QRP AM(cw) Transmitter
for the 12 meterband
By Guy, de ON6MU
About the QRP AM / cw 12-meter band transmitter
In this project, you will make a
simple low-power broadcast-type circuit, using a crystal
oscillator integrated circuit and an a collector modulated AM
oscillator. You can connect the circuit to the an amplified
microphone (no amplified microphone has a to low output voltage
to work. at least 100...200mv is needed). You could also add a LF
preamp stage of one transistor to allow connecting a microphone
You'll see that you can receive the signal through the air with almost any AM radio receiver. Although the circuits used in radio stations for AM receiving are far more complicated, this nevertheless gives a basic idea of the concept behind a principle transmitter. Plus it is a lot of fun when you actually have it working!
Remember that transmitting on 10 or 12 meter band you'll need a valid radioamateur license!
A wide range of different circuits have been used for AM, but one of the simplest circuits uses collector modulation applied via (for example) a transformer, while it is perfectly possible to create good designs using solid-state electronics as I applied here (T1 2N2905).
The transmitter is build as a Colpitts Oscillator with a strong 2N2219(A) transistor. HF-output of the oscillator is 100 to 350 mW, depending on the supply voltage of 9 to 18 Volts. The transmit frequency is stabilized with the 28Mhz crystal. A slight detuning of approx 1kc is possible by using Ct1 trimmer capacitor. The oscillator signal is taken from the collector of T2 by induction and via a low-feedthrough filter and guided to the output via an L-filter circuit cleaning up the signal pretty good. The oscillator is keyed by T1 and the morse key (S). By keying the morse-key T1 is not been used for modulation and is biased, hence lets T2 freely oscillate.
Amplitude Modulation (AM) is a process in which the amplitude of a radio frequency current is made to vary and modify by impressing an audio frequency current on it.
This was the first type of modulation used for communicating signals from one point to another and is still the simplest to understand.
A radio frequency current has a constant amplitude in absence of modulation and this constant amplitude RF carries no information, i.e. no audio intelligence and is of no use to radio telephone (voice communication), but has application in morse code communication.
In its basic form, amplitude modulation produces a signal with power concentrated at the carrier frequency and in two adjacent sidebands. Each sideband is equal in bandwidth to that of the modulating signal and is a mirror image of the other. Thus, most of the power output by an AM transmitter is effectively wasted: half the power is concentrated at the carrier frequency, which carries no useful information (beyond the fact that a signal is present); the remaining power is split between two identical sidebands, only one of which is needed.
CW is the simplest form of modulation. The output of the transmitter is switched on and off, typically to form the characters of the Morse code.
CW transmitters are simple and inexpensive, and the transmitted CW signal doesn't occupy much frequency space (usually less than 500 Hz). However, the CW signals will be difficult to hear on a normal receiver; you'll just hear the faint quieting of the background noise as the CW signals are transmitted. To overcome this problem, shortwave and ham radio receivers include a beat frequency oscillator (BFO) circuit. The BFO circuit produces an internally-generated second carrier that "beats" against the received CW signal, producing a tone that turns on and off in step with the received CW signal. This is how Morse code signals are received on shortwave.
Although this design is primarely designed for AM, it can be used for CW with a slight whistle like sound, but is still usable as CW transmitter by keying S.
Is been carried out by T2 (NPN 2N2219). This is the stage where the carrier frequency intended to be used is generated by means of Crystal Oscillator Circuitry or capacitance-inductance based Variable Frequency Oscillator (VFO). The RF oscillator is designed to have frequency stability (Xtal) and power delivered from it is of little importance, although it delivers 250mW@13v , hence can be operated with low voltage power supply with little dissipation of heat.
You could add a switch (very
short connections if using an ordinary switch) to select
different Xtal's (frequencies). You could also use a more
effective diode-based switch I've build here. This hasn't got the problems with
longer connections at all.
RF power amplification is also done here and this stage is coupled to the antenna system through antenna impedance matching circuitry (L1/L2). Care is taken at this stage so that no harmonic frequency is generated which will cause interference in adjacent band (splatter) on other bands (Ct3, L3, C10). This 3-element L-type narrow bandpass filter circuit for the desired frequency cleans out any remaining harmonic signals very efficiently.
Is all done by T1 (PNP 2N2905). Audio information is impressed upon the carrier frequency at this stage. Do to selective components circuits (C3, C4, C7, C5) the voice component frequencies are enhanced, whilest others are suppressed (bandwidth +- 3kc/side) keeping it between HAM-radio specs.
Why over modulation is not desirable?..
Over modulation is not desirable, i.e. modulation should not exceed 100 %, because if modulation exceeds 100 % there is an interval during the audio cycle when the RF carrier is removed completely from the air thus producing distortion in the transmission.
The whole circuit needs to be mounted in an all-metal/aluminum case. If you're unable to obtain an all-metal case, then use a roll of self-sticking aluminum tape (available from your hardware store) or PVC box painted with graphite paint. Just make sure that all individual pieces of aluminum-tape (or the graphite paint) are conducting with each other. Works fine.
You can connect the output to my power FET based 10-meterband power amplifier wich should cranck up the power to approx. 3 watt. You'll find it here.
Use it with your receiver
If you put a relay, or better a transistor switch to mute your receiver (if equiped) you can easily make a QSO HI. A simple BC338, Bc547, 2N2222 at pin a" with the base biased with a 100k resistor, emmitor at the gnd and the collector fed to your receiver's mute input works fine. Or you can use a 12v relay... Every time you PTT the transistor (or when using a relay, the switch) is "shortened" between the ground, hence muting your receiver (again; if your receiver has mute capabilities).
C12 needs to be connected as close as possible between the gnd and the L1 cold side (top).
Parts list 12-meterband AM transmitter
C4 68nF (polyester)
C5 10nF (polyester)
Ct1= 5...100pF (violet) frequency offset +- 1kc
Ct2= 5...30pF (brown) set at half position and tune at max power
Ct3= 5...40pF (white) set at half position and tune at max power
L1 = 0.8mm Cul (insulated copper wire), 9 turns close together, 9mm outside diameter (7mm inside)
L2 = 0.8mm Cul (insulated copper wire), 3 turns close together, on same coil holder as L1 with turnable feritte core
L3 = 0.6mm Cul (insulated copper wire), 18 turns, 9mm outside diameter (9mm inside)
Xtal for your desired frequency +- 1kc
C4, C5, C6 polyester film capacitor
W=7mm, H=25mm, L1=9turns, L2=3turns, L3=18turns 9mm diameter
Peak Frequency range: 24Mc...26Mc
Output RF power: 100mW@9v - 200mW@12v - 250mW@13.8v - 300mW@16v
AM modulated +/- 85% (CW if keyed)
Adjustable output impedance to 50 Ohms
Band-pass type harmonic L-filter
Usable voltages: Vcc 5 - 16 volts
Average current: I 27mA@9v - 38mA@12v - 45mA@16v
Adjustable frequency of 1Kc
200mV @ 600 Ohm
It's important to
use a correct designed antenna according to band you would like
to operate, or at least use a good antenna tuner to match the
antenna (protecting your transmitter and proventing
harmonics/interference...). Several examples can be found on my
website and all across the Web. A dipole is always a good
alternative (total length = 150/freq - 5%).
The performance (distance relative to you RF power) of your antenna is as importent (if not more) as the RF power you transmit! A dummy load gives also a perfect 1:1 SWR, but you wont get any farther then the street you live in HI. Finally, athmospheric conditions (D-,E-,F-layers depending on the frequency you're using) is equally important to be able to make DX QSO's.
Remember that transmitting on 12 meter band (or using homemade transmitters) needs a valid radioamateur license!
project:10 meterband AM CW transmitter project