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Hello everyone and welcome to the free jazz harmony lesson, here you will learn everything you need to know to understand a chord progression like the common II V I and other very useful stuff that you will meet all the time in general jazz or in gypsy jazz.. We’ll focus in understanding the context of a chord and what is possible to do on it… Of course everything is possible in improvisation and with the right intention, chromatism or idea everything can work, but in order to do what you want, you have to know and learn stuff to use, and there is some generalities and rules that can be made and that will help beginners to start their journey in jazz and gypsy jazz… 🙂 So let’s get started !
A. FIRST CHORD CREATION
First we have to understand what is and how are created chords.
1. What is a chord ?
A chord is at least 3 different notes played together, in pop or folk we usually use simple 3 notes, fondamental, third and fifth: think well balanced tone, simple colors… In jazz we’ll add a 4th note to the first 3, it will add specific character, more color to the sound, for instance it will modify a stable chord to open it with more subtility or il will create tension on a basic chord…
2. How ?
So to understand how we build basic chords let’s look at the notes on a piano keyboard and at the basic scale created by the white note, C major, it has 7 notes: The interval between notes are important, the white keys of the piano makes the major scale, each note is a degree from the first one and the number is written in roman letters.. the steps from the first one is important and will define the nature of the chord and it’s name… Note also that this basic scale is also called “Ionian mode”
|Usual name:||Tonic or root||Second||third||quart||fifth||sixt||seven||Octave|
|Steps with previous note||1||1||1/2||1||1||1||1/2|
To create a basic chord we choose a first note that we will call the root. and we will add consecutive third, so its third and its fifth: Let’s say we start with the root “C”, then we jump the next note (the D ) to take the third, so “E”, then again we’ll jump (the F) and take the one after, the fifth “G”. In jazz we usually have 4 notes, so we continue, we jump the note A and take the seven: “B”. So here is the result:
|Root||2 whole steps||3 and 1/2 steps||5 and 1/2 steps|
3. Naming the chord
Now we have to know his exact name, we will look at the gap between the first note and the others: depending on the gap there is some convention you have to learn to tell the correct name:
We have to know that there is two kind of third : if the note is 2 steps from the root it’s called major third, If the note is 1 step 1/2 from the root it’s called minor third. The third is very important for a chord or a scale, it will gives it his nature… It’s common to say that major third gives a happy/joy mood to a sclae or mode, and a minor third is more sad, or nostalgic…
|Major Third||Minor Third|
|2 steps from the root||1 step 1/2 from the root|
|ex: Is Root note is “C’ the third is “E” and is Major||ex: if Root note is “D” the third is “F”and is Minor|
Between our root “C” and “E” we have 2 steps, it’s called a major third. This gives the name Major to the chord, note that we don’t have to write it, “C” means implicitly that it is Major, but if it would have been Minor we have to write it: “Cmin” or “C-“ this is just an usual convention so we have to know it.
The fifth is usually at 3 whole steps from the root, & we don’t mention it in the name of the chord, we have to mention it only if it’s not at 3 steps from the root (flat or augmented).
|3 steps from the root||2 steps 1/2 from the root||3 steps 1/2 from the root|
Between C and G we have 3 and half step, so it’s a normal fifth. This is the most common chord with 3 notes, it’s called C major, and we can write it just “C”, let’s see the jazz chord with 4 notes.
|7||M7 or Maj7|
|5 steps from the root||5 steps 1/2 from the root|
Between the C and the B it’s 5 and 1/2 steps and it’s called a Major 7, and at the inverse of the third when the 7 is major we have to mention it, if the 7 is at 4it’s minor (we say ‘dominant’ chord) we just put 7 without mentioning it