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# Silent substitution
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# The human retina has five classes of photoreceptor: rods, cones (S, M, L) and intrinsically photosenstive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC). Rods are most numerous (77-107 million cells) and are responsible for scotopic (low light) vision, whereas cones (4-5 million cells) are responsible for mesopic / photic vision. The ipRGCs are a subpopulation of ganglion cell which are unique in that they express the photopigment melanopsin in their axons and soma, making them intrinsically photosensetive. They do not mediate vision like rods and cones, but they are known to regulate steady state pupil size. Each of the photoreceptors are tuned to different wavelengths of light, as described by the photopigment spectral sensetivity curves, which effectively describes the probability that a photoreceptor will absorb a photon of light at a given wavelength. 
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# ![](../img/eye_retina.png)
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# From the overlapping spectral sensetivity curves, it should be clear that most lights will stimulate all photoreceptors. But what if we wanted to target a light stimulus at a specific photoreceptor class, in order to evaluate its contribution to the PLR?
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# Silent substitution is an elegant technique for targeting light stimuli at a particular class of photoreceptors. The human retina has 
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# - maximize contrast on targeted photoreceptor classes

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