Armenia                 1     0         1      cross-country skiing
Austria*                230   90        320    alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, floorball, floor hockey, figure skating, snowboarding, speed skating, snowshoeing, stick shooting
Azerbaijan              10    0         10     floorball
Belarus                 9     0         9      cross-country skiing
Belgium                 15    11        26     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, snowboarding, snowshoeing
Bosnia and Herzegovina  8     8         16     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing
Bulgaria                4     4         8      alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, snowshoeing
Croatia                 19    10        29     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, floorball, figure skating, speed skating, snowshoeing
Cyprus                  16    6         22     floorball, floor hockey
Czech Republic          21    11        32     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, floorball, snowboarding
Denmark                 10    4         14     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, floorball, figure skating
Estonia                 12    4         16     cross-country skiing, floorball
Finland                 25    9         34     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, floorball, figure skating, snowboarding, snowshoeing
France                  16    13        29     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, snowshoeing
Macedonia               1     0         1      alpine skiing
Georgia                 2     5         7      alpine skiing, figure skating, snowshoeing
Germany                 48    27        75     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, floorball, figure skating, snowboarding, speed skating, snowshoeing, stick shooting
Gibraltar               14    1         15     alpine skiing, floorball, snowshoeing
Great Britain           9     12        21     alpine skiing, figure skating
Hellas                  12    2         14     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, snowshoeing
Hungary                 23    10        33     alpine skiing, floor hockey, figure skating, speed skating, snowshoeing
Iceland                 2     2         4      figure skating
Ireland                 24    2         26     alpine skiing, floorball
Isle of Man             9     3         12     floorball, snowshoeing
Israel                  12    2         14     floorball, snowshoeing
Italy                   21    13        34     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, snowboarding, snowshoeing


2017 Special Olympics World Winter Games

Kazakhstan              14    12        26     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, figure skating, snowboarding, snowshoeing
Kosovo                  1     1         2      alpine skiing
Kyrgyzstan              2     1         3      alpine skiing, speed skating
Latvia                  14    6         20     cross-country skiing, floorball, snowshoeing
Liechtenstein           4     4         8      alpine skiing, cross-country skiing
Lithuania               25    4         29     cross-country skiing, floor hockey, snowshoeing
Luxembourg              13    11        24     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, stick shooting
Moldova                 2     0         2      speed skating
Monaco                  17    6         23     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, snowshoeing
Montenegro              4     2         6      alpine skiing, snowshoeing
Netherlands             15    10        25     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, snowboarding, speed skating
Norway                  23    12        35     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, floorball, snowboarding, speed skating
Poland                  32    14        46     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, floor hockey, speed skating, snowshoeing
Romania                 9     6         15     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, figure skating, snowshoeing
Russia                  50    29        79     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, floorball, floor hockey, figure skating, snowboarding, speed skating, snowshoeing
San Marino              4     0         4      alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, snowshoeing
Serbia                  10    9         19     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing
Slovakia                10    6         16     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, figure skating
Slovenia                10    8         18     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, snowshoeing
Spain                   30    22        52     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, floor hockey, snowshoeing
Sweden                  30    11        41     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, floorball, floor hockey, figure skating, snowshoeing
Switzerland             38    12        50     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, floorball, snowboarding
Tajikistan              4     4         8      cross-country skiing, snowshoeing
Turkmenistan            2     1         3      figure skating, speed skating
Ukraine                 16    2         18     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, floor hockey


Ukraine                 16    2         18     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, floor hockey
Uzbekistan              9     10        19     alpine skiing, figure skating, speed skating, snowshoeing
Latin America
Argentina               11    5         16     alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, floorball, snowboarding, snowshoeing
Chile                   4     4         8      alpine skiing, snowboarding
Costa Rica              18    2         20     floor hockey, snowshoeing
Cuba                    12    0         12     floor hockey
Dominican Republic      2     2         4      snowshoeing
Mexico                  29    4         33     floorball, floor hockey, figure skating, speed skating
Uruguay                 0     9         0      floorball
Venezuela               16    6         22     floorball, floor hockey, speed skating, snowshoeing
MENA
Algeria                 16    0         16     floor hockey
Brunei                  2     2         4      snowshoeing
Egypt                   18    2         20     floor hockey, snowshoeing
Iran                    11    0         11     floor hockey
Iraq                    2     2         4      snowshoeing
Jordan                  4     4         8      speed skating, snowshoeing
Lebanon                 5     4         9      cross-country skiing, snowshoeing
Libya                   2     0         2      snowshoeing
Morocco                 16    2         18     floor hockey, snowshoeing
Oman                    2     2         4      snowshoeing
Palestine               2     0         2      snowshoeing
Qatar                   5     0         5      speed skating, snowshoeing
Saudi Arabia            6     0         6      speed skating, snowshoeing
Syria                   4     2         6      cross-country skiing, speed skating, snowshoeing
Tunisia                 16    2         18     floor hockey, snowshoeing
United Arab Emirates    20    3         23     floor hockey, speed skating, snowshoeing
North America
Canada                  68    40        108    alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, floor hockey, figure skating, speed skating, snowshoeing
Jamaica                 18    0         18     floor hockey, speed skating
Saint Lucia             12    4         16     floor hockey
Trinidad and Tobago     10    6         16     floor hockey
United States           82    57        139    alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, floor hockey, figure skating, snowboarding, speed skating, snowshoeing


1,555     722    2,277


Events

The following events took place at Austria 2017:

  * Alpine skiing (
  * Cross-country skiing (
  * Floorball (
  * Floor hockey (
  * Figure skating (
  * Snowboarding (
  * Speed skating (
  * Snowshoeing (
  * Stick shooting (

Calendar

OC  Opening ceremony  ●  Event competitions  1  Gold medals  EG  Exhibition gala  CC  Closing ceremony

March                      18   19   20   21   22   23   24   25   Gold medals
                           Sat  Sun  Mon  Tue  Wed  Thu  Fri  Sat
Ceremonies                 OC                                 CC
Alpine skiing                   ●    ●    ●    ●    ●    ●    ●
Cross-country skiing            ●    ●    ●    ●    ●    ●    ●
Figure skating                  ●    ●    ●    ●    ●
Floorball                       ●    ●
Floor hockey                         ●    ●    ●    ●    ●    ●
Short track speed skating       ●    ●    ●    ●    ●    ●
Snowboarding                    ●    ●    ●    ●    ●    ●
Snowshoeing                     ●    ●    ●    ●    ●    ●    ●
March                      18   19   20   21   22   23   24   25   Gold medals
                           Sat  Sun  Mon  Tue  Wed  Thu  Fr   Sat

Broadcasting

The 2017 World Games was broadcast on the following broadcasters in the following country:

  * Austria – ORF
  * Brazil – ESPN Brasil
  * Canada – TSN2, Sportsnet
  * New Zealand – Sky Television
  * United Kingdom – BBC
  * United States – ESPN, ESPN2, ABC
  * India – ESPN
  * Official Website
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2017 Special Olympics World Winter Games.
Wikinews has news related to:
2017 Special Olympics World Winter Games


1934 Torneio Rio-São Paulo

The 1934 Torneio Rio São Paulo was the 2nd edition of the Torneio Rio-São Paulo. It was disputed between 16 September to 23 December. The tournament was finalized during the first round due to problems between clubs and state federations.

Participants

Team             City                           Nº participations  Best result
America          Rio de Janeiro                         2          8th (1933)
Bangu            Rio de Janeiro                         2          4th (1933)
Bonsucesso       Rio de Janeiro                         2          10th (1933)
Corinthians      [São Paulo (state)] São Paulo          2          6th (1933)
Flamengo         Rio de Janeiro                         1          Debut
Fluminense       Rio de Janeiro                         2          7th (1933)
Palestra Itália  [São Paulo (state)] São Paulo          2          Champions: 1933
Portuguesa       [São Paulo (state)] São Paulo          2          3rd (1933)
Santos           [São Paulo (state)] Santos             2          9th (1933)
São Cristóvão    Rio de Janeiro                         1          Debut
São Paulo        [São Paulo (state)] São Paulo          2          Runners-up: 1933
Vasco da Gama    Rio de Janeiro                         2          5th (1933)

Format

The tournament were originally planned in a two groups: one from São Paulo and one from Rio de Janeiro. The two clubs with the best performance in this each group were originally planned to qualifying to the final round.

Tournament

São Paulo

Main article: Torneio dos Cinco Clubes
Pos  Team                                 Pld  W  D  L  GF  GA  GD  Pts
1    [São Paulo (state)] São Paulo (C)    6    5  0  1  12  7   +5  10
2    [São Paulo (state)] Corinthians      7    5  0  2  7   2   +5  10
3    [São Paulo (state)] Portuguesa       8    2  1  5  9   12  −3  5
4    [São Paulo (state)] Santos           8    2  1  5  10  16  −6  5
5    [São Paulo (state)] Palestra Itália  6    1  2  3  6   8   −2  4

Source: RSSSF
(C) Champion

Rio de Janeiro


1934 Torneio Rio-São Paulo

Rio de Janeiro

Main article: 1934 Torneio Extra
Pos  Team           Pld  W   D  L   GF  GA  GD   Pts
1    Flamengo (C)   16   11  2  3   45  24  +21  24
2    America        16   9   3  4   30  26  +4   21
3    Vasco da Gama  12   6   4  2   22  15  +7   16
4    Fluminense     16   6   4  6   31  27  +4   16
5    Bangu          15   5   5  5   39  38  +1   15
6    São Cristóvão  14   3   3  8   23  33  −10  9
7    Bonsucesso     15   1   1  13  19  47  −28  3

Source: RSSSF
(C) Champion

Interruption

Palestra Itália and Vasco, as the 1934 state champions, demanded to be automatically qualified to the final round. After many rounds had already been played from the Torneio Extra, the Rio de Janeiro league (LCF) accepted the request of Vasco and appointed the club to be one of their representatives in the final round, regardless of the final position of the club. São Paulo association (APEA) did not accepted the same criteria and forced Palestra Itália to play the first stage (later called Torneio dos Cinco Clubes).

Although CBD (Confederação Brasileira de Desportos, amateur) was the national league officially recognized by FIFA, the strongest clubs from both states were affiliated to leagues linked to FBF (Federação Brasileira de Futebol, professional). So, these clubs were not allowed to do trips or play international tours. During the tournament, Fluminense, Flamengo and Vasco, ended lefting LCF (Liga Carioca de Foot-Ball, affiliated to FBF) and joining à FMD (Federação Metropolitana de Desportos, affiliated to CBD), being followed by Palestra Itália and Corinthians, which left APEA (Associação Paulista de Esportes Athléticos, linked to FBF) and founded the LPF (Liga Paulista deFutebol, linked to CBD). Due to these forfeits, the qualifying tournaments were interrupted and the final round never was played.

On the other hand, São Paulo declared itself champion of the São Paulo tournament,


Chronology of the Paralympic Movement

This table indicates major milestones in the Paralympic Movement, including the development of the Summer Paralympics, the Winter Paralympics, and the International Paralympic Committee.


Chronology of the Paralympic Movement

Year  Event
1944  Ludwig Guttmann established the Spinal Injuries Centre at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital
1948  On 29 July, the day of the Opening Ceremony of the London 1948 Olympic Games, Ludwig Guttmann organised the first competition for wheelchair athletes which he named the Stoke Mandeville Games, a milestone in Paralympics history. They involved 16 injured servicemen and women who took part in archery
1952  Dutch ex-servicemen travelled to England to compete against British athletes and this led to the establishment of the International Stoke Mandeville Games.
1955  International Committee of Sports for the Deaf (CISS) officially recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
1960  18 – 25 September - Rome Summer Paralympics - 400 athletes from 23 countries ; 57 events in 8 sports.Rome Olympics and used same venues.
1960  International Stoke Mandeville Games Committee (ISMGC) established.
1962  International Sports Organisation for the Disabled (IOSD) was established to assist visually impaired, amputees, persons with cerebral palsy and paraplegics who were not eligible to compete at the International Stoke Mandeville Games.
1964  3 – 12 November - Tokyo Summer Paralympics - 375 athletes from 21 countries ; 144 events in 9 sports. Weightlifting added to the program.
1968  4–13 November - Tel Aviv Summer Paralympics - 750 athletes from 29 countries ; 181 events in 10 sports.
1972  2 – 11 August - Heidelberg Summer Paralympics - 984 athletes from 43 countries ; 1987 events in 10 sports.
1976  3–11 August - Toronto Summer Paralympics - 1657 athletes from 38 countries ; 447 events in 13 sports.goalball, shooting and standing volleyball added to program.
1976  21–28 February - Örnsköldsvik Winter Paralympics - 198 athletes from 16 countries ; 53 events in 2 sports. First Winter Paralympics. Games demonstrated innovations in ski equipment design with 'three-track skiing' using crutches. Demonstration event was sledge racing.
1976  UNESCO Conference established the right for people with a disability to participate in sport and physical education.
1980  21–30 June - Arnhem Summer Paralympics - 1973 athletes from 42 countries ; 489 events in 12 sports. Sitting volleyball added to the program.


Chronology of the Paralympic Movement

1980  1–7 February - Geilo Winter Paralympics - 350 athletes from 18 countries;
1982  International Co-ordination Committee of World Sports Organisations for the Disabled (ICC) was established by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) due to the need for a single governing body to look after disability sport
1984  17–30 June (US) / 22 July - 1 August (UK) - Stoke Mandeville/New York Summer Paralympics - 1100 athletes from 41 countries (UK) and 1,800 from 45 countries (USA) ; 903 events in 18 sports.Hofstra University and events were held for amputees, les austres, cerebral palsy and vision impaired athletes. Stoke Mandeville Games were for athletes with a spinal cord disability. It was decided that future Games should be held in one city. boccia, road cycling and football 7-a-side added to program.
1984  14–20 January - Innsbruck Winter Paralympics - 457 athletes from 21 countries;
1984  1984 Los Angeles Olympics included Men's 1500m and Women's 800m wheelchair races as demonstration events.
1984  The term Paralympic Games approved by the IOC.1988 Seoul Paralympics.
1988  15–24 October - Seoul Summer Paralympics - 3057 athletes from 61 countries ; 732 events in 16 sports. The Games utilized Olympic facilities.short stature athletes competed in the les autres category.Judo was added to the program Wheelchair tennis was a demonstration sport.
1988  17–24 January - Innsbruck Winter Paralympics - 397 athletes from 22 countries;Sit ski events introduced in the sports of alpine and Nordic skiing.
1989  On 22 September, International Paralympic Committee (IPC) replaced the ICC as the governing body of the Paralympic movement with Canadian Robert Steadward as its inaugural President.
1990  ISMFG changed its name to International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation (ISMWSF).
1990  IPC agreement with the ICC so that it remained responsible for the Paralympic Games until after the 1992 Barcelona Paralympic Games/
1992  3–14 September - Barcelona Summer Paralympics - 3001 athletes from 33 countries:Wheelchair tennis was a medal sport for the first time. IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch attended and endorsed the Games.Madrid, Spain immediately after the Games.


Chronology of the Paralympic Movement

1992  25 March - 1 April - Tignes/Albertville Winter Paralympics - 475 athletes from 24 countries;Biathlon added to the program.
1992  Logo Mind, Body and Spirit (3 tae-guks) adopted by IPC and used until 2003.
1993  IPC established a Sport Science Committee.
1994  10–19 March - Lillehammer Winter Paralympics - 492 athletes from 31 countries;Winter Olympic Games four year schedule. Ice sledge hockey added to the program.
1995  International Committee of Sports for the Deaf (CISS) withdraws from the IPC.
1996  16–25 August - Atlanta Summer Paralympics - 3259 athletes from 104 countries ; 508 events in 20 sports. Athletes with an intellectual disability included for the first time at a Summer Games. equestrian and track cycling discipline added to the program sailing was a demonstration sport. IPC officially hosted the Games for the first time and assumed responsibility for future Games.
1998  5–14 March - Nagano Winter Paralympics - 571 athletes from 32 countries;
1999  IPC moved into what remains its current Headquarters in Bonn, Germany.Juan Antonio Samaranch attended opening.
1999  INAS-FMH changed its name to International Sports Federation for Persons with Intellectual Disability(INAS-FID).
2000  18–29 October - Sydney Summer Paralympics - 3881 athletes from 122 countries;Southern Hemisphere. Women's events were included in the powerlifting program and wheelchair rugby and sailing were medal sports for the first time.
2001  Robert Steadward was succeeded by the former British Paralympian Philip Craven after serving three terms as President.
2001  On 19 June, IPC and IOC signed an agreement that ensured the practice of “one bid, one city,” meaning the same city will host both the Olympic and Paralympic Games.
2001  IPC General Assembly suspended athletes with an intellectual disability (ID) from the Paralympic Games due to 69% of athletes who won medals in intellectual disability events at the Sydney Games not have the correct ID verification.
2002  7–16 March - Salt Lake City Winter Paralympics - 416 athletes from 36 countries;
2003  Sir Philip Craven, IPC President elected as a new IOC member at the 115th IOC Session in Prague, Czechoslovakia.


Chronology of the Paralympic Movement

2003  IPC Governing Board approved the development of a Universal Classification Code.
2003  New logo Spirit in motion' (Agitos) adopted by IPC.
2003  IPC signs the World Anti-Doping Code and revised its Anti-Doping Code to comply with the World Anti-Doping Code.
2004  17–28 September - Athens Summer Paralympics - 3808 athletes from 135 countries;5-a-side football added to the program.
2004  International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (IWSF) established with the merger of ISMWSF and ISOD.
2005  Paralympic Awards are presented for the first time.
2006  10–19 March - Torino Winter Paralympics - 477 athletes from 39 countries;Wheelchair curling made its Games debut.
2006  IPC’s revenue exceeded EUR 5 million for the first time.
2007  IPC Classification Code and International Standards approved at IPC General Assembly meeting held in November.
2008  6–17 September - Beijing Summer Paralympics - 3,951 from 146 countries;Rowing was added to the program.
2009  IPC General Assembly reinstated athletes with an intellectual disability into the Paralympic Games.
2009  IPC Position Stand - Background and Scientific Principles of Classification In Paralympic Sport passed by IPC Sports Science Committee, Classification Committee and Governing Board in June.
2010  12–21 March - Vancouver Winter Paralympics - 502 athletes from 44 countries;
2012  29 August - 9 September - London Summer Paralympics - 4,237 athletes from 164 countries ; 503 events in 20 sports. Athletes with an intellectual disability return to the Games by competing in athletics, swimming and table tennis.
2012  IPC and IOC signed a new co-operation agreement which increased IOC financial support and guaranteed the Paralympics will be staged in the same city and venues as the Olympics through until Tokyo 2020.
2012  IPC’s revenue exceeded EUR 10 million for the first time.
2012  IPC launched the Agitos Foundation.
2014  7–16 March - Sochi Winter Paralympics - 541 athletes from 45 countries;Para-snowboard added to the program.
2016  7–18 September - Rio de Janeiro Summer Paralympics. Paracanoe and paratriathlon added to the program.


2007 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I – Pool C

Main article: 2007 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone

Group C of the 2007 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I was one of four pools in the Europe/Africa Zone Group I of the 2007 Fed Cup. Four teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team and the bottom team proceeding to their respective sections of the play-offs: the top team played for advancement to the World Group II Play-offs, while the bottom team faced potential relegation to Group II.

              [Serbia] SRB  [Slovenia] SLO  [Sweden] SWE  [Estonia] EST  RR   Set    Game     Standings
                                                                         W–L  W–L    W–L
24  Serbia                  2–1             1–2           3–0            2–1  15–8   118–85   1
28  Slovenia  1–2                           2–1           3–0            2–1  14–8   107–85   2
29  Sweden    2–1           1–2                           3–0            2–1  12–11  104–107  3
34  Estonia   0–3           0–3             0–3                          0–3  4–18   72–124   4

Serbia vs. Estonia

                                                          TC Lokomotiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Serbia                                                    18 April 2007                    Estonia
3                                                         Red clay (outdoors)              0
                                               1  2  3
1  [Serbia]   Vojislava Lukić                  6  6
   [Estonia]  Anett Schutting                  2  1
2  [Serbia]   Jelena Janković                  6  6
   [Estonia]  Margit Rüütel                    1  3
3  [Serbia]   Vojislava Lukić / Ana Timotić    6  5  6
   [Estonia]  Margit Rüütel / Anett Schutting  2  7  3

Slovenia vs. Sweden

                                                              TC Lokomotiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Slovenia                                                      18 April 2007                    Sweden
2                                                             Red clay (outdoors)              1
                                                   1  2  3
1  [Slovenia]  Maša Zec-Peškirič                   6  6
   [Sweden]    Johanna Larsson                     2  2
2  [Slovenia]  Andreja Klepač                      3  6  4
   [Sweden]    Sofia Arvidsson                     6  3  6
3  [Slovenia]  Andreja Klepač / Maša Zec-Peškirič  6  6
   [Sweden]    Sofia Arvidsson / Johanna Larsson   3  3

Serbia vs. Sweden


Serbia vs. Sweden

                                                           TC Lokomotiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Serbia                                                     19 April 2007                    Sweden
1                                                          Red clay (outdoors)              2
                                                1  2  3
1  [Serbia]  Vojislava Lukić                    6  4  5
   [Sweden]  Johanna Larsson                    2  6  7
2  [Serbia]  Jelena Janković                    6  6
   [Sweden]  Sofia Arvidsson                    2  0
3  [Serbia]  Jelena Janković / Ana Timotić      7  3  1
   [Sweden]  Sofia Arvidsson / Johanna Larsson  5  6  6

Slovenia vs. Estonia

                                                          TC Lokomotiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Slovenia                                                  19 April 2007                    Estonia
3                                                         Red clay (outdoors)              0
                                               1  2  3
1  [Slovenia]  Maša Zec-Peškirič               6  6
   [Estonia]   Anett Kaasik                    1  1
2  [Slovenia]  Andreja Klepač                  6  7
   [Estonia]   Margit Rüütel                   3  5
3  [Slovenia]  Polona Hercog / Tadeja Majerič  1  6  6
   [Estonia]   Anett Kaasik / Margit Rüütel    6  1  4

Serbia vs. Slovenia

                                                              TC Lokomotiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Serbia                                                        20 April 2007                    Slovenia
2                                                             Red clay (outdoors)              1
                                                   1  2  3
1  [Serbia]    Ana Timotić                         3  6  0
   [Slovenia]  Maša Zec-Peškirič                   6  4  6
2  [Serbia]    Jelena Janković                     6  6
   [Slovenia]  Andreja Klepač                      1  0
3  [Serbia]    Jelena Janković / Ana Timotić       3  6  9
   [Slovenia]  Andreja Klepač / Maša Zec-Peškirič  6  2  7

Sweden vs. Estonia

                                                           TC Lokomotiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Sweden                                                     20 April 2007                    Estonia
3                                                          Red clay (outdoors)              0
                                                1  2  3
1  [Sweden]   Mari Andersson                    1  6  6
   [Estonia]  Anett Schutting                   6  2  3
2  [Sweden]   Sofia Arvidsson                   5  6  8
   [Estonia]  Margit Rüütel                     7  1  6
3  [Sweden]   Mari Andersson / Johanna Larsson  7  6
   [Estonia]  Anett Kaasik / Anett Schutting    5  2

  * Fed Cup structure
  * Fed Cup website


Csaba Gyüre

Csaba Gyüre (born in Kisvárda, Hungary on May 19 , 1965) is a Hungarian lawyer and politician.National Assembly of Hungary (Országgyűlés) representing Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County.

Early life and career

He graduated from the György Bessenyei Grammar School in Kisvárda in 1983. Between 1984 and 1989 he was a full-time student at the Faculty of Law of Eötvös Loránd University. He graduated in law in February 1989. Already during his university years, he lived an active political life, participating in opposition events. In 1988, he participated in the founding of the Hungarian Democratic Forum organization.. After graduating, he worked in public administration in various positions. He served as a lawyer at a law firm between January 3, 1993 to 1995. In 1996, he graduated from the Faculty of Arts of the Lajos Kossuth University with a degree in history.

Career

He was a member of the Hungarian Justice and Life Party since 2001. In the parliamentary elections of 2002, he ran as a candidate Hungarian Justice and Life Party in Nyíregyháza. He was expelled from the party after the election. He joined the Jobbik in 2003, and has been a member of the party since 2004.National Assembly of Hungary from the party's national list, but did not win a seat in the 2018 election, after the resignation of Mrs. Lóránt Hegedűs, Gyüre was appointed into the National Assembly. He took his oath of office on April 1, 2019.


Yarda, Safad

Yarda was a Palestinian hamlet in the Safad Subdistrict. It was depopulated during the 1947–1949 Palestine war. It was located 10.5 km northeast of Safad. The area is now part of Israel.

History

Khirbat Waqqas was located west-northwest of Yarda, and is recognised as the place the Canaanites referred to as Hazor. Victor Guérin found at Kh. Waqqas in 1875: 'Near a small enclosure, in the centre of which is a broken column consecrated to a santon, are shown the remains of an edifice oriented east and west, once probably a church. It was ornamented with monolithic columns in ordinary limestone, some broken pieces of which are still lying about. Other similar fragments are found in the neighbouring houses. Here and there I remarked cut stones, which no doubt belonged to this monument. A little to the south, a hillock is also covered with ruins of houses.'PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) found at Kh. Wakkas only cattle-sheds.

Yarda itself was located at a place called Kh el Loziyeh in the late Ottoman era. In 1881, the SWP found here: "Caves and ruined cattle sheds".

British Mandate era

In the 1931 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Yarda had a population of 13 Muslims, in a total of 3 houses.

In the 1945 statistics, the population was 20 Muslims,dunams of land.

Post 1948

After Yarda became depopulated, Ayyelet ha-Shahar took over some of the village land, while in 1949 Mishmar ha-Yarden was also settled on village land.

In 1992 the village site was described: "The truncated walls of some houses still stand, as well as those of a khan, or caravansary. The site is strewn with stones from crumbled houses. A portion of the land is used as pasture."


Yarda, Safad

* Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  * Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
  * Grootkerk, Salomon E. (2000). Ancient sites in Galilee: a toponymic gazetteer (Illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-11535-4. (p. 122)
  * Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
  * Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
  * Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains:The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
  * Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
  * Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  * Welcome to Yarda
  * Yarda, Zochrot
  * Yarda, Villages of Palestine
  * Survey of Western Palestine, map 4: IAA, Wikimedia commons
  * Yarda, at Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center


Epol Falls

Epol Falls is a waterfall in Davao City, Philippines.

Description

Epol is an acronym which stands for Everlasting Power of Love Waterfalls.

The Epol falls have bamboo huts that provide shade and a place to prepare food.

Location

Epol Falls is located at the district of Marilog in the mountainous area of barangay Baganihan, the homeland of the Matigsalug tribe and is adjacent to Bukidnon and North Cotabato provinces. It is high altitude with some parts reaching 4,000 feet above sea level, cool and pleasant weather where many go for treks, vegetables and just to escape the humid and punishing heat in the lowlands.

Access to the falls

From Davao City, Marilog is approximately 100 kilometers, and almost three hours travel by bus.

Legend

According to the Matigsalug tribe ancestor, a long time ago the falls has been the witness of the forbidden relationship of a lover. It was a rendezvous for their secret affair. One day the father of the girl found out about their relationship and took her away to a faraway place. From then on, nobody knows what happened to the girl. Every day the man visited the falls, hopelessly hoping that the girl will come back.

One day when he was very old, he noticed an old woman sitting beside the falls. It was his long-lost girlfriend. They both cried and hug each other and hold on to the Everlasting power of love.

From ancestor to ancestor, this legend had been passed down. One day, a tourist visited the place which was formerly called “Green Valley” – a name after the green background of the falls. After he heard the love story from one of the native guides he exclaimed: "Oh! this place is not a green valley, it is a place of Everlasting power of love. From then on, they called the place Epol.

The trail

To reach the Epol waterfalls, there is a hike of 30 minutes on a forest trail. The trail going down to the falls is interesting due to the huge forest trees, rare plants, wildflowers, and colourful butterflies and insects. The trail is usually slippery due to the cold weather condition of the place and it is recommended to wear hiking shoes.


Epol Falls

Management

Epol waterfall is maintained and managed by Marilog locals who collect an entrance fee. Marilog locals belong to the Matigsalug tribe.


Conasauga, McMinn County, Tennessee

Conasauga is an unincorporated community in McMinn County, Tennessee, United States.


Ambassador Thomas R. Pickering

The Thomas R. Pickering Foreign Affairs Fellowship Program is a graduate school fellowship program that provides funding for graduate students as they prepare academically and professionally to enter the U.S. Foreign Service.

The fellowship seeks to recruit talented students in academic programs relevant to international affairs, political and economic analysis, administration, management, and science policy. The goal is to attract outstanding students from all ethnic, racial, and social backgrounds who have an interest in pursuing a Foreign Service career in the U.S. Department of State. The Program develops a source of trained men and women from academic disciplines representing the skill needs of the department, who are dedicated to representing America's interests abroad.

The fellowship is funded by the U.S. Department of State and administered by The Washington Center for Internships and Academic Seminars and the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation.Washington, D.C., for a program orientation.

History

The Pickering Fellowship was established in 1992 as the U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Fellowship Program.

The program was renamed the Thomas R. Pickering Foreign Affairs Fellowship Program, in honor of Thomas R. Pickering, a Career Ambassador in the Foreign Service who served as U.S. Ambassador to Nigeria, El Salvador, Israel, India, Russia, and the United Nations over the course of his career.

Program components

Financial award

The Department of State, through The Washington Center for Internships and Academic Seminars, provides financial support of up to $37,500 annually for actual expenses for the senior year of college and the first year of graduate study in the case of the undergraduate fellowship and for both years of graduate study in the case of the graduate fellowship. This funding will be applied towards costs such as: tuition, room, board, books, mandatory fees, and travel from the Fellow's residence to the academic institution.

Two paid summer internships

Fellows receive stipends during their participation in two paid summer internships: one in Washington, D.C. at the Department of State the summer immediately following their first funded year of study and one overseas at a U.S. embassy during the summer immediately following their second funded year of study.

Mentoring

Fellows will have access to Foreign Service Officers and mentors during the program.

Testing


Testing

Fellows must meet U.S. Department of State entry requirements for Foreign Service Officers.

Contractual Agreement

Each successful candidate is obligated to a minimum of five years of service in an appointment as a Foreign Service Officer. Candidates must be able to obtain medical, security and suitability clearances in order to remain in the program. Candidates who do not successfully complete the Program and meet Foreign Service entry requirements may be subject to a reimbursement obligation to the U.S. Department of State.

Statutory information

  * PUBLIC LAW 101–246, 101st Congress, 104 STAT.42 Section 47

"The Secretary of State may make grants to post-secondary educational institutions or students for the purpose of increasing the level of knowledge and awareness of and interest in employment with the Foreign Service, consistent with section 105 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. To the extent possible, the Secretary shall give special emphasis to promoting such knowledge and awareness of, and interest in employment with the Foreign Service among students. Any grants awarded shall be made pursuant to regulations to be established by the Secretary of State, which shall provide for a limit on the size of any specific grant and, regarding any grants to individuals, shall ensure that no grant recipient receives and amount of grants from one or more Federal programs which in the aggregate would exceed the cost of his or her education, and shall require satisfactory educational progress by grantees as a condition of eligibility for continued receipt of grant funds."

  * Charles B. Rangel International Affairs Fellowship
  * United States Foreign Service
  * Foreign Service Officer
  * The Washington Center for Internships and Academic Seminars
  * U.S. Department of State Foreign Service Officer


Three Turkeys

"Three Turkeys" is the eighth episode of the sixth season of the American sitcom Modern Family, and the series' 128th episode overall. It originally aired on November 19, 2014. The episode was written by Jeffrey Richman and directed by Beth McCarthy-Miller.

The Three Turkeys refer to Thanksgiving in the Dunphy household and the disasters that follow. This also includes Jay and Gloria's attempt to avoid Thanksgiving with their family and Lily, keeping Mitchell and Cameron occupied.

Plot

Claire (Julie Bowen) decides to allow Phil (Ty Burrell) to be in charge for the Thanksgiving dinner this year, so Phil tries to cook while Luke (Nolan Gould) helps him. Phil also downloaded an app of Nigella Lawson to his phone, who talks to him and guides him on how to cook a turkey. Claire, even though she expressly left Phil in charge, does not trust him and secretly cooks her own turkey, keeping it in the garage in case Phil's cooking ends up being a disaster. Alex (Ariel Winter) finds out about it but agrees to cover Claire and not say anything to Phil. While in the garage playing with Phil's inventions, they accidentally blow up the fuse box and cut power to the house, so they decide to move the dinner to Jay (Ed O'Neill) and Gloria's (Sofía Vergara) house, since they are supposed to be abroad in Mexico.

In the meantime, Gloria and Jay are hiding in their house, letting everyone believe that they are in Mexico. Their trip was canceled at the last minute, but they did not say anything about it because they wanted to spend some time alone, away from the whole family. When the Dunphys get to the house, they try to stay hidden in the bedroom so the rest of the family will not find out about their lie.


Three Turkeys

Cameron (Eric Stonestreet) and Mitch (Jesse Tyler Ferguson) have some trouble making Lily (Aubrey Anderson-Emmons) understand that she cannot always do or have what she wants. Since Mitch is usually the one not allowing her to do things she likes, Lily sees him as the mean one. Mitch demands that Cameron do it for a change. When Lily gets ready for the dinner but does not wear the dress they picked for her, Cameron tries to explain her that she has to put it on. Lily agrees, but she puts it on top of the clothes she is already wearing. When they get to Jay and Gloria's, to show her that this is not right, they decide to wear some of Gloria's dresses over their own clothes. As they enter the bedroom, they force Jay and Gloria to hide once again. After Mitch and Cameron leave, Jay and Gloria decide that they cannot keep hiding and plan to tell everyone that they just came back early to surprise them.

Jay gets their suitcases and they get out of the house when they realize they left Joe in their bedroom and Jay forgot the turkey he had in the oven. He tells Gloria to retrieve it, but she unknowingly takes Phil's turkey instead of theirs, and places it in one of their suitcases. When Phil comes back to check on his turkey, he finds Jay's, which is poorly cooked. Believing it to be his, Phil begins panicking on how his turkey got so small. Jay and Gloria enter the house, pretending they had just arrived; Jay rushes upstairs with a pumpkin swaddled in a blanket, pretending it is a sleeping Joe. Phil worriedly begins offering the poorly cooked turkey, but Claire interferes by presenting her turkey, making Phil feel betrayed for not trusting him. When Luke opens the suitcase to find his birthday present from Mexico, he finds Phil's turkey instead. Phil recognizes the turkey and things get messed up since no one knows how they ended up having three turkeys. The mess-up makes Gloria and Jay admit that they were never in Mexico and they explain that the third turkey was theirs. When they decide to skip Thanksgiving due to everything that happened, Haley (Sarah Hyland) convinces them to not do that because they are family and if they have to skip a holiday, then they should skip Christmas. Haley later privately reveals that she already has plans to spend Christmas in Cabo.

Reception

Ratings


Three Turkeys

Reception

Ratings

In its original American broadcast, "Three Turkeys" was watched by 10.88; up by 1.05 from the previous episode.

Reviews

"Three Turkeys" received positive reviews.

Leigh Raines from TV Fanatic rated the episode with 4.5/5. "Phil and Luke took actually did pretty well in the kitchen. Phil might've even liked the experience a little too much, getting turned on by the Nigella Lawson cooking instructional."

Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B− rating stating that the clockwork on the plots of the episode created a frantic farcical energy reminded of the Las Vegas episode but "[Three Turkeys] wasn’t nearly as successful as [Las Vegas] [...] "Turkeys” aims for the same vibe, and nearly achieves it, but is done in by the familiarity of the characters, which allows for far less options by which to assemble the comedy of errors effect. It certainly could have worked better, but it wasn’t a complete turkey."

Fourthmic gave a good review to the episode saying that it was another strong one of the season and that "[the episode] has seen the series return to the quality that we came to appreciate in the first couple of seasons."

  * Afterbuzz's discussion about "Three Turkeys" on YouTube
  * "Three Turkeys" at IMDb
  * "Three Turkeys" at ABC.com


Akassa tribe

The Akassa tribe (Akasa, Akaha) of the Ijaw people lives along the Nun River estuary and the Atlantic Coast of southern Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Akassa settlements include: Opu-Akassa, Sangana, and Kamatoru.

  * Akassa
  * The Akassa Development Foundation


Tonka Obretenova

Tonka Obretenova (Bulgarian: Тонка Обретенова), known as Baba Tonka (Баба Тонка), was a female Bulgarian revolutionary, born in 1812 in Rousse.

Her parents, Toncho Postavchiyata (Тончо Поставчията) and Minka Toncheva (Минка Тончева), were from the village of Cherven. She married Tiho Obretenov — a famous tailor and tradesman in Rousse. They had seven children (five sons and two daughters) all of whom participated in the Bulgarian revolutionary movement.Rousse Revolutionary Committee, the most important one in the interior of Bulgaria, was established by her son Nikola Obretenov, in her house. Baba Tonka buried Stefan Karadzha, and managed to preserve his skull.

Her sons Angel, Petar, Nikola, and Georgi (Ангел, Петър, Никола и Георги) took part in different detachments and were killed, or sent into long exile. Her younger daughter, Anastasiya (Анастасия; also called: Siya, Сия) married Zahari Stoyanov — a revolutionary, writer and publicist.

Baba Tonka Cove in Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Tonka Obretenova.


Chronology of world oil market events

Basic overview

The 1970s

See: 1970–79 world oil market chronology

1970

  * January 1: US Federal oil depletion allowance reduced from 27.5 to 22.0 percent.
  * May 3: Trans-Arabian Pipeline delivery from Saudi Arabia to the Mediterranean interrupted in Syria, driving oil tanker rates to all time highs from June to December.
  * September 4 – October 9 Libya raises posted prices and increases tax rate from 50 percent to 55 percent. Iran and Kuwait follow in November.
  * December 9: OPEC meeting in Caracas establishes 55 percent as minimum tax rate and demands that posted prices be changed to reflect changes in foreign exchange rates.

1971

  * January 12: Negotiations over posted prices begin in Tehran between 6 OPEC Persian Gulf states and 22 oil companies.
  * February 3: OPEC mandates "total embargo" against any company that rejects 55 percent tax rate.
  * February 14: Tehran agreement signed. Companies accept 55 percent tax rate, immediate increase in posted prices, and further successive increases.
  * February 24: Algeria nationalizes 51 percent of French oil concessions.
  * April 2: Libya concludes five weeks of negotiations with Western oil companies in Tripoli on behalf of itself, Saudi Arabia, Algeria and Iraq. Agreement raises posted prices of oil delivered to Mediterranean from $2.55 to $3.45 per barrel; provides for a 2.5 percent annual price increase plus inflation allowance; raises tax rate from a range of 50–58 percent to 60 percent of posted price.
  * July 31: Venezuela's Hydrocarbons Reversion Law mandates gradual transfer to government ownership of all "unexploited concession areas" by 1974 and "all their residual assets" by 1983.
  * August 15: U.S. Government institutes Phase I price controls. Invoking the powers granted to the president by the Economic Stabilization Act of 1970, President Richard Nixon signs Executive Order 11615 which orders 90-day nationwide freeze on all wages, prices, salaries and rents.
  * September 22: OPEC directs members to negotiate price increases to offset the devaluation of the U.S. dollar.
  * November:U.S. Phase II price controls begin. Plan is to allow for gradual 2–3 percent annual price increases, however, domestic petroleum prices remain at Phase I levels.
  * December 5: Libya nationalizes British Petroleum concession.

1972


Chronology of world oil market events

1972

  * January 20: Six exporting countries – Abu Dhabi, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar and Saudi Arabia – conclude ten days of meetings with Western oil companies. An agreement is reached to raise the posted price of crude by 8.49 percent to offset the loss in value of oil concessions attributable to the decline in value of the U.S. dollar.
  * March 11: OPEC threatens "appropriate sanctions" against companies that "fail to comply with ... any action taken by a Member Country in accordance with [OPEC] decisions."
  * June 1: Iraq nationalizes Iraq Petroleum Company's (IPC) concession owned by British Petroleum, Royal Dutch Shell, Compagnie Francaise des Petroles, Mobil and Standard Oil of New Jersey (now Exxon). The concessions were valued at over one billion dollars.
  * June 9: In a show of support for Iraq, OPEC moves to prevent companies whose interests were nationalized in Iraq from increasing production elsewhere; appoints mediators between Iraq and IPC.
  * September 30: Libya acquires a 50 percent interest in two ENI concessions.
  * October 27: OPEC approves plan providing for 25 percent government ownership of all Western oil interests operating within Kuwait, Qatar, Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia beginning on January 1, 1973, and rising to 51 percent by January 1, 1983. (Iraq declines to agree.) Agreements signed on December 21.

1973


Chronology of world oil market events

* January 11: U.S. Phase III price controls begin. Allows for voluntary instead of mandatory price control on all U.S. prices. This does not prevent a sharp rise in heating oil prices caused by a severe winter and shortage of product.
  * January 17: U.S. President Richard Nixon suspends mandatory oil import quota on No. 2 heating oil through April 30.
  * January 23: Shah of Iran announces that the 1954 operating agreement between a consortium of oil companies and Iran will not be renewed when it expires in 1979. The consortium was formed in 1954 as a means to settle a dispute between a new ministry in Iran and the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC). The consortium included Standard Oil of New Jersey, Standard Oil of California, SOCONY-Vacuum, the Texas Company, Gulf, Royal Dutch-Shell, the Compagnie Francaise de Petroles, and the AIOC.
  * February 28: Iraq and IPC reach an agreement on compensation for nationalization.
  * March :Special Rule No. 1 reimposes mandatory (Phase II) price controls on the 23 largest oil companies. Smaller companies, representing 5 percent of the market, enjoy uncontrolled prices.
  * March 16: Shah of Iran and Consortium members agree to nationalize all assets immediately in return for an assured 20-year supply of Iranian oil.
  * March 16: OPEC discusses raising prices to offset decline of U.S. dollar value.
  * April 1: OPEC increases posted prices by 5.7 percent.
  * April 18: U.S. Government ends Mandatory Oil Import Program. Program, established in 1959 by President Eisenhower, had limited imports of crude and product east of the Rocky Mountains to a percentage of domestic crude production.
  * June 1: Eight OPEC countries raise posted prices by 11.9 percent.
  * June 11: Libya nationalizes Bunker Hunt concession; Nigeria acquires 35 percent participation in Shell-BP concession.
  * June 14: Nixon administration imposes 60-day economy-wide price freeze, superseding Special Rule No. 1 for oil companies.
  * August :Libya nationalizes 51 percent of Occidental Petroleum concession and of the Oasis consortium.


Chronology of world oil market events

* August 17: U.S. President Richard Nixon's Cost of Living Council imposes two-tier price ceiling on crude petroleum sales: production of "old" oil (that produced at or below 1972 levels from existing wells) to be sold at March 1973 prices plus 35 cents; production of "new" oil (that produced above 1972 levels from existing wells and oil produced from new wells) to be sold at uncontrolled prices.
  * September 1: Libya nationalizes 51 percent of nine other companies' concessions: Esso, Libya/Sirte, Mobil, Royal Dutch Shell, Gelensberg, Texaco, SoCal, Libyan-American (ARCO), and Grace.
  * September 5: Conference of less developed countries approves forming "producers' associations", calls for withdrawal of Israeli forces from occupied Arab lands.
  * September 15: OPEC supports price hikes and designates six Gulf countries to negotiate collectively with companies over prices. Other members to negotiate individually.
  * September :Kuwait rejects gradual participation increase plan, insists on immediate 60 percent participation.
  * October 6: Beginning of fourth Arab-Israeli War.
  * October 7: Iraq nationalizes Exxon and Mobil shares in Basrah Petroleum Company representing 23.75 percent equity in the company.
  * October 8: OPEC meets with oil companies to discuss revision of 1971 Tehran agreement and oil prices. Negotiations fail.
  * October 16: The Gulf Six (Iran, Iraq, Abu Dhabi, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Qatar) unilaterally raise the posted price of Saudi Light marker crude 17 percent from $3.12 to $3.65 per barrel and announce production cuts.
  * October 17: OPEC oil ministers agree to use oil weapon in Arab–Israeli War, mandate cut in exports, and recommend embargo against unfriendly states.
  * October 19: Saudi Arabia, Libya, and other Arab states proclaim an embargo on oil exports to the United States.
  * October 23: Arab oil embargo extended to the Netherlands.
  * November 5: Arab producers announce 25 percent cut in production below September levels. Further cuts of five percent are threatened.
  * November 18: Arab oil ministers cancel the scheduled 5 percent cut in production for EEC.


Chronology of world oil market events

* November 23: Arab summit conference adopts open and secret resolutions on the use of the oil weapon. Embargo extended to Portugal, Rhodesia, and South Africa.
  * November 27: U.S. President Richard Nixon signs the Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act (EPAA). Authorizes petroleum price, production, allocation and marketing controls.
  * December 9: Arab oil ministers announce a further production cut of 5 percent for January for non-friendly countries.
  * December 22: OPEC Gulf Six decides to raise the posted price of marker crude from $5.12 to $11.65 per barrel effective January 1, 1974.
  * December 25: Arab oil ministers cancel January 5 percent production cut. Saudi Arabian oil minister promises 10 percent OPEC production rise.


Chronology of world oil market events

1974

  * January 7–9: OPEC decides to freeze posted prices until April 1.
  * January 29: Kuwait announces 60 percent government participation in BP-Gulf concession; Qatar follows on February 20.
  * February 11: Washington Energy Conference opens. Attended by 13 industrial and oil producing nations. Called by U.S. to resolve the international energy problems through economic cooperation among nations. Henry Kissinger unveils Nixon Administration's seven-point "Project Independence" plan to make the U.S. energy independent. Libya nationalizes three U.S. oil companies that had not agreed to 51 percent nationalization in September.
  * February 12–14: Heads of state of Algeria, Egypt, Syria, and Saudi Arabia discuss oil strategy in view of the progress in Arab–Israeli disengagement.
  * March 18: Arab oil ministers announce the end of the embargo against the United States, all except Libya.
  * May 18: Nigeria announces 55 percent government participation in all concessions.
  * June 1–3: Arab oil ministers decide to end most restrictions on exports of oil to the United States but continue embargo against the Netherlands, Portugal, South Africa, and Rhodesia.
  * June 4: Saudi Arabia announces that it will increase its participation in Aramco to 60 percent. Abu Dhabi and Kuwait follow in September. Increases are retroactive to January 1.
  * June 13: IMF establishes its "oil facility", a special fund for loans to nations whose balance of payments have been severely affected by high oil prices.
  * July 10–11: OPEC lifts the embargo against the Netherlands.
  * September 6: Saudi Arabia increases its buy-back price from 93 percent to 94.9 percent of posted price.
  * September 13: OPEC instructs its Secretary General to "carry out a study of supply and demand in relation to possible production controls."
  * Oct-November: Saudi Arabians raise tax rate to 85 percent and royalty rate to 20 percent.
  * November 15: International Energy Agency formed in Paris within OECD framework. Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and United Arab Emirates announce a slight reduction in posted prices and tax rates.
  * December U.S. Crude Oil Entitlements Program enacted, retroactive to November 1974.
  * December 22: Iraq announces plans to increase its production capacity to 3.5 Mbbl/d (560,000 m3/d) by 1975 and to 6 Mbbl/d (950,000 m3/d) by 1981.


Chronology of world oil market events

1975

  * January 1: U.S. Federal oil depletion allowance eliminated for large producers.
  * January 13: Business Week publishes Kissinger interview hinting at military action against oil countries in case of "actual strangulation."
  * April 7–15: Preliminary meeting in Paris on world economic crisis between oil-exporting (Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Venezuela), oil-importing (European countries, U.S., Japan), and non-oil Third World countries (India, Brazil, Zaire). Talks collapse after nations fail to decide whether agenda should focus on oil/energy issues or have a broader economic scope.
  * April 9: Twenty-four OECD members sign an agreement to establish a $25 billion lending facility to provide assistance to industrial nations hurt by high oil prices.
  * June 13: World Bank establishes its "Third Window", a fund to make loans to countries too rich to qualify for "soft" no-interest loans, but too distressed to afford loans at the prevailing normal lending rates. Action represents significant cooperation between oil-exporting and industrial nations.
  * September 24: OPEC announces a 15 percent increase in government per barrel revenues as of October 1.
  * October 28: Venezuela and foreign oil companies agree on nationalization as of January 1, 1976.
  * December 1: Kuwait and Gulf and BP agree on terms of nationalization.
  * December 9: Iraq completes nationalization by taking over the BP, CFP, and Shell shares of the Basrah Petroleum Company.
  * December 22: U.S. President Gerald Ford signs the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) effective February 1976. Authorizes the establishment of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR), participation in International Energy Program, and oil price regulation.

1976


Chronology of world oil market events

1976

  * February: EPCA 3-tier price regulation begins. Small changes in Entitlements Program.
  * April - May: Lebanese civil war causes a drop in Iraq exports through trans-Lebanon pipelines to the Mediterranean.
  * May: OPEC issues press release vowing to "take appropriate measures" to protect OPEC interests in light of protectionist actions by certain countries.
  * September 1: U.S. stripper well oil prices decontrolled.
  * December 14: 640 $3 oil tanker Argo Merchant runs aground on the Nantucket Shoals, spilling 7.6 million US gallons (29,000 m3) of No. 6 fuel oil.
  * December: Moderates and OPEC "hawks" disagree on how fast oil prices should rise. Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates increase prices by 5 percent, others by 10 percent.

1977

  * January: OPEC goes to two-tier pricing (Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates use $12.09 per barrel and other OPEC countries use $12.70per barrel).
  * May: Fifty percent of Saudi Arabia's 10 Mbbl/d (1,600,000 m3/d) production is halted briefly due to fire damage to separation facility in Abqaiq field. Prices increase slightly.
  * July: OPEC prices reunified at $12.70 per barrel as Saudi Arabia and UAE fall into line, then official price rises to $13.66 per barrel.
  * October 23: Dry dock complex opens at Bahrain; only facility between Portugal and Singapore capable of servicing VLCCs.

1978


Chronology of world oil market events

1978

  * January: Student protests against government of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, begin, touching off a wave of political unrest and violent clashes between police and demonstrators. Throughout the year increasing anti-Shah activities are led by Muslim fundamentalists seeking to establish a Muslim state.
  * March: Amoco Cadiz tanker runs aground off the coast of France, spilling 1.6 million barrels (250,000 m3) of crude oil. (Largest crude spill to date.)
  * June Iran and Saudi Arabia block efforts of OPEC price hawks to fix the price of OPEC oil in a currency more stable than the U.S. dollar. Say world economy cannot support associated price increases. Are accused by hawks of being U.S. agents.
  * September: Shah puts Iran under military rule. Muslim leader Noori arrested in crackdown of opposition groups.
  * October: Iranian strikes; departure of foreign technicians. Pipeline fire drops Iraqi production from 600,000 to 300 million barrels per day (48,000,000 m3/d).
  * November: Iranian oil production starts dropping.
  * December: Iranian production hits 1.5 Mbbl/d (240,000 m3/d) in mid-December; 500,000 on December 27, a 27-year low. OPEC production rises 1.6 MMBD over two months due to increased Saudi production.
  * December 17: OPEC decides on a 14.5 percent price increase for 1979, to be implemented quarterly.

1979


Chronology of world oil market events

1979

  * January: First emergency crude oil Buy-Sell Program allocations.
  * January 16: Shah leaves Iran on vacation, never to return. Bakhtiar government established by the Shah to preside until unrest subsides.
  * January 20: Saudi Arabia announces drastic cut in first-quarter production. 9.5 MMBD ceiling imposed. Although actual cuts never reach announced levels, spot prices of Middle East light crudes rise 36 percent.
  * January 20: One million Iranians march in Tehran in a show of support for the exiled Ayatollah Khomeini, fundamentalist Muslim leader.
  * February 12: Bakhtiar resigns as prime minister of Iran after losing support of the military.
  * March 5: Iran resumes petroleum exports.
  * Spring: Gasoline shortage/world oil glut.
  * March 26: OPEC makes full 14.5 percent price increase for 1979 effective on April 1. Marker crude raised to $14.56 per barrel.
  * May: DOE announces $5 per barrel entitlement to importers of heating oil. Saudi Arabia announces intention to increase direct sales and to sell less through Aramco. Both announcements send prices higher.
  * June 1: Phased oil price decontrol begins. Involves gradual 28 month increase of "old" oil price ceilings, and slower rate of increase of "new" oil price ceilings.
  * June 26–28: OPEC raises prices average of 15 percent, effective July 1.
  * October: Buy-Sell Program sales average more than 400,000 bbl/d (64,000 m3/d) from October 1979 through March 1980 - highest level since February 1976, due to emergency allocations.
  * October: Canada eliminates light crude oil exports to U.S. refiners, except for those exports required by operational constraints of pipelines.
  * November 4: Iran takes western hostages.
  * November 12: U.S. President Jimmy Carter orders cessation of Iranian imports to U.S.
  * November 15: Iran cancels all contracts with U.S. oil companies.
  * December 13: Saudi Arabia raises marker crude price to $24 per barrel.

The 1980s

See: 1980-1989 world oil market chronology

1980


Chronology of world oil market events

See: 1980-1989 world oil market chronology

1980

  * March 1: Windfall Profits Tax enacted.
  * May: Saudi Light raised to $28.00 per barrel, retroactive to April 1.
  * April–September: Buy-Sell Program allocations drop to average of 120,000 bbl/d (19,000 m3/d) for period April to September 1980.:
  * September 17: Iraq breaks 1975 treaty with Iran and proclaims sovereignty over Shatt al-Arab waterway.
  * September 23: Iraq invades Iran. Mutual bombing of installations.
  * November 10: Iraq captures southern port of Khorramshahr.
  * November 20–24: U.N. Gulf War mediator Olof Palme makes first unsuccessful peace shuttle between Tehran and Baghdad.
  * December: Collapse of OPEC's pricing structure. Saudis use $32 per barrel marker, others use $36 per barrel benchmark.

1981

Saudis flood market with inexpensive oil in 1981, forcing unprecedented price cuts by OPEC members. In October, all 13 OPEC members align on a compromise $32 per barrel benchmark. Later, benchmark price is maintained, but differentials are adjusted.

  * January: Iraq repels first major Iranian offensive.
  * January 28: U.S. President Ronald Reagan lifts remaining domestic petroleum price and allocation controls originally scheduled to expire in September 1981.
  * April: After meetings in Baghdad and Teheran, attempts by nine Islamic Conference leaders to mediate peace between Iraq and Iran fail.
  * August: Windfall profits tax reduced.
  * September 27–28: Iran defends its besieged port of Abadan, driving back Iraqi forces.
  * October: OPEC reaches an agreement to unify crude price at $32 per barrel through 1982 and sets an ultimate price ceiling of $38 per barrel.
  * November 29: Major Iranian offensive mounted on central front.

1982

Indications of a world oil glut lead to a rapid decline in world oil prices early in 1982. OPEC appears to lose control over world oil prices.


Chronology of world oil market events

* March: Damascus closes Iraq's 400,000 bbl/d (64,000 m3/d) trans-Syrian oil export pipeline to show support for Iran.
  * March 11: U.S. boycotts Libyan crude.
  * May 24:Iran recaptures Khorramshahr.
  * June: Iran demands $150 billion in war reparations; pledges war until Iraq's Hussein stands trial.
  * June 10: Iraq declares unilateral cease-fire.
  * Jul 13: Iran launches first attack into Iraq.

1983

Oil glut takes hold. Demand falls as a result of conservation, use of other fuels and recession. OPEC agrees to limit overall output to 17.5 Mbbl/d (2,780,000 m3/d). OPEC agrees to individual output quotas and cuts prices by $5 to $29 per barrel.

  * March 30, 1983 New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) begins trading in crude oil futures
  * April: Iraq increases missile attacks on Iran.
  * July 20–30: Iran moves into northern Iraq. Casualties top 13,800 in ten days.
  * July 26: U.S. threatens action to preserve navigation in Persian Gulf.
  * July–August : Heavy fighting and casualties in Iran–Iraq War.
  * October: Iran attacks northern Iraq, threatening Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline.

1984

  * February - March: Iran captures Najnoon Islands.
  * March 27: Beginning of "tanker war." Over the next nine months, 44 ships, including Iranian, Iraqi, Saudi Arabian and Kuwaiti tankers, are attacked by Iraqi or Iranian warplanes or damaged by mines.
  * March–June: Iran mobilizes 500,000 troops to southern front. No offensive materializes.
  * May 26: U.S. President President Ronald Reagan rules out U.S. military intervention.
  * June: Civilian target truce in Iran–Iraq War.
  * October: Norway and Britain cut prices in response to falling spot market. Nigeria follows, renewing pressure on OPEC price cuts.
  * October 17: OPEC cuts production to 16 Mbbl/d (2,500,000 m3/d), but agreement is negated by cheating and price-discounting.

1985


Chronology of world oil market events

1985

  * January: Nine OPEC members adjust prices to cut gap between light and heavy crudes from $4 to $2.40 per barrel. Saudi light price cut one dollar to $28 per barrel.
  * March 11–19: Iranian offensive; heavy casualties.
  * May–June: "Battle of the cities" - heavy bombing from both Iran and Iraq.
  * June: OPEC output falls to 20-year low of 13.7 Mbbl/d (2,180,000 m3/d).
  * June: Iran begins hit-and-run raids on Iraq.
  * July: OPEC loses customers to cheaper North Sea oil. More OPEC price cuts.
  * Aug: Saudi Arabia links prices to spot market. Output rises from 2 Mbbl/d (320,000 m3/d) in August to 5 Mbbl/d (790,000 m3/d) in early 1986.
  * Aug 15: First Iraqi air raid on Iran's main oil export terminal, Kharg Island.
  * November 6: Exploratory well in Ranger, Texas, blows out, spilling 150,000 bbl (24,000 m3) of crude oil.
  * December: OPEC output hits 18 Mbbl/d (2,900,000 m3/d) boosting a glut and triggering a price war.

1986

Average world oil prices fall by over 50 percent in 1986. There is wide use of netback pricing in 1986.


Chronology of world oil market events

* February 3–4: OPEC fails to agree upon a production accord after a two-day meeting in Vienna.
  * February: Iran captures southern Faw peninsula, starts northern offensive.
  * May 7: Iraq bombs Tehran refinery.
  * June: OPEC production-cut talks fail, ending in a tentative majority pact on an average 1986 ceiling of 17.6 Mbbl/d (2,800,000 m3/d).
  * June 8: Iraqi jets attack Assadabad satellite station.
  * July: Brent price dips under $9 per barrel. OPEC production rises to 20 Mbbl/d (3,200,000 m3/d).
  * Jul 27: Iraqi jets attack central Iranian city of Arak. Iran threatens missile attack of gulf states supporting Iraq.
  * Aug 2: Hussein offers peace in open letter to Iran.
  * Aug 4: Reports of probable OPEC agreement on output quotas sends oil prices higher.
  * Aug 12: Iran fires missile at refinery near Baghdad. Iraq raids Iranian terminal at Sirri Island severely disrupting Iranian exports.
  * December 19: OPEC reaches an accord that would cut production by seven percent for the first six months of 1987 (from 17 Mbbl/d (2,700,000 m3/d) to 16 Mbbl/d (2,500,000 m3/d)) and would raise prices immediately toward a target world oil price of $18 per barrel.

1987

  * January: OPEC price accord begins to deteriorate.
  * February: OPEC majors stick to fixed prices.
  * Jun-Aug: Gulf war escalates.
  * December: OPEC meeting failure.

1988

  * February: OPEC price meeting set.
  * March: OPEC/Non-OPEC meeting failure.
  * July: Iran accepts cease fire.
  * October 14: Crude oil prices jump in anticipation of possible production accord at Gulf Cooperation Council meeting set for October 16.
  * November 28: OPEC reaches production accord. Six-month agreement to set production at 18.5 Mbbl/d (2,940,000 m3/d). Although the recent OPEC quota had been 19.0 Mbbl/d (3,020,000 m3/d), actual OPEC production had been closer to 21.0 Mbbl/d (3,340,000 m3/d).
  * December: Fulmar/Brent outages.


Chronology of world oil market events

1989

  * March: Exxon tanker Valdez runs aground, spilling 11 million US gallons (42,000 m3) of crude oil in the waters of Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef. Oil prices react upward to news of the spill and to potential shortages on the west coast caused by refinery fires there.
  * June: OPEC raises their production ceiling to 19.5 Mbbl/d (3,100,000 m3/d).

The 1990s

See: 1990-1999 world oil market chronology

1990


Chronology of world oil market events

* Aug: Iraq invades Kuwait. Crude and product prices soar upward; exchange markets react wildly to any middle east news events; cash markets dominate prices after trading hours; jet fuel prices rise to record spreads over other products due to increase in defense demand. In late August, OPEC president fails to revive floundering attempts to organize a formal OPEC meeting to discuss crisis/production strategies. Informal meetings held in Vienna result in record price falls. Conflicting reports of promises to increase OPEC output to compensate for embargo of Iraq and Kuwait oil further compound market uncertainties.
  * Aug 2: Iraq invades Kuwait. Bush orders troops to Saudi Arabia.
  * Aug 27: Market prices plunge as OPEC nears informal agreement to increase output to cover 4 Mbbl/d (640,000 m3/d) shortfall due to invasion. Cash market trading experiences abrupt decline.
  * September 6: U.S. citizen is shot in Kuwait. API reports 4.4 Mbbl (700,000 m3) weekly draw in domestic crude stocks. Oil markets surge on aggressive U.S. statements toward Iraq.
  * September 21: Reports that U.S refinery problems will lead to a 200,000 bbl/d (32,000 m3/d) loss in capacity and aggressive remarks by Saddam Hussein send crude prices to new highs.
  * September 24: Iraq invades the French and Dutch missions in Kuwait; French President Mitterrand called the action a violation of international law; a U.S. warship boards an Iraqi-flagged tanker bound for the port of Basrah.
  * September 18: Crude prices outpace increases in product prices and there is talk of cutting refinery runs.
  * September 20: Poor refining margins.
  * September 24: Saddam Hussein states his willingness to strike first and his intention to damage oil fields in the region if Iraq does strike.
  * October 1: Saddam Hussein says he may be willing to negotiate the occupation of Kuwait and would consider foreign participation in negotiations.
  * October 3: API reports a 9 MMB weekly U.S. crude inventory draw.
  * Oct. 9: Fear of war and long-term supply disruptions as Hussein threatens Israel.


Chronology of world oil market events

* October 10: API reports crude inventories dropped by more than 4 MMB in the last week.
  * October 11: Libya's Qadhafi says Israel must be eliminated, and U.K. Foreign Secretary Hurd says force would be used if Iraq doesn't withdrawal from Kuwait.
  * November 5: Reports of increasing Saudi production and lower world demand.
  * November 6: Iran's oil-producing region suffers a serious earthquake.
  * November 7: API reports 5 MMB U.S. crude inventory weekly increase.
  * November 8: Unconfirmed rumors that Bush would announce an airlift of supplies to U.S. embassy in Kuwait, which could ultimately trigger a military clash.
  * November 13: Saudis ask U.S. for rights to bid on SPR crude.
  * November 19: Report that Iraq will bolster its forces in Kuwait.
  * November 20: API reports crude inventory drop in U.S. of more than 4 MMB; Saddam Hussein announces plans to release German hostages; Soviet Union shows reluctance to endorse the use of force against Iraq.
  * November 21: French President François Mitterrand voices support of a proposed U.N. resolution that would authorize the use of force in the Persian Gulf.
  * November 26: U.S. proposes addition to U.N. resolution that would require Iraq's withdrawal from Kuwait by January 1.
  * November 29: U.N. Security Council approves U.S.-sponsored resolution authorizing the use of force in the Persian Gulf if Iraq does not withdrawal from Kuwait by Jan. 15, 1991.
  * November 30: U.S. President George H. W. Bush offers to send Secretary of State James Baker to Baghdad to meet with Hussein.
  * December 4: An Iraqi official reports that Iraq will withdraw if it can retain control of the Rumailah field and keep Bubiyan and Werbah islands; also says that demands that the Palestinian issue be treated separately would not be surmountable.
  * December 5: Iraq announces willingness to speak with U.S. about resolving the Persian Gulf crisis.
  * December 13: Secretary of State Baker questions Iraq's seriousness about Middle East peace.


Chronology of world oil market events

* December 18: Bush reiterates his "no concessions" stance against Iraq.


Chronology of world oil market events


Chronology of world oil market events

* January 4: Reports Iraq will accept U.S. offer for talks in Geneva.
  * January 7: Saddam Hussein prepares his troops for what he says will be a long violent war against the U.S.
  * January 9–14: At Geneva talks, Baker says that "regrettably" Iraqi Foreign Minister Aziz has indicated no softening in Iraq's position. Peace talks break down, but there is still talk of a peaceful solution to the crisis.
  * January 15: Report that Iraq has a new peace initiative.
  * January 16: U.S. begins air attack against Iraqi military targets. President Bush directs drawdown of Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR). U.S. Secretary of Energy James Watkins orders 33.75 MMB drawdown. Crude oil prices drop $9–10 per barrel in one day after having risen $3–5 per barrel during the first half of January.
  * January 17: Reports of early U.S. and allied success against Iraqi forces; DOE issues SPR sales notice.
  * January 18: Iraqi Scud missiles land in Israel.
  * January 22: Kuwaiti oil facilities are destroyed by Iraq and more Iraqi missile attacks on Saudi Arabia.
  * January 30:DOE selects 13 firms to purchase 17.3 MMB of SPR crude oil.
  * February: Surplus of unsold oil held by oil producers reaches 80–90 MMB.
  * February 5: First SPR oil delivered to commercial buyers.
  * February 15: Daily market volatility as Hussein mentions withdrawal, but Bush calls his offer a "cruel hoax."
  * February 26: Signs of Iran crude now an option for U.S. refiners, but no imports from Iran likely in near future.
  * February 28: War ends. U.N. troops move into Kuwait City. Saddam Hussein orders troops out of Kuwait. Iraqi soldiers ignite Kuwaiti oil fields during their retreat.
  * March 1: News that Kuwait will need to import crude in the short term.
  * March 12: OPEC announces production cut to 22.3 Mbbl/d (3,550,000 m3/d).


Chronology of world oil market events

* March 13: API reports a 6 MMB weekly domestic crude inventory draw; Saudi Arabia and Iran say OPEC production cuts will take effect April 1.
  * March 19: Gorbachev says the Soviet Union will cut its oil exports by nearly half.
  * March 25: Nigerian crude becomes competitive in U.S. Gulf Coast as Nigeria cuts crude prices.
  * April 25: Iraq expects to resume crude and product exports by July.
  * June 3: Kuwait asks GCC members to produce 800,000 bbl/d (130,000 m3/d) of oil on its behalf.
  * Aug: Unsuccessful coup attempt against Soviet President Gorbachev has minimal effect on oil markets.
  * Oct: Soviet Union suspends petroleum product exports as its fuel shortages grow. NYMEX futures price for WTI climbs nearly $2, ending at $24 per barrel.
  * November: Last of Kuwait oil well fires extinguished by well control teams.
  * November: U.S. Senate filibuster causes withdrawal of an Alaska National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) pro-leasing bill.
  * December: Soviet Union collapses as a series of events precipitated by Ukrainian vote for independence leads to formation of Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).


Chronology of world oil market events

1992

  * January: Kuwait reports oil production of 400,000 bbl/d (64,000 m3/d); insists on restoration of its pre-invasion OPEC quota of 1.5 Mbbl/d (240,000 m3/d).
  * March: United Nations threatens sanctions against Libya for its refusal to extradite suspected terrorists.
  * March: CIS announces that 1991 crude exports dropped by 52%.
  * May: Saudi Arabia supports a crude oil price hike during a late-month OPEC meeting. NYMEX Futures prices exceed $22 per barrel.
  * Oct: OPEC production reaches highest level in more than a decade at 25.25 Mbbl/d (4,014,000 m3/d).
  * December: U.S.A., Mexico, and Canada sign the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

1993

  * July: Oil prices plunge on speculation that Iraq will accept U.N. missile test site inspections and receive approval to resume oil exports.
  * November: Combination of OPEC overproduction, surging North Sea output, and weak demand lowers the price of Brent to near $15 per barrel.

1994

  * April: Oil Prices firm on strength of institutional shifting of U.S. investment funds from equity and bond markets to cash and commodities.
  * Apr-September: Nigerian production disrupted by oil workers' strike in response to imprisonment of apparent winner of presidential elections.

1995


Chronology of world oil market events

* January 14: Mexico pledges profits from state-owned Pemex's $7-billion-per-year oil revenues in an effort to secure U.S. congressional approval of $40-billion worth of loan guarantees. Subsequently, President Clinton approved a $20-billion U.S. aid package for Mexico. (DMN)
  * January 30: Norway's Statoil announces that a newly formed consortium of 11 oil companies will develop a plan to supply Norwegian natural gas to the European continent. Three Norwegian companies recently signed a contract with Gaz de France to bring 1.4 trillion cubic feet (40 km3) of Norwegian gas to France between 2001 and 2027. (DJ)
  * February 28: The Pentagon announces that it monitored Iranian installation of surface-to-air Hawk missiles in the Strait of Hormuz. The Iranians also have taken possession of and fortified the nearby Abu Musa and the Tunb Islands, which are claimed by both Iran and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). (DJ)
  * June 14: After OPEC's semi-annual meeting in Vienna, President Ida Bagus Sudjana discloses the Organization's intention to roll over its present crude oil production ceiling of 24.52 million barrels per day (3,898,000 m3/d). The announcement is followed by a trip to Norway by Saudi Arabian Oil Minister Hisham M. Nazer. Upon arriving, the Saudi Minister asks Norwegian Minister of Industry and Energy Jens Stoltenberg to restrain his country's oil production in the hopes of stabilizing world oil prices. (FT, DJ)
  * June 30: Exxon signs a $15.2-billion deal to develop oil and gas fields near Russia's Sakhalin Island. The Sakhalin I project will develop the offshore Shayvo, Odoptu, and Arkutun-Dagi fields that together are estimated to contain 2.5 billion barrels (400,000,000 m3) of crude oil and 15 trillion cubic feet (420 km3) of natural gas. Exxon has a 30 percent stake in the project. (NYT, DJ)


Chronology of world oil market events

* July 6: Venezuela's Congress approves the country's first investment law allowing for foreign participation in oil exploration and production. The newly passed "model agreement" authorizes the state-owned oil company Petroleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) to offer 10 exploration blocks to foreign investors. If oil is discovered, the government will maintain a majority stake in any joint venture formed to develop the new fields. (FT, DJ)
  * July 27: Saudi Aramco awards the giant Shaybah oil field development project to U.S.-based Parsons Corporation. The $2.5-billion project will develop the 7-billion-barrels (1.1 km3) field, including the construction of crude oil production facilities, gas-oil separation plants, and a 372-mile (599 km) pipeline. The Shaybah field is located on the Saudi-UAE border and is expected to produce 500 million barrels per day (79,000,000 m3/d) after it comes on line in 1999. (PON)
  * July 28: Norwegian Finance Minister Sigbjorn Johnsen says that Norway should not lower its crude oil production in an attempt to boost world oil prices. Norwegian Oil Minister Jens Stoltenberg believes production cuts may be necessary if prices begin to fall. Minister Johnsen's remarks follow last month's visit by Saudi Arabian Oil Minister Hisham M. Nazer, who asked Minister Stoltenberg to cut Norway's crude oil production. (PON)
  * Aug. 2: Saudi Arabia's King Fahd issues a decree replacing all members of the Council of Ministers who do not have blood ties so the royal Family. While most of the council's top positions are unaffected by the reshuffling, Oil Minister Hisham Nazer is replaced with Ali bin Ibrahim al-Naimi. (WSJ)


Chronology of world oil market events

* Aug. 14: Iran's official news agency, IRNA, reports that Iran has been unable to sell 200 million barrels per day (32,000,000 m3/d) of crude oil since the imposition of a unilateral oil embargo by the U.S. Iran increasingly has sold its crude oil on spot markets as opposed to long-term contracts. Larger purchases by France, Spain, Italy, China, India, Pakistan, and Thailand have failed to offset decreased demand by German and Japanese refiners. Before the U.S. embargo was announced in April 1995, U.S. companies were buying between 400,000 and 450 million barrels per day (72,000,000 m3/d), down from roughly 600 million barrels per day (95,000,000 m3/d) in 1994. (PON)
  * August 28: Kuwaiti Oil Minister Abdul Mohsen al-Medej announces that his country will increase its oil production capacity to as much as 3.5 million barrels per day (560,000 m3/d) by 2005. (DJ)
  * September 13: The Kuwaiti Oil Ministry states its intention to seek a 200-million-barrels-per-day (32,000,000 m3/d) increase to its current 2-million-barrels-per-day (320,000 m3/d) crude oil production quota at the November 1995 OPEC meeting in Vienna. The announcement comes amidst growing non-OPEC oil production and weak oil prices. (DJ)
  * November 22: OPEC states that it will roll over its current oil production quota of 25.42 million barrels per day (4,041,000 m3/d). The roll-over was widely anticipated because of slack world oil demand, rising non-OPEC production, and weak prices. (DJ, PON)


Chronology of world oil market events

* November 29: U.S. President Bill Clinton approves legislation lifting a 22-year-old ban on exports of oil from the Alaskan North Slope (ANS). The ban was imposed after the oil embargo by Arab oil producers in 1973. The lifting of the ban opened up about one-quarter of U.S. crude oil production for export, although no more than 7% of ANS crude was ever exported and exports ceased in 2000. The ANS legislation also waives royalty payments on deep water oil and gas leases in the Gulf of Mexico. (WP)
  * December 12: Speaking in New York during a U.S. visit by Angolan President Eduardo dos Santos, Joaquim David, president of the state-owned oil company, Sonangol, states that Angola will increase its crude oil production by 10 percent per year over the next five years, reaching 720 million barrels per day (114,000,000 m3/d) by the end of 1996 and 1 million barrels per day (160,000 m3/d) by 2001. The statement comes amidst sporadic violence involving government forces and the rebel group UNITA, less than a year after a peace accord was signed ending the country's 20-year-old civil war. At the end of 1995, Angola had raised its crude oil production to 690 million barrels per day (110,000,000 m3/d). (PON, DJ)


Chronology of world oil market events

1996

Sources include: Dow Jones (DJ), Financial Times (FT), New York Times (NYT), and Platt's Oilgram News (PON), Washington Post (WP), and the Wall Street Journal (WSJ).


Chronology of world oil market events

* January 17: Iraq agrees to talks concerning a U.N. plan to allow for the Iraqi sale of $1 billion of oil for 90 days for a 180-day trial period. Under U.N. Resolution 986, proceeds from the sale would be used for humanitarian purposes. In the past, Iraq has opposed clauses 6 and 8b contained in Resolution 986. Clause 6 stipulates that oil exports under this plan must pass through the 1.6 Mbbl/d (250,000 m3/d) Iraq-Turkey pipeline, which currently is unusable because of sludge build-ups and pumping station damage. By most estimates, the line would take a minimum of three months to repair. Clause 8b states that part of the proceeds from the sales would be disbursed under U.N. supervision to Kurdish provinces in northern Iraq. Negotiations between Iraq and the United Nations are scheduled to begin February 6, 1996. (FT, PON, DJ)
  * January 30: Vice Admiral Scott Redd, commander of the U.S. Fifth Fleet based in the Persian Gulf, states that Iran test-fired a new anti-ship missile near the Strait of Hormuz on January 6. The missile reportedly has a range of 60 miles (100 km) and is viewed as a threat to regional security by U.S. naval forces operating in the area. Oil tankers carry about 15 Mbbl/d (2,400,000 m3/d) through the Strait. (DJ)
  * April 24: In New York, the United Nations and Iraq end a third round of negotiations over Iraq's possible sale of $1 billion of oil for 90 days for a 180-day trial period. Under U.N. Resolution 986, proceeds from the sale would be used for humanitarian purposes. While both sides have reached agreement on most of the key issues, chief Iraqi negotiator Abdul Amir al-Anbari says that the United States and the United Kingdom have fundamentally altered the text of a proposed agreement which he had received from the United Nations early in the third round. Al-Anbari states that the changes have postponed any possible deal. The U.N.-Iraq talks are scheduled to restart on May 10. (DJ)


Chronology of world oil market events

* April 30: In the United States, President Clinton approves the sale of $227 million of crude oil from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. At current oil prices, roughly 12 million barrels (1,900,000 m3) would be sold. The Clinton Administration hopes that the sale will lower gasoline prices in the United States, which are at their highest levels in five years. (WSJ)
  * May 20: In New York, the United Nations and Iraq agree to U.N. Resolution 986, which provides Iraq with the opportunity to sell $1 billion of oil for 90 days for a 180-day trial period. Under the resolution, proceeds from the sale would be used for humanitarian purposes. The agreement comes following months of heated negotiations. Iraqi oil exports are expected to begin by the Fall of 1996, after a pumping station on the Iraq-Turkey pipeline is repaired and U.N monitoring and aid distribution facilities are put in place. Shortly after the agreement, the White House announces its decision to allow U.S. oil companies to purchase Iraqi oil exports. (FT, PON, WSJ)
  * June 11: Exxon states that it will soon begin work on its $15-billion Sakhalin I oil and natural gas development in Russia's Far East. The Sakhalin I project will develop an estimated 5 billion barrels (790,000,000 m3) of oil and 15 trillion cubic feet (420 km3) of gas located in three offshore hydrocarbon fields. The $300 million appraisal program will include drilling one exploration well and conducting a 3-D seismic survey. The U.S. company says that it will start working despite ongoing differences with the Russian government over the country's new production sharing law, which is widely viewed as not offering adequate legal protection for foreign investment in the country's oil and gas sectors. (FT)


Chronology of world oil market events

* June 20: The Venezuelan Congress approves eight, multibillion-dollar, profit-sharing deals which allow foreign oil companies to explore and produce oil in Venezuela for the first time since the country's 1975 nationalization of the oil industry. The deals could boost Venezuela's current oil production by 500,000 bbl/d (79,000 m3/d) by 2005. Foreign oil companies such as Amoco and British Petroleum are expected to sign final deals with state-owned PdVSA within 10 days and may begin working on their new land by the third quarter of 1996. The eight blocks are estimated to hold between 7 and 11 billion barrels (1.7×109 m3) of light crude oil reserves. (PON, DJ)
  * July 7: OPEC issues a resolution announcing Gabon's withdrawal from the organization, effective January 1, 1995. Gabon had an OPEC quota of 287,000 bbl/d (45,600 m3/d). (FT)
  * July 18: The United Nations formally approves an Iraqi aid distribution plan, a major step forward in the direction of allowing Iraq to sell oil under Resolution 986. (DJ)
  * August 6: U.S. President Bill Clinton signs a new bill imposing sanctions on non-U.S. companies which invest over $40 million a year in the energy sectors of either Iran and Libya. Under the law, the President would be required to impose at least two of the following sanctions: import and export bans; lending embargoes from U.S. banks; a ban on U.S. procurement of goods and services from sanctioned companies; and a denial of U.S export financing. The European Union stated its opposition to the U.S. law and threatened retaliation. (FT)


Chronology of world oil market events

* August 21: In Venezuela, a subsidiary of state-owned Petroleos de Venezuela (PdVSA), Corpoven, signs a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with U.S.-based ARCO. The MOU provides for a $3.5-billion joint venture to develop and upgrade roughly 200,000 bbl/d (32,000 m3/d) of crude oil from the country's 270-billion Orinoco Heavy Oil Belt. The project will produce 9° API gravity crude oil in the Hamaca region and upgrade it to 25° API for export to U.S. refineries. The project will be implemented in three phases, the last of which will be completed in 2006. Another PdVSA subsidiary, Maraven, recently signed another, similar deal with Conoco. (PON, FT)
  * September 5: Following U.S. cruise missile strikes on military facilities in southern Iraq, crude oil prices rise as the market speculates when Iraq will begin exporting oil under U.N. Resolution 986. Benchmark Brent Blend for October rises above $22/barrel amidst the uncertainty. The U.S. attack follows an Iraqi-supported invasion of Kurdish safe haven areas in the country's northern area. Subsequently, President Bill Clinton states that the U.N. oil-for-food sale should be postponed indefinitely. (DJ)
  * October 30: Exxon confirms that it is in talks with state-owned Qatar General Petroleum Corporation concerning the application of new technology to convert natural gas to petroleum products. Exxon believes that technology developed in a successful 200 bbl/d (32 m3/d) Anatural gas refinery project in Texas would work in Qatar, where a proposed $1-billion plant would be able produce between 50,000 bbl/d (7,900 m3/d) and 100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m3/d) of middle distillate products. Under the proposal, Qatar's 270 trillion cubic feet (7,600 km3) North field would supply between 0.5×109 cu ft (14,000,000 m3) and 1×109 cu ft (28,000,000 m3) per day of gas for use as feedstock. In the past, technological barriers and high costs have precluded the development of natural gas refineries. (WSJ)


Chronology of world oil market events

* December 18: During a press conference, Iranian Deputy Foreign Minister Abbas Maleki states that Iran supports the free flow of oil through the Strait of Hormuz, but reserves the option of closing off the shipping route if it is threatened. Iran recently has admitted to deploying anti-aircraft and anti-ship missiles on Abu Musa, an island strategically located near the Strait of Hormuz's shipping lanes. (DJ)
  * December 30: The United Nations announces that a total of 21 contracts have been approved for the limited Iraqi oil sales under U.N. Resolution 986. The approved contracts will allow for 43.68 million barrels (6,945,000 m3) of oil to be exported in the first 90 days of the sale. At present, exports of 26.37 million barrels (4,192,000 m3) have been approved for the second 90-day period of the sale, which allows Iraq to sell up to $1 billion worth of oil every 90 days for an initial 6-month period. In mid-December 1996, Iraq restarted the Kirkuk–Ceyhan pipeline, which is expected to carry up to 450,000 bbl/d (72,000 m3/d) of oil under the sales agreements approved so far under U.N. Resolution 986. Iraq's remaining oil exports will flow through the Mina al-Bakr terminal. (NYT, DJ)


Chronology of world oil market events

1997

Sources include: Dow Jones (DJ), New York Times (NYT), and the Washington Post (WP).


Chronology of world oil market events

* February 5: Japan's Ministry of Finance announces plans to cut import tariffs on crude oil and most petroleum products from April 1, 1997, in a phased process that will reduce the country's crude oil import tariff rate to zero in April 2002. (DJ)
  * February 24: Qatar inaugurates the world's largest liquefied natural gas (LNG) exporting facility and formally launches Qatar Liquefied Gas Co., which will have total output capacity of 6 million tons per year of LNG. The facilities are part of a new $7.2 billion industrial zone which also includes a sea port with a capacity to handle 25–30 million tons of LNG annually. Qatar plans to build more gas liquefaction plants in the area to exploit its natural gas reserves of around 237 trillion cubic feet (6,700 km3). (DJ)
  * April 1: A Shell spokesman confirms the company will declare force majeure at its Nigerian Bonny terminal due to local protests which disrupted 210 million barrels per day (33,000,000 m3/d) of the company's oil production. Although the protests have ended and production is returning to normal, the backlog is temporarily delaying loadings by 3 days. (DJ)


Chronology of world oil market events

* May 16: A final agreement creating the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) is signed by project participants: Russia (24 percent), Kazakhstan (19 percent), Chevron Corp. (15 percent), AO Lukoil/Arco Corp. (12.5 percent), Mobil Corp. (7.5 percent), AO Rosneft/Shell Corp. (7.5 percent), Oman (7 percent), Agip SpA (2 percent), British Gas PLC (2 percent), Oryx Corp. (1.75 percent), and Kazakhstan Pipeline Ventures, a joint venture of Kazakhstan's state oil company and Amoco Corp. (1.75 percent). The Russian government plans to transfer its stake to two Russian oil companies, AO Lukoil and AO Rosneft. CPC plans to begin building a 932-mile (1,500 km) pipeline to transport crude oil from the Caspian region to Russia's Black Sea coast in 1998 and begin shipping around 558 million barrels per day (88,700,000 m3/d) of oil in 1999 (planned peak capacity is 1.4 million barrels per day (220,000 m3/d)). (DJ)
  * May 20: U.S. President Bill Clinton signs an executive order barring new U.S. investment in Burma (also known as Myanmar), effective May 21 and renewable annually. U.S. companies have invested about $250 million in Burma, primarily in the oil and gas sector. The biggest U.S. investor is Unocal, which is building (with France's Total) a $1.2 billion pipeline from Burma's Yadana natural gas field to an electric power plant in Thailand. (DJ)
  * June 4: In a unanimous vote, the United Nations Security Council renews for another 180-day period its "oilforfood" initiative with Iraq. Under the resolution, Iraq may sell $2 billion worth of oil to buy food, medicine and other necessities to alleviate civilian suffering under the sanctions imposed when it invaded Kuwait in 1990. (WP)