Brazil's ethanol industry*
The energy crisis of the 1970s brought about high gas prices and limited supplies that generated an intense interest in renewable fuels and weaning ourselves from foreign sources of oil. However, when gas prices plummeted in the 1980s, renewable fuels and energy independence were quickly forgotten.
The story evolved differently in Brazil. After investing heavily in renewable fuels in the 1970s, Brazil kept the program alive during the 1980s. This has given Brazil a head start in the current situation. With its robust ethanol program, Brazil has developed an extensive ethanol industry. In this article we will discuss the structure and growth potential of Brazil’s ethanol industry. In future articles we will discuss Brazil’s domestic usage and exports.
Brazilian Ethanol Production
Brazil is the world’s number two ethanol producer and the leading ethanol exporter, using sugarcane as its feedstock. Ethanol production has expanded in recent years as shown in Table 1.
Three types of production facilities exist in Brazil:
- Sugar mills (producing only sugar) - The sugarcane is washed, chopped, shredded and crushed between rollers. The juice (grapa) contains 10 - 15% sucrose. The remaining material (by-product) is called bagasse.
- Mills with distillery plants (sugar and ethanol production), and
- Independent distilleries (only ethanol production).
U.S. and Brazilian Ethanol Comparison
The United States and Brazil are the two largest ethanol producers in the world as shown in Table 2. Together they account for almost 90 percent of world production.
The feedstock for Brazilian ethanol is sugarcane. In the U.S. the feedstock is corn. Below is a comparison of Brazil’s sugarcane-ethanol industry and the U.S. corn-ethanol industry.
Labor and Environmental Impact
Traditionally, sugarcane fields have been burned just before harvest to remove leaves and fertilize the fields with ash. The smoke, which is blown into nearby towns, turns the sky gray and makes the air hazardous. However, a recent law bans the burning of sugarcane fields.
Sugarcane production requires hand labor at harvest. This creates a large group of migrant workers who can only find work a couple of months a year during sugarcane harvest. A skilled harvester can cut 1,000 pounds of sugarcane in an hour. Machines are replacing human labor for harvesting cane.
The energy content of sugarcane is divided into three equal parts. One-third of the energy is in the sucrose and is converted to ethanol. One-third of the energy is in the sugarcane tops and leaves which are left in the field. The remaining third is bagasse which is fibrous material that is left over after pressing the sugarcane.
Bagasse is burned to provide an energy source for the ethanol facility. Bagasse burning co-generates electricity which is used in the plant and also sold to the energy grid. However, only 12 percent of sugar-ethanol mills currently sell electricity to the grid. The cost to connect to the grid is very expensive. In addition, many mills are not located close to the grid.
Since sugarcane is replanted only once every six years and harvested with hand labor, it requires less energy for production than corn.
Brazil has a natural advantage in ethanol production. It has a vast unused or little-used land area that can be converted to agricultural production. In addition, its tropical climate is well suited for sugarcane production.
The Sugarcane Technological Center (CTC) is the leading research center for sugarcane and ethanol in Brazil. It is responsible for over 80 percent of the research and development activities in this area. Brazil has made substantial investments in research to improve sugarcane varieties in recent decades. The research has produced varieties more resistant to drought and pests, along with higher yields and higher sugar content. During the last 30 years, sugarcane yields have increased three-fold.
Dedini Corporation is Brazil’s largest builder of ethanol plants. They are developing a process that can convert the cellulose from bagasse, tops and leaves into sucrose for ethanol production. This technology has the potential to almost double the ethanol production from an acre of sugarcane.
According to Brazilian sources, sugarcane planted acreage (all uses) is expected to increase to over 25 million acres by 2012/13. The number of sugar ethanol plants are expected to increase from 325 (2006/07) to 410 (2012/13). Ethanol production is expected to reach ten billion gallons. This compares to the current production of 7 billion gallons (Table 1).
Sugar and Sweeteners Outlook/SSS-249/June 4, 2007, Economic Research Service, USDA
Ethanol Demand Driving the Expansion of Brazil’s Sugar Industry
GAIN report BR8013, USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2008.
GAIN Report Number: BR7011, USDA Foreign Ag Service, 2007.
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* Reprinted with permission from the Ag Marketing Resource Center