By Klaus J Puettmann; K Dave Coates; Christian C Messier
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Additional resources for A critique of silviculture : managing for complexity
The extensive list of possible combinations at these three levels allowed all localized systems to fit within the hierarchy. The classification system, rigorous but at the same time open, found general acceptance as one of the key concepts central to the discipline of silviculture (Mayer 1984; Burschel and Huss 1997; Fujimori 2001; Nyland 2002). With a focus on local conditions in the nineteenth century, developing an inherently consistent naming system for the diversity of silvicultural systems that could be applied to different regions provided a challenge.
Found naturally in the forests was considered best for providing a sustainable wood supply (von Carlowitz 1713). , natural regeneration, thinning) were not refined enough to achieve and maintain desired species mixtures throughout the life of a stand (Mantel 1990). By the end of the eighteenth 18 a critique of silviculture: manag ing for complexity centrury, Hartig (1791) voiced concerns that differential growth rates and competitive abilities would lead to forests that were dominated by a single species.
Among other reasons, this may simply reflect the very limited understanding of the ecology of forest ecosystems at the time. , Toumey 1928; Westveld 1939; editions of Hawley’s 1921 book) shifted incrementally to include an emphasis on scientific ecological understanding. For example, Daniel et al. (1979) emphasized the scientific basis for tree and stand growth. , Smith et al. 1997). The development of stand dynamics also highlighted silviculture becoming a global discipline, as it was the first major silvicultural concept that was initiated in North America and transferred back into the European literature (Otto 1994).