Williamson amplifier

In 1925 Edward W. Kellogg published the first comprehensive theory of audio power amplifier design. Kellogg proposed that the permissible level of harmonic distortion can reach 5%, provided that distortion rises smoothly rather than abruptly, and that it generates only low-order harmonics.interwar period, when most amplifiers were employed in cinemas.sound film and public address requirements were low, and customers were contenttransformer-coupled, class B amplifiers.Western Electric around their 300A and 300B power triodes, far exceeded the average level but were expensive and rare.

By the middle of the 1930s Western Electric and RCA improved performance of their experimental audio equipment to a level approaching modern understanding of high fidelity, but none of these systems could be commercialized yet.sources of matching quality.physical media surpassing low-quality AM broadcasting and shellac records.Great Depression, World War II and the post-war television boomdo it themselves. American DIYers experimented with novel beam tetrodes. Australians preferred traditional push-pull circuits built around directly-heated triodes and complex, expensive interstage transformers.

British school of thought led by Walter CockingWireless World leaned to push-pull, class A, RC-coupled triode output stages. kHz and improved its transient response.output impedance that failed to control fundamental resonance of the loudspeaker.high fidelity. Instead of Kellogg's single figure of merit (harmonic distortion), Cocking set three simultaneous targets - low frequency distortion, low harmonic distortion, and low phase distortion.Quality Amplifier design - a two-stage, RC-coupled triode class A amplifier that achieved no more than 2–3% maximum distortion without using feedback.Wartime Quality Amplifier, built around American 6V6 beam tetrodes; however, both the input stage and the output transformer were placed outside the feedback loop.Quality Amplifier family became the foundation of post-war British and Australian audio industry, including the Williamson amplifier.

Development

In 1943, in the middle of World War II, twenty-year-old Scotsman Theo Williamson failed mathematics exam and was discharged from the University of Edinburgh.drafted him for mandatory civilian work at Marconi-Osram Valve.Williamson amplifier.magnetic cartridge, would be commercialized in 1948 as the Ferranti ribbon pickup.

Design targets

Following Cocking's ideas, Williamson devised a different, much stricter set of fidelity requirements:


Williamson amplifier

1. Negligible non-linear distortion (sum of harmonic distortion and intermodulation products) up to the maximum rated output, at all audible frequencies from 10 to 20000 Hz;
 2. Linear frequency response and constant output power at all audible frequencies;
 3. Negligible phase shift within the audible frequency range;
 4. Good transient response which, in addition to above frequency and phase requirements, demands perfectly constant gain when handling complex waveforms and transients;
 5. Low output impedance and, inversely, high damping factor. At the very least, output impedance of an amplifier must be lower than the loudspeaker impedance;
 6. Output power of 15–20 W for reproduction of orchestral music via a dynamic loudspeaker, or 10 W for a horn loudspeaker.

Williamson reviewed contemporary amplifier configurations, and, just like Cocking, settled on a low distortion push-pull, class A, triode output stage. dB deep negative feedback loop dB higher open loop gain to compensate the effect of feedback).

Prototypes and tests

Valve complement of the original Williamson amplifier was determined by scarce supply in wartime Britain. The two suitable and available output valves were either the PX25 triode, or a triode-connected KT66 beam tetrode.power supply, the KT66 prototype delivered 20 Watts at no more than 0.1% distortion.Goodmans full-range speaker in an acoustical labyrinth enclosure, has proven to Williamson that a low distortion, deep feedback amplifier, indeed, sounded superior to amplifiers without feedback.shellac records, despite the physical limitations of this low-fidelity format.

The prototypes impressed the Marconi management, who granted Williamson unlimited access to the company's test facilities and introduced him to the people from Decca Records.Decca ffrr system, the first true high fidelity medium in the United Kingdom.General Electric Company were willing to invest in mass production of amplifiers for the civilian market.

Publication

In February 1946 Williamson left Marconi, moved to Edinburgh and joined Ferranti.Wireless World.Quality amplifier. Cocking, as the technical editor of Wireless World, certainly had precedence; according to Peter Stinson, he was sceptical about the Williamson amplifier, believing that his own design needed no further improvements.


Williamson amplifier

By 1947 British industry had already released two amplifiers of comparable sound quality. Harold Leak announced production of his Leak Point OneQuad II production model.

In August 1949 Williamson, responding to letters from the readers, published the "New Version" of this amplifier. The article dealt extensively with construction, tuning and troubleshooting issues,frequency compensation network, a biasing potentiometer and a new, indirectly-heated rectifier valve that was not available in 1947, the circuit remained the same.preamplifier stages and brief "Replies to Queries" concerning assembly and testing.Wireless World, remained unchanged.

Reception

"Amplifier to End Amplifiers". Radio and Hobbies, Australia, March 1948. The sample shown here uses American 6SN7 and 807 valves and a surplus chassis of an Australian-made radio transmitter.Radio and Hobbies did not credit Williamson as the author of the original

The Williamson amplifier was an instant success.FM broadcasting,ffrr and the LP record), and the "discovery" of the captured German Magnetophon.military surplus, including cheap American 6L6 and 807 power valves.

In September 1947 Australians R. H. Astor and Fritz Langford-Smith adapted the Williamson circuit for American 6SN7 and 807 valves; a 6L6 variant followed soon."premium" British valves and transformers, thus launching the market for British hi-fi in the United States.reference design, and a starting point for all valve designs employing global feedback.

The spread of DIY construction and the abundance of publications addressed to the amateurs had a solid economic reason: factory-made electronics of the 1940s were too expensive. The industry has not yet reorganized for mass production of affordable consumer products. Home construction of valve electronics was relatively simple and promised considerable savings.Stereo has not been commercialized yet; almost all surviving Williamson amplifiers are monaural.

Small-scale factory production in the United Kingdom began in February 1948; first big manufacturer, Rogers, announced production in October 1948.Radio-Electronics wrote in 1953 that "since Williamson published the first description of his High-Quality Audio Amplifier, other audio designers had two apparent choices, beating him [Williamson] or joining him."

Design features

Specifications


Williamson amplifier

Design features

Specifications

  * Tube complement, 1947 version: 4x L63 (each equivalent to 6J5), 2x KT66, 1x U52 directly-heated rectifier.6SN7 or B65 double triodes, and replaced rectifier with the 53KU indirectly-heated type;
  * Output power and maximum distortion: 15 W RMS at no more than 0.1% THD;
  * Intermodulation: not specified (Williamson did not have the necessary test equipment);
  * Frequency range: 10-20000 Hz at ±0.2 dB; 3-60000 Hz at ±3 dB;
  * Phase shift within 10-20000 Hz: "never exceeds a few degrees" at the extremes of audio spectrum;
  * Noise and hum: -85 dB below maximum output, almost entirely consisting of mains frequency hum.

Topology

The 1949 version of the Williamson circuit. W output power, specified by Williamson in peak volts, shown recalculated to effective sine volts. Value of feedback resistor X depends on load impedance (two options shown)

The Williamson amplifier is a four-stage, push-pull, class A triode valve amplifier built around a high quality, wideband output transformer.Quality Amplifier circuit. The added first stage (V1A) is a dedicated error amplifier, which compensates for the loss of gain caused by negative feedback.

The plate of the first stage and the grid of the phase splitter are connected directly. This configuration, known since 1940, was still uncommon in 1947;capacitively coupled. Cathode bypass capacitors are absent: Williamson, like Cocking before him, tried to linearize open-loop performance of each stage, and deliberately sacrificed gain for linearity;electrolytic capacitors; its power supply uses a CLC π-filter with two 8 µF paper capacitors,

Derivative designs of the 1950s often deviated from Williamson's recommendations while retaining his four-stage topology. According to Peter Stinson, this alone is not sufficient to be called a Williamson amplifier.


Williamson amplifier

1. All four stages must use triodes; the output stage may use triode-connected tetrodes or pentodes;
 2. Output stage must operate in class A;
 3. Phase splitter must be directly coupled to the input stage;
 4. High-quality output transformer must conform to the original Williamson specification;
 5. Global negative feedback loop must be connected from transformer secondary to the cathode of the input triode, and be exactly 20 dB deep.

Feedback

The 20 dB (ten-to-one) feedback loop of the Williamson amplifier wraps around all four stages and the output transformer. According to Richard C. Hitchcock, dB, but the audible improvements of deeper feedback will be diminishingly low.

All frequency compensation components are located in the first and second stages of the circuit: their local smoothing RC filters subtly alter frequency response at infrasonic frequencies. An additional RC-filter in the first stage, introduced by Williamson in the 1949 version, prevents oscillations at ultrasonic frequencies.voltage divider is connected to the transformer secondary, thus feedback depth is dependent on loudspeaker impedance, and setting it at precisely 20 dB requires altering the divider ratio.

Transformer

Williamson was confident that the output transformer is the most critical component in any valve amplifier.bandwidth of the transformer.

Stability theory predicted that an amplifier built to Williamson's specifications could only be stable if the bandwidth of its output transformer was no less than 2.5...160000 Hz.phase margin to a bare minimum; even then, the required bandwidth had to be no less than 3,3...60000 Hz.inductance of at least 100 H, and leakage inductance of no more than 33 mH.Williamson transformers had to be heavier, larger, more complex and more expensive than typical audio transformers, and yet they could only guarantee minimally acceptable stability.

Overload behaviour

Valve amplifiers with capacitive coupling between the driver stage and the output stage do not clip in the same manner as transistor amplifiers (e.g. clamping output voltage to one of the supply rails). Instead, they choke when large signal swings intermittently attempt to bias the grids of the output valves above zero.


Williamson amplifier

Feedback attempts to overcome choking by increasing driver voltage swing, but fails because coupling capacitors cannot physically pass direct current. Resulting distortion pattern, as Williamson proved with photocopies of oscillograms and Lissajous curves, is "of the desirable type", i.e. with abrupt onset of distortion at the extremes of otherwise highly linear response curves.

Stability problem

Further information: Stability theory, Nyquist stability criterion, and frequency compensation
Frequency, phase and transient response of various Williamson amplifiers
Williamson's 1949 design. Dashed lines: open loop response, solid lines: closed loop response. Resonant bumps at low and high extremes indicate narrow phase margins
Commercial amplifier with a high quality transformer, US NRL measurements
Commercial amplifier with an inferior transformer, US NRL measurements

The first attempts to build the Williamson amplifier revealed its tendency to oscillate due to very narrow phase margin. Astor and Langford-Smith, who gave the Williamson excellent ratings, kHz oscillation with small capacitors on screen grids, but could not identify and suppress the cause of "some other" oscillations.United States Naval Research Laboratory examined seven different commercially available Williamson amplifiers, and found that all of them oscillated at infrasonic frequencies of 2...3 Hz. Hz, but were also prone to infrasonic "breathing". kHz, others extended into 500...700 kHz range.

Custom-built Williamson transformers were imperfect, but general-purpose, off-the-shelf transformers used by amateurs were far worse. Their resonances could only be tamed by narrowing the amplifier's bandwidth. The extent of stability problem in the DIY community remains unknown: the editors of Wireless Worlds were flooded with readers' letters, but preferred to redirect them to Williamson.Ferranti and presented the second version of the Williamson in 1949.

According to the analysis, infrasonic open-loop response of the Williamson amplifier is shaped by three high-pass filters: two interstage RC filters, each with a cutoff frequency of 6 Hz, and the output stage RL filter, formed by the valves' output impedances and the transformer's primary inductance. Hz.–30 dB frequency loop, is unstable.smoothing filter.Ultralinear Williamson by David Hafler and Herbert Keroes had these frequencies set at 1.3 and 6 Hz.


Williamson amplifier

Precise analysis at ultrasonic frequencies is impossible due to the asymmetry of the phase splitter stage, and unknown parasitics and nonlinearities of the output stage.

Component problem

British KT66 beam tetrodes by General Electric Company. Experience has proved that American substitutes were not an even match for the original KT66.

The Williamson amplifier was very sensitive to the quality and parameters of passive components and valves. Carbon and composition-type resistors generated excessive noise and caused harmonic distortion; American valves used as substitutes for the British types specified by Williamson, could not match their performance.

Amateurs who copied the Williamson amplifier were unable to identify and fix its critical weak points. An amateur armed with an analogue multimeter could "see" infrasonic oscillations by watching the instrument needle,oscilloscope with bandwidth of at least 1 MHz bandwidth. In the 1950s bandwidths of many commercial oscilloscopes were too narrow for the task, and even these models were too expensive for the DIYers.

Articles by professional engineers dealing with analysis and fine tuning of the Williamson amplifier were published relatively late, when the original DIY enthusiasm had already faded - in 1952,Bendix Corporation, identified five sources of distortion caused by inferior components other than the transformer:

 1. Excessive noise and electromagnetic interference caused by noisy carbon or composition-type resistors and incorrect layout of the first stage. Replacement of resistors specified by Williamson with wirewound resistors could improve signal-to-noise ratio by 12 dB. Replacement of 6SN7 with low-noise 12AY7 could gain another 12 dB;
 2. Frequency and harmonic distortion caused by asymmetry of passive components in two sides of a push-pull circuit. Typical components of the 1950s had 20% tolerances, which was unacceptably high for the Williamson;
 3. The 6SN7 driver stage was often unable to properly swing the KT66 grids, causing excessive distortion. According to Kiebert, the American 5687 dual triode was clearly superior.
 4. Distortion in the feedback voltage divider. This critical function required low-distortion wirewound resistors;
 5. Distortion was clearly influenced by the choice of output valves, however, Kiebert could not identify any specific rules.


Williamson amplifier

Kiebert rated the design positively but warned the readers that following Williamson's instructions is possible only in a laboratory environment.

Variants and derivatives

EICO HF-20 integrated amplifier, one of many inexpensive American Ultralinear Williamsons. In addition to ultralinear 6L6 output, it deviates from the original in having cathode bypass and frequency compensation capacitors in the output stage, and an inexpensive CRC power supply filter instead of CLC.

After 1950 the industry produced numerous derivatives of the Williamson amplifier, often deviating significantly from the principles outlined by its creator. In 1950 Herbert Keroes shunted common cathode resistor of his 807 amplifier with a large electrolytic capacitor which, according to Keroes, significantly reduced distortion at high output power.David Hafler used cathode shunt capacitors in most of their designs; by 1956 this approach became de facto industry standard.fixed bias in his EL34 Williamson.6C4C directly-heated triode,GU-50 generator pentodehorizontal deflection tetrode.

Throughout the 1950s, as prices of capacitors decreased, designers steadily increased their values. The original Williamson amplifier used 8 μF paper capacitors; by 1952 Kiebert uses 40 μF electrolytics;reference design by Keroes used at least 250 μF bypass capacitors;600 μF. 2200Stromberg-Carlson AR-425 (also 1953) use a tetrode-mode output stage in an otherwise familiar Williamson topology. DB20 (1953) went even further, and combined global and local negative feedback loops with positive feedback in the output stage.

In December 1951 Hafler and Keroes began promoting the ultralinear stage - a method of distributing load between anode and screen grid of a pentode or tetrode, invented by Alan Blumlein in the 1930s. An ultralinear stage delivered 50%Ultralinear Williamson, employing a pair of 6L6 in a Williamson-like topology,20 W;30 W.trademark. In the 21st century it is even used for amplifiers without global negative feedback; the only thing they have in common with the true Williamson amplifier is the four-stage topology.


Williamson amplifier

Following the success of Hafler and Keroes, American manufacturers like Eico, The Fisher, Harman/Kardon and Marantz disposed with "obsolete" power triodes and switched to ultralinear designs.Mullard, Britain's largest valve manufacturer and provider of reference designs to the European industry, publicly supported the novelty.General Electric Company, followed suit and published a reference "30-Watt Williamson" design built around a pair of ultralinear-connected KT88.Peter Walker and Frank McIntosh.Quad Electrostatic Loudspeaker) agreed that the ultralinear stage was, indeed, preferable in mass production.milling machines and flexible manufacturing systems, which later earned him election to the Royal Society, and never considered audio design a serious occupation for himself.

In 1956 most production amplifiers in North America followed the Ultralinear Williamson template,reference design combined phase splitter and driver functions in one valve, and thus cost proportionally less than four-stage amplifiers.Dynaco Stereo 70, which followed this topology, became the most produced valve amplifier in history. W per channel, as well as clones of less powerful British designs like the Mullard 5-10.subjective listening, advanced by Hafler and Keroes back in 1951: "Excellent measurements are a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the quality of sound. The listening test is one of most importance... the most stringent test of all".audiophiles and marketing people, who eagerly forgot about the objective principles devised by Williamson in the 1940s.

Objectively, many deep-feedback valve designs of the 1950s matched or exceeded the 0.1% distortion rating of the Williamson amplifier, but none could significantly improve on this figure.


Bill Schwartz

Bill Schwartz may refer to:

  * Bill Schwartz (catcher) (1864–1940), 19th century baseball catcher
  * Bill Schwartz (first baseman) (1884–1961), 20th century baseball first baseman


Élias Robert

For the Micronesian politician, see Elias Robert (politician).

Phryne by Élias Robert, North facade of the Louvre's Cour Carrée

There are two Louis-Valentin Robert :

1) Louis Valentin Robert born 15 September 1819 (Étampes) died 2 October 1819 (Étampes)

His younger brother with the same name :

2) Louis Valentin Robert called Élias Robert born 6 June 1821 (Étampes) died 29 April 1874 (Paris) is a French sculptor. His major works include :

  * Phryne, Louvre museum (1855)
  * France crowning Art and Industry (1855)
  * Justice, a bronze crowning one of the columns of Fontaine Saint-Michel (1861)
  * Agriculture and Industry displayed on the main facade of Gare d'Austerlitz (1868)
  * the Caryatid of Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers

A collection of his works was donated to the city museum of Étampes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Élias Robert.

  * Élias Robert in American public collections, on the French Sculpture Census website


Delbrück

For the surname, see Delbrück (surname).

Delbrück (German pronunciation: [ˈdɛl.bʁʏk] (listen)) is a town in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, located in the district Paderborn.

History

The first documentbishop of Paderborn and the bishop of Cologne.

Subdivisions

Subdivisions  Population      Area
              (30 June 2011)  (in km²)
Anreppen      1,336           9.89
Bentfeld      1,358           8.09
Boke          2,592           16.12
Delbrück      11,417          20.40
Hagen         2,389           18.56
Lippling      2,143           15.48
Ostenland     3,025           21.80
Schöning      1,292           7.08
Steinhorst    769             8,15
Westenholz    3,693           31.75
Total         30,014          157.32

Mayors

  * Robert Oelsmeier (CSU): 1999–2009
  * Werner Peitz (independent) since 2009

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Delbrück is twinned with:

  * [Hungary] Budakeszi, Hungary
  * [France] Quérénaing, France
  * [Germany] Zossen, Germany

Notable people

  * Albert Florath (1888–1957), official advisor in Delbrück, worked in the Poor, Church and School Department as well as in the police department
  * Martin Amedick (born 1982), footballer
  * Dennis Eilhoff (born 1982), footballer
  * Official website
  * Media related to Delbrück at Wikimedia Commons


Eglinton Island

This article is about the island. For the fjord, see Eglinton Fjord.

Eglinton Island an uninhabited island of the Arctic Archipelago in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Eglinton is one of the Queen Elizabeth Islands. Located at 75°48'N 118°30'W, it measures 1,541 km2 (595 sq mi) in size, 73 kilometres (45 mi) long and 44 km (27 mi) wide in measurements. It lies on the north side of the M'Clure Strait, just south of the much larger Prince Patrick Island and is uninhabited with no known human activity.

The first European sighting of Eglinton Island was in 1853 by George Mecham, and explored by him and Francis Leopold McClintock in the spring of that year.

Image gallery

  * [Terra/MODIS satellite image of Eglinton Island]
    Terra/MODIS satellite image of Eglinton Island
  * [Map including Eglinton Island]
    Map including Eglinton Island
  * Eglinton Island - Canada's Arctic
  * Eglinton Island in the Atlas of Canada - Toporama; Natural Resources Canada


Delbert Miller

Delbert Miller was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.

Biography

Miller was born on February 27, 1885, in Muskego, Wisconsin.West Allis, Wisconsin.

Career

Miller was elected to the Assembly in 1916 and re-elected in 1918. Later, he served as Mayor of West Allis in 1937. He was a Republican.

  * The Political Graveyard


Solea senegalensis

Solea senegalensis, the Senegalese sole, is a species of flatfish from the family of the true soles, the Soleidae, from the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea.

Description

Solea senegalensis is very similar to the common sole and like it, it has a flattened, oval body with the dorsal fin starting on the upper profile of the head to the front of the upper eye.anal fin has 61–74 rays and there is a well developed pectoral fin on each side of its body which has 7–10 rays. There are numerous, small, hair like fringes on the blind side of the head and the distance between the upper eye and the dorsal profile of the head is obviously greater than the diameter of the eye. The anterior nostril on the blind-side is surrounded by a small ridge but it is not enlarged.caudal fin is attached to the last rays of the dorsal and anal fins by a narrow membrane.lateral line is made up of 120–138 pored scales. It is greyish brown in colour on the eyed side marked with numerous blue spots, the spots tend to disappear in dead specimens. The pectoral fin on the eyed side has a nearly black membrane contrasting with cream coloured fin rays while the caudal fin is plain.standard length of 60 cm but is more usually 45 cm.

Distribution

Solea senegalensis occurs in the eastern Atlantic from southern Great Britain and Ireland, where it is rare, to Angola, including the Canary Islands. It entered the Mediterranean Sea via Gibraltar in the early 20th century,

Habitat and biology

Solea senegalensis is a demersal marine flatfish which occurs on sandy or muddy bottoms, these can be in varied habitats from brackish lagoons and shallow waters to coastal regions where the water can be 100 m in depth. The adults feed mainly on small benthic invertebrates, especially polychaetes and bivalves, with some small crustaceans. Females attain sexual maturity at around 3 years of age and a total length of 32 cm. Spawning takes place during the summer peaking in June around the Iberian Peninsula and in the Bay of Biscay when the water temperature is between 15 °C and 20 °C.

Taxonomy


Solea senegalensis

Taxonomy

Over much of its range S. senegalensis is sympatric with the rather similar common sole and has been considered a subspecies by some authors in the past, Solea vulgaris melanochira.Solea aegyptiaca) than it is to the common sole,hybrid zone, with hybrids being detected from the Gulf of Lions and the coats of Tunisia as demonstrated in the research of Dr. Khaled Ouanes.S. senegalensis is thought to have invaded the Mediterranean from the eastern Atlantic through the Straits of Gibraltar, a phenomenon knows as Herculean migration after the Pillars of Hercules.

Human interaction

In Europe both the common sole and the Senegalese sole are landed and marketed and there is little distinction made between them in statistics. There are, however, different geographical preferences with the common sole being preferred in northern Europe and the Senegalese sole being preferred in more southerly areas and these preferences are reflected in the higher market price for common sole in northern and western Europe while Senegalese sole is more valuable in southern Europe. kg to as low as 9,049 kg but information on fishing effort is lacking.

The flesh is sold fresh, normally as fillets with smaller fillets going to domestic consumers and larger fillets to commercial markets such as hotels and restaurants.


1899–1900 Netherlands Football League Championship

The Netherlands Football League Championship 1899–1900 was contested by thirteen teams participating in two divisions. The national champion would be determined by a play-off featuring the winners of the eastern and western football division of the Netherlands. HVV Den Haag won this year's championship by beating Victoria Wageningen 1–0 in a decision match.

New entrants

Eerste Klasse East:

  * Hercules
  * Victoria Wageningen

Eerste Klasse West:

  * Ajax Sportman Combinatie (also known as Ajax Leiden)

Divisions

Eerste Klasse East

Pos  Team                 Pld  W  D  L  GF  GA  GD   Pts  Qualification
1    Victoria Wageningen  10   6  3  1  28  8   +20  15   Qualified for Championship play-off
2    Go Ahead Wageningen  10   4  4  2  18  12  +6   12
3    Quick Nijmegen       10   3  4  3  14  13  +1   10
4    Vitesse Arnhem       10   4  2  4  12  22  −10  10
5    Hercules             10   3  1  6  13  22  −9   7
6    PW                   10   2  2  6  15  23  −8   6

Source: rsssf.com

Eerste Klasse West

Pos  Team                      Pld  W   D  L   GF  GA  GD   Pts  Qualification
1    HVV Den Haag              12   10  1  1   45  22  +23  21   Qualified for Championship play-off
2    Ajax Sportman Combinatie  12   6   4  2   28  14  +14  16
3    RAP                       12   6   3  3   37  16  +21  15
4    Sparta Rotterdam          12   5   1  6   20  29  −9   11
5    HFC Haarlem               12   4   2  6   20  27  −7   10
6    HBS Craeyenhout           12   3   2  7   21  34  −13  8
7    Koninklijke HFC           12   1   1  10  12  41  −29  3    Not participating next season

Source: rsssf.com

Championship play-off

Team 1        Agg.          Team 2               1st leg  2nd leg
HVV Den Haag  one win each  Victoria Wageningen  4–1      0–2

Replay

Team 1        Score  Team 2

HVV Den Haag  1–0    Victoria Wageningen

HVV Den Haag won the championship.


HVV Den Haag won the championship.

  * RSSSF Netherlands Football League Championships 1898-1954
  * RSSSF Eerste Klasse Oost
  * RSSSF Eerste Klasse West


Arnold R. Highfield

Arnold Ray Highfield (March 10, 1940 – September 8, 2019) was an American professor, historian, writer, and poet, best known for his historical works on the Danish West Indies and the United States Virgin Islands.

Early life and personal life

Arnold Highfield, the eldest of two children, was born in New Boston, Ohio,steelworker, and his wife Hazel Nichols Highfield. His father died in an auto accident in November 1941; Arnold and his brother were raised by their mother and paternal grandparents, Clarence Riley Highfield and Roxie Frye Highfield.Ohio State University in 1964 and an MA in [Medieval History] in 1966. In 1966–67,University of Lausanne in Switzerland, where he studied French.University of Madrid in Spain. In 1976, he earned a doctorate in Romance Linguistics, also from The Ohio State University.

In 1963, Highfield married Shirley de Chabert of St. Croix, USVI,Middlebury, Vermont.

Highfield died on September 8, 2019.

Teaching career

Highfield began his teaching career as an assistant instructor and departmental tutor, History Department, Ohio State University, in 1964–66.College of the Virgin Islands from 1969 to 1972.teaching associate and the following year, 1974–75, he was a research associate at Ohio State University in the Department of Romance Languages.Anthropology, Linguistics and Philosophy.Ohio Wesleyan University in 1982 and a turn as visiting professor for the winter terms of both 1998 and 1999 at Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vermont.University of Copenhagen (in absentia); Middlebury College; California State University; Lavity Stoutt College (Tortola, British Virgin Islands); Colegio Universitario del Turabo (Puerto Rico); West Indies Laboratory, Fairleigh Dickinson University; the Haitian-American Institute (Port-au-Prince, Haiti), The University of Galway, and others.

Honors

Highfield is a past member of Phi Alpha Theta, National History Honorary Society; recipient of the Faculty of the Year Award for the St. Croix Campus, College of the Virgin Islands, for the academic years 1975–76, 1976–77, and 1977–78, as selected by the student body;

Published works


Arnold R. Highfield

* Editor and Translator Georg Hjersing Høst's Account of the Island of St. Thomas and Its Governors Recorded there on the Island from 1769 until 1776 with Kristoffer F. Bøegh, published in 2018 by Antilles Press, Christiansted, USVI. ISBN 978-0-916611-25-5
  * Editor and Translator Charles Vanderbourg's Report To Ernst Schimmelmann on the Present Conditions of the Negroes on the Schimmelmann Plantations and the Means of Ameliorating Them published in 2018 by Antilles Press, Christiansted, USVI. ISBN 978-0-916611-24-8
  * Authored The Cultural History of the American Virgin Islands and the Danish West Indies: A Companion Guide published in 2018 by Antilles Press, Christiansted, USVI. ISBN 978-0-916611-22-4
  * Authored Crucian Recollections: From the Compelling Past of a Storied Island published in 2014 by Antilles Press, Christiansted, USVI. ISBN 978-0-692-20055-1
  * Authored Sainte Croix 1650–1733: A Plantation Society in the French Antilles published in 2013 by Antilles Press, Christiansted, USVI. ISBN 978-0-916611-19-4
  * Authored Sea Grapes and Kennips: The Story of Christiansted Town and Its People published in 2012 by Antilles Press, Christiansted, USVI. ISBN 978-0-916611-18-7
  * Authored Guide to British Documents for the Danish West Indies and the Virgin Islands During the Colonial Period, 1652 to 1739 published in 2010 by Antilles Press, Christiansted, USVI. ISBN 978-0-916611-11-8
  * Authored Time Longa’ Dan Twine: Notes on the Culture, History, and People of the U.S. Virgin Islands published in 2009 by Antilles Press, Christiansted, USVI. ISBN 978-0-916611-23-1
  * Co-edited Negotiating Enslavement: Perspectives on Slavery in the Danish West Indies published in 2009 by the Virgin Islands Humanities Council. ISBN 0-916611-10-8


Arnold R. Highfield

* Authored Under a Taino Moon published in 2008 by Antilles Press, Christiansted, USVI. ISBN 978-0-916611-03-3
  * Edited Hans West's Accounts of St. Croix in the West Indies published in 2004 by The Virgin Islands Humanities Council. ISBN 1-886007-05-5
  * Edited Emancipation in the US Virgin Islands: 150 Years of Freedom; 1848–1998 published in 1999 by The Virgin Islands Humanities Council. ISBN 1-886007-10-1
  * Edited and translated J.L. Carstens’ St. Thomas in Early Danish Times: A General Description of all the Danish, American or West Indian Islands published in 1997 by The Virgin Islands Humanities Council. ISBN 1-886007-04-7
  * Edited Observations upon the state of Negro Slavery in the Island of Santa Cruz, 1829 published in 1996 by Antilles Press, Christiansted, USVI. ISBN 0-916611-17-5
  * Edited and translated Description of the Island of St. Croix in America in the West Indies by Reimert Haagensen published in 1995 by The Virgin Islands Humanities Council. ISBN 1-886007-03-9
  * Authored St. Croix, 1493: An Encounter of Two Worlds published in 1995 by The Virgin Islands Humanities Council. ISBN 1-886007-01-2
  * Co-authored Slavery in the Danish West Indies, A Bibliography published in 1994 by The Virgin Islands Humanities Council. ISBN 0-916611-14-0
  * Co-editor The Kamina Folk: Slavery and Slave Life in the Danish West Indies published in 1994 by The Virgin Islands Humanities Council, 1994, USVI. ISBN 1-886007-00-4
  * Co-edited The Danish West Indian Slave Trade: Virgin Islands Perspectives published in 1994 by The Virgin Islands Humanities Council, USVI. ISBN 0-916611-15-9
  * Authored An Archaeology of Names published in 1993 by Antilles Press, Christiansted, USVI. ISBN 0-916611-12-4
  * Co-edited The Generall Description of America or The New World By George Gardiner of Peckham published in 1993 by Antilles Press, Christiansted, USVI. ISBN 0-916611-13-2


Arnold R. Highfield

* Edited Bibliography of Agriculture in the U.S. Virgin Islands Including the Danish West Indies Origins to 1987 published in 1992 by the University of the Virgin Islands Cooperative Extension Service, USVI. ISBN 0-9628909-1-X
  * Co-translated C.G.A. Oldendorp’s History of the Mission of the Evangelical Brethren on The Caribbean Islands of St. Thomas, St. Croix, and St. John. edited by Johann Jakob Bossard. published in 1987 by Karoma Publishers, Inc. Ann Arbor, MI. ISBN 0-89720-075-6
  * Co-edited Historicity and Variation in Creole Studies published in 1981 by Karoma Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI. ISBN 978-0-89720-036-3 (cloth), 0-89720-027-3 (paper)
  * Co-edited Theoretical Orientations in Creole Studies published in 1980 by Academic Press, (subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, NY, London, Toronto Sydney San Francisco) ISBN 0-12-710160-8
  * Authored The French Dialect of St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands: A Descriptive Grammar with Texts and Glossary, Vols. I & II published in 1979 by Karoma Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI.
  * Authored A Brief History of St. Croix published in 1973 by Carib Things Co., Christiansted, USVI. LCCN 72--88996, OCLC 43471515


Arnold R. Highfield

Other work

In the early 1980s, Highfield hosted a weekly television program called Focus on TV-Channel 8 in St. Croix that dealt with visiting personalities, cultural events, and politics.


Blue billy

Blue billy is a chemical or mineralcontaminated land.

The name is a reference to its distinctive bright blue colour, which can make it immediately obvious in other mud or soil. Chemically it is a form of Prussian blue. Although several chemical industry processes could produce it, it is particularly associated with coal gasification and older town gasworks. It has been recognised as a problem effluent and land contaminant since the early industrial period and the first gasworks at the start of the 19th century.

As a visible proof of contamination,

Causes

As one of a range of ferric ferrocyanides, blue billy is a compound of iron, carbon and nitrogen. Processes producing ammonia or cyanides in the presence of iron may give rise to it.

Most commonly it is found around old gasworks. Part of the gas production process, producing town gas by the gasification of coal, involves a liquid bubbler scrubber to remove ammonia compounds, including ammonium cyanide compounds, from the raw gas. If left untreated, these could cause corrosion in gas pipework. A further process to make the gas less toxic by removing hydrogen sulphide and hydrogen cyanide, the purifier, passed the gas over trays of ferric oxide as bog iron ore, similar to red rust, which removed sulfur and cyanide compounds and became 'spent' in this process.leachates, are all common places to find billy deposits forming.

Early gasworks, from 1812, used Samuel Clegg's 'wet lime' purification process which produced large quantities of blue billy. A later 'dry lime' process was developed, using moist hydrated lime, in part to avoid the problem of disposing of the blue billy waste. This process produced a waste known as 'foul lime'.

Coke works, where a similar process is carried out primarily to manufacture coke, either for steelmaking or as a smokeless fuel, are also common sites for its occurrence.

If wastes are preserved in anoxic environments, the Prussian blue colour may not yet have developed. Exposing these to the air and allowing them to become oxidised lets the colour develop.

Commercial uses


Blue billy

Commercial uses

There have been very few commercial uses for blue billy, either as a by-product of production or as a means of disposal when unintended deposits are discovered.

It has been offered for sale as an ingredient in sulfuric acid production, although with little commercial acceptance.

In the past, blue billy has been sold as a weedkiller.

Cleanup

Cleanup for urban gasworks, usually smaller Victorian sites, has usually consisted of removing the worst material en masse to a landfill site away from town.

Remediation of larger sites, such as industrial cokeworks, has required a more selective approach as the volumes and site values involved have been too large to justify simply carrying it away elsewhere. Bio-remediation, mechanically working the soil to expose it to air, sunlight and bacterial action, is a process which can be effective against tars, but not blue billy. Billy residues may require small-scale identification across the site and their separation. By such screening it has been possible to separate the worst of the wastes as one-thirtieth of the total,cementitious matrix and produce a stable form which could be re-used on site.

  * Galligu, a contaminant from the Leblanc process of the early sodium carbonate industry
  * Yellow boy, a yellow precipitate when iron(III) hydroxide is soluble in acidic runoff, but is then neutralised


The Boat Race 1976

The 122nd Boat Race, an annual side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames, took place on 20 March 1976 and was won by Oxford by 6+1⁄2 lengths in 16 minutes 58 seconds, the fastest time in the history of the race. The race was umpired by former Cambridge rower Farn Carpmael. It was the first race in the event for which an official weigh-in was held, and featured the heaviest rower ever in Steve Plunkett.

Oxford's Isis won the 12th running of the reserve race against Cambridge's Goldie, in a record time of 17 minutes 37 seconds. In the 31st Women's Boat Race, Oxford defeated Cambridge.

Background

The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the "Dark Blues")University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the "Light Blues").4.2-mile (6.8 km) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London.1975 race by 5+1⁄2 lengths,"dead heat" of 1877).Farn Carpmael, who had rowed for Cambridge in the 1930 and 1931 races.

The first Women's Boat Race took place in 1927, but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s. Up until 2014, the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races, but as of the 2015 race, it is held on the River Thames, on the same day as the men's main and reserve races.

By invitation from the Oxford boat club president Graham Innes,Dan Topolski (who had rowed for the Dark Blues in the 1967 and 1968 races) while Cambridge were led by Czechoslovakian former international rower Bohumil Janoušek (more commonly known as Bob Janousek).University of London crew was described by Jim Railton of The Times as "abysmal" while Cambridge "disgraced themselves" in a subsequent two-and-a-half-length defeat by their own reserve crew, Goldie.Imperial College London, a "hotbed of rowing",

The day before the race, British bookmaking company Ladbrokes announced that they would sponsor the race from the following year. From 1977, each boat club would be awarded £10,000 and would compete for The Ladbroke Cup.


The Boat Race 1976

Crews

For the first time in the history of the event, an official weigh-in was held, organised by The Sunday Times and weighing machine manufacturers W & T Avery Ltd. st 1 lb (89.0 kg) per rower, 4.5 pounds (2.0 kg) more than their opposition, st (88.7 kg). st 5 lb (103.6 kg) was the heaviest rower in the history of the race.Cambridge University Boat Club president Henry Clay who had rowed in the 1975 race. In contrast, Oxford welcomed back five of their 1975 crew including cox J. N. Calvert, and also included two from the victorious 1975 Isis crew.

Seat                       Oxford             Cambridge
Name                       College            Weight          Name         College          Weight
Bow                        D. R. H. Beak      Oriel           13 st 6 lb   D. J. Searle     St Catharine's     12 st 7 lb
2                          G. S. Innes (P)    Oriel           13 st 10 lb  R. R. A. Breare  Pembroke           14 st 6 lb
3                          A. D. Edwards      St Peters       13 st 0 lb   M. R. Gritten    Queens'            14 st 0 lb
4                          R. S. Mason        Keble           13 st 6 lb   M. P. Wells      Selwyn             14 st 12 lb
5                          S. G. H. Plunkett  Queen's         16 st 3 lb   P. B. Davies     1st & 3rd Trinity  14 st 1 lb
6                          K. C. Brown        Christ Church   14 st 5 lb   R. M. Cashin     1st & 3rd Trinity  14 st 12 lb
7                          A. J. Wiggins      Keble           13 st 5 lb   J. H. Clay (P)   Pembroke           12 st 11 lb
Stroke                     A. G. H. Baird     Christ Church   12 st 10 lb  R. Harpum        Jesus              12 st 4 lb
Cox                        J. N. Calvert      St Edmund Hall  9 st 4 lb    J. P. Manser     Sidney Sussex      9 st 5 lb
Source:
(P) – boat club president

Race

The Championship Course along which the Boat Race is contested

Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station.Hammersmith Bridge, Chiswick Steps and Barnes Bridge.1974 colleagues who had previously held the record.6+1⁄2 lengths behind.

Reaction


The Boat Race 1976

Reaction

Oxford coach Topolski said of his successful crew: "they got three [lengths] up, then they really sat on it and cruised. The enjoyed the row. It's a natural thing when the other crew is so far behind."

The official winning distance caused controversy. A discrepancy between the official margin (6+1⁄2 lengths) and those reported in various British newspapers, including The Sunday Times, The Daily Telegraph and The Times resulted in a delay in bookmakers paying out on winning bets.

Notes

Bibliography

  * Burnell, Richard (1979). One Hundred and Fifty Years of the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race. Precision Press. ISBN 0950063878.
  * Dodd, Christopher (1983). The Oxford & Cambridge Boat Race. Stanley Paul. ISBN 0091513405.
  * Official website


Williamson baronets

There have been two baronetcies created for persons with the surname Williamson, one in the Baronetage of England and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom.

The Williamson Baronetcy, of East Markham in the County of Nottingham, was created in the Baronetage of England on 3 June 1642 for Thomas Williamson. He was a supporter of the Royalist cause in the Civil War, which loyalty resulted in the sequestration of all his Nottinghamshire estates, for which he compounded at a cost of £3400.

The family removed to County Durham as a consequence of marriage and from the 18th century the family seat was Whitburn Hall, near Sunderland ( the house was demolished in 1980). The fourth Baronet served as High Sheriff of Durham 1723–1747. The fifth (1747–88) and sixth Baronets (1789–1810) also served in that office. The seventh Baronet sat as Whig Member of Parliament (MP) for County Durham 1831–2, and Sunderland 1847 and was High Sheriff in 1840. The eighth Baronet represented Durham North in the House of Commons 1864–74. The ninth Baronet was High Sheriff in 1904. The title became extinct on the death of the eleventh Baronet in 2000.

The Williamson Baronetcy, of Glenogil in the County of Forfar, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 29 July 1909. For more information on this creation, see the Baron Forres.

Williamson baronets, of East Markham (1642)

Escutcheon of the Williamson baronets of East Markham

Sir William Hedworth Williamson, 10th Baronet (1924), by John Singer Sargent.

  * Sir Thomas Williamson, 1st Baronet (1609–1657)
  * Sir Thomas Williamson, 2nd Baronet (1636–1703)
  * Sir Robert Williamson, 3rd Baronet (died 1707)
  * Sir William Williamson, 4th Baronet (1681–1747)
  * Sir Hedworth Williamson, 5th Baronet (c. 1710–1788)
  * Sir Hedworth Williamson, 6th Baronet (1751–1810)
  * Sir Hedworth Williamson, 7th Baronet (1797–1861)
  * Sir Hedworth Williamson, 8th Baronet (1827–1900)
  * Sir Hedworth Williamson, 9th Baronet (1867–1942)
  * Sir Charles Hedworth Williamson, 10th Baronet (1903–1946)
  * Sir Nicholas Frederick Hedworth Williamson, 11th Baronet (1937–2000)


Williamson baronets

Williamson baronets, of Glenogil (1909)

  * see Baron Forres
  * A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire Vol 1 4th Ed. John Burke (1832) p618 Google Books (Williamson of Markham)
  * Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,
  * Leigh Rayment's list of baronets – Baronetcies beginning with "W" (part 2)


Eglon, Washington

Eglon is an unincorporated community in Kitsap County, Washington, United States. The town has a community center, a church, a cemetery, a boat launch, a beach, and a picnic area. Its Fire Protection services are provided by North Kitsap Fire and Rescue.

History

The earliest land deeds in this area were government grants to homesteaders, the first of which was recorded December 1, 1864 for 160 acres to settler Isidro Martyn, for having served in the US Army during the American Civil War. In 1891, another homesteader, Charles R. Silver, was granted 160 acres along the waterfront where a stream ran into Puget Sound, and named it Silver Creek. The surrounding area and its community soon became known as Silver Creek. Silver only held this land until 1894, when it was foreclosed on, and it was purchased by Edward Scannel, the lighthouse keeper at Point-No-Point. At this time, few landowners are believed to have lived in the area year round. Rather, they came to log and fish on their land, and lived in more established communities nearby, such as Kingston, Edmonds, and Seattle.

First Eglon dock, c. 1914

In 1904, Albert Halvorsen, a Norwegian immigrant, purchased over a mile of waterfront from Scannel, including the former Silver property. He brought many of his relatives from Seattle to live on his land, and these settlers represented the first permanent residents of Silver Creek. Settlers had to row to either Edmonds or Point-No-Point for mail and supplies, and so in 1906, with the population beginning to grow, Halvorsen established a general store near the beach, and applied for a post office. Postal officials rejected the name Silver Creek, due to a Silver Creek, Washington already in existence, and so the name Eglon was chosen by the community, after Eglon, a figure in the Hebrew Bible.

Eglon first schoolhouse

Eglon Community Church

The Eglon school district was formed in 1907, for the nine school-aged children living in Eglon, with classes beginning on Jan 8, 1908. The first schoolhouse was built in 1908.


Eglon, Washington

Industry increased in Eglon over the next decade. Cook's Camp, a logging operation was established in 1906 at Sandy Beach, south of Eglon Beach, followed by a sawmill in 1908, and a fish trap in 1916, built between Eglon Beach and Pilot Point. In 1912, a one-way wagon road to Kingston was constructed, providing the first road connection to the rest of the county. A community dock was constructed in 1913, but it was of poor quality, and had to be replaced in 1918. On November 18, 1918, regular ferry service was established by the Puget Sound Navigation Company to Colman Dock in Seattle, on the Mosquito Fleet steamer Puget. In 1919, the Port of Eglon was established, and the dock was sold to the Port for $1. Passengers, freight, mail, daily Seattle newspapers, and produce from the Public Market in Seattle, all came by boat. Other steamers that regularly frequented Eglon were: Dode, Perdita, "Weary Willy", Monticello, Dauntless, and Virginia III.

Between 1918 and 1920, the Eglon Community Church was built, and still stands and holds services today. Many early church services were held in Norwegian or Swedish. In 1921, Camp Cohoe, a girls summer camp was founded. A larger Eglon schoolhouse was built in 1922, and today, is used as a community center.

Logging in the area was increased in the 1920s by the arrival of Puget Mill Company in 1922, which first logged along Hansville Road, hauling logs by train to Gamble Bay, south of Little Boston, where they were then floated to the Port Gamble mill. In 1926, Puget Mill began logging closer to Eglon Beach, where they were floated from a logging dock built north of Eglon Beach. In the summer of 1929, a large forest fire burned much of the logged Puget Mill land. Firefighters were brought in from nearby towns to protect the Eglon dock, and with the help of a favorable wind, they were successful.

Eglon community dock, store, and post office, c. 1950


Eglon, Washington

In 1921, construction began on Hansville Road, which would provide an automobile connection to Eglon for the first time. The first car owners in Eglon would use the old wagon road, but often with the help of horses, and sometimes had to scale the many steep hills in reverse. Hansville Road was opened in sections and was finally complete in 1924, and Highway 104 opened in 1926, providing the final link to Kingston and its ferry connection to Edmonds. However, it was not until improvements were made in 1942 that the road was in good enough condition to be used year-round.

The first telephone connection to Eglon was completed in December 1926, and the first electricity service in 1929.

With the opening of the new road, by 1933, the Mosquito Fleet route to Eglon was so unprofitable that it was discontinued. For a year, Eglon was a flag stop for the passenger steamer Mohawk, passing three times a week, but was discontinued for lack of patronage in 1934.


Bill Schroeder (wide receiver)

For the halfback, see Bill Schroeder (halfback).

William Fredrich Schroeder (born January 9, 1971) is a former American football wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He attended Sheboygan South High School and then went on to the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse, where he starred in track and field. Schroeder joined the UW-La Crosse football team in only his fifth year of college after exhausting his eligibility to compete in track. Despite playing only one year, Schroeder's athleticism (4.26 second 40 yard dash and 44 inch vertical leap) drew the attention of NFL scouts.

Schroeder was drafted in the sixth round (181st overall) of the 1994 NFL Draft by the Green Bay Packers.New England Patriots, but suffered a broken foot before he was able to play a single down and was released. Then he went back to Green Bay, and after making the practice squad, he spent some time playing for NFL Europe before he finally made the active roster in the 1997 season. That year, he was the team's leading punt and kick returner as they advanced to Super Bowl XXXII. He went on to play until 2004. His best statistical season was 1999, when he caught 74 passes for 1,051 yards and 5 touchdowns.Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2004, wearing number 11 with the team as Joey Galloway had worn his traditional number of 84. On May 22, 2008 Schroeder informed Green Bay Packers general manager Ted Thompson that he would like to retire as a Packer.

NFL career statistics

Regular season

Year     Team  Games  Receiving  Fumbles
GP       GS    Rec    Yds        Avg      Lng    TD    FUM  Lost
1997     GB    15     1          2        15     7.5   8    1     4   3
1998     GB    13     3          31       452    14.6  46   1     1   0
1999     GB    16     16         74       1,051  14.2  51   5     1   0
2000     GB    16     16         65       999    15.4  55T  4     1   1
2001     GB    14     14         53       918    17.3  67T  9     1   0
2002     DET   14     13         36       595    16.5  46   5     --  --
2003     DET   16     13         36       397    11.0  26   2     --  --
2004     TB    7      2          7        156    22.3  54   1     2   0
Total                 304        4,583    15.1   67    28   0     0
Source:


Delchev

Delchev (Bulgarian: Делчев) is a Bulgarian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Delcheva. It may refer to

  * Aleksander Delchev (born 1971), Bulgarian chess grandmaster and chess author
  * Aleksandra Delcheva (born 1987), Bulgarian volleyball player
  * Gotse Delchev (1872–1903), revolutionary figure in Ottoman-ruled Macedonia
      + Gotse Delchev (town) in southwestern Bulgaria
      + PFC Pirin Gotse Delchev, a Bulgarian football club, based in Gotse Delchev
      + Gotse Delchev Municipality in Bulgaria
      + Gotse Delchev, Blagoevgrad Province, a town in Gotse Delchev Municipality
      + Delchev Ridge in Antarctica, named after Gotse
      + Delchev Peak in Antarctica, named after Gotse
  * Ruzha Delcheva (1915–2002), Bulgarian stage and film actress


1998–99 Maltese Premier League

The 1998–99 Maltese Premier League was the 19th season of the Maltese Premier League, and the 84th season of top-tier football in Malta. It was contested by 10 teams, and Valletta F.C. won the championship.

League table

Pos  Team                 Pld  W   D  L   GF  GA  GD   Pts  Qualification or relegation
1    Valletta (C)         27   23  1  3   71  23  +48  70   Qualification for the 1999–2000 UEFA Champions League
2    Birkirkara           27   21  5  1   69  20  +49  68   Qualification for the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup
3    Sliema Wanderers     27   14  5  8   54  32  +22  47
4    Hibernians           27   12  6  9   47  33  +14  42
5    Floriana             27   10  6  11  47  50  −3   36   Qualification for the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup
6    Naxxar Lions         27   7   8  12  32  46  −14  29
7    Pietà Hotspurs       27   7   6  14  39  39  0    27
8    Rabat Ajax           27   7   6  14  37  67  −30  27
9    St. Patrick (R)      27   3   8  16  29  71  −42  17   Relegation to the 1999–2000 Maltese First Division
10   Ħamrun Spartans (R)  27   4   3  20  26  70  −44  15

Source: RSSSF
(C) Champion; (R) Relegated

Results

Matches 1–18


1998–99 Maltese Premier League

Results

Matches 1–18

Home \ Away       BKR  FRN  HIB  ĦMR  NXR  PTA  RBT  SLM  STP  VLT
Birkirkara        —    2–2  1–1  3–0  5–1  2–0  2–2  0–0  1–0  4–1
Floriana          0–4  —    0–2  2–0  2–1  2–1  5–1  1–1  5–1  0–4
Hibernians        0–3  3–2  —    5–0  0–0  1–1  2–1  0–0  3–1  1–3
Ħamrun Spartans   0–3  1–2  1–3  —    0–0  0–4  4–2  1–2  3–4  1–4
Naxxar Lions      2–1  0–0  1–1  1–1  —    1–1  1–2  2–0  2–2  0–3
Pietà Hotspurs    0–2  1–2  0–2  3–0  3–5  —    4–0  0–2  1–1  0–1
Rabat Ajax        3–5  1–1  2–0  4–2  0–3  2–1  —    2–4  1–1  1–7
Sliema Wanderers  2–3  1–0  3–1  3–0  1–2  4–2  2–0  —    7–0  1–3
St. Patrick       2–3  2–2  0–6  3–0  1–3  0–0  1–1  0–5  —    3–4
Valletta          0–1  4–1  1–0  3–1  1–0  1–0  4–0  4–0  5–0  —

Source:
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

Matches 19–27


1998–99 Maltese Premier League

Matches 19–27

Home \ Away       BKR  FRN  HIB  ĦMR  NXR  PTA  RBT  SLM  STP  VLT
Birkirkara        —    3–0  —    —    —    2–1  —    2–0  1–0  2–1
Floriana          —    —    —    —    —    2–4  0–4  1–1  5–0  1–3
Hibernians        1–1  2–3  —    2–1  —    1–0  —    —    —    —
Ħamrun Spartans   0–7  1–0  —    —    —    1–4  —    —    1–2  —
Naxxar Lions      0–1  2–6  2–1  1–2  —    —    —    —    —    —
Pietà Hotspurs    —    —    —    —    4–1  —    1–1  1–1  1–0  —
Rabat Ajax        1–5  —    1–6  2–1  2–0  —    —    —    —    0–0
Sliema Wanderers  —    —    2–1  1–2  3–0  —    3–0  —    —    2–3
St. Patrick       —    —    1–2  —    1–1  —    2–1  1–3  —    —
Valletta          —    —    2–0  2–1  2–0  2–1  —    —    3–2  —

Source:
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.
  * Malta – List of final tables (RSSSF)


The Boat Race 1937

The 89th Boat Race took place on 24 March 1937. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. In a race umpired by the former Cambridge rower and coach Harold Rickett, Oxford won by three lengths in a time of 22 minutes 39 seconds. It was their first success since the 1923 race and ended Cambridge's record streak of 13 wins. The victory took the overall record in the event to 47–41 in Cambridge's favour.

Background

The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the "Dark Blues")University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the "Light Blues").4.2-mile (6.8 km) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London.1936 race by five lengths, and led overall with 47 victories to Oxford's 40 (excluding the "dead heat" of 1877). The Light Blues had won thirteen consecutive races coming into this year's event.

Cambridge were coached by J. Beresford Jr, J. R. F. Best, F. E. Hellyer (who had rowed for the Light Blues in the 1910 and 1911 races) and Kenneth Payne (who rowed for Cambridge in the 1932 and 1934 races, and had coached Oxford in the 1935 and 1936 races). Oxford's coaches were P. C. Mallam (a four-time Dark Blue who had rowed in the 1921, 1922, 1923 and 1924 races), Guy Oliver Nickalls (who had rowed three times between 1921 and 1923) and William Rathbone (who rowed for Oxford in the 1926 and 1927 races).Harold Rickett who had rowed for the Light Blues three times, in the 1930, 1931 and 1932 races.1933 race.

The special correspondent for The Observer suggested that the race would be the finest for some years, concluding that "a win for Oxford would do much good to English rowing".

Crews


The Boat Race 1937

Crews

The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 13.5 lb (82.1 kg), 7.75 pounds (3.5 kg) per rower more than their opponents. Cambridge saw three rowers return to the crew with Boat Race experience, including McAllister Lonnon who was taking part in his third consecutive event. Oxford's boat contained four former Blues, including David Michael De Rueda Winser who was also making his third appearance in the Boat Race.Jan Sturrock won a silver medal at the 1936 Summer Olympics in the Men's coxless fours.John Cherry, and Cambridge's Thomas Cree, Hugh Mason and Lonnon all rowed in the Men's eight for Great Britain in the 1936 Games, finishing fourth.cox T. H. Hunter were the only non-British participants registered, both of whom hailed from Australia.

Seat                                                                           Oxford               Cambridge
Name                                                                           College              Weight          Name         College           Weight
Bow                                                                            M. G. C. Ashby       New College     12 st 4 lb   T. S. Cree        Jesus         11 st 8 lb
2                                                                              D. M. de R. Winser   Corpus Christi  12 st 0 lb   H. W. Mason       Trinity Hall  11 st 10 lb
3                                                                              R. R. Stewart        Magdalen        13 st 0 lb   M. Bradley        Pembroke      13 st 1 lb
4                                                                              R. G. Rowe           University      12 st 11 lb  D. M. W. Napier   Magdalene     12 st 9 lb
5                                                                              J. P. Burrough       St Edmund Hall  13 st 7 lb   M. P. Lonnon (P)  3rd Trinity   12 st 12 lb
6                                                                              J. D. Sturrock       Magdalen        14 st 4 lb   T. B. Langton     Jesus         13 st 4 lb
7                                                                              J. C. Cherry         Brasenose       13 st 11 lb  A. Burrough       Jesus         12 st 1 lb
Stroke                                                                         A. B. Hodgson        Oriel           12 st 2 lb   R. J. L. Perfitt  Trinity Hall  12 st 0.5 lb
Cox                                                                            G. J. P. Merrifield  St Edmund Hall  7 st 11 lb   T. H. Hunter      Trinity Hall  8 st 0 lb
Source:
(P) – boat club president, J. S. Lewes acted as Oxford's non-rowing president

Race

The Championship Course along which the Boat Race is contested


The Boat Race 1937

The Championship Course along which the Boat Race is contested

Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station, handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford. a.m. A false start ensued, with Rickett failing to hear Oxford state that they were not ready to start.out-rating their opponents, Cambridge were half a length ahead after the first minute. They held the same advantage by Craven Steps, but a spurt from Oxford's stroke A. B. Hodgson saw the Dark Blues draw level. Following some errant steering from Cambridge's cox Hunter, Oxford pulled away to lead by a canvas-length by the time the crews passed the Mile Post.

As they passed the Crab Tree pub, the Cambridge stroke R. J. L. Perfitt put in a spurt which made little difference as Oxford continued to lead by Harrods Furniture Depository. Steering away from the Light Blues to avoid a collision, Oxford lost their lead as the crews passed under Hammersmith Bridge level. Another spurt from Perfitt saw the Light Blues a third of a length up by the Doves pub as the crews headed into Chiswick Reach. This time it was Oxford's turn to steer clear of a collision, losing most of their lead by Chiswick Steps, but heading over towards the Middlesex shore, they caught the best of the tide. The Dark Blues passed below Barnes Bridge three-quarters of a length ahead, and although Cambridge burst to out-rate Oxford by three strokes per minute, they failed to make any impression and Oxford pulled further ahead.

Oxford won by three lengths in a time of 22 minutes 39 seconds, securing their first victory since the 1923 race. It was both the slowest winning time and the narrowest margin of victory since 1877.The Times stated that "not since 1921 has there been such a great race".

Notes

Bibliography

  * Burnell, Richard (1979). One Hundred and Fifty Years of the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race. Precision Press. ISBN 0950063878.
  * Dodd, Christopher (1983). The Oxford & Cambridge Boat Race. Stanley Paul. ISBN 0091513405.
  * Official website


The Boat Race 1948

The 94th Boat Race took place on 27 March 1948. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. In a race umpired by the former rower Claude Taylor, Cambridge won by five lengths in a record time of 17 minutes and 50 seconds, beating the existing record set in the 1934 race. The victory, their second in a row, took the overall record in the race to 50–43 in Cambridge's favour.

Background

The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the "Dark Blues")University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the "Light Blues").4.2 miles (6.8 km) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London.1947 race by ten lengths, and led overall with 50 victories to Oxford's 43 (excluding the "dead heat" of 1877).

Oxford's coaches were R. E. Eason (who rowed for the Dark Blues in the 1924 race), J. H. Page and D. T. Raikes (who represented Oxford in the 1920, 1921 and 1922 races). Cambridge were coached by F. E. Hellyer (who rowed for the Light Blues in the 1910 and 1911 races), Kenneth Payne (who rowed for Cambridge in the 1932 and 1934 races), Harold Rickett (a Light Blue three times between 1930 and 1932) and Peter Haig-Thomas (a four-time Light Blue between 1902 and 1905).Claude Taylor who had represented the Light Blues in the 1901, 1902 and 1903 races.

The rowing correspondent for The Manchester Guardian anticipated a close race: "the prospects of Oxford and Cambridge for this year's University Boat-race on Saturday have now become much more even".The Times was in agreement: "it really seems that whichever crew gets off best in the first two minutes will probably win the race."

Crews


The Boat Race 1948

Crews

The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 9.375 lb (80.3 kg), 1.375 pounds (0.62 kg) per rower more than their opponents. Cambridge saw three rowers return to the crew with Boat Race experience, including their stroke A. P. Mellows. Oxford's boat also contained three former Blues, J. R. W. Gleave, P. N. Brodie and A. J. R. Purssell, all of whom were making their third appearances.Brian Harrison were all from Australia.

Seat                       Oxford             Cambridge
Name                       College            Weight         Name           College               Weight
Bow                        G. C. Fisk         Oriel          12 st 1.5 lb   A. P. Mellows         Clare              12 st 1 lb
2                          J. R. W. Gleave    Magdalen       12 st 7 lb     D. J. C. Meyrick      Trinity Hall       11 st 4 lb
3                          A. D. Rowe         Trinity        12 st 12 lb    P. A. de Giles        Queens'            12 st 3 lb
4                          W. W. Woodward     Brasenose      13 st 3.5 lb   G. C. Richardson (P)  Magdalene          12 st 11 lb
5                          R. A. Noel         Christ Church  12 st 13.5 lb  A. B. C. Harrison     1st & 3rd Trinity  13 st 12 lb
6                          R. L. Arundel      Merton         14 st 4 lb     E. A. P. Bircher      Christ's           13 st 8 lb
7                          P. N. Brodie (P)   Oriel          11 st 8 lb     M. C. Lapage          Selwyn             13 st 0 lb
Stroke                     A. J. R. Purssell  Oriel          11 st 11.5 lb  C. D. R. Barton       Jesus              11 st 11 lb
Cox                        R. G. B. Faulkner  Trinity        9 st 0 lb      K. T. Lindsay         Jesus              8 st 13 lb
Source:
(P) – boat club president

Race

The Championship Course along which the Boat Race is contested

Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station, handing the Surrey side of the river to Oxford. The race was started at 3:30 p.m. by Taylor.out-rated their opponents from the start but soon after their number six, Paul Bircher "caught a crab", allowing Oxford to take a half-length lead which they extended to three-quarters of a length by Craven Steps.Harrods Furniture Depository and drew clear as the boats passed below Hammersmith Bridge.


The Boat Race 1948

As the crews passed the training ship HMS Stork, Cambridge began to draw away and were two lengths ahead by Chiswick Steps.Barnes Bridge four lengths ahead, and six seconds ahead of the course record. Cambridge passed the finishing post five lengths ahead in a time of 17 minutes 50 seconds. The victory, Cambridge's second in a row, and third in the last four races, took the overall record in the race to 50–43 in their favour.The Observer called it "the maddest Boat Race for years".The Times' rowing correspondent suggested it was "a great triumph for the Cambridge coaches, who so often seem able to produce something out of the bag which has not been apparent in practice."The Manchester Guardian, the rowing correspondent noted that it was "strange that Cambridge had never shown anything like this form in practice".

Notes

Bibliography

  * Burnell, Richard (1979). One Hundred and Fifty Years of the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race. Precision Press. ISBN 0950063878.
  * Dodd, Christopher (1983). The Oxford & Cambridge Boat Race. Stanley Paul. ISBN 0091513405.
  * Official website


The Boat Race 1949

The 95th Boat Race took place on 26 March 1949. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames in London. The race, umpired by the former Oxford rower Guy Oliver Nickalls, was notable as the commentator for the BBC, John Snagge announced "I can't see who's in the lead, but it's either Oxford or Cambridge."1877 race, which was officially recorded as a dead heat. The victory took the overall record in the event to 51–43 in their favour.

Background

The Championship Course along which the Boat Race is contested

The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the "Dark Blues")University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the "Light Blues").4.2-mile (6.8 km) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London.1948 race by five lengths, with Cambridge leading overall with 50 victories to Oxford's 43 (excluding the "dead heat" of 1877).

Cambridge were coached by R. Beesly (who had rowed for the Light Blues in the 1927, 1928 and 1929 races), W. L. S. Flemming, Mike Nicholson (non-rowing boat club president for the 1947 race), Harold Rickett (who had rowed three times between 1930 and 1932), and M. H. Warriner (a three-time Blue between 1928 and 1930). Oxford's coaches were Hugh "Jumbo" Edwards (who had rowed for Oxford in 1926 and 1930), F. E. Hellyer (who had coached Cambridge on five previous occasions), A. McCulloch (who had rowed in the 1908 race) and J. MacNabb (who had coached Cambridge between 1930 and 1932).Guy Oliver Nickalls who had rowed for Oxford in the 1921, 1922 and 1923 races.


The Boat Race 1949

Writing in The Observer, G. I. F. Thomson noted that "neither crew contains an oarsman of any exceptional power, distinction or reputation" yet both crews had improved in form since their arrival at Putney.The Manchester Guardian praised the quality of the final coaching on the Thames, and stated that "there has been no threat of influenza, and no last-minute change in the constitution of either crew".The Times' rowing correspondent suggested that the crews were "extraordinarily evenly matched".

Crews

The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 10.75 lb (80.9 kg), 2 pounds (0.9 kg) per rower more than their opponents. Oxford's crew contained five participants with prior Boat Race experience, including cox Alastair Palsgrave-Brown. Cambridge saw one rower return to the crew in number five Paul Bircher.Brian Lloyd, Bircher and Paul Massey won silver when they finished second in the men's eight at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.

Seat                       Oxford             Cambridge
Name                       College            Weight     Name           College               Weight
Bow                        G. C. Fisk         Oriel      11 st 9.5 lb   G. S. S. Ludford      Jesus                    11 st 2 lb
2                          A. J. M. Cavenagh  Magdalen   11 st 1 lb     A. L. Macleod         Lady Margaret Boat Club  13 st 0 lb
3                          W. J. H. Leckie    Brasenose  12 st 12 lb    C. B. M. Lloyd        Lady Margaret Boat Club  13 st 0 lb
4                          R. L. Arundel      Merton     14 st 0 lb     J. R. la T. Corrie    1st & 3rd Trinity        13 st 3 lb
5                          A. D. Rowe (P)     Trinity    12 st 11.5 lb  E. A. P. Bircher (P)  Christ's                 13 st 7 lb
6                          T. D. Raikes       Trinity    12 st 10.5 lb  P. M. O. Massey       Lady Margaret Boat Club  13 st 8 lb
7                          J. M. Clay         Magdalen   12 st 12.5 lb  D. V. Lynch Odhams    Jesus                    13 st 1 lb
Stroke                     C. G. V. Davidge   Trinity    12 st 13 lb    D. M. Jennens         Clare                    12 st 4.5 lb
Cox                        A. Palgrave-Brown  Queen's    8 st 9 lb      T. R. Ashton          Christ's                 9 st 3 lb
Source:
(P) – boat club president

Race


The Boat Race 1949

Race

John Snagge, commentating on the radio for the BBC, announced "I can't see who's in the lead, but it's either Oxford or Cambridge."

Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station, handing the Surrey side of the river to Cambridge. a.m.Chiswick Eyot they had begun to overlap Oxford's boat.

By the bottom of Dukes Meadows, Oxford's lead was down to half a length and as Cambridge out-rated their opponents, they drew level and passed under Barnes Bridge side by side. Despite numerous spurts from Oxford's stroke Davidge, Cambridge kept in touch and "were fighting every inch of the way".launch whose engine had failed,John Snagge announced "I can't see who's in the lead, but it's either Oxford or Cambridge."1877 Race. It was Cambridge's third consecutive victory and took the overall record in the event to 51–43 in their favour.The Manchester Guardian suggested that this was a race that "will never be forgotten",The Times claimed that "1949 must go down in Boat Race history as having provided one of the epic struggles of all time."The Observer, stated that "heroic determination on both sides ... produced perhaps the most exciting Boat Race of all time."

Notes

Bibliography

  * Burnell, Richard (1979). One Hundred and Fifty Years of the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race. Precision Press. ISBN 0950063878.
  * Dodd, Christopher (1983). The Oxford & Cambridge Boat Race. Stanley Paul. ISBN 0091513405.
  * Official website


Toppy

Toppy is the name given to seven clonedLabrador Retriever dogs, born in late 2007 to three surrogate mothers.working dogs, and were used by the Korea Customs Service.

Each Toppy is a clone of a successful sniffer dog in Canada.

The project cost ₩300 million (about US$240,000), and was funded by the Government of South Korea;Lee Byeong-chun, a former aide to Hwang Woo-suk, who fell from grace after his stem cell research turned out to be fabricated.

  * Snuppy
  * Hwang Woo-suk


Toprakkale, Çayırlı

Toprakkale is a village in the Çayırlı District, Erzincan Province, Turkey.Kurds of the Botikan tribe and had a population of 14 in 2021.


Toprakkale–İskendurun railway

The Toprakkale–Iskendurun railway (Turkish: Toprakkale–İskendurun railway) is a 58.9 km (36.6 mi) long electrified railway in southern Turkey. The railway branches off the Adana–Aleppo railway at Toprakkale and heads south along the northeastern coast of the Mediterranean in the province Hatay. The line is an important freight route and the southernmost railway on the eastern iron-ore rail corridor. The line services the Port of İskendurun as well as the İsdemir steel mill. Primary traffic along the railway are freight trains carrying iron ore from the mines near Divriği, in northern Turkey. The line was opened on 1 November 1912 by the Baghdad Railway. Today, the line is owned and operated by the Turkish State Railways.


Topraqlu

Topraqlu (Persian: تپراقلو, also Romanized as Toprāqlū; also known as Tūprāqlū and Tūryākhlū)Sharqi Rural District, in the Central District of Ardabil County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 888, in 189 families.


Township 5

Township 5 can refer to:

  * Township 5, Harper County, Kansas
  * Township 5, Washington County, Nebraska


Turecká

Turecká (Hungarian: Török) is a village and municipality in Banská Bystrica District in the Banská Bystrica Region of central Slovakia.

History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1563.

Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 610 metres and covers an area of 10.163 km². It has a population of about 147 people.

  * https://web.archive.org/web/20140113205216/http://turecka.sk/


Tureholm Castle

Not to be confused with Tureholm (locality) or Tureholm (island).

Tureholm Castle is a privately owned castle in Trosa Municipality in Sweden. The castle was built in the 18th century, and is a listed building since 1987.

History

Gäddeholm Tureholms slott

Tureholm in the 1930s

Tureholm is situated on the location of the original castle that belonged to the nobleman Nils Gädda in the 1300s, and hence received its first name, Gäddeholm. In the 1640s, a new castle was built by Erik Dahlberg, commissioned by Sten Nilsson Bielke. The castle burned down during the Russian fires in 1719. Ten years after the Russian fires, Thure Gabriel Bielke began to build the castle again and since then it has looked like it does today, it is also after him that the castle has been named Tureholm.

In Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna, one can see the castle that burned down and conclude that the castle we see today is quite similar to what was before, but without a similarly well-maintained park. The castle came by marriage between Svante Nilsson's (Sture) grandson's daughter Sigrid and Thure Pedersson Bielke (1562) to attend the Bielke family, which then held it until 1916. Since 1935, the castle is owned by the Bonde family and is a private home.

Today

There is a large library and family portrait in the castle. A large collection of weapons from the late 16th century, together with much of the furniture, has however been sold from the castle.

  * List of castles in Sweden
  * Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna

58°53′46″N 17°30′48″E / 58.89611°N 17.51333°E


Turell

Turell or Turèll is the surname of the following people:

  * Dan Turèll (1946–1993), Danish writer
  * Jane Colman Turell (1708–1735), American colonial poet
  * Ryan Turell (born 1999), American professional basketball player
  * Samuel Turell Armstrong (1784–1850), American political figure
  * Saul J. Turell (1921–1986), American producer and maker of documentaries
  * Turrell (name)


Type 99 88 mm AA gun

The Type 99 88 mm AA gun (九九式八糎高射砲, Kyūkyū-shiki hassenchi Koshahō) was an anti-aircraft gun used by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. The Type 99's number was designated for the year the gun was accepted, 2599 in the Japanese imperial year calendar (1939 in the Gregorian calendar).

History and development

During the Battle of Nanjing in the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japanese forces captured a number of German-made SK C/30 anti-aircraft guns from the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China. These weapons were originally naval anti-aircraft weapons for the Third Reich's Kriegsmarine,FlaK 88 mm anti-aircraft gun.

Quickly realizing the superiority of this design in terms of range and firepower over the domestic Type 88 75 mm AA gun, the Japanese Army Technical Bureau quickly reverse engineered it, and placed it into production. Approximately 1000 units were built.

Design

The Type 99 88 mm AA gun had a mono-block gun barrel, semi-automatic vertical sliding breech block, and hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanism. The firing platform was supported by five legs, each of which (along with the central pedestal) had adjustable screwed foot for leveling. The gun barrel could easily be removed from the breech end-piece, and the entire assembly could be broken down into six separate assemblies for ease of transportation. It fired a 9 kilograms (20 lb) high explosive projectile to an effective altitude of 10,420 metres (34,190 ft). Armor-piercing shells were also developed for potential anti-tank use.

Projectiles

  * High-explosive – 9 kg (19 lb 13 oz)
  * Incendiary – 9.5 kg (20 lb 15 oz)
  * Armor-piercing – 10 kg (22 lb 1 oz)

Combat record

The Type 99 88 mm AA gun was primarily deployed in defense of the Japanese home islands against Allied air raids and against the perceived threat of Allied invasion.


Type 99 88 mm AA gun

* War Department TM-E-30-480 Handbook on Japanese Military Forces September 1944
  * Bishop, Chris (eds) The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. Barnes & Nobel. 1998. ISBN 0-7607-1022-8
  * Chant, Chris. Artillery of World War II, Zenith Press, 2001, ISBN 0-7603-1172-2
  * McLean, Donald B. Japanese Artillery; Weapons and Tactics. Wickenburg, Ariz.: Normount Technical Publications 1973. ISBN 0-87947-157-3.
  * Rottman, Gordon L. The Japanese Army in World War II. Osprey (2005) ISBN 1-84176-870-7
  * Taki's Imperial Japanese Army
  * NavWeapons.com


The Class of 98

The Class of 98 (sometimes written as The Class of '98) was an American rock band from Nashville, Tennessee.

History

The Class of 98 was founded by Steve Wilson in 2005, who had moved to the Nashville, TN area in 1998.emo acts such as Braid and Jimmy Eat World.John Davis of Superdrag and The Juliana Theory over the next year.The Militia Group in 2005 and recorded their debut full-length in less than three weeks.Touch This and Die! in 2006,Jimmy Eat World, Gin Blossoms,Third Eye Blind, and Copeland.Relient K, Cartel, Jonezetta, and others, they also played both Cornerstone festivals. Songs from the album were featured on MTV, E!, and The WB television programs.

The group went on hiatus in 2007, with Wilson continuing his producing/songwriting career, Harms going on to play with The Glorious Unseen, Baumhardt with Thousand Foot Krutch, Stellar Kart, and Fireflight, and Pitts moving to Phoenix, AZ to pursue other ventures.Eye of the Needle and a full-length album Heaven in 2011.

In 2016, with all four original members residing in Nashville, TN again, the band reunited for a "10 year anniversary" show.

In 2022, Wilson and Pitts released the "Rehab EP".

All involved in the band over the years are still friends and write & record together from time to time.

Members

  * Steve Wilson - guitar, vocals
  * Colby Pitts - drums
  * Ben Harms - bass
  * Nick Baumhardt - guitar
  * Matt Fine - drums

Discography

  * Touch This and Die! (The Militia Group, 2006)
  * Eye of the Needle EP (Self-released, 2010)
  * Heaven (Legion of Boom, 2011)
  * Rehab EP (Ghosthood Records, 2022)


1899–1900 FC Basel season

The FC Basel 1899–1900 season was their seventh season since the club's foundation on 15 November 1893. In this season they did not compete for the Swiss championship. The club's chairman was Charlie Volderauer, who was chairman between 1896 and 1900. He stood down at the AGM and Ernst-Alfred Thalmann was elected as the new club chairman. FC Basel played their home games in the Landhof, in the Quarter Kleinbasel.

Overview

The first national championship in Switzerland took place in 1897–98. This championship is considered as unofficial because it was not organized by the Swiss Football Association (SFA; founded in 1895). FC Basel did not participate in this first championship. But they did in the second edition during the last season.

Georges Fürstenberger was appointed as team captain by the club's board of directors under chairman Charlie Volderauer. As captain Fürstenberger led the team trainings and was responsible for the line-ups. Basel played 16 friendly games in the season, six were won, two drawn and eight ended with a defeat. The team scored 31 goals, but only seven goal scorers are documented, and they conceded 37 goals.

Eleven of these friendly games were played at home in the Landhof, five were played away. As in the previous season, all the friendly games were played against Swiss teams. Among the opponents were reigning Swiss champions Anglo-American Club Zürich and Basel won both the home game and the return match. They also played twice against Zürich, but both games ended with a defeat. Further there were two games against local rivals Old Boys and these were both lost as well. The two games against FC Concordia Zürich ended with a win at home but a defeat away. The two games against Biel-Bienne ended with a home defeat, but an away win.

Players

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1899–1900 FC Basel season

No.  Pos.  Nation             Player                           No.  Pos.  Nation             Player
—    GK    [Switzerland] SUI  Paul Hofer                       —          [Switzerland] SUI  Ernst Gass II
—    GK    [Switzerland] SUI  Jules Fingerlin                  —          [France] FRA       Jules Gérard
—    DF    [Switzerland] SUI  Josy Ebinger                     —    FW    [Switzerland] SUI  Rudolf Gossweiler
—    DF    [Switzerland] SUI  Daniel Hug                       —          [Switzerland] SUI  Edmond Racle
—    MF    [Switzerland] SUI  Alphonse Schorpp                 —    MF    [Switzerland] SUI  Otto Reber
—    FW    [Switzerland] SUI  Dr. Siegfried Pfeiffer           —    FW    [Switzerland] SUI  Karl Schneider
—    FW    [Switzerland] SUI  Emanuel Schiess                  —          [Switzerland] SUI  Rudolf Schwarz
—    FW    [Switzerland] SUI  Hermann Schneider                —          [Switzerland] SUI  Schweizer II
—    MF    [Switzerland] SUI  Ernst-Alfred Thalmann I          —          [Switzerland] SUI  Albert Sevin
—    FW    [Switzerland] SUI  Hans Billeter                    —    MF    [Switzerland] SUI  R. Sommer
—          [Switzerland] SUI  Georges Fürstenberger (captain)  —    MF    [Switzerland] SUI  Stutz II
—          [Switzerland] SUI  Gass I                           —          [Switzerland] SUI  Paul Thalmann III
                                                               —          [Switzerland] SUI  Max Zutt

Players who left the squad

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No.  Pos.  Nation             Player              No.  Pos.  Nation             Player
—    DF    [Switzerland] SUI  Ferdinand Isler     —          [Switzerland] SUI  Alfred Iselin
—    DF    [Switzerland] SUI  Charles Volderauer  —          [Switzerland] SUI  Rudolf Iselin
—    FW                       L. Montbaron        —          [Switzerland] SUI  Rudolf La Roche
—          [Switzerland] SUI  Louis Gürtler       —                             Horace Watts
                                                  —          [Switzerland] SUI  Roland Ziegler

Results

Legend

Win Draw Loss

Friendly matches

Early season

8 October 1899 Friendly  Basel [Switzerland]  0–4      [Switzerland] FC Fortuna Zürich  Landhof, Basel
                                                       (0:1)
                                              Summary  (0:2)
                                                       (0:3)
                                                       (0:4)

12 November 1899 Friendly  Basel [Switzerland]  3–1      [Switzerland] FC Concordia Zürich  Landhof, Basel
                                                Summary


1899–1900 FC Basel season

19 November 1899 Friendly  Basel [Switzerland]  4–2      [Switzerland] Anglo-American Club Zürich  Landhof, Basel

                                                Summary

26 November 1899 Friendly  Basel [Switzerland]  2–2      [Switzerland] FC Neuchâtel  Landhof, Basel
                                                Summary

3 December 1899 Friendly  Zürich [Switzerland]  5–1      [Switzerland] Basel  Zürich

                                                Summary

Spring

21 January 1900 Friendly  Old Boys [Switzerland]  3–1      [Switzerland] Basel  Stadion Schützenmatte, Basel
                          Mory 10' (1:1)
                          Schwarz 75' (2:1)       Summary  5' (0:1) Thalmann I  Referee: [Switzerland] E. Engelke, (Anglo-American Club Zürich)
                          Mory 85' (3:1)

4 February 1900 Friendly  Basel [Switzerland]  3–1      [Switzerland] FC Fortuna Basel  Landhof, Basel
                                               Summary

11 February 1900 Friendly  Anglo-American Club Zürich [Switzerland]  2–3      [Switzerland] Basel  Allmend Brunau, Zürich
                           Suarès (I) 35' (1:0)                               (1:1)
15:45                      Suarès (I) (2:3)                          Summary  (1:2)
                                                                              (1:3)

18 February 1900 Friendly  Basel [Switzerland]  0–1      [Switzerland] Old Boys  Landhof, Basel
14:45                                           Summary  50' (0:1) Schwarz       Referee: [Switzerland] H. Studer, (Old Boys)

25 February 1900 Friendly  Basel [Switzerland]  0–3      [Switzerland] FC Neuchâtel  Landhof, Basel
                                                         (0:1) L. Billeter
14:30                                           Summary  (0:2) Salvadé               Referee: [Switzerland] Joe C. Devick, (Old Boys)
                                                         (0:3)

11 March 1900 Friendly  Basel [Switzerland]  0–2      [Switzerland] Biel-Bienne  Landhof, Basel
                                             Summary  (0:1) Frey                 Referee: [Switzerland] H. Banga, (Old Boys)
                                                      (0:2) Hiltbrand

18 March 1900 Friendly                                                                                Biel-Bienne [Switzerland]  0–2      [Switzerland] Basel  Gurzelen Stadion, Biel/Bienne
                                                                                Summary  (0:1)                Referee: [Switzerland]
                                                                                (0:2)
Note: The game was abandoned 20 minutes before the end of the game due to two serious injuries in the FC Basel team.


1899–1900 FC Basel season

1 April 1900 Friendly  Basel [Switzerland]  6–0      [Switzerland] FC Kleinbasel  Landhof, Basel
                       (1:0)
                       (2:0)
                       (3:0)                Summary
                       (4:0)
                       (5:0)
                       (6:0)

15 April 1900 Friendly  Basel [Switzerland]  4–5      [Switzerland] Zürich  Landhof, Basel
                        Pfeiffer (1:0)                (1:1)
                        Schiess (2:3)                 (1:2)
15:00                   Pfeiffer (3:5)       Summary  (1:3)
                        H. Schneider (4:5)            (2:4)
                                                      (2:5)

22 April 1900 Friendly  Basel [Switzerland]  1–1      [Switzerland] FC Fortuna Basel  Landhof, Basel
                                             Summary

6 May 1900 Friendly  FC Concordia Zürich [Switzerland]  5–1      [Switzerland] Basel

                                                        Summary

  * Rotblau: Jahrbuch Saison 2014/2015. Publisher: FC Basel Marketing AG. ISBN 978-3-7245-2027-6
  * Die ersten 125 Jahre. Publisher: Josef Zindel im Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag, Basel. ISBN 978-3-7245-2305-5
  * FCB squad 1899-1900 at fcb-archiv.ch

(NB: Despite all efforts, the editors of these books and the authors in "Basler Fussballarchiv" have failed to be able to identify all the players, their date and place of birth or date and place of death, who played in the games during the early years of FC Basel. Much documentation for this season is missing, most goal scorers remain unknown.)

  * FC Basel official site


Eucithara cinnamomea

Eucithara cinnamomea is a small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

Distribution

This marine species is found off the Strait of Malacca, the Macassar Strait and Northern New Guinea.

Description

The length of the shell attains 13 mm.

The shell is shouldered, plicately ribbed, transversely obsoletely striated. It is cinnamon-colored, narrowly white-banded.

  * Hinds, R.B. 1843. Description of new shells from the collection of Captain Belcher. Annals and Magazine of Natural History ser. 1 11: 16-21, 36-46, 255-257
  * Tucker, J.K. 2004 Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa 682:1-1295
  * "Eucithara cinnamomea cinnamomea". Gastropods.com


Blue blanquillo

The blue blanquillo, Malacanthus latovittatus, also known as the banded blanquillo, striped blanquillo, false whiting, sand tilefish or eye of the sea, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a tilefish belonging to the family Malacanthidae. It is found in the Indo-Pacific.

Description

A blue blanquillo (Malacanthus latovittatus)

The blue blanquillo has an elongated body with a pointed snout, the mouth reaching as far as the forward nostril. The margin of the preoperculum is smooth and the Gill cover has a sharp spine which is similar in size to diameter of the pupil.pectoral fin in adults and from the snout in juveniles. The adults have fine lattice patterning on their upper backdorsal fin, the anal and pelvic fins are white while the pectoral fins are bluish.Hologymnosus annulatus).total length of 45 cm (18 in) although 35 cm (14 in) standard length is more typical.

Distribution

The blue blanquillo has an Indo-Pacific distribution. It is found in the Red Sea and along the eastern coast of Africa, across the Indian Ocean and into the Pacific Ocean as far as the Hawaiian Islands, Tabuaeran and Samoa. It occurs north to Japan and south to Australia.Dirk Hartog Island in Western Australia to Ashmore Reef in the Timor Sea and the Great Barrier Reef off Queensland south as far as Seal Rocks. This species also occurs at the Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Christmas Island.

Habitat and biology

Malacanthus latovittatus is found at depths of 4 to 65 m (13 to 213 ft) on the outer slopes of reefs.predators from eating it.

The blue blanquillo's main food is benthic invertebrates or zooplankton, but they also feed on crustaceans such as crabs and shrimp, molluscs, worms, sea urchins and small fish.

Systematics


Blue blanquillo

Systematics

The Blue blanquillo was first formally described in 1801 as Labrus latovittatus by the French zoologist Bernard German de Lacépède (1756-1825).latus meaning “broad” and vittatus meaning “striped”, a reference to the black stripe.

Utilisation

The blue blanquillo is taken by spearfishing, hook-and-line, and traps. It is found in markets throughout its range, albeit infrequently, and may be marketed fresh or preserved by salting.aquarium trade.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Malacanthus latovittatus.
  * Photos of Blue blanquillo on Sealife Collection


The Clarion (Canadian newspaper)

This article is about the Canadian newspaper. For the British socialist newspaper, see Clarion.

The Clarion was a newspaper established in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia, by Carrie Best in 1946. It was the third publication in the province owned and published by a Black Canadian,The Atlantic Advocate established in 1915 and The Nova Scotia Gleaner established in 1929.masthead below the newspaper's name was the text "Published in the Interest of Colored Nova Scotians".

Background

In late 1941, two black girls attended the Roseland Theatre to watch a film.Carrie Best, who wrote to the owner to protest the action.Calbert went to the theatre in December 1941, refusing to leave their seats in the whites only section of the theatre.disturbing the peace, for which they were convicted and fined.lawsuit (Best v. Mason and Roseland Theatreracial discrimination against the theatre.

In November 1946, Viola Desmond was travelling to Sydney on a business trip to sell beauty products. Her car broke down in New Glasgow, and she had to wait a day for a part to be delivered. That night, she attended a screening of The Dark Mirror at the Roseland Theatre.myopic Desmond tried to purchase a ticket for a floor seat, the whites only section of the theatre, instead of the further balcony seats, but the theatre sold her a ticket for the balcony seat.tax evasion, because the ticket she was sold was 1 cent cheaper than the ticket for the seat she occupied.

Founding

The front page of the relaunch tabloid format version of The Clarion, December 1946

The Clarion was established as an 8-by-10-inch (200 by 250 mm) single-sheet church bulletintabloid format in December 1946, with the first issue devoted to Desmond's protest at the Roseland Theatre.

Best travelled to Halifax to seek advertisers.cheque.The Clarion was incorporated in 1947 from donations she received, with Best becoming editor with assistance from her son Calbert.

In August 1949, by which time the newspaper was published in broadsheet format, it was renamed The Negro Citizen and distributed throughout Canada.The Clarion in 1950.Pictou Advocate.