Chapter 11 The Giant Planets
11.6 Questions and Exercises
1: What are the main challenges involved in sending probes to the giant planets?
2: Why is it difficult to drop a probe like Galileo? How did engineers solve this problem?
3: Explain why visual observation of the gas giants is not sufficient to determine their rotation periods, and what evidence was used to deduce the correct periods.
4: What are the seasons like on Jupiter?
5: What is the consequence of Uranus’ spin axis being 98° away from perpendicular to its orbital plane?
6: Describe the seasons on the planet Uranus.
7: At the pressures in Jupiter’s interior, describe the physical state of the hydrogen found there.
8: Which of the gas giants has the largest icy/rocky core compared to its overall size?
9: In the context of the giant planets and the conditions in their interiors, what is meant by “rock” and “ice”?
10: What is the primary source of Jupiter’s internal heat?
11: Describe the interior heat source of Saturn.
12: Which planet has the strongest magnetic field, and hence the largest magnetosphere? What is its source?
13: What are the visible clouds on the four giant planets composed of, and why are they different from each other?
14: Compare the atmospheric circulation (weather) of the four giant planets.
15: What are the main atmospheric heat sources of each of the giant planets?
16: Why do the upper levels of Neptune’s atmosphere appear blue?
17: How do storms on Jupiter differ from storm systems on Earth?
18: Describe the differences in the chemical makeup of the inner and outer parts of the solar system. What is the relationship between what the planets are made of and the temperature where they formed?
19: How did the giant planets grow to be so large?
20: Jupiter is denser than water, yet composed for the most part of two light gases, hydrogen and helium. What makes Jupiter as dense as it is?
21: Would you expect to find free oxygen gas in the atmospheres of the giant planets? Why or why not?
22: Why would a tourist brochure (of the future) describing the most dramatic natural sights of the giant planets have to be revised more often than one for the terrestrial planets?
23: The water clouds believed to be present on Jupiter and Saturn exist at temperatures and pressures similar to those in the clouds of the terrestrial atmosphere. What would it be like to visit such a location on Jupiter or Saturn? In what ways would the environment differ from that in the clouds of Earth?
24: Describe the different processes that lead to substantial internal heat sources for Jupiter and Saturn. Since these two objects generate much of their energy internally, should they be called stars instead of planets? Justify your answer.
25: Research the Galileo mission. What technical problems occurred between the mission launch and the arrival of the craft in Jupiter’s system, and how did the mission engineers deal with them? (Good sources of information include Astronomy and Sky & Telescope articles, plus the mission website.)
Figuring for Yourself
26: How many times more pressure exists in the interior of Jupiter compared to that of Earth?
27: Calculate the wind speed at the edge of Neptune’s Great Dark Spot, which was 10,000 km in diameter and rotated in 17 d.
28: Calculate how many Earths would fit into the volumes of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
29: As the Voyager spacecraft penetrated into the outer solar system, the illumination from the Sun declined. Relative to the situation at Earth, how bright is the sunlight at each of the jovian planets?
30: The ions in the inner parts of Jupiter’s magnetosphere rotate with the same period as Jupiter. Calculate how fast they are moving at the orbit of Jupiter’s moon Io (see Appendix G). Will these ions strike Io from behind or in front as it moves about Jupiter?