Eglinton West line

Though the cities of Etobicoke and York strongly supported the concept of an Eglinton rapid transit line, as did the Region of Peel, they were unsatisfied with the prospect of a busway. There was some political jealousy over the fact that North York had made the Sheppard subway a priority and Etobicoke and York argued that their transportation needs had similar importance. In 1986, the 2011 Network plan was initiated, with the Eglinton West corridor as a subway. On Metro Council, Etobicoke and York formed an alliance that argued that the Eglinton rapid transit line be built as a subway from the start. In 1994, when Premier Bob Rae agreed to fund the subway projects, they decided to spread the funding throughout Metro Toronto to appease residents of both sides, which would have resulted in two truncated subway lines instead of a single complete line at least initially.

The line was cancelled upon the election of Progressive Conservative Mike Harris in 1995, and the TTC shifted its expansion priorities away from Eglinton West to projects such as extending the Spadina subway to York University and Steeles Avenue, the completion of the Sheppard subway to Victoria Park Avenue and Scarborough City Centre, and improvements to major bus and streetcar routes to create a network of "surface rapid transit" routes (including on Eglinton Avenue).

Eglinton Crosstown plan

Main article: Line 5 Eglinton

The TTC's Transit City plan, which was announced in 2007, included a light rail transit line across Eglinton called the Eglinton Crosstown LRT. This line would be built underground between approximately Keele Street and Laird Drive, which would effectively create an Eglinton West "subway", but would use LRT vehicles rather than the subway trains. A leaked copy of a Metrolinx report in 2008 indicated the organization may wish to revive the Eglinton subway line as opposed to the light rail option;

Mayor Rob Ford announced the cancellation of Transit City on the day he took office in 2010.Transit City, including the Eglinton Crosstown line, was then reinstated along with a Finch LRT line and Sheppard LRT by Toronto City Council, over Mayor Rob Ford's objections. This was announced by Metrolinx four months later, with the support of Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty.

Proposed stations


Eglinton West line

Proposed stations

The cancelled Eglinton West subway would only have been built as far as York Centre station. Allen, Keele North and York Centre would have had bus connections and the remaining stations would have had on-street connections only. These stations would have served mixed commercial and residential neighbourhoods (corresponding Line 5 Eglinton stations linked in parentheses):

  * Eglinton West–Allen (Eglinton West)
  * Dufferin North (Fairbank)
  * Caledonia (Caledonia)
  * Keele North / Trethewey (Keelesdale)
  * York Centre (Mount Dennis)

The expanded line would have served a suburban residential area and included six stations between Jane and Martin Grove. Continuing west, the line would have split into two branches to serve commercial–industrial areas near the airport. One branch would have diverted to Dixon Road and terminated at Carlingview, while the other would have stayed on Eglinton Avenue to Renforth. Stations on this line would likely have had bus connections available:

  * Jane North
  * Scarlett
  * Royal York North
  * Islington North
  * Kipling North
  * Martin Grove
  * Attwell–Skyway (Dixon Road branch)
  * Carlingview (Dixon Road branch)
  * Renforth (Eglinton Avenue branch)

Allen station

Also known as Lower Eglinton West, this station was only a partial tunnel that was filled in shortly after the line's cancellation. It would have been linked to Eglinton West on the Yonge–University–Spadina line and the terminus of Allen Road.

  * Line 5 Eglinton
  * Queen subway line
  * The Eglinton West Subway Line


Truskovice

Truskovice is a municipality and village in Strakonice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.

Truskovice lies approximately 26 kilometres (16 mi) south-east of Strakonice, 28 km (17 mi) north-west of České Budějovice, and 111 km (69 mi) south of Prague.

Administrative parts

The village of Dlouhá Ves is an administrative part of Truskovice.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Truskovice.


1587 Polish–Lithuanian royal election

The free election of 1587 was the third royal election to be held in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which took place after the death of King Stefan Batory. It began on June 30, 1587, when Election Sejm was summoned in the village of Wola near Warsaw, and ended on December 27 of the same year, when King Sigismund III was crowned in Kraków’s Wawel Cathedral.

Background

Jan Zamoyski

Death of Stefan Batory (12 December 1586) began a third period of interregnum in 15 years. The Commonwealth was left without a monarch, since Anna Jagiellon, who was regarded as co-ruler of the country (together with her husband, Stefan Batory), had relinquished her claims to the crown. As a result, Poland–Lithuania was again ruled by an interrex, Primate and Archbishop of Gniezno, Stanisław Karnkowski, who organized the election and met with foreign envoys.

At that time, the Commonwealth was deeply divided between the powerful magnates and the szlachta (nobility). Stefan Batory had been backed by noble families (the Radziwills, the Zamoyskis, the Lubomirskis), while szlachta accused him of tyranny (see also Samuel Zborowski). Furthermore, there were internal divisions between Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, also between Polish provinces (Lesser Poland, Mazovia, Greater Poland, Red Ruthenia, Royal Prussia).

The Convocation Sejm began on February 2, 1587, and was immediately marred by arguments between the magnates and the nobility.

Candidates

The Convocation Sejm began on February 2, 1587, and was immediately marred by arguments between supporters of four camps: Habsburg, Swedish (or Jagiellon), Muscovy and those who backed a Piast, or a native citizen of the Commonwealth.


1587 Polish–Lithuanian royal election

The Habsburg candidate was supported by the Zborowski family, Voivode of Poznań Stanislaw Gorka, Bishop of Vilnius Jerzy Radziwiłł, and Sejm Marshal Stanislaw Sedziwoj Czarnkowski. All received large sums of money from Emperor Rudolf II, but an ultra-Catholic, Habsburg candidate was regarded as a threat to religious tolerance, guaranteed by Warsaw Confederation. Another possible candidate, Tsar Feodor I of Russia was supported by the Lithuanians, who hoped that his election would end never-ending wars between Muscovy and Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A Piast candidate was liked by the Poles, but opposed by the Lithuanians. Swedish/Jagiellon candidate, Duke Sigismund, son of Katarzyna Jagiellonka and Swedish King John III, was backed by Anna Jagiellon and one of the most powerful magnates of the Commonwealth, Jan Zamoyski. A Swedish king would guarantee freedom of Baltic Sea shipping, a Polish - Swedish alliance, aimed at Muscovy, and annexation of Estonia by Poland–Lithuania.

The election

Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria, painting by Hans Henseiller.

Election Sejm was summoned to Wola on June 30, 1587. Polish and Lithuanian magnates came there with their own armed units, and electors were divided into two camps: pro-convocation (or pro-Habsburg), with the Zborowski brothers as their leaders, and anti-convocation, headed by Jan Zamoyski.

Primate of Poland, Stanisław Karnkowski

For the first weeks, the Sejm was occupied by the death of Samuel Zborowski, and arguments between the Zborowski family and Jan Zamoyski. Since Zamoyski did not want to respond to any questions, rokosz was declared, with the purpose of judging Zamoyski and other officials, connected to the late King Stefan Batory. On July 27, both camps began preparation for military action, and at the last moment, the conflict was defused by Primate Stanisław Karnkowski, Voivode of Sandomierz Stanislaw Szafraniec, and Bishop of Kamieniec Podolski, Wawrzyniec Goślicki, who mediated between the two warring parties.


1587 Polish–Lithuanian royal election

In early August 1587, Swedish envoy Erik Larsson Sparre came to Wola, giving a speech, in which he praised Duke Sigismund. His speech impressed the nobility and the magnates, including Zamoyski, Karnkowski, Crown Marshal Andrzej Opalinski, and Albert Laski. On August 19, the Primate nominated Sigismund to the throne, but three days later, the pro-convocation camp declared Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria new king of Poland (none was supported by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania). Both Sigismund and Maximilian accepted Polish throne, which resulted in the War of the Polish Succession.

Aftermath

On September 27, 1587 in Olomouc, Maximilian Habsburg took on the title of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and swore to observe the pacta conventa. After several weeks, he entered the Commonwealth with an army of some 5,000 (plus 1,500 Polish supporters). Maximilian planned to capture Kraków, but failed to do so, and gave up the siege on November 30.

"The Austrian surrender of Archduke Maximilian at Byczyna", painting by Juliusz Kossak

On August 24, Swedish envoys Erik Brahe and Erik Larsson Sparre swore the pacta conventa, without waiting for Duke Sigismund, who was on his way from Sweden. Swedish candidate anchored at Gdańsk on September 29, and was welcomed by Bishop of Przemysl, Wojciech Baranowski. Following his father’s order, Vasa stayed on the ship, as he disagreed with one of Polish conditions, which was incorporation of Swedish-ruled Estonia into the Commonwealth. Finally, on October 7, Sigismund Vasa swore to observe the pacta conventa at the Oliwa Cathedral, and on December 9, 1587, he entered Kraków, where he was crowned on December 27.

On January 24, 1588, the army of Maximilian Habsburg was defeated by Jan Zamoyski in the Battle of Byczyna. Maximilian, together with his court, was interned in Krasnystaw. The conflict was ended in early spring of 1589, during the so-called Pacification Sejm. Supporters of Maximilian swore their allegiance to Sigismund, and were allowed to return to the Commonwealth.


1587 Polish–Lithuanian royal election

* S. Grzybowski, Dzieje Polski i Litwy (1506–1648), pod red. S. Grodziskiego, w: Wielka Historia Polski, Kraków 2003
  * U. Augustyniak, Historia Polski 1572–1795, Warszawa 2008
  * S. Cynarski, Zygmunt August, Wrocław 2004
  * Z. Wójcik, Wiek XVI-XVII, Warszawa 1991
  * M. Markiewicz, Historia Polski 1494–1795, Kraków 2002


Warren Brosnihan

Warren Guy Brosnihan (born 28 December 1971) is a South African former rugby union player.

Playing career

Brosnihan made his senior provincial debut in 1994 for Natal and in the 1997 season, he played for the Golden Lions, returning to the Sharks in 1998. In 2002 he moved to Northern Ireland to play for Ulster and returned to South Africa in 2004 to represent the Blue Bulls.

Brosnihan made his test debut for the Springboks against Australia during the 1997 Tri Nations Series at Loftus Versfeld in Pretoria, scoring his first and only test try. His second test match was three years later, during the 2000 Tri Nations Series, against New Zealand. He played a further four test matches in 2000, all as a replacement and he also played in four tour matches, scoring one further try for the Springboks.

Test history

No.  Opposition   Result    Position     Tries  Date         Venue
                  (SA 1st)
1.   Australia     61–22    Flanker        1    23 Aug 1997  Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria
2.   New Zealand   12–25    Replacement         22 Jul 2000  Jade Stadium, Christchurch
3.   Australia      6–26    Replacement         29 Jul 2000  Stadium Australia, Sydney
4.   New Zealand   46–40    Replacement         19 Aug 2000  Ellis Park, Christchurch
5.   Australia     18–19    Replacement         26 Aug 2000  Kings Park, Durban
6.   England       17–25    Replacement         2 Dec 2000   Twickenham, London

  * List of South Africa national rugby union players – Springbok no. 655


First Chilean Navy Squadron

The First Chilean Navy Squadron was the heterogeneous naval force that terminated Spanish colonial rule in the Pacific and protagonized the most important naval actions of in the Latin American wars of independence.Chilean revolutionary government organized the squadron in order to carry the war to the Viceroyalty of Perú, then the center of Spanish power in South America, and thus secure the independence of Chile and Argentina.

Background

See also: Chilean War of Independence

Territories controlled by Chile and the Viceroyalty of Perú after the Battle of Chacabuco.

The Napoleonic wars (1803–1815) had crippled Spain's navy, and the French occupation had destroyed the logistical base of its dockyards, with the result of the loss of the majority of Spain's navy. Nevertheless, during the Patria Vieja (Old Fatherland) period, the Spaniards and the Royalists of Chile and Peru were able from Callao, the royalist stronghold in Perú, to blockade any Chilean revolutionary ports, to land in Talcahuano, a loyal port, and support the advance of the royalist troops of Chile against Santiago de Chile, the main city of the revolutionary forces and crush the rebellion in Chile. Argentine historian Bartolomé Mitre gives the following listVenganza (44 guns) and Esmeralda (44), merchant corvettes Milagro (18), San Juan Bautista (18) and Begoña (18), second class frigates Governadora (16), Comercio (12), Presidente (12), Castilla (12) and Bigarrera (12), corvettes Resolución (34), Sebastiana (34) and Veloz (22), brigantine Pezuela (18), plus other 3 unnamed ships with 37 guns. All things considered 17 ships with 331 guns along the war. In 1819 came the frigate Prueba and 1824 came the 74 guns Asia and the Aquiles.

Naval capacity played almost no role for the revolutionary forces in the time from the first declaration of independence 1810 to the Spanish "reconquest" of Chile 1814. Two ships bought by the patriots were defeated in a short fight off Valparaíso in May 1813.


First Chilean Navy Squadron

After the Argentinians and Chilean insurgency won the Battle of Chacabuco (1817), the beginning of the Patria Nueva (New Fatherland), Chilean patriots re-entered Santiago, but Talcahuano and Concepción (until 1819–20), Valdivia (until 1820) and Chiloé (until 1826) remained under Chilean royalist control.

The Chilean patriots decided that they needed their own navy with trustworthy crews if they were to protect the long coasts of the state and to mobilize troops against the enemy. Without a proper naval force, Chile was vulnerable to enemy landings.

The major concern of the British and US governments was the colonial dispute and preservation of their trade. During the Napoleonic wars Britain became committed to defending the status quo in the peninsular Spain in order to ensure Spain's alliance against France. In 1817, Castlereagh secured an order forbidding British subjects from serving in Spanish American armies.

Still, British and US public opinion welcomed the end of Spanish autocratic government in South America. In England, the end of the Napoleonic wars permitted the government to reduce the number of ships in the Royal Navy from 700 to 134 and the number of sailors from 140,000 to 23,000, thus lessening the presence of the Royal Navy off the coasts of South America.

1817-1818

Build up

After the Battle of Chacabuco, Bernardo O'Higgins remarked that "this triumph and a hundred more will be insignificant if we do not control the sea". Consequently, the Chilean government, led by O'Higgins, on 20 November 1817 authorized privateers to engage as commerce raiders, interrupting the Spanish trade off the west coast of South America.

But they also violated the rights of neutral vessels. They drew to their crews navy deserters, so that O'Higgins was eventually forced to put a limit to their excesses.

List of ships under Chilean Letter of marque


First Chilean Navy Squadron

List of ships under Chilean Letter of marque

Ship name                         Type        tonnage  Other names                  Year  Property of          Guns  Prizes                                                Reference
Santiago Bueras (1817)            Brigantine    200.0  Lancaster                    1817  Gregorio Cordovéz      12  Los Ángeles, Resolución
El Chileno (1817)                 Brigantine           Adeline                      1817  Felipe S. de Solar     12  Saetas, Diamante, Inspectora, Balero and San Antonio
La Fortuna (1817)                 Boat             20  Death or Glory               1817  Budge and MacKay           Minerva
La Fortuna (1817)                 Schooner      180.0  Catalina                           MacKay                 10  San Miguel and Gran Poder
Minerva (1817)                    Boat                                              1817  Budge and MacKay       12  Santa María
Maipú (1818)                      Brigantine                                        1818  José M. Manterola          San Antonio, Lanzafuego Providencia, Buena Esperanza
Congreso (1817)                   Schooner                                          1818  J.A. Turner                Empecinado, Golondrina, San Pedro Regalado
Nuestra Señora del Carmen (1818)  Schooner             Better known as Furioso      1818  Manuel Antonio Boza     1  Nuestra Señora de Dolores,Machete
Rosa de los Andes (1818)          Corvette      400.0  Rose                         1819                         36  Tres Hermanas
Coquimbo (1818)                                        Avon later Chacabuco (1818)  1818

O'Higgins set out to create a navy out of nothing. José Ignacio Zenteno was nominated as Minister of Marine and promulgated in November 1817 the Reglamento General de Marina, a legal framework for the new institution. José Antonio Álvarez Condarco and Manuel Hermanegildo Aguirre were sent to respectively to London and New York City to recruit men and to acquire warships.

A few days after the Battle of Chacabuco, Chilean revolutionaries commissioned their first ship, the old US-smuggler ship Eagle, once captured by the Spaniards and now in the hand of the Chileans.Eagle was first renamed Águila and then later Pueyrredón. The regular Chilean navy began to grow steadily and soon was able to man the East Indiaman Windham, which arrived at Valparaíso in March 1818, and Cumberland, which arrived at Valparaíso in May 1818. The Chileans had bought both in England and renamed and Lautaro and San Martín. In July 1818 the Columbus, a US-origin 18-gun brig, reached Valparaíso and was bought and renamed Araucano.


First Chilean Navy Squadron

As usual at the time all prizes and seized property was subject to rules defining shares and differences between property and ships captured afloat or in transit, or property on land.

List of major ships of the First Chilean Navy Squadron

  Ship name        Type       tonnage       Other names       Commissioned              from                 Price
Águila         Brigantine     220      Eagle                  1817.02       Spanish prize
Lautaro        East Indiaman  850      Windham                1818.03       bought in London               $180,000
San Martín     East Indiaman  1300     Cumberland             1818.05       bought in London               $140,000
Chacabuco      Corvette       450      Coquimbo, before Avon  1818.06       bought from Chilean privateer  $36.000
Araucano       Brigantine     270      Columbus               1818.06       bought in USA                  $33,000
Galvarino      brig-sloop     398      HMS Hecate (1809)      1818.10       bought in London               $70,000
                                       Lucy
O'Higgins      Frigate        1220     Patrikii (Russia)      1818.10       Spanish prize
                                       María Isabel (Spain)
Moctezuma      Sloop          200                             1819.02       Spanish prize
Independencia  Corvette       700      Curatio                1819.06       bought in USA                  USD300.000

Note: $100,000 was equivalent to £20,000

The rescue from the Juan Fernández Island

The first task of the Águila was to bring home 72 patriots being held prisoner in the Juan Fernández Islands. This apparently simple task had an enormous importance: among the rescued were Juan Enrique Rosales, Agustín de Eyzaguirre, Ignacio Carrera, Martín Calvo Encalada, Francisco Antonio Pérez, Francisco de la Lastra, José Santiago Portales, members of the first revolutionary governments; Manuel de Salas, (author of the Freedom of wombs law that banned Slavery in Chile in 1811), Juan Egaña, co-author of the first constitution of Chile, Mariano Egaña (main writer of the Chilean Constitution of 1833), Joaquín Larraín and José Ignacio Cienfuegos, churchmen of the insurgents; Luis de la Cruz, Manuel Blanco Encalada and Pedro Victoriano, eminent military men.

Later, the Aguila joined Lautaro to break the blockade of Valparaíso by the Spanish vessel Esmeralda.

Summer 1818-1819


First Chilean Navy Squadron

Summer 1818-1819

The end of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe encouraged the Fernando VII's restored (in 1814) autocracy to make every effort to retain their American colonies. They planned in October 1817 to send 12,000 men to Buenos Aires and 2,000 to Chile to repress the independent movements in South America. But the Manila Galleons and tax revenues from the Spanish Empire had been interrupted. Spain was all but bankrupt and its government was unstable.

On 21 May 1818 eleven Spanish ships set sail from Cádiz escorted by the Spanish frigate Reina María Isabel bound for Talcahuano, a Chilean port still in possession of Spanish King. One of the ships remained in Tenerife. According to Antonio García Reyes in Memoria sobre la Primera Escuadra NacionalRosalía (Escorpión), Trinidad, Especulación, Dolores, Javiera (Jerezana), Magdalena, Carlota, San Fernando, Mocha (Atocha) and Elena (in brackets the names given by Diego Barros Arana in his Historia General de Chile). This expedition was called "Expedición de la Mar del Sur" in Spain.

The eleven transport carried food supplies, ammunition, guns and, more importantly, two infantry battalions of the Cantabria Regiment, three cavalry squadrons, two artillery and combat engineer companies, for a total of 2,080 men under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Fausto del Hoyo,Tenerife and the command was transferred to Lieutenant Dionisio Capaz.

During the voyage the crew of one transport was severely weakened by sickness and at 5°N latitude the soldiers disembarked in Trinidad where they mutinied, executed their officers, deserted the fleet and sailed to Buenos Aires where they surrendered to the revolutionary authorities on 16 August 1818 and handed over orders, signals and rendezvous points of the expedition. The Argentine Government sent a hot-foot courier over the Andes with the information to warn the Government in Santiago de Chile.

The capture of the Spanish frigate María Isabel

Capture of the Reina María Isabel

Expedition against Reina María Isabel


First Chilean Navy Squadron

Expedition against Reina María Isabel

Ship name                                   tons  guns  men   Captain
San Martin                                  1300  60    492   Guillermo Wilkinson
Lautaro                                     850   46    253   Charles Wooster
Chacabuco                                   450   20    134   Francisco Diaz
Araucano                                    270   16    110   Raymond Morris
total                                       2870  142   1109
Commander-in-Chief: Manuel Blanco Encalada

On 19 October 1818, under the rebellion of Spanish expeditionary forces, who goes to Buenos Aires and change the side, the first commander of the Chilean Squadron, Manuel Blanco Encalada, was ordered to set sail with San Martín, Lautaro, Chacabuco and Araucano in order to intercept the rest of Spanish convoy. Later Galvarino and Intrépido (an Argentine ship) joint the flotilla off Talcahuano. On 28 October they found the Reina María Isabel at anchor in Talcahuano. The crew of the Reina María Isabel ran their vessel aground to render her useless to the Chileans, but they were able to take the frigate in a brisk action and to repair the damage. With the Spanish prize the squadron sailed to Santa María Island, approximately 30 km south of Talcahuano, where they stayed for a week until, one by one, the Spanish transportsMagdalena, Dolores, Carlota, Rosalia and Elena sailed innocently into their arms. Only four Spanish transports could disembark Captain Fausto del Hoyo and 500 men in Talcahuano and continue to Callao.

The Reina Maria Isabel was renamed O'Higgins and added to the Chilean Squadron. With the loss of the Reina Maria Isabel, control of the sea passed to the insurgents, making the invasion of Peru itself an imminent danger.

Thomas Cochrane and the heterogeneity of the crew

The fortress of Callao protected the Spanish ships.

Under command of Lord Cochrane, the majority of the officers and sailors in the new Chilean Navy were from Britain.

In the middle of 1818, Bernardo O'Higgins, through his agent in London, had recruited Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, a daring and successful captain of the Napoleonic Wars with well-known radical views to take command of the recently created Chilean Navy. Cochrane arrived in Valparaiso in December 1818, became a Chilean citizen of unrecognized state, was appointed vice admiral, and took command with pay and allowances of £1200


First Chilean Navy Squadron

O'Higgins founded the first Squadron of Chile on November 20, 1817. Indeed, one of the characteristics of the first squad was the heterogeneity of its crew, consisting mainly of two large groups: those who spoke English and those who spoke Spanish.

As of November 1818, being commanded by Lord Thomas Cochrane, which meant that approximately 500 British, including sailors and officers, were integrated with him. Cochrane distrusted the Chilean officiality, so that upon his arrival he removed all the Chilean commanders and replaced them by British officers or Americans. In this way, in practice, the first Chilean squadron officially governed by the English language, to the point that an officer of the British Royal Navy said that "even the uniform is very similar to ours."

Cochrane was the first vice admiral of Chile. He reorganized the Chilean navy, introducing British naval customs and English language officially. Once Cochrane took command of the squadron, there emerged a new difficulty: what regulation or standard to use on ships. The British were governed by the British Regulations and the Chileans by the Spain Ordinances. The majority of commanders were of British origin so, in practice, British regulations on the ship under a British captain. The organization of the squadron was complete in January 1819, and the government was able to recruit 1,400 of the 1,610 officers and men it needed. Two-thirds of the seamen and almost all the officers were British or North-Americans.

First blockade of Callao

On 14 January 1819 the squadron O'Higgins, Lautaro, Chacabuco, and San Martín set sails for the first blockade of Callao. The orders were specific and detailed: to blockade the port of Callao, to cut off the maritime forces of the enemy, and 17 other missions. A second Flotilla Galvarino (Cap. Spry), Aguila (Cap.Prunier) and the Araucano (Cap.Ramsay) followed in March under the command of Manuel Blanco Encalada. The Real Felipe Fortress was a striking fort built to protect the city against pirate attacks. Only the Baluarte del Rey had 24 iron and 8 bronze guns.


First Chilean Navy Squadron

The expedition freed 29 Chilean soldiers imprisoned in the San Lorenzo Island, seized ships (best prizes were Moctezuma and Victoria), property, money, gold and silver, but the massive batteries and Spanish passive system of defence (see map: a Baluarte de la Reina, b Baluarte del Rey, c Baluarte del Príncipe, d Baluarte de San José, e Baluarte de San Felipe) and the refusal of their warships to come out of Callao and fight frustrated further success. On 1 June the squadron arrived at Valparaíso from the first expedition to Callao.

First Blockade of Callao

Ship name                                 Officers  Abroad  Chilean  Ship  Artill-  Marine    Total  Guns  Captain
                                                    crew    crew     boys  erists   Infantry  crew
O'Higgins                                 7         47      94       45    20       70        283    48    Robert Forters
San Martín                                8         102     169      35    73       69        456    52    Guillermo Wilkinson
Lautaro                                   9         109     80       27    25       38        282    48    Martin Guise
Chacabuco                                 7         6       78                      18        109    20    Thomas Carter
Total                                     31        264     421      107   118      195       1130   168
Commander-in-Chief: Lord Thomas Cochrane

Summer 1819-1820

On 11 May 1819 the King of Spain had dispatched a new expedition to the West Coast of America under the command of Rosendo Porlier, who was to replace the naval chief of Callao Antonio Vacaro. Two poorly provisioned ships of the line San Telmo (74 guns) and Alejandro I (74 guns, formerly a Russian ship), the frigate Prueba (34 guns) and the transport Mariana sailed from Cádiz bound to Callao.

Second blockade of Callao

On 12 December 1819, the squadron set sails to renew the attack on the Viceroyalty of Perú. The orders were:

  * to secure the command of the Pacific
  * to find and destroy the second Spanish convoy
  * to attack Callao with Congreve rockets
  * any hostility against Peruvian persons or properties was forbidden

The cost of the expedition for the Chilean state was no less than £80,000.

As Cochrane found that the forts of Callao had been reinforced and the element of surprise had been lost, he was convinced that further attacks would be doomed to failure.

A successful campaign was frustrated, in part due to the death of Colonel Charles and the failure of the Congreve rockets.


First Chilean Navy Squadron

But the Spanish reinforcements sent from Cádiz had shrunk to a fraction of its original size. The Alejandro I had to turn back to Spain because of its leaky condition and the San Telmo was lost in a severe storm rounding Cape Horn with 644 men. Only the transport Mariana (on 9 October) and the frigate Prueba (on 2 October) reached Callao but, the frigate fled to Guayaquil under pursuit by the Chileans.

Capture of Valdivia

Main article: Capture of Valdivia

A painting of the fall of Valdivia in the Chilean naval and maritime museum

After failing to capture the Spanish fortress of Real Felipe in Callao, in defiance of his orders and without even telling the Chilean authorities what he intended to do, Thomas Cochrane decided to assault the city of Valdivia, the most fortified place in southern Chile at the time.Cape Horn. Valdivia provided a safe landing site for sending reinforcements to the loyalist guerrilla fighting the Guerra a muerte in the area of La Frontera.

Valdivia was isolated from the rest of Chile by native Mapuche territory, and the only entrance to Valdivia was via the mouth of Valdivia River; Corral Bay. The bay was fortified with several forts built to prevent pirate raids or any attack from a foreign nation.

The forts of Valdivia were captured on 3 and 4 February 1820, and their fall effectively ended the last vestiges of Spanish power in mainland Chile and put large amounts of military materiel in the Chilean hands: 50 tons gunpowder, 10,000 cannon shot, 170,000 musket balls, small arms, 128 pieces of artillery, and the Dolores. The Chilean Intrépido was lost.

Summer 1820-1821

Freedom Expedition of Perú

Main article: Freedom Expedition of Perú

The emancipation of Perú was to have been a common enterprise by Chile and Argentina.José de San Martín back to Argentina. San Martín choose to disobey (see Acta de Rancagua) and O'Higgins decided that Chile would assume the costs of the Freedom Expedition of Perú.


First Chilean Navy Squadron

On 20 August 1820 the expedition sailed from Valparaíso for Paracas, near Pisco in Perú. The escort was provided by the squadron and comprised the flagship O'Higgins (under Captain Thomas Sackville Crosbie), frigate San Martín (Captain William Wilkinson), frigate Lautaro (Captain Martin Guise), the corvette Independencia (Captain Robert Forster), the brigs Galvarino (Captain John Tooker Spry), Araucano (Captain Thomas Carter), and Pueyrredón (Lieutenant William Prunier) and the schooner Moctezuma (Lieutenant George Young).

Every expeditionary ship got a painted number so that it could be identified at a distance. There are discrepancies between authors about the names and number and some names of the transports.

List of transporters of the Expedition to Perú

 Ship name    Ship number  tons        Other names        troops                                                    personnel or cargo
Potrillo      20           180                            0       1400 boxes of munitions for the infantry and artillery, 190 boxes of munitions for flamethrowers, and 8 barrels powder
Consecuencia  11           550   Argentina                561
Gaditana      10           250                            236     6 guns
Emprendedora  12           325   Empresa                  319     1280 boxes musket balls, 1500 boxes supplies of tools and repair shop
Golondrina    19           120                            0       100 boxes munitions, 190 boxes clothes, 460 sack kekse, 670 bunches jerked beef
Peruana       18           250                            53      hospital, physicians and 200 boxes
Jerezana      15           350                            461
Minerva       8            325                            630
Águila        14           800   not Brigantine           752     7 guns
                                 Pueyrredón
Dolores       9            400                            395
Mackenna      ?            500                            0       960 boxes with weapons, armor and leather goods for infantry and cavalry. 180 quintal iron pieces
Perla         16           350                            140     6 guns
Santa Rosa    13           240   Santa Rosa de Chacabuco  372     6 guns
                                 or Chacabuco
Nancy         21           200                            0       80 horses and fodder

Notes

Capture of the Esmeralda in the bay of Callao, L, Colet, Club Naval, Valparaíso.

Cochrane's pursuit of the Prueba and Venganza.


First Chilean Navy Squadron

Cochrane's pursuit of the Prueba and Venganza.

On 8 September 1820 the liberating army disembarked 100 miles southeast of Lima: 4118 soldiers, 4000 of them were Chileans.Esmeralda (1791) within the port of Callao. She was renamed Valdivia and commissioned to the Chilean Navy.

Perú was not seen as an enemy territory but was occupied by Spanish military forces. The commander of the expeditionary troops José de San Martín understand that the task was to neutralise the Spanish army so that the population could liberate themselves and he followed a slow and relentless course.

1821-1822

Cochrane sails to California

In July 1821 the liberation troops entered Lima, declared Perú's independence, and San Martín was acclaimed as Protector of the new state, and Cochrane considered him (San Martín) relieved as Commander of the Expedition. However, undefeated Spanish troops still occupied the highlands. Cochrane clashed with the cautious San Martín because of the unrealistic hope for a national rising in support of Peruvian independence and San Martín's commanders were disenchanted about his inaction.

Although San Martín set about raising the bonuses he had promised the fleet after the fall of Lima, he refused to pay its routine expenses or prize money for the Esmeralda which he regarded as the responsibility of the Chilean government. Cochrane was furious and, when the Peruvian Treasury and the contents of the mint were loaded onto the schooner Sacramento to avoid an advance by the Spanish army from the interior, Cochrane seized the ship on 14 September and took the money. The amount seized was, according to Peruvian sources, £80,000 or $400,000.

Now in violent conflict with San Martin, on 6 October 1821 Cochrane sailed with the Araucano, O'Higgins, Valdivia, Independencia and the schooner Mercedes in order to scour the Pacific for the last remnants of the Spanish Navy, the frigates Venganza and Prueba. After a month in Guayaquil to refit and to reprovision the ships, the squadron searched the West Coast of the Americas as far north as Loreto, Baja California Sur, where the Araucano was lost to mutineers.

After a pursuit of five months, he blockaded the Spanish ships in the port of Guayaquil. They surrendered to the authorities of the port.


First Chilean Navy Squadron

The O'Higgins and Valdivia anchored in Valparaiso on 2 June 1822.

Cochrane left the service of the Chilean Navy on 29 November 1822.

Capture of Chiloé in 1825

In 1825 a squadron commanded by Manuel Blanco Encalada landed 2,575Chiloé and then blockaded the island. The Royalists on the island, the last bastion of Spain in South America, surrendered on 12 January 1826.

Ships to Chiloe, 1825

Ships name                         Captain
O'Higgins (Ex-Maria Isabel)        Blanco Encalada
Independencia                      M.Cobett
Aquiles                            Wooster
Galvarino                          Wiater
Chacabuco                          Carlos Garcia del Postigo
Lautaro (as Transporter)           Guillermo Bell
Resolucion                         Manuel Garcia
Ceres
Infatigable
Swallow (Golondrina English ship)  Kierulf

Decommissioning of the Squadron

In April 1826 O'Higgins's successor, Ramón Freire, reduced the active navy to a single brig. He decommissioned the rest of the navy and sold O'Higgins and Chacabuco to Argentina.

Aftermath

Chile's financial effort, impoverished the country. Even O'Higgins and his ministers had not been paid for months.James Monroe, first declared the Monroe doctrine on 2 December 1823.

  * Chilean Navy
  * List of decommissioned ships of the Chilean Navy
  * Manuel Hipólito Orella
  * Media related to Ships of the First Chilean Navy Squadron at Wikimedia Commons

Literature

  * Antonio García Reyes, (1817–1855), Memoria sobre la primera Escuadra Nacional read in the Universidad de Chile on 11 October 1846 (In Spanish Language)
  * El poder naval realista en el Pacífico Sur durante la guerra de independencia, by Julio M. Luqui Lagleyze, published in Bioletin del Centro Naval, N° 794 Vol 117, 1999


Fangyuan Lighthouse

The Fangyuan Lighthouse (Chinese: 芳苑燈塔; pinyin: Fāngyuàn Dēngtǎ) is a lighthouse in Fangyuan Township, Changhua County, Taiwan.

History

The lighthouse was built in 1983 at the eastern side of Wanggong Fishing Port to ensure the safety of vessels moving around the port.

Architecture

The octagonal lighthouse is painted in black and white vertical bands and stands up to 35.7 meters. The tower was constructed with reinforced concrete and equipped with fourth class electric lamp, which generated 28,000 candlepower light for as far as 16.6 nautical miles. It was built with a power generation room, store room and dorms.

Technical specifications

The light beam from the lighthouse is five seconds light, then five seconds dark...

  * List of lighthouses in Taiwan
  * List of tourist attractions in Taiwan
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fangyuan Lighthouse.
  * Maritime and Port Bureau MOTC


1991–1995 LG Cheetahs seasons

LG Cheetahs was a South Korean professional football club based in Seoul.

Seasons Statistics

All competitions records

※ 1993 season had PSO and blows results are that PSO results are counted by drawn.
※ A: Adidas Cup

Season  Teams  K League    Pld  W   D   L   GF  GA  GD   Pts  League Cup      FA Cup  Super Cup  Asian Club                     Manager
                                                                                Championship
1991    6      6th         40   9   15  16  44  53   –9  33                                      Did not qualify                [South Korea] Ko Jae-wook
1992    6      4th         30   8   13  9   30  35   –5  29   Runners-up (A)                     Did not enter                  [South Korea] Ko Jae-wook
1993    6      Runners-up  30   18  0   12  28  29   –1  59   4th (A)                            Did not qualify                [South Korea] Ko Jae-wook
                                10  11  9
1994    7      5th         30   12  7   11  53  50   +3  43   Runners-up (A)                     [South Korea] Cho Young-jeung
1995    8      8th         28   5   10  13  29  43  –14  25   6th (A)                            [South Korea] Cho Young-jeung

Season Summary

1991 season summary

1992 season summary

1993 season summary

1994 season summary

1995 season summary

Kits

First Kit

1991–1993  [Football kit]  [Football kit]
           1994            1995

Second Kit

[Football kit]  1992  [Football kit]  [Football kit]  [Football kit]
1991                  1993            1994            1995

Transfers

1991 season

In

#  Name                        POS  Moving from                  Mode  Window  Period  Fee  Notes
1  [South Korea] Choi Tae-Jin  DF   [South Korea] Daewoo Royals        Winter

Rookie Draft


1991–1995 LG Cheetahs seasons

Rookie Draft

#  Name                         POS  Moving from                               Mode           Notes
1  [South Korea] Lee In-Jae     FW   [South Korea] Chung-Ang University        Franchise
2  [South Korea] Lee Young-Ik   DF   [South Korea] Korea University            Regular (1st)
3  [South Korea] Kim Dong-Hae   MF   [South Korea] Hanyang University          Regular (2nd)
4  [South Korea] Kim Seok-Hwan  DF   [South Korea] Yeungnam University         Regular (3rd)
5  [South Korea] Oh Jae-Il      FW   [South Korea] Sungkyunkwan University     Regular (4th)
6  [South Korea] Cha Yeon-Ju    FW   [South Korea] Andong National University  Regular (5th)

Out

#  Name                        POS  Moving from  Mode            Window  Period  Fee  Notes
1  [South Korea] Lee Boo-Yeol  DF   Unknown      Contract ended  Winter  N/A

Loan & Military service

#  Name           POS  Moving to      Window  Period  Fee  Notes
1  [South Korea]       [South Korea]  Winter

1992 season

In

#  Name                        POS  Moving from                  Mode  Window  Period  Fee  Notes
1  [South Korea] Choi Tae-Jin  DF   [South Korea] Daewoo Royals        Winter

Rookie Draft

#  Name                         POS  Moving from                               Mode           Notes
1  [South Korea] Lee In-Jae     FW   [South Korea] Chung-Ang University        Franchise
2  [South Korea] Lee Young-Ik   DF   [South Korea] Korea University            Regular (1st)
3  [South Korea] Kim Dong-Hae   MF   [South Korea] Hanyang University          Regular (2nd)
4  [South Korea] Kim Seok-Hwan  DF   [South Korea] Yeungnam University         Regular (3rd)
5  [South Korea] Oh Jae-Il      FW   [South Korea] Sungkyunkwan University     Regular (4th)
6  [South Korea] Cha Yeon-Ju    FW   [South Korea] Andong National University  Regular (5th)

Out

#  Name                        POS  Moving from  Mode            Window  Period  Fee  Notes
1  [South Korea] Lee Boo-Yeol  DF   Unknown      Contract ended  Winter  N/A

Loan & Military service


1991–1995 LG Cheetahs seasons

Loan & Military service

#  Name           POS  Moving to      Window  Period  Fee  Notes
1  [South Korea]       [South Korea]  Winter

1993 season

In

#  Name                        POS  Moving from                  Mode  Window  Period  Fee  Notes
1  [South Korea] Choi Tae-Jin  DF   [South Korea] Daewoo Royals        Winter

Rookie Draft

#  Name                         POS  Moving from                               Mode           Notes
1  [South Korea] Lee In-Jae     FW   [South Korea] Chung-Ang University        Franchise
2  [South Korea] Lee Young-Ik   DF   [South Korea] Korea University            Regular (1st)
3  [South Korea] Kim Dong-Hae   MF   [South Korea] Hanyang University          Regular (2nd)
4  [South Korea] Kim Seok-Hwan  DF   [South Korea] Yeungnam University         Regular (3rd)
5  [South Korea] Oh Jae-Il      FW   [South Korea] Sungkyunkwan University     Regular (4th)
6  [South Korea] Cha Yeon-Ju    FW   [South Korea] Andong National University  Regular (5th)

Out

#  Name                        POS  Moving from  Mode            Window  Period  Fee  Notes
1  [South Korea] Lee Boo-Yeol  DF   Unknown      Contract ended  Winter  N/A

Loan & Military service

#  Name           POS  Moving to      Window  Period  Fee  Notes
1  [South Korea]       [South Korea]  Winter

1994 season

In

#  Name                        POS  Moving from                  Mode  Window  Period  Fee  Notes
1  [South Korea] Choi Tae-Jin  DF   [South Korea] Daewoo Royals        Winter

Rookie Draft

#  Name                         POS  Moving from                      Mode           Notes
1  [South Korea] Park Chul      DF   [South Korea] Daegu University   Regular (1st)
2  [South Korea] Choi Yong-Soo  FW   [South Korea] Yonsei University  Regular (2nd)

Out

#  Name                        POS  Moving from  Mode            Window  Period  Fee  Notes
1  [South Korea] Lee Boo-Yeol  DF   Unknown      Contract ended  Winter  N/A

Loan & Military service


1991–1995 LG Cheetahs seasons

Loan & Military service

#  Name           POS  Moving to      Window  Period  Fee  Notes
1  [South Korea]       [South Korea]  Winter

In

#  Name                        POS  Moving from                  Mode  Window  Period  Fee  Notes
1  [South Korea] Choi Tae-Jin  DF   [South Korea] Daewoo Royals        Winter

Rookie Draft

#  Name                         POS  Moving from                               Mode           Notes
1  [South Korea] Lee In-Jae     FW   [South Korea] Chung-Ang University        Franchise
2  [South Korea] Lee Young-Ik   DF   [South Korea] Korea University            Regular (1st)
3  [South Korea] Kim Dong-Hae   MF   [South Korea] Hanyang University          Regular (2nd)
4  [South Korea] Kim Seok-Hwan  DF   [South Korea] Yeungnam University         Regular (3rd)
5  [South Korea] Oh Jae-Il      FW   [South Korea] Sungkyunkwan University     Regular (4th)
6  [South Korea] Cha Yeon-Ju    FW   [South Korea] Andong National University  Regular (5th)

Out

#  Name                        POS  Moving from  Mode            Window  Period  Fee  Notes
1  [South Korea] Lee Boo-Yeol  DF   Unknown      Contract ended  Winter  N/A

Loan & Military service

#  Name           POS  Moving to      Window  Period  Fee  Notes
1  [South Korea]       [South Korea]  Winter

  * FC Seoul
  * FC Seoul Matchday Magazines Archived 2011-05-09 at the Wayback Machine (in Korean)
  * The K League history at K League official website (in Korean)
  * FC Seoul Official Website (in Korean and English)


A. L. McCann

Andrew Lachlan McCann is an Australian academic and writer of horror fiction.

Biography

McCann lives in Victoria and holds both an MA from the University of Melbourne and a PhD from Cornell University.The White Body of Evening was published in 2002 by HarperCollins.Aurealis Award for best horror novel.Subtopia, and was published by Vulgar Press.

As a Sydney Review of Books contributor, McCann's subjects have ranged from Otto Dov Kulka to David Woodard.

  * The White Body of Evening (2002)
  * Subtopia (2005)
  * A. L. McCann at HarperCollins
  * A. L. McCann at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database


CSF/serum albumin ratio

CSF/serum albumin ratio is a test performed to compare the levels of albumin in the cerebrospinal fluid and the serum.

It is useful as a measure of the integrity of the blood–brain barrier.

Pathophysiology sample values
       BMP/ELECTROLYTES:
                                                                 /
Na+ = 140                         Cl− = 100     BUN = 20         Glu = 150
                                                                 \
K+ = 4                            CO2 = 22      PCr = 1.0
      ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS:
HCO3− = 24                        paCO2 = 40    paO2 = 95        pH = 7.40
         ALVEOLAR GAS:
                                  pACO2 = 36    pAO2 = 105       A-a g = 10
             OTHER:
Ca = 9.5                          Mg2+ = 2.0    PO4 = 1
CK = 55                           BE = −0.36    AG = 16
    SERUM OSMOLARITY/RENAL:
PMO = 300                         PCO = 295     POG = 5          BUN:Cr = 20
          URINALYSIS:
UNa+ = 80                         UCl− = 100    UAG = 5          FENa = 0.95
UK+ = 25                          USG = 1.01    UCr = 60         UO = 800
PROTEIN/GI/LIVER FUNCTION TESTS:
LDH = 100                         TP = 7.6      AST = 25         TBIL = 0.7
ALP = 71                          Alb = 4.0     ALT = 40         BC = 0.5
                                                AST/ALT = 0.6    BU = 0.2
AF alb = 3.0                      SAAG = 1.0                     SOG = 60
              CSF:
CSF alb = 30                      CSF glu = 60  CSF/S alb = 7.5  CSF/S glu = 0.6


Truslove and Hanson

Truslove & Hanson was a minor independent publishing firm that ran a number of fashionable bookshops in the West End of London. They also printed personalized stationery and bookplates, offered a bookbinding service, and acted as London agents for the State Library of New South Wales. There was a New York branch, Truslove, Hanson & Comba, from 1899 to 1903.

Partners

In 1893 Joseph Truslove, who since 1890 had traded as a bookseller and publisher from 143 Oxford Street, London, went into partnership with Frank Hanson, who had been the London representative of Simpkin Marshall.

In 1899 Truslove and Hanson entered into partnership with T. Ernest Comba and Joseph Shaylor to open a New York office, operating as Truslove, Hanson & Comba from 67 Fifth Avenue.John Lane. Comba (1851–1921) specialized in selling French, Italian and Spanish books.

Bookshops

Truslove's original premises in 143 Oxford Street were supplemented by a bookshop in Knightsbridge, at 6b Sloane Street (now a Shanghai Tang outlet). This became a fashionable "quality" bookshop, with such customers as Archibald Wavell (Viceroy of India 1943-1947).Mayfair, at 14a Clifford Street (now the London outlet of Kiton).

The bookshops became a subsidiary of W H Smith in 1923, but remained a distinct, up-market brand, tied to Bowes & Bowes after that was acquired by WHS in 1953. The Clifford Street shop was closed in 1958, and the Oxford Street shop in 1963.

In 1969, Truslove & Hanson acquired the Times Library.

Publications

Truslove and Hanson were particularly notable as publishers for their list of works on art and design, with Joseph Truslove becoming a member of the Arts Club in 1910.


Truslove and Hanson

They published several editions of Frederick Litchfield's Illustrated History of Furniture (7 editions, 1892–1922) and the same author's Pottery and Porcelain (1900, 1912); Fred Miller's Art Crafts for Amateurs (1901); W. G. Paulson Townsend's Embroidery or the Craft of the Needle (1899, 1907), and Plant and Floral Studies for Artists and Craftspeople (1901); and, as Truslove, Hanson and Comba, the American edition of William Millar's classic Plastering Plain and Decorative (1897). From 1899 to 1901 Truslove, Hanson and Comba also published the American edition of The Artist, a monthly review of art and design.

Other notable publications include Henry Ling Roth's, The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo (1896) and Oriental Silverwork (1910); John Henry Cardwell's, Men and Women of Soho: Famous and Infamous (1904); and Joseph Shaylor's The Pleasures of Bookland (1914).

  * Book trade in the United Kingdom
  * Books in the United Kingdom
  * An image of author Frederick Forsyth at a signing in Truslove & Hanson, Sloane Street, on 25 September 1972. From the Hulton Picture Library.

51°30′56.5″N 0°8′11.7″W / 51.515694°N 0.136583°W


CSF Sparta Chișinău

CSF Sparta Chișinău is a Moldovan football club based in Chișinău, Moldova. They most recently played in the Moldovan "A" Division, the second tier of Moldovan football. In 2017 CSF Sparta Chisinau won Division B South, with the right to promote to Moldovan "A" Division. Also in 2017, CSF Sparta Chisinau started their own football school. The junior groups are playing in the National Division along with clubs with history and tradition in Moldovan football.

Achievements

  * Divizia B
Winners (1): 2017
  * Divizia B
Runners-up (2): 2016-2017
  * Winter Cup "Radautanu"
Runners-up (2):Moldovan Winter Cup 2017
  * Sparta Chișinău on Soccerway.com
  * Sparta Chișinăuon Facebook.com


Eglisau railway station

Eglisau railway station (German: Bahnhof Eglisau) is a railway station in the Swiss canton of Zurich and municipality of Eglisau. The station is located on the Winterthur to Koblenz line, at that line's junction with the Eglisau to Neuhausen line. Both lines are owned by Swiss Federal Railways. It is served by Zürich S-Bahn lines S9, between Zürich and Schaffhausen, and S36, between Bülach and Koblenz.

The railway crosses the Eglisau railway bridge over the Rhine, between Eglisau and the next station, Hüntwangen-Wil on the Eglisau to Neuhausen line.

Services

As of the December 2020 timetable change, the following services stop at Eglisau:

  * Zürich S-Bahn:
      + S9: half-hourly service between Uster and Rafz; every other train continues from Rafz to Schaffhausen.
      + S36: hourly service between Waldshut and Bülach.
  * Media related to Eglisau railway station at Wikimedia Commons
  * Eglisau railway station – SBB


Eglinton Park

Not to be confused with Eglinton Country Park, Scotland.

Eglinton Park is a public park located in the North Toronto neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, a few blocks west of the Eglinton Subway Station. It is bounded on the south end by Eglinton Avenue West, on the north by Roselawn Aveunue. The other two sides of the park have houses backing onto the park; Oriole Parkway on the west side, and Edith Drive on the east.

The park has two baseball diamonds, soccer fields, a splash pool, and a kids playground. Outdoor tennis courts are turned into skating rinks in the winter. Also located in the park is the North Toronto Community Memorial Centre with an indoor pool, outdoor pool, water slides, gymnasium, walking track, and exercise rooms. There is also an indoor skating rink.

History

  * 1885 James Pears purchases the site and opens the Pears Brickyards
  * 1926 the City purchased the site to create the "North Toronto Athletic Field"
  * 1929 the park was renamed to "Eglinton Park" after the 13th Earl of Eglinton of Ayrshire, Scotland
  * 1998 The Heritage Community Garden is created within the park
  * Eglinton Country Park, North Ayrshire, Scotland, also named after the 13th Earl of Eglinton
  *
      + Lost Rivers website
  * Hiking the GTA website


Dr. Um

Dr. Um is an album by Peter Erskine. It earned Erskine a Grammy Award nomination for Best Jazz Instrumental Album.


Eclectic Materia Medica

Eclectic Materia Medica is a materia medica writteneclectic medicine doctor Harvey Wickes Felter (co-author with John Uri Lloyd of King's American Dispensatory). This was the last, articulate, but in the end, futile attempt to stem the tide of Standard Practice Medicine, the antithesis of the model of the rural primary care "vitalist" physician that was the basis for Eclectic medicine.

  * Felter's Eclectic Materia Medica html version @ Henriette Kress's Herbal website.
  * The Eclectic Materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics by Harvey Wickes Felter, M.D. (1922) Bookmarked Acrobat (.pdf) files only from Michael Moore's website.


Eclection

Eclection were a British-based folk rock band, originally formed in 1967 in London by Norwegian-born Georg Kajanus (then known as Georg Hultgreen), Canadian Michael Rosen, Australians Trevor Lucas and Kerrilee Male, and Briton Gerry Conway. They released one album on Elektra Records before singer Kerrilee Male left to be replaced by Dorris Henderson, but the group broke up in December 1969.

Formation and initial reception

Rosen and Hultgreen met when Hultgreen - who had grown up in Canada - was playing songs in a Bayswater restaurant. They decided to form a group, and recruited Lucas, who had previously recorded in Australia, and in Britain as an accompanist to A. L. Lloyd,Cambridge Folk Festival.Dave Guard, formerly of The Kingston Trio, on his Australian TV show Dave's Place.back-formation to describe their "eclectic" style and origins - at the suggestion of Joni Mitchell, who was playing folk clubs in England at the timeNew York City, the group approached Elektra Records owner Jac Holzman, who then heard them rehearse in London, and offered them a record deal. The quartet made their first public appearance at the Royal Festival Hall in late 1967, supporting Tom Paxton.

The group then added drummer Gerry Conway, a member of Alexis Korner's backing group. Despite their backgrounds, the band regarded themselves as being a "progressive rock" group rather than playing "folk rock", a term which had not yet come into widespread use.IBC Studios in London in December 1967, with Australian record producer Ossie Byrne and arranger Phil Dennys, who had both worked on The Bee Gees' first hit "New York Mining Disaster 1941".airplay in the UK but did not chart. They also appeared on Dutch TV, BBC radio, and the BBC TV show Colour Me Pop.


Eclection

The band's self-titled album, Eclection, was released in August 1968. Eight of the songs were written by Hultgreen, and the remaining three by Rosen. Hultgreen and Rosen also shared the lead vocals with Kerrilee Male, although most critics commented on the strength of Male's voice, Lillian Roxon stating that "Her voice cuts into the brain like a carving knife". The band's style drew comparisons with The Seekers, Jefferson Airplane, The Mamas and The PapasWe Five. Reviewer Richie Unterberger stated: "The combination of male-female harmonies, optimistic lyrics with shades of romantic psychedelia, folk-rock melodies, acoustic-electric six- and twelve-string guitar combinations, and stratospheric orchestration couldn't help but bring to mind similar Californian folk-pop-rock of the mid-to-late 1960s."

Kajanus (Hultgreen) later said:

"The musical direction of the group was probably closer to American folk-rock than anything else. I must confess, having spent my formative musical years haunting the folk clubs in Montreal, Canada and watching all the current folk and folk/rock programs on TV, I was strongly influenced by this music. The most influential artists for me at the time were people like Dylan, the Byrds, Fred Neil, Simon and Garfunkel, the Beach Boys, the Mamas and the Papas, and Gordon Lightfoot. Pre-Eclection, I was a purist fighting the acoustic battle versus the electric "demons" creeping into the scene. I remember being shocked when Dylan went electric. It is therefore ironic that I should end up a few years later playing an electric 12-string in Eclection."

Later career and split

After the album was released, the band began to perform at festivals and in clubs around Britain. Their second single, a version of American band Kaleidoscope's song "Please (Mark II)", was released in October 1968. However, that month Kerrilee Male decided to leave the band, and returned to Australia.John Renbourn.


Eclection

In December 1968, Eclection supported The Beach Boys on a 10-day tour, and afterwards they continued to tour clubs.Gary Boyle, previously a member of The Brian Auger Trinity, and vibraphone player John "Poli" Palmer of Blossom Toes. However, Boyle left again in June to rejoin Auger. The band continued as a five-piece and performed (along with Bob Dylan and The Who) at the Isle of Wight Festival in August 1969, but Hultgreen then decided to leave. Lucas, Conway, Palmer and Henderson continued to tour for several months, finally agreeing to split up in December 1969 when Palmer decided to join Family.

Jac Holzman stated:

"I loved that group. They were a fascinating group, a wonderful band, and I thought the records were wonderful. I think our mistake was not bringing them to the States, because they really needed to get out of England. There was too much other stuff competing in England, and in the States, we might have had an easier time. I don't know why we didn't bring 'em. I think, had we got 'em the right venues and gotten them some help with their show, it would have worked."

Aftermath

After Eclection split up, Lucas and Conway formed Fotheringay with Lucas' girlfriend (and later wife) Sandy Denny, formerly of Fairport Convention. Lucas and Denny later both rejoined Fairport Convention for a period; Sandy Denny died in 1978, and Trevor Lucas in 1989. Gerry Conway continued a prolific career as a drummer, with Cat Stevens, Steeleye Span, Fairport Convention, Jethro Tull and others.

Georg Hultgreen was later known as Georg Kajanus, and had commercial success in the mid-1970s with the band Sailor, later forming DATA and Noir with Tim Dry (Tik from Tik and Tok), and writing musicals and soundtracks. Mike Rosen managed the progressive rock band Cressida, and was later a member of Mogul Thrash, before returning to live in Canada. Little is known publicly about Kerrilee Male after her return to Australia.

Dorris Henderson headed a new band, Dorris Henderson's Eclection, in the 1970s, with her son Eric Johns. She died in 2005.


Eclection

The album Eclection was re-issued on CD by Collector's Choice Music in November 2001.

The title of psychedelic folk artist Prydwyn's 2009 album with Quickthorn, 'Solitude Owes Me a Smile', is a paraphrase of a line from Eclection's opening track 'In Her Mind'.

  * ZigZag magazine, 1968, Dorris Henderson: Herself and Eclection
  * Georg Kajanus at IMDb
  * Georg Kajanus website


Eclecta

Eclecta is a monotypic moth genus in the family Depressariidae. Its only species, Eclecta aurorella, has been found in the Australian state of New South Wales. Both the genus and species were first described by Edward Meyrick in 1883.

The wingspan is 18.5-19.5 mm. The forewings are rather light crimson pink with the extreme costal edge whitish from near the base to three-fourths and a suffused dark fuscous subcostal streak from the base to about one-third, posteriorly indistinct. There is a short dark reddish-fuscous dash on the inner margin at the base, indistinctly margined above with whitish and a dark reddish-fuscous basally attenuated longitudinal streak from the base to a little below the middle of the disc, then bent obliquely downwards, not reaching the inner margin, the angle filled up beneath with whitish ochreous, the streak margined above from the base to the angle with white and there is a dark reddish-fuscous oblique streak from the disc slightly above the middle at two-fifths from the base to the anal angle, posteriorly attenuated, interrupted above the angle of the discal streak, with which it is almost confluent, margined posteriorly with white, and its discal extremity connected with the base of the wing by a slender white line. There is an irregularly triangular dark reddish-fuscous blotch, more ochreous fuscous beneath, on the hindmargin, its apex extending to the disc at three-fifths from the base, its base extending from above the anal angle to beneath the apex, the lower side suffused, upperside connected in the disc with a dark reddish-fuscous acute diamond-shaped mark beneath the costa, beyond the connection margined with white. Within this triangle is a slender white twice sharply toothed line proceeding from the middle of the upperside to the lower angle, and two small indistinct whitish spots on the hindmargin. The hindwings are ochreous whitish, crimson tinged.


Electoral history of Robert Stout

Robert Stout in 1885.

This is a summary of the electoral history of Sir Robert Stout, Prime Minister of New Zealand, (1884–1887).

Parliamentary elections

1875 by-election

1875 Caversham by-election
Party     Candidate    Votes            %    ±%
          Independent  Robert Stout     232  52.37
          Independent  William Larnach  211  47.63
Majority  11           4.74
Turnout   443

1875 election

1875 general election: Dunedin
Party    Candidate    Votes             %    ±%
         Independent  James Macandrew   891  71.22
         Independent  Robert Stout      865  69.14
         Independent  William Larnach   843  67.38
         Independent  William Reynolds  476  38.04
         Independent  James Macassey    409  32.69
         Independent  Henry Fish        238  19.02
         Independent  James Grant       29   2.31
Turnout  1,251

1884 election

1884 general election: Dunedin East
Party                Candidate    Votes          %    ±%
                     Independent  Robert Stout   755  59.45
                     Independent  Matthew Green  515  40.55
Majority             240          18.89
Turnout              1,270        70.63
Registered electors  1,798

1887 election

1887 general election: Dunedin East
Party                Candidate    Votes             %      ±%
                     Independent  James Allen       889    50.82
                     Independent  Sir Robert Stout  860    49.18  -10.27
Majority             29           1.65
Turnout              1,749        78.32             +7.69
Registered electors  2,233

1893 by-election

1893 Inangahua by-election
Party     Candidate  Votes            %      ±%
          Liberal    Robert Stout     1,899  70.67
          Liberal    Patrick O'Regan  788    29.33
Majority  611        41.36
Turnout   2,687

1893 election

1893 New Zealand general election: Wellington
Party                Candidate     Votes              %      ±%
                     Liberal       Robert Stout       6,218  46.73
                     Conservative  Francis Bell       5,773  43.39
                     Conservative  John Duthie        4,840  36.37
                     Liberal       Kennedy Macdonald  3,863  29.03
                     Liberal       Francis Fraser     3,729  28.02
                     Independent   Harry Vogel        3,606  27.10
                     Liberal       William McLean     3,438  25.84
                     Liberal       George Fisher      2,385  17.92
                     Independent   Thomas Dwan        1,157  8.70
                     Independent   William Travers    1,093  8.21
Majority             977
Informal votes       147

Total votes          36,249
Turnout              13,306        80.66
Registered electors  16,497

1896 election


Electoral history of Robert Stout

1896 election

1896 New Zealand general election: Wellington
Party                Candidate       Votes                         %      ±%
                     Liberal–Labour  John Hutcheson                6,410  48.68
                     Independent     Robert Stout                  6,305  47.88
                     Liberal         George Fisher                 5,858  44.49
                     Conservative    Arthur Atkinson               5,830  44.27
                     Liberal         Charles Wilson                5,569  42.29
                     Conservative    Andrew Agnew Stuart Menteath  5,559  42.22
                     Liberal         Francis Fraser                1,811  13.75
                     Independent     Justinian John Kivern Powell  185    1.40
                     Liberal         Arthur Warburton              91     0.69
Majority             28              0.21
Total votes          37,618
Turnout              13,168          68.21
Registered electors  19,304

  * McRobie, Alan (1989). Electoral Atlas of New Zealand. Wellington: GP Books. ISBN 0-477-01384-8.


1587 in music

Events

  * January 31 – Pedro Bermúdez is dismissed from the position of maestro de capilla of the collegiate church at Antequera and briefly imprisoned, for gross negligence and a fight with one of his tenors.
  * November 15 – Tobias Kühn is appointed to a musical post as a singer but also as a lutenist at the court in Wolfenbüttel.

Publications


1587 in music

* Felice Anerio – First book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
  * Giammateo Asola
      + Nova vespertina omnium solemnitatum psalmodia for eight voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino), also includes a Magnificat
      + Le Vergini for three voices, book 2 (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti), a madrigal cycle, setting Petrarch's Vergine bella
      + Madrigals for two voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
  * Ippolito Baccusi – Fourth book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
  * Ludovico Balbi – Ecclesiasticarum cantionum in sacris totius anni Sanctorum sollemnitatibus for four voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
  * Giovanni Bassano – Canzonettas for four voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
  * Johannes Eccard – Epithalamion nuptiis (Sponsa decora veni) for five voices (Königsberg: Georg Osterberger), a wedding song
  * Alfonso Ferrabosco the elder
      + First book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
      + Second book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
  * Andrea Gabrieli & Giovanni Gabrieli – Concerti (Venice: Angelo Gardano), the majority of the pieces are by Andrea, published posthumously
  * Vincenzo Galilei – Second book of madrigals for four and five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
  * Jacobus Gallus – Opus musicum, volumes 2 & 3 (Prague: Georg Nigrinus)
  * Marc'Antonio Ingegneri
      + Second book of masses for five voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
      + Fifth book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)


1587 in music

* Orlande de Lassus – Madrigals for four, five, and six voices (Nuremberg: Catharina Gerlach), his seventh and final book of only madrigals
  * Carolus Luython – Popularis anni jubilus for six voices (Prague: Georg Nigrinus), a collection of motets
  * Giovanni de Macque – Second book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
  * Luca Marenzio
      + Fourth book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
      + Fourth book of villanelle for three voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
      + Fifth book of villanelle for three voices (Venice: heirs of Girolamo Scotto)
  * Tiburtio Massaino
      + Psalmi omnes ad vesperas per totum annum for four voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
      + Second book of masses for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
      + Third book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
  * Rinaldo del Mel – Third book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
  * Philippe de Monte
      + First book of masses (Antwerp: Christophe Plantin)
      + Second book of motets for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
      + Twelfth book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
  * Claudio Monteverdi – Madrigali a cinque voci di Claudio Monteverde Cremonese discepolo del Sig.r Marc'Antonio Ingegnieri... Libro primo (Venice: Angelo Gardano), a book of madrigals
  * Jakob Paix – Parodia mottetae Domine da nobis auxilium, Thomae Crequilonis, senis vocibus, ad Dorium (Lauingen, Leonhard Reinmichel)
  * Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina – Second book of motets for four voices


1587 in music

* Benedetto Pallavicino – First book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)


1587 in music

Compositions

  * Adam Puschmann, Wachtelweise, a Meisterton, collected in his manuscript Singebuch (1588)

Births

  * February 26 (baptized) – Stefano Landi, Roman composer and teacher (died 1639)
  * September 18 – Francesca Caccini, Florentine composer and lutenist (died after 1641)
  * November 3 (baptized) – Samuel Scheidt, German composer (died 1654)
  * date unknown – Francesco Lambardi, Neapolitan composer (died 1642)

Deaths

  * February 9 – Vincenzo Ruffo, Veronese composer (born 1508)
  * June 15 – Giovanni Battista Pinello di Ghirardi, Italian composer and singer (born c.1544)
  * August 29 – Vincenzo Bellavere, Venetian composer (born c.1540/1541)


Warren Cariou

Warren Cariou is a Canadian writer and associate professor of English at the University of Manitoba.

Biography

Cariou received a B.A. (Hons) from the University of Saskatchewan and an MA and PhD from the University of Toronto (1998). In 1999 he published a book of short stories, The Exalted Company of Roadside Martyrs, with Coteau Books. This was followed up in 2002 with his memoir Lake of the Prairies, which gained him a wider audience. It won the 2002 Drainie-Taylor Biography Prize and was shortlisted for the 2004 Charles Taylor Prize.Scotiabank Giller Prize.

Cariou was one of three featured authors in Coming Attractions '95, and has had short stories appear in Stag Line: Stories by Men and Due West, both published by Coteau Books. As well, his fiction was awarded a CBC Literary Competition Prize in 1991.

He grew up on a farm near Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan, a place he describes in Lake of the Prairies. He has worked as a construction labourer, a technical writer and a political advisor. He holds a Ph.D. in English from the University of Toronto and now teaches Aboriginal Literature at the University of Manitoba. He is currently working on a novel entitled Exhaust. Cariou is married to the poet and literature professor Alison Calder. Cariou is also the director of the Centre for Creative Writing and Oral Culture

Honours

  * 2002 Drainie-Taylor Biography Prize
  * 2005 Greifswald Canadian Studies Fellow in Residence, University of Greifswald, Germany

Works

  * with W'Daub Awae, Kateri Akiwenzie-Damm, Daniel Heath Justice, Lesley Belleau: Speaking True: A Kegedonce Press Anthology. Kegedonce, 2006 ISBN 0978499859Book

Books

  * Exalted Company of Roadside Martyrs.
  * Lake of the Prairies: A Story of Belonging. This book won the Drainie-Taylor Prize.

Films

  * Documentary: Overburden by Neil McArthur and Warren Cariou. Released 2009-01-03.
  * Documentary: Land of Oil and Water by Neil McArthur and Warren Cariou. 2009-01-01.

Photography (Petrography)


Warren Cariou

Photography (Petrography)

  * In 2013 Cariou wrote and created documentaries Overburdened and Land of Oil and Water with Neil McArthur about the highly destructive production of tar sands impacting the Indigenous communities of Saskatchewan and Alberta. Cariou then decided to begin using the toxic material to create photographs he has named petrography.
  * He began experimenting with the new medium with assistance from Dr. Dusan Stulik, a senior research scientist at the Getty Conservation Institute.
  * Cariou uses a specific medium of petroleum and sunlight in his photography “Petrography is literally petroleum-photography: the creation of images through the interaction of sunlight and the heavy petroleum product known as bitumen, which is the main source of the vast supplies of oil in Canada’s Athabasca tar sands region”.


First Christian Church (Corbin, Kentucky)

The First Christian Church in Corbin, Kentucky is a historic Christian Church at S. Kentucky and W. First Street. It was built in 1925 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

Its building is a two-story (20 foot) brick Classical Revival-style building with brick laid in Flemish bond, with brick pilasters and a two-story pedimented portico.


Achim Peters

Achim Peters (born 1957 in Dortmund) is a German internist and brain researcher. He developed the Selfish Brain Theory.

He has been a professor at the University of Lübeck since 2000 and heads the German Research Foundation (DFG)-funded Clinical Research Group "Selfish Brain: Brain Glucose and Metabolic Syndrome", which has been in existence since 2004.

Life

Peters attended the Humboldt High School in Dortmund until his Abitur in 1976. In the same year, he began studying medicine at the Ruhr University in Bochum; he later moved to the Medical University in Lübeck. In 1977, he won the German National Mathematics CompetitionGerman Academic Scholarship Foundation. In 1983, Peters completed his studies with his license to practice medicine as well as his doctorate (at the Institute of Anatomy, Bochum).

In 1984, Peters joined the Clinic of Internal Medicine at the University of Lübeck. From 1986 to 1989, a DFG postdoctoral fellowship took him to the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada, where he conducted research on "Control Theory in Diabetes Mellitus" In the following years, Peters specialized in endocrinology and diabetology within internal medicine. In 1993, he became a senior physician at the Medical Clinic 1 of Internal Medicine at the University of Lübeck.

In 1996 he was habilitated in Lübeck and received the Venia Legendi for Internal Medicine. For his publications in diabetology, he was awarded the Silvia King Prize by the German Diabetes Society. In 2000, he became an associate professor at the University of Lübeck. In 2002, he was promoted to senior physician in charge of endocrinology and diabetology at the University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein. In 2004, Peters became head of the DFG-funded Clinical Research Group "Selfish Brain: Brain Glucose and Metabolic Syndrome".

He is the author of several books.

Achim Peters is married and lives in Lübeck.

Research focus: Selfish brain theory and obesity

In 1998 Achim Peters designed the basic model of the Selfish-Brain-Theory and formulated its axioms.

The Selfish Brain theory states that the human brain prioritizes its own comparatively high needs in regulating the organism's energy supply. In this respect, the brain behaves in a "selfish" manner.


Achim Peters

In the cerebral hemispheres, the integrating organ of the entire central nervous system, the theory situates the regulatory circuit of an "energy-on-demand" system, with which the ATP concentration of the neurons is kept in equilibrium (homeostasis). This goal is achieved by the allocation (partitioning) of energy from the body.

The Selfish Brain theory represents a further development of existing theories about the organization of the energy supply of the human organism. The further development consists in the fact that in place of a purely passively supplied brain, there is a brain that independently regulates its energy concentrations and assumes a primary position in a hierarchically organized energy metabolism. Blood glucose and body weight control circuits are conceived as a complex regulating food intake, controlled from hypothalamic centres.

The development of obesity can be explained by the Selfish-Brain theory in terms of a supply chain that extends from the environment to the body to the brain as the end-user.

Awards

  * 1977 National winner in the German National Mathematics Competition
  * 1997 Silvia King Prize of the German Diabetes Society

Publications

Monographs


Achim Peters

Publications

Monographs

  * Peters, Achim (1983). Funktionelle Adaptionen in der Morphologie und im Verhalten eines springenden Primaten [Functional adaptations in the morphology and behavior of a jumping primate.] (in German). Bochum: Ruhr-Universität.
  * Peters, Achim (1996). Analytisches Design und klinische Anwendung eines lernfähigen Regelsystems für die Pharmakotherapie mit Insulin [Analytical design and clinical application of an adaptive control system for insulin pharmacotherapy.] (in German). Lübeck: Med. Univ. p. 83.
  * Schweiger, Ulrich; Peters, Achim; Sipos, Valerija (2003). Essstörungen [Eating disorders.] (in German). Stuttgart; New York: Thieme Verlag. ISBN 978-3-13-128221-7.
  * Peters, Achim (2011). Das egoistische Gehirn: Warum unser Kopf Diäten sabotiert und gegen den eigenen Körper kämpft [The selfish brain: Why our brain sabotages diets and fights against our own body.] (in German). Berlin: Ullstein Verlag. p. 330. ISBN 978-3-550-08854-4.
  * Peters, Achim (2013). Mythos Übergewicht: Warum dicke Menschen länger leben [The overweight myth: Why corpulent people live longer.] (in German). München: C. Bertelsmann Verlag. p. 271. ISBN 978-3-570-10149-0.
  * Peters, Achim (2018). Unsicherheit: Das Gefühl unserer Zeit - Und was uns gegen Stress und gezielte Verunsicherung hilft [Uncertainty: The feeling of our time - And what helps us against stress and targeted insecurity.] (in German). München: C. Bertelsmann Verlag. p. 428. ISBN 978-3-570-10343-2.

Editions (publisher, co-editor or co-worker)


Achim Peters

* Peters, Achim (2004). "The selfish brain: competition for energy resources". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews (Neurosci. Biobehav. ed.). 28 (28): 143–180. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.03.002. PMID 15172762. S2CID 6883761.
  * Peters, Achim; Langemann, D (2009). "Build-ups in the supply chain of the brain: on the neuroenergetic cause of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus". Frontiers in Neuroenergetics (Front Neuroenergetics ed.). 1 (1): 2. doi:10.3389/neuro.14.002.2009. PMC 2691548. PMID 19584906.
  * Hitze, B; Hubold, C; van Dyken, R; Schlichting, K; Lehnert, H; Entringer, S; Peters, A (2010). "How the Selfish Brain Organizes its 'Supply and Demand'". Frontiers in Neuroenergetics (Front Neuroenergetics ed.). 2 (2): 7. doi:10.3389/fnene.2010.00007. PMC 2899523. PMID 20616886.
  * Peters, A; Kubera, B; Hubold, C; Langemann, D (2011). "The Selfish Brain: Stress and Eating Behavior". Frontiers in Neuroscience (Front Neurosci ed.). 5 (5): 47. doi:10.3389/fnins.2011.00047. PMC 3075882. PMID 21519376.


Achim Peters

* Peters, A; Kubera, B; Hubold, C; Langemann, D; Zug, S; Wischnath, H; Wilhelm, I; Hallschmid, M; Entringer, S (2012). "The brain's supply and demand in obesity". Frontiers in Neuroenergetics (Front Neuroenergetics ed.). 4 (4): 4. doi:10.3389/fnene.2012.00004. PMC 3297086. PMID 22408618.
  * Peters, A; Kubera, B; Langemann, D (2013). "The corpulent phenotype-how the brain maximizes survival in stressful environments". Frontiers in Neuroscience (Front Neurosci ed.). 7 (7). doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00047. PMC 3613700. PMID 23565074.
  * Peters, Achim; McEwen, BS (2015). "Stress habituation, body shape and cardiovascular mortality". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews (Neurosci Biobehav Rev. ed.). 56 (56): 139–150. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.07.001. PMID 26148986.
  * Peters, Achim (2017). Biesalski, HK; Bischoff, SC; Pirlich, M; Weimann, A (eds.). Selfish-Brain-Theorie (in German) (Ernährungsmedizin. ed.). Stuttgart: Thieme Verlag. pp. 65–75.
  * Peters, Achim (2017). Biesalski, HK; Bischoff, SC; Pirlich, M; Weimann, A (eds.). Regulation der Nahrungsaufnahme [Regulation of food intake.] (in German) (Ernährungsmedizin. ed.). Stuttgart: Thieme Verlag. pp. 90–95.


Achim Peters

* Peters, Achim; McEwen, BS; Friston, K (2017). "Uncertainty and stress: Why it causes diseases and how it is mastered by the brain". Progress in Neurobiology (Progress in Neurobiology ed.). 156 (156): 164–188. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.05.004. PMID 28576664. S2CID 286501.
  * Peters, Achim; Reisch, C; Langemann, D (2018). "LTP or LTD? Modeling the Influence of Stress on Synaptic Plasticity". eNeuro (Eneuro ed.). 5 (1). doi:10.1523/ENEURO.0242-17.2018. PMC 5898787. PMID 29662939.
  * Peters, Achim (2020). Egle, UT; Heim, C; Strauß, B; von Känel, R (eds.). Die Selfish-Brain-Theorie: Wie Stress die Körperform verändert, Diabetes verursacht und die Mortalität erhöht [The Selfish Brain Theory: How stress changes body shape, causes diabetes, and increases mortality.] (in German) (Psychosomatik – neurobiologisch fundiert und evidenzbasiert ed.). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag. pp. 193–200.
  * Hartwig, M; Peters, A (2020). "Cooperation and Social Rules Emerging from the Principle of Surprise Minimization". Frontiers in Psychology (Front Psychol. ed.). 11 (11): 606174. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.606174. PMC 7858259. PMID 33551917.
  * Sprengell, M; Kubera, B; Peters, A (2021). "Brain More Resistant to Energy Restriction Than Body: A Systematic Review". Frontiers in Neuroscience (Front Neurosci ed.). 15 (15). doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.639617. PMC 7900631. PMID 33633541.


Achim Peters

* Sprengell, M; Kubera, B; Peters, A (2021). "Proximal Disruption of Brain Energy Supply Raises Systemic Blood Glucose: A Systematic Review". Frontiers in Neuroscience (Front Neurosci ed.). 15 (15): 685031. doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.685031. PMC 8264130. PMID 34248487.
  * Literature by and about Achim Peters in the German National Library catalogue
  * Works by and about Achim Peters in the Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek (German Digital Library)
  * Homepage Achim Peters (in German)
  * Perlentaucher


1991–1992 Lebanese protests

The 1991–1992 Lebanese protests was widespread demonstrations, nationwide strikes, protest rallies, labour marches and a wave of popular and unprecedented wave of economic protests and countrywide uprising against the government of Omar Karami in Lebanon and his cabinet due to serious issues and political problems.

The protests would be the biggest since the food riots of 1987 or even further, the protests of 1952. The protests directed at better wages, better jobs and conditions, labour unions attention and the resignation of the entire government.

Demonstrators also marched in support of the Gulf War and Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait and participated in protests against the occupation of southern Lebanon by Israel and Syrian occupation of Lebanon, starting during the Lebanese Civil War and the protest actions occurred in 1991.

Bank employees, retirees and bank unions led strikes in Beirut in protest at the economic turmoil. In May 1992, a national movement and popular demonstrations erupted as part of a 4-day strike movement against the economic crisis, leading to the resignation of the government of Omar Karami and the rise of wealthy businessmen Rafic Hariri.

  * 2019–2021 Lebanese protests


A. L. Phillips

A. L. Phillips was an American college football player and coach. He played football as a halfback at Washington & Jefferson College in Washington, Pennsylvania and was captain of the 1900 Washington & Jefferson football team before graduating in 1901. Phillips served as the head football coach at Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee from 1902 to 1904. He led the 1903 Cumberland Bulldogs to share of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) title.

Phillips was later treasurer of the Union Trust Company of Washington, Pennsylvania.

Head coaching record

Year                                                                                Team        Overall  Conference  Standing  Bowl/playoffs
Cumberland Bulldogs (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1902–1904)
1902                                                                                Cumberland  3–5      1–4         12th
1903                                                                                Cumberland  6–1–1    4–1–1       T–1st
1904                                                                                Cumberland  3–1      1–1         8th
Cumberland:                                                                                12–7–1      6–6–1
Total:                                                                                12–7–1
National championship Conference title Conference division title or championship game berth


CSDR

CSDR is an initialism that may refer to;

  * California School for the Deaf, Riverside, a school in Riverside, California, United States of America.
  * Center for the Study of Dispute Resolution, a research center under the University of Missouri School of Law.
  * Confederaţia Sindicatelor Democratice din România, the Democratic Trade Union Confederation of Romania
  * Central securities depository Regulation (No. 909/2014) of the European Union


Truso Travertines Natural Monument

Truso Travertines Natural Monument (Georgian: თრუსოს ტრავერტინი) is calcareous sinter or tufa in Truso valley on the right bank of Terek river at 2093 meters above the sea level in Kazbegi Municipality, Georgia. It is located about 2 km from village Keterisi where local population lives only seasonally.

This limestone was formed when carbonate minerals precipitate out of ambient temperature water. Travertine in some places is covered with a thin layer of transparent water on the white surface of the slopes where intensive development process is still ongoing.

It is part of Kazbegi Protected AreasKazbegi National Park and five Natural Monuments:

  * Sakhizari Cliff,
  * Abano Mineral Lake,
  * Truso Travertine,
  * Jvari Pass Travertine,
  * Keterisi Mineral Vaucluse.

Truso travertine terraces.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Truso Travertines Natural Monument.


Brent A. Wilkes

Brent Ashley Wilkes is the former National Executive Director of the League of United Latin American Citizens.

Personal life

Brent Ashley Wilkes graduated from Dartmouth College in Hanover, NH. Currently he lives in Virginia with his wife Angela Cross Wilkes and his two sons.

Professional career

As the Executive Director of the largest and oldest Hispanic civil rights organization in the United States, Wilkes worked towards fulfilling the LULAC mission: "to advance the economic condition, educational attainment, political influence, health, housing and civil rights of the Hispanic population of the United States."

  * Official Biography
  * Appearances on C-SPAN


Arturo Martínez Rocha

Arturo Martínez Rocha (born 1 December 1950) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party. As of 2014 he served as Deputy of the LX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Campeche.


Arturo López (footballer)

Arturo López (born 20 May 1935) is a Bolivian former footballer who played as a goalkeeper.Bolivia national football team between 1957 and 1965.1963 South American Championship.

  * Arturo López at FIFA (archived)


Arturo Melocchi

Arturo di Giuseppe Melocchi (December 9, 1879 – October 25, 1960) was an Italian baritone and voice teacher who is best known for having been the teacher of dramatic tenor Mario Del Monaco and his older brother Marcello Del Monaco. In addition, his method influenced the voice and technical development of tenor Franco Corelli.

Biography

Education

Arturo Melocchi was born in Milan. He studied at the Regio Conservatorio di Milano under Giuseppe Gallignani, who was also the director of the Conservatory. On November 13, 1907 Melocchi graduated, receiving his license to be a singer, as well as to become a teacher of singing at any public school in Italy. His exams—with diploma requirements nearly identical to those of the old conservatorio system—consisted of the following:

  * two arias for baritone voice—"Sei vendicata assai" from Dinorah by Meyerbeer and "S'il faut s'enfler de gloire," sung by Boniface, the monastery cook in Le jongleur de Notre-Dame (meeting the requirement for an aria by contemporary a composer).
  * the sixth vocalise from Gaetano Nava's Method for Baritone
  * the aria "È ver ch'io t'ingannai" from Fra Diavolo by Meyerbeer
  * sight reading a piece taken from Pier Luigi Farnese by Constantino Palumbo
  * questions about the physiology of singing, about teaching, and on the best old school and modern authors

Melocchi's scorecard showed that he had already proven himself expertly prepared and capable in the complementary studies of piano, theory, harmony, scenic arts, and physiology of the vocal organs, as well as the standard cultural studies in Italian history, poetry, and literature.

Liceo Musicale Rossini & Mario Del Monaco

Melocchi became a teacher of singing at the Conservatory, appointed by Gallignani. In January 1912 he was called to take the title the Chair of Singing at the Liceo Musicale Rossini in Pesaro. He held this position uninterruptedly until 1941.


Arturo Melocchi

Around 1932 a young Mario Del Monaco—whose voice had been dangerously lightened in his studies with Luisa Melai-Palazzini, destroying its natural emission and timbre—began to consult and take lessons from Melocchi, who reeducated his voice with the appropriate exercises, gradually returning it its power, its breadth and natural ease, and giving it its full homogeneity along the entire range from low B♭ to high D♭. However, not yet satisfied with the progress he had achieved, Del Monaco began to make up and add to his technique, in order to get more from his vocal organs. In 1936, Del Monaco won a prize that gave him the opportunity to study his craft at the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma. This experience, in which he was again assigned inappropriate light repertoire, caused him to lose his voice nearly completely. In 1938, he returned to Pesaro, where he attempted to resume his studies with Melocchi. At first Melocchi did not take Del Monaco back, but at the insistence of Rina Filippini (later Del Monaco's wife), Melocchi accepted the tenor into his studio, and within six months, Del Monaco's voice was rebuilt to the state that quickly carried him forward to becoming the greatest dramatic tenor of the mid-20th century.

On May 18, 1941 Melocchi was suspended without pre-warning, for supposed "poor performance." He later said that it was well known that he was actually suspended for his anti-fascist views. Similar anti-fascist sentiments were held by his maestro Gallignani, who after his being fired from his directorship in 1923, became distraught and committed suicide by throwing himself out a window. During the entire period of fascism in Italy, Melocchi was one of only two teachers at the Liceo Rossini who never joined the Fascist Party and refused the Fascist card.

Between the time of Melocchi's suspension and the end of the fascist Italian Social Republic in 1945, he spent three years abroad, teaching singing at a school of music in Hong Kong and at the Shanghai Conservatory of Music (then under another name), which had on its staff teachers from as far as Russia and France. During these three years, he learned to speak correct and practical English, French, and Russian.


Arturo Melocchi

In August 1945, Melocchi himself submitted a lengthy petition to the Ministry of Public Instruction (Arts Division) to allow him to take up his post again at the Liceo Rossini. According to the annals of the school, pleas from students and colleagues—as well as the recent death of tenor and teacher Umberto Macnez—did finally result in his reassignment there from 1947 to 1949.

Carlo Scaravelli & Franco Corelli

At the insistence of his friend, baritone Carlo Scaravelli, a 25-year-old Franco Corelli sent a letter (dated September 28, 1946) formally requesting admission to the Conservatory in Pesaro. Although Corelli had submitted his voice type as baritone, the conservatory's Maestro Fradelloni immediately pointed out that he was a tenor. Corelli's request for admission was granted, and both Corelli and Scaravelli entered the classes of the aforementioned Umberto Macnez, in his first and only year as teacher at the school. Unfortunately Corelli, still living and working in Ancona, was unable to attend classes regularly, and he was expelled from the conservatory. After a few months of lessons in Ancona with Rita Pavoni, whose "masque placement" method caused Corelli to lose his upper range, he stopped formal studies and sang on his own.

By 1949, Mario Del Monaco had become a star, and meanwhile Carlo Scaravelli had begun studying with Melocchi. Corelli was so impressed both by Del Monaco and by Scaravelli's improvement, that he went to meet Melocchi. According to Corelli, he met and took lessons from Melocchi only a few times. Corelli still could not abandon his work in Ancona, so he devised a plan: when Scaravelli would return to Ancona by train from his lessons in Pesaro, Corelli would meet him at the station; Scaravelli would relay the contents and concepts from the lesson, and then the two would go to the old Corelli family house in Via Mamiani, which was in ruins from the war and was still uninhabited, and there they would practice together. They continued in this fashion for all of 1949, Corelli's own voice improving enormously. This provided Corelli with enough knowledge and technique to begin to pursue what would become his first successes at Spoleto and in Rome.

Students


Arturo Melocchi

Students

Tenors                              Baritones                                        Basses
  * Aldo Bottion
  * Umberto Chiodo
  * Augusto Cingolani                 * Africo Baldelli (later a tenor)
  * Franco Corelli                    * Vincenzo "Enzo" Cecchetelli (later a tenor)
  * Mario Del Monaco                  * Edmondo Grandini
  * Gastone Limarilli                 * Magini                                         * Febo Pierbattista
  * Giorgio Merighi                   * Mario Melani                                   * Leodino Ferri
  * Robleto Merolla (last student)    * Saturno Meletti                                * Guido Santori
  * Roberto Pagliarani                * Mario Monachesi
  * Ettore Parmeggiani                * Carlo Scaravelli
  * Giovanni Pullini
  * Carlo Scaravelli
  * Paride Venturi


Arturo Lezama

Arturo Lezama Bagez (1899–1964) was a Uruguayan political figure.

Background

Lezama was a prominent member of the Uruguayan Colorado Party which ruled the country for lengthy periods, and was President of the Chamber of Deputies in 1951 and 1953.Colorado colleague President Alberto Fermín Zubiría stepped down from office.

President of the National Council of Government

In 1955 Lezama was elected a member of the National Council of Government, which he presided 1957–1958. That year started the exploration in search for petroleum on Uruguayan territory.

He was succeeded by Carlos Fischer, a Colorado Party colleague.

Death

Lezama died in 1964.

  * Politics of Uruguay
  * Colorado Party (Uruguay)
  * es:Arturo Lezama