Repatriation (film)

Repatriation (Korean: 송환; Hanja: 送還; RR: Songhwan) is a 2004 South Korean documentary film that documents the lives of unconverted long-term prisoners imprisoned in the South for more than 30 years. They were finally set free in the 1990s when inter-Korean relations improved, and repatriated to the North.

It was presented with the Freedom of Expression Award at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival, the first time a Korean film has ever been presented with an award at the prestigious U.S. festival.Fribourg International Film Festival in 2005.

Production

When the unconverted long-term prisoners imprisoned in South Korea, were released after more than 30 years, they moved to Bongchun-dong, filmmaker Kim Dong-won's village.

Awards and nominations

Year                                            Award                                      Category                     Recipient     Result
2004                                            Sundance Film Festival                     Freedom of Expression Award  Repatriation  Won
12th Chunsa Film Art Awards                     Best Planning                              Kim Dong-won                 Won
5th Busan Film Critics Awards                   Special Jury Prize                         Kim Dong-won                 Won
24th Korean Association of Film Critics Awards  Special Mention                            Kim Dong-won                 Won
2005                                            19th Fribourg International Film Festival  Best Documentary Award       Repatriation  Won

  * Repatriation at the Korean Movie Database
  * Repatriation at IMDb


Golden-crowned snake

The golden-crowned snake (Cacophis squamulosus)species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The species is endemic to Australia.

Habitat

Like other Cacophis species, the golden-crowned snake is a forest specialist, particularly rainforest. It prefers deeper forested areas, particularly rainforest on mountain slopes, however it can show up in suburbs near waterways and moist environments with ground cover and shelter.

Venom

Cacophis squamulosus is only mildly venomous; however, it will bluff and mock bite if threatened, rearing into an S-shape to display the bright orange ventral pigmentation. Bites from larger individuals may present a health risk; however, it is more likely to attempt to intimidate those it feels threatened by.

Diet

The diet of the golden-crowned snake consists mostly of skinks and other small lizards which they hunt at night; they may also take frogs and tadpoles.

Geographic range

Cacophis squamulosus is localised to eastern Australia, from Canberra, ACT, to Cairns, QLD.

Description

The average total length (including tail) of C. squamulosus is 50 cm (20 in), but it may reach 98 cm (39 in), making it the largest of the crowned snakes. The golden-crowned snake has a dorsal surface grayish-brown to dark brown in colour, and a ventral surface of orange to pink, with a mid-line of black spots. The "crown" is a pale yellow-brown stripe starting at the snout and sweeping back along both sides of the head, not connecting at the back of the head as in C. krefftii or C. harriettae, instead trailing down the neck. The Dorsal scales are in 15 rows at mid-body.

Reproduction

Cacophis squamulosus is oviparous.


Golden-crowned snake

* Cogger HG (2014). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, Seventh Edition. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. xxx + 1,033 pp. ISBN 978-0643100350.
  * Duméril A-M-C, Bibron G, Duméril A [-H-A] (1854). Erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. Tome septième. Deuxième partie. Comprenant l'histoire des serpents venimeux.
    [= General Herpetology or the Complete Natural History of Reptiles. Volume 7. Part 2. Containing the Natural History of the Venomous Snakes]. Paris: Roret. xii + pp. 781-1536. (Pseudelaps squamulosus, new species, pp. 1235-1236). (in French).


Nepeuskun, Wisconsin

Nepeuskun, sometimes called Nepeuskin is a town in Winnebago County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 710 at the 2010 census.Koro and Rush Lake are located in the town.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 36.2 square miles (93.7 km2), of which 31.7 square miles (82.0 km2) is land and 4.5 square miles (11.7 km2), or 12.50%, is water.

Demographics

Town hall

As of the censuspopulation density was 21.6 people per square mile (8.3/km2). There were 275 housing units at an average density of 8.6 per square mile (3.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.98% White, 0.15% African American, 0.58% from other races, and 0.29% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.87% of the population.

There were 254 households, out of which 36.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.7% were married couples living together, 2.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.0% were non-families. 17.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.0% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.3 males.


Nepeuskun, Wisconsin

The median income for a household in the town was $47,344, and the median income for a family was $51,500. Males had a median income of $36,719 versus $20,714 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,390. About 1.9% of families and 2.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.9% of those under age 18 and 5.6% of those age 65 or over.

Education

Nepeuskun residents receive primary education from three school districts,

Recreation

  * Koro Railroad Prairie State Natural Areamesic prairie with many species of native prairie plants. The mesic prairie's location at the northeastern edge of the prairie-oak savanna region in Wisconsin makes it especially noteworthy.
  * Mascoutin Valley State Trail
  * Nepeuskun offers two public access points to Rush Lake.
 1. East Landing is a gravel boat landing located off County Road M.
 2. North Access is a gravel boat landing located off Osborne Road.
  * Nepeuskun Anti-Horse Thief Association serves oyster stew at its annual dinner meeting.
  * Town of Nepeuskun official website


Miluše Neffeová

Miluše Neffeová (born 18 September 1950) is a Czech rower. She competed in the women's double sculls event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.


Golden-mantled howler

The golden-mantled howler (Alouatta palliata palliata) is a subspecies of the mantled howler, A. palliata. It ranges throughout much of Central America, in Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, and possibly Panama.range limits between the golden-mantled howler and the Ecuadorian mantled howler are not entirely clear. The Ecuadorian mantled howler replaces the golden-mantled howler in either extreme eastern Costa Rica or western Panama.

The golden-mantled howler differs from the Ecuadorian mantled howler primarily by being darker, with a mantle that is more rufous than yellowish.Mexican howler monkey primarily in aspects of skull morphology.


Pyramidella guardiarioorum

Pyramidella guardiarioorum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae.

Original description

  * Poppe G.T., Tagaro S.P. & Stahlschmidt P. (2015). New shelled molluscan species from the central Philippines I. Visaya. 4(3): 15-59.

page(s): 30, pl. 12 figs 1-3.

  * Worms Link


Running from a Gamble

Running From a Gamble is the second studio album by American indie rock band Company of Thieves. It was released on May 17, 2011.

Track listing

All tracks are written by Marc Walloch and Genevieve Schatz.

No.            Title                             Length
1.             "Intro"                           0:35
2.             "Queen of Hearts"                 3:53
3.             "Modern Waste"                    3:13
4.             "Look Both Ways"                  3:41
5.             "Never Come Back"                 5:00
6.             "Nothing's In the Flowers"        4:31
7.             "Death of Communication"          3:33
8.             "King of Dreams"                  4:24
9.             "Gorgeous/Grotesque"              5:51
10.            "Syrup"                           3:10
11.            "Tallulah"                        3:13
12.            "Won't Go Quietly"                4:49
13.            "After Thought"                   5:16
14.            "Keep From Moving" (Bonus track)  3:16
Total length:  51:09

  * Running from a Gamble at AllMusic


North Olympic Library System

The North Olympic Library System (NOLS) is a junior taxing district providing public library services to all of Clallam County, Washington, United States. The Library System is governed by a five-member volunteer Board of Trustees, the members of which are appointed by the Clallam County Commissioners.

The System consists of a Main Library and Administrative Center in Port Angeles, branches in Clallam Bay, Forks, and Sequim, an Outreach program providing books and other materials to people who are homebound, and a variety of web-based services. NOLS offers a collection of more than 260,000 items, including books, DVDs, ebooks, audiobooks, CDs, and extensive online resources. Residency in Clallam County is required for full service, but NOLS does offer limited service accounts to visitors and non-residents who can establish proof of identity. Wi-Fi connections.

NOLS is supported primarily by property taxes and other government revenue, which made up 90% of revenues in 2013. Additional revenue comes in the form of grants and donations, overdue fines and charges, and other miscellaneous income.

History

The Clallam County Rural Library was formed in January 1945 following a favorable vote of the people in November 1944. The County Library Headquarters was established in the basement of the Port Angeles City Library, not then a part of the county system, and a contract was signed with the city to provide library service to county residents in the Port Angeles area. A branch library was opened in Forks in the old grade school the very first year, and Sequim joined the county system in 1947 following the completion of the Clyde Rhodefer Memorial Library Building. Unable to afford a bookmobile, the library initiated mobile service using private cars and an old Red Cross disaster unit. The first regular bookmobile was purchased in 1947. In addition, deposit stations were opened in Joyce and Eden Valley.

In 1948, the District’s headquarters moved to a new location, 507 South Lincoln Street, and again in 1949 to 114 West Eighth Street, where it remained until 1966. In 1964, the Library Board purchased land at the intersection of Peabody Street and Lauridsen Boulevard and started construction of a new service center facility following a successful bond issue election in November of that year. The building was completed in April 1966 at a cost of approximately $120,000 including furniture and landscaping.


North Olympic Library System

The Port Angeles City Library and the County Library District merged in 1973, forming one library system to serve all residents of the county. It was at this time that the name North Olympic Library System was adopted.

Branches

  * Clallam Bay Branch Library
  * Forks Branch Library
  * Outreach Services
  * Port Angeles Main Library and Administrative Center
  * Sequim Branch Library
  * North Olympic Library System
  * North Olympic Library System Catalog


Limonia humidicola

Limonia humidicola is a species of limoniid crane fly in the family Limoniidae.Canada, across the United States, and into Central America,

Description

Wing diagram of Limonia humidicola.

Adult flies are medium to small for crane flies, with a body typically 7-8mm in length.mesonotal prescutum and the scutum there is a V-shaped suture distinctive to all Limoniinae. Wings show pale brown clouds in basal cells, along with a number of darkened patches, including three notably visible patches near the tip of the wing.


Haarala

Haarala is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

  * Hanna Haarala, Finnish dancer
  * Hannu Haarala (born 1981), Finnish footballer
  * Santeri Haarala (born 1999), Finnish footballer


Repatriation of Poles

Repatriation of Poles can refer to:

  * Repatriation of Poles (1944–1946)
  * Repatriation of Poles (1955–1959)
  * Expulsion of Poles (disambiguation)


Golden-fronted greenlet

The golden-fronted greenlet (Pachysylvia aurantiifrons) is a small passerine bird in the vireo family. It breeds in Panama, Colombia, Venezuela and Trinidad.

It is a bird of forests and secondary growth which builds a deep cup nest suspended from a tree branch or vine. The typical clutch is three white eggs, which are marked with brown. This species is parasitised by the shiny cowbird.

The adult golden-fronted greenlet is 12 cm long and weighs 9.5 g. It is mainly green on the upperparts, with browner wings and tail, and a cinnamon tinge to the front and sides of the head. The underparts are yellow. The call is a chee-veee.

Golden-fronted greenlets feed on insects and spiders taken from the upper and middle levels of tree foliage. They often form small flocks.

  * ffrench, Richard (1991). A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd ed.). Comstock Publishing. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2.
  * Hilty, Steven L (2003). Birds of Venezuela. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5.


Isabel Township, Fulton County, Illinois

Isabel Township is one of twenty-six townships in Fulton County, Illinois, USA. At the 2010 census, its population was 192 and it contained 87 housing units.

Administration history

Township Supervisors

Name             Year     Name              Year
Jeremiah Farris  1850-51  William Farris    1866-69
Robert Carter    1852-53  Josiah Hendee     1870
William Craig    1854-55  T.B. Duncan       1871
Alex Freeman     1856-57  John Lane         1872
Robert Carter    1858     Robert K. Walker  1873
Alex Freeman     1859     James M. Lane     1874-75
C.J. Dilworth    1860     Robert G. Mulica  1876
John Lane        1861-64  James Foutch      1877-79
William Craig    1865

Town Clerks

  * Jesse Benson..........1850 Robert G. Mulica..1872-73
  * William Craig.....1860 Jesse Benson.........1874-77
  * Jesse Benson......1861-69 Stephen J. Benson.1878
  * Roland C. Benson..1870 Thomas Brown......1879
  * Hugh Murrey... ......1871

Local government

Township Supervisor

  * Greg Juergens (2005–Present)
  * Dennis Barr (2001-2005)
  * Gary Crum (1989-2001) Appointed
  * Larry Tarvin (?) Resigned
  * Carl Gowdy (?)

Town Clerk

  * Karen Hazzard (2018–Present) Appointed
  * Janice Colglazier (2008-2018) Resigned moved out of the township
  * Pat Robinson (1988-2008)

Road Commissioner

  * David Howe (2018–Present) Appointed
  * Robert Kessler (2017-2018) died August 25, 2018
  * Gary Whitmore (2015-2017) Appointed
  * Matt Stephens (2013-2015) Resigned
  * Dennis Barr (2005-2013)
  * Ed Weatherford (1997-2005)
  * Carrol Weaver (1980-1997)

Trustees

  * Monty Graham ( - Present)
  * Craig Porter ( -Present)
  * Tracy Tomm (2019–Present) Appointed
  * Chase Evans (2017–Present)

Mailing Address

P.O. Box 168 Lewistown, IL. 61542

Geography


Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 29.37 square miles (76.1 km2), of which 29.23 square miles (75.7 km2) (or 99.52%) is land and 0.14 square miles (0.36 km2) (or 0.48%) is water.

Existing towns (unincorporated)

  * Duncan Mills - Duncan's Mills is a small place of business with a post office on the Spoon River, deriving its name from the gris-tmill at the point formerly owned and operated by George Duncan, an early settler there, and a very highly respected citizen. From 1840 to 1855, perhaps for a greater length of time, his was the largest grist-mill within a radius of 15 to 20 miles.

Extinct towns

  * Otto
  * Spoon River village
  * West Havana
  * Point Isabel was an old shipping point on the Illinois River, at the mouth of the Spoon River and directly across from Havana, and was the southern terminus of the Fulton County Narrow Gauge railway connecting to Fairview and Galesburg.
  * Bessler's Station (aka Barrett's Station) was a station on the Narrow Gauge Railroad until 1910.

Cemeteries

The township contains six cemeteries: Duncan, Farris, Foutch, Freeman, Kearney and Otto.

Major highways

  * US Route 24
  * US Route 136
  * Illinois Route 78
  * Illinois Route 100

Demographics

Historical population
Census                 Pop.  Note  %±
2016 (est.)            183
U.S. Decennial Census

School districts

  * Lewistown School District 97

Political districts

  * Illinois' 17th congressional district
  * State House District 94
  * State Senate District 47
  * "Isabel Township, Fulton County, Illinois". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior
  * United States Census Bureau 2007 TIGER/Line Shapefiles
  * United States National Atlas
  * City-Data.com
  * Illinois State Archives


Milutovac

Milutovac is a village in the municipality of Trstenik, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 1917 people.

43°41′17″N 21°07′37″E / 43.68806°N 21.12694°E


Geometric and material buckling

Geometric buckling is a measure of neutron leakage and material buckling is a measure of the difference between neutron production and neutron absorption.nuclear fission occurs inside of a nuclear reactor, neutrons are produced.neutron absorption and neutron leakage, and their sum is the neutron loss.critical reactor.

In the case of a bare, homogenous, steady-state reactor (that is, a reactor that has only one region, a homogenous mixture of fuel and coolant, no blanket nor reflector, and does not change over time),

Derivation

Both buckling terms are derived from the particular diffusion equation which is valid for neutrons:

[{\displaystyle -D\nabla ^{2}\Phi +\Sigma _{a}\Phi ={\frac {1}{k}}\nu \Sigma _{f}\Phi }].

where k is the criticality eigenvalue, [\nu ] is the neutrons per fission, [{\displaystyle \Sigma _{f}}] is the macroscopic cross section for fission, and from diffusion theory, the diffusion coefficient is defined as:

[{\displaystyle D={\frac {1}{3\Sigma _{\mathrm {tr} }}}}].

In addition, the diffusion length is defined as:

[{\displaystyle L={\sqrt {\frac {D}{\Sigma _{a}}}}}].

Rearranging the terms, the diffusion equation becomes:

[{\displaystyle -{\frac {\nabla ^{2}\Phi }{\Phi }}={\frac {{\frac {k_{\infty }}{k}}-1}{L^{2}}}={B_{g}}^{2}}].

The left side is the material buckling and the right side of the equation is the geometric buckling.

Geometric Buckling

See also: Helmholtz equation


Geometric and material buckling

Geometric Buckling

See also: Helmholtz equation

The geometric buckling is a simple Helmholtz eigenvalue problem that is simply solved for different geometries. The table below lists the geometric buckling for some common geometries.

Geometry                                     Geometric Buckling Bg2
Sphere of radius R                           [{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\pi }{R}}\right)^{2}}]
Cylinder of height H and radius R            [{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\pi }{H}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {2.405}{R}}\right)^{2}}]
Parallelepiped with side lengths a, b and c  [{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\pi }{a}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {\pi }{b}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {\pi }{c}}\right)^{2}}]

Since the diffusion theory calculations overpredict the critical dimensions, an extrapolation distance δ must be subtracted to obtain an estimate of actual values. The buckling could also be calculated using actual dimensions and extrapolated distances using the following table.

Expressions for Geometric Buckling in Terms of Actual Dimensions and Extrapolated Distances.


Geometric and material buckling

Geometry                                     Geometric Buckling Bg2
Sphere of radius R                           [{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\pi }{R+\delta }}\right)^{2}}]
Cylinder of height H and radius R            [{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\pi }{H+2\delta }}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {2.405}{R+\delta }}\right)^{2}}]
Parallelepiped with side lengths a, b and c  [{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\pi }{a+2\delta }}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {\pi }{b+2\delta }}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {\pi }{c+2\delta }}\right)^{2}}]

Material Buckling

Materials buckling is the buckling of a homogeneous configuration with respect to material properties only. If we redefine [{\displaystyle k_{\infty }}] in terms of purely material properties (and assume the fundamental mode), we have:

[{\displaystyle k_{\infty }={\frac {\nu \Sigma _{f}}{\Sigma _{a}}}}].

As stated previously, the geometric buckling is defined as:

[{\displaystyle {B_{g}}^{2}={\frac {{\frac {k_{\infty }}{k}}-1}{L^{2}}}={\frac {{\frac {1}{k}}\nu \Sigma _{f}-\Sigma _{a}}{D}}}].

Solving for k (in the fundamental mode),

[{\displaystyle k=k_{\mathrm {eff} }={\frac {\nu \Sigma _{f}}{\Sigma _{a}+D{B_{g}}^{2}}}}];


Geometric and material buckling

thus,

[{\displaystyle k={\frac {\frac {\nu \Sigma _{f}}{\Sigma _{a}}}{1+L^{2}{B_{g}}^{2}}}}].

Assuming the reactor is in a critical state (k = 1),

[{\displaystyle {B_{g}}^{2}={\frac {\nu \Sigma _{f}-\Sigma _{a}}{D}}}].

This expression is in purely material properties; therefore, this is called the materials buckling:

[{\displaystyle {B_{m}}^{2}={\frac {\nu \Sigma _{f}-\Sigma _{a}}{D}}}].

Critical Reactor Dimensions

By equating the geometric and material buckling, one can determine the critical dimensions of a one region nuclear reactor.


Pyramidella turrita

Pyramidella turrita is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

Description

The shell has a fulvous color, obsoletely maculated with a deeper tint. The whorls of the teleoconch are flattened. The suture is deep, crenulated and frequently whitish. The body whorl has a distinct median sulcus. The length of the shell varies between 22 mm and 24 mm.

Distribution

This marine species occurs in the following locations :

  * Northern Australia, New Caledonia.
  * Indian Ocean off East Africa, and Durban, South Africa.
  * To World Register of Marine Species


Running on Empty (novel)

Running on Empty is the 36th young adult novel in the long running and successful Hardy Boys casebook series for boys written by Franklin W. Dixon. It was first published by Simon Pulse in 1990. In it The Hardy Boys investigate the disappearance of their friend, Chet Morton, and go undercover.

Plot introduction

Thieves hot wire and steal Chet Morton's prize Corvette. But when he tries to catch those responsible, he gets kidnapped himself.

In response the brothers Frank and Joe go in chase of Chet's kidnappers. The two brothers attempt to join the gangs to get leads on Chet and uncover a chopshop ring. With the Camaros, Caddys and Corvettes, the Hardys are putting themselves on the line.


Nakamh-Riangsuanneic

Nakamh-Riangsuanneic is a 2021 Indian Rongmei language film directed by Kachangthai Gonmei and produced by Hornbill Entertainment Production. The film stars Kachangthai Gonmei and Achingna Kamei in the lead role and premiered at International Folklore film festival in Payyanur, India. It was one of the only 2 films from Manipur to receive Central Board of Film Certification in the year 2020.

Premise

The film is based on the folklore of the Rongmei Naga community in Northeast India, tells the story of an orphan named Nikamh who falls in love with Riangsuanneic, daughter of a rich man in Makuilongdi village.

Cast

  * Kachangthai Gonmei
  * Achingna Kamei
  * Lambi Rongmei
  * Ahiambung

Production

The movie was shot in Tamenglong district of Manipur and Cachar district of Assam.

Release

The film was released officially in the year 2021 and has been screened regularly across India.

Accolades

Year                      Award                                 Category             Recipient           Result
2021                      International Folklore film festival  Best film            Kachangthai Gonmei  Nominated
2022                      Prag Cine Awards                      Best film Northeast  Kachangthai Gonmei  Won
Best Director North East  Kachangthai Gonmei                    Won
Best Actor North East     Kachangthai Gonmei                    Won


Limonia rostrata

Limonia rostrata is a species of limoniid crane fly in the family Limoniidae.


Haapasaari

Haapasaari (Finnish for aspen island) may refer to:

  * Aspö (Finnish: Haapasaari), an island and a village in Korpo, Finland
  * Haapasaari (Kotka), a former municipality and an island near Kotka, Finland


Riddle (tool)

A square riddle

A riddle is a large sieve used to separate soil or compost particles, or for separating soil from vegetables.

Etymology

English "riddle" is from Middle English ridelle "coarse sieve," from late Old English hriddel "sieve," altered by dissimilation from Old English hridder "sieve"

Description

A riddle may be square, rectangular or circular in shape, with a rim made from wood, metal, plastic or beechwood, holding in place a steel wire mesh that may either be handwoven or machine-made. A typical circular riddle is approximately 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter and the mesh may have a spacing of something like 1+1⁄2 inches (3.8 cm), 1 inch (2.5 cm), 5⁄8 inch (1.6 cm), 1⁄2 inch (1.3 cm), or 3⁄8 inch (0.95 cm).

A riddle is typically used to improve soil quality by allowing the gardener to sieve through soil and remove stones, twigs, large lumps of clay etc. and hence provide a finer tilth. Smaller riddles can be used to separate soil very finely for seeds and early potting. Riddles may also be used to help remove soil from harvested vegetables.

  * Garden tool
  * Riddle drum
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Riddle (tool).


Geometric class field theory

In mathematics, geometric class field theory is an extension of class field theory to higher-dimensional geometrical objects: much the same way as class field theory describes the abelianization of the Galois group of a local or global field, geometric class field theory describes the abelianized fundamental group of higher dimensional schemes in terms of data related to algebraic cycles.

  * Schmidt, Alexander (2015). "A survey on class field theory for varieties". In Ballet, Stéphane; Perret, Marc; Zaytsev, Alexey (eds.). Algorithmic arithmetic, geometry, and coding theory. Amer. Math. Soc. pp. 301–306. ISBN 978-1-4704-1461-0.


Isabel Taylor

Isabel Taylor (born 21 December 1956) is a Cuban sprinter. She competed in the women's 100 metres at the 1976 Summer Olympics.


Miluše Hadryková

Miluše Hadryková (born 13 June 1968) is a retired Czech female volleyball player. She was part of the Czech Republic women's national volleyball team.

She participated in the 1994 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship.Olymp Praga.

Clubs

  * Olymp Praga (1994)


Marcel Paterni

Marcel Paterni (September 22, 1936 – July 13, 2019) was a French weightlifter of the 1950s and 1960s, who was dubbed "the French strongman of the Gaullian era" by European expert in heavy athletics Emmanuel Legeard.

Early life

Of Corsican descent, Paterni was born in Casablanca, Morocco, on September 22, 1936. He was introduced to weightlifting by his older brother and started training in Casablanca at 16 years of age. In 1954, he was drafted into the French Army and stationed in Algeria during the Algerian War.Paris, France.

Career

Paterni competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics, 1960 Summer Olympics, and 1964 Summer Olympics. As a light-heavyweight (182 lb or 82.5 kg), Paterni set the World record at 150.5 kg in the Olympic press the 25 July 1959 in Massiac, France.high-altitude training or 3-dimensional strength platform training.


Pyramide (patience)

Die Pyramide is a patience game of medium difficulty that is played with 104 playing cards. It is also known as Big Harp. It has one more stack than Double Klondike, which makes the game easier. The name is German and means "The Pyramid". It is not related to the patience game of Pyramid.

Rules

Figure 1: Pyramide: setup

Use two decks of cards. Shuffle them and deal 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 and 0 hidden cards on the 10 cascades. Now add one row of open cards and you are ready to go.

Figure 2: Pyramide - game in progress

Try to build ascending from the aces on the 8 foundations and use the Klondike red on black alternating-colour rule to build cascades. If stuck, draw card by card from the stock to the waste. The game allows you to recycle the waste stack exactly one time. Empty cascades can accept any card (easy variation) or only Kings (harder variation).

  * Heinrich, Rudolf (1976). Die schönsten Patiencen. Perlag-Reihe Vol. 641, 35th ed., Perlag-Reihe, Vienna. ISBN 978-3-99006-001-8
  * Double Klondike
  * List of solitaires
  * Glossary of solitaire


Scandinavian Scotland

Part of a series on the
History of Scotland
[Arms of Scotland]
[SCOTIA REGNUM cum insulis adjacentibus]
Eras
  * Prehistoric (timeline) 12,000 BC–700 BC
  * During the Roman Empire 69–384
  * Middle Ages
      + Early
      + High
      + Late
  * Early Modern
  * Modern
  * History (timeline)
Rule
  * House of Alpin (843–878; 889–1040)
  * House of Moray (1040–1058)
  * House of Dunkeld (1058–1286)
  * House of Balliol (1292–1296)
  * House of Bruce (1306–1371)
  * House of Stuart (1371–1652) (1660–1707)
  * Commonwealth (1652–1660)
  * Acts of Union 1707
Topics
  * Scandinavian Scotland 793–1468
  * Wars of independence
  * Renaissance
  * Reformation
  * Restoration
  * Glorious Revolution
  * Colonization of the Americas
  * Enlightenment
  * Romanticism
  * Clans
  * The Scots language
  * Economics
  * Education
  * Military
  * Maritime
  * Historiography
  * Demography
  * Natural history
Culture
  * Architecture
  * Art
  * The Kilt
  * Literature
  * Philosophy
Politics
  * Devolution
  * Local government
  * Scottish National Party
  * Scottish Socialist Party
Sport
  * Football
  * Rugby union
  * National football team
  * Golf
Religion
  * Christianity
      + Scottish Reformation
      + Scottish Episcopal Church
      + Great Disruption
  * Jews and Judaism
  * Islam and Muslims
By Region
  * Edinburgh timeline
  * Glasgow timeline
[flag] Scotland portal
  * v
  * t
  * e

Scandinavian Scotland was the period from the 8th to the 15th centuries during which Vikings and Norse settlers, mainly Norwegians and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, and their descendants colonised parts of what is now the periphery of modern Scotland. Viking influence in the area commenced in the late 8th century, and hostility between the Scandinavian earls of Orkney and the emerging thalassocracy of the Kingdom of the Isles, the rulers of Ireland, Dál Riata and Alba, and intervention by the crown of Norway were recurring themes.

Scandinavian-held territories included the Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland, the Hebrides, the islands of the Firth of Clyde and associated mainland territories including Caithness and Sutherland. The historical record from Scottish sources is weak, with the Irish annals and the later Norse sagas, of which the Orkneyinga saga is the principal source of information, sometimes contradictory although modern archaeology is beginning to provide a broader picture of life during this period.


Scandinavian Scotland

There are various competing theories that have addressed the early colonisation process, although it is clear that the Northern Isles were the first to be conquered by Vikings and the last to be relinquished by the Norwegian crown. Thorfinn Sigurdsson's rule in the 11th century included expansion well into north mainland Scotland and this may have been the zenith of Scandinavian influence. The obliteration of pre-Norse names in the Hebrides and Northern Isles, and their replacement with Norse ones was almost total although the emergence of alliances with the native Gaelic speakers produced a powerful Norse–Gael culture that had wide influence in Argyll, Galloway and beyond.

Scottish influence increased from the 13th century on. In 1231, an unbroken line of Norse earls of Orkney ended and the title was since held by Scottish nobles. An ill-fated expedition by Haakon Haakonarson later in that century led to the relinquishing of the islands of the west to the Scottish Crown and in the mid-15th century Orkney and Shetland were also transferred to Scottish rule. The negative view of Viking activities held in popular imagination notwithstanding,

An example of a page from the Orkneyinga saga, as it appears in the 14th-century Flateyjarbók

Geography

The Northern Isles, known to the Norse as the Norðreyjar, are the closest parts of Scotland to Norway and these islands experienced the first and most long-lasting Norse influence of any part of Scotland. Shetland is some 300 kilometres (190 mi) due west of NorwayHordaland in a Viking longship.80 kilometres (50 mi) further to the south-west.

Some 16 kilometres (10 mi) due south of Orkney is the Scottish mainland.Caithness and Sutherland, fell under Norse control at an early date. South of there the entire western seaboard of mainland Scotland from Wester Ross to Kintyre was also subject to significant Scandinavian influence.

The Suðreyjar, or "Southern Isles" include:


Scandinavian Scotland

The Suðreyjar, or "Southern Isles" include:

  * The Hebrides or Western Isles comprising:
      + The Outer Hebrides, aka the "Long Island" to the west, separated from the northern Inner Hebrides by the waters of the Minch. These islands are some 180 kilometres (110 mi) west of Orkney.
      + The Inner Hebrides including Skye, Islay, Jura, Mull and Iona.
  * The islands of the Firth of Clyde some 140 kilometres (87 mi) to the south, the largest of which are Bute and Arran.
  * The Isle of Man, located in the Irish Sea equidistantly from modern England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales

The total distance from the southern tip of the Isle of Man to the Butt of Lewis, the northern extremity of the Outer Hebrides, is approximately 515 kilometres (320 mi).Lewis during the 10th and 11th centuries.

There was also significant direct Norse influence exerted in Galloway in south-west ScotlandTreaty of Perth, Norwegian and Danish foreign policy and the activities of independent or semi-independent Norse rulers of the above parts of Scandinavian-dominated Scotland had a powerful influence on the affairs of Scotland as a whole.

History

Contemporary documentation of the Viking period of Scottish history is very weak. The presence of the monastery on Iona led to this part of Scotland being relatively well recorded from the mid-6th to the mid-9th century. But from 849 on, when Columba's relics were removed in the face of Viking incursions, written evidence from local sources all but vanishes for three hundred years.Hebrides and much of northern Scotland from the 8th to the 11th century are thus almost exclusively Irish, English or Norse. The main Norse text is the Orkneyinga Saga, which was written in the early 13th century by an unknown Icelander. The English and Irish sources are more contemporary, but may have "led to a southern bias in the story", especially as much of the Hebridean archipelago became Norse-speaking during this period.

The archaeological record for this period is relatively scant,Toponymy provides significant information about the Scandinavian presence and examples of Norse runes provide further useful evidence. There is a significant corpus of material from the Gaelic oral tradition that relates to this period, but its value is questionable.


Scandinavian Scotland

Language and personal names provide some difficulties. The former is an important indicator of culture but there is very little direct evidence for its use in specific circumstances during the period under consideration. Pictish, Middle Irish and Old Norse would certainly have been spoken and Woolf (2007) suggests that a significant degree of linguistic balkanisation took place.

Colonisation process

Given what is known about the frequency of sea transport around the Hebrides and Orkney in the 7th century it is highly likely that Gaelic and Pictish sailors were aware of Scandinavia before the commencement of the Viking Age.Fortriu in 681 in which Orkney was "annihilated" may have led to a weakening of the local power base and helped the Norse come to prominence.

The Gulf of Corryvreckan between Jura and Scarba. According to tradition "Prince Breacan of Lochlann" was shipwrecked there with a fleet of fifty ships.

The traditional explanation is the earldom hypothesis. This assumes a period of Norse expansion into the Northern Isles and the creation of an aristocratic dynasty that lasted well into the Medieval period, which exerted considerable influence in western Scotland and Mann into the 11th century. This version of events is essentially as told by the Norse sagas and is supported by some archaeological evidence although it has been criticised for exaggerating Orcadian influence in the Suðreyar.

The second of these theories is the genocide hypothesis, which asserts that the aboriginal populations of the Northern and Western Isles were eradicated and replaced wholesale with settlers of Scandinavian stock. The strength of this argument is the almost total replacement of pre-existing place names by those of Norse origin throughout much of the region.

The Scottish islands in relation to nearby territories and states

The pagan reaction hypothesis proposed by Bjørn Myhre suggests a long tradition of mobility amongst the various populations of the North Atlantic seaboard and that the expansion of Christian missions resulted in ethnic tensions that led to or exacerbated Viking expansion. There is some evidence of such mobility, such as Irish missionary activities in Iceland and Faroe Islands in the 8th century, but little that is conclusive.


Scandinavian Scotland

The fourth suggestion is the Laithlind or Lochlann hypothesis. This word appears in various forms in the early Irish literature and is usually assumed to refer to Norway itself, although some have preferred to locate it in the Norse-dominated parts of Scotland.Donnchadh Ó Corráin is a proponent of this view and claims that a substantial part of Scotland—the Northern and Western Isles and large areas of the coastal mainland—were conquered by the Vikings in the first quarter of the 9th century and that a Viking kingdom was set up there earlier than the middle of the century.Hebrides, even if the date the latter became prominent is far from certain.

Early Viking incursions

Norse contacts with Scotland certainly predate the first written records in the 8th century, although their nature and frequency are unknown.Unst in Shetland indicate that Scandinavian settlers had reached there, perhaps as early as the mid-7th century, consistent with dates produced for Viking levels at Old Scatness.

From 793 onwards repeated raids by Vikings on the British Isles are recorded. "All the islands of Britain" were devastated in 794Tory Island was attacked in the early 7th century by a "marine fleet" and Donnán of Eigg and 52 companions were murdered by Picts on Eigg in 617.)837, Turges in 845 and Hákon in 847.Eógan mac Óengusa and the king of Dál Riata Áed mac Boanta were among the dead in a major defeat to the Vikings in 839.Caittil Find was a reported leader of the Gallgáedil fighting in Ireland in 857.

The Frankish Annales Bertiniani may record the conquest of the Inner Hebrides by Vikings in 847.Amlaíb Conung, who died in 874, is described as the "son of the king of Lochlainn" in the Fragmentary Annals of Ireland also suggesting an early date for an organised kingdom of Viking Scotland.c. 872.Ímar who also died that year.Áed mac Cináeda, a Pictish king who died in 878, suggests Kintyre may have been lost to his kingdom at that time.

Subdivisions

Norðreyjar

Brough of Birsay


Scandinavian Scotland

Norðreyjar

Brough of Birsay

The Northern Isles were "Pictish in culture and speech"Bridei in 682 it is not likely that the Pictish kings exerted a significant degree of ongoing control over island affairs.Orkneyinga Saga, about 872 Harald Fairhair became King of a united Norway and many of his opponents fled to the islands of Scotland. Harald pursued his enemies and incorporated the Northern Isles into his kingdom in 875 and then, perhaps a little over a decade later, the Hebrides as well. The following year the local Viking chieftains of the Hebrides rebelled. Harald then sent Ketill Flatnose to subdue them. Ketill achieved this quickly but then declared himself an independent "King of the Isles", a title he retained for the rest of his life.Landnámabók Kettil became ruler of a region already settled by Scandinavians.Magnus Barelegs.earldom of Orkney, prior to which local warlords competed for influence with one another and local populations of farmers.

Nonetheless, the Norse tradition states that Rognvald Eysteinsson received Orkney and Shetland from Harald as an earldom as reparation for the death of his son in battle in Scotland, and then passed the earldom on to his brother Sigurd the Mighty.Torf-Einarr, Rognvald's son by a slave, who founded a dynasty that controlled the Northern Isles for centuries after his death.Thorfinn Turf-Einarsson and during this time the deposed Norwegian king Eric Bloodaxe often used Orkney as a raiding base before being killed in 954. Thorfinn's death and presumed burial at the broch of Hoxa, on South Ronaldsay, then led to a long period of dynastic strife.

The evidence of toponymy and language is unequivocal. Placenames in Orkney with a Celtic derivation are few in number and it is clear that Norn, a local version of Old Norse, was widely spoken by the inhabitants into historic times.island names of Fetlar, Unst and Yell excepted.


Scandinavian Scotland

Jarlshof in Shetland contains the most extensive remains of a Viking site visible anywhere in Britainbronze-gilt harness mounting made in Ireland in the 8th or 9th centuries.Brough of Birsay in Orkney is another important archaeological site, which like Jarlshof has a continuity of settlement spanning the Pictish and Norse periods.Maeshowe.

Caithness and Sutherland

The Old Man of Hoy, a prominent landmark on the sea journey from Stromness on Mainland Orkney to Caithness

In early Irish literature Shetland is referred to as Inse Catt—"the Isles of Cats", which may have been the pre-Norse inhabitants' name for these islands. The Cat tribe certainly occupied parts of the northern Scottish mainland and their name can be found in Caithness, and in the Gaelic name for Sutherland (Cataibh, meaning "among the Cats").

Sigurd Eysteinsson and Thorstein the Red moved on northern Scotland, conquering large areas variously described in the sagas as constituting all of Caithness and Sutherland and possibly including territory in Ross and even Moray during the last decade of the 9th century.Orkneyinga Saga relates how the former defeated the Pict Máel Brigte Tusk but died from an unusual post-battle injury.

Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson married into the native aristocracy and his son, Skuli Thorfinnsson, is recorded as having sought the support of the King of Scots in the 10th century in pursuing his claim as mormaer of Caithness.Njáls saga relates that Sigurd the Stout was the ruler of "Ross and Moray, Sutherland and the Dales" of CaithnessMormaer of Moray.

Thorfinn Sigurdsson expanded his father's realm south beyond SutherlandRaghnall mac Gofraidh was granted Caithness after assisting the Scots king in a conflict with Harald Maddadson, an earl of Orkney in the early 13th century.Pentland Firth became the border between Scotland and Norway.

No Norse place names have been found on the northern Scottish mainland south of Beauly and so far no archaeological evidence of Norse activity has been found in the north-west mainland.

Suðreyjar

Norse Scottish island possessions in the 12th century.


Scandinavian Scotland

Norse Scottish island possessions in the 12th century.

The "Viking Canal" leaving Loch na h-Airde, Rubha an Dùnain

Like the Northern Isles, the Outer Hebrides and the northern Inner Hebrides were predominantly Pictish in the early 9th century.Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata.

The obliteration of pre-Norse names in the Outer Hebrides and in Coll, Tiree and Islay in the Inner Hebrides is almost total and there is little continuity of style between Pictish pottery in the north and that of the Viking period. The similarities that do exist suggests the later pots may have been made by Norse who had settled in Ireland, or Irish slaves.

There is no evidence of any direct Norwegian rule in the area other than a few brief occupations although the written record is weak and no contemporary records of the Norse period from the Outer Hebrides exist.Ounceland system and evidence from Bornais suggests that settlers there may have been more prosperous than families of a similar status in the Northern Isles, possibly due to a more relaxed political regime.Lewis and Harris and Skye and another eight from the southern Hebrides to the Tynwald parliament on Man.

Colonsay and Oronsay have produced important pagan Norse burial grounds. An 11th-century cross slab decorated with Irish and Ringerike Viking art on Islay was found in 1838.Rubha an Dùnain, today an uninhabited peninsula to the south of the Cuillin hills on Skye, contains the small Loch na h-Airde, which is connected to the sea by a short artificial canal. This loch was an important site for maritime activity for many centuries, spanning the Viking and later periods of Scottish clan rule. There is a stone-built quay and a system to maintain constant water levels. Boat timbers discovered there have been dated to the 12th century.Barra, Inchmarnock and Iona.

In the Firth of Clyde, Norse burials have been found on Arran, although not Bute and place name evidence suggests a settlement pattern that was much less well-developed than in the Hebrides. On the mainland coast there is cluster of Norse place names around Largs and an ornate silver brooch was found on a hillside near Hunterston that is of likely 7th-century Irish origin but with a 10th-century runic inscription.Hogback monuments found in Govan hint at Scandinavian enclaves inland.


Scandinavian Scotland

The Isle of Man (which was absorbed into Scotland from 1266 until the 14th century) was dominated by the Norse–Gaels from an early date and from 1079 onwards by the Crovan dynasty as attested by the Chronicles of Mann and evidenced by the numerous Manx runestones and Norse place names.Diocese of Sodor and Man retains the centuries-old name.

Western coast

The Port an Eilean Mhòir ship burial site in Ardnamurchan, with the Small Isles and Skye in the distance

South of Sutherland there is considerable place name evidence of Norse settlement along the entire western coast, although unlike on the islands the settlement in the south seems to have been less prolonged and undertaken in tandem with pre-existing settlement rather than replacing it entirely. The distinction between the Innse Gall (islands of the foreigners) and the Airer Goidel (coastland of the Gael) is further suggestive of a distinction between island and mainland at an early date.Wester Ross most of the Gaelic names that exist on the coastline today are of likely Medieval rather than pre-Norse originGlenelg opposite Skye as having been in the possession of the king of Man.

In the 9th century the first references to the Gallgáedil (i.e. "foreign Gaels") appear. This term was variously used in succeeding centuries to refer to individuals of mixed Scandinavian-Celtic descent and/or culture who became dominant in west and south-west Scotland, parts of northern England and the isles.Port an Eilean Mhòir ship burial in Ardnamurchan is the first boat-burial site to be discovered on the mainland of Britain.

South-West Scotland

By the mid-10th century Amlaíb Cuarán controlled the RhinnsWhithorn seems to have been a centre of Hiberno-Norse artisans who traded around the Irish Sea by the end of the first millennium.


Scandinavian Scotland

The ounceland system seems to have become widespread down the west coast including much of Argyll and this is just as true of most of the south-west apart from land adjacent to the inner Solway Firth. In Dumfries and Galloway the place name evidence is complex and of mixed Gaelic, Norse and Danish influence, the last most likely stemming from contact with the extensive Danish holdings in northern England.kirk" prefix followed by a saint's name such as Kirkoswald. Interpretation of this is not certain but it is also indicative of a mixed Gaelic/Norse population.

Eastern Scotland

The ruins of Dunnottar Castle

There is no evidence of permanent Viking settlement on the east coast south of the Moray Firth, or of Norse burials, although raids and even invasions certainly occurred. Dunnottar was taken during the reign of Domnall mac CausantínOrkneyinga saga records an attack on the Isle of May, by Sweyn Asleifsson and Margad Grimsson:

They sailed south off Scotland until they came to Máeyar. There was a monastery, the head of which was an abbot, by name, Baldwin. Swein and his men were detained there seven nights by stress of bad weather. They said they had been sent by Earl Rögnvald to the King of Scots. The monks suspected their tale, and thinking they were pirates, sent to the mainland for men. When Swein and his comrades became aware of this, they went hastily aboard their ship, after having plundered much treasure from the monastery.

Place name evidence of Scandinavian settlement is very limited on the east coast and in the south-east Anglian was the predominant influence during this period of history.

Politics and governance

Internal politics

The first phase of Norse expansion was that of war bands seeking plunder and the creation of new settlements. The second phase involved the integration of these settlers into organised political structures of which the most prominent in the early part were the earls of Orkney in the northUí Ímair in the south.


Scandinavian Scotland

Even if the commencement of a formal earldom of Orkney is a matter of discussion (see above) there is little doubt that the institution experienced continuity thereafter. Until the mid- to late 11th century the earls of Orkney and kings of the Western Isles were probably independent rulers.jarls of the Northern Isles owed allegiance both to Norway for Orkney and to the Scottish crown through their holdings as earls of Caithness.Jon Haraldsson's murder in Thurso.Earldom of Caithness was granted to Magnus, second son of the Earl of Angus, whom Haakon IV of Norway confirmed as Earl of Orkney in 1236.Sinclair family, who were also barons of Roslin near Edinburgh

The situation in the Suðreyar was more complex. Different kings may have ruled over very different areas and few of them can be seen as exerting any kind of close control over this "far-flung sea kingdom".Amlaíb CuaránGofraid mac Arailtjarls Gilli, Sigurd the Stout, Håkon EirikssonThorfinn the Mighty as rulers over the Hebrides who were vassals of the Kings of Norway or Denmark. The dates from the Irish and Norse sources do not significantly overlap, but it is not clear if these are records of competing empires, or reflect Uí Ímar influence in the south and direct Norse rule in the north, or both. Furthermore, two records in the Annals of Innisfallen may suggest that the Western Isles were not "organised into a kingdom or earldom" at this time but rather that they were "ruled by assemblies of freeholders who regularly elected lawmen to preside over their public affairs".Annals of the Four Masters entries for 962 and 974 hint at a similar arrangement.

Godred Crovan became the ruler of Dublin and Mann from 1079Somerled whose sons inherited the southern Hebrides whilst the Manx rulers held on to the "north isles" for another century.

Thus it is clear that although there were competing factions in play, the Hebrides and islands of the Clyde were essentially under the control of rulers of Scandinavian origin from "at least the late tenth century"

Relations with Pictland, Strathclyde and Alba

Modern Dumbarton Castle, the site of the 9th-century siege by the Uí Ímair.


Scandinavian Scotland

The early Viking threats may have speeded a long term process of gaelicisation of the Pictish kingdoms, which adopted Gaelic language and customs. There was a merger of the Gaelic and Pictish crowns, although historians continue to debate whether it was a Pictish takeover of Dál Riata, or the other way around. This culminated in the rise of Cínaed mac Ailpín in the 840s, who brought to power the House of Alpin who were leaders of a combined Gaelic–Pictish kingdom for almost two centuries.

In 870 Dumbarton was besieged by Amlaíb Conung and Ímar, "the two kings of the Northmen", who "returned to Dublin from Britain" the following year with numerous captives.Kingdom of Strathclyde and this was clearly a major assault which may have brought the whole of mainland Scotland under temporary Ui Imair control.Kingdom of YorkKingdom of Wessex,Battle of Dollar was another major setback for the Picts/Scots.

[A picture on a page in an old book. A man at left wears tights and a tunic with a lion rampant design and holds a sword and scepter. A woman at right wears a dress with an heraldic design bordered with ermine and carries a thistle in one hand and a scepter in the other. They stand on a green surface over a legend in Scots that begins "James the Thrid of Nobil Memorie..." (sic) and notes that he "marrit the King of Denmark's dochter."]

James III and Margaret, whose betrothal led to Orkney passing from Norway to Scotland.

In 902 the Norse suffered a serious reverse in Ireland losing control of Dublin and this seems to have intensified attacks on the emerging kingdom of Alba. A year later Dunkeld was attacked and Ímar, the "grandson of Ímar" was killed in battle with the forces of Constantine II in mainland Scotland.Innisibsolian" was won by Alban forces over Vikings.Battle of Brunanburh in 937 and at the Battle of Tara in 980.


Scandinavian Scotland

In 962 Ildulb mac Causantín, King of Scots, was killed (according to the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba) fighting the Norse near Cullen, at the Battle of BaudsHouse of Alpin held firm and the threat posed by the Scandinavian presence to the emergent Kingdom of Scotland lessened. Perhaps to counter growing Irish influence in the Western Isles Magnus Barelegs re-established direct Norwegian overlordship there by 1098.Uists.Edgar of Scotland signed a treaty with Magnus which settled much of the boundary between the Scots and Norwegian claims in the islands. Edgar formally acknowledged the existing situation by giving up his claims to the Hebrides and Kintyre.

Following the intervention of Somerled and his death at the Battle of Renfrew the Kings of the Isles were weakened relative to the Scottish state, but more than 150 years later Norway intervened again, this time unsuccessfully. Following Haakon Haakonarson's ill-fated invasion and the stalemate of the Battle of Largs the Hebrides and Mann and all rights that the Norwegian crown "had of old therein" were yielded to the Kingdom of Scotland as a result of the 1266 Treaty of Perth.

In 1468 Orkney was pledged by Christian I, in his capacity as king of Norway, as security against the payment of the dowry of his daughter Margaret, betrothed to James III of Scotland. As the money was never paid, the connection with the crown of Scotland has become perpetual.

Religion, culture and economy

Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney was killed by his cousin Haakon Paulsson in April 1116. The building of St. Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall in his honour by Rögnvald Kali commenced in 1137.

Although there is evidence of varying burial rites practised by Norse settlers in Scotland, such as grave goods found on Colonsay and Westray, there is little that enables a confirmation that the Norse gods were venerated prior to the reintroduction of Christianity.Odin Stone has been used as evidence of Odinic beliefs and practices but the derivation may well be from "oathing stone".pantheon, although this is hardly conclusive proof of active beliefs.


Scandinavian Scotland

According to the sagas, the Northern Isles were Christianised by Olav Tryggvasson in 995 when he stopped at South Walls on his way from Ireland to Norway. The King summoned the jarl Sigurd the Stout and said "I order you and all your subjects to be baptised. If you refuse, I'll have you killed on the spot and I swear I will ravage every island with fire and steel." Unsurprisingly, Sigurd agreed and the islands became Christian at a stroke,bishop, Henry of Lund (also known as "the Fat"), who was appointed sometime prior to 1035.Communitas Orchadensis and who proved themselves increasingly able to defend their rights against their feudal overlords, be they Norwegian or Scots.

St. Magnus Church, Egilsay

Once again, the situation in the Hebrides is much less clear. There was a Bishop of Iona until the late 10th century and there is then a gap of more than a century, possibly filled by the Bishops of Orkney, before the appointment of the first Bishop of Mann in 1079.berserkers and of the Norse as "enemies of social progress" remainsÞings were open-air governmental assemblies that met in the presence of the jarl and the meetings were open to virtually all free men. At these sessions decisions were made, laws passed and complaints adjudicated.Tingwall and Law Ting Holm in Shetland, Dingwall in Easter Ross, and Tynwald on the Isle of Man.

Women enjoyed a relatively high status during the Viking Age, possibly due to the high degree of mobility in society. There is little knowledge of their role in the Scandinavian colonies of Scotland although the indirect evidence of graves during the pagan and Christian periods suggests roles similar to those held elsewhere.Gormflaith ingen Murchada, Gunnhild Gormsdóttir, Aud the Deep-MindedIngibjörg, the daughter of Earl Hakon Paulsson and wife of King Olaf Godredsson.


Scandinavian Scotland

The Norse legacy of art and architecture is limited. The Christchurch at Brough of Birsay, now reduced, was the early seat of the Bishops of Orkney. St. Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall is peerless as an example of Norse-era construction in Scotland and St. Magnus Church, on Egilsay retains its round tower.Lewis chessmen are the best-known treasure trove and numerous finds of grave goods, including brooches and weaponryScar boat burial, are well documented.

There is growing evidence of the importance of trade and commerce. Data from the Outer Hebrides suggests that pigs were a more important aspect of Viking farming than prior to that time, that red deer numbers may have been controlled rather than the species simply being subject to hunting, that herring fishing became an important commercial consideration and that trade with centres to the south such as Dublin and Bristol may have been important. Coins found at Bornais and Cille Pheadair were produced in Norway, Westphalia, and England, although there were none from Scotland.Greenland was also found there.

Present day influence

Lewis chessmen in the National Museum of Scotland

Norse and Viking colonisations and settlements have made an impression on peripheral Scotland, the evidence for which can be found in place names, language, genetics and other aspects of cultural heritage.

The Scandinavian influence in Scotland was probably at its height in the mid-11th centurySuðreyjar have a total land area of approximately 8,374 square kilometres (3,233 sq mi).7,051 square kilometres (2,722 sq mi)

The Viking invasions may have inadvertently played a role in the creation of modern Scotland. Their destructive raids initially weakened Pictland, Strathclyde and Dál Riata, but these "harassed remnants" eventually became a united front and Norse aggression thus played a significant role in the creation of the kingdom of Alba,

Up Helly Aa in Lerwick


Scandinavian Scotland

Up Helly Aa in Lerwick

Some Scots take pride in their Scandinavian ancestry. For example, Clan MacLeod of Lewis claims its descent from Leod, who according to tradition was a younger son of Olaf the Black.Clan MacNeacail of Skye also claim Norse ancestry,Danelaw in England, the Scandinavian occupation of Scotland has no single common name. This may be a reflection of the less well documented nature of the various invasions involved, but it also hints at a relative lack of popular understanding of the history. By comparison to the Roman occupations of Scotland the Norse kingdoms were much longer lived, more recent and had a significantly more dramatic influence on spoken language and by extension culture and lifestyles generally. They were however confined to areas that are relatively remote from the main centres of modern population. Furthermore, regardless of the actual impact of Scandinavian culture, the hereditary leaders of the Scots nation are generally descended from Pictish and Gaelic stock. The Vikings are thus often seen in a negative light and as a foreign invasion rather than as a key part of a multi-cultural polity.

Nonetheless, in the Northern Isles the Scandinavian connection is still celebrated, one of the best-known such events being the Lerwick fire-festival Up Helly Aa. In particular, Shetland's connection with Norway has proven to be enduring. When Norway became independent again in 1905 the Shetland authorities sent a letter to King Haakon VII in which they stated: "Today no 'foreign' flag is more familiar or more welcome in our voes and havens than that of Norway, and Shetlanders continue to look upon Norway as their mother-land, and recall with pride and affection the time when their forefathers were under the rule of the Kings of Norway."Scottish Government announced plans to strengthen Scotland’s historic links with Scandinavia.

Canadian scholar Michael Stachura explores Scottish literature’s engagement with “northness” in his Ph.D. dissertation for Simon Fraser University, “A Polar Projection: The Northern Dimension in Modern Scottish Literature” (2015). He includes a chapter on Orkney writer George Mackay Brown and his imaginative use of Orkney’s Norse past.


Scandinavian Scotland

Notes
Footnotes General references
  * Anderson, Alan Orr (1922) Early Sources of Scottish History: A.D. 500 to 1286. 2. Edinburgh. Oliver and Boyd.
  * Armit, Ian (2006) Scotland's Hidden History. Stroud. Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-3764-X
  * Ballin Smith, Beverley "Norwick: Shetland's First Viking Settlement?" in Ballin Smith, Beverley, Taylor, Simon and Williams, Gareth (eds) (2007) West Over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300. Brill. ISBN 90-04-15893-6
  * Barrett, James H. "The Norse in Scotland" in Brink, Stefan (ed) (2008) The Viking World. Abingdon. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-33315-6
  * Brink, Stefan (ed.) (2008) The Viking World. London. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-33315-6
  * Burns, W. E. (2009) A Brief History of Great Britain. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 0-8160-7728-2
  * Crawford, Barbara E. (1987) Scandinavian Scotland. Leicester University Press. ISBN 0-7185-1197-2
  * Downham, Clare (2007) Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014. Edinburgh. Dunedin Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-903765-89-0
  * Duffy, Seán (1992). "Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdom of Dublin and Man 1052–1171". Ériu. 43 (43): 93–133. JSTOR 30007421.
  * Fraser, James E. (2009) From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1232-1
  * Gammeltoft, Peder (2010) "Shetland and Orkney Island-Names – A Dynamic Group". Northern Lights, Northern Words. Selected Papers from the FRLSU Conference, Kirkwall 2009, edited by Robert McColl Millar.


Scandinavian Scotland

* Graham-Campbell, James and Batey, Colleen E. (1998) Vikings in Scotland: An Archaeological Survey. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0641-2
  * Gregory, Donald (1881) The History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland 1493–1625. Edinburgh. Birlinn. 2008 reprint – originally published by Thomas D. Morrison. ISBN 1-904607-57-8
  * Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004). The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh: Canongate. ISBN 978-1-84195-454-7.
  * Hearn, J. (2000) Claiming Scotland: National Identity and Liberal Culture. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-16-9
  * Hunter, James (2000) Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. Edinburgh. Mainstream. ISBN 1-84018-376-4
  * Imsen, Steinar "The Scottish-Norwegian Border in the Middle Ages" in Woolf, Alex (ed.) (2009)
  * Irvine, James M. (ed.) (2006) The Orkneys and Schetland in Blaeu's Atlas Novus of 1654. Ashtead. James M. Irvine. ISBN 0-9544571-2-9
  * Jennings, Andrew and Kruse, Arne "One Coast-Three Peoples: Names and Ethnicity in the Scottish West during the Early Viking period" in Woolf, Alex (ed.) (2009)
  * Jensen, Judith "The Norse gods in Scotland" in Woolf, Alex (ed.) (2009)
  * Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins.
  * Logan, F. D. (1992) The Vikings in History. London. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08396-6
  * Marsden, John (2008) "Somerled and the Emergence of Gaelic Scotland". Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-904607-80-9
  * Marwick, Hugh (1952) Orkney Farm-names.


Scandinavian Scotland

* Marwick, Hugh (1952) Orkney Farm-names.
  * McDonald, R. Andrew (2007) Manx Kingship in Its Irish Sea Setting, 1187–1229: King Rognvaldr and the Crovan Dynasty. Dublin. Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-84682-047-2
  * Munch, P. A. (ed) and Rev. Goss (tr) (1874) Chronica regnum Manniae et insularum: The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys. Volume 1. Douglas, Isle of Man. The Manx Society. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
  * Murray, W. H. (1966) The Hebrides. London. Heinemann.
  * Murray, W. H. (1973) The Islands of Western Scotland. London. Eyre Methuen. ISBN 0-413-30380-2
  * Nicolson, James R. (1972) Shetland. Newton Abbott. David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-5548-1
  * Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1998) Vikings in Ireland and Scotland in the Ninth Century. CELT.
  * Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (2008) "The Vikings and Ireland" in Brink, Stefan (ed) (2008) The Viking World. Abingdon. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-33315-6
  * Omand, Donald (ed.) (2003) The Orkney Book. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-254-9
  * Pálsson, Hermann and Edwards, Paul Geoffrey (1981). Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkney. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-044383-5
  * Philip's World Atlas (9th Edition) (1999) London. George Philip Ltd. in association with the Royal Geographical Society with the Institute of British Geographers. ISBN 0-540-07708-9
  * Rollason, D. W. (2003) Northumbria, 500–1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81335-2


Scandinavian Scotland

* Sellar, William David Hamilton (2000). "Hebridean sea kings: The successors of Somerled, 1164–1316". In Cowan, Edward J.; McDonald, Russell Andrew (eds.). Alba: Celtic Scotland in the middle ages. Tuckwell Press. ISBN 978-1-86232-151-9.
  * Sharples, Niall and Smith, Rachel "Norse settlement in the Western Isles" in Woolf, Alex (ed.) (2009)
  * Schei, Liv Kjørsvik (2006) The Shetland Isles. Grantown-on-Spey. Colin Baxter Photography. ISBN 978-1-84107-330-9
  * Sheehan, John and Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (2010) The Viking Age: Ireland and the West. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Viking Congress. Dublin. Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-84682-101-1
  * Thomson, William P. L. (2008) The New History of Orkney. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-84158-696-0
  * Watson, W. J. (1994) The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-323-5. First published 1926.
  * Williams, Gareth "The Family of Moddan of Dale" in Ballin Smith, Beverley, Taylor, Simon and Williams, Gareth (eds) (2007) West Over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300. Brill. ISBN 90-04-15893-6
  * Woolf, Alex "The Age of the Sea-Kings: 900–1300" in Omand, Donald (ed.) (2006) The Argyll Book. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-480-0
  * Woolf, Alex (2007) From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1234-5
  * Woolf, Alex (ed.) (2009) Scandinavian Scotland – Twenty Years After. St Andrews. St Andrews University Press. ISBN 978-0-9512573-7-1


Scandinavian Scotland

* Downham, Clare "England and the Irish-Sea Zone in the Eleventh Century" in Gillingham, John (ed) (2004) Anglo-Norman Studies XXVI: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2003. Woodbridge. Boydell Press. ISBN 1-84383-072-8
  * Etchingham, Colman (2001) "North Wales, Ireland and the Isles: the Insular Viking Zone". Peritia. 15 pp. 145–87
  * Horne, Tom; Pierce, Elezabeth; Barrowman, Rachel, eds. (2023). The Viking Age in Scotland. Edinburgh, Uk: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9781474485821.
  * Howorth, Henry H. (January 1911). "Ragnall Ivarson and Jarl Otir". The English Historical Review. 26 (101): 1–19. doi:10.1093/ehr/XXVI.CI.1.
  * Maldonado, Adrian (2021). Crucible of Nations: Scotland from Viking Age to Medieval Kingdom. Edinburgh, UK: National Museums Scotland. ISBN 9781910682432.
  * Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (Mar 1979) "High-Kings, Vikings and Other Kings". Irish Historical Studies 22 No. 83 pp. 283–323. Irish Historical Studies Publications.


Nakama, Fukuoka

Nakama (中間市, Nakama-shi) is a city located in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. As of 2016, the city has an estimated population of 41,348 and a population density of 2,600 persons per km². The total area is 15.98 km². It is perhaps best known as the birthplace of actor Ken Takakura.

Location

It is located along the Onga River, with Mizumaki Town to the north, Kitakyushu City's Yahata-nishi Ward to the east, Nogata City to the south, and Kurate Town to the west.

Education

The city currently has 6 elementary schools, 4 junior high-schools, and 2 high schools.

Facilities

The city is located on the Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu) Fukuhoku Yutaka Line with Nakama (opened on August 30, 1891) and Chikuzen-Habu (opened April 26, 1935) stations. There is also a tram (Chikuhō Electric Railroad Line) with stations at Toritani, Higashi-Nakama, Chikuho-Nakama, and Dotenouchi.

Habu Park is the largest park in Nakama, with many cherry blossom trees. The Roofless Museum (Yane No Nai Hakubutsukan), near the JR Nakama Station, is a small green park area with sculptures by artists from around the world. The city is known locally for its AEON (formerly Daiei) "Shoppers Mall" - a mall with shops, restaurants, a movie theatre (formerly United Cinemas International), a bowling alley, and game centres.

Festivals

Chikuzen Nakama Cherry Blossom Festival (end of March - beginning of April) at Habu Park. Kisshoji Temple Wisteria Festival (located in Yahatanishi, near Nakama High School, and held April 27–29. Chikuzen Nakamagawa Festival - held in the Obon season every year on August 15. Includes a fireworks festival and food/game stalls as well. Chikuzen Nakama Yatchare Festival, previously held near Onga River, but now at Harmony Hall, Nakama's biggest festival of the year on the third weekend of October.

History


Nakama, Fukuoka

History

The city was involved in the coal mining industry of the Chikuho region from the Edo to Showa eras. During the war, there was a POW camp in the city area, with inmates involved in mining. The city itself was incorporated on November 1, 1958.

There were plans for amalgamation, with the city becoming a ward of Kitakyushu, which would have become Nakama-ku, Kitakyushu. A recent poll (December 2004) stated that 70% of the citizens of Nakama were in favor of the city being absorbed into Kitakyushu. However, on Christmas Eve 2004 Nakama city councilors rejected the merger plan, despite it having initially been proposed by Nakama. The councilors claim that they are rejecting the merger for the good of the city.

Gallery

  * [Dotenouchi Lock on Sasaogawa River]
    Dotenouchi Lock on Sasaogawa River
  * [Daishiji Temple]
    Daishiji Temple
  * [Fire Station]
    Fire Station
  * [Nakama City Hall]
    Nakama City Hall
  * [Onga River and Sasaogawabashi Bridge]
    Onga River and Sasaogawabashi Bridge
  * [Former Daiei Mall (now AEON)]
    Former Daiei Mall (now AEON)
  * [Onga River Pumping Station]
    Onga River Pumping Station
  * Media related to Nakama, Fukuoka at Wikimedia Commons
  * Nakama City official website (in Japanese)
  * Nakama at Wikimapia


Limones

Limones (Spanish for "lemons") may refer to:

  * An alternate name for Valdez, Esmeraldas, Ecuador
  * Limones, Chiriquí, Panama
  * Limones, Yabucoa, Puerto Rico, a barrio
  * Limones (footballer) (born 1986), Spanish footballer


Haar

Look up haar in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Haar may refer to:

  * Haar (fog), fog or sea mist (Scottish English)
  * Haar, Bavaria, a municipality near Munich, Germany
  * Haar (Westphalia), a hill range in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

People with the surname

  * Alfréd Haar (1885–1933), Hungarian mathematician
  * Jarrod Haar, New Zealand organisational psychology academic
  * De Haar (disambiguation)
  * Haar wavelet, the first wavelet
  * Haar measure, a set-theoretic measure
  * Haar-like feature, a technique in computer vision


Riddick's Rules of Procedure

Riddick's Rules

Riddick's Rules of Procedure is a parliamentary authority - a book explaining the parliamentary procedure, including the rules, ethics, and customs governing meetings and other operations of the United States Senate. It was written by Floyd M. Riddick and co-authored by Miriam Butcher. The book is based on Riddick's experience as parliamentarian of the Senate as well as the procedures of assemblies using parliamentary manuals such as Robert's Rules of Order, and is arranged in a glossary style.

Riddick's Rules is a book of common parliamentary usage for civic clubs and organizations. Riddick also wrote Riddick's Senate Procedure that contains contemporary precedents and practices of the US Senate and is still being updated and used by the Senate. Riddick was associated with the American Institute of Parliamentarians (AIP) where he founded an annual Practicum (to study parliamentary procedure) that now bears his name.

Editions

  * Riddick, Floyd M.; Butcher, Miriam H. (1991), Riddick's rules of procedure : a modern guide to faster and more efficient meetings, Lanham, Md.: Madison Books, ISBN 978-0-8191-8064-3
  * Riddick, Floyd M.; Butcher, Miriam H. (1985), Riddick's rules of procedure : a modern guide to faster and more efficient meetings, New York: Scribner, ISBN 978-0-684-18427-2


Geometric combinatorics

Geometric combinatorics is a branch of mathematics in general and combinatorics in particular. It includes a number of subareas such as polyhedral combinatorics (the study of faces of convex polyhedra), convex geometry (the study of convex sets, in particular combinatorics of their intersections), and discrete geometry, which in turn has many applications to computational geometry. Other important areas include metric geometry of polyhedra, such as the Cauchy theorem on rigidity of convex polytopes. The study of regular polytopes, Archimedean solids, and kissing numbers is also a part of geometric combinatorics. Special polytopes are also considered, such as the permutohedron, associahedron and Birkhoff polytope.

  * Topological combinatorics
  * What is geometric combinatorics?, Ezra Miller and Vic Reiner, 2004
  * Topics in Geometric Combinatorics
  * Geometric Combinatorics, Edited by: Ezra Miller and Victor Reiner


Isabel Thorne

Matriculation Record, Isabel Thorne. University of Edinburgh Centre for Research Collections. Matriculation Roll, 1861-1874

Isabel Jane Thorne (née Pryer; 22 September 1834 – 9 October 1910) was an early campaigner for medical education for women. Mrs Thorne, as she was known, was a member of the feminist Edinburgh Seven, who campaigned and succeeded in securing the right by statute for women to be educated to qualify as doctors. An exemplary Victorian, Thorne's dedication to duty and service was a precursor for the more violent campaigns of the suffragettes to achieve full enfranchisement for women.

Early life

She was born Isabel Jane Pryer on 22 September 1834London, the third daughter of Isabel (1812–1884) and Thomas Pryer (1810/11–1851), a solicitor. She was educated at Queen's College, London. On 12 August 1856 she married Joseph Thorne (1823–1885), a tea merchant in China and spent most of her early married life in Shanghai.

Medical career

Thorne became convinced of the need for women to have female doctors for themselves and their children, especially women living in China and India. She travelled through China during the Taiping Rebellion. When the family returned to England in 1868 she started midwifery training at the Ladies' Medical College in Fitzroy Square, London, later describing the teaching there as inadequate.

Soon she responded to Sophia Jex-Blake's advertisement calling for women to join her in an attempt to qualify as doctors at the University of Edinburgh and so Thorne became one of the Edinburgh Seven (Mary Anderson, Emily Bovell, Matilda Chaplin, Helen Evans, Sophia Jex-Blake, Edith Pechey as well as Thorne). During this time, she won first prize in an anatomy examination. After their attempt to graduate in medicine was blocked, Thorne was one of the women who re-grouped at the London School of Medicine for Women. Her diplomatic temperament meant she was a more acceptable honorary secretary than Jex-Blake whose nomination had threatened to stir up controversy.


Isabel Thorne

In 1876 an act of parliament made it possible for women to be admitted to examination in medicine. The Edinburgh Seven that set up the London School of Medicine for Women (LSMW) asked Thorne, who agreed to hold the position of Honorary Secretary from 12 June 1877 – 1908, and a seat on the executive, although she never actually qualified in medicine.Lucy Sewall had once written that of all the students at Edinburgh, Isabel Thorne was one most likely to make the best doctor. She was considerate, tactful, hard-working, industrious, and for 30 years the mainstay of the college administration.

Mrs Thorne kept records and wrote an account of these years which was published in 1905 as Sketch of the Foundation and Development of the London School of Medicine for Women. In 1908 her daughter, the surgeon May Thorne who had graduated from the LSMW in 1895, succeeded her as honorary secretary.

Thorne died at her home at 148 Harley Street, London, on 7 October 1910. She was cremated on 11 October; and her ashes were interred in Southover churchyard, Lewes.

Recognition

The Edinburgh Seven were awarded the posthumous honorary MBChB at the University of Edinburgh’s McEwan Hall on Saturday 6 July 2019. The degrees were collected on their behalf by a group of current students at Edinburgh Medical School. The graduation was the first of a series of events planned by the University of Edinburgh to commemorate the achievements and significance of the Edinburgh Seven.

Own publications


Isabel Thorne

Own publications

  * Employment for Educated Women, Englishwoman's Review of Social and Industrial Questions [1867], vol.37, no.271 (1906), pp. 257–8
  * Sketch of the Formation and Development of the London School of Medicine (1905)
  * Edinburgh Seven
Bibliography
  * Special Collections, Edinburgh University Library
  * Royal Free Hospital Archives
  * The British Medical Times, 17 August 1867
  * "Isabel Jane Thorne". The Times: Obituary. 11 October 1910.
  * Elston, M A. (1986). "Women Doctors in the British health service : a sociological study of their careers and opportunities". PhD Diss., Univ Leeds. unpublished.
  * Moynagh, Maureen; Forestell, Nancy, eds. (2012). Documenting First Wave Feminisms. Vol. 1 of 2, Transnational Collaborations and Crosscurrents. University of Toronto Press.
  * Roberts, Shirley (2005). Sophia Jex-Blake: A woman pioneer in nineteenth century medical reform. Routledge.
  * Sketch of the foundation and development of the London School of Medicine by Isabel Thorne
  * Notice of death of Isabel Thorne, The British Medical Journal, week of 15 October 1910


Gregg Andrews

Gregg Andrews (born 1950) is a professor of history and labor historian at Texas State University. Additionally, he is assistant director of the Center for Texas Music History and assistant director and co-editor of the Journal of Texas Music History. Andrews is also an accomplished folk musician, performing and recording under the pseudonym "Doctor G" alongside his band, The Mudcats.

Early life

Andrews was born in Ilasco, Missouri, to Maurice and Virginia Andrews (now Virginia Sudholt) in 1950. He grew up in Monkey Run, an unincorporated neighborhood of Ilasco literally "on the wrong side of the tracks" (the two towns were separated by railroad tracks). A largely immigrant community, Ilasco was a suburb of Hannibal, Missouri, and was also the location of the cave made famous in Mark Twain's classic novel, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.

Ilasco (which ceased to exist in the 1960s) had a population of about 3,000 in 1900, but economic changes had greatly decreased the town's size by mid-century. Andrews' father and grandfather both worked at the Atlas Portland Cement Co. (now Continental Cement) plant. The economic hardships of the town, along with the rhythm of life near a cement factory, deeply influenced Andrews.

At the age of 14, Andrews' father taught him to play the guitar and sing. For eight months, Andrews also took guitar lessons from Maceo Wilson, a local musician famous in Hannibal.

Andrews' father died in 1965.

Academic career

Andrews obtained a Ph.D. in 1988 from Northern Illinois University. From 1985 to 1987, Andrews received an Andrew Mellon Predoctoral Teaching Fellowship in the Humanities from the Illinois Institute of Technology.

In 1988, Andrews won appointment as an assistant professor at Texas State. He rose to the rank of full professor, and now is also assistant director of the Center for Texas Music History and assistant director and co-editor of the Journal of Texas Music History.

Andrews is married to Victoria Bynum, who is also a professor of history at Texas State.

Research focus

Andrews' research work has been varied, but more recently has focused on the social history of work and labor.


Gregg Andrews

Andrews' first book, Shoulder to Shoulder? The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910–1924, published in 1991, was an important re-assessment of the role Samuel Gompers and the American Federation of Labor played in shaping American policy toward revolutionary movements in Latin America. From 1910 to 1924, Andrews found, Gompers and other labor leaders supported Mexican workers in their struggle for social justice, but advocated Mexican economic dependence on the United States. The book was called "an important key to understanding the ongoing relationship between the labor movement and actions of the United States in Central America"Phi Alpha Theta Best Book Award for the first book by a new author.

Andrews used his personal history as a jumping-off point for his next book, Insane Sisters: Or, the Price Paid for Challenging a Company Town, published in 1999. The book illustrated the battle Mary Heinbach and her sister, Euphemia Koller, waged against the Atlas Portland Cement Company in Ilasco. The dispute over property rights spanned 17 years and landed in the Supreme Court of Missouri four times. The dispute ended when Mary was declared incompetent in 1921 and Euphemia pronounced insane in 1929. The company subsequently was able to acquire clear title to their property. The main thrust of the book is an analysis of the changing role of women at the beginning of the 20th century, the development of mental health law, and the collusion of business and governmental interest during the Progressive Era.

Andrews' most recent work, City of Dust: A Cement Company Town in the Land of Tom Sawyer (2002), is his most noted. City of Dust made a significant contribution to the social and industrial history of the trans-Mississippi West.

Andrews' pioneering social history focuses needed attention on a group of workers and an industry that labor historians and others have previously neglected. The author's description of the work process involved in cement manufacture, and the terrible toll on the workers of the industry’s accidents and diseases, alone provide little-known, valuable information.

City of Dust is primarily a social history of cement workers, but it also sheds light on issues of class, industrialism, immigration, labor, and the working-class.


Gregg Andrews

Andrews has continued to mine his personal past to investigate history. His current research projects include a study of the Texas labor movement during the Great Depression, research into the role played by African Americans in the Galveston longshoremen's strike of 1920, and the struggle of black trade unionists to overcome the racially discriminatory practices of the Texas State Federation of Labor.

Music career

Under the name "Doctor G," Andrews is also an accomplished and published singer, songwriter and musician. He is a regular performer at the Cheatham Street Warehouse, a San Marcos music venue where country-western singer George Strait first found fame. Andrews' music is a mixture of folk, Southern rock and blues, and his lyrics speak of forbidden love, the need for respect, the search for happiness, and the toll poverty and hard work have on people. In many respects, Andrews' music reflects his scholarly concerns with the poor, social justice, the working class and the struggle for dignity and respect in the face of economic hardship.

Andrews' band, "Doctor G and the Mudcats," released their debut CD, Mudcat, in September 2005. The record was released on Cheatham Street Records, the independent record label founded by Cheatham Street Warehouse owner Kent Finlay.

Memberships and honors

Honors

Andrews was assistant director of the NEH Summer Environmental History Institute at Texas State in 1991, and in 2001 received a National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship.

In 1998, Andrews received the Excellence in Teaching Award from the College of Liberal Arts at Texas State. Four years later, he received a Texas State University Faculty Award for Scholarly and Creative Activity.

In 2002, Andrews was named a Mary M. Hughes Fellow for the Texas State Historical Association.

Memberships

Andrews has served as a manuscript reviewer at Texas A&M University Press, the University of Missouri Press, and the University of Illinois Press. He has also served as an editor for the journals Diplomatic History, the Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies, and the International Review of Social History.

Andrews is currently a member of the board of directors of the Texas Heritage Songwriters Association. He is also a member of the Texas State Historical Association, Southwest Labor Studies Association, Organization of American Historians, and Southern Historical Association.


Gregg Andrews

From 2000 to 2002, Andrews was Southwest Chapter president of the Texas Faculty Association.

Writing awards

Andrews has also won a number of writing awards. In 1993, his book Shoulder to Shoulder? won the Phi Alpha Theta Best Book Award for the first book by a new author. The same year, he was co-recipient of the Harvey L. Johnson Award for the best article in Latin American history. The award, given by Southwest Council of Latin American Studies, honored him for the article "Robert Haberman, Socialist Ideology, and the Politics of National Reconstruction in Mexico, 1920-25," which appeared in the journal Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos.

He has twice won the James Neal Primm Award, a prize give by the Missouri Historical Society for the best article in its journal, Gateway Heritage. Andrews was first honored in 1995 for his article "From Robber Caves to Robber Barons: New South Missouri and the Social Construction of Mark Twain, 1910-1935." He won again the next year, for his article "Ilasco Cement Workers and the War on Booze in Ralls County, Missouri, 1903-1914."

Publications

Solely authored books

  * City of Dust: A Cement Company Town in the Land of Tom Sawyer. Paperback ed. Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8262-1424-X
  * Insane Sisters: Or, the Price Paid for Challenging a Company Town. Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8262-1240-9
  * Shoulder to Shoulder? The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910–1924. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1991. ISBN 0-520-07230-8

Solely authored articles


Gregg Andrews

* "From Robber Caves to Robber Barons: New South Missouri and the Social Construction of Mark Twain, 1910-1935." Gateway Heritage. 15 (December 1994).
  * "Ilasco Cement Workers and the War on Booze in Ralls County, Missouri, 1903-1914." Gateway Heritage. 16 (Spring 1996).
  * "Immigrant Cement Workers: The Strike of 1910 in Ilasco, Missouri." Missouri Historical Review. 89:2 (January 1995).
  * "It's the Music: Kent Finlay's Cheatham Street Warehouse in San Marcos, Texas." Journal of Texas Music History. 5:1 (Spring 2005).
  * "Robert Haberman, Socialist Ideology, and the Politics of National Reconstruction in Mexico, 1920-25." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos. 6 (Summer 1990).
  * Beik, Millie. "Review of Gregg Andrews, City of Dust: A Cement Company Town in the Land of Tom Sawyer," H-Labor, H-Net Reviews. May, 1997.
  * Darr, Bev. "Hannibal Native Sings His River Songs on New CD." Hannibal Courier-Post. November 30, 2005.
  * Dwyer, Ellen. "Book Review: Gregg Andrews, Insane Sisters, or, The Price Paid for Challenging a Company Town." American Historical Review. 106:5 (December 2001).
  * Fisher, Jim. "Dust, Cement Part of History That Aids in Ilasco's Survival." Kansas City Star. May 23, 1999.
  * Husar, Edward. "Putting the Mississippi River Life to Music." Quincy Herald-Whig. December 3, 2005.
  * Levenstein, Harvey. "Review: Shoulder to Shoulder? The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1924, by Gregg Andrews." American Historical Review. 97:5 (December 1992).
  * McFarland, C.K. "Book Reviews: Shoulder to Shoulder? The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution: 1910-1924." Labor Studies Journal. September 1993.


Gregg Andrews

* Weinberg, Steve. "A Missouri Company Town Spells Out Sad Endings for Sisters in Long-Running Property Fight." St. Louis Post-Dispatch. January 9, 2000.
  * Awards Recipients, Texas State Historical Association
  * Cheatham Street Records
  * Doctor G and the Mudcats Web page
  * Dr. Gregg Andrews, Faculty Page, Texas State University
  * Harvey L. Johnson Awards, Southwest Council of Latin American Scholars (SCOLAS)
  * Journal of Texas Music History Web site
  * Missouri Historical Society Web site (host of the James Neal Primm Award)
  * Texas Faculty Association Web site
  * Texas Heritage Songwriters Association


Marcel Pavel

Marcel Pavel (Romanian pronunciation: [marˈt͡ʃel ˈpavel]; born 4 December 1959, in Galați County) is a folk music singer in Romania. His singing talents brought him to the top of the Romanian charts more than once. In 2002, Marcel was elected as The best male voice. His first hit was "Frumoasa mea" by Ovidiu Komornyc. His latest album is "Te vreau langa mine" (I want you near me). One of his songs: 'Unde esti?'(Where are you?) was chosen as the best song in 2001.

In 2002, he won the national selections for the Eurovision Song Contest together with Monica Anghel. Their song "Tell me why" reached ninth place, the best score ever for Romania at that time.

Pavel was also chosen to dub the singing voice of Claude Frollo from the animated movie – The Hunchback of Notre Dame.

  * Music of Romania
  * Official website


Pyramidella ava

Pyramidella ava is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

Distribution

This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off Ecuador.

  * To USNM Invertebrate Zoology Mollusca Collection
  * To World Register of Marine Species


Sant Ponç, Corbera

Sant Ponç de Corbera

Sant Ponç de Corbera is a Benedictine Priory, located between Cervelló and Corbera de Llobregat in the Province of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It was declared a Bien de Interés Cultural landmark on 3 June 1931.

History

Although it was mentioned for the first time in 1068, it is believed that the monastic community settled in the place much earlier. It seems that the monastery was built between 1025-50 under the order of Guillem de Mediona of Corbera.

In 1096, it was governed by Abbot Salomó, and depended on Cluny Abbey, through the monastery of Sant Pere de Casserres.Tarragonés and then the monastery of San Pablo del Campo, which in 1835 was effected by the Ecclesiastical Confiscations of Mendizábal.

On 3 June 1931 the monastery became a Bien de Interés Cultural site.

Building

Internal view

The building has a single nave covered with a barrel vault, a transept, and three apses externally decorated with arches and pilasters.frieze. This decoration is of a later period. Inside is a polychrome statue of the Virgin of the Llet, dated to the 13th century. The building underwent restoration in 1929 and 1992.

  * History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes

Media related to Sant Ponç de Corbera at Wikimedia Commons

41°24′7″N 1°54′44″E / 41.40194°N 1.91222°E


Neues Schloss (Meersburg)

Entrance to the Neues Schloss (New Castle) in Meersburg

The Neues Schloss Meersburg (New Castle in Meersburg) is located in Meersburg near Lake Constance in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. From its construction in 1750 until the bishopric was dissolved in 1803 it was the seat of the Prince-Bishop of Constance.

History

Coat of Arms of Johann Franz II von Stauffenberg

Construction began in 1710 under Bishop Johann Franz II. von Stauffenberg, with Christoph Gessinger designing and supervising the work. It would be two years later in 1712 that the project was finished. The building was, however, a bit unfinished as a symbol of the power of the bishop. The upper story contained a number of apartments for visiting nobles and church leaders as the residence of a Prince-Bishop should, but it lacked a grand staircase and other trappings of wealth and power.

When Hugo Damian von Schönborn, who was already Bishop of Speyer and had already built Schloss Bruchsal there, took over the seat at Meersburg in 1740 he wanted to improve the Neues Schloss. He brought in the master builder Johann Georg Stahl from Bruchsal to turn the Schloss into a more impressive and elegant building. Following plans from Balthasar Neumann, Johann built an impressive staircase and decorated the castle.

Postcard of the Neues Schloss Meersburg from around 1700

From 1741 until 1743 the castle chapel was added, based on plans from Balthasar Neumann. The art and statues are the work of the fresco painter Gottfried Bernhard Göz from Augsburg (1708–1774) and the sculptor Joseph Anton Feuchtmayer (1696–1770).

Prince-Bishop Cardinal Franz Konrad von Rodt

By 1759 the Prince-Bishop Cardinal Franz Konrad von Rodt had the castle renovated under the direction of the master builder Franz Anton Bagnatos. The already dilapidated stairway had to be restored. The baroque facade of the castle was redone in the Rococo style, with enlarged windows, additional decoration around the windows and new gables.


Neues Schloss (Meersburg)

The interior decoration is the work of the Mainz artist Giuseppe Appiani (c. 1705–1786) and the sculptor Carlo Luca Pozzi (1735–1803). Among the paintings by Appiani are two enormous paintings over the Grand Staircase Verherrlichung des Fürstbischofs und des Hochstift (English:Glorification of the Prince-Bishops and the Diocese) from 1761 and over the ballroom Die Verehrung der göttlichen Vorsehun (English: The worship of the divine providence) from 1762.

Due to the Secularization in 1803, the Neues Schloss was the seat of the Prince-Bishops of Constance for only about 50 years.

During the 19th century and until 1955 the Schloss served as a school for girls, a local prison, a sailors' school, a secondary school and from 1865 to 1937 as the Baden Institution for Deaf-mutes, which moved to Gengenbach after 1937.

Following World War II it was used as barracks for French troops.

Museums

Today the castle is home to several museums. In addition to the Town Gallery (Städtische Galerie) and the Dornier Museum, which take up the 2nd floor, the New Palace is also home to the Palace Museum of the Prince Bishops (Fürstbischöfliche Schlossmuseum) on the 3rd floor. It offers the opportunity to view the residential and representation rooms of the prince bishops refurnished with contemporary appointments from that age.

Castle location

The castle is located on a hill over the Lake Constance. In the rear of the castle is a garden terrace with an excellent view of the lower city, the ferry port and the Swiss coast of Lake Constance. Access to the terrace is on the ground floor of the castle or through a staircase located near the bridge to the Burg Meersburg, which is closed by a wrought iron gate.

On the city side there is a large plaza, the Schlossplatz. In the middle of the castle facade, there is a large clock with the god of time, Chronos. On the left side of the castle is the entrance to the castle chapel which is currently used by the Evangelical Church in Baden.


Neues Schloss (Meersburg)

* List of castles in Baden-Württemberg
  * Meersburg
  * Little House, Meersburg
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neues Schloss (Meersburg).
  * Neues Schloss Meerburg
  * Neues Schloss (Meersburg) on website for castles burgenspiegel.de (in German)
  * City of Meersburg: Sights and attractions - include information on museums
  * Meersburg on Castle Inventory.de (in German)
  * Meersburg, Altes Schloss (old castle) Website (in German)
  * Regional Studies Online: Neues Schloss Meersburg (in German)
  * Upper Swabian Baroque Route (in German)

47°41′37″N 9°16′20″E / 47.69361°N 9.27222°E


Limonia parietina

Limonia parietina is a species of limoniid crane fly in the family Limoniidae.


Haapsu

Haapsu is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia.

Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Orissaare Parish.


Kněžičky

Kněžičky is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kněžičky.


Marcel Podszus

Marcel Podszus (born 20 August 1976, in Viersen) is a German footballerVfB Speldorf.

Career

He spent one season in the Bundesliga with Borussia Mönchengladbach.