Bruno Sterzi

* [Bruno Sterzi (owner) and Ferdinando Righetti (Ferrari mechanic) drove this 1948 Ferrari 166 S Allemano Spyder s/n 001S at Mille Miglia endurance race in Italia on 2 May 1948. They had entry #178 but did not finish]
    Bruno Sterzi (owner) and Ferdinando Righetti (Ferrari mechanic) drove this 1948 Ferrari 166 S Allemano Spyder s/n 001S at Mille Miglia endurance race in Italia on 2 May 1948. They had entry #178 but did not finish
  * [Two Ferrari 166 at Circuito del Garda outside Salò in northern Italy on 24 Ottobre 1948. To the left (entry #34) is the 1948 Ferrari 166 SC s/n 018i driven by its owner Bruno Sterzi (got 2nd place), and on the right (entry #14) is the 1948 Ferrari 166 SC s/n 008i (aka "Ansaloni Spider Corsa SWB") driven by Ferdinando Righetti and/or Clemente Biondetti (became 6th overall).]
    Two Ferrari 166 at Circuito del Garda outside Salò in northern Italy on 24 Ottobre 1948. To the left (entry #34) is the 1948 Ferrari 166 SC s/n 018i driven by its owner Bruno Sterzi (got 2nd place), and on the right (entry #14) is the 1948 Ferrari 166 SC s/n 008i (aka "Ansaloni Spider Corsa SWB") driven by Ferdinando Righetti and/or Clemente Biondetti (became 6th overall).
  * List of major automobile races in Italy
  * 6 Hours of Monza
  * 1948 XV Mille miglia
  * 1948 Circuito di Pescara


Dambo cisticola

The dambo cisticola or cloud-scraping cisticola (Cisticola dambo) is a species of bird in the family Cisticolidae. It is found in Angola, the DRC and Zambia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland.


Chaptalia texana

Chaptalia texana, common name silverpuff , is a North American species of plants in the family Asteraceae. It is native to Mexico, Texas, and New Mexico.

Chaptalia texana is a perennial plant growing from a large root. Leaves are in a basal rosette close to the ground, with dense woolly hairs on the underside but not on top. There is generally only one flower head, held on an unbranched stalk; head is nodding (hanging) at fruiting time but not at flowering time. Flowers are cream-colored, turning reddish as they get old.

  * photo of herbarium specimen collected in Nuevo León
  * Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of Texas
  * Excerpts from Jim Conrad's Naturalist Newsletter


Bill Garnaas

Wilford Benjamin Garnaas (October 8, 1921 – May 9, 2002) was an American football player who played three seasons with the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL). He attended Marshall High School in Minneapolis, Minnesota and played college football at the University of Minnesota. He was an All-American in 1941.Chicago Cardinals as an offensive back in the sixth round of the 1944 NFL Draft.

In three years as a Steeler, Bill was a backup quarterback, receiver and returned kicks.Bowman Football Card.

  * Just Sports Stats


Chink (nickname)

Chink was the nickname of some athletes or military figures, predominantly American in the early 20th century. It is often adjudged to be a reference to someone's appearance. The nickname is an ethnic slur originally referring to a person of Chinese descent. However, not all uses of the nickname were derived in that manner: basketball player Chink Crossin received the nickname as an onomatopoeia for the sound that chain basketball nets (sometimes used on outdoor basketball courts) make when a shot goes through (similar to the term "swish" used for cloth nets), and British Army officer Eric Dorman-Smith was given the nickname due to his resemblance to a Chinkara antelope. Notable persons with the nickname include:

  * Chink Alterman (1922–2009), American professional basketball player
  * Chink Crossin (1923–1981), American professional basketball player
  * Eric Dorman-Smith (1895–1969), Irish officer in the British Army and the Irish Republican Army
  * John Heileman (1872–1940), American Major League Baseball player in 1901
  * Bankson T. Holcomb Jr. (1908–2000), United States Marine Corps brigadier general
  * William O. Lowe (1894–1949), American college football player, lawyer, and Republican political figure in Tennessee
  * Chink Outen (1905–1961), American Major League Baseball player in 1933
  * Chink Taylor (1898–1980), American Major League Baseball player in 1925
  * Albert Zachary (1914–2006), American Major League Baseball pitcher in 1944
  * Chink Martin (1886–1981), stage name of American jazz tuba player Martin Abraham
  * Chink Santana (born 1972), stage name of American R&B musician and producer Andre Parker
  * Chinki Yadav (born 1997), Indian sport shooter
  *
  *
  * Chink (disambiguation)


Camley Street

The entrance to the Camley Street Natural Park from Camley Street. The nature reserve occupies the most south-eastern part of Camley Street, between the St Pancras Basin and St Pancras railway station.

Camley Street is a street in the London Borough of Camden in London, England. It lies in St Pancras and King's Cross: stretching over a kilometre from St Pancras railway station in the south, over the Regent's Canal, and to Agar Grove in the north.

Camley Street is the location of Camley Street Natural Park, a local nature reserve. Adjacent to the natural park is St Pancras Basin, home to the St Pancras Cruising Club. That section of Camley Street is home to three separate grade II-listed buildings: the St Pancras Coroner's Court,St Pancras Lock.St Pancras Old Church).

The northern half of the street is home to a number of large developments.Elm Village estate (formerly the location of Agar Town) and Abacus Belsize Primary School. The north-eastern side of Camley Street is home to one of Camden's largest industrial estates, which is also being redeveloped in a major £136m redevelopment.

Camley Street has its own Neighbourhood Forum and draft Neighbourhood Plan: one of the few streets in the country to have a Forum dedicated to it. The Camley Street Neighbourhood Forum split out of the Kings Cross Neighbourhood Forum.

Developments on Camley Street have been subject to a long dispute in Camden London Borough Council, after the council proposed redevelopment of the street.

51°32′16″N 0°07′49″W / 51.5379°N 0.1304°W


Eclectic approach

Eclectic approach is a method of language education that combines various approaches and methodologies to teach language depending on the aims of the lesson and the abilities of the learners.

In addition, It is a conceptual approach that does not merely include one paradigm or a set of assumptions. Instead, eclecticism adheres to or is constituted from several theories, styles, and ideas in order to gain a thorough insight about the subject, and draws upon different theories in different cases.

Approaches and methods

There are varied approaches and methods used for language teaching. In eclectic approach, the teacher can choose from these different methods and approaches:

  * Grammar-translation Method: It is a method of teaching languages by which students learn grammatical rules and then apply those rules by translating between the target language and the native language.
  * Direct Method: In this method the teacher refrains from using the students' native language. The target language is directly used for teaching all the four skills—listening, speaking, reading and writing.
  * Structural-situational Approach: In this approach, the teacher teaches language through a careful selection, gradation and presentation of vocabulary items and structures through situation based activities.
  * Audio-lingual/Audio-visual Method: In this style of teaching students are taught through a system of reinforcement. Here new words and grammar are directly taught without using the students' native language. However, unlike direct method, audio-lingual method does not focus on vocabulary. Instead, the teacher focuses on grammar through drill and practice.
  * Bilingual Method: The word 'bilingual' means the ability to speak two languages fluently. In bilingual method, the teacher teaches the language by giving mother tongue equivalents of the words or sentences. This method was developed by C.J. Dodson.
  * Communicative Language Teaching: This approach lays emphasis on oral method of teaching. It aims to develop communicative competence in students.
  * Total-Physical Response: It is based on the theory that memory is enhanced through association with physical response.
  * The Silent Way: In this method the teacher uses a combination of silence and gestures to focus students' attention. It was developed by Caleb Gattegno.

Advantages


Eclectic approach

Advantages

  * The teacher has more flexibility.
  * No aspect of language skill is ignored.
  * There is variety in the classroom.
  * Classroom atmosphere is dynamic.
  * These types of programs not only negotiate teacher skill-development within an improved recognition of and respect for cross-cultural and multi-linguistic classroom settings, but also encourages student pride in their heritage, language, communication preferences and self-identity
  * One method can support the weaknesses of the other.
  * Multiple intelligences in the classroom are better developed.
  * Assistance to the different Students' learning styles
  * Eclectic approach to teaching language, by Masum Billah


Hariola

Hariolaplanthoppers in the tribe Laternariini. The two known species are both found in New Guinea.

Species

Two species are included in Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web:

  * Hariola claryi Audibert, Porion & Nagai, 2016
  * Hariola tiarata Stål, 1863 – type species
  * Data related to Hariola at Wikispecies


Aliabad, Behshahr

For other places with similar names, see Aliabad.

Aliabad (Persian: علي اباد, also Romanized as ‘Alīābād)Shohada Rural District, Yaneh Sar District, Behshahr County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 22, in 6 families.


Bossuit–Kortrijk Canal

The Kortrijk–Bossuit Canal (Dutch: Kanaal Kortrijk-Bossuit, French: Canal Bossuit-Courtrai) is a canal in western Belgium, which connects the city of Kortrijk to village of Bossuit. It forms a direct link between the river Leie and the river Scheldt.

Kortrijk-Bossuit Canal ends in the River Leie in Kortrijk


Bruno Sperani

Vincenza Beatrice Speraz (1843 in Split – 4 December 1923 in Milan), known by her literary pseudonym Bruno Sperani, was an Italian writer, best remembered for her novels Cesare (1879), L'avvocato Malpieri (1888), Maddalena (1892), Emma Walder (1893), and The Lady of the Regina (1910).


Cryptochile

Cryptochile, the Namaqua darkling beetles, is a genus of darkling beetles in the subfamily Pimeliinae.

  * Media related to Cryptochile at Wikimedia Commons
  * Cryptochile at Biolib
  * Cryptochile at insectoid.info


Chapter (books)

Book of Sahih Bukhari, featuring 3882 chapters.

A chapter (capitula in Latin; sommaires in French) is any of the main thematic divisions within a writing of relative length, such as a book of prose, poetry, or law. A book with chapters (not to be confused with the chapter book) may have multiple chapters that respectively comprise discrete topics or themes. In each case, chapters can be numbered, titled, or both. An example of a chapter that has become well known is "Down the Rabbit-Hole", which is the first chapter from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

History of chapter titles

Many ancient books had neither word divisions nor chapter divisions.manuscripts began to add summaries and make them into tables of contents with numbers, but the titles did not appear in the text, only their numbers. Some time in the fifth century CE, the practice of dividing books into chapters began.Jerome (d. 420) is said to use the term capitulum to refer to numbered chapter headings and index capitulorum to refer to tables of contents.Augustine did not divide his major works into chapters, but in the early sixth century Eugippius did. Medieval manuscripts often had no titles, only numbers in the text and a few words, often in red, following the number.

Chapter structure

The opening page of The Wood Beyond the World (1894) by William Morris. The chapter title is at the top, in red text.

Many novels of great length have chapters. Non-fiction books, especially those used for reference, almost always have chapters for ease of navigation. In these works, chapters are often subdivided into sections. Larger works with a lot of chapters often group them in several 'parts' as the main subdivision of the book.

The chapters of reference works are almost always listed in a table of contents. Novels sometimes use a table of contents, but not always. If chapters are used they are normally numbered sequentially; they may also have titles, and in a few cases an epigraph or prefatory quotation. In older novels it was a common practice to summarise the content of each chapter in the table of contents and/or in the beginning of the chapter.

Unusual numbering schemes


Chapter (books)

Unusual numbering schemes

In works of fiction, authors sometimes number their chapters eccentrically, often as a metafictional statement. For example:

  * Seiobo There Below by László Krasznahorkai has chapters numbered according to the Fibonacci sequence.
  * The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time by Mark Haddon only has chapters which are prime numbers.
  * At Swim-Two-Birds by Flann O'Brien has only one chapter: the first page is titled Chapter 1, but there are no further chapter divisions.
  * God, A Users' Guide by Seán Moncrieff is chaptered backwards (i.e., the first chapter is chapter 20 and the last is chapter 1). The novel The Running Man by Stephen King also uses a similar chapter numbering scheme.
  * Every novel in the series A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket has thirteen chapters, except the final instalment (The End), which has a fourteenth chapter formatted as its own novel.
  * Mammoth by John Varley has the chapters ordered chronologically from the point of view of a non-time-traveler, but, as most of the characters travel through time, this leads to the chapters defying the conventional order.
  * Ulysses by James Joyce has its 18 chapters labelled as episodes, with 3 books split between them.

Book-like

In ancient civilizations, books were often in the form of papyrus or parchment scrolls, which contained about the same amount of text as a typical chapter in a modern book. This is the reason chapters in recent reproductions and translations of works of these periods are often presented as "Book 1", "Book 2" etc.


Chapter (books)

In the early printed era, long works were often published in multiple volumes, such as the Victorian triple decker novel, each divided into numerous chapters. Modern omnibus reprints will often retain the volume divisions. In some cases the chapters will be numbered consecutively all the way through, such that "Book 2" might begin with "Chapter 9", but in other cases the numbering might reset after each part (i.e., "Book 2, Chapter 1"). Even though the practice of dividing novels into separate volumes is rare in modern publishing, many authors still structure their works into "Books" or "Parts" and then subdivide them into chapters. A notable example of this is The Lord of the Rings which consists of six "books", each with a recognizable part of the story, although it is usually published in three volumes.

  * Asterism (typography)
  * Chapter book
  * Chapters and verses of the Bible
  * Index (publishing)
  * Section (typography)
  * Table of contents


French cruiser Tourville (1876)

For other ships with the same name, see French ship Tourville.

Tourville was an unprotected cruiser of the Duquesne class built for the French Navy in the 1870s. She was ordered in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War, and was intended for use against commerce raiders, which necessitated a high top speed, heavy armament, and long cruising radius. The ship's engines proved to be very unreliable, and coupled with the high cost of operating the vessel, she proved to be a disappointment in service. As a result, she saw just four years of active service during her more than twenty-five years of existence. She took part in the French conquest of Tunisia in 1881 and was sent to East Asia in 1883, but saw no action during the Tonkin campaign, being recalled early the next year, to be replaced by more capable cruisers that were cheaper to operate. She saw no further service and was struck from the naval register in 1901 and was sold for scrap in 1903.

Design

Main article: Duquesne-class cruiser (1876)

Plan and profile of the Duquesne class

The two ships of the Duquesne class of unprotected cruisers were ordered during the administration of Louis Pothuau in response to the success of Confederate commerce raiders during the American Civil War. The intent was for the new vessels to be fast enough to catch enemy raiders and powerful enough to defeat them, and to have the endurance to operate abroad for extended periods of time. In service, the ships proved to be disappointments, owing to the great cost to operate them and the unreliability of their engines, which required significant maintenance to keep running. As a result, they had fairly short active careers.Tourville and Duquesne are sometimes considered to be different classes,Alfred Lebelin de Dionne and different only in the arrangement of their propulsion system.


French cruiser Tourville (1876)

Tourville was 99.64 m (326 ft 11 in) long at the waterline, with a beam of 15.56 m (51 ft 1 in) and an average draft of 7.14 m (23 ft 5 in). She displaced 5,824 t (5,732 long tons; 6,420 short tons) as designed. The ship had a short forecastle deck, a ram bow, and an overhanging stern. Her crew amounted to 551 officers and enlisted men. The ship's propulsion system consisted of a pair of compound steam engines driving a single screw propeller. Steam was provided by twelve coal-burning fire-tube boilers that were ducted into a pair of funnels placed amidships. Her machinery was rated to produce 7,200 indicated horsepower (5,400 kW) for a top speed of 16.9 knots (31.3 km/h; 19.4 mph). At a more economical speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), the ship could steam for 7,570 nautical miles (14,020 km; 8,710 mi). She had a full ship rig to supplement her steam engine on long voyages overseas.

The ship was armed with a main battery of seven 194 mm (7.6 in) M1870 guns; three guns were placed on each broadside in sponsons, and the seventh gun was placed in the forecastle as a chase gun. These were supported by a secondary battery of fourteen 138.6 mm (5.46 in) M1870 guns, which were placed in a gun battery amidships, seven guns per broadside. Four 37 mm (1.5 in) Hotchkiss revolver cannon provided close-range defense against torpedo boats.

Modifications


French cruiser Tourville (1876)

Modifications

Tourville received her first modification in 1883, which included the installation of four additional 37 mm guns, and she received two 65 mm (2.6 in) field guns for use by landing parties. In 1896, the navy approved a plan to reconstruct Tourville extensively, including lengthening her hull by 5.5 m (18 ft) to refine her hull lines aft, install an entirely new, two-screw propulsion system. The cost of the modernization convinced the navy to cancel the project before work began, and instead her armament was simply replaced. Her original main and secondary batteries were replaced with seven 164.7 mm (6.48 in) M1881 quick-firing guns (QF) and fourteen 138.6 mm M1881 QF guns, and she received a pair of 65 mm QF guns.

Service history

Tourville at anchor, date unknown

Tourville was laid down on 23 February 1874 at the Société Nouvelle des Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée shipyard in La Seyne. She was launched on 24 February 1876 and was commissioned to begin sea trials just six months later on 17 August. The ship was not yet complete at that time, and work on her engines continued until 1 September. Her initial trials lasted a year and a half due to her troublesome engines, and on 5 March 1878, after the testing was completed, she was reduced to the 2nd category of reserve. She was placed in full commission on 4 July 1879 for experimental operations with the main fleet in home waters before being decommissioned again on 7 October. Her engines were then entirely rebuilt in an attempt to solve the problems with them, work lasting from 20 October 1879 to 5 January 1881. Nevertheless, her engines remained prone to breakdowns, and she only served four years of active service over the duration of her career.


French cruiser Tourville (1876)

On 15 January 1881, Tourville was recommissioned to take part in the planned invasion of Tunisia later that year.French Algeria as a pretext to invade the country; the navy supported an attack by 30,000 French troops that quickly seized control of the country and forced the government of Muhammad III as-Sadiq to agree to a French protectorate.Tourville was thereafter decommissioned until 25 May 1883, when she returned to service for a deployment to East Asia,Tonkin campaign to seize control of northern Vietnam.Tourville did not remain on the station for very long, owing to the cost of operating the cruiser there, coupled with her deep draft, which prevented her from operating in the shallow coastal waters in the region. The unprotected cruisers Duguay-Trouin and D'Estaing were sent to relieve her.Tourville had been sent back to France; she passed through the Suez Canal on the voyage home.

During the Fashoda Crisis in 1898, some consideration was given to disarming Duquesne and Tourville and using the guns to arm the new pre-dreadnought battleships Gaulois and Charlemagne, which were complete except for their armament. But the crisis passed and the plan came to nothing.Tourville saw no further active service and was struck from the naval register on 4 December 1901, but was kept in the navy's inventory for use in experiments with devices to transfer coal at sea. She was listed for sale on 8 June 1903 and was sold to ship breakers on 20 November.


French cruiser Tourville (1876)

* Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). "France". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 283–333. ISBN 978-0-85177-133-5.
  * Clayton (2014). Three Republics One Navy: A Naval History of France 1870–1999. Solihull: Helion. ISBN 9781909982994.
  * Garbett, H., ed. (February 1902). "Naval Notes". Journal of the Royal United Services Institution. London: J. J. Keliher & Co. XLVI (288): 231–257.
  * Loir, M. (1886). L'escadre de l'amiral Courbet, notes et souvenirs [The Squadron of Admiral Courbet, Notes and Memories] (in French). Paris: Berger-Levrault. OCLC 457536196.
  * Olender, Piotr (2012). Sino-French Naval War 1884–1885. Sandomir: Stratus. ISBN 978-83-61421-53-5.
  * Roberts, Stephen (2021). French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914. Barnsley: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-5267-4533-0.
  * Ropp, Theodore (1987). Roberts, Stephen S. (ed.). The Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval Policy, 1871–1904. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-141-6.


Chinkapook

Chinkapook is a locality in Victoria, Australia, located approximately 67 km from Swan Hill. It is on the Robinvale railway line, 70 km south of the terminus at Robinvale.

The Post Office opened on 12 September 1910 as Christmas Tank, was renamed Chinkapook in 1914 and closed in 1974.

Many of Australian poet John Shaw Neilson's notebooks were destroyed or severely damaged in a mouse plague at Chinkapook.Douglas Stewart's poem "The Mice of Chinkapook" refers to this event.

Gallery

  * [The former CBA Bank.]
    The former CBA Bank.
  * [Entering Chinkapook]
    Entering Chinkapook
  * [Uniting Church.]
    Uniting Church.

Media related to Chinkapook at Wikimedia Commons


Cammachmore

The now closed Cammach Inn

Cammachmore (Gaelic An Camach Mòr) is a hamlet in the coastal region near the North Sea in Aberdeenshire.A92 road and the ancient Causey Mounth passes through the community. Historic Elsick House is situated due west of Cammachmore. Other nearby historic features include Gillybrands, Saint Ternan's Church, Muchalls Castle and the Lairhillock Inn.

History

Cammachmore is situated along the ancient Causey Mounth trackway, which was constructed on high ground to make this medieval route the only available, passable route from the coastal points south from Stonehaven to Aberdeen. This ancient passage specifically connected the River Dee crossing (where the present Bridge of Dee is situated) via Portlethen Moss, Muchalls Castle and Stonehaven to the south.William Keith, 7th Earl Marischal and the Marquess of Montrose when they led a Covenanter army of 9000 men in the battle of the Civil War in 1639.

From the industrial era of the 19th century there are some relics of old manufacturing equipment such as a circular-section brick chimney on a square stone base, serving a small single-storey engine and boiler house at an old smithy in Cammachmore.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cammachmore.
  * Burn of Elsick
  * Newtonhill
  * Old Bourtreebush
  * Portlethen Moss

Line note references

57°02′38″N 2°09′32″W / 57.0438°N 2.1588°W


Electoral history of Ronald Reagan

On the campaign trail, President Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan wave from limousine while touring Dixon, Illinois. February 1984.

  This article is part of
  a series about
  Ronald Reagan

Personal life
  * Filmography
  * Bibliography
  * Death
  * Residences
      + Birthplace of Ronald Reagan
      + Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home
      + Rancho del Cielo
      + 668 St. Cloud Road
Speeches
  * A Time for Choosing
  * States' rights
  * Evil Empire
  * Tear down this wall!
33rd Governor of California
  * Elections
      + 1966
      + 1970
  * Governorship
      + 1969 People's Park protest
40th President of the United States
  * Presidency
      + timeline
  * Transition
  * Inaugurations
  * Polls
  * Scandals
Tenure
  * Assassination attempt
  * Invasion of Grenada
  * Bombing of Libya
  * Iran–Contra affair
  * Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
Policies
  * Domestic
      + Reaganomics
  * Foreign
      + Reagan Doctrine
      + international trips
Judicial appointments
  * Supreme Court candidates
      + Bork
Presidential campaigns
  * 1968
      + primaries
      + convention
  * 1976
      + primaries
      + convention
  * 1980
      + election
      + primaries
      + convention
      + debates
  * 1984
      + election
      + primaries
      + convention
      + debates
Legacy
  * Library
  * Accolades
  * Eponyms
  * Depictions
      + music

[Ronald Reagan's signature]
[Seal of the President of the United States]

  * v
  * t
  * e

This is the electoral history of Ronald Reagan. Reagan, a Republican, served as the 40th president of the United States (1981–1989) and earlier as the 33rd governor of California (1967–1975). At 69 years, 349 days of age at the time of his first inauguration, Reagan was the oldest person to assume the presidency in the nation's history, until Donald Trump was inaugurated in 2017 at the age of 70 years, 220 days. In 1984, Reagan won re-election at the age of 73 years, 274 days, and was the oldest person to win a US presidential election until Joe Biden won the 2020 United States presidential election at the age of 77 years, 349 days.

Having been elected twice to the presidency,conservative movement, and altered the political dynamic of the United States.1980 presidential campaign stressed some of his fundamental principles: lower taxes to stimulate the economy,states' rights,

During his presidency, Reagan pursued policies that reflected his personal belief in individual freedom, brought changes domestically, both to the U.S. economy and expanded military, and contributed to the end of the Cold War.Reagan Revolution, his presidency would reinvigorate American morale,

1966 California gubernatorial election


Electoral history of Ronald Reagan

1966 California gubernatorial election

Main articles: 1966 California gubernatorial election and Governorship of Ronald Reagan

Results of the 1966 gubernatorial election

California Republicans were impressed with Reagan's political views and charisma after his "Time for choosing" speech,Governor of California in 1966.George Christopher.write-in candidate.student protests at the University of California at Berkeley, "to clean up the mess at Berkeley".William F. Knowland in 1958 and former vice president Richard M. Nixon in 1962 had tried: he was elected, defeating two-term governor Edmund G. "Pat" Brown, and was sworn in as the 33rd governor of California on January 2, 1967.

Republican primary

1966 Republican primary election results
Party        Candidate   Votes                 %
             Republican  Ronald Reagan         1,417,623  64.85
             Republican  George Christopher    675,683    30.91
             Republican  William Penn Patrick  40,887     1.87
             Republican  Warren N. Dorn        44,812     2.04
             Republican  Joseph R. Maxwell     7,052      0.32
Total votes  2,186,057   100

General election

1966 California gubernatorial election
Party        Candidate                        Votes                  %
             Republican                       Ronald Reagan          3,742,913  57.55
             Democratic                       Pat Brown (incumbent)  2,749,174  42.27
             Other                            Various candidates     11,358     0.18
Total votes  6,503,445                        100.00
Turnout                                       77.98
             Republican gain from Democratic

1968 presidential election

Main article: 1968 United States presidential election

Shortly after the beginning of his term as California governor, Reagan tested the presidential waters in 1968 as part of a "Stop Nixon" movement, hoping to cut into Nixon's Southern supportNelson Rockefeller received enough delegates to win on the first ballot at the Republican convention. However, by the time of the convention Nixon had 692 delegate votes, 25 more than he needed to secure the nomination, followed by Rockefeller with Reagan in third place.

Republican presidential primaries

Gold denotes a state won by Richard Nixon. Blue denotes a state won by Nelson Rockefeller. Green denotes a state won by James A. Rhodes. Purple denotes a state won by Ronald Reagan. Grey denotes a state that did not hold a primary.


Electoral history of Ronald Reagan

1968 Republican Party presidential primaries
Party                                         Candidate           Aggregate votes  %          CW
                                              Republican          Ronald Reagan    1,696,632  37.93  10
                                              Richard Nixon       1,679,443        37.54      10
                                              James A. Rhodes     614,492          13.74      10
                                              Nelson Rockefeller  164,340          3.67       10
                                              Unpledged           140,639          3.14       00

1968 Republican National Convention

1968 Republican presidential nomination
Party                                    Candidate           Votes:           %
                                                             (Initial) Final
                                         Republican          Richard Nixon    (692) 1238  92.95
                                         Nelson Rockefeller  (277)0093        6.98
                                         Ronald Reagan       (182)0002        0.07
                                         James Rhodes        (55)0000         —
                                         George Romney       (50)0000         —
                                         Clifford Case       (22)0000         —
                                         Frank Carlson       (20)0000         —
                                         Others              (35)0000         —

1970 California gubernatorial election

Main articles: 1970 California gubernatorial election and Governorship of Ronald Reagan

Results

Despite an unsuccessful attempt to recall him in 1968,Jesse Unruh.

Republican primary

1970 Republican gubernatorial primary * denotes incumbent
Party        Candidate   Votes           %
             Republican  Ronald Reagan*  1,906,568  100
Total votes  1,906,568   100.00

General election

1970 California gubernatorial election * denotes incumbent
Party        Candidate             Votes                      %
             Republican            Ronald Reagan (incumbent)  3,439,664  52.83
             Democratic            Jesse M. Unruh             2,938,607  45.14
             Peace and Freedom     Ricardo Romo               65,954     1.01
             American Independent  William K. Shearer         65,847     1.01
Total votes  6,510,072             100.00
Turnout                            74.78
             Republican hold

1976 presidential election

Main article: 1976 United States presidential election

Republican presidential primary results:
Red indicates a win by Reagan, blue a win by Ford.

Roll call vote for the presidential nomination by state delegations

1976 electoral college vote.


Electoral history of Ronald Reagan

1976 electoral college vote.

In 1976, Reagan challenged incumbent President Gerald Ford in a bid to become the Republican Party's candidate for president. Reagan soon established himself as the conservative candidate with the support of like-minded organizations such as the American Conservative Union which became key components of his political base, while President Ford was considered a more moderate Republican.faithless elector in the November election from the state of Washington,Jimmy Carter. Ford ultimately lost the general election to Carter.

Republican primaries

1976 Republican Party presidential primaries
* denotes incumbent
Party                                         Candidate      Aggregate votes  %          CW
                                              Republican     Gerald Ford*     5,529,899  53.29  27
                                              Ronald Reagan  4,760,222        45.88      240
                                              Others         44,626           0.43       00
                                              Unpledged      34,717           0.34       00

Republican National Convention

1976 Republican presidential nomination
* denotes incumbent
Party                                    Candidate          Votes         %
                                         Republican         Gerald Ford*  1,187  52.57
                                         Ronald Reagan      1,070         47.39
                                         Elliot Richardson  1             0.04

1976 Republican
vice presidential nomination
Party                         Candidate           Votes     %
                              Republican          Bob Dole  1,921  85.04
                              Abstentions         103       4.56
                              Jesse Helms         103       4.56
                              Ronald Reagan       27        1.20
                              Phil Crane          23        1.02
                              John Grady          19        0.84
                              Louis Frey          9         0.40
                              Anne Armstrong      6         0.27
                              Howard Baker        6         0.27
                              William F. Buckley  4         0.18
                              John Connally       4         0.18
                              David C. Treen      4         0.18
                              Others              30        1.30

Electoral College vote

1976 United States presidential election results
Electoral College vote
* denotes incumbent
Party                                             Presidential  Vice presidential  EV
                                                  candidate     Candidate
                                                  Democratic    Jimmy Carter       Walter Mondale  2970
                                                  Republican    Gerald Ford*       Bob Dole        2400
                                                  Republican    Ronald Reagan      Bob Dole        1
Total votes:                                      538
Votes necessary:                                  270

1980 presidential election

Main article: 1980 United States presidential election

1980 electoral college vote

Reagan ran against Democratic incumbent Jimmy Carter and independent candidate John B. Anderson.Iran hostage crisis and a worsening economy at home marked by high unemployment and inflation, Reagan won the election in a massive landslide.Reagan Era, and signified a conservative realignment in national politics.

Republican presidential primaries

Republican presidential primary results: Red indicates a win by Reagan, blue a win by Bush.


Electoral history of Ronald Reagan

1980 Republican Party presidential primaries
Party                                         Candidate          Aggregate votes  %          CW
                                              Republican         Ronald Reagan    7,709,793  59.79  440
                                              George H. W. Bush  3,070,033        23.81      7
                                              John B. Anderson   1,572,174        12.19      00
                                              Howard Baker       181,153          1.41       00
                                              Phil Crane         97,793           0.76       00
                                              John Connally      82,625           0.64       00
                                              Unpledged          68,155           0.53       00

Republican National Convention

1980 Republican presidential nomination
Party                                    Candidate          Votes          %
                                         Republican         Ronald Reagan  1,939  97.44
                                         John B. Anderson   37             1.86
                                         George H. W. Bush  13             0.65
                                         Anne Armstrong     1              0.05

Presidential election

1980 United States presidential election
* denotes incumbent
Party                                     Presidential  Vice presidential  PV (%)             EV (%)
                                          candidate     Candidate
                                          Republican    Ronald Reagan      George H. W. Bush  43,903,230 (50.75)  489 (90.9)
                                          Democratic    Jimmy Carter*      Walter Mondale*    35,480,115 (41.01)  49 (9.1)
                                          Independent   John B. Anderson   Patrick Lucey      5,719,850 (6.61)    0
                                          Libertarian   Ed Clark           David Koch         921,128 (1.06)      0
                                          Citizens      Barry Commoner     LaDonna Harris     233,052 (0.21)      0
                                          Others        252,303 (0.29)     0
Total votes:                              86,509,678    538
Votes necessary:                          270

1984 presidential election

Main article: 1984 United States presidential election

1984 electoral college vote

Reagan ran for reelection as president in 1984, running against Democrat Walter Mondale. Reagan was re-elected, receiving 58.8% of the popular vote to Mondale's 40.6%, and winning 49 of 50 states.electoral votes (97.6 percent of the 538 votes in the Electoral College), the most by any candidate in American history.second-most lopsided presidential election in modern U.S. history after Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1936 victory over Alfred M. Landon, in which he won 98.5 percent or 523 of the (then-total) 531 electoral votes.

Republican presidential primaries


Electoral history of Ronald Reagan

Republican presidential primaries

1984 Republican Party presidential primaries
* denotes incumbent
Party                                         Candidate       Aggregate votes  %          CW
                                              Republican      Ronald Reagan*   6,484,987  98.78  50
                                              Unpledged       55,458           0.85       0
                                              Harold Stassen  12,749           0.19       0

Republican National Convention

1984 Republican presidential nomination
* denotes incumbent
Party                                    Candidate    Votes           %
                                         Republican   Ronald Reagan*  2,233  99.91
                                         Abstentions  2               0.09

Presidential election

1984 United States presidential election
* denotes incumbent
Party                                     Presidential  Vice presidential  PV (%)              EV
                                          candidate     Candidate
                                          Republican    Ronald Reagan*     George H. W. Bush*  54,455,472 (58.77)  525 (97.6)
                                          Democratic    Walter Mondale     Geraldine Ferraro   37,577,352 (40.56)  13 (2.4)
                                          Libertarian   David Bergland     James Lewis         228,111 (0.25)      0
                                          Others        393,298 (0.42)     0
Total votes:                              92,653,233    538
Votes necessary:                          270

  * Reagan coalition, the combination of voters who supported Reagan and his election campaigns.
  * Reagan Democrat, a traditionally Democratic voter who defected from their party to support Reagan in 1980 and 1984.
  * Reagan's coattails, the influence of Reagan's popularity on elections other than his own, after the American political expression to "ride in on another's coattails."
  * Troy, Gil; Schlesinger, Arthur M.; Israel, Fred L. (2012). History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2008. Vol. 3 (4 ed.). New York City: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-8220-9.


Bossongri, Thion

Bossongri, Thion is a village in the Thion Department of Gnagna Province in eastern Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 666.


Hariot Glacier

Hariot Glacier ( 69°0′S 66°20′W / 69.000°S 66.333°W) is a glacier flowing northwest along the south side of Morgan Upland before turning west into the northern portion of the Wordie Ice Shelf, along the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. It was roughly surveyed by the British Graham Land Expedition, 1936–37, and the upper reaches were photographed from the air by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, 1947. The glacier was surveyed from the ground by members of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey who travelled along it in December 1958, and it was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Thomas Hariot, an English mathematician who pioneered new methods of navigation under the patronage of Sir Walter Raleigh.

[Public Domain] This article incorporates public domain material from "Hariot Glacier". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.


Aliabad, Darreh Shahr

For other places with similar names, see Aliabad.

Aliabad (Persian: علي اباد, also Romanized as ‘Alīābād)Majin Rural District, Majin District, Darreh Shahr County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 57, in 10 families.Lurs.


Cryptoclearance

Cryptoclearance (April 9, 1984 in Kentucky – September 24, 2009) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who won the Florida Derby in 1987 and the Hawthorne Gold Cup in 1988 and 1999.

Racing career

Trained by future Hall of Fame trainer Scotty Schulhofer, Cryptoclearance raced for three years, winning 12 of his 44 starts including four Grade 1 races.

In 1987, Cryptoclearance won the Florida Derby before coming fourth in the Kentucky Derby to Alysheba, third in the Preakness Stakes to Alysheba, and second in the Belmont Stakes to Bet Twice.

Retirement and Breeding Career

Retired to stud duty, Cryptoclearance stood at Margaux Farm in Midway, Kentucky.

His top offspring include:

  * Victory Gallop, winner of the 1998 Belmont Stakes Classic and voted 1999 American Champion Older Male Horse. Retired from racing with career earnings of $3,505,895.
  * Cryptocloser, 1997 Canadian Champion 3-Year-Old Male Horse
  * Volponi, winner of the 2002 Breeders' Cup Classic. Retired with career earnings of $3,187,232.

Pedigree

Pedigree of Cryptoclearance, brown stallion, April 9, 1984
Sire                       Mr. Prospector  Raise a Native  Native Dancer
Fappiano
Raise You
Gold Digger                Nashua
Sequence
Killaloe                   Dr. Fager       Rough'n Tumble
Aspidistra
Grand Splendor             Correlation
Cequillo
Dam                        Hoist The Flag  Tom Rolfe       Ribot
Naval Orange
Pocahontas
Wavy Navy                  War Admiral
Triomphe
Mock Orange                Dedicate        Princequillo
Dini
Alablue                    Blue Larkspur
Double Time (family: 4-m)

  * Cryptoclearance's pedigree and partial racing stats


Cadent

Cadent can refer to:

  * Cadent, "referring to cadence"
  * Cadent (heraldry), an attitude on a blazon
  * Cadent Gas, a British regional gas distribution company based in Coventry


Ceanothus otayensis

Ceanothus otayensis, the Otay Mountain buckbrush or Otay Mountain lilac, is a plant species known only from the Otay and San Miguel Mountains of San Diego County, California, and in nearby Baja California, Mexico. It occurs on dry slopes and brushlands at elevations of 600–1100 m.

Ceanothus otayensis is a shrub up to 120 cm tall, erect, not rooting at the nodes. Leaves are opposite, evergreen, broadly ovate, up to 15 mm long. Flowers are white to pale blue, borne in a spike of umbels. Fruits are spherical, about 5 mm across.


President William Henry Harrison

Electoral history of William Henry Harrison, who served as the 9th president of the United States (1841); United States Minister to Gran Colombia (1828–1829); United States senator from Ohio (1825–1828); United States representative from Ohio (1816–1819) and as the first governor of the Indiana Territory (1801–1812).

House races

1816

Ohio U.S. House of Representatives special election District 1, 1816
Party        Candidate              Votes                     %
             Democratic-Republican  William H. Harrison       3,370  58.64%
             Democratic-Republican  Thomas R. Ross            1,783  31.02%
             Federalist             William Cortenus Schenck  351    6.11%
             Federalist             William Corry             112    1.95%
             Democratic-Republican  Matthais Ross             91     1.58%
             Democratic-Republican  Ethan Allen Brown         40     0.70%
Total votes  5,747                  100%

Ohio U.S. House of Representatives election District 1, 1816
Party        Candidate              Votes                     %
             Democratic-Republican  William H. Harrison       3,253  57.19%
             Democratic-Republican  Thomas R. Ross            1,365  24.00%
             Federalist             William Corry             593    10.43%
             Federalist             William Cortenus Schenck  344    6.05%
             Democratic-Republican  Matthais Ross             88     1.55%
             Democratic-Republican  Ethan Allen Brown         45     0.79%
Total votes  5,688                  100%

1822

Ohio U.S. House of Representatives election District 1, 1822
Party        Candidate              Votes                %
             Democratic-Republican  James W. Gazlay      3,176  52.85%
             Democratic-Republican  William H. Harrison  2,834  47.15%
Total votes  6,010                  100%

Senate races

1821

Ohio Senate election Ballot One, 1821
Party        Candidate              Votes                %
             Democratic-Republican  Benjamin Ruggles     41  43.62%
             Democratic-Republican  William H. Harrison  37  39.36%
             Democratic-Republican  John C. Wright       12  12.77%
             Democratic-Republican  Thomas Morris        3   3.19%
             Democratic-Republican  John MacLean         1   1.06%
Total votes  94                     100%

Ohio Senate election Ballot Two, 1821
Party        Candidate              Votes                %
             Democratic-Republican  Benjamin Ruggles     47  50.00%
             Democratic-Republican  William H. Harrison  39  41.49%
             Democratic-Republican  John C. Wright       8   8.51%
Total votes  94                     100%


Ohio Senate election Ballot Three, 1821
Party        Candidate              Votes                %
             Democratic-Republican  Benjamin Ruggles     47  46.53%
             Democratic-Republican  William H. Harrison  41  40.59%
             Democratic-Republican  Robert Lucas         6   5.94%
             Democratic-Republican  John C. Wright       4   3.96%
Total votes  101                    100%

Ohio Senate election Ballot Four, 1821
Party        Candidate              Votes                %
             Democratic-Republican  Benjamin Ruggles     52  50.98%
             Democratic-Republican  William H. Harrison  43  42.16%
             Democratic-Republican  John C. Wright       4   3.92%
             Democratic-Republican  Robert Lucas         3   2.94%
Total votes  102                    100%

1822

Ohio Senate special election Ballot One, 1822
Party        Candidate              Votes                   %
             Democratic-Republican  Thomas E. Worthington   32  31.68%
             Democratic-Republican  Ethan Allen Brown       26  25.74%
             Democratic-Republican  John Maclean            22  21.78%
             Democratic-Republican  William Henry Harrison  17  16.83%
             Democratic-Republican  Robert Lucas            3   2.97%
             Democratic-Republican  Joseph Halsey Crane     1   0.99%
Total votes  101                    100%

Ohio Senate special election Ballot Two, 1822
Party        Candidate              Votes                   %
             Democratic-Republican  Thomas E. Worthington   32  33.00%
             Democratic-Republican  Ethan Allen Brown       30  30.00%
             Democratic-Republican  John Maclean            24  24.00%
             Democratic-Republican  William Henry Harrison  13  13.00%
Total votes  100                    100%

Ohio Senate special election Ballot Three, 1822
Party        Candidate              Votes                   %
             Democratic-Republican  Thomas E. Worthington   35  32.41%
             Democratic-Republican  Ethan Allen Brown       32  29.63%
             Democratic-Republican  John Maclean            24  22.22%
             Democratic-Republican  William Henry Harrison  8   7.41%
                                    Scattering              9   8.33%
Total votes  108                    100%

Ohio Senate special election Ballot Four, 1822
Party        Candidate              Votes                   %
             Democratic-Republican  Thomas E. Worthington   36  34.29%
             Democratic-Republican  Ethan Allen Brown       35  33.33%
             Democratic-Republican  John Maclean            26  24.76%
             Democratic-Republican  William Henry Harrison  4   3.81%
                                    Scattering              4   3.81%
Total votes  105                    100%

1825

Ohio Senate election Ballot One, 1825
Party        Candidate              Votes                   %
             Democratic-Republican  William Henry Harrison  38  35.85%
             Democratic-Republican  Wyllys Stillman         34  32.08%
             Democratic-Republican  Thomas Worthington      19  17.92%
             Democratic-Republican  Ethan Allen Brown       15  14.15%
Total votes  106                    100%


Ohio Senate election Ballot Two, 1825
Party        Candidate              Votes                   %
             Democratic-Republican  William Henry Harrison  48  45.71%
             Democratic-Republican  Wyllys Stillman         34  32.38%
             Democratic-Republican  Thomas Worthington      18  17.14%
             Democratic-Republican  Ethan Allen Brown       5   4.76%
Total votes  105                    100%

Ohio Senate election Ballot Three, 1825
Party        Candidate              Votes                   %
             Democratic-Republican  William Henry Harrison  53  49.07%
             Democratic-Republican  Wyllys Stillman         42  38.89%
             Democratic-Republican  Thomas Worthington      9   8.33%
             Democratic-Republican  Ethan Allen Brown       4   3.70%
Total votes  108                    100%

Ohio Senate election Ballot Four, 1825
Party        Candidate              Votes                   %
             Democratic-Republican  William Henry Harrison  58  54.21%
             Democratic-Republican  Wyllys Stillman         44  41.12%
             Democratic-Republican  Thomas Worthington      3   2.80%
             Democratic-Republican  Ethan Allen Brown       2   1.87%
Total votes  107                    100%

Presidential elections

1836

Presidential candidate  Party       Home state      Popular vote(a)  Electoral vote
Count                   Percentage
Martin Van Buren        Democratic  New York        764,176          50.83%          170
William Henry Harrison  Whig        Ohio            550,816          36.63%          73
Hugh Lawson White       Whig        Tennessee       146,107          9.72%           26
Daniel Webster          Whig        Massachusetts   41,201           2.74%           14
Willie Person Mangum    Whig        North Carolina  —(b)             —               11
Other                   1,234       0.08%           0
Total                   1,503,534   100.0%          294
Needed to win           148

1840

United States presidential election, 1840
Party                                      Candidate   Running mate                    Popular vote                                                                               Electoral vote
Count                                      %           Count                           %
                                           Whig        William Henry Harrison of Ohio  John Tyler of Virginia                                                                     1,275,390       52.9%  234  100.00%
                                           Democratic  Martin Van Buren of New York    Richard Mentor Johnson/Littleton W. Tazewell/James K. Polk of Kentucky/Virginia/Tennessee  1,128,854       46.8%  60   0.00%
                                           Liberty     James G. Birney of New York     Thomas Earle of Pennsylvania                                                               6,797           0.3%   0    0.00%
Total                                      2,411,808   100.00%                         294                                                                                100.00%


French cruiser Tage

For other ships with the same name, see French ship Tage.

Tage was a protected cruiser built for the French Navy in the 1880s, the second vessel of that type built for the French fleet. The design was based on the previous cruiser, Sfax, and like that vessel, Tage was intended to be used as a commerce raider to attack merchant shipping. As such, she carried a barque sailing rig to supplement her steam engines for long voyages overseas. Tage was armed with a main battery of eight 164 mm (6.5 in) guns and had a curved armor deck that was 51 to 56 mm (2 to 2.2 in) thick.

Tage spent the 1890s operating in the Mediterranean Sea, either as part of the active Mediterranean Squadron or in the Reserve Squadron, which was typically activated for annual training exercises with the rest of the fleet. The ship was modernized in 1900, which included the installation of new boilers, removal of her sailing rig, and other alterations. She operated with the Newfoundland and Iceland Naval Division and later the Atlantic Squadron in the early 1900s. Tage was ultimately struck from the naval register in 1910 and then broken up for scrap.

Design


French cruiser Tage

Design

In 1878, the French Navy embarked on a program of cruiser construction authorized by the Conseil des Travaux (Council of Works) for a strategy aimed at attacking British merchant shipping in the event of war. The program called for ships of around 3,000 long tons (3,048 t) with a speed of 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph). The first four vessels of the program were wood-hulled unprotected cruisers, but a planned fifth vessel, originally intended along the same lines, was radically re-designed as the first modern protected cruiser of the French fleet, which became Sfax.Sfax, the principal change being an increase in the power of the ship's propulsion system to reach a speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph), a major improvement over the 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) reached by Sfax. The Conseil approved the specifications on 10 July, but Bertin continued to work on the design, particularly after the Navy requested the speed to be increased by another knot to keep pace with developments in fast civilian steam ships. After a meeting on 20 May 1884, the Conseil suggested removing the cellular layer of watertight compartments above the armor deck that Bertin had devised for Sfax as a way to save weight and thereby increase speed. Bertin submitted three variations in mid-1885, which the Conseil examined and rejected on 9 June.


French cruiser Tage

At the same time, the naval architect Charles Jaÿ was preparing a proposal to meet the Navy's requirements, which he completed on 18 December 1884. His proposed ship would have a top speed of 19 to 20 knots (35 to 37 km/h; 22 to 23 mph), and he based the arrangement of the propulsion system on information received from the trials of the British cruiser Iris, which had reached 18.6 knots (34.4 km/h; 21.4 mph) during initial speed tests. Instead of Bertin's cellular layer, Jaÿ employed a cofferdam above the armor deck to control flooding in the event of battle damage. Vice Admiral Alexandre Peyron, then the Minister of the Navy, forwarded Jaÿ's design to the Conseil on 19 January 1885. After an evaluation on 24 February, the Conseil requested modifications, including an armament identical to Sfax and improved armor protection. Jaÿ completed the revisions on 15 April, which the Conseil approved on 26 May.

General characteristics and machinery

Tage was 124.1 m (407 ft) long overall, 119.94 m (393.5 ft) long at the waterline, and 118.8 m (390 ft) long between perpendiculars. She had a maximum beam of 16.38 m (53 ft 9 in) below the waterline and an average draft of 6.95 m (22 ft 10 in), which increased to 7.5 m (25 ft) aft. She displaced 7,073.65 t (6,961.93 long tons) as designed and up to 7,600 t (7,500 long tons) at full load.ram bow and short fore and sterncastles. As was typical for French warships of the period, she had a pronounced tumblehome shape and an overhanging stern. Tage's hull was constructed primarily of steel, but her keel and sternpost were iron. Her superstructure was minimal, consisting primarily of a small conning tower forward. officers and enlisted men, nearly half of whom—250 men—worked in the engine and boiler rooms.

Tage was propelled by a pair of horizontal, three-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines, each driving a four-bladed, bronze screw propeller.compound engine.fire-tube boilers that were ducted into funnels located amidships.barque sailing rig with three masts.


French cruiser Tage

The power plant was rated to produce 12,410 indicated horsepower (9,250 kW) for a top speed of 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph).17.8 knots (33.0 km/h; 20.5 mph) from 8,115 ihp (6,051 kW) using normal draft and 19.2 knots (35.6 km/h; 22.1 mph) from 12,110 ihp (9,030 kW) using forced draft. revolutions per minute, but they vibrated excessively above 90 rpm, and so in 1893, they were modified to be limited to a maximum of 87 rpm to address the problem. Coal storage amounted to 856 t (842 long tons) normally and up to 1,023 t (1,007 long tons) at full load. Her cruising radius was 4,642 nautical miles (8,597 km; 5,342 mi) at an economical speed of 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph).

Armament and armor

The ship was initially armed with a main battery of six 164.7 mm (6.48 in) M1881 28-caliber (cal.) guns carried in individual pivot mounts. Four of the guns were mounted in sponsoned on the upper deck, two on each broadside, while the other two were placed in embrasures in the forecastle. These weapons were supported by a secondary battery of ten 138.6 mm (5.46 in) M1881 30 cal. guns that were carried in a main deck battery amidships. For close-range defense against torpedo boats, she carried three 47 mm (1.9 in) M1885 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns, a single 47 mm Hotchkiss revolver cannon, and fourteen 37 mm (1.5 in) 1-pounder Hotchkiss revolvers, all in individual mounts. She also carried seven 356 mm (14 in) torpedo tubes in her hull above the waterline. Two were in the bow, two were on each broadside, and the last was in the stern.


French cruiser Tage

The ship was protected by a wrought iron armor deck that was 40 mm (1.6 in) on the flat portion, increasing to 80 mm (3.1 in) on the section that covered her propulsion machinery spaces and magazines. Toward the sides of the ship, the deck sloped down and increased in thickness slightly to 44 mm (1.7 in); the sloped sides terminated at the hull 1.30 m (4 ft 3 in) below the waterline. Both sections of the deck were layered over 14 mm (0.55 in) of hull plating. Tage's bow was reinforced above the deck by 30 mm (1.2 in) layered on the 14 mm of hull plating, but the bow was not otherwise strengthened for ramming attacks. The main deck battery had transverse bulkheads that were 80 mm on either end. Her conning tower also had 80 mm sides. Between the armor and main decks, a cofferdam was erected at sides of the ship, which was lined with cellulose to contain flooding in the event of damage.

Modifications

During the ship's initial trials in 1889, the navy decided to increase Tage's armament with an additional pair of 164.7 mm guns. Small sponsons were added amidships, but delays in the delivery of the gun mounts left the sponsons empty until 1892. At that time, the ship underwent a thorough refit that included replacing the original medium-caliber gun armament with newer quick-firing guns of the same size. These consisted of eight 164.7 mm M1884 30-cal. guns and eight 138.6 mm M1884 30-cal. guns. The sailing rig was removed, along with the mainmast, the remaining masts were shortened, and the mizzenmast was relocated further forward. It was during this refit that the engines were limited to 87 rpm to address the vibration problem. The work began in August 1892 and lasted into April 1893. In 1897, the bow and stern torpedo tubes were removed. A second major refit was carried out between 1899 and 1901, which included the installation of new boilers and revisions to the light guns.Bellville type water-tube boilers. mm M1885 QF guns and a pair of 37 mm (1.5 in) M1885 QF guns.

Service history


French cruiser Tage

Service history

Map of the western Mediterranean, where Tage operated for most of her career

Tage was ordered on 3 August 1885 and was laid down later that month at the Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire shipyard. She was launched on 28 October 1886 and began fitting out. Installation of her engines lasted from 11 July 1887 to 12 July 1888. She was towed to the Arsenal de Brest shortly before being commissioned for sea trials on 1 March 1889. These lasted until 20 October 1890, when the ship was placed in full commission. Three days later, she departed for Toulon, where she joined the Mediterranean Squadron.Sfax, Amiral Cécille, and Lalande. The ship participated in the 1891 fleet maneuvers, which began on 23 June and concluded on 11 July.Tage had been assigned to the Reserve Squadron, where she spent six months of the year on active service with full crews for maneuvers; the rest of the year was spent laid up with a reduced crew. At that time, the unit also included several older ironclads and the cruisers Davout, Sfax, Forbin, and Condor.

Tage took part in the fleet maneuvers in 1894; from 9 to 16 July, the ships involved took on supplies in Toulon for the maneuvers that began later on the 16th. A series of exercises included shooting practice, a blockade simulation, and scouting operations in the western Mediterranean. The maneuvers concluded on 3 August.Tage returned to the Mediterranean Squadron in 1895, joining the recently completed cruiser Suchet and the three Troude-class cruisers.

The ship was still formally assigned to the Reserve Squadron in 1896, though she was out of service for repairs that year.coastal defense ships, ironclads, and other cruisers. They were retained in a state that allowed them to be mobilized in the event of a major war.Tage was reactivated to participate in the second phase of the exercises of the Northern Squadron. These lasted from 18 to 21 July, and the scenario saw the Tage and Sfax simulate a hostile fleet steaming from the Mediterranean Sea to attack France's Atlantic coast. In the course of the exercises, the Northern Squadron successfully intercepted the cruisers and "defeated" them.


French cruiser Tage

Tage was refitted again between September 1899 and April 1901 at Brest, France.D'Estrées, Suchet, and Descartes.Lavoisier.Atlantic Squadron, which had previously been amalgamated with the Northern Squadron. At that time, the unit consisted of Tage, Troude, and D'Estrées.Tage was relieved by the armored cruiser Dupleix; Tage thereafter returned to Brest, where she was paid off into the 2nd category of reserve on.Landévennec, where she joined Sfax. The ship was struck from the naval register on 7 June 1907, but was kept at Brest through 1909 before being placed for sale on 3 December that year. She was eventually sold on 25 August 1910 to the Shipbreaking Co., based in London, and broken up.


French cruiser Tage

* Barry, E. B. (1895). "The Naval Manoeuvres of 1894". The United Service: A Monthly Review of Military and Naval Affairs. Philadelphia: L. R. Hamersly & Co. XII: 177–213. OCLC 228667393.
  * Brassey, Thomas A. (1893). "Chapter IV: Relative Strength". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 66–73. OCLC 496786828.
  * Brassey, Thomas A. (1895). "Chapter III: Relative Strength". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 49–59. OCLC 496786828.
  * Brassey, Thomas A. (1896). "Chapter III: Relative Strength". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 61–71. OCLC 496786828.
  * Brassey, Thomas A. (1902). "Chapter III: Relative Strength". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 47–55. OCLC 496786828.
  * Brassey, Thomas A. (1903). "Chapter III: Relative Strength". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 57–68. OCLC 496786828.
  * Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). "France". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 283–333. ISBN 978-0-85177-133-5.
  * Fisher, Edward C., ed. (1969). "157/67 French Protected Cruiser Tage". Warship International. Toledo: International Naval Research Organization. VI (3): 235–237. ISSN 0043-0374.
  * Garbett, H., ed. (October 1903). "Naval Notes: France". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. London: J. J. Keliher & Co. XLVII (308): 1185–1190. OCLC 1077860366.


French cruiser Tage

* Gleig, Charles (1896). Brassey, Thomas A. (ed.). "Chapter XII: French Naval Manoeuvres". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 195–207. OCLC 496786828.
  * Leyland, John (1901). Brassey, Thomas A. (ed.). "Chapter IV: Comparative Strength". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 71–79. OCLC 496786828.
  * Meirat, Jean (1975). "Details and Operational History of the Third-Class Cruiser Lavoisier". F. P. D. S. Newsletter. Akron: F. P. D. S. III (3): 20–23. OCLC 41554533.
  * Roberts, Stephen (2021). French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914. Barnsley: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-5267-4533-0.
  * Ropp, Theodore (1987). Roberts, Stephen S. (ed.). The Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval Policy, 1871–1904. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-141-6.
  * "Ships: France". Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers. III (1): 462–464. 1891.
  * Thursfield, J. R. (1892). Brassey, Thomas A. (ed.). "Foreign Naval Manoeuvres". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 61–88. OCLC 496786828.
  * Thursfield, J. R. (1898). Brassey, Thomas A. (ed.). "II: French Naval Manoeuvres". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 138–143. OCLC 496786828.
  * Weyl, E. (1896). Brassey, Thomas A. (ed.). "Chapter IV: The French Navy". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 61–72. OCLC 496786828.


Chinkhoy

Chinkhoy (/tʃɪnhɔɪ/; Chechen: ЧӀинхой; Russian: Чинхой), also known as Chinnakhoy (Chechen: Ч1иннахой), is a Chechen teip.

Notable members

  * Akhmed Zakayev (1959), Chechen separatist leader and head of the government of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in exile
  * Beslan Gantamirov (1963), Chechen politician, former mayor of Grozny (1991-1993) and one of the leaders on the Russian side of the Battle of Grozny (1999–2000)


Cammerer

Cammerer may refer to:

  * Mount Cammerer, a mountain on the Great Smoky Mountains, south-eastern United States
  * Arno B. Cammerer (1883–1941), the 3rd director of the U.S. National Park Service
  * Helmut Cämmerer (1911–?), German sprint canoer
  * Cämmerer See, lake in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
  * Kammerer


Bossvika

Bossvika is a village in Risør municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located along the southern shore of the Søndeledfjorden. The village lies at the junction of the Norwegian County Road 416 and the Norwegian County Road 411, about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) west of the town of Risør, and about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) east of the village of Moen.


Chen Yue

Chen Yue is a Chinese female track cyclist, and part of the national team. She competed in the team pursuit event at the 2009 UCI Track Cycling World Championships.


Cadences obstinées

Cadences obstinées (Portuguese: Cadências Obstinadas) is a 2013 French-Portuguese romance film directed by Fanny Ardant.

Cast

  * Asia Argento as Margo
  * Nuno Lopes as Furio
  * Franco Nero as Carmine
  * Tudor Istodor as Gabriel
  * Ricardo Pereira as Mattia
  * Johan Leysen as Wladimir
  * Gérard Depardieu as Father Villedieu
  * Mika as Lucio
  * Laura Soveral as Carmine's mother

Reception

In Público's Ípsilon, Luís Miguel Oliveira gave the film a rating of "mediocre" and Jorge Mourinha gave it a rating of "bad".

  * Cadences obstinées at IMDb


A Cry from Heaven

A Cry from Heaven is a 2005 play by Irish playwright Vincent Woods. It retells the story of the beautiful Deirdre and the Sons of Usna which is one of the great tragedies of Irish myth. The birth of a girl heralded by omens of a vulture-shrouded sky begins the drama of King Conchobar mac Nessa and his obsession with Deirdre which led to a land divided. When Deirdre unites with her lover Naoise and goes into exile with the Sons of Usna, the stage is set for betrayal and bloodthirsty revenge that will plunge all Ulster into darkness. The play is drawn from material in the Ulster Cycle. Woods's poetic retelling of the myth of Deirdre transforms this timeless story into a compelling contemporary drama.

The play had its world premiere at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin, in June 2005. It was directed by Olivier Py, and designed by Pierre-André Weitz. The cast featured Kelly Campbell as Deirdre, Alan Turkington as Naoise, Olwen Fouéré as Ness, Denis Conway as Fergus, Bosco Hogan as Felim, Gabrielle Reidy as Leabharcham, Barry McGovern as Cathbad the druid, Ciarán Taylor as Conor, Peter Gaynor as Ainle, Aidan Turner as Ardán, Tony McKenna as White Bull, Charlie Kranz as Black Bull, and Shane Gately as Red Branch Soldier.

Reviews

  * A Review by Harvey O'Brien


Diadegma curvicaudis

Diadegma curvicaudis is a wasp first described by Szepligeti in 1916. No subspecies are listed.


Catocala deuteronympha

Catocala deuteronympha is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found from eastern Siberia to Japan and Korea.

The length of the forewings is about 27 mm.

It orients vertically when resting on tree trunks.

Subspecies

  * Catocala deuteronympha deuteronympha
  * Catocala deuteronympha dahurica Klyuchko, 1992
  * Catocala deuteronympha omphale Butler, 1881 (South-eastern Siberia and Japan)
  * Catocala deuteronympha tschiliensis Bang-Haas, 1927
  * Image
  * Species info
  * Catocala deuteronympha dahurica Images


Ceanothus sonomensis

Ceanothus sonomensis, with the common name Sonoma ceanothus, is a rare species of shrub in the family Rhamnaceae. It is endemic to northern California.

Description

The Ceanothus sonomensis shrub is erect in form, approaching a maximum height of one meter. The flat evergreen leaves are oppositely arranged, each oval to rounded in shape with spiny teeth along the edges. They are shiny green on top, paler and fuzzy on the undersides. The inflorescence is a small cluster of blue or lavender flowers, and the fruit is a ridged, horned capsule about half a centimeter long.

Distribution

Ceanothus sonomensis is known only from the Hood Mountain Range. Most of its 10 or so occurrences are located in Sonoma County, and one remains in Napa County.Ceanothus sonomensis is a member of the chaparral plant community in the California montane chaparral and woodlands sub-ecoregion.

Media related to Ceanothus sonomensis at Wikimedia Commons

  * Jepson Manual Treatment - Ceanothus sonomensis
  * USDA Plants Profile: Ceanothus sonomensis
  * Ceanothus sonomensis - Photo gallery


Electoral history of Thomas Wilford

Thomas Wilford in the 1910s.

This is a summary of the electoral history of Sir Thomas Wilford, Mayor of Wellington (1910–11), Leader of the Liberal Party (1920–25) and Member of Parliament for Wellington Suburbs (1896–97, 1899-1902), then Hutt (1902–29).

Parliamentary elections

1893 election

1893 general election: Suburbs of Wellington
Party                Candidate     Votes           %      ±%
                     Conservative  Alfred Newman   1,839  51.74
                     Liberal       Thomas Wilford  1,715  48.25
Majority             124           3.48
Turnout              3,554         78.21
Registered electors  4,544

1896 election

1896 general election: Suburbs of Wellington
Party     Candidate     Votes                  %      ±%
          Liberal       Thomas Wilford         2,194  53.05  +4.80
          Conservative  Thomas William Hislop  1,942  46.95
Majority  252           6.09
Turnout   4,136

1899 election

1899 general election: Suburbs of Wellington
Party                Candidate            Votes                 %      ±%
                     Liberal              Thomas Wilford        2,298  50.39
                     Conservative         Alfred Newman         1,762  38.64
                     Independent Liberal  Richard Clement Kirk  491    10.77
                     Independent          Richard Giles Knight  9      0.20
Majority             536                  11.75
Turnout              4,560                74.44
Registered electors  6,126

1902 election

1902 general election: Hutt
Party                Candidate            Votes             %      ±%
                     Liberal              Thomas Wilford    2,115  54.52
                     Independent Liberal  Frederick Pirani  1,674  43.15
                     Independent          Joseph Collier    90     2.32
Majority             441                  11.36
Turnout              3,879                76.59
Registered electors  5,064

1905 election

1905 general election: Hutt
Party                Candidate    Votes           %       ±%
                     Liberal      Thomas Wilford  3,452   57.49  +2.97
                     New Liberal  George Yerex    1,540   25.64
                     Independent  George London   957     15.93
Informal votes       55           0.91

Majority             1,912        31.84           +20.48
Turnout              6,004        82.42           +5.83
Registered electors  7,284

1908 election

1908 general election: Hutt, First ballot
Party                Candidate     Votes           %      ±%
                     Liberal       Thomas Wilford  3,764  61.60  +7.08
                     Conservative  Richard Shortt  2,226  36.43
Informal votes       120           1.96            +1.05


Electoral history of Thomas Wilford

Majority             1,538         25.17           +6.67
Turnout              6,110         78.45           -3.97
Registered electors  7,788

1911 election

1911 general election: Hutt, First ballot
Party                Candidate    Votes            %      ±%
                     Liberal      Thomas Wilford   3,471  50.33  -11.27
                     Labour       Michael Reardon  1,540  22.33
                     Independent  John McEwan      911    13.21
                     Reform       Richard Shortt   881    12.77  -23.66
Informal votes       93           1.34             -0.52

Majority             1,931        28.00            +2.83
Turnout              6,896        83.60            +5.15
Registered electors  8,248

1914 election

1914 general election: Hutt
Party                Candidate      Votes           %       ±%
                     Liberal        Thomas Wilford  3,977   56.72  -6.39
                     United Labour  Albert Samuel   3,034   43.27
Informal votes       143            2.03            +0.69

Majority             943            13.45           -14.55
Turnout              7,011          83.03           +0.57
Registered electors  8,443

1919 election

1919 general election: Hutt
Party                Candidate  Votes            %      ±%
                     Liberal    Thomas Wilford   3,422  41.59  -15.13
                     Labour     David Pritchard  2,417  29.38
                     Reform     Percy Rishworth  2,319  28.19
Informal votes       68         0.82             -1.21

Majority             1,005      12.21            -1.24
Turnout              8,226      82.44            -0.59
Registered electors  9,983

1922 election

1922 general election: Hutt
Party                Candidate  Votes            %      ±%
                     Liberal    Thomas Wilford   3,707  41.15  -0.44
                     Labour     David Pritchard  2,905  32.25  +2.87
                     Reform     Henry Bennett    2,317  25.72
Informal votes       78         0.86             +0.04

Majority             802        8.90             -3.31
Turnout              9,007      91.21            +8.77
Registered electors  9,874

1925 election

1925 general election: Hutt
Party                Candidate  Votes           %      ±%
                     Liberal    Thomas Wilford  6,080  58.13  +16.98
                     Labour     Walter Nash     4,286  40.98
Informal votes       92         0.87            +0.01


Electoral history of Thomas Wilford

Majority             1,794      17.15           +8.25
Turnout              10,458     91.04           -0.17
Registered electors  11,487

1928 election

1928 general election: Hutt
Party                Candidate  Votes           %      ±%
                     United     Thomas Wilford  7,283  54.92  -3.21
                     Labour     Walter Nash     5,978  45.08  +4.10
Informal votes       288        2.13            +1.26

Majority             1,305      9.84            -7.31
Turnout              13,549     90.95           -0.9
Registered electors  14,898

Local elections

Wellington City mayoral election, 1901

Wellington mayoral election, 1901
Party     Candidate    Votes           %      ±%
          Independent  John Aitken     5,801  67.98
          Independent  Thomas Wilford  2,732  32.02
Majority  3,069        35.96
Turnout   8,533

Wellington City mayoral election, 1907

Wellington mayoral election, 1907
Party     Candidate    Votes                  %       ±%
          Independent  Thomas William Hislop  5,658   65.63  +34.14
          Independent  Thomas Wilford         2,962   34.36
Majority  2,696        31.27                  +23.97
Turnout   8,620

Wellington City mayoral election, 1909

Wellington mayoral election, 1909
Party     Candidate           Votes             %      ±%
          Independent         Alfred Newman     4,523  33.72
          Independent         Thomas Wilford    4,240  31.61  -2.75
          Independent         Francis Fisher    3,208  23.92
          Ind. Labour League  John Rigg         824    6.14
          Independent         Frederick Bolton  616    4.59
Majority  283                 2.11
Turnout   13,411

Wellington City mayoral election, 1910

Wellington City mayoral election, 1910
Party     Candidate    Votes                  %      ±%
          Independent  Thomas Wilford         6,248  54.26  +22.75
          Independent  Charles John Crawford  5,267  45.74
Majority  981          8.51
Turnout   11,515

Wellington City mayoral election, 1911

Wellington mayoral election, 1911
Party  Candidate        Votes           %          ±%
       Citizens League  Thomas Wilford  unopposed

  * Hislop, J. (1923). The General Election, 1922. Government Printer
  * McRobie, Alan (1989). Electoral Atlas of New Zealand. Wellington: GP Books. ISBN 0-477-01384-8.


French cruiser Sfax

For other ships with the same name, see French ship Sfax.

Sfax was a protected cruiser built for the French Navy in the 1880s. She was the first vessel of the type to be built for the French Navy, which was a development from earlier unprotected cruisers like Milan. Unlike the earlier vessels, Sfax carried an armor deck that covered her propulsion machinery and ammunition magazines. Intended to be used as a commerce raider in the event of war with Great Britain, Sfax was rigged as a barque to supplement her engines on long voyages abroad. She was armed with a main battery of six 164 mm (6.5 in) guns and a variety of lighter weapons.

Sfax had a relatively uneventful career. She spent most of her career alternating between the Mediterranean, Northern, and Reserve Squadrons. During this period, she was primarily occupied with conducting training exercises; while in the Reserve Squadron, she was kept in commission for only part of the year. She briefly served on the North American station in 1899, but by 1901, had been reduced to reserve. She was struck from the naval register in 1906 and subsequently broken up.

Design

The design for Sfax traces its origin to work the French naval engineer Louis-Émile Bertin prepared in 1870 for a new type of ironclad river monitors that incorporated a highly subdivided layer of watertight compartments intended to control flooding from battle damage. The proposal was not taken up, but Bertin suggested a similar feature on a small cruiser in 1872, which was also rejected in 1873.French Navy embarked on a program of cruiser construction authorized by the Conseil des Travaux (Council of Works) for a strategy aimed at attacking British merchant shipping in the event of war. The program called for ships of around 3,000 long tons (3,048 t) with a speed of 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph). The first three vessels of the program—Naïade, Aréthuse, and Dubourdieu—were traditional unprotected cruisers with wooden hulls, while the fourth vessel, Milan, was a transitional steel-hulled design. The Navy ordered a fifth ship, to have been a sister ship to Dubourdieu named Capitaine Lucas, but by this time, the British Royal Navy had begun building their own protected cruisers.


French cruiser Sfax

The Director of Materiel, Victorin Sabattier, temporarily vacated his position in 1881 due to illness, and Bertin used the opportunity to protest the beginning of construction of Capitaine Lucas in light of developments in the Royal Navy; he was able to convince Sabattier's replacement, Alfred Lebelin de Dionne, that a version of his 1873 proposal would better suit French needs, and he in turn convinced the Minister of the Navy, Georges Charles Cloué, to cancel Capitaine Lucas in favor of Bertin's proposal. Improvements suggested by the Conseil were incorporated into the ship, which was ordered in 1882, by which time Auguste Gougeard had replaced Cloué as the naval minister. The ship proved to be a successful design and she provided the basis for subsequent vessels, beginning with Tage.

Characteristics and machinery

Profile drawing of Sfax in her original configuration

Sfax was 90.03 m (295 ft 4 in) long at the waterline, 91.56 m (300 ft 5 in) long between perpendiculars, and 96.08 m (315 ft 3 in) long overall. She had a beam of 15 m (49 ft 3 in) and an average draft of 6.77 m (22 ft 3 in), which increased to 7.65 m (25.1 ft) aft. The ship had a designed displacement of 4,561 t (4,489 long tons) but displaced 4,888 t (4,811 long tons) as completed.

Her hull featured a pronounced ram bow that was reinforced to allow it to bear the impact of colliding with another ship, along with short fore and sterncastles.wrought iron plating, and below the waterline it was sheathed in a layer of timber and copper plate to protect it from biofouling on extended cruises. As was typical for French warships of the period, she had a pronounced tumblehome shape and an overhanging stern. Her superstructure was minimal, consisting primarily of a small conning tower forward.rudder. Her crew consisted of 470 officers and enlisted men.


French cruiser Sfax

The ship was propelled by a pair of horizontal, 2-cylinder compound steam engines, each driving a screw propeller. Steam was provided by twelve coal-burning fire-tube boilers that were ducted into two funnels located amidships. To supplement the steam engines on long voyages, she was originally fitted with a barque sailing rig with three masts. The sail area totaled 1,990 square meters (21,400 sq ft), though Sfax proved to perform poorly under sail.

The power plant was rated to produce 7,680 indicated horsepower (5,730 kW) at 90 revolutions per minute for a top speed of 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph). On speed trials conducted in May 1887, the machinery only reached 6,495 ihp (4,843 kW), but the ship nevertheless made a top speed of 16.71 knots (30.95 km/h; 19.23 mph) using forced draft. The ship could not effectively steam at that speed, however, as excessive vibration particularly affected the aft engine at speeds above 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph); in service, the crew could not push the engines faster than 65 rpm, limiting the speed to 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph). Coal storage amounted to 710 t (700 long tons) normally and up to 1,000 t (980 long tons) at full load. This provided a cruising range of 4,200 nautical miles (7,800 km; 4,800 mi) at an economical speed of 10.5 knots (19.4 km/h; 12.1 mph).

Armament and armor

Sketch of Sfax in her original configuration


French cruiser Sfax

Sketch of Sfax in her original configuration

The ship was armed with a main battery of six 164.7 mm (6.48 in) M1881 28-caliber guns carried in individual pivot mounts. Four of the guns were mounted in sponsons on the upper deck, two on each broadside, while the other two were placed in embrasures in the forecastle. These weapons were supported by a secondary battery of ten 138.6 mm (5.46 in) M1881 30-caliber guns that were carried in a main deck battery amidships. For close-range defense against torpedo boats, she carried eight 37 mm (1.5 in) guns in individual mounts. Some of these were carried in fighting tops in the masts. She also carried five 356 mm (14 in) torpedo tubes in her hull above the waterline; two were placed forward, one on each broadside, and the last in the stern. Sfax also carried a pair of 65 mm (2.6 in) M1881 field guns that could be sent ashore with a landing party.

The ship was protected by an armor deck that consisted of wrought iron that was 30 mm (1.2 in) thick layered on 10 m (33 ft) of deck plating. Bertin had intended the deck to be 38 mm (1.5 in) thick, but a reduction was necessary to save weight that could be used to strengthen the deck supports. The deck was placed low in the ship, about 0.75 m (2 ft 6 in) below the waterline, with downward sloping sides that were reduced slightly in thickness to 28 mm (1.1 in). Between the armor and main deck, a cofferdam coupled with watertight compartmentalization was employed to contain flooding from damage.bulkheads, some of which were filled with water-absorbing cellulose. Some of the compartments were used to store coal, which provided an additional measure of protection against enemy fire. mm sides and the 164.7 mm guns had 8 mm (0.31 in) plating on their sponsons.

Modifications


French cruiser Sfax

Modifications

Sfax was refitted and modified a number of times over the course of her career. Shortly after entering service, the sailing rig was modified in an attempt to improve the ship's sailing characteristics in 1888. New screws were fitted in October that year to try to address the vibration problem, but these did not correct the problem and her original propellers were restored in February 1889. Her bowsprit was replaced with a jibboom in 1892. A more comprehensive refit followed between March 1893 and May 1894, which saw the ship's main and secondary battery was replaced with 30-cal. M1881 quick-firing guns of the same bore diameter. Her sailing rig was also removed entirely at that time, and heavy military masts were installed in its place. Some of the light guns were placed in fighting tops on the masts to improve their fields of fire.

Another extensive modernization took place between August 1897 and August 1898. Her original boilers were replaced with new fire-tube boilers manufactured by Indretmizzen masts were replaced with simple pole masts, but the base of the main mast was converted into a ventilation shaft. The ship's light armament was revised to six 47 mm (1.9 in) M1885 QF guns, four 37 mm QF guns, and six 37 mm revolvers. Those light guns that had been fitted in the tops were redistributed along the upper deck. She retained the two 65 mm landing guns, but three of her torpedo tubes were removed, leaving only the broadside tubes installed.

Service history

Map of the western Mediterranean, where Sfax operated for most of the 1890s

Construction – 1894

Sfax was laid down at the Arsenal de Brest in Brest, France on 26 July 1882. The ship was named for the bombardment of Sfax during the French conquest of Tunisia in 1881. She was launched on 26 May 1884, and fitting-out work thereafter commenced, including the installation of her engines, which lasted from 10 October 1885 to 1 September 1886. The ship was commissioned for sea trials on 17 January 1887, which were conducted off Brest. Trials were completed on 7 June, when she was placed in full commission; eight days later she departed Brest for Toulon in the Mediterranean Sea.Sfax participated in the fleet maneuvers with the Mediterranean Fleet that had already begun on 11 June.Sfax was placed in reserve.


French cruiser Sfax

By 1890, Sfax had been transferred to the Northern Squadron, which was based in the English Channel. She took part in that year's naval maneuvers, along with the ironclads Marengo, Océan, and Suffren, the torpedo cruiser Epervier, and several other vessels. The exercises began on 2 July and involved the ships attacking several coastal defense ships and armored gunboats in a simulated amphibious assault of an "eastern" (i.e., German) squadron on the defending French squadron represented by the coastal defense ships. The exercise concluded on the 5th, with the Northern Squadron having failed to neutralize the defending forces and effect a landing.

The following year, Sfax was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet, where she served as part of the reconnaissance force for the main French battle fleet, along with the cruisers Tage, Amiral Cécille, and Lalande. The ship participated in that year's fleet maneuvers, which began on 23 June and concluded on 11 July.Sfax had been reduced to the Reserve Squadron, where she spent six months of the year on active service with full crews for maneuvers; the rest of the year was spent laid up with a reduced crew. At that time, the unit also included several older ironclads and the cruisers Tage, Davout, Forbin, and Condor.Marseille.Sfax took part in the fleet maneuvers after returning to service in 1894, still part of the Reserve Squadron; from 9 to 16 July, the ships involved took on supplies in Toulon for the maneuvers that began later on the 16th. A series of exercises included shooting practice, a blockade simulation, and scouting operations in the western Mediterranean. The maneuvers concluded on 3 August.

1895–1910

Sfax after her refit of 1888–1889 and before that of 1897–1898


French cruiser Sfax

In late January 1895, Sfax and the ironclad Amiral Duperré took part in an experimental bombardment of a simulated coastal fortification on Levant Island. The test lasted six hours and was carried out over the course of three days, so that the effect of shelling could be studied throughout the experiment. It involved over a thousand shots between the two ships, firing calibers ranging from 10 to 34 cm (3.9 to 13.4 in). Neither ship was able to significantly damage the fortifications, though several of the guns were damaged and shell fragments would have inflicted casualties among gun crews. The French determined that an excessive amount of ammunition was required to neutralize the guns, and had the fortification been returning fire, both ships likely would have been seriously damaged.Sfax was still serving in the unit in 1895, along with the cruisers Forbin and Milan.

She remained in the Reserve Squadron in 1896,Lalande, Amiral Cécille, Milan, and Léger. The maneuvers for that year took place from 6 to 30 July and the Reserve Squadron served as the simulated enemy.Sfax was reactivated to participate in the second phase of the exercises of the Northern Squadron. These lasted from 18 to 21 July 1897, and the scenario saw the Sfax and Tage simulate a hostile fleet steaming from the Mediterranean Sea to attack France's Atlantic coast. In the course of the exercises, the Northern Squadron successfully intercepted the cruisers and "defeated" them.

Sfax was modernized again between August 1898 and August 1899 at Brest; in addition to repairs to her machinery, she had her military masts replaced with pole masts.Sfax recommissioned and was assigned to the North American station, along with the unprotected cruiser Dubourdieu. There, she relieved the old unprotected cruiser Rigault de Genouilly.Alfred Dreyfus was pardoned that year, Sfax carried him back from Devil's Island in French Guiana to Port Haliguen.Sfax had been reduced to the 2nd category of reserve,naval register in 1906, Sfax was used as a storage hulk for shells and propellant charges from 1906 to 1909. She was then placed on the sale list on 26 May 1909 and ultimately sold to ship breakers on 25 August 1910.


French cruiser Sfax

* Barry, E. B. (1895). "The Naval Manoeuvres of 1894". The United Service: A Monthly Review of Military and Naval Affairs. Philadelphia: L. R. Hamersly & Co. XII: 177–213. OCLC 228667393.
  * Brassey, Thomas, ed. (1886). "Sfax". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 239. OCLC 496786828.
  * Brassey, Thomas, ed. (1888). "Chapter XV". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 204–258. OCLC 496786828.
  * Brassey, Thomas, ed. (1888). "Sfax". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 343. OCLC 496786828.
  * Brassey, Thomas, ed. (1890). "Chapter II: Foreign Manoeuvres". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co. OCLC 496786828.
  * Brassey, Thomas, ed. (1891). "Foreign Maneouvres: I—France". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 33–40. OCLC 496786828.
  * Brassey, Thomas A. (1893). "Chapter IV: Relative Strength". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 66–73. OCLC 496786828.
  * Brassey, Thomas A. (1895). "Chapter III: Relative Strength". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 49–59. OCLC 496786828.
  * Brassey, Thomas A. (1896). "Chapter III: Relative Strength". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 61–71. OCLC 496786828.
  * Brassey, Thomas A. (1899). "Chapter III: Relative Strength". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 70–80. OCLC 496786828.


French cruiser Sfax

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French cruiser Sfax

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