Williamsport Grays

The Williamsport Grays changed their name to the Tigers for the 1947 season. This was their second year of affiliation with Detroit Tigers, and it was the first time that the Eastern League team in Williamsport was known as something other than the Grays. The 1947 club was managed by George Detore. The Tigers finished in 5th place of an eight team league with a record of 67 wins and 74 losses.

The 1948 season saw the Tigers have a change in manager with Gene Desautels taking over. The Tigers finished in fourth place in the Eastern League and reached a one-game playoff for the final spot in the league playoffs. The Tigers lost that game to the Hartford Chiefs. Lou Kretlow who would go on to play in the majors for the Tigers, St. Louis Browns, Baltimore Orioles, Chicago White Sox and the A's was named the league's Most Valuable Player.

The Tigers slipped back into mediocrity during the 1949, 1951 and 1952 seasons. Notable players and managers to pass through Williamsport during these years included, Jack Tighe, Schoolboy Rowe and Hall of Famer Jim Bunning.

The franchise was sold at the end of the 1952 season to five anonymous businessmen for $7,500. The Tigers era ended at the same time when the team was once again aligned with the Philadelphia A's and the Williamsport Grays name was restored.

Williamsport Athletics and Williamsport Grays, 1953-1962

In 1953, the club was referred to as the Williamsport A's or Williamsport Athletics a Class AA affiliate of the Philadelphia Athletics.Detroit Tigers. The ownership group moved to establish a working arrangement with the Philadelphia A's owned by Connie Mack.

The Williamsport A's struggled on the field. They finished in sixth place with a record of 65 wins and 85 losses. The first African-Americans to play professional baseball in Williamsport were members of the squad. Joe Taylor a veteran of the Negro leagues and Héctor López who would go on to play in the majors with the A's and New York Yankees played the full season for the Williamsport A's.


Williamsport Grays

The Williamsport Grays were the Philadelphia Phillies' minor league affiliate in the Eastern League from 1958 to 1962. On July 31, 1962, the Phillies traveled to Williamsport and lost to the Grays 4 to 1 at Bowman Field in a mid season exhibition game.

Year-by-year record

Year  Record  Finish   Manager                                          Playoffs
1923  82-42   1st      Harry Hinchman                                   League Champs
1924  87-46   1st      Harry Hinchman                                   none
1925  77-55   1st (t)  Harry Hinchman                                   Lost League Finals
1926  69-65   3rd      Harry Hinchman                                   none
1927  56-80   8th      George Burns                                     none
1928  69-71   4th      George Burns                                     none
1929  79-60   2nd      Glenn Killinger                                  none
1930  74-65   3rd      Glenn Killinger                                  none
1931  76-64   3rd      Glenn Killinger                                  none
1932  63-76   7th      Herbie Moran / Harry Hinchman / Glenn Killinger  none
1933  64-73   6th      Mike McNally                                     none
1934  78-60   1st      Mike McNally                                     League Champs
1935  64-69   5th      Mike McNally
1936  78-62   4th      Mike McNally
1937  67-69   5th      Ollie Marquardt
1938  65-74   6th      Marty McManus
1939  71-69   6th      Marty McManus
1940  60-74   7th      Fresco Thompson
1941  82-55   2nd      Spencer Abbott                                   Lost League Finals
1942  76-63   5th      Spencer Abbott

1944  64-75   5th      Ray Kolp
1945  52-85   8th      Ray Kolp
1946  59-80   6th (t)  Nig Lipscomb / Harry Davis
1947  66-74   5th      George Detore
1948  73-68   5th      Gene Desautels                                   Lost one game playoff for 4th place
1949  66-74   5th (t)  Gene Desautels
1950  61-77   6th      Jack Tighe
1951  55-84   7th      Schoolboy Rowe
1952  48-90   8th      Paul Campbell
1953  65-85   6th      George Staller
1954  63-77   7th      Larry Shepard
1955  71-66   5th      Larry Shepard
1956  60-78   7th      John Fitzpatrick

1958  67-65   5th      Dick Carter                                      Lost in 1st round
1959  81-60   3rd      Frank Lucchesi                                   Lost League Finals
1960  76-62   1st      Frank Lucchesi                                   Co-Champs *
1961  79-61   2nd      Andy Seminick                                    none
1962  83-57   1st      Frank Lucchesi                                   Lost League Finals

* Williamsport led Springfield Giants 1 game to 0 when rain hit. Co-champions were declared


2009 Maysan governorate election

The Maysan governorate election of 2009 was held on 31 January 2009 alongside elections for all other governorates outside Iraqi Kurdistan and Kirkuk.

Results

Summary of the 31 January 2009 Maysan governorate election results
Coalition 2005/2009                                    Allied national parties  Leader               Seats (2005)  Seats (2009)  Change   Votes
State of Law Coalition                                 Islamic Dawa Party       Nouri Al-Maliki      1             8             +7       42,214
Al Mihrab Martyr List                                  ISCI                     Abdul Aziz al-Hakim  6             7             +1       35,093
Independent Free Movement List                         Sadrist Movement         Muqtada al-Sadr      15            7             -8       35,075
National Reform Trend                                  National Reform Trend    Ibrahim al-Jaafari   –             4             +4       20,144
Islamic Dawa Party – Iraq Organization                 IDPIO                                         5             –             -5
Al-Rida Center for Culture & Guidance                                                                3             –             -3
Gathering of the Independent Sons of Maysan                                                          2             –             -2
Iraqi Republican Group                                                                               2             –             -2
Independent National Islamic Congregation                                                            1             -             -1
Maysan Democratic Coalition                                                                          1             –             -1
Shi’ite Political Council                                                                            1             -             -1
Other Parties                                                                                101,872
Total                                                                           41                   26            -15           234,398
Sources: this article – Al Sumaria – New York Times -


2009 McDonald's Burnie International – Men's doubles

Main article: 2009 McDonald's Burnie International

Samuel Groth and Joseph Sirianni were the defending champions, but Groth chose to not participate this year. Sirianni partnered up with Andrew Coelho, but they lost 6–7(6–8), 4–6 against Miles Armstrong and Sadik Kadir in the quarterfinals.
Miles Armstrong and Sadik Kadir won in the final 6–3, 3–6, [10–7] against Peter Luczak and Robert Smeets.

Seeds

 1. [Australia] Adam Feeney / [Australia] Todd Perry (semifinals)
 2. [Australia] Rameez Junaid / [New Zealand] GD Jones (semifinals)
 3. [Australia] Peter Luczak / [Australia] Robert Smeets (final)
 4. [Australia] Andrew Coelho / [Australia] Joseph Sirianni (quarterfinals)

Draw

Key

  * Q = Qualifier
  * WC = Wild card
  * LL = Lucky loser
  * Alt = Alternate
  * SE = Special exempt
  * PR = Protected ranking
  * ITF = ITF entry
  * JE = Junior exempt
  * w/o = Walkover
  * r = Retired
  * d = Defaulted
  * SR = Special ranking

Draw


Draw

  First round                                Quarterfinals          Semifinals                                Final

  1            [Australia] A Feeney      77  6
               [Australia] T Perry
               [Slovenia] B Kavčič       63  3                                  1   [Australia] A Feeney      6                     6
               [Slovenia] G Žemlga                                                  [Australia] T Perry
               [Japan] S Iwabuchi        62  4                                      [Australia] N Lindahl     4                     2
               [Japan] T Iwami                                                      [Australia] M Matosevic
               [Australia] N Lindahl     77  6                                                                                1                        [Australia] A Feeney     65   62
               [Australia] M Matosevic                                                                                [Australia] T Perry
  4            [Australia] A Coelho      6   6                                                                                [Australia] M Armstrong  77                       77
               [Australia] J Sirianni                                                                                [Australia] S Kadir
  WC           [Australia] K Hensel      4   3                                  4   [Australia] A Coelho      66                    4
               [Australia] A Hubble                                                 [Australia] J Sirianni
               [Slovakia] I Klec         64  4                                      '[Australia] M Armstrong  78                    6
               [Australia] B McKenzie                                               [Australia] S Kadir
               [Australia] M Armstrong   77  6                                      3                         [Australia] P Luczak  3                        6                        [7]
               [Australia] S Kadir                                                                            [Australia] R Smeets
               [New Zealand] J Statham   3   3                                                                                [Australia] M Armstrong  6    3   [10]
               [New Zealand] M Statham                                                                                [Australia] S Kadir
               [South Korea] K Im        6   6                                      [South Korea] K Im        2                     77                       [8]
               [Japan] G Motomura                                                   [Japan] G Motomura
               [Japan] J Mitsuhashi      2   77             [1]                 3   [Australia] P Luczak      6                     63                       [10]
               [Japan] Y Sugita                                                     [Australia] R Smeets
  3            [Australia] P Luczak      6   64             [10]                                                                    3                        [Australia] P Luczak     67   6
               [Australia] R Smeets                                                                                [Australia] R Smeets
  WC           [Australia] D Propoggia   7   6                                                                2                     [New Zealand] GD Jones   65                       3
               [Australia] M Reid                                                                                [Australia] R Junaid
               [Australia] C Ebelthite   5   3                                  WC  [Australia] D Propoggia   4                     4
               [Australia] G Jones                                                  [Australia] M Reid
  WC           [Australia] Brydan Klein  4   4                                  2   [New Zealand] GD Jones    6                     6
               [Australia] B Tomic                                                  [Australia] R Junaid
  2            [New Zealand] GD Jones    6   6
               [Australia] R Junaid

  * Main Draw Doubles


Åsulv Eiriksson

Åsulv Eriksson A.K.A Asulf of Eastairt or Asulf Earl's kin (1190–1260) was a Norwegian nobleman (descended from an earl) who resided at Austrått and who played an important role in the closure of the civil war era in Norway. He appears to have been kin to Skule through his marriage to Skule's niece Baugeid.

Åsulv was the son of Eirik Gryvel (Gryfill) and Torbjørg Åsulvsdatter. Torbjørg was a granddaughter of Guttorm Åsulvsson, who held Rein Abbey, from his marriage to Bergljot, who was a descendant of King Magnus the Good. Åsulv Eriksson was married to Baugeid Jonsdatter, who was the only child of Jon Sigurdsson at AustråttSkule Bårdsson's sister and the first abbess of Rein Abbey.

In 1222 he was one of the liegemen present at a meeting which the king held.Halland.

When Duke Skule had founded Rein abbey he intended that Austrått should go to his sister, who had inherited and added to the monastic estate. Sigrid claimed the estate through her former marriage to John of Eastairt whereas Asolf claimed the estate through his wife Baugeid the daughter of John.Trondheim with his ship and Huscarls and brought tidings to the king that Skule would come from the north to seize the kingdom.civil war.

In 1239 Skule led a revolt against his son-in-law, King Haakon Haakonsson, and, after losing the Battle of Oslo in 1240, sought refuge in Elgeseter Priory in Nidaros. In 1240 he was one of the five liegemen with the king when he was preparing to set sail out of Bergen.Gunnar Kingskinsman to determine the whereabouts of Skule; they end up finding some of Skules men and killing them.Trondheim by the king.Birkebeiners set fire to the monastery, and then killed Skule and his entourage when they tried to save themselves. With Skule’s death, the civil war era came to an end.


Åsulv Eiriksson

At about the year 1200, Åsulv’s family erected the chapel which was subsequently incorporated into the fortified manor at Austrått.

Steinar Herka Åsulvsson (1235–1263) was the son of Åsulv Eiriksson and Baugeid Jonsdatter. Steinar accompanied King Håkon Håkonsson over the north sea to resolve the disputes with Scotland over the Hebrides in 1263. Records strongly suggest Steinar was married with Ragna Iversdatter Bjarkøy from Bjarkøy in Troms. They had three known children: Ægeleiv Steinarsdatter, Åsulv Steinarsson and Ivar Steinarsson. Åsulv Eiriksson lived to the unusually old age for that period of 70 years.


Åsskard

This article is about the village in Surnadal, Norway. For the former municipality in Norway, see Åsskard (municipality).

Åsskard is a village in Surnadal Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located in the western part of the municipality, at the innermost part of the Åsskardfjorden which is a branch off the main Trongfjorden. The village is the site of Åsskard Church.

It is located about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) northwest of the village of Sylte. The only road connecting Halsa and Surnadal, County Road 65, runs through the village.

Historically, the village was the administrative centre of the old Åsskard Municipality from 1895 until the dissolution of the municipality in 1965.


Åsmund Frægdegjevar (album)

Åsmund Frægdegjevar is the first full-length album by the Norwegian folk metal band Lumsk. It was released on August 25, 2003 by Spinefarm. A concept album, it adapts the Norwegian legend Åsmund Frægdegjevar into an experimental folk metal project.

Track listing

 1. "Det var Irlands kongi bold" – 2:08
 2. "Ormin lange" – 4:44
 3. "Skip under lide" – 5:34
 4. "I trollehender" – 3:11
 5. "Hår som spunnid gull" – 2:08
 6. "Slepp meg" – 4:23
 7. "Skomegyvri" – 6:24
 8. "Olafs belti" – 4:45
 9. "I lytinne två" – 3:54
10. "Langt nord i Trollebotten" – 3:33
11. "Fagran fljotan folen" – 7:23
12. "Kampen mot bergetrolli" – 4:07
13. "Der e ingin dag'e" – 6:06
  * Åsmund Frægdegjevar at AllMusic. Retrieved 18:26, 15 August 2016 (UTC).


Åstrand test

The Åstrand test is a way of measuring VO2 max (maximum rate of oxygen consumption as measured during incremental exercise).


Åsne Havnelid

Åsne Havnelid.

Åsne Havnelid (born 28 March 1961) is a Norwegian businessperson and sports official.

She hails from Asker. She holds a bachelor's degree in business administration from the private college Handelsakademiet (now part of BI Norwegian Business School) from 1985, and was hired as a teacher in skiing at the Norwegian School of Elite Sports, a secondary school, in the same year. She served as rector there from 1988 to 1995, and then worked in Olympiatoppen. Here she was the director of Toppidrettssenteret and vice executive of Olympiatoppen under Bjørge Stensbøl. From 2004 to 2007 she worked in SAS Braathens. From 2007 to July 2011 she was the chief executive officer of the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011.

In November 2011 she was nominated to "Citizen of Oslo" by the newspaper Aftenposten Aften for her work during FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011.

She is married and has one child, and resides at Vollen.


2018–19 Ukrainian First League Reserves

The 2018–19 Ukrainian First League U–19 Championship is the 3rd season of the Ukrainian Junior Under 19 Championship in First League. The competition involved participation of several junior teams of the Professional Football League of Ukraine as well as some other football academies.

Direct administration of the competition belonged to the Youth Football League of Ukraine. The tournament was conducted in cooperation between both Youth Football League and Professional Football League.

Teams

  * Debut: Adrenalin Lutsk, Dynamo Lviv, Temp Vinnytsia, Zmina-Obolon Kyiv, KDYuSSh Chempion, imeni Lva Yashina, VO DYuSSh Vinnytsia, Petrykivka, Dnipro Cherkasy, Kremin Kremenchuk, Kobra Kharkiv, Holkiper Zaporizhia, Metalurh Kamianske, Avanhard Kramatorsk, Kvadro Pervomaiskyi, UOR imeni Serhia Bubky, Arena Kharkiv, Dnipro-1-Borysfen
  * Withdrawn: Volyn Lutsk, Opir Lviv, DYuSSh Ternopil, DYuSSh Berezhany, Chaika Vyshhorod, Cherkaskyi Dnipro, Heolis Kharkiv, Olimpik Kharkiv

Group stage

Group 1

Pos  Team                          Pld  W   D  L   GF  GA  GD   Pts  Comments
1    Bukovyna Chernivtsi           16   12  2  2   43  16  +27  38   Qualification for play-offs
2    Nika Ivano-Frankivsk          16   12  1  3   33  12  +21  37   Qualification for play-offs
3    MFA Mukacheve                 16   10  3  3   35  18  +17  33
4    Prykarpattia Ivano-Frankivsk  16   8   2  6   37  25  +12  26
5    Adrenalin Lutsk               16   7   2  7   20  20  0    23
6    Dynamo Lviv                   16   5   6  5   19  23  −4   21
7    Podillya Khmelnytskyi         16   3   3  10  16  33  −17  12
8    Hirnyk Novoyavorivsk          16   1   5  10  8   31  −23  8
9    Temp Vinnytsia                16   1   2  13  9   42  −33  5

Source:
Rules for classification:

Top goalscorers


2018–19 Ukrainian First League Reserves

Source:
Rules for classification:

Top goalscorers

As of Rank  Scorer  Goals   Team
              (Pen.)

Group 2

Pos  Team                            Pld  W   D  L   GF  GA  GD   Pts  Comments
1    Obolon-Brovar                   22   19  1  2   48  13  +35  58   Qualification for play-off
2    Kolos Kovalivka                 22   18  2  2   63  14  +49  56   Qualification for play-off
3    Lyubomyr Stavyshche             22   13  4  5   59  24  +35  43
4    Zmina-Obolon Kyiv               22   11  3  8   39  34  +5   36
5    Complex Sports School Champion  21   10  3  8   53  39  +14  33
6    imeni Lva Yashina               22   9   3  10  37  34  +3   30
7    Vinnytsia Oblast Sports School  22   9   1  12  29  46  −17  28
8    ARZ Bila Tserkva                22   6   3  13  22  53  −31  21
9    Sports School 15 Kyiv           22   5   3  14  26  49  −23  18
10   Atletyk Odesa                   21   5   3  13  26  46  −20  18
11   Polissya Zhytomyr               22   5   3  14  10  30  −20  18
12   Lokomotyv Kyiv                  22   4   5  13  17  47  −30  17   Relegation

Source:
Rules for classification:

Top goalscorers

As of Rank  Scorer  Goals   Team
              (Pen.)

Group 3

Pos  Team                   Pld  W   D  L   GF  GA  GD   Pts  Comments
1    FC Petrykivka          13   10  1  2   41  9   +32  31   Qualification for play-offs
2    Dnipro Cherkasy        12   7   2  3   19  13  +6   23
3    Kremin Kremenchuk      12   5   4  3   24  16  +8   19
4    Maoldis Dnipro         12   5   2  5   22  19  +3   17
5    Olimpik Kropyvnytskyi  12   4   2  6   25  29  −4   14
6    Holkiper Zaporizhia    13   4   1  8   14  26  −12  13
7    Nikopol–Obriy          12   2   0  10  11  44  −33  6
8    Metalurh Kamianske     0    0   0  0   0   0   0    0

Source:
Rules for classification:

Top goalscorers

As of Rank  Scorer  Goals   Team
              (Pen.)

Group 4


2018–19 Ukrainian First League Reserves

Group 4

Pos  Team                                     Pld  W   D  L   GF  GA  GD   Pts  Comments
1    SC Dnipro-1                              14   12  0  2   42  8   +34  36   Qualification for play-offs
2    Avanhard Kramatorsk                      14   10  1  3   28  8   +20  31   Qualification for play-offs
3    Kvadro Pervomaiskyi                      14   8   1  5   39  15  +24  25
4    School of Olympic Reserve imeni S.Bubky  14   8   3  3   25  19  +6   27
5    Arena Kharkiv                            14   4   4  6   21  22  −1   16
6    Kobra Kharkiv                            14   2   2  10  16  41  −25  8
7    Dnipro-1-Borysfen                        14   3   4  7   15  23  −8   13
8    Barsa Sumy                               14   1   1  12  9   59  −50  4

Source:
Rules for classification:

Top goalscorers

As of Rank  Scorer  Goals   Team
              (Pen.)

Finals

Quarterfinals

Team 1                Agg.  Team 2               1st leg  2nd leg
Nika Ivano-Frankivsk  1–3   Obolon-Brovar Kyiv   1–1      0–2
Kolos Kovalivka       2–1   Bukovyna Chernivtsi  2–0      0–1
Dnipro Cherkasy       2–7   SC Dnipro-1          1–2      1–5
Avanhard Kramatorsk   4–1   FC Petrykivka        2–1      2–0

Four teams tournament

Semifinals

in Uman, Cherkasy Oblast

Team 1               Score        Team 2

SC Dnipro-1          1–1 (5–3 p)  Obolon-Brovar Kyiv
Avanhard Kramatorsk  0–0 (5–4 p)  Kolos Kovalivka

Game for 3rd place

Team 1           Score  Team 2

Kolos Kovalivka  2–1    Obolon-Brovar Kyiv

Finals

Team 1       Score  Team 2

SC Dnipro-1  1–0    Avanhard Kramatorsk


2018–19 Ukrainian First League Reserves

Notes
  * 2018–19 Ukrainian First League
  * 2018–19 Ukrainian Second League
  * Season's results Archived 2019-10-21 at the Wayback Machine at the Youth Football League of Ukraine
  * Gold Talant, general information on all youth competitions in Ukraine
  * Athletic Club Odessa. official website
  * FC Lyubomir. official website
  * UFC Olimpik Kharkiv. official website


Badja

Badja could refer to:

  * Badja Station, a pastoral lease in Western Australia
  * Big Badja Hill, a mountain in New South Wales
  * Big Badja River, a river in New South Wales


Eberhard of Franconia

Eberhard III (c. 885 – 2 October 939), a member of the Conradine dynasty, was Duke of Franconia, succeeding his elder brother, King Conrad I, in December 918. From 926 to 928, he also acted as ruler of Lotharingia.

Life

Eberhard was the second son of Conrad the Elder and his wife Glismut (d. 924), probably an illegitimate daughter of the Carolingian emperor Arnulf of Carinthia. The Conradines, counts in the Franconian Lahngau region, had been loyal supporters of the Carolingians. At the same time, they competed vigorously for predominance in Franconia with the sons of the Babenbergian duke Henry of Franconia at Bamberg Castle. In 906 the two parties battled each other near Fritzlar. Conrad the Elder was killed,Louis the Child took the Conradines' side and Conrad the Younger became the undisputed duke of all Franconia.

Upon the early death of King Louis in 911, the Saxon, Swabian and Bavarian princes elected Conrad the Younger King of East Francia. Under the rule of his brother, Eberhard from 913 appeared as count in the Franconian Hessengau and Persgau, 913 and 928 als as count in the Upper Lahngau. He supported his brother against the rivalling dukes Arnulf of Bavaria and Henry of Saxony (Henry the Fowler). In 914 he assumed the office of a Franconian margrave; nevertheless, unable to assert his claims, he had to witness Henry's conquest of the Thuringian lands of late Duke Burchard.


Eberhard of Franconia

On his deathbed in Forchheim, in December 918, King Conrad assembled the German princes to arrange his succession. According to the medieval chronicler Widukind of Corvey, he persuaded Eberhard to forgo any ambition for the German crown and to urge the Prince-electors of the Empire to choose his former rival, the Ottonian duke Henry the Fowler, as his successor. Eberhard was assigned to personally hand over the royal insignia to Henry at the Imperial Diet, which was held in May 919 in Fritzlar. Conrad considered this to be the only way to end the long-standing feud between Saxons and Franks and to prevent the dissolution of the Empire into smaller states based on the German stem duchies.

Eberhard succeeded his brother as Duke of Franconia and remained a loyal supporter of the new king Henry I. After Henry had reconquered the troubled and restless Duchy of Lotharingia, he also conferred to him the office of a regent in 926. Eberhard quickly stabilized the Lotharingian lands and ruled until in 928 King Henry enfeoffed his son-in-law Gilbert, the husband of his daughter Gerberga.

After Henry's death, however, Eberhard soon came into conflict with the king's son and successor Otto I, who aimed at strengthening the royal authority. In 937 the Franconian duke invested Helmern castle near Peckelsheim, located near the Saxon border and garrisoned by a Saxon burgrave who refused to swear fealty to any non-Saxon. King Otto called the feuding parties to a royal court at Magdeburg, where Eberhard was ordered to pay a fine and his lieutenants were sentenced to carry dead dogs in public, a particularly dishonouring punishment. Infuriated, Eberhard joined Otto's opponents, raising a rebellion in 938 with Otto's half-brother Thankmar and the new Duke Eberhard of Bavaria, the late Duke Arnulf's son. The revolt was soon suppressed; Thankmar was assassinated at Eresburg Castle, and Eberhard of Bavaria was replaced by his uncle Berthold as duke (ruled 938–945).


Eberhard of Franconia

Following a brief reconciliation with King Otto, Eberhard then allied himself with Duke Gilbert of Lorraine, Archbishop Frederick of Mainz, and Henry, Otto's younger brother, in a new uprising. Their united forces posed a serious threat to Otto's rule; nevertheless, on 2 October 939, the rebels were finally defeated in the Battle of Andernach. Eberhard of Franconia was killed, allegedly by his Conradine relative Count Odo of Wetterau, whereafter his duchy was seized and remained a direct Imperial possession until its dissolution in 1039.


Villeneuve-sur-Yonne

Villeneuve-sur-Yonne (French pronunciation: [vilnœv syʁ jɔn]) is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

It is surrounded by a partly intact wall, built during the 12th century, which was one of the 8 residences of the French kings.

Geography

The city lies on the bank of the river Yonne, between the cities of Sens and Joigny.

History

The city was founded in 1163 by Louis VII of France to protect the kingdom of France at the boundary of the Champagne. In 1204 King Philip II Augustus held parliament in the city, and Louis IX resided in the city before departing for the Eighth Crusade. In 1594 the city was burnt down. During the French Revolution the name was changed from le-Roi (the king) to sur-Yonne (on the Yonne). In 1870 a memorial for the dead was designed by the sculptor Émile Peynot. The city was governed from 1927 till 1931 by the infamous mayor Marcel Pétiot, who was guillotined in 1946, convicted of 26 killings.

Demography

The inhabitants are called Villeneuviens.


Villeneuve-sur-Yonne

The inhabitants are called Villeneuviens.

Historical population
Year  Pop.   ±% p.a.  Year  Pop.   ±% p.a.
1793  4,605  —        1901  4,768  −0.45%
1800  4,885  +0.85%   1906  4,666  −0.43%
1806  5,007  +0.41%   1911  4,451  −0.94%
1821  4,765  −0.33%   1921  3,937  −1.22%
1831  4,966  +0.41%   1926  4,099  +0.81%
1836  5,199  +0.92%   1931  4,256  +0.75%
1841  4,525  −2.74%   1936  4,107  −0.71%
1846  5,357  +3.43%   1946  4,321  +0.51%
1851  5,206  −0.57%   1954  4,404  +0.24%
1856  5,025  −0.71%   1962  4,365  −0.11%
1861  5,018  −0.03%   1968  4,451  +0.33%
1866  4,952  −0.26%   1975  4,764  +0.98%
1872  5,095  +0.48%   1982  4,980  +0.64%
1876  5,084  −0.05%   1990  5,054  +0.18%
1881  5,010  −0.29%   1999  5,404  +0.75%
1886  5,127  +0.46%   2007  5,294  −0.26%
1891  5,117  −0.04%   2012  5,326  +0.12%
1896  4,877  −0.96%   2017  5,219  −0.41%

Source: EHESS

Climate


Villeneuve-sur-Yonne

Climate

Climate data for Villeneuve-sur-Yonne
Month                                  Jan     Feb     Mar     Apr     May     Jun     Jul     Aug     Sep    Oct     Nov     Dec     Year
Average high °C (°F)                   6       8       12      15      20      23      26      26      22     16      10      7       16
                                       (43)    (46)    (54)    (59)    (68)    (73)    (79)    (79)    (72)   (61)    (50)    (45)    (61)
Average low °C (°F)                    1       1       4       5       9       12      14      14      11     8       4       2       7
                                       (34)    (34)    (39)    (41)    (48)    (54)    (57)    (57)    (52)   (46)    (39)    (36)    (45)
Average rainfall cm (inches)           3.78    3.71    2.96    4.12    4.32    4.14    4.12    3.54    4.1    5.07    4.81    4.21    48.88
                                       (1.49)  (1.46)  (1.17)  (1.62)  (1.70)  (1.63)  (1.62)  (1.39)  (1.6)  (2.00)  (1.89)  (1.66)  (19.23)
Source:

Main sights

Porch of Notre-Dame de l'Assomption

  * Two main entrance gates to the city, Gate of Sens and Gate of Joigny. The Gate of Joigny or Porte de Joigny was rebuilt in the 16th century; the Gate of Sens, or Porte de Sens, predates it by three hundred years and is similar in appearance.
  * Gothic and Renaissance Church Notre-Dame de l'Assomption (Our Lady of Assumption).
  * City market built during the 19th century by Paul Sédille.
  * La Lucarne aux Chouettes or The Owls' Nest restaurant which was run by Leslie Caron, serving Burgundy specialities. The old dilapidated boathouse was bought by her in 1990 on the suggestion of Jean Renoir.
  * A Neolithic menhir situated on the bank of the river, in the locality called Pierre-Fritte or Plaine-des-Egriselles.

Sister and twin cities


Villeneuve-sur-Yonne

Sister and twin cities

  * [Czech Republic] Horní Bříza, Czech Republic
  * [Germany] Braubach am Rhein, Germany
  * [United Kingdom] Collingham, United Kingdom
  * Communes of the Yonne department
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Villeneuve-sur-Yonne.
  * City Website
  * Villeneuve-sur-Yonne at INSEE website


Traum durch die Dämmerung

"Traum durch die Dämmerung" ("Dream in the Twilight",Otto Julius Bierbaum and a Lied (art song) by Richard Strauss, his Op. 29/1. The opening line is "Weite Wiesen im Dämmergrau" ("Broad meadows in grey dusk"). It is the first of three songs by Strauss based on love poems by Bierbaum, composed and published in Munich in 1895, and dedicated to Eugen Gura. The works were scored for medium voice and piano, and published by Universal Edition as 3 Lieder mit Klavierbegleitung (3 songs with piano accompaniment), later with English versions and orchestral arrangements.

Poem

"Traum durch die Dämmerung" first appeared in Berlin in 1892 in a collection known as Erlebte Gedichte ("Experienced Poems") by Bierbaum that was published by Verlag von Wilhelm Issleib ("Wilhelm Issleib's Publishing House). Bierbaum dedicated the 217 page collection, with Traum durch die Dämmerung on page 130, to Detlev von Liliencron as he expressed in the personal foreword.

In his anthology Lyrik des Jugendstils (Poetry of Art Nouveau) Jost Hermand noted that the title is paradigmatic for the literature of the Jugendstil. The theme is a man going to meet a beloved woman, as in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's 1771 poem "Willkommen und Abschied" (Welcome and Farewell).first person.

Drawing of Otto Julius Bierbaum from 1897

Traum durch die Dämmerung

Weite Wiesen im Dämmergrau;
Die Sonne verglomm, die Sterne ziehn;
Nun geh' ich hin zu der schönsten Frau,
Weit über Wiesen im Dämmergrau,
Tief in den Busch von Jasmin.

Durch Dämmergrau in der Liebe Land;
Ich gehe nicht schnell, ich eile nicht;
Mich zieht ein weiches, sammtenes Band
Durch Dämmergrau in der Liebe Land,
In ein blaues, mildes Licht.


Traum durch die Dämmerung

"Traum durch die Dämmerung" is in two stanzas, each comprising five lines. The first line, literally: "Wide meadows in twilight grey", was translated by Richard Stokes as "Broad meadows in grey dusk".grau and Land, with line 4 repeating line 1. Line 2 rhymes with line 5 on a light vowel, ziehn and Licht. The term Dämmergrau, a combination of Dämmerung (twilight) and grau (grey), repeated four times (in lines 1 and 4) contrasts with the final word Licht (light).Nun geh ich zu der schönsten Frau" (Now I go to the most beautiful woman). The subject notes that he is not in a rush: "Ich gehe nicht schnell" (I do not go fast). She is not described, but their relationship imagined as a "weiches, sammtenes Band" (soft, velvety band), drawing him to "der Liebe Land" (the love land), reaching a state of "mildes blaues Licht" (mild blue light).

Composition and publication

Strauss composed all three songs of Op. 29 on one day, 7 June 1895,Pauline de Ahna and settled in Munich, the town of his birth.

Working as assistant conductor at the Munich court opera, he looked for a librettist for a possible opera project and contacted Bierbaum. While no opera came to pass, Strauss liked his poems and set several of them to music, among them the three songs of Op. 29 which he all wrote on 7 June.Traum durch die Dämmerung" was followed by "Schlagende Herzen" ("Longing Hearts"Nachtgang" (Nighttime Walk).

No.  Title                        Incipit                                    Translation of Incipit
1    "Traum durch die Dämmerung"  "Weite Wiesen im Dämmergrau"               "Broad meadows in grey dusk"
2    "Schlagende Herzen"          "Über Wiesen und Felder ein Knabe ging"    "Over meadows and fields went a boy"
3    "Nachtgang"                  "Wir gingen durch die stille milde Nacht"  "We walked through the gentle silent night"


Traum durch die Dämmerung

Strauss reportedly completed "Traum durch die Dämmerung" in the only 20 minutes his wife gave him before an errand.Eugen Gura, a leading baritone of the court opera in Munich.

The songs were first published in Munich by Joseph Aibl. They were then published by Universal Edition. "Traum durch die Dämmerung" also appeared in English in a translation by John Bernhoff and Nelia Fabretto,Robert Heger.tone poem Ein Heldenleben (A Hero's Life), Op. 40, completed in 1898, which is usually considered autobiographical in tone.

Music

A typical performance takes around three minutes.Traum durch die Dämmerung" begins in F-sharp major.2/4 time and marked "Sehr ruhig" (very calm). The two stanzas are through-composed, with two slight changes to the text: Strauss added the word "hin" to the third line and changed the order of the adjectives in the last line.

Richard Strauss in 1886

The even time picks up the slow steps. The general marking for volume is pp (very soft), repeated several times, changed by a crescendo marking only twice, both times going back to pp. The accompaniment follows a similar pattern almost throughout the song: in one measure, the bass in the pianists left hand moves in dotted eighth notes, while the right hand regularly alternates triplet sixteenths and eighths, resulting in a subtle shift of accents, which has been described as a "trance-like mood".motif is a three note stepwise descent (A sharp, G sharp, F sharp). It is immediately repeated on the word "Dämmergrau". The text is mostly rendered simply, with only one note on each syllable. When the view changes in line 3 from observation of nature to the destination, the key shifts abruptly to B-flat major,

Settings by other composers


Traum durch die Dämmerung

Settings by other composers

The poem "Traum durch die Dämmerung" inspired several other composers. Max Reger set the text to music as No. 3 of his Six Songs for Medium Voice, Op. 35, in 1899.Träume. Acht Lieder für 1 Singstimme mit Pianoforte (Dreams. Eight songs for voice with piano), published in Berlin in 1899 by Deneke. "Traum durch die Dämmerung" was composed by Alfred von Sponer as the second of Drei Lieder für 1 mittlere Singstimme mit Pianofortebegleitung (Three songs for medium voice and piano accompaniment), Op. 12, published in Leipzig in 1899 by Rieter-Biedermann. Vítězslav Novák included a composition of the text in Erotikon, Op. 46 No. 2, published in 1912.Lutz Landwehr von Pragenau set it for baritone and piano as Op. 1/2 in 1979.

  * 3 Lieder, Op. 29: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  * Traum durch die Dämmerung text and translation at Oxford Lieder
  * Traum durch die Dämmerung Deutsche Gedichte-Bibliothek (in German)
  * Traum durch die Dämmerung zeno.org (in German)
  * Drei Lieder mit Klavierbegleitung, op. 29: Traum durch die Dämmerung, Ausgabe 1


Shujie Ma

This article is about the Chinese-American statistician. For the Chinese politician, see zh:马淑洁.

Shujie Ma is a Chinese-American statistician specializing in nonparametric regression and semiparametric regression and their applications in machine learning. She is a professor of statistics at the University of California, Riverside.

Education and career

Ma earned a bachelor's degree in management from Xi'an Jiaotong University in 2004. She went to Michigan State University for graduate study in statistics, earning a master's degree there in 2006 and completing her Ph.D. in 2011.Theory of Spline Regression with Applications to Time Series, Longitudinal, and Categorical Data, and Data with Jumps, was supervised by Lijian Yang.

She joined the Department of Statistics at the University of California, Riverside as an assistant professor in 2011, earned tenure there as an associate professor in 2017, and was promoted to full professor in 2021.

Recognition

Ma is an Elected Member of the International Statistical Institute,Institute of Mathematical Statistics, for "outstanding contributions to statistical methodology and theory; especially in non-parametric and semi-parametric machine learning methods for massive datasets, and for excellent services to the statistical editorial boards and to the profession".Fellow of the American Statistical Association in 2023.

  * Home page
  * Shujie Ma publications indexed by Google Scholar


Baoulé

Baoulé or Baule may refer to:

  * Baoulé people
  * Baoulé language


1990 European Karate Championships

The 1990 European Karate Championships, the 25th edition, was held in Vienna, Austria from May 2 to 4, 1990.

Medallists

Men's Competition

Individual

Event          Gold                       Silver                                Bronze
Kata           [Italy] Dario Marchini     [Scotland] Steve Morris               [Italy] Pasquale Acri
Kumite -60 kg  [Sweden] Christian Keil    [Italy] Daniele Simmi                 [Spain] David Luque Camacho
                                                                                [Norway] Stein Rønning
Kumite -65 kg  [Italy] Francesco Muffato  [England] Tim Stephens                [Netherlands] Reginaldo Doran
                                                                                [Spain] Jesús Juan Rubio
Kumite -70 kg  [France] Bruno Pellicier   [Spain] Victor Alvarado               [Turkey] Haldun Alagas
                                                                                [Norway] Harald Arnesen
Kumite -75 kg  [Germany] Toni Dietl       [Switzerland] Djim Doula              [Netherlands] Delano van der Kust
                                                                                [Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia] Džezmir Muratagic
Kumite -80 kg  [Spain] José Manuel Egea   [Czechoslovakia] Miroslav Gachulinec  [England] Mervyn Etienne
                                                                                [France] Christophe Pinna
Kumite +80 kg  [France] Marc Pyrée        [Norway] Jarle Sorken                 [Spain] Juan Antonio Hernández
                                                                                [Germany] Jürgen Lemmen
Kumite Sanbon  [England] Mike Sailsman    [Norway] Harald Arnesen               [Finland] Juha Nieminen
                                                                                [Austria] George Petermann
Kumite Ippon   [France] Thierry Masci     [France] Giovanni Tramontini          [Hungary] Tamás Molnár
                                                                                [Germany] Ralf Wintergerst

Team

Event   Gold     Silver  Bronze
Kata    Italy    Spain   France
Kumite  England  Spain   France
                         Scotland

Women's competition

Individual

Event          Gold                         Silver                      Bronze
Kata           [Spain] Maite San Narciso    [Italy] Cristina Restelli   [Spain] Marisa Rozalen
Kumite -53 kg  [Italy] Anna Di Cesare       [Scotland] Veronica Penman  [Netherlands] Ivonne Senff
                                                                        [Finland] Sari Laine
Kumite -60 kg  [Germany] Ruth Hahn          [Scotland]                  [North Macedonia]
                                                                        [Czech Republic]
Kumite +60 kg  [France] Cathérine Belhriti  [France] Marie-Ange Legros  [Netherlands] Annelies Bremmers
                                                                        [Germany] Silvia Wiegaertner

Team


1990 European Karate Championships

Team

Event   Gold     Silver  Bronze
Kata    Spain    Italy   France
Kumite  England  Italy   Austria
                         Netherlands

  * Karate Records - European Championship 1990


Andreas Andersson (ice hockey)

Andreas Andersson (born April 9, 1979, in Falun, Sweden) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey goaltender.

Playing career

Andersson was a long-time backup goaltender in HV71 and was never able to establish himself as a starting goalie for any team in Sweden.Falu IF in division 1 but soon joined HV71's youth team. From 1996 to 2000 he played in 20 games for HV71's senior team and five games for the youth team. During the time he was also selected for the Swedish nation youth team and played in five games in the World Junior Championships.

From season 2000–01 to 2004–05 he played with IF Troja/Ljungby in the Swedish second tier division, HockeyAllsvenskan. He continued with two seasons with Rögle BK and in 2007 signed a two-year deal with HV71.

Awards

  * Elitserien playoff winner with HV71 in 2008.
  * Elitserien playoff silver medal with HV71 in 2009.

Career statistics

Regular season


Andreas Andersson (ice hockey)

Career statistics

Regular season

Season        Team              League  GP  W  L     T    MIN   GA    SO  GAA
1997–98       HV71              SEL     7                 420   20    1   2.86
1998–99       HV71              SEL     12                634   35    0   3.31
1999–00       Tranås AIF        Swe-2   5                 296   17    0   3.44
1999–00       HV71              SEL     1                 51    5     0   5.91
2000–01       IF Troja/Ljungby  Swe-2   23                1307  82    2   3.76
2001–02       IF Troja/Ljungby  Swe-2   6                 320   23    0   4.32
2002–03       IF Troja/Ljungby  Swe-2   9                 419   20    0   2.86
2003–04       IF Troja/Ljungby  Swe-2   22                1122  60    2   3.21
2004–05       IF Troja/Ljungby  Swe-2   41                2454  120   0   2.93
2005–06       Rögle BK          Swe-2   18                1052  44    1   2.51
2006–07       Rögle BK          Swe-2   41                2388  85    2   2.14
2007–08       Rögle BK          Swe-2   3                 177   12    0   4.06
2007–08       HV71              SEL     7   5  2     0    538   22    1   2.45
2008–09       HV71              SEL     19  6  3     10   1214  51    0   2.52
2008–09       IF Troja/Ljungby  Swe-2   2                 130   5     0   2.31
2009–10       HV71              SEL     13                785   41    0   3.13
Swe-2 totals  170                              9961  468  7     2.82
 SEL totals   59                               3642  174  2     2.87

Statistics as of end of Elitserien season 2009–10

Post-season

Season        Team              League  GP  W  L    T   MIN  GA    SO  GAA
2000–01       IF Troja/Ljungby  Swe-2   1               60   7     0   7.00
2005–06       Rögle BK          Swe-2   1               60   4     0   4.00
2006–07       Rögle BK          Swe-2   9               430  26    0   3.62
Swe-2 totals  11                               550  37  0    4.03

Statistics as of end of Elitserien season 2008–09


Andreas Andersson (ice hockey)

Statistics as of end of Elitserien season 2008–09

  * Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com, or Eurohockey.com, or The Internet Hockey Database


Villenkolonie Pasing I

House August-Exter-Straße 19

The Villenkolonie Pasing I is a single-family house colony in Munich-Pasing.

History

The Villenkolonie Pasing I was built on the initiative of the architect August Exter, starting in 1892, as "Villenkolonie Neu-Pasing I". Exter acquired a large piece of arable land and connected the area, at his own expense, with its own canal system and water through a water tower on Orthstraße. This settlement with numerous historically protected buildings followed the idea of the Garden city movement. The project was very successful, and nearly all of the 120 sites were sold in 1895.Pippinger Straße, the Villenkolonie Pasing II was established. In 1973 the ensemble of Villenkolonie Pasing I was protected as historical monument.

Literature

  * Pasinger Fabrik GmbH (ed.): Architect August Exter - Villen Colonien Pasing; Publikation zur Ausstellung 2. - 31. Okt. 1993; Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 1993; ISBN 3-927984-19-1
  * Renate Mayer-Zaky, Reinhard Bauer: Pasing. Stadt in der Stadt. Das Stadtteilbuch. 1996, ISBN 3-923395-02-7.
  * Michael Petzet, Heinrich Habel, Johannes Hallinger, Timm Weski: Denkmäler in Bayern: Landeshauptstadt München Mitte. 3 volumes. Edition Lipp, 2009, ISBN 978-3-87490-586-2.


Villeneuve – Prairie (Paris RER)

Villeneuve-Prairie is a closed station in Choisy-le-Roi, Val-de-Marne, Île-de-France, France.Créteil-Pompadour station, around 800 meters to the northeast. It is on the Paris-Marseille railway. This station served the commune of Choisy-le-Roi and the neighbouring Creteil.

Station info

The station is at the 10.7 kilometer point of the Paris–Marseille railway. According to the RER D Blog:

On December 15, many changes will take place on line D with a new service, new timetables and the opening of the new Créteil-Pompadour station (as we have already discussed in previous posts).

But this date also marks the final closure of the Villeneuve Prairie station. You will now have to go to Créteil Pompadour station, located about 800 meters away, to take the train.

For our travelers who took the train at this station, here is some additional information: From December 15, trains no longer serve Villeneuve Prairie and all accesses are closed. For technical reasons, sales to Villeneuve Prairie will be available on certain ticket machines until January 2014. If from December 15, you have tickets for Villeneuve Prairie, these tickets remain valid and you can use them to get to Créteil Pompadour station.

Ticket sales at the Villeneuve-Prairie vending machine will be stopped on December 12.

— Villeneuve Prairie Station: Definitive Closure,

Train services

The following services served Villeneuve-Prairie station:

  * Local services (RER D) Creil–Orry-la-Ville–Coye–Goussainville–Saint-Denis–Gare de Lyon–Villeneuve-Saint-Georges–Juvisy–Corbeil–Essonnes
  * Local services (RER D) Goussainville–Saint-Denis–Gare de Lyon–Villeneuve-Saint-Georges–Montgeron-Crosne–Combs-la-Ville–Quincy–Melun


1945 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship

The 1945 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship was the 23rd season of the Swedish Ice Hockey Championship, the national championship of Sweden. Hammarby IF won the championship.

Tournament

First Qualification round

  * Åkers IF - Stallarholmens AIF 7:1
  * Södertälje IF - IFK Tumba 7:4
  * Strands IF – IK Warpen 8:3
  * IK Huge - Gefle IF 8:7
  * Uddens IF - IF Fellows 1:4
  * IF Göta Karlstad - Forshaga IF 9:0
  * Sandvikens IF - Strömsbro IF 7:2
  * BK Forward - IF Eyra 2:2/6:4
  * Atlas Diesels IF - Stockholms IF 6:3
  * Karlbergs BK - Reymersholms IK 4:0
  * AIK - IFK Lidingö 10:1
  * Tranebergs IF - Årsta SK 4:3
  * Västerås SK - IF Aros 5:3
  * Skuru IK - IFK Stockholm 0:6

Second Qualification round

  * Skellefteå IF - IFK Nyland 4:3
  * Wifsta/Östrands IF - Strands IF 4:3
  * Sörhaga IK - IF Fellows 4:3
  * IFK Mariefred - Åkers IF 7:2
  * Brynäs IF - IK Huge 4:5
  * Mora IK - Sandvikens IF 6:5
  * IF Göta Karlstad - BJ Forward 4:0
  * VIK Västerås HK - Västerås SK 3:5
  * UoIF Matteuspojkarna - Södertälje IF 9:3
  * Tranebergs IF - Atlas Diesel 5:3
  * IFK Stockholm - Karlbergs BK 0:3
  * IF Vesta - AIK (W)

1/8 Finals

  * Hammarby IF - Västerås SK 10:3
  * Wifsta/Östrands IF - Skellefteå IF 6:4
  * IK Göta - Nacka SK 3:2
  * Karlbergs BK - Mora IK 6:2
  * Södertälje SK - Tranebergs IF 10:2
  * UoIF Matteuspojkarna - IFK Mariefred 6:3
  * AIK - IK Huge 18:3
  * IF Göta Karlstad - Sörhaga IK 8:1

Quarterfinals


1945 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship

Quarterfinals

  * Hammarby IF - Wifsta/Östrands IF 6:0
  * IK Göta - Karlbergs BK 4:3
  * Södertälje SK - UoIF Matteuspojkarna 3:0
  * AIK - IF Göta Karlstad 17:0

Semifinals

  * Hammarby IF - IK Göta 4:3 n.V.
  * Södertälje SK - AIK 6:3 n.V.

Final

  * Hammarby IF - Södertälje SK 3:2 n.V.
  * Season on hockeyarchives.info


Åsta accident

The Åsta accident was a railway accident that occurred at 13:12:25 on 4 January 2000 at Åsta in Åmot, south of Rena in Østerdalen, Norway. A train from Trondheim collided with a local train from Hamar on the Røros Line, resulting in an explosive fire. 19 people were killed, while 67 survived the accident.

Account of the accident

Memorial stone with the names of the 19 people who died in the accident

Southbound train 2302, a train hauled by a Di 3-class diesel locomotive,Trondheim Central Station at 07:45 in the morning on Tuesday 4 January 2000 with 75 people on board. Its final destination was Hamar Station. Because connecting trains were running late, the train departure from Røros Station was 21 minutes late. The schedule delay was partially recovered, and by arrival and departure at Rena Station the train was running only 7 minutes late. At departure the signal showed green, and the log at the traffic control centre at Hamar after the accident showed that the south-bound signal on the main line was also green.

Northbound train 2369, a Class 92 diesel multiple unit,Rustad Station the train stopped to pick up one passenger at 13:06 and, according to the schedule, the train was supposed to have remain at Rustad until 13:10 to wait for the train from north. When the train left Rustad at 13:07 with 11 persons on board, including the engineer and conductor, the log shows that the signal did not show green. The log also revealed that the set of points at the exit had been forced open by the northbound train.

Traffic control on the Rørosbanen line between Hamar and Røros is controlled by the Train Control Centre at Hamar. The dispatcher there was also responsible for watching the more heavily trafficked stretch south from Hamar to Eidsvoll. There was no audible alarm installed to warn when two trains are on collision course on this stretch, and although a message in red print may have been visible on the screen warning that an accident was imminent, the traffic controller did not observe this visual warning until 13:11:30.


Åsta accident

At the time of the accident, neither an Automatic Train Control (ATC, a system for automatically stopping trains) nor a train radio was installed on trains on the Røros Line. The only way to contact the trains was via mobile telephones. The mobile telephone numbers for the engineers and conductors on the trains had either been recorded on the wrong list, or had not been listed. Hence, by the time the traffic controller in Hamar recognised the problem, he was unable to determine which phone number to dial.

At 13:12:35 the trains collided at Kilometer 182,75 ( 61°04′08.1″N 011°21′02.9″E / 61.068917°N 11.350806°E), killing many people.

Aftermath

On 1 September 1997, the Norwegian National Rail Administration and the Norwegian State Railways had introduced new departure routines for passenger trains where only the engineer, and not both the engineer and conductor as before, was required to check that the main departure signal from a station showed "go" before the train started from a station. This was despite that the Norwegian Railway Inspectorate did not accept that the new departure procedures were to be introduced on the Røros Line, among other things because of the special conditions there. The Rail Inspectorate protested, also to the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications, and got support there, without this changing the actual departure procedures.

Impact on railway safety

Background

On 22 February 1975, the Tretten train disaster occurred on the Dovre Line,automatic train stop (ATS) on all electrified mainlines.Bergen, Dovre, Sørlandet, Ofoten, Østfold and Kongsvinger Lines. From 1995, also automatic train control (ATC) was rolled out, allowing not just stop signals, but also speed signals to be issued automatically.


Åsta accident

In a 1989 report written by Det Norske Veritas for NSB, the continued roll-out of ATC was instrumental for retaining safety on the railway network. The report recommended that all lines in Norway with centralised traffic control (CTC) receive ATC by 1 January 1995. In particular, the Drammen Line between Oslo and Asker and the Vestfold Line lacked such implementation. In addition, the report stressed that all new lines receiving CTC should also receive ATC at the same time.Eastern Østfold Line. The need for ATC was also specified in National Railway Plan 1994–97.

The CTC on the Røros Line south of Røros was completed in December 1994, but without ATC. This allowed the costly manning of stations (to manually operate the passing loops) to end. The plans for ATC were completed in November 1995, and then sent on public consultation. By April 1997, the planning process was completed. In the Norwegian Railway Plan 1998–2007, the Ministry of Transport and Communications explicitly stated that ATC, along with CTC and the train radio system Scanet was only to be built on lines where it was profitable. The Røros Line had ATC mentioned "in the medium term", but was not part of the ten-year plan. The plan was subsequently sanctioned by the Parliament of Norway.cost overruns from building the Gardermoen Line, and in part because centrally placed people in NSB were uncertain if the Røros Line would be kept and if it was economical to make large investments in a line which would be closed.

Implementations

Scanet was replaced by Global System for Mobile Communications – Railway (GSM-R) in 2007.Nokia Siemens Networks, was on time and on budget, and made Norway one of the first countries to fully implement the system throughout Europe.


Åsta accident

* Gulowsen, Jon; Ryggvik, Helge (2004). Jernbanen i Norge 1854–2004: Ny tider og gamle spor 1940–2004 (in Norwegian). Bergen: Vogmostad & Bjørke. ISBN 82-419-0332-4.
  * Haagenrud, Nils-Erik (June 2000). "Norway's train crash: learning from major incidents". Fire International. dmg world media. No. 177 (June 2000): 16–17. ISSN 0015-2609. OCLC 196692695. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012


Adenes Le Roi

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Adenes le Roi (born in Brabant c. 1240, died c. 1300),French minstrel or trouvère. He was a favourite of Henry III, duke of Brabant, and he remained at court for some time after the death of his patron in 1261.

Biography

Adenes Le Roi (also Adenez or Adenet; literally, 'Little Adam the King") was born in Brabant around 1240 and owed his education to the kindness of Henry III, duke of Brabant.

In 1269 he entered the service of Guy de Dampierre, afterwards count of Flanders, probably as roi des ménestrels, and followed him in the next year on the abortive crusade in Tunis in which Louis IX lost his life. The expedition returned by way of Sicily and Italy, and Adenet has left in his poems some very exact descriptions of the places through which he passed. The purity of his French and the absence of provincialisms point to a long residence in France, and it has been suggested that Adenet may have followed Mary of Brabant there on her marriage with Philip III of France. He seems, however, to have remained in the service of Count Guy, although he made frequent visits to Paris to consult the annals preserved in the Abbey of St. Denis.

Works

There are four extant poems written by Adenet.


Adenes Le Roi

There are four extant poems written by Adenet.

 1. Enfances Ogier narrates the exploits of Ogier the Dane fighting the Saracens in Italy, and was an enfeebled version of the Chevalerie Ogier de Danemarche written earlier by Raimbert de Paris.
 2. Berte aus grans piés tells the history of Bertha of the Big Foot the mother of Charlemagne, founded on well-known traditions which are also preserved in the anonymous Chronique de France, and in the Chronique rimée of Philippe Mousket.
 3. Bueves de Comarchis belongs to the cycle of romance gathered round the history of Aimeri de Narbonne.
 4. roman d'aventures, Cléomadès, is long and borrows from Spanish and Moorish traditions brought into France by Blanche, daughter of Louis IX, who after the death of her Spanish husband returned to the French court.

Modern publications:


Adenes Le Roi

* The romance epics of Adenet were edited for the Académie Impériale et Royale of Brussels by A. Scheler and A. Van Hasselt in 1874.
  * Berte was rendered into modern French by G. Hecq (1897) and by R. Périé (1900);
  * Cléomadès, by Chevalier de Chatelain (1859).
  * See also the edition of Berte by Paulin Paris (1832); an article by the same writer in the Histoire littéraire de la France, vol. xx, pp. 679–718; Léon Gautier, Les épopées françaises, vol. iii, &c.
  * The most recent and accepted editions are those by Albert Henry, Les œuvres d'Adenet le Roi. Tome II: Buevon de Conmarchis, Bruges, De Tempel (Rijsuniversiteit te Gent. Werken uitgegeven door de Faculteit van de Wijsbegeerte en letteren, 115e aflevering), 1956 [repr.: Geneva, Slatkine, 1996]; Tome III: Les enfances Ogier, Bruges, De Tempel (Rijsuniversiteit te Gent. Werken uitgegeven door de Faculteit van de Wijsbegeerte en letteren, 121e aflevering), 1956 [repr.: Geneva, Slatkine, 1996]; Tome IV: Berte aus grans piés, Bruxelles, Presses universitaires de Bruxelles; Paris, Presses universitaires de France (Université livre de Bruxelles. Travaux de la Faculté de philosophie et lettres, 23), 1963 [repr.: Geneva, Slatkine, 1996]; Tome V: Cleomadès, Bruxelles, Presses universitaires de Bruxelles; Paris, Presses universitaires de France (Université livre de Bruxelles. Travaux de la Faculté de philosophie et lettres, 46), 1971 [repr.: Geneva, Slatkine, 1996], 2 vols.


Adenes Le Roi

* Albert Henry, Les œuvres d'Adenet le roi. Tome 1: Biographie d'Adenet. La tradition manuscrite, Bruges, De Tempel, 1951.
  * Ward, Harry Leigh Douglas (1883). "Harley 4404 ff.102–251b (Enfances Ogier)". Catalogue of romances in the Department of manuscripts in the British Museum. Vol. 1. British Museum. pp. 610–615.
  * This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Adenès le Roi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 190–191.
  * Up-to-date bibliography of Adenet on ARLIMA with links to manuscripts where available


Badkam

Badkam (Persian: بادكم, also Romanized as Bādkam)Howmeh-ye Sharqi Rural District, in the Central District of Ramhormoz County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 127, in 26 families.


Aethiopsestis mufindiae

Aethiopsestis mufindiae is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Watson in 1965.Tanzania.


The Bells (play)

For other uses, see The Bells.

Programme for the opening night of The Bells, 25 November 1871

The Bells is a play in three acts by Leopold David Lewis which was one of the greatest successes of the British actor Henry Irving.Lyceum Theatre in London and initially ran for 151 performances. Irving was to stage the play repeatedly throughout his career, playing the role of Mathias for the last time the night before his death in 1905.

Background

Caricature of Henry Irving in The Bells

The Bells is a translation by Leopold Lewis of the 1867 play Le Juif polonais (The Polish Jew) by Erckmann-Chatrian. Le Juif polonais was also adapted into an opera of the same name in three acts by Camille Erlanger, composed to a libretto by Henri Caïn.

In 1871, Irving began his association with the Lyceum Theatre with an engagement under the management of Hezekiah Linthicum Bateman. The fortunes of the house were at a low ebb when the tide was turned by Irving's sudden success as Mathias in The Bells, a property which Irving had found for himself. Bateman had been looking for a leading man when he saw Irving in a play, and the two discussed terms and possible roles for Irving, including a new version of The Polish Jew, a play about a man haunted by a murder he has committed. The Lyceum Theatre season opened in September 1871, and the first two plays were box office failures. By late October Bateman was facing financial ruin. Again Irving urged him to stage The Polish Jew, convinced that the play would be a dramatic and financial success. An unsuccessful version of the play was running at the Royal Alfred Theatre in Marylebone to meagre audiences, which failed to convince Bateman that another version could be a success; but Irving persuaded him and gave him a copy of The Bells, by Leopold Lewis.

The opening night of The Bells on 25 November 1871 was held before a small audience, and during the performance a woman fainted in the stalls.

Henry Irving as Mathias in The Bells

George R Sims later wrote for The Evening News:


The Bells (play)

George R Sims later wrote for The Evening News:

"... There were plenty of stalls vacant at the Lyceum, and the author and I sat in two of them... The first part of The Bells was not very enthusiastically received, but the audience was undoubtedly held by the big scene. In the stalls there was a general agreement that Henry Irving had fulfilled the promise of dramatic intensity which he had shown in his recitation of The Dream of Eugene Aram.

The play left the first-nighters a little dazed. Old fashioned playgoers did not know what to make of it as a form of entertainment. But when the final curtain fell the audience, after a gasp or two, realised that they had witnessed the most masterly form of tragic acting that the British stage had seen for many a long day, and there was a storm of cheers. Then, still pale, still haggard, still haunted, as it were, by the terror he had so perfectly counterfeited, the actor came forward with the sort of smile that did not destroy the character of the Burgomaster or dispel the illusion of the stage."

The critics declared Irving a new star, and he was immediately established at the forefront of British drama. The play ran for 150 nights, which was an unusually long run at the time. It would prove a popular vehicle for Irving for the rest of his professional life.

Edward Gordon Craig, who saw Irving perform the play 30 times, described Irving's performance as "the finest point the craft of acting could reach".

"The thing Irving set out to do was to show us the sorrow which slowly and remorselessly beat him down. The sorrow, which he suffers, must appeal to our hearts. Irving set out to wring our hearts, not to give a clever exhibition of antics such as a murderer would be likely to go through. Here is a strong human being who, through a moment of weakness, falls into error and for two hours becomes a criminal - does what he knows he is doing - acts deliberately but acts automatically, as though impelled by an immense force, against which no resistance is possible."


The Bells (play)

The overture and incidental music for The Bells was originally composed by Etienne Singla, Chef d'orchestre of the Théâtre Cluny in Paris for the opera Le Juif polonais in 1869. H. L. Bateman brought Singla to the Lyceum to arrange his score for The Bells, and, according to the programme, Singla conducted on the opening night. In future productions Irving deleted many of the musical themes in order to heighten the drama in various scenes.

As they drove home from the opening night of The Bells, Irving's wife, Florence, criticised his profession: "Are you going on making a fool of yourself like this all your life?" (She was then pregnant with their second son, Laurence). Irving got out from their carriage at Hyde Park Corner, walked off into the night and chose never to see her again.

Original cast

Caricature of Irving in The Bells. Vanity Fair, 19 December 1874.

  * Mathias, the burgomaster - Henry Irving
  * Catherine, his wife - Miss G. Pauncefort
  * Annette, his daughter - Miss Fanny Heywood
  * Walter, a friend of Mathias - Frank Hall
  * Hans, a friend of Mathias - F W Irish
  * Christian, a gendarme - Herbert Crellin
  * Sozel, a servant - Miss Ellen Mayne
  * Doctor Zimmer - Mr A Tapping
  * Notary - Mr Collett
  * Tony, Karl & Fritz, guests - Mr Fredericks, Mr Fotheringham and Mr Everard
  * Villagers, Officers of the Court, Crowd

Synopsis

Period - 24 & 26 December 1833.

  * Act I - The Burgomaster's Inn
  * Act II - The Burgomaster's Parlour
  * Act III - The Burgomaster's Bedroom


The Bells (play)

Set in Alsace, the border country between France and Germany, Irving played the burgomaster and family man Mathias, who, fifteen years before, on the night of 24 December 1818, to pay off his mortgage debt, had robbed a wealthy Polish Jewish seed merchant named Koveski who had come to Mathias' inn, killing him with an axe and throwing his body into a lime kiln. Over time Mathias goes insane with guilt, and begins to hallucinate the ghost of the Polish Jew. Only the murderer and the audience, but nobody on stage, could hear the bells on the Jew's sledge jingling or see his ghostly face.

Finally, Mathias dreams that he is on trial for the murder and, confessing his guilt, is condemned to death by hanging. Waking, he tries to pull the imaginary noose from around his neck, and dies of a heart attack.

Productions

Henry Irving produced the play regularly throughout his career. Other actors who have played the Burgomaster Mathias in subsequent productions include Irving's son H. B. Irving, Henry Baynton, William Haviland, Bransby Williams and John Martin-Harvey.

Adaptations

The play was adapted into numerous film adaptations:

  * a 1911 Australian film directed by W. J. Lincoln
  * two American films in 1913 — one directed by Oscar Apfel
  * two more versions in 1914 — one British, one American
  * a 1918 American film directed by Ernest C. Warde
  * a 1925 British-Belgian film (aka Le juif polonais) directed by Harry Southwell
  * a 1926 Hollywood film starring Lionel Barrymore and Boris Karloff
  * a 1931 British film that starred Donald Caltrop as Mathias
  * The Burgomeister (1935), an Australian remake by Harry Southwell
  * Mayer, David (editor) 'Henry Irving and The Bells: Irving's Personal Script of the Play by Leopold Lewis' Manchester University Press (1980) Google Books
  * Full text of the play
  * Images of Irving in The Bells


Trauma (novel)

Trauma is a 2008 novel by British author Patrick McGrath, centered on post-traumatic stress disorder cases as narrated by an American psychiatrist.

Plot summary

Set during the 1970s, Trauma focuses on the life of Dr. Charlie Weir, who lives and works in New York City as a psychiatrist specializing in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Charlie's narration begins with a reminiscence of his early life and his mother's developing struggle with depressive illness, before moving into other traumatic instances of his relationship with his mother before the revelation of her death. Charlie rekindles a relationship with his ex-wife Agnes of the day of his mother's funeral, triggering Charlie to relive the reasons for their separation, namely the suicide of Agnes brother Danny. Eight years prior to this, Charlie worked as a psychotherapist helping veterans of the Vietnam War to overcome their post-traumatic stress. Included amongst his patients was Danny, who was well-respected by the other veterans, though rarely spoke. Charlie, in an attempt to draw him out of his malaise, followed Danny to a bar and attempted to engage him about his experiences, an act that Charlie would later believe to be the direct cause for man's suicide, as soon after he killed himself with a gun in his shower. At the same time as Charlie is recounting these memories, he has also begun a new relationship with Nora Chiara, which quickly turns sour. Nora begins to have violent nightmares that Charlie attributes to some psychological disorder, though she refuses to seek treatment. The strain this places on their relationship, in combination with Charlie's own negative relationship with his family and his continuing return to painful memories associated with Danny, forces Charlie to confront his own repressed traumas. He retreats to an old family holiday destination in the Catskills, triggering the repressed memory of his mother threatening to kill him at gun point, and ending in a confrontation with his brother and father in which Charlie shoots his brother. The novel ends as Charlie waits for psychiatric aid to arrive, and, as he believes, to be taken 'home' to a state hospital for the insane.

Themes

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

A central theme of the text is the effects of post-traumatic stress and the ways in which the mind deals with significant psychological trauma. As McGrath states:


Trauma (novel)

[Charlie Weir] suffers trauma, but then rather than try to heal himself, have it seen to as he says, he instead examines it rather like a scientist, who has scratched his skin and infected himself with some virus. He watches it, simply out of the curiosity as to what psychologically it looks like when one suffers the sort of disorder – the sort of post-traumatic disorder – that he has observed in his patients.


Baotalu

Baotalu is a subdistrict of Runzhou District, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China. It has an area of 7.63 square kilometers and a population of 75,004. The total number of households is 28,693.communities in Baotalu: Dianlilu Community, Guangdongshanzhuang Community, Lijiashanxincun No. 1 Community, Lijiashanxincun No. 2 Community, Yunhe Community, Fengminxincun Community, Huangshan Community, Chezhan Community, Tongdeli Community, Liming Community, Runzhouhuayuan Community.


120th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)

The 120th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, formed three times. Its first formation became the 6th Guards Rifle Division for its actions in the Yelnya Offensive.69th Guards Rifle Division for its actions in the Battle of Stalingrad.Central Group of Forces in the summer of 1945.

First Formation

The 120th Rifle Division was formed in July 1940 in the Orel Region from the 35th Reserve Rifle Brigade under the command of Major General Konstantin Petrov, part of the 33rd Rifle Corps.

  * 401st Rifle Regiment
  * 474th Rifle Regiment
  * 540th Rifle Regiment
  * 606th Artillery Regiment
  * 180th Separate Antitank Battalion
  * 105th Separate Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion
  * 150th Intelligence Company
  * 193rd Sapper Battalion
  * 224th Separate Communications Battalion
  * 208th Medical Battalion
  * 50th Separate Chemical Defense Company
  * 187th Motor Transport Battalion
  * 113rd Field Bakery
  * 164th Corps Veterinary Hospital
  * 84th Field Post Office
  * 81st Field Cash Office of the State Bank

On 28 June 1941, it was transferred to Bryansk. On 10 July it was concentrated in the Novoselki area west of Bryansk to establish a defensive line, including antitank ditches. The division became part of 24th Army on 15 July and was moved to the area 20 kilometers southeast of Yelnya. It went into combat on 30 July. Between August and September it fought in the Yelnya Offensive. The division helped capture Yelnya on 6 September.Bologovsky District. On 26 September, the division became the 6th Guards Rifle Division for its actions at Yelnya.

Second Formation

The division was reformed in Kazan from the 405th Rifle Division on 10 March 1942. 80% of the soldiers of the division were Kazakhs. The division was commanded by Colonel Nikolai Ryakin. The division included the following units:

  * 289th Rifle Regiment
  * 538th Rifle Regiment
  * 543rd Rifle Regiment
  * 1033rd Artillery Regiment
  * 410th Separate Anti-Tank Battalion
  * 464th Anti-Aircraft Truck Company
  * 161st Intelligence Company
  * 328th Sapper Battalion
  * 678th Separate Communications Battalion
  * 248th Medical-Sanitary Battalion
  * 148th Separate Chemical Defense Company
  * 532nd Road Transport Company
  * 376th Field Bakery
  * 847th Divisional Veterinary Hospital
  * 1974th Field Post Office
  * 1155th Field Cash Office of the State Bank


120th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)

In May the 120th was assigned to 8th Reserve Army in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command.Saratov, where it received reinforcements. On 24 August, 8th Reserve was re-designated as 66th Army and was rushed to Stalingrad. The division was thrown into a series of costly counterattacks north of the city from 4 September.Kirill Dzhakhua took command. By 20 October, at the outset of Don Front's Fourth Kotluban counteroffensive, the division was noted as being severely under strength, with roughly a battalion's worth of fighting men remaining.

Soldiers storming a house during the Battle of Stalingrad, February 1943

Prior to the start of the Soviet counteroffensive at Stalingrad, the 120th had been transferred to 24th Army, still in the same general area, and rebuilt. On 22 November the division supported the army's shock group with two of its rifle regiments, but the attack made little progress against deeply dug-in German positions. Further efforts on the following three days were equally unsuccessful.Operation Ring, finishing off the trapped German 6th Army. In recognition of this, on 6 February the division was converted into the 69th Guards Rifle Division for its actions.

Third Formation

The division was reformed on 22 April 1943 from the 11th Rifle Brigade and the 142nd Naval Rifle Brigade on the Leningrad Front, part of the 67th Army, under command of 11th Rifle Brigade commander Colonel Alexei Batluk.

  * 289th Rifle Regiment
  * 538th Rifle Regiment
  * 543rd Rifle Regiment
  * 1033rd Artillery Regiment
  * 410th Separate Anti-Tank Battalion
  * 161st Intelligence Company
  * 328th Sapper Battalion
  * 678th Separate Communications Battalion (later 709th Separate Communications Company)
  * 248th Medical-Sanitary Battalion
  * 148th Separate Chemical Defense Company
  * 532nd Road Transport Company
  * 376th Field Bakery
  * 847th Divisional Veterinary Hospital
  * 2276th Field Post Office
  * 1216th Field Cash Office of the State Bank


120th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)

Between July and early September it was part of the 2nd Shock Army, but then was returned to 67th Army. During the Sixth Sinyavino offensive the 120th provided right flank support to the 30th Guards Rifle Corps, which was finally able to storm and hold the Sinyavino heights on 15 September, although the offensive bogged down and was halted three days later.117th Rifle Corps, where it would remain for most of the duration.

In January 1944 it became part of the 59th Army. The division fought in the Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive, during which it participated in the capture of Gatchina (formerly Krasnogvardeysk) on 25 January, penetrating into the northeastern section of the town from the north, just as 108th Rifle Corps was seizing the northwestern sector. After an all-night battle, the town was completely cleared the following morning:

"Wednesday, 26 January. The battle for Gatchina did not cease throughout the night. The enemy 11th Infantry Division, which has been defending the city, has been destroyed. At 1100 hours Colonel A.V. Batluk's 120th Rifle Division, cooperating with Colonel F.A. Burmistrov's 224th Rifle Division and other units, completely cleared the occupiers from Gatchina."

On 27 January 1944 it was awarded the honorific "Gatchina". The division received the Order of the Red Banner for helping to liberate Luga on 12 February. In April 1944, the division became part of the 8th Army. In late July and August the division fought in the Battle of Tannenberg Line, part of the Battle of Narva (1944).117th Rifle Corps during the battle.Matvei Fedotov took command. In September 1944 the division, with its corps, was briefly moved to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command, where it became part of the 21st Army. On 11 December Ivan Govorov became the division's commander. 1st Ukrainian Front, and the 120th would remain in that front and army, in either 55th or 117th Rifle Corps, for the duration.


120th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)

* Feskov, V.I.; Golikov, V.I.; Kalashnikov, K.A.; Slugin, S.A. (2013). Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской [The Armed Forces of the USSR after World War II: From the Red Army to the Soviet: Part 1 Land Forces] (in Russian). Tomsk: Scientific and Technical Literature Publishing. ISBN 9785895035306.


Ecological interface design

Ecological interface design (EID) is an approach to interface design that was introduced specifically for complex sociotechnical, real-time, and dynamic systems. It has been applied in a variety of domains including process control (e.g. nuclear power plants, petrochemical plants), aviation, and medicine.

EID differs from some interface design methodologies like user-centered design (UCD) in that the focus of the analysis is on the work domain or environment, rather than on the end user or a specific task.

The goal of EID is to make constraints and complex relationships in the work environment perceptually evident (e.g. visible, audible) to the user. This allows more of users' cognitive resources to be devoted to higher cognitive processes such as problem solving and decision making. EID is based on two key concepts from cognitive engineering and cognitive systems engineering research: the Abstraction Hierarchy (AH) and the Skills, Rules, Knowledge (SRK) framework.

By reducing mental workload and supporting knowledge-based reasoning, EID aims to improve user performance and overall system reliability for both anticipated and unanticipated events in a complex system.

Overview

Origin and history of EID


Ecological interface design

Overview

Origin and history of EID

Ecological interface design was proposed as a framework for interface design by Kim Vicente and Jens Rasmussen in the late 1980s and early 1990s following extensive research into human-system reliability at the Risø National Laboratory in Denmark (Rasmussen & Vicente et al, 1989; Vicente, 2001). The term ecological in EID originates from a school of psychology developed by James J. Gibson known as ecological psychology. This field of psychology focuses on human-environment relationships, in particular in relation to human perception in actual environments rather than in laboratory environments. EID borrows from ecological psychology in that the constraints and relationships of the work environment in a complex system are reflected perceptually (through an interface) in order to shape user behaviour. In order to develop ecological designs, analytical tools developed earlier by researchers at the Risø National Laboratory were adopted, including the Abstraction Hierarchy (AH) and the Skills, Rules, Knowledge (SRK) framework. The EID framework was first applied and evaluated in nuclear power plant systems (Vicente & Rasmussen, 1990, 1992). These tools are also used in cognitive work analysis. To date, EID has been applied in a variety of complex systems including computer network management, anaesthesiology, military command and control, and aircraft (Vicente, 2002; Burns & Hajdukiewicz, 2004).

Motivation


Ecological interface design

Motivation

Rapid advances in technologies along with economic demands have led to a noticeable increase in the complexity of engineering systems (Vicente, 1999a). As a result, it is becoming more and more difficult for designers to anticipate events that may occur within such systems. Unanticipated events by definition cannot be specified in advance and thus cannot be prevented through training, procedures, or automation. A complex sociotechnical system designed based solely on known scenarios frequently loses the flexibility to support unforeseen events. System safety is often compromised by the operators' inability to adapt to new and unfamiliar situations (Vicente & Rasmussen, 1992). Ecological interface design attempts to provide the operators with the necessary tools and information to become active problem solvers as opposed to passive monitors, particularly during the development of unforeseen events. Interfaces designed following the EID framework aim to lessen mental workload when dealing with unfamiliar and unanticipated events, which are attributed to increased psychological pressure (Vicente, 1999b). In doing so, cognitive resources may be freed up to support efficient problem solving.

In addition to providing operators with the means to successfully manage unanticipated events, EID is also proposed for systems that require users to become experts (Burns & Hajdukiewicz, 2004). Through the use of the Abstraction Hierarchy (AH) and the Skills, Rules, Knowledge (SRK) framework, EID enables novice users to more easily acquire advanced mental models that generally take many years of experience and training to develop. Likewise, EID provides a basis for continuous learning and distributed, collaborative work (Vicente, 1999b). When faced with complex sociotechnical systems, it is not always possible for designers to ask operators what kinds of information they would like to see since each person understands the system at a different level (but rarely fully) and will provide very different answers. The EID framework allows designers to determine what kinds of information are required when it is not possible or feasible to ask users (Burns & Hajdukiewicz, 2004). It is not the intention of EID to replace existing design methodologies such as UCD and task analysis, but to complement them.

UCD and EID: Why use EID at all?


Ecological interface design

UCD and EID: Why use EID at all?

As we can see from today's windows based interfaces User-Centered Design (UCD) has done an excellent job of identifying user preferences and limitations and incorporating them into the interfaces. In the pre-UCD era, interface design was almost an afterthought to a program and was completely dependent on the programmers while totally neglecting the end user.

Benefits of UCD

UCD adds three key ideas:

1. That Interface Design is a field on its own because it bridges between humans and the program/environment.

2. That an understanding of human perception, cognition, and behavior is critical to designing interfaces.

3. That much can be learned by getting feedback from the actual users of the interface, at the early design stages, and then testing through various points in the design (Burns & Hajdukiewicz, 2004)

But there are some problems in this approach as well.

How is EID relevant?

The UCD approach commonly focuses on single user interactions between the user and the interface which is not enough to deal with today's increasingly complex systems where centralized control of information is needed and it is displayed on a variety of interfaces in varying detail. EID is a preferable addition to the complex systems' design process when even very experienced users do not have a complete understanding of how the entire complex system (power plant, nuclear plant, petrochemical refinery etc.) works. It is a known fact

Furthermore, the users are not always aware of the constraints that affect the system that they work with, and discovering these constraints can take some extra effort (Burns & Hajdukiewicz, 2004). EID incorporates this constraint based style in the design approach where it examines the constraints of the user domain before getting user input. EID focuses on understanding the complex system – its build, its architecture, and its original intent and then relaying this information to the end user thereby reducing their learning curve and helping them achieve higher level of expertise.

The constraint based style in interface design also facilitates the handling of unanticipated events because, regardless of the event, the constraint is broken and it can be seen by the user who in turn can proactively work with the interface to restore the constraint and fix the system.


Ecological interface design

This does not in any way take away the usefulness of UCD but stresses the fact that EID offers some unique insight into the design process and it could be used in conjunction with other cognitive engineering techniques to enhance the user interfaces and increase human reliability in human–machine interactions.

The abstraction hierarchy

The abstraction hierarchy (AH) is a five-level functional decomposition used for modelling the work environment, or more commonly referred to as the work domain, for complex sociotechnical systems (Rasmussen, 1985). In the EID framework, the AH is used to determine what kinds of information should be displayed on the system interface and how the information should be arranged. The AH describes a system at different levels of abstraction using how and why relationships. Moving down the model levels answers how certain elements in the system are achieved, whereas moving up reveals why certain elements exist. Elements at highest level of the model define the purposes and goals of the system. Elements at the lowest levels of the model indicate and describe the physical components (i.e. equipment) of the system. The how and why relationships are shown on the AH as means-ends links. An AH is typically developed following a systematic approach known as a Work Domain Analysis (Vicente, 1999a). It is not uncommon for a Work Domain Analysis to yield multiple AH models; each examining the system at a different level of physical detail defined using another model called the Part-Whole Hierarchy (Burns & Hajdukiewicz, 2004).

Each level in the AH is a complete but unique description of the work domain.

Functional purpose

The functional purpose (FP) level describes the goals and purposes of the system. An AH typically includes more than one system goal such that the goals conflict or complement each other (Burns & Hajdukiewicz, 2004). The relationships between the goals indicate potential trade-offs and constraints within the work domain of the system. For example, the goals of a refrigerator might be to cool food to a certain temperature while using a minimal amount of electricity.

Abstract function


Ecological interface design

Abstract function

The abstract function (AF) level describes the underlying laws and principles that govern the goals of the system. These may be empirical laws in a physical system, judicial laws in a social system, or even economic principles in a commercial system. In general, the laws and principles focus on things that need to be conserved or that flow through the system such as mass (Burns & Hajdukiewicz, 2004). The operation of the refrigerator (as a heat pump) is governed by the second law of thermodynamics.

Generalised function

The generalised function (GF) level explains the processes involved in the laws and principles found at the AF level, i.e. how each abstract function is achieved. Causal relationships exist between the elements found at the GF level. The refrigeration cycle in a refrigerator involves pumping heat from an area of low temperature (source) into an area of higher temperature (sink).

Physical function

The physical function (PFn) level reveals the physical components or equipment associated with the processes identified at the GF level. The capabilities and limitations of the components such as maximum capacity are also usually noted in the AH (Burns & Hajdukiewicz, 2004). A refrigerator may consist of heat exchange pipes and a gas compressor that can exert a certain maximum pressure on the cooling medium.

Physical form

The physical form (PFo) level describes the condition, location, and physical appearance of the components shown at the PFn level. In the refrigerator example, the heat exchange pipes and the gas compressor are arranged in a specific manner, basically illustrating the location of the components. Physical characteristics may include things as colour, dimensions, and shape.

Causal Abstraction Hierarchy

The hierarchy described before is a functional Abstraction Hierarchy representation. A functional Abstraction Hierarchy emphasizes the "means-ends" or "how/why" links of the hierarchy. These connections are direct and illustrated across the five levels of the Abstraction Hierarchy.

As the systems get more and more complex, we need to follow the flow structure as well as to understand how the system works. This is when a causal Abstraction Hierarchy representation becomes necessary. As the flow patterns become increasingly complex and it becomes increasingly difficult to derive the flows directly from the system diagram, we add causal models to the functional models.


Ecological interface design

The causal models help to detail the flow structure and understand more complex flow patterns within a specified Abstraction Hierarchy level. A causal Abstraction Hierarchy representation has the same structure as a functional Abstraction Hierarchy representation but with causal links drawn. Causal links are also known as "within the level" links. These links show how the processes and flows are connected within each level.

The two representations are closely related but are usually developed separately because doing so results in a clearer model which captures most of the system constraints.

In very elaborate flow systems causal models can be used to simplify or abstract the flows. In such a scenario we may find it easier to identify the main feed and product lines at first, then control lines, emergency supply lines, or emergency shunting lines (Burns & Hajdukiewicz, 2004). Causal links are most useful at the Generalized Function and the Abstract Function levels which show flows of materials, processes, mass, or energy.

The Skills, Rules, Knowledge (SRK) framework

The Skills, Rules, Knowledge (SRK) framework or SRK taxonomy defines three types of behaviour or psychological processes present in operator information processing (Vicente, 1999a). The SRK framework was developed by Rasmussen (1983) to help designers combine information requirements for a system and aspects of human cognition. In EID, the SRK framework is used to determine how information should be displayed to take advantage of human perception and psychomotor abilities (Vicente, 1999b). By supporting skill- and rule-based behaviours in familiar tasks, more cognitive resources may be devoted to knowledge-based behaviours, which are important for managing unanticipated events. The three categories essentially describe the possible ways in which information, for example, from a human–machine interface is extracted and understood:

Skill-based level


Ecological interface design

Skill-based level

A skill-based behaviour represents a type of behaviour that requires very little or no conscious control to perform or execute an action once an intention is formed; also known as a sensorimotor behaviour. Performance is smooth, automated, and consists of highly integrated patterns of behaviour in most skill-based control (Rasmussen, 1990). For example, bicycle riding is considered a skill-based behaviour in which very little attention is required for control once the skill is acquired. This automaticity allows operators to free up cognitive resources, which can then be used for higher cognitive functions like problem solving (Wickens & Hollands, 2000). Errors in skills-based behaviour are routine errors.

Rule-based level

A rule-based behaviour is characterised by the use of rules and procedures to select a course of action in a familiar work situation (Rasmussen, 1990). The rules can be a set of instructions acquired by the operator through experience or given by supervisors and former operators.

Operators are not required to know the underlying principles of a system, to perform a rule-based control. For example, hospitals have highly-proceduralised instructions for fire emergencies. Therefore, when one sees a fire, one can follow the necessary steps to ensure the safety of the patients without any knowledge of fire behaviour. Errors in rule-based behaviour are due to insufficient technical knowledge.

Knowledge-based level

A knowledge-based behaviour represents a more advanced level of reasoning (Wirstad, 1988). This type of control must be employed when the situation is novel and unexpected. Operators are required to know the fundamental principles and laws by which the system is governed. Since operators need to form explicit goals based on their current analysis of the system, cognitive workload is typically greater than when using skill- or rule-based behaviours.


Ecological interface design

* Cognition and applied psychology
  * Ecological psychology
  * Human factors and ergonomics
  * Human–machine interface
  * Usability
  * Bennett, K. B. & Flach, J. M. (2011). Display and Interface Design - Subtle Science, Exact Art. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-6439-1
  * Burns, C. M. & Hajdukiewicz, J. R. (2004). Ecological Interface Design. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 0-415-28374-4
  * Rasmussen, J. (1983). Skills, rules, knowledge; signals, signs, and symbols, and other distinctions in human performance models. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 13, 257-266.
  * Rasmussen, J. (1985). The role of hierarchical knowledge representation in decision making and system management. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 15, 234-243.
  * Rasmussen, J. (1990). Mental models and the control of action in complex environments. In D. Ackermann, D. & M.J. Tauber (Eds.). Mental Models and Human-Computer Interaction 1 (pp. 41–46). North-Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers. ISBN 0-444-88453-X
  * Rasmussen, J. & Vicente, K. J. (1989). Coping with human errors through system design: Implications for ecological interface design. International Journal of Man–Machine Studies, 31, 517-534.
  * Vicente, K. J. (1999a). Cognitive Work Analysis: Toward Safe, Productive, and Healthy Computer-Based Work. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum and Associates. ISBN 0-8058-2397-2
  * Vicente, K. J. (1999b). Ecological Interface Design: Supporting operator adaptation, continuous learning, distributed, collaborative work. Proceedings of the Human Centered Processes Conference, 93-97.


Ecological interface design

* Vicente, K. J. (2001). Cognitive engineering research at Risø from 1962-1979. In E. Salas (Ed.), Advances in Human Performance and Cognitive Engineering Research, Volume 1 (pp. 1–57), New York: Elsevier. ISBN 0-7623-0748-X
  * Vicente, K. J. (2002). Ecological Interface Design: Progress and challenges. Human Factors, 44, 62-78.
  * Vicente, K. J. & Rasmussen, J. (1990). The ecology of human–machine systems II: Mediating "direct perception" in complex work domains. Ecological Psychology, 2, 207-249.
  * Vicente, K. J. & Rasmussen, J. (1992). Ecological Interface Design: Theoretical foundations. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 22, 589-606.
  * Wickens, C. D. & Hollands, J. G. (2000). Engineering Psychology and Human Performance (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-321-04711-7
  * Wirstad, J. (1988). On knowledge structures for process operators. In L.P. Goodstein, H.B. Andersen, & S.E. Olsen (Eds.), Tasks, Errors, and Mental Models (pp. 50–69). London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 0-85066-401-2


Ecological interface design

Institutions and organisations

  * Advanced Interface Design Lab (AIDL), University of Waterloo
  * Cognitive Engineering Lab (CEL), University of Toronto
  * Cognitive Engineering Research Group (CERG), University of Queensland
  * Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
  * IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society


Adendorp

Adendorp is a village 8 km south of Graaff-Reinet, in the Sundays River Valley. Named after the former owner of the farm, N J Adendorff, who sub-divided it into smallholdings in about 1858.


William Evans (trade unionist)

William John Evans (4 October 1899 – 23 August 1983) was a British trade union leader.

Evans began working for the London North Western Railway in 1916, but almost immediately left to serve in the Royal Navy, as World War I was ongoing. Demobbed in 1921, he returned to the railways, and joined the Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen (ASLEF). He also became active in the Labour Party, and served on Eccles Town Council from 1932 to 1934.

In 1934, Evans was elected to the executive committee of ASLEF, and he served as the union's president from 1937 to 1939. He then became its full-time Organising Secretary, serving until 1956, when he was promoted to become Assistant General Secretary. He was elected as General Secretary of ASLEF in 1960, but retired three years later. From 1963 to 1969, he was the civil representative on the National Association for Employment of Regular Sailors, Soldiers and Airmen.

Evans also served on the General Council of the Trades Union Congress, and the executive of the International Transport Workers' Federation.