document: the nasopharyngeal bursa originates from the area of communication between the notochord and the foregut , ie , the pharyngeal endoderm.1,2 it is believed to be a remnant of embryonic communication between the notochord and the roof of the pharynx , that normally disappears during the second month of intrauterine fetal development . 
   3 a tornwaldt s cyst develops if the embryonic remnant becomes obstructed ( cystic type ) , and if crusts adhere to the orifice without obstruction , this will form the crust type.4 eagle5 in 1939 indicated that in the crust type the orifice of the bursa is not obstructed despite crust formation . 
   this crust sheds periodically from the nasopharynx , causing an offensive smell and unpleasant taste . 
   the cystic type of nasopharyngeal bursitis is more common and should form part of the differential diagnosis of nasopharyngeal abscesses and cysts . 
   although most patients are symptom - free , some will develop bursitis , a cyst , or an abscess . 
   therefore , the symptoms are of either a space - occupying lesion ( nasal obstruction , eustachian tube obstruction with secretory otitis media , dysphagia , cranial nerve paralysis ) or rhinitis ( choanal discharge , halitosis , pharyngitis , laryngitis , bronchitis , gastritis ) . 
   being located at the posterior wall of the nasopharynx and extending toward the tubercle of the occipital bone , pulsating headache and occipital pain felt at the external occipital tuberculum is often reported . 
   the incidence of nasopharyngeal bursitis is approximately 4% in adults , but it can appear at any age . 
   the peak incidence occurs between 15 and 30 years , with a caucasian predominance and no gender predilection.5,6 nonetheless , most of the published literature comprises selected case reports and describes the cystic type . 
   no single report to the authors knowledge has estimated the true incidence of crust - type nasopharyngeal bursitis or characterized its symptoms . in this clinicoanatomical audit , 
   the aim was to identify the incidence of nasopharyngeal bursa disease , its different types , and its clinical presentation over two years in a single rhinology practice . 
   this was a two - year clinicoanatomical audit of nasopharyngeal bursitis at a rhinology practice in a university unit during 20082009 . 
   all patients diagnosed to have nasopharyngeal bursitis confirmed by endoscopic examination of the nasopharynx and computed tomography scan / magnetic resonance imaging were asked carefully about symptoms of tornwaldt s syndrome . 
   a surgical technique combining an endonasal and transoral approach in the form of disruption of the bursa with electrocauterization was performed to patients presenting with either the cyst type or the crust type . 
   surgical samples of bursitis tissue were fixed in 10% formalin , and paraffin wax blocks were performed . 
   routine hematoxilyn staining of the nasal biopsy was then performed and specimens examined under low and high power fields . 
   representative photos from the slides were taken by a camera attached to software as shown in figure 2 . 
   this was a two - year clinicoanatomical audit of nasopharyngeal bursitis at a rhinology practice in a university unit during 20082009 . 
   all patients diagnosed to have nasopharyngeal bursitis confirmed by endoscopic examination of the nasopharynx and computed tomography scan / magnetic resonance imaging were asked carefully about symptoms of tornwaldt s syndrome . 
   a surgical technique combining an endonasal and transoral approach in the form of disruption of the bursa with electrocauterization was performed to patients presenting with either the cyst type or the crust type . 
   surgical samples of bursitis tissue were fixed in 10% formalin , and paraffin wax blocks were performed . 
   routine hematoxilyn staining of the nasal biopsy was then performed and specimens examined under low and high power fields . 
   representative photos from the slides were taken by a camera attached to software as shown in figure 2 . 
   results of the current audit ( see table ) indicated that six patients ( four males and two females , mean age 54 years ) were diagnosed to have nasopharyngeal bursitis . 
   the incidence was less than 1% of all rhinitis patients seen during the study period . 
   two patients with classical tornwaldt s cyst and one with a fibrosed tornwaldt s cyst were identified , while three patients with crust - type bursitis were diagnosed . 
   the classical cyst type presented with postnasal discharge resulting in hemming , throat irritation , and cough , while the fibrosed type was discovered incidentally in a patient who complained of snoring . on the other hand , the crust type presented with crust expectoration and retching , with or without fetid postnasal discharge , and occasional occipital pain that lasts for a few days , with symptom - free intervals of a few days . for both types of disease , 
   patients who underwent surgery using a combined endoscopic nasal and transoral approach had a complete recovery with no recurrence of symptoms at more than one year postoperatively ( figure 1c ) . 
   interestingly , our audit showed an equal incidence of the cystic and the crust type of the disease . 
   endoscopic examination of the nasopharynx after proper nasal decongestion will clearly show either a cyst or ulcer - like lesion covered with crusts , in the midline of the posterior wall of the nasopharynx ( figures 1a and 1b ) . 
   radiologic investigation ( simple lateral view x - ray , computed tomography scan , and magnetic resonance imaging ) is useful in showing adhesion of the bursa to the cervical vertebrae . 
   although several surgical approaches with good outcomes have been described,69 we believe that the combined endoscopic endonasal and transoral approach with good electrocauterization is a minimally invasive and effective way of treating both types of nasopharyngeal bursitis ( figure 1c ) . 
   nasopharyngeal bursa originate at the interface between the embryologic tissue from which the vertebrae develop . 
   notochord formation is an important change in the embryonic disc that takes place in the third week , and this is used by the embryo as a temporary axial skeleton . during migration of the intraembryonic mesoderm , the node of hansen develops at the cephalic primitive streak , giving rise to the notochord process , in which a small central canal is formed . 
   this canal connects the amniotic cavity and the yolk sac cavity . from this notochordal process , 
   a rod - like solid definitive notochord becomes detached from the endoderm to lie in a position between the ectoderm and endoderm in the midline . 
   this definitive notochord later becomes the permanent vertebral column . in approximately 3%4% of embryos , 
   an invaginated connection remains in the nasopharynx connecting the pharyngeal epithelium with the remnants of the notochord . 
   thus , the lesion is located in the middle of the posterior wall of the nasopharynx and extends to the tubercle of the occipital bone . 
   syndrome10 describes a group of symptoms resulting from inflammation , or cystic or abscess formation . in 1939 
   , eagle5 indicated that the orifice of the bursa is not obstructed in the crust type , despite the crust formation . 
   this crust will shed from the nasopharynx , causing a bad smell and an unpleasant taste . in this audit , 
   three patients presented with retching , expectoration of crusts , and/or fetid postnasal discharge and occipital pain , with no other described symptoms of nasopharyngeal bursitis . 
   the crust reforms quickly , only to shed again every few days with completely symptom - free intervals in between . 
   although most patients with nasopharyngeal bursa remain symptom - free , trauma to the nasopharynx in the form of nasal packing or adenoidectomy may result in obstruction of the bursa orifice and cyst formation . 
   interestingly , our patients developed their symptoms at an advanced age with no history of an initiating event , such as nasal packing or surgical trauma . 
   also , they remained completely symptom - free for years and presented suddenly with disturbing crusts of the nasopharynx . 
   this indicates that the crust type could be a distinct variant of the disease that may develop at any time , and without recognized predisposing factors . 
   the cystic type of nasopharyngeal bursitis in our study was found to have two subtypes . 
   one type is the classical cyst with postnasal discharge , throat irritation , and cough , while the other fibrosed type presented with irritation of the nasopharyngeal area and snoring . 
   histopathologically , a tornwaldt s cyst can be differentiated from a retention lymphoid cyst in that the former appears as an epithelial cyst lined with columnar epithelium on the surface11 while the latter shows lymphoid tissue only . 
   however , the histologic picture of the crust type is not known . in figure 2 
   , we show the histologic appearance of the crust type that demonstrates reactive lymphoid mucosa with necrotic tissue . 
   interestingly , reactive lymphoid mucosa was also demonstrated in biopsies from the adjacent tissues , which may explain the cicatricial streaks around the bursa . 
   this interesting histologic finding presents clinically as rapid formation of crusts with shedding and postnasal drip . in conclusion , 
   the crust type is a recognized form of the disease and may produce no symptoms other than retching and irritative expectoration of crusts . 
   awareness of the crust type of nasopharyngeal bursitis would pick up many missed cases and increase appropriate referrals between generalists , pulmonologists , and otolaryngologists . 
   proper endoscopic nasopharyngeal examination with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging remains the best method of clinical assessment . 
   nasopharyngeal bursitis should be differentiated from nasopharyngeal carcinoma , which can mimic the ulcerative nature of nasopharyngeal bursitis , but usually does not form overlying crusts . 
   the lack of symptoms , such as epistaxis and metastatic lymphadenopathy , as well as the characteristic midline anatomic site in the nasopharynx , are all in favor of the diagnosis of crust - type nasopharyngeal bursitis . 
   endoscopic interruption of the bursa with electrocauterization at the base is a minimally invasive technique that would suffice , and allows a better view of the operative field .
summary: nasopharyngeal bursitis is a relatively rare syndrome characterized by a collection of symptoms that multidisciplinary specialists should be aware of . here 
   we present an audit of cases presenting to a rhinology clinic over a two - year period , as well as an overview of the relevant embryology and different clinical presentations of nasopharyngeal bursitis . for 20082009 , 
   six patients were diagnosed to have nasopharyngeal bursitis , including four males and two females , of mean age 54 years . 
   two distinct pathologic types were observed , comprising three patients with classical tornwaldt s cyst and three with crust - type bursitis . 
   this audit highlights the importance of recognition of the crust - type of nasopharyngeal bursitis and its anatomic and clinical features . 
   a combined endonasal and transoral endoscopic approach is a minimally invasive procedure and an effective method of treating both types of the disease . 
   our findings are discussed in relation to the embryology of the disorder , with a clinical emphasis on crust- type nasopharyngeal bursitis .