|Journals of Science||
Glaciers Formed Them
Author : Ronald Stewart
Submitted : 7/10/2012
Accepted : 7/15/2012
Published : 7/20/2012
Currently known science teaches that the oceans formed on Earth 3.8 billion years ago. At this time the Solar System was about 1 billion years old. To explain the formation of the oceans, it is necessary to briefly discuss the formation of earth's Solar System. The Solar System started as a swirling cloud of dust and gases. Eventually the dust and particles hardened and the dust and particles aggregated into bodies of earth hardened rock. The oxygen based gases were also composed of H2O gassed water vapor. Thinking continues that icy comets also collided with the earth and added to the H2O based oxygenated ice particles and resulted in a chain reaction process. That developed into an ongoing cycle and over eons of time the oceans formed more or less from these processes. The author of this article proposes a new theory. That all of the aforementioned is true. Except, that secondary causes of a comet hitting the earth and adding to the development process of the earth's oceans most likely did not happen. Rather, over eons of time what created the bulk of the earth's oceans was : " An ongoing cycle of the glaciers melting from accumulative Co2 gases from ongoing increasing Greenhouse effects. Eventually developing into the oceans upon the earth over eons of time instead ".
This article is a preliminary introduction to a much deeper, comprehensive, detailed, and longer research paper that will soon be published as well.
(ABOVE IMAGE EXPLANATION) - (Image -Credit-Ronald Stewart (C) 2012). (A) Is the earth as it started out primarily as a very warm planet subdued by an extreme amount of extreme volcanic activity. Because the higher elevated mountains and mountain ranges were closer to the confined frigid temperatures of outer space, this part of the earth of course was much colder. The higher oxygenated gases at these higher mountain range elevations would cause condensation. Over eons of time the ice accumulated on the higher mountain elevations eventually becoming the earth's first glaciers many millions of years ago as seen in (A) eventually covering if not most of the earth.
As the Co2 gases increased upon earth because of all of the volcanic activity, the increasing accumulative Co2 gases created a
growing 'Greenhouse effect' upon the earth's climate.
Of course the mountain's glaciers started to melt more and more creating larger and larger accumulative volumes of water as seen in image (B).
This is consistent with many similarities to a Proterozoic first period :"Snowball-like earth" - (without the connotations of biological life as of yet). This is further verified in (Hoffman and Schrag, 2002), suggested that the Earth experienced a global glaciation. otherwise also termed as a 'snowball' Earth'.
Recent geological studies of the Neoproterozoic era (around 600-800 million years ago), have suggested that the Earth has experienced global glaciation events,
Combined with the constant freezing and then remelting of the ice into larger and larger volumes of water over time due to the immense amount of Co2 from continued increased volcanic activity,
continued to melt the continued ongoing upper glaciation conditions on the mountains / mountain ranges. This cause resulted in producing more and more water as seen in image (B).
Because the hottest part of any planet would be along the boundaries of it's equator here is where the greatest amount of melting evidently continued to take place.
Stabilization of other gases and off gasing with some of the other gases in earth's atmosphere such as methane (CH3), ammonia (NH3), water vapor (H2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2).
Paleo-magnetic studies of equatorial carbonate deposits, also provide evidence and the formation of rich of iron rocks, which are formed in the absence of oxygen, indicate widespread glaciation. This was further formulated in (Kirschvink et al., 2000; Hoffman and Schrag, 2002). Based on the magnetic orientation of mineral grains in glacial deposits, it is hypothesized that the continents were clustered together near the equator during that time. Since the land masses were clustered together this allowed much greater lower elevation areas where the water could fill vast areas. The mineral contents produced the salinity in the seas and oceans.
Such like conditions were further characterized by ( Hyde et al., 2000; Chandler and Sohl, 2000; Crowley et al., 2001; Poulsen et al., 2002; Lewis et al., 2003; Donnadieu et al., 2004). Using different types of models, the scientists investigate the role of changed solar insolation, Earth's rotation rate and high obliquity. All of these changes lead in no doubt a longer lasting second period glaciation as suggested by other scientific paper, or also known as a " Slushball -like Earth". However, the increased Co2 keep melting the ice so much that it finaly developed into most of what is still see, as earth's oceans today. As also presented and demonstrated and seen image (C). (Crowley, T.J., Hyde, W.T., Peltier, W.R., 2001).
Results : - A resultant first and second period snow ball to slush ball like earth which because of increased volcanic activity developed into an ongoing cycle of growing accumulative conditions of increase Co2 activity in the earth, primarily from volcanic activity producing increasing Greenhouse gases that made warmer and warmer. Which eventually developed into the oceans as seen on the earth today. Mostly caused by these warmer conditions continuously re melting the glaciers on higher elevation upper mountain ranges which were covered with glaciers. Which over eons of time developed into earth's oceans.
Conclusion : - That under a new theory that the overall resultant affect for the development of most of earth's oceans was most likely developed over eons of time from a multitude of re melting glaciers. Secondly, due to additional exoplanetary study of likely Gliese-581-(d) this author and other researching this exoplanet observed similarities to this exoplanet's surface also being like a very ancient " snowball like - earth ". in like manner with likely oceans. Thereby, both earth and the exoplanet known as Gliese-581 (d)'s like oceans developed much of the same way.
(Not In Necessarily Presented Order)
1). (Hoffman, P.F., Schrag, D.P. 2002. The snowball Earth hypothesis: testing the limits of global change. Terra Nova 14: 129-155.
). “Near Snowball” Earth. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 283-286.
2).Chandler, M.A., Sohl, L.E., 2000. Climate forcings and the initiation of low-latitude ice sheets during Neoproterozoic Varanger glacial interval. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 20,737-20,756.
3).Donnadieu, Y. et al. (2004) A 'snowball Earth' climate triggered by continental break-up through changes in runoff. Nature 428: 303-306.
4). Hyde, W.T., Crowley, T.J., Baum, S.K., Peltier, W.R. 2000. Neoproterozoic 'snowball Earth' simulations with a coupled climate/ice-sheet model. Nature 405, 425-429.
5). Kirschvink, J.L., Gaidos, E.J., Bertani, E., Beukes, N.J., Gutzmer, J., Maepa, L.N., Steinberger, R.E., 2000. Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth: Extreme climatic and geochemical global change and its biological consequences. PNAS 97, 1400-14005.
6). Lewis, J.P., Weaver, A.J., Johnston, S.T., Eby, M., 2003. Neoproterozoic 'snowball Earth': Dynamic sea ice over a quiescent ocean.