Freshwater Stingrays, Potamotrygonidae, are Batoid Fish found in South American river systems draining into the Caribbean and Atlantic, found as far south as the River Plate in Argentina, with their maximum diversity in the Amazon River system of Brazil. They are roughly disk-shaped, with an elongate tail with a venomous caudal sting, and range from about 25 cm to about 1.5 m in length. They are the only entirely freshwater-dwelling family of Batoid Fish, or Chondrichthians of any type. Many species are traded in the aquarium trade, often under the name 'Teacup Rays', which has raised concern with some conservationists, as these Rays are slow-breeding, leading dealers to rely on wild-caught, rather than captive-bred, Fish, and making over-harvested populations slow to recover.
In a paper published in the journal Zootaxa on 13 September 2016, Marcelo De Carvalho of the Departamento de Zoologia at the Universidade de São Paulo, describes two new species of Freshwater Stingray from the Rio Tapajós Basin of Brazil. Both species are placed in the genus Potamotrygon, and both have been known in the aquarium trade for some time, but this is the first time they have been formally described.
The first new species described is named Potamotrygon albimaculata, meaning 'white spots'; adults of the species are dark-brown to black in colour with numerous white spotes on their dorsal surface. The species is found in the upper and middle reaches of the Rio Tapajós in Amazonas, Pará and Mato Grosso states, where it is known locally as the Pretinha do Tapajós (Tapajós Freshwater Stingray); it is traded in the aquarium trade as the 'Itaituba Ray', or simply 'P14'. The species appears to live in the deeper parts of the center of the river during the daytime, foraging in the shallower waters around the shore at night.
Live adult female specimen of Potamotrygon albimaculata, in aquarium, shortly before giving birth to two pups. Richard Hardwick & G England in De Carvalho (2016).
This is quite a large species, reaching 790 mm in length. Juveniles have a distinctive reticulated pattern, with a dark background with tightly packed lighter brown areas with small white spots in the center. The dermal denticles on the body reach a maximum of 1 mm; on the tail many of these are modified to make larger, sharp thorns. As a defence mechanism they produce copious amounts of mucus, which is shed when they are grabbed. Young are born live, being 100-110 mm in length, in clutches of up to four, though two is much more common.
Live neonates of Potamotrygon albimaculata, shortly after birth; offspring of gravid female above. Richard Hardwick & G England in De Carvalho (2016).
The second new species is named Potamotrygon jabuti, where 'jabuti' is a local word for the species meaning 'Tortoise', a reference to the appearance of the adults, which have a torroiseshell patternation and a tendency to arch their backs. In the aquarium trade the species is marketed as the 'Pearl Freshwater Stingray'. The species was found in the middle and upper Rio Tapajós waterway as well as numerous smaller tributaries, being partucularly abundant in the Rio Jamanxim.
Live adult specimen of Potamotrygon jabuti, in aquarium. Richard Hardwick in De Carvalho (2016).
This is another large species, reaching 810 mm in length, and quite variable in colouration, having a marbled pattern that comes in a variety of greens, browns and yellows. Denticles on the body reach up to a mm in size, with larger denticles modified to form spines on the tail and hindpart of the body disk.
Live neonates of Potamotrygon jabuti, shortly after birth. Richard Hardwick in De Carvalho (2016).
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