at the height of the consoles, between the years 1630 and 1650. The fireplaces were built to heat these small rooms.rain deflectors that would reach the ground. The dragon-headed gargoyles from stone or iron were on the eaves instead of these. They had to lead the water away from the building. The coppersmith Daniel Pöppel hammered dragon-headed gargoyles from the copper-plates simultaneously with finishing the tower.

In 1652–1652, the main entrance of the town hall was rebuilt and transferred to the central part of the building, which is characteristic of Baroque architecture. The main portal was closed. The arcade and the windows of the basement and the first floor, which revealed the originality and representation of the town hall, were walled up. The citizens' hall was divided into two floors and was divided into separate rooms. In 1860, the quadrangular windows were built ogival.

In 1944, the spire of the town hall burst into flames and was destroyed in the bombing of Tallinn in the World War II. This was the push to renovation after the war. The restorations were extensive. The tower was restored in 1952. In 1959–1960, the arcade was opened again and the traces of reconstructions from the previous century were removed. In 1971–1975 (architect Teddy Böckler, interior decorators Leila Pärtelpoeg and Udo Umberg), the walls and ceilings that had been built later were demolished and the town hall was constructed into a representative institution of Tallinn.


Tallinn Town Hall

The tower's wooden structure that had been restored in 195, was partly rotten by 1996 and the tin coating was broken. So, the spire and the Old Thomas with a symbolic meaning were both replaced. The Old Thomas could have fallen down in case of a bigger storm. The works began in the beginning of 1996, when the needed details were prepared in Albu parish. The parts of the tower were transported to Tallinn in June – the assembly and covering with copper tiles had already begun. It took 1.4 tonnes of copper plates to cover the wooden structure of the tower. In the last week of work on Wednesday, the tower's parts were put together and initially, the Old Thomas was placed on the tower next to the town hall tower. The old tower had to be strengthened so that it would not decay during the work. The upper part was raised at 8:45 a.m. Initially the work was planned to be finished at 3:00 p.m but was delayed until night. The wind rose and when only the last part of the tower was left to be raised, there was a risk that the wind would disturb the work. Finally, at 7:00 p.m., the last part of the tower was taken to its place. The tower's construction and placement were worked out by the project office Sille, engineer Danil. Plans were carried out by AS Stinger, led by Voldemar Metsaallik. The spire was put up with the help of Pekkaniska aerial platform.

During the restorations in 1970, one huge medieval hall was restored. It had been rebuilt as smaller chambers for over 300 years. The ovens' two foot chimneys that were built to heat the chambers were demolished from the hall to the vaulted ceiling. The hole in the vaulted ceiling that was hacked there in the 17th century was covered with a plastered wooden base hanging on the ropes.


Tallinn Town Hall

In 1996, the Old Thomas might have lost his sword when the old tower was lifted down. The Old Thomas' fastenings were almost completely unfixed and the water dripped from the tower sphere underneath the vane. Apparently, the sword could have fallen down with a storm on the town hall's roof or ended up in the house of a souvenir collector. In Tõnu Lauk's opinion,gilded. The light-green vane is allegedly exactly the same as the original. grams of golden plates for all of this. The change occurred in 1992 from architect Böckler from AS Vana Tallinn. He stated that complete gilding was not common before. The first Old Thomas from the year 1530 was also partly gilded. The original of Old Thomas and the dragon-head-shaped gargoyles that are also partly gilded confirm that saying.

The spire had lost its initial shape until that time because of the many restoration projects over the years. The current tower is more like the Niguliste church. It is more slim so that there is no room to move in the external balcony. The current spire is more characteristic of the 17th century Late Renaissance period. Until the construction works in autumn, the spire was red but then it was coloured green. Reconstructing the tower cost the city administration 1.8 million crowns in the old currency (Estonian crowns). The money was taken from the town's budget.

Tallinn Town Hall's attic was cleaned in 2002 and 2003. The construction company demolished the chimney to "the level of the attic floor" that had emerged from the rubbish that had accumulated in the vaults. The people undertaking the demolition did not dig through it themselves. tonnes/70 truckloads of rubbish were carried out from the vault's top. The vast majority was the ground that filled the gaps between arch domes and which historically fulfilled the role of heating. More than 300 findings were found during the excavation, among them were unique documents and things. During the past ten years – died 8 December 2005), was Tallinn Town Hall's restoration architect from 1959 until the last restoration phase that was finished according to his project in 2006.


Tallinn Town Hall

Most of the elements of the interior decor were not thrown away as the town hall's architect back then – Böckler – thought that they were a nice, complete and dignified part of the interior. In addition to the citizen's hall furniture, carbon black polyester lacquer partition doors called piano doors, which were very fashionable at the time and are in harmony with the other black elements of the interior, remained. The director of the town hall, Elviira Liiver Holmström, said that in addition to being restored, the town hall was partly reconstructed. Because of this, the town hall kitchen got back its casing pipe, which was once demolished. The chimney is partly a stairway where a spiral staircase leads to the attic. The attic was cleaned of dust and renovated and has become a museum and place for exhibitions.

In 2003, on 17 April, a huge piece of chimney from the 17th century that had been found while excavating the layer of rubbish in the attic fell through the big hall's ceiling; the hall was closed to events until 5 May. According to Böckler, the human-height piece from the fireplace stayed untouched during the restoration works in the 1970s. Two-metre high parts on the foot chimney were cleaned during the excavation of the Town Hall's attic. The brick lost its support from friction and relied on the wooden cover of the vaulted ceiling, of which the rope broke at night. At the moment of the accident, there were no people in the room.

In 2008, a medieval well and different models were found under the floor. The accounting room located on the second floor that had been the aldermen's workroom – and from the end of the 19th century until the 1970s the mayor's cabinet – was innovated in the same year. Tallies from the 16th and 17th century were copied, the copies were exhibited and the whole room was redesigned.


Tallinn Town Hall

In 2009, Tallinn Town Hall underwent repairs for two months from February to March and the building was closed. Major repairs were planned. Initially there were plans to make floor repairs and large renovations. Floor tiles from dolomite were planned to be replaced with limestone. In addition to excavation, an underground drainage was planned to be opened to examine its condition; in addition, the expected findings were intended to be exhibited. Due to the lack of money, the scale of the project declined. Repairs were done in the basement hall, but events were not held in the upper hall due to the construction dust and noise. The walls of the ceiling had become friable to the touch and had started to decay. The ceiling in the basement was cleaned from the hatched and dirty latex colour and whitewashed. In addition, repairs were made in the staff room, which was given new furniture and lighting, as the rooms were too dim before the repairs.

Tower

The town hall tower was built along with the town hall in 1402–1404. In the beginning, the tower had a gothic style pyramidal spire, which was replaced in 1627 by a renaissance-shaped spire (height 26 metres). The height of the tower starting from the lower part of the arcade is 64 metres.

The tower of the town hall

It is possible to climb up into the Town Hall tower and see the old town from a completely different angle. It is not possible to get to the tower's dome edge where the borders can be seen, but the first windows can still be reached (exactly to the tower's clock). Half of the windows have metal nets in front of them; the others have bars. The staircase leading up is steep, but as the tower is not very high, it is not a problem.

Writings about the tower's history can be seen. The narrow staircase allows only one guest to come and go. So, getting from one side to the other is not very simple, however the stair bays sometimes give the opportunity to let faster people pass. The staircase leading to the tower has 115 stairs. metres above the ground.

Old Thomas

The Old Thomas, who was made in 1530 (2009)


Tallinn Town Hall

The Old Thomas, who was made in 1530 (2009)

The Old Thomas (Estonian: Vana Toomas) figure is an important symbol of Tallinn. The first vane depicting the famous soldier was placed on the top of the town hall in 1530. Arguably, the model for the vane was a peasant. As a young boy, he became famous for winning the crossbow competition held by the Baltic German elite, where a colorful wooden parrot placed on the top of a post was shot down. He was the only one to shoot it down after a long competition. As his post-natal status did not actually allow him to compete, he did not get the prize. Instead, thanks to the Mayor, he received the eternal glory of being a city guard. The brave war servant stayed on guard until 1944 when the tower burst into flames in a bomb attack in March. In 1952, the burned spire was restored and a copy of the Old Thomas was installed. The original, the Old Thomas from 1530, is now in the ancient basement of the town hall.

Interior

Tapestries

In 1547, the Tallinn town council ordered arrases and bench tapestries. The tapestries were knitted using dyed wool with natural textile colors. They were made in the Netherlands in the city of Enghien. The details of the story of King Solomon are depicted in the tapestries. On each one there are three Tallinn coats of arms as an identification of the client and the year the tapestry was made (1547) is written above the coat of arms. Since 1937, these tapestries have belonged to the Tallinn City Museum. There are copies in the Tallinn Town Hall.

Detail of the tapestry woven in 1547 for Tallinn Town Hall / Life of King Solomon

The nine-metre original of the Tallinn tapestries is kept in the Tallinn City Museum textile warehouse. The tapestries, which are five and a half centuries old,Oxford, England by a company named Hines of Oxford for the 600th birthday of the Tallinn Town Hall. The tapestry-making was directed by photographs and unfaded wool samples taken from the back of the carpet.


Tallinn Town Hall

Göran Bo Hellers, a professor at the Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden, looked at the tapestry woven in the Netherlands in 1547 and found that a medieval political message is hidden in it, which invites Tallinn to join Europe. He thinks that the message in the tapestries invites Estonia to a Catholic state and under the central power of Brussels. Five hundred years before that happened, Karl V tried to connect different parts of Europe into a unitary Europe. He tried to become the ruler of the united Europe and the pictures depicted on the tapestries propagate that in 1547. The ancient King Solomon could represent Karl V himself, the emperor of Holy Roman Empire. The Netherlands, the country where the original tapestries were made, belonged to Catholic Emperor Karl at that time. Tallinn had become Lutheran during the Reformation. Five and a half centuries later the dream of Karl V came true. Despite some minor disagreements, Europe is more united than ever and Estonia is again a part of Europe.

The seven colorful tapestries that decorate the main building in Tallinn were ordered from the Netherlands by the alderman Arent Pakebusch, who had prepaid 150 marka. After finishing the tapestries in 1548, he paid 341.5 marka and 4 killings. Two eight-metre-long tapestries depict Israel's king and a country gold-coverer Solomon's stories about his life from the Old Testament.

Five shorter tapestries depict colorful plant ornaments. The tapestries were brought into the parlour of the Town Hall only in very solemn cases. The tapestry brought the room to life and made the walls, which act as wind baffle plates, warmer. Tallinn Town Hall ordered the medieval tapestries' copies from an Oxford company, Hines of Oxford.


Tallinn Town Hall

According to the words of Elvira Liiver, it is a miracle that the tapestries have survived. In the 20th century, there were two occasions when Tallinn almost lost its valuable tapestries. In 1909, the city administration had very many Estonians in it despite Estonia belonging to the Russian empire. City commissioner and businessman Albert Koba wanted to sell the tapestries and build a school or a hospital with the money. The community stepped forward. Very many articles were published, even in the newspapers of Riga and Saint Petersburg. With the help of public pressure, the tapestries were not sold. During the First World War, the famous tapestries were taken in sealed boxes to Moscow to be safely hidden away for the duration of the war. They could easily have stayed there, as did the assets of the University of Tartu. Politician Jaan Poska managed to obtain the return of the tapestries, along with other valuables from Russia, with the Treaty of Tartu (Tartu Rahu). The tapestries have been the property of the City Museum (Linnamuuseum) since 1937.

The Town Council

The coat of arms on the wall of the Tallinn town hall

The Danish king Erik IV affirmed Lübeck's city right to Tallinn in 1248, based on which the Town Council that started working in the Town Hall was chosen from Hanseatic merchants. Through this step, Tallinn stepped into the European juridical space. The town council worked in the Town Hall until 1970. Until now the building on municipal property has functioned as a historical representative building.

One of the most important privileges of the free town was to create a town council/magistrate. The magistrate's task was to "observe the town's benefit and wealth". The town hall declared the law, made bargains, and had its own stamp; the town hall also minted money, appointed people to positions, looked after discipline and trade in the whole town, disposed of the property of the town, conducted the town's security, organized the building of insurance and keeping the military forces, held the court, and looked after the completion of judgements.

The town council paid attention to citizens' households and appearance and accepted clothing ordinance.poods (Estonian: puuda) of golden jewelry a jeweler's wife could wear.


Tallinn Town Hall

The town council's task was to represent the town in the international arena – contracts with foreign rulers and cities, fulfilling obligations as a member of the Hanseatic League and taking part in Hanseatic Days (German: Hansetage), holding trade negotiations, the defence of citizens' rights abroad, securing town justice and discipline and maintaining the town's defence capacity, accounting for the town's real estate, civil charges and collecting other taxes, and partial accounting for churches' income and expenses, etc.

The Town Council kept invoice-, annuity-, land and citizens' books, maintained correspondence with other inland and foreign authorities, and examined citizens' applications and complaints. The town council was thus the highest power of the town.

At first only the aldermen were chosen to be the members of the town council – they were the advisers who were chosen from the merchants. The number of the aldermen was not permanent; at the end of the 16th century there were 14. Usually the number of the aldermen fluctuated from 19 to 25.

The aldermen were led by four burgermeisters. At the latest, from the mid-16th century a city lawyer was also a member of the town council. In addition, the employees were in town council service, and they were not part of the town council; these included a writer, a servant of the court, a caretaker, and others.

The town council meetings were usually held in the town hall, in the writer's room near the market square (Town Hall square) or in the Church of the Holy Spirit that was also used for common services.

The town council operated in two shifts: only half of the council's members served at once, who formed a so-called sitting town council (German: sitzender Rat). The half that was not currently serving was called an "old" or "resting" town council (German: alter Rat). As initially the alderman post was an honorary post, they had the free year to organize their own lives and business. Still the "old town council's" members took part in very important decisions or filled the most important public jobs, for example, bill accountant (kemmerer, Kämmerer) or warden of the Pühavaimu shelter for lepers.


Tallinn Town Hall

From the 13th century the chairmen were two burgermeisters and the number of aldermen fluctuated from 19 to 25. Members of the town council were only merchants with an irreproachable reputation. The aldermen's posts were lifelong. Aldermen had to be born from a legal marriage and they had to own real estate within Tallinn's borders, but they were not allowed to earn a living by handicraft, i.e. they were required to be merchants.

To avoid the misuse of power, brothers, fathers and sons could not be elected to the town council at the same time; relatives were not allowed to participate in or stay for the elections.St. Thomas’ Day, 20 December. (This might be the reason why the town hall's vane is named the Old Thomas).

Every free town was allowed to mint coins. Coinage took place only when the town council ordered it. The town had its own coin craftsman and a coin chamber. In the Middle Ages, paper money was unknown and only coins were in use. Every coin was worth as much as the metal in it.

The Town Council as the symbol of an independent city

The change of the squire did not necessarily bring any important changes for the town council. A separate chapter of the history of the municipality of Tallinn is the so-called vicegerency time, when the empress Katherine II temporarily replaced the town council as the city administration with the city duma with her city law in 1785 – the so-called charter to cities. The former rights of the town council were restored by emperor Paul I.

A breakthrough in the history of the municipality of Tallinn started in 1877 on 26 March, when the general Russian city law of 1870 was validated in the Baltic cities with the ukase of emperor Alexander II. The town council was replaced by an elective council (duma) and the city agency (uprava). The duma also chose the mayor. The first elections of the Tallinn duma took place on 24 and 25 November 1877. The first meeting of the new duma was on 22 December 1877; Oscar Arthur von Riesemann was chosen to be the first mayor in this meeting. The town council only remained as a judicial authority.


Tallinn Town Hall

On 9 July 1889 the Russian court act of 1864 inured and the Tallinn town council was eliminated. The last festal meeting of the town council was held on 17 November 1889.

The town council is a shorter form of the magistrate. The magistrate was a council that led independent cities during the Middle Ages. The time of the development of the town council is not known. It could have been in the 1230s, when Danish, German, Scandinavian and Slavic craftsmen and merchants started to gather in the already-existing Estonian settlement. The Tallinn town council was mentioned for the first time in the record given by Erik IV on 15 May 1248, which validated Tallinn's right to use the Lübeck law. The rights of Lübeck's citizens were an example. From that time on, the Tallinn town council remained the leading institution of almost all of the fields of the city for six and a half centuries.

The victory of such independent cities was an important step at that time which meant that the city was free from the power of the king and the feudal lords.

Each year, the town council extradited its own regulations and orders (Bursprake, Willküre) supporting on the Lübeck law, which were publicly announced to the citizens.Great Guild. The fact that both the town council and the Great Guild used the same image on their coat of arms – a white cross on a red background – refers to their close relations. The members of the town council were elected to a lifelong position, but after a certain amount of time they were allowed to disconnect themselves from their duties so as to develop their businesses. In August 1255, the rights of Tallinn were revalidated, a month after the first Codex of Tallinn was put together, which had 99 articles in it. Fourteen parchment pages have remained from the codex (the 15th is ruined, but the text has copied itself on the clean 16th page).

Regulation from 22 January 1525


Tallinn Town Hall

Regulation from 22 January 1525

"In the year 1525, on a Sunday after the day of Fabianus and Sebastianus, the honorable Town Council let everybody and anyone, who were connected to this city, both clergymen and seculars, to strongly ask and announce that if anyone has any property such as gold, money and other valuables, silver forging, odds-and ends, seals, historical records, or any other wealth, that belongs to the Black brother's monastery and has been gotten from the monks in there as a deposit or in any other way or kept by self, the honorable Town Council must know about this at once and it must be given to them. Otherwise everything that is found from anybody or that is arrested, is considered to be stolen and according to this, the hider of this wealth is not left unpunished."

The regulation of the town council cited above contains, in a combined manuscript, earlier parts which were written in the early 16th century and later parts from the 1550s. In addition, there exist transcripts whose original versions originate from the beginning of the 15th century. The basic part volume contains different craftsmen constitutions including different versions about painters, spinners, stonemasons, smiths, goldsmiths, bakers, sadlers, butchers, teamsters, furriers and cobblers constitutions from the 15–16th centuries.Reformation regarding reorganizations of church life in 1524 and 1525. The important part of what is known about the town hall actions is connected to the Reformation – for example, new church management, demands to return church property stolen due to iconoclasm, and in this context, awareness of the existence the iconoclastic movement itself generally originates from this archival document.


Tallinn Town Hall

A regulation on 22 January 1525 was driven by the fact that dissolution of the fraternity of the Ministerial Brothers of Tallinn did not help to regain the important part of the fraternity's property, because the brothers had hidden more valuable moveables and documents largely near Harju and Viru vassals, but also partly in the houses of citizens. After the dissolution of the fraternity on 12 January 1525, the management of the abbey (prior Augustinus Emsinckhoff, lecturer and subprior Thomas de Reken and procurator David Sliper) was taken into custody to force them to reveal information about the location of the abbey's treasure and privileges. The reports of all three have remained, but are not dated. Judging from the hints that can be found in these letters about the negotiations between the procurator and prior about the issue of treasure, the reports were compiled probably after issuing the town council regulation.

At the time of issuing the regulation, it was probably known the houses of Tallinn's citizens contained the property; its exact location was apparently unknown. It cannot be excluded that the town hall had more complete details or at least assumptions about the concealer; however, unwilling to use force, they initially attempted to seize the property voluntarily. Interesting is the wording of the regulation. Firstly, it is remarkable that the regulation does not refer to the citizens or inhabitants, but to everyone connected to the town.

As it was said, the Dominicans did not only store their property in the houses of Tallinn's inhabitants; the town hall could have had information about it (the penalization of the people living outside of the town was a juridical problem for the town hall). Appealing to the clergy as well as to laypeople was a formality of the stronghold of the elite in that time because the prosecution of clergymen was very doubtful in a Catholic town.

Some expressions that concern the distribution of the brothers' property are with a certain content – any remaining medieval acts from Tallinn do not describe such a procedure. It is possible that a more universal civil right was used.

There are no facts about the results of agitation. It can be assumed that nothing important was achieved – there are no longer inventories of the abbey's property among the town hall's documents and the conventory's

Watch guard


Tallinn Town Hall

Watch guard

The Tallinn Town Hall had its own watch guard. The guards kept order in the town, but also observed whether the enemy was approaching the city or if a fire had broken out from the tower. When a disaster endangered the city, the alarm was raised on the clock balcony. The creator of the alarm clock, which dates back to the year 1586, is Tallinn artillery craftsman Hinrik Hartmann. There is writing on the lower edge of the clock stating Au olgu jumalale kõrges. Issanda aastal 1586. Igaüks hoidku oma tuld ja lõket, et sest linnale mingit kahju ei tekiks. The meaning of this is: "Glory to God in the highest. Year 1586 of our Lord. Everyone should keep their own fire and bonfire so as not to cause any harm to the city." Until the 20th century, the clapper of the alarm was pulled from the rope on the hour according to the number of hours. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the chimes have been struck by a clock which is located on the town hall's façade, with the help of an electronic system.

The March 1944 bombing of Tallinn in World War II

Main article: Bombing of Tallinn in World War II

Tallinn had already experienced several air raids, but in 1944, 8,000 buildings, allegedly a third of the capital of Estonia and about 50% of its housing,bombings of 9 and 10 March. A medieval weighing house along with many other buildings was destroyed by a bomb hitting the Town Hall Square.

The air raid started unexpectedly in the evening at 7:15 p.m. and its first wave lasted until 9:25 p.m. At 1:00 a.m.a second wave of bombers arrived in the city and the bombs kept on falling until half past three in the morning. About 280 of the Red Army's bombers took part in both of the air raids. A massive number of explosive, incendiary and phosphorus bombs were dropped on the city. The spire of the Tallinn Town Hall burst into flames in the first air raid.


Tallinn Town Hall

* Vanalinn (Tallinn's Old town)
  * Old Thomas, a weather vane on top of the spire of Tallinn Town Hall
  * Town Hall Square, Tallinn
  * List of city and town halls
  * Architecture of Estonia
  * Bombing of Tallinn in World War II
  * Toompea
  * Lübeck law
  * Hanseatic League
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tallinn Town Hall.
  * Tourist information about the Tallinn town hall
  * Tallinn town hall in Estonica - encyklopedia about Estonia

59°26′13.53″N 24°44′43.69″E / 59.4370917°N 24.7454694°E


List of hospitals in Paraguay

This is a list of hospitals in Paraguay.

Asunción

  * Centro Médico Bautista
  * Centro Medico La Costa
  * Centro Médico Pro-Med
  * Cruz Roja Paraguaya
  * Hospital Adjunto de la UNA
  * Hospital General Barrio Obrero
  * Hospital Central de las FF.AA.
  * Hospital de Clínicas
  * Hospital de Tuberculosis
  * Hospital Privado Francés
  * Hospital Materno Infantil
  * Hospital Militar Central
  * Hospital Neuropsiquiátrico
  * Hospital San Jorge
  * Hospital San Pablo
  * Instituto de Medicina Tropical
  * Instituto de Previsión Social (IPS)
  * Policlínico Policial Rigoberto Caballero
  * Sanatorio Adventista
  * Sanatorio Americano
  * Sanatorio Español
  * Sanatorio Italiano
  * Sanatorio Migone-Battilana
  * Sanatorio Professor Doctor Juan Max Boettner
  * Sanatorio Santa Clara
  * Sanatorio San Roque

Ciudad del Este

  * Hospital Itaipú
  * Hospital Luz y Vida
  * Hospital Regional de Ciudad del Este
  * Sanatorio Central
  * Sanatorio Internacional
  * Sanatorio Sagrada Familia
  * IPS

Encarnación

  * Hospital Pediátrico Municipal
  * Hospital Regional
  * Hospital Tajy
  * Sanatorio la Trinidad
  * IPS

San Ignacio

  * Centro Materno Infantil SOS Hermann Gmeiner
  * Clínica Privada San Luis
  * Clínica Privada San Roque
  * Hospital Distrital de San Ignacio
  * IPS

San Lorenzo

  * Hospital Materno Infantil de San Lorenzo
  * Clínica Centromed

Itauguá

  * Hospital Nacional de Itauguá


Krishna Ahooja-Patel

Krishna Ahooja-Patel (March 15, 1929 in Amritsar, India – December 27, 2018 near Ottawa, Canada) was an Indian trade unionist, women's rights activist, journalist, and pacifist who worked in various organizations such as the United Nations (UN).

Life

Krishna Ahooja-Patel was born in 1929 as the eldest of five siblings, in the North Indian Amritsar. The family believed in Sikhism and Hinduism. Her mother stayed home and her father was a progressive businessman. In 1942, the family moved to Bombay (now Mumbai) where, as a 13-year-old student, Krishna heard a speech by Mahatma Gandhi whose ideas deeply impressed her. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science from the University of Aligarh (U.P.), India, and a PhD from the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva.

From 1947 to 1962, Ahooja-Patel lived in the UK, where she studied law and worked for the BBC. She married an Indian journalist who also worked for the BBC and later divorced her. From 1962 to 1987, she worked for the International Labor Organization (ILO), a specialized agency of the United Nations, for which she initially worked as a legal adviser in Ethiopia and later moved to Geneva. In 1974, she represented the ILO at a conference on women and education in Cambridge and was then responsible for the interests of female workers at the ILO. From 1977 to 1987 she published the magazine Women's Network.

In the 1990s, Ahooja-Patel was Deputy Director of the International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) in the Dominican Republic and President of the Women's World Summit. In 1995, she traveled to Beijing with a Peace Movement organized by the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) for the Fourth UN World Conference on Women and joined WILPF.


Krishna Ahooja-Patel

Starting in 2000, Ahooja-Patel and the WILPF worked to translate UN Security Council Resolution 1325 into as many languages as possible to spread it around the world, thereby increasing the pressure on the UN to actually implement the resolution. The resolution emphasizes the important role of women in preventing and resolving conflicts and peace processes. Other central topics of the WILPF are peace education, women's rights, disarmament, and the strengthening of the UN. In 2001, Ahooja-Patel became the first non-white president of WILPF. She devoted herself to this task until 2004.

In 2002, she witnessed the riots between Hindus and Muslims in Gujarat state, where more than 1,000 people were killed. In 2003, she organized a seminar for peace and reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims. Together with her second husband, she headed the Institute for Economic Justice and Development at Gujarat University in Ahmedabad, India. In December 2004 she was elected President of the NGO Committee on the Status of Women in Geneva, an umbrella organization belonging to the more than 35 international NGOs.Nobel Peace Prize for the Nobel Peace Prize in the framework of the project 1000 Women.

On December 27, 2018, Krishna Ahooja-Patel died after a brief illness in a retirement home near Ottawa, Canada, where she had spent the last few years of her life.

Quote

Krishna Ahooja-Patel is considered the author of the quote:

"Women are half of the world's population, do two-thirds of the work, get one-tenth of the income, and are the owners of one per cent of the property."

Literature

  * 1000 PeaceWomen Across the Globe, Contrast Publishing, 2005.
  * Short biography on World People's Blog
  * Interview


Tanaqoub

Tanaqoub is a small town and rural commune in Chefchaouen Province, Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 7219 people living in 1157 households.


Muelleria (journal)

Muelleria is a peer-reviewed scientific journal on botany published by the Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne.algae, and fungi in the southern hemisphere and Australia in particular.Ferdinand von Mueller.Muelleria commenced publication in 1955 with funding from the Maud Gibson Trust.Foy & Gibson department store chain.

Muelleria was one of a number of botanical journals initiated by Australian herbaria after World War II, reflecting the increased level of botanical research undertaken at this time.James Hamlyn Willis was the editor of the three initial issues.

Editors-in-chief

The following persons have been or are editor-in-chief:

  * James Hamlyn Willis (Vol 1. 1956–1967)
  * Rex Bertram Filson (Vol. 2-Vol. 3, no. 3. 1969–1976)
  * Helen Isobel Aston (Vol. 3, no. 4-Vol. 6. 1977–1988)
  * Donald Bruce Foreman (Vol. 7-Vol. 9. 1989–1996)
  * James Walter Grimes (Vol. 10-Vol. 15. 1997–2001)
  * Marco Duretto and Teresa Lebel (Vol. 16–17. 2002–2003)
  * Teresa Lebel (Vol 18–30. 2004–2012)
  * Teresa Lebel and Daniel J. Murphy (botanist) (Vol 26 no. 1. 2008. Acacia Special Issue)
  * Teresa Lebel and Tom May (mycologist) (Vol 31. 2013)
  * Tom May (mycologist) (Vol 32. 2014)
  * Tom May (mycologist) and Teresa Lebel (Vol 33. 2014–2015)
  * Teresa Lebel (Vol 34–36. 2015–2018)
  * Alastair Robinson (Vol 37-current. 2018–current)
Wikispecies has information related to Muelleria (journal).
  * Official website


J. Berkeley Larsen

James Berkeley Larsen (February 27, 1889 – March 30, 1979) was a Republican politician from Idaho. He served as the 30th lieutenant governor of Idaho from 1955 to 1959 during the administration of Governor Robert E. Smylie.


Regenerator (telecommunication)

A regenerator in a telecommunications context is a type of repeater that is used in copper line or optical fibre line transmission systems. The regeneration function involved also appears in other types of systems, e.g. computer networking systems.

A digital signal travelling a significant distance will become weaker and distorted and require periodic help to continue its journey successfully.

A simple amplifier will only increase the amplitude of the signal and will not correct the distortion of the waveform shape.

A threshold detector can be used to correct the amplitude levels although the exact time that the transition occurs may not be in the right place. This timing inaccuracy is referred to as jitter.

A regenerator includes circuitry to recover the clock timing information, which is then used to determine when the output signal switches its state. This ensures that the recovered data from the threshold detector is adjusted to provide the correctly timed signal output.

 1. Edis E A & Varrall J E, Newes Telecommunications Pocket Book (Butteworth-Heinemann, 1992) ISBN 0-7506-0307-0
 2. Bissell C C & Chapman D A, Digital Signal Transmission (University Press Cambridge, 1992) ISBN 0 521 42557 3


P16 (disambiguation)

p16 is a tumor-suppressing protein.

P16 may also refer to:

Aircraft

  * Berliner-Joyce P-16, a biplane fighter of the United States Army Air Corps
  * FFA P-16, a Swiss prototype jet fighter
  * Piaggio P.16, an Italian heavy bomber

Other uses

  * AMC Schneider P 16, a French halftrack
  * Dongfeng Yufeng P16, a Chinese pickup truck
  * Palmyra (Cooper) Airport on Palmyra Atoll
  * Papyrus 16, a biblical manuscript
  * Pseudomonas sRNA P16
  * 16P (disambiguation)


Hymnus an das Leben

The Hymn to Life (German: Hymnus an das Leben) is a musical composition for mixed chorus and orchestra by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.

Origin

In 1884, Nietzsche wrote to Gast: "This time, 'music' will reach you. I want to have a song made that could also be performed in public in order to seduce people to my philosophy." With this request, Gast reworked Lebensgebet into Friendship, and it was orchestrated by Pietro Gasti.

  * List of works by Friedrich Nietzsche
  * Nietzsche's music in four volumes.
  * Nietzsche as Composer


Japanese submarine I-157

I-57, later I-157, was an Imperial Japanese Navy Kaidai-class cruiser submarine commissioned in 1929. During World War II, she supported Japanese forces during the invasion of Malaya in December 1941, the Dutch East Indies campaign in early 1942, and the Battle of Midway in June 1942. She then served on training duties — except for a brief period of participation in the Aleutian Islands campaign in 1943 — until she was converted into a kaiten manned suicide attack torpedo carrier in 1945. She surrendered to the Allies at the end of the war in 1945 and was scuttled in 1946.

Design and description

The submarines of the KD3B sub-class essentially were repeats of the preceding KD3A sub-class with minor modifications to improve seakeeping. They displaced 1,829 metric tons (1,800 long tons) surfaced and 2,337 metric tons (2,300 long tons) submerged. The submarines were 101 meters (331 ft 4 in) long and had a beam of 8 meters (26 ft 3 in) and a draft of 4.9 meters (16 ft 1 in). They had a diving depth of 60 meters (197 ft) and a complement of 60 officers and crewmen.

For surface running, the submarines were powered by two 3,400-brake-horsepower (2,535 kW) diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged, each propeller was driven by a 900-horsepower (671 kW) electric motor. The submarines could reach 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) on the surface and 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) submerged. On the surface, the KD3Bs had a range of 10,000 nautical miles (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph); submerged, they had a range of 90 nmi (170 km; 100 mi) at 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph).

The submarine had eight internal 53.3 cm (21.0 in) torpedo tubes, six in the bow and two in the stern. They carried one reload for each tube for a total of 16 torpedoes. They also had one 120 mm (4.7 in) deck gun.

Construction and commissioning


Japanese submarine I-157

Construction and commissioning

Built by the Kure Naval Arsenal at Kure, Japan, I-57 was laid down on 8 July 1927.Launched on 1 October 1928, she was completed and commissioned on 24 December 1929.

Service history

Pre-World War II

On the day of her commissioning, I-57 was attached to the Kure Naval District and assigned to Submarine Division 19 in Submarine Squadron 2 in the 2nd Fleet, a component of the Combined Fleet.

On 20 May 1932, Submarine Division 19 began a second stint with Submarine Squadron 2 in the 2nd Fleet,I-57 again was placed in reserve at Kure.I-57 got underway from Sasebo, Japan, on 29 June 1933 with the other submarines of her squadron — I-53, I-54 and I-55 of Submarine Division 18 and Submarine Division 19′s I-56 and I-58 — for a training cruise off China and Mako in the Pescadores Islands, which the submarines concluded with their arrival at Takao, Formosa, on 5 July 1933.Tokyo Bay on 21 August 1933.fleet review at Yokohama, Japan.I-57 departed Ryojun, Manchukuo, in company with I-56, I-58, and the submarines I-61, I-62, I-64, I-65, I-66, and I-67 for a training cruise off Qingdao, China, which the nine submarines concluded with their arrival at Sasebo on 5 October 1934.I-57 again went into reserve at Kure on 22 October 1934,

I-57 resumed active service in Submarine Division 19 on 15 November 1935,1st Fleet, a component of the Combined Fleet.I-57 went into reserve at Kure that day.

I-57 returned to active service in Submarine Division 19 either in August 1939

As the Japanese armed forces mobilized for an offensive against Allied forces that would begin the Pacific campaign of World War II, I-57 departed Kure, Japan, on 20 November 1941 bound for Samah on China′s Hainan Island, which she reached on 26 November 1941.Japanese invasion of British Malaya, I-57 proceeded to her patrol area in the South China Sea off the Malayan Peninsula.

World War II

First war patrol


Japanese submarine I-157

World War II

First war patrol

Hostilities began in East Asia on 8 December 1941 (7 December across the International Date Line in Hawaii, where Japan began the war with its attack on Pearl Harbor). The Japanese invasion of British Malaya began that day, and I-57, I-58, and the submarines I-62, I-64, and I-66 formed a patrol line in the South China Sea off Trengganu, British Malaya.I-57′s patrol was uneventful, and she concluded it with her arrival at Cam Ranh Bay in Japanese-occupied French Indochina on 20 December 1941.

Second war patrol

I-57 departed Cam Ranh Bay on 28 December 1941, assigned a patrol area in the Java Sea off Surabaya, Java.Bali Sea southeast of Kangean Island and opened gunfire at 07°15′S 116°23′E / 7.250°S 116.383°E on the Dutch 3,077-gross register ton auxiliary tanker Tan-3, which was on a voyage from Balikpapan, Borneo, to Surabaya.Tan-3 sank, and aircraft rescued her crew on 8 January 1942.I-57 returned to Cam Ranh Bay on 16 January 1942.

February–May 1942

An outbreak of dysentery among her crew on 7 February 1942I-57 at Cam Ranh Bay until 1 March 1942, when she got underway , making for Staring Bay on the coast of Celebes, which she reached on 6 March.I-56, I-57, and I-58 — were reassigned to Submarine Squadron 5.I-57 departed Staring Bay on 13 March 1942 bound for Kure, Japan, where she arrived on 20 March 1942 for repairs.Kwajalein Atoll.I-157 on 20 May 1942.

Third war patrol: The Battle of Midway


Japanese submarine I-157

Third war patrol: The Battle of Midway

On 26 May 1942, I-157 departed Kwajalein to conduct her third war patrol, operating in support of Operation MI, the planned Japanese invasion of Midway Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, in which Submarine Squadron 5 formed part of the Advance Expeditionary Force. 28°20′N 162°20′W / 28.333°N 162.333°W and 26°00′N 165°00′W / 26.000°N 165.000°W which also included the submarines I-156, I-158, I-159, I-162, I-165, and I-166.Battle of Midway, and that day the commander-in-chief of the 6th Fleet, Vice Admiral Teruhisa Komatsu, ordered the 15 submarines in the Japanese submarine patrol line to move westward.

After the commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, ordered Komatsu to interpose his submarines between the retreating Japanese fleet and the opposing United States Navy aircraft carriers,I-157, began a gradual movement to the north-northwest, moving at 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph) by day and 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) after dark.I-157 made no contact with enemy forces during the battle,

June 1942–May 1943

On 22 June 1942, I-157 departed Kwajalein bound for Kure, Japan, which she reached on 30 June.I-156, I-157, I-158, and I-159 — was reassigned to the Kure Submarine Squadron in the Kure Naval District.I-157 assumed duties as a training ship, and operated without incident until May 1943.

Aleutian Islands campaign

On 21 May 1943, Japanese Imperial General Headquarters decided to withdraw the garrison on Kiska in the Aleutian Islands and bring the Aleutian Islands campaign to a close.I-157 was attached temporarily to Submarine Squadron 1 — along with the submarines I-2, I-7, I-21, I-24, I-34, I-36, I-155, I-156, I-168, I-169, and I-171 — for the evacuation of the island.5th Fleet.


Japanese submarine I-157

I-157 departed Kure on 22 May 1943, called at Yokosuka, Japan, from 23 to 26 May, and then got underway for Paramushiro in the northern Kuril Islands.I-7, I-21, I-155, and I-156 from the oiler Teiyō Maru on 2 June 1943.I-157 put to sea from Paramushiro on 4 June to make a supply run to Kiska with a cargo of food and ammunition.14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) on the surface in heavy fog on 16 June 1943, she ran hard aground near Amchitka.diesel fuel, lubricating oil, torpedoes, and some of her battery cells overboard.Teiyo Maru.

June 1943–April 1945

Upon completion of her repairs, I-157 returned to training duties in Submarine Division 19 in the Kure Naval District.I-157 was repainted at the Kure Naval Arsenal in an experimental camouflage pattern — dark grey with a bluish hue — based on that of the German submarine U-511, which Japan had purchased from Germany in 1943 and renamed Ro-500.I-157 participated in the first stage of Submarine School tests of the paint scheme in the Iyo Nada in the Seto Inland Sea on 5 January 1944I-157 and the submarine Ro-49 took part in tests of the submarine version of the Type 13 air-search radar.

Kaiten carrier

On 20 April 1945, I-157 was reassigned to Submarine Division 34 in the 6th Fleet, a component of the Combined Fleet,kaiten manned suicide attack torpedo carrier by the installation on her deck of fittings for two kaiten.kaiten from the kaiten base at Otsushima to kaiten shore bases along the coast of Kyushu.

During July 1945, the crews of I-156, I-157, I-158, I-159, and I-162 underwent training in launching kaiten against enemy ships in the event of an invasion of Japan.sonar — a copy of the German S-Gerät — and a new fire-control system similar to the U.S. Navy′s Torpedo Data Computer were installed aboard I-157 at this time, enabling her to conduct submerged attacks based on sonar bearings, and that she began testing of these systems before the end of the war.


Japanese submarine I-157

On 15 August 1945, Emperor Hirohito announced the end of hostilities.I-156 surrendered to the Allies in September 1945,navy list on 30 November 1945.

Disposal

On 1 April 1946, the U.S. Navy submarine tender USS Nereus (AS-17) towed I-157 from Sasebo to an area off the Gotō Islands, where she was scuttled with explosive charges, one of a number of Japanese submarines scuttled that day in Operation Road's End. 32°37′N 129°17′E / 32.617°N 129.283°E.

  * Bagnasco, Erminio (1977). Submarines of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-962-6.
  * Carpenter, Dorr B. & Polmar, Norman (1986). Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1904–1945. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-396-6.
  * Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
  * Hackett, Bob & Kingsepp, Sander (2013). "IJN Submarine I-157: Tabular Record of Movement". combinedfleet.com
  * Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.

32°37′N 129°17′E / 32.617°N 129.283°E


Mark Elrick

Mark Elrick (born 7 April 1967 in Auckland) is a retired New Zealand soccer player who last played as a striker for Hawke's Bay United. He is mostly being used as a substitute, due to his age.

He has played for several teams in his native country and came out of retirement in November 2006 to join struggling Hawke's Bay. He had been player-coach at Onehunga Sports in Auckland for the last two years. A spectator at Hawke's Bay's 2–1 loss to Waitakere United Elrick approached Jonathan Gould after the match and asked if the Park Island club would be interested in his services. An agreement was immediately reached on the spot. Also, he works occasionally as a football commentator for SKY TV.

Elrick scored a hat-trick in the final of the 1999 New Zealand National Soccer League, a match which Central United won 3–1 over Dunedin Technical.

He has played 40 times for the New Zealand national soccer team, the All Whites, including 30 A-internationals in which he scored 3 goals.

  * Mark Elrick at FIFA (archived)
  * Mark Elrick at FootballDatabase.eu
  * Mark Elrick at National-Football-Teams.com
  * Mark Elrick at WorldFootball.net


List of hospitals in Ponce, Puerto Rico

At 331 beds, Hospital Damas is Ponce's largest

This is a list of hospitals in Ponce, Puerto Rico. Both, public and private hospitals are listed. General as well as specialized hospitals are listed.

Hospital list summary table

The following table lists hospitals by their year of founding, that is, their year of opening. A listing sorted by any of the other fields can be obtained by clicking on the header of the field. For example, clicking on "Barrio" will sort hospitals by their barrio location.

No.  Name                                  Photo  Barrio          Location                   Type                       Year Opened  Year Current Structure Built  Floors  Beds  Architectural style
1    Hospital Damas                               Canas Urbano    PR-2R, Ponce Bypass WB     Teaching Hospital             1863                  1973                10    331   Modern
2    Hospital Valentín Tricoche                   Segundo         C. Bertoly & C. Tricoche   General hospital (closed)     1873                  1873                3     N/A   Neoclassical
     (closed)
3    Centro Médico Episcopal San Lucas            Machuelo Abajo  PR-14 WB, Av. Tito Castro  General Hospital              1907                  2007                7     287   Modern
4    Hospital Metropolitano Dr. Pila              Canas Urbano    Av. Las Américas WB        General hospital              1925                  1983                5     210   Modern
5    Hospital Oncológico Andrés Grillasca         Machuelo Abajo  PR-14 WB, Av. Tito Castro  Cancer                        1946                  1955                2      86   Modern
6    Hospital San Cristóbal                       Coto Laurel     PR-506 NB and PR-52 WB     General hospital              1983                 2006?               UNK    138   Modern

Key:
Av. = Avenida (avenue)
C. = Calle (street)
NB = Northbound
SB = Southbound
WB = Westbound
EB = Eastbound
Unk = Unknown
N/A = Not applicable

  * List of hospitals in Puerto Rico


Randall Kroszner

Randall S. Kroszner (born June 22, 1962) is an American economist who served as a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors from 2006 to 2009. Kroszner chaired Fed's board Committee on Supervision and Regulation of Banking Institutions during the global financial crisis. He has been professor of economics at the University of Chicago since the 1990s, with various leaves, and named Norman R. Bobins Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business in 2009, and serves as a senior advisor for Patomak Partners.

Early life and education

Kroszner was born in Englewood, New Jersey. He received his B.A. magna cum laude in applied mathematics/economics from Brown University in 1984, and his M.A. (1987) and Ph.D. (1990) from Harvard University, both in economics.

Professional career

Kroszner is Norman R. Bobins Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. He was also Assistant Professor (1990–1994) and Associate Professor (1994–1999) at the University before becoming a full professor in 1999. Kroszner was Director of the George J. Stigler Center for the Study of the Economy and the State and editor of the Journal of Law and Economics. He was a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, and a director at the National Association for Business Economics. Kroszner also was a member of the Federal Economic Statistics Advisory Committee at the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the Department of Labor.

Kroszner has been a visiting scholar at the Securities and Exchange Commission; the IMF; the Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden; the Free University of Berlin, Germany; Stockholm University, Sweden; and the London School of Economics. He was the John M. Olin Visiting Fellow in Law and Economics at the University of Chicago Law School and the Bertil Danielson Visiting Professor of Banking and Finance at the Stockholm School of Economics.

He is currently working at Patomak Global Partners LLC as a senior professional

George W. Bush administration


Randall Kroszner

George W. Bush administration

Kroszner was a member of the President's Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) from 2001 to 2003. While at the CEA, he was heavily involved in formulating the policy response to corporate governance scandals, as well as in advising on a wide range of domestic and international issues, including banking and financial regulation, government-sponsored enterprises, pension reform, corporate governance reform, terrorism risk insurance, tax reform, currency crisis management, sovereign debt restructuring, the role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), international trade, and economic development.

Federal Reserve career

Prior to being appointed to the Board of Governors, Kroszner served the Federal Reserve System in several roles. He was a visiting scholar at the Board of Governors and a research consultant and a member of the Academic Advisory Panel at the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Kroszner also has been a visiting scholar at the Federal Reserve Banks of New York City, St. Louis, Kansas City, and Minneapolis.

Economic views

As an economist, he was widely praised for his astute research, especially regarding banking and financial regulation. He is a student of the Chicago school of economics.

  * Appearances on C-SPAN
  * Resignation press release
  * Statements and Speeches of Randy Kroszner


Tanaophysa adornatalis

Tanaophysa adornatalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Warren in 1892. It is found in Brazil (São Paulo).

The wingspan is about 32 mm for females and 21 mm for males. The forewings are bright yellow, brownish along the costa, especially towards the base. There is an indistinct obliquely curved first line near the base and another exterior of the ordinary shape. There is also a small dot in the cell near the first line and a larger one at the end of the cell. The hindwings are similar to the forewings, with the exterior line repeated.


Trupanea paragoga

Trupanea paragoga is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Trupanea of the family Tephritidae.

Distribution

Peru, Chile.


J. Benson Stafford

J. Benson Stafford was an American screenwriter. He worked in theatre and wrote silent film. He is known for writing the silent Pursued (1925 film).

Career

He was a native of Buffalo, New York. He composed the comedy "That Girl from Boston," and "Two's company", copyrighted in 1907.

Stafford was first in the florist business, working with G. E. M. Stumpp (George Martin Stumpp of New YorkBuffalo, New York. It has been reported at the time that his "window decorations have been much admired."Gerber-Nott Co., wholesale millinery of Buffalo.

On January 13, 1918, Stafford closed his doors, explaining, because "business was and had been slow for some time."

In January, 1922, Stafford had "decided to forsake the florist business", and move to theatre.

He wrote the silent Pursued (1925 film).


Juan José Ferraro

Juan José Ferraro (5 September 1923 – 18 November 1973)Argentine footballer. He played mostly in his country for Vélez Sársfield, scoring 111 goals in 238 games with the team in the Argentine Primera División,Carlos Bianchi (who has 206 goals).

Playing career

Club

Ferraro completed his youth career in Vélez Sársfield, and debuted with the team in the early 1940s. He holds the distinction of scoring the first goal in the Estadio José Amalfitani's history, in the inauguration friendly match that Vélez drew with River Plate 2–2.second division championship.

In 1949, Ferraro joined Boca Juniors, who was struggling to avoid relegation from the first division.

Towards the end of his career, he had his only experience outside Argentina, playing in Colombia for Independiente Santa Fe. There, he won the Colombian First Division in 1958.

National team

Ferraro played with the Argentina national team between 1945 and 1956, winning the 1945 South American Championship with his country.

Coaching career

After retiring in Independiente Santa Fe, Ferraro took up manager duties in the club. He also coached Vélez Sársfield in 1964.

Honours

Club

Vélez Sársfield
  * Argentine Second Division: 1943
Independiente Santa Fe
  * Colombian First Division: 1958

International

Argentina
  * South American Championship: 1945
1 ^ Total caps and goals in the club, accounted for both first and second division.
  * Juan José Ferraro at BDFA (in Spanish)


P124

P124 may refer to:

  * Papyrus 124
  * TCG Biga (P-124), a patrol boat of the Turkish Navy
  * P124, a state regional road in Latvia


Hynd

Hynd is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

  * Harry Hynd (1900–1985), British Labour Party politician
  * John Burns Hynd (1902–1971), British Labour politician
  * Oliver Hynd (born 1994), British swimmer
  * Roger Hynd (1942–2017), former Scottish professional footballer who played as a centre-half
  * Ronald Hynd (born 1931), English choreographer
  * Sam Hynd (born 1991), British swimmer
  * Tom Hynd (1930–2011), Australian businessman and politician


KKNS

KKNS (1310 AM) is an American radio station licensed to Corrales, New Mexico, serving the Albuquerque metropolitan area. It is owned by The Navajo Nation and broadcasts talk and music programs in English and in the Navajo language.

By day, it is powered at 5,000 watts non-directional. But to reduce interference at night to other stations on 1310 AM, it reduces power to only 82 watts. The transmitter is on Montbel Place in Albuquerque.

History

The sign-on of KXAK on July 15, 1985,KARA in May 1968. KXAK, a contemporary Christian music stationFederal Communications Commission had granted the permit in December 1979,

In 1986, a year after putting KXAK on the air, Schwartz sold its network of religious radio stations to management in a $9 million buyout; the new owners operated as the Mid-America Gospel Radio Network.KIVA (105.1 FM); 1310 AM initially began simulcasting its new sister station in AM stereo.

After a year of simulcasting KIVA, 1310 AM regained its own identity in 1988 when it became KZRQ, airing the Z Rock syndicated rock format from the Satellite Music Network.Simmons Media Group in 1996.

Simmons moved KIVA's adult standards format and call letters to 1580 kHz in 1999 as part of a cluster-wide format shuffle.

In December 2006, Simmons sold KKNS to El Camino Communications for $860,000. The new ownership, which took over on January 12, 2007, retained none of the previous programming; the New Mexico State Aggies had to find a new radio home in Albuquerque for the second time in three months.

Transmitter site problems dogged KKNS in the 2010s and almost prompted the station to lose its license. On October 1, 2012, the lease on KKNS's transmitter site was terminated; the station sought approval to transmit at 500 watts from a church site.KIVA (1600 AM).

A construction permit for a new tower site was issued on December 23, 2015, and it was allowed to upgrade from 500 watts daytime to 3,500 using the facility under special temporary authority.


KKNS

In April 2020, Camino filed to donate the station to the Navajo Nation; the station will continue to be operated commercially by its Native Broadcast Enterprises unit, which runs KTNN and KWRK. The Navajo Nation assumed $16,000 in regulatory fees to be paid by KKNS in the deal.

  * KKNS in the FCC AM station database
  * KKNS on Radio-Locator
  * KKNS in Nielsen Audio's AM station database

35°12′00″N 106°35′59″W / 35.20000°N 106.59972°W


Mark England

Jonathan Mark England OBE (born 29 April 1959)OBE in 2017 for services to Sport.

Early life

England was born in Ystalyfera in South Wales (Neath Port Talbot). He moved to Hong Kong when he was seven, attending Glenealy Junior School, and the Island School.

On his return to the UK, he attended Kenilworth Grammar School (became Kenilworth School), and South Warwickshire College of Further Education (since 1993 Stratford-upon-Avon College) in Stratford-upon-Avon.

He studied economic history at the University of Leeds, graduating in 1981. He then undertook a Diploma in Management Studies (DMS) in recreation at the University of North London, followed by a master's degree in leisure and tourism from the same university.

Career

He has worked with the Sports Council (now called UK Sport) and Sport England.

Team GB

He was chef de mission of Team GB at the 2016 Olympics, being appointed on 29 April 2014.2015 European Games (the inaugural European Games), and a deputy chef de Mission at six previous Olympic games.

He was awarded the OBE for services to Sport in the 2017 New Year Honours having led the Great Britain Olympic Team to its most successful Olympic Games in modern history.

In April 2018, the British Olympic Association announced that he would be chef de Mission for the 2020 Olympics in Japan.

In March 2022, it was confirmed that he had been appointed to serve as British chef de mission for a third consecutive Olympic Games at Paris 2024.

Team England

On 19 September 2019, Commonwealth Games England announced that he had been appointed Chef de Mission for the England team at the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham.

Personal life

In 1989 he married Stephanie Culham in Farnham, Surrey, with whom he has three sons. The marriage ended in divorce after 15 years in 2004. In 2008 England started a relationship with his partner Helen Other with whom he has three further sons.

  * Stephen Park, Performance Director of British Cycling since December 2016
  * Team GB


Shango Patera

Highest resolution image of Shango Patera, acquired by Galileo during an encounter with Io in October 1999 and July 1999

Shango Patera is a patera, or a complex crater with scalloped edges, on Jupiter's moon Io. It is about 90 kilometers in diameter and is located at 32°21′N 100°31′W / 32.35°N 100.52°W. It is named after the Yoruba thunder god Shango. Its name was approved by the International Astronomical Union in 2000.Skythia Mons. To the southwest is the eruptive center Amirani, and to the southeast are Gish Bar Patera, Gish Bar Mons, and Estan Patera.

Shango was the site of a major surface change between 2001 and 2007. The floor of Shango Patera and the flows to the southwest of Shango had darkened considerably between the end of the Galileo mission and the New Horizons flyby in February 2007.


Keith Outten

Keith Outten (1947−2022) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s and 1970s.

Playing career

A five-eighth, Outten played four seasons with Balmain between 1968 and 1971. During this period, he won a premiership with the Tigers when he played five-eighth in the 1969 Grand Final.

Outten made a successful shift to the North Sydney Bears for three seasons between 1972 and 1974, before returning to Balmain for one final season in 1975. He captain-coached the rural club Yanco before retiring as a player.


Trupanea pentheres

Trupanea pentheres is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Trupanea of the family Tephritidae.

Distribution

Peru.


Tanaproget

Tanaproget (INN; developmental code names NSP-989, WAY-166989) is an investigational nonsteroidal progestin.affinity, high efficacy, and very selective agonist of the progesterone receptor (PR).side effects in comparison.phase II clinical trials in the process of being developed for clinical use as a contraceptive by Ligand Pharmaceuticals.

An analog of tanaproget, 4-fluoropropyltanaproget (18F), has been developed as a radiotracer for imaging of the PR in positron emission tomography.

  * Finerenone
  * Mapracorat
  * Prinaberel


Patrick le Rolland

Patrick le Rolland (15 May 1943 – 28 August 2014) was a French equestrian. He competed in the individual dressage event at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

  * Patrick Le Rolland at Olympedia


Pınarbaşı, Gülağaç

Pınarbaşı is a village in the Gülağaç District, Aksaray Province, Turkey.


P180

P180 may refer to

  * Piaggio P.180 Avanti, an Italian twin-engine turboprop aircraft.
  * RRBP1 (also known as p180), a human gene that encodes a membrane-bound protein of the endoplasmic reticulum.


Hynek Hromada

Hynek Hromada (16 April 1935 – 23 March 2012) was a Czech sports shooter. He competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1972 Summer Olympics.


KKOJ

KKOJ (1190 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a classic country music format.Jackson, Minnesota, United States. The station is licensed to Community First Broadcasting, LLC.

On January 11, 2022 KKOJ shifted their format from country to classic country.

  * KKOJ in the FCC AM station database
  * KKOJ on Radio-Locator
  * KKOJ in Nielsen Audio's AM station database
  * K249EO in the FCC FM station database
  * K249EO on Radio-Locator


Mark English (illustrator)

Mark English (September 19, 1933 – August 8, 2019) was an American illustrator and painter, born in Hubbard, Texas. He was one of the United States' leading illustrators for publications in a career spanning from the 1960s to the 1990s, before beginning a career painting for gallery exhibition in 1995.

Life

Mark English was born on September 19, 1933, in Hubbard, Texas. He attended the Hubbard High School and graduated in 1951, after which he enrolled into the University of Texas. He was then drafted into the military during the Korean War. In 1954, English married his first wife, Peggy Ann Littlejohn. In 1960, Mark graduated with honours from The Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, California, with a BFA in Advertising Design. After gaining work experience in advertising agencies for the automobile industry, English and his family moved to Connecticut in 1964. He began an illustrious career, working with publications such as TIME Magazine and Sports Illustrated among others in the corporate, pharmaceutical, music and postage industry. In 1977, Hallmark Cards offered Mark an Artist-in-Residency to teach classes to its creative staff in Kansas City. It was there that he met his second wife, Wendy Buskey, and they married in 1983. In 1995, English retired from illustrations and began to paint for galleries in earnest.) which was a comprehensive exhibition of his works both as an illustrator and a painter. Before his death, English was living in Kansas City with his wife.

On August 8, 2019, Mark English died peacefully, "after a brief illness" in Kansas City.

Career

English's unique illustration style appeared in publications as TIME, Sports Illustrated, Redbook, Atlantic Monthly, Rolling Stone, McCalls, and many other corporate and pharmaceutical publications.U.S. Postal Service, movie posters and album covers for John Denver, Julian Lennon, and The Who.

In painting, English showcases his style in a variety of subjects, from figures, animals and florals to landscape and architecture. His paintings have been exhibited worldwide in galleries such as the Eleanor Ettinger Gallery in New York, Albemarle Gallery in London, Maxwell Gallery in San Francisco, and have been the subject to publication in four books, available on his website.

Awards


Mark English (illustrator)

Awards

He has won hundreds of awards for his work and has been the most awarded illustrator in the history of the Society of Illustrators in New York City. including the 1967 Hamilton King Award from said Society of Illustrators.

  * 1983 - elected to The New York Society of Illustrators’ Hall of Fame.
  * 2001 - awarded an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from The Academy of Art University, San Francisco.

Clients

  * IBM
  * U.S. Park Service
  * RCA
  * GE
  * Ford
  * GM
  * Honeywell
  * List of TV Guide covers
  * Mark English Online
  * Eleanor Ettinger Gallery - Mark English biography
  * Illustration Academy biography


Shangoda

Shangoda (Russian: Шангода; Avar: Шамгъуда) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Shangodinsky Selsoviet, Gunibsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 517 as of 2010.

Geography

Shangoda is located 28 km southeast of Gunib (the district's administrative centre) by road, on the Kunekh River. Shitli and Bukhty are the nearest rural localities.

Nationalities

Avars live there.


Khan Fazle Rub Chowdhury

Khan Fazle Rub Chowdhury was a Member of the 4th National Assembly of Pakistan as a representative of East Pakistan.

Career

Chowdhury was a Member of the 4th National Assembly of Pakistan representing Bakerganj-II.


Trupanea paraplesia

Trupanea paraplesia is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Trupanea of the family Tephritidae.

Distribution

Peru.


Tiyasha

Tiyasha is a 2013 Bengali film directed by Animesh Roy starring Saswata Chatterjee and Chandrayee Ghosh. The story of the film revolves around modern day relationships.

Plot

This is a story of romance and love. This shows the journey of a man Sudipto (Saswata Chatterjee) defying the odds in maintaining a healthy and a happy family. The story revolves around Sudipto and Riya (Chandrayee Ghosh) and Tojo (Soham BasuRoychowdhury), their son.

Cast

  * Saswata Chatterjee as Sudipto
  * Chandrayee Ghosh as Riya
  * RJ Shekhar as Shekhar
  * Soham BasuRoychowdhury as Tojo
  * Jayanti Bhowmick as a friend

Production

Casting

In this film Saswata Chatterjee portrayed an unsuccessful man's character. Chandrayee Ghosh played the character of a radio jockey. Ghosh's last movie before Tiyasha was Necklace, directed by Sekhar Das, which released in 2011. Ghosh told in an interview—

When it comes to films, I’m very choosy. I don’t say yes unless the role appeals to me. I like being a part of relationship tales and that’s why I said yes to Tiasha", said Chandreyee, who is also looking forward to working with Saswata after a long time. "Saswata and I go back a long way. We’ve done many telefilms and serials together and this would be the first time we will be seen together on the big screen.

Filming

The shooting of the film began on 24 May 2013.

Soundtrack

The soundtrack of the movie involves collaborations from music directors Aninda Bose and Debanjalee Banerjee, Avik Chaudhuri and Sunidhi Chauhan, Anwesha Datta Gupta, Chandrayee Ghosh, Rupankar Bagchi and Argha Dutta.


Tiyasha

No.  Title                      Lyrics               Music                Singer(s)            Length
1.   "Jiboneri.....Tiyasha"     Debanjalee Banerjee  Debanjalee Banerjee  Rupankar Bagchi
2.   "Aami Roopey Tomay"        Rabindranath Tagore                       Chandrayee Ghosh
3.   "Kakhono Je Andhar Theke"  Aninda Bose          Aninda Bose          Sunidhi Chauhan
4.   "Bheja Bheja Bhor"         Avik Chaudhuri       Avik Chaudhuri       Anwesha Datta Gupta
5.   "Suni Re Sajariya"                              Kaya                 Argha Dutta

Release and reception

The film released on 20 September 2013 in West Bengal, India.


Patricof

Patricof is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

  * Alan Patricof (born 1934), American investor
  * Jamie Patricof, American movie and television producer
  * Jon Patricof (born 1973), American businessman, son of Alan and brother of Jamie


Pınar, Tunceli

Pınar (Kurdish: Dizdan) is a village in the Tunceli District, Tunceli Province, Turkey.Kurds of the Kurêşan tribe and had a population of 18 in 2021.

The hamlet of Kürekli is attached to the village.


Orange petunia

Orange petunias or A1-DFR petunias are genetically modified organisms which contain a transgene from maize that colors the petunia flowers orange. First created in a 1987 experiment at the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research in Cologne, the petunias were subsequently released into the wild but were not commercialized. In 2015 orange petunias were discovered in Helsinki by botanist Teemu Teeri, leading to a regulatory response dubbed the petunia carnage of 2017 in which plant sellers were directed to destroy the modified petunia plants rather than sell them. The United States Department of Agriculture approved the sale of orange petunias in the United States in January 2021.

History

Orange petunias were created in 1987 by a team of researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research in Cologne, led by geneticist Peter Meyer. In a paper published in Nature the same year, the researchers demonstrated that the insertion of a gene from maize into a petunia would cause the plant to produce pelargonidin, turning its flowers salmon.transgene.genetically modified petunias, which were the first transgenic plants to be allowed into the field in Germany. According to Meyer, public opinion was strongly against the planting at the time.

Despite the controversy over production of the petunias, a corporation affiliated with seed company Zaadunie acquired a license for the technology, and reported in 1995 that they had created commercially viable orange petunias. Compared to the original petunias, the gene for orange pigment was more consistently expressed in these plants, and the flowers were a vivid orange color. Rogers NK collaborated with Zaadunie to gain approval for a field trial of the petunias in Florida, but according to their originator Peter Meyer, the petunias were never commercialized by any of these companies.Gerbera, Calibrachoa, and rose; these were never officially commercialized either.

Petunia carnage of 2017

[Concrete planter with various colors of flowering petunia, including orange]

Planter with orange petunias in Helsinki in 2016


Orange petunia

Planter with orange petunias in Helsinki in 2016

In 2015, plant biologist Teemu Teeri noticed orange petunias outside a train station in Helsinki. Teeri knew the history of the modified flowers, and initially believed the orange color of these flowers to be fake. After analyzing a sample he discovered that the DNA of the flowers matched the modification described in the original 1987 paper.

I told too much. I should have asked a hypothetical question.

Teemu Teeri, referring to his decision to share the existence of the petunias

Teeri notified a regulator with the Finnish Board for Gene Technology of the petunias' presence, a decision which he later told ScienceInsider he regrets. On April 27, 2017, the Finnish Food Safety Authority called for the removal of eight petunia varieties from the market in response to the presence of unauthorized genetically modified petunias.Germany and the Netherlands.European Union, they were required to be identified and destroyed;European countries began related investigations.Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs in the United Kingdom launched an investigation into their sale, and campaign group GM Freeze warned consumers to avoid the plants.

By May 2, 2017, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) was performing screenings with plant breeders to search for cauliflower mosaic virus in petunias, as the virus is commonly used to control the expression of transgenes.autoclave, bury, compost, incinerate, or use a landfill to dispose of the identified petunia varieties.centrepiece at a graduation party in May 2017 but did not take a sample because "she didn't want to destroy the nice floral display".

Regulatory agencies' sudden awareness of the presence of unauthorized genetically modified organisms on the market led to a recall campaignCanada.Klaus Pichler.

The events leading to the widespread presence of orange petunias are unclear.Sandoz when the orange petunias were first developed, but Sandoz merged into Novartis in 1996, and Novartis merged its agricultural arm with that of AstraZeneca in 2000 to form Syngenta. An executive at trade group AmericanHort suggested that "somewhere along the line [...] somebody lost sight of the fact that the original color breakthrough in question here had been achieved through genetic modification".


Orange petunia

Subsequent regulation

The USDA stated in 2017 that it would not pursue action against companies which had distributed orange petunias, as it appeared that they had not been aware that the plants were unauthorized genetically modified organisms.Westhoff led the USDA and APHIS to deregulate orange petunias in the United States, allowing their sale.

Traits

Genetic

Flower coloration from anthocyanins in the ornamental petunia, Petunia × hybrida, is an example of substrate specificity of one enzyme limiting the spectrum of possible products of the pathway. Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments giving flowers, fruits and sometimes vegetative parts of plants colors ranging from orange and red to blue and purple. Anthocyanins are extensively glycosylated and acylated, which affects their visual properties. At the aglycone level the three most common variants of the molecule are the anthocyanidins pelargonidin, cyanidin and delphinidin, differing by the number of hydroxyl groups (one, two or three, respectively) in the B-ring of the molecule. Hydroxylation takes place at the level of dihydroflavonols in the pathway (possibly earlier in some cases, or later in others) by two enzymes, flavonoid 3'hydroxylase (F3'H) and flavonoid 3'5'hydroxylase (F3'5'H). The enzyme dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR) converts dihydroflavonols to corresponding leucoanthocyanidins, which then are oxidized to anthocyanidins by anthocyanidin synthase (syn. leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase). In petunia, the DFR enzyme does not react with the simplest precursor (dihydrokaempferol); therefore, the natural range of petunia flower colors lacks orange hues typical to pelargonidin derivatives.

Southern blot analysis of orange GM petunia cultivars 'Viva Orange', 'Electric Orange' and 'Salmon Ray' with probes for the A1-DFR coding sequence (left) and the nptII gene (right).


Orange petunia

Orange petunias contain a gene encoding dihydroquercetin 4-reductase from maize,1complementary DNA enables production of orange pelargonidin pigment.1 type 2 allele, which matches the modification made in the 1980s and thus suggests a direct relationship between modern orange petunias and the 1987 experiment.nptII gene, a common marker of selective gene transfer.

While the original orange petunias had poor horticultural properties, plant breeders were able to introduce the genetic modification into hardier petunia varieties through crossbreeding.

Visual

While petunias and similar plants do not normally produce orange or bright red flowers because they are genetically unable to synthesize such pigments, genetically modified orange petunias have orange flowers.

Interaction with other organisms

Orange petunias are not pests and are not considered noxious weeds in the United States, where they are not sexually compatible with any wild plants.

Varieties

Orange petunia varieties carry commercial names including 'African Sunset', 'Cascadias Indian Summer', and 'Bonnie Orange'

Works cited


Orange petunia

* Barber, Gregory (June 2022). "Love Me, Love Me Not". Wired. pp. 24–25.
  * Bashandy, Hany; Teeri, Teemu H. (August 2017). "Genetically engineered orange petunias on the market". Planta. 246 (2): 277–280. doi:10.1007/s00425-017-2722-8. ISSN 0032-0935. PMC 5522655. PMID 28647812.
  * Fraiture, Marie-Alice; Ujhelyi, Gabriella; Ovesná, Jaroslava; Van Geel, Dirk; De Keersmaecker, Sigrid; Saltykova, Assia; Papazova, Nina; Roosens, Nancy H. C. (May 9, 2019). "MinION sequencing technology to characterize unauthorized GM petunia plants circulating on the European Union market". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 7141. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.7141F. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43463-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6509135. PMID 31073231.
  * Haselmair-Gosch, Christian; Miosic, Silvija; Nitarska, Daria; Roth, Barbara L.; Walliser, Benjamin; Paltram, Renate; Lucaciu, Rares C.; Eidenberger, Lukas; Rattei, Thomas; Olbricht, Klaus; Stich, Karl (February 28, 2018). "Great Cause—Small Effect: Undeclared Genetically Engineered Orange Petunias Harbor an Inefficient Dihydroflavonol 4-Reductase". Frontiers in Plant Science. 9: 149. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00149. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 5835687. PMID 29541079.


Orange petunia

* Haselmair-Gosch, Christian; Nitarska, Daria; Walliser, Benjamin; Flachowsky, Henryk; Marinovic, Silvija; Halbwirth, Heidi (June 19, 2020). "Event-specific qualitative polymerase chain reaction analysis for two T-DNA copies in genetically modified orange Petunia". Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 142 (2): 415–424. doi:10.1007/s11240-020-01871-w. ISSN 0167-6857. PMC 7359168. PMID 32684656.
  * Knapton, Sarah (May 9, 2017). "GM petunias could harm wildlife in Britain's gardens, warn campaigners". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235
  * Malakoff, David (May 16, 2017). "U.S. flower sellers rush to destroy illegal GE petunias". ScienceInsider. Science
  * Meyer, Peter; Heidmann, Iris; Forkmann, Gert; Saedler, Heinz (December 1987). "A new petunia flower colour generated by transformation of a mutant with a maize gene". Nature. 330 (6149): 677–678. Bibcode:1987Natur.330..677M. doi:10.1038/330677a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 3683587. S2CID 4251435.
  * Servick, Kelly (May 24, 2017). "How the transgenic petunia carnage of 2017 began". ScienceInsider. Science
  * Simakis, Michelle; Varga, Karen E. (May 14, 2017). "Breaking: Finnish report prompts petunia genetics investigation in the U.S." Greenhouse Management
  * "USDA Approves Sale of Orange Petunias". Greenhouse Product News. January 20, 2021
  * "The Petunia Carnage". Next Nature Network. Interview with Klaus Pichler. 2022{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)


Orange petunia

Source attribution

  * This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.. Text taken from Genetically engineered orange petunias on the market, 277–280, Hany Bashandy & Teemu H. Teeri, . Via SpringerLink. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see this how-to page. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use.
  * This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.. Text taken from Event-specific qualitative polymerase chain reaction analysis for two T-DNA copies in genetically modified orange Petunia, 415–424, Christian Haselmair-Gosch, Daria Nitarska, Benjamin Walliser, Henryk Flachowsky, Silvija Marinovic & Heidi Halbwirth, . Via SpringerLink. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see this how-to page. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use.