20241102/2312.03749v2.json

{
    "title": "Conceptual engineering using large language models",
    "abstract": "We describe a method, based on Jennifer Nado\u2019s proposal for classification procedures as targets of conceptual engineering, that implements such procedures by prompting a large language model. We apply this method, using data from the Wikidata knowledge graph, to evaluate stipulative definitions related to two paradigmatic conceptual engineering projects: the International Astronomical Union\u2019s redefinition of PLANET and Haslanger\u2019s ameliorative analysis of WOMAN. Our results show that classification procedures built using our approach can exhibit good classification performance and, through the generation of rationales for their classifications, can contribute to the identification of issues in either the definitions or the data against which they are being evaluated. We consider objections to this method, and discuss implications of this work for three aspects of theory and practice of conceptual engineering: the definition of its targets, empirical methods for their investigation, and their practical roles. The data and code used for our experiments, together with the experimental results, are available in a Github repository111https://github.com/bradleypallen/zero-shot-classifiers-for-conceptual-engineering.",
    "sections": [],
    "appendix": [],
    "tables": {
        "1": {
            "table_html": "<figure class=\"ltx_table\" id=\"Ch0.T1\">\n<table class=\"ltx_tabular ltx_centering ltx_guessed_headers ltx_align_middle\" id=\"Ch0.T1.2\">\n<thead class=\"ltx_thead\">\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T1.2.3.1\">\n<th class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_th ltx_th_column ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T1.2.3.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T1.2.3.1.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T1.2.3.1.1.1.1\" style=\"width:85.4pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T1.2.3.1.1.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">prompt template</span></span>\n</span>\n</th>\n<th class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_th ltx_th_column\" id=\"Ch0.T1.2.3.1.2\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T1.2.3.1.2.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T1.2.3.1.2.1.1\" style=\"width:227.6pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T1.2.3.1.2.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">definition</span></span>\n</span>\n</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody class=\"ltx_tbody\">\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T1.1.1\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T1.1.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T1.1.1.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T1.1.1.1.1.1\" style=\"width:85.4pt;\"></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T1.1.1.2\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T1.1.1.2.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T1.1.1.2.1.1\" style=\"width:227.6pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_typewriter\" id=\"Ch0.T1.1.1.2.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">Concept: {concept} \n<br class=\"ltx_break\"/>Definition: {definition} \n<br class=\"ltx_break\"/>Entity: {entity} \n<br class=\"ltx_break\"/>Description: {description} \n<br class=\"ltx_break\"/>\n<br class=\"ltx_break\"/>Using the above definition, and only the information in the above definition,\nprovide an argument for the assertion that {entity} is a(n) {concept}. \n<br class=\"ltx_break\"/>\n<br class=\"ltx_break\"/>Rationale:</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T1.2.2\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T1.2.2.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T1.2.2.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T1.2.2.1.1.1\" style=\"width:85.4pt;\"></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T1.2.2.2\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T1.2.2.2.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T1.2.2.2.1.1\" style=\"width:227.6pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_typewriter\" id=\"Ch0.T1.2.2.2.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">Concept: {concept} \n<br class=\"ltx_break\"/>Definition: {definition} \n<br class=\"ltx_break\"/>Entity: {entity} \n<br class=\"ltx_break\"/>Description: {description} \n<br class=\"ltx_break\"/>Rationale: {rationale} \n<br class=\"ltx_break\"/>\n<br class=\"ltx_break\"/>Now using the argument provided in the above rationale, answer the question: is {entity} a(n) {concept}? \n<br class=\"ltx_break\"/>Answer \u2019positive\u2019 or \u2019negative\u2019, and only \u2019positive\u2019 or \u2019negative\u2019. Use lower case. If there is not enough information to be sure of an answer, answer \u2019negative\u2019. \n<br class=\"ltx_break\"/>\n<br class=\"ltx_break\"/>Answer:</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<figcaption class=\"ltx_caption ltx_centering\" style=\"font-size:90%;\"><span class=\"ltx_tag ltx_tag_table\">Table 1: </span>Prompt templates used to generate classification procedures.</figcaption>\n</figure>",
            "capture": "Table 1: Prompt templates used to generate classification procedures."
        },
        "2": {
            "table_html": "<figure class=\"ltx_table\" id=\"Ch0.T2\">\n<table class=\"ltx_tabular ltx_centering ltx_guessed_headers ltx_align_middle\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2\">\n<thead class=\"ltx_thead\">\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.3.1\">\n<th class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_th ltx_th_column ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.3.1.1\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.3.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">concept</span></th>\n<th class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_th ltx_th_column ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.3.1.2\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.3.1.2.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">source of definition</span></th>\n<th class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_th ltx_th_column\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.3.1.3\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.3.1.3.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.3.1.3.1.1\" style=\"width:156.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.3.1.3.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">definition</span></span>\n</span>\n</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody class=\"ltx_tbody\">\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T2.1.1\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T2.1.1.2\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T2.1.1.2.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">PLANET</span></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T2.1.1.3\">\n<span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T2.1.1.3.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">OED </span><span class=\"ltx_ERROR undefined\" id=\"Ch0.T2.1.1.3.2\">\\parencite</span><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T2.1.1.3.3\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">oedplanet</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T2.1.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T2.1.1.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T2.1.1.1.1.1\" style=\"width:156.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T2.1.1.1.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">Any of various rocky or gaseous bodies that revolve in approximately elliptical orbits around the sun and are visible by its reflected light; esp. each of the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and (until 2006) Pluto (in order of increasing distance from the sun); a similar body revolving around another star. Also: any of various smaller bodies that revolve around these (cf. satellite </span><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T2.1.1.1.1.1.2\" style=\"font-size:90%;\"> 2a).</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.4.1\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.4.1.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.4.1.2\">\n<span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.4.1.2.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">IAU 2006-08-16 </span><span class=\"ltx_ERROR undefined\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.4.1.2.2\">\\parencite</span><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.4.1.2.3\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">iauplanetdraft2006</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.4.1.3\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.4.1.3.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.4.1.3.1.1\" style=\"width:156.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.4.1.3.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">A planet is a celestial body that (a) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and (b) is in orbit around a star, and is neither a star nor a satellite of a planet.</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.5.2\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.5.2.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.5.2.2\">\n<span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.5.2.2.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">IAU 2006-08-24 </span><span class=\"ltx_ERROR undefined\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.5.2.2.2\">\\parencite</span><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.5.2.2.3\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">assembly2006result</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.5.2.3\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.5.2.3.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.5.2.3.1.1\" style=\"width:156.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.5.2.3.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">A planet [1] is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and (c) has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit.</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.2\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.2.2\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.2.2.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">WOMAN</span></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.2.3\">\n<span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.2.3.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">OED </span><span class=\"ltx_ERROR undefined\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.2.3.2\">\\parencite</span><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.2.3.3\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">oedwoman</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.2.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.2.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.2.1.1.1\" style=\"width:156.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.2.1.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">An adult female human being. The counterpart of man (see man, </span><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.2.1.1.1.2\" style=\"font-size:90%;\"> II.4.)</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.6.3\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.6.3.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.6.3.2\">\n<span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.6.3.2.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">Haslanger </span><span class=\"ltx_ERROR undefined\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.6.3.2.2\">\\parencite</span><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.6.3.2.3\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">haslanger2000gender</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.6.3.3\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.6.3.3.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.6.3.3.1.1\" style=\"width:156.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.6.3.3.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">S is a woman iff (i) S is regularly and for the most part observed or imagined to have certain bodily features presumed to be evidence of a female\u2019s biological role in reproduction; (ii) that S has these features marks S within the dominant ideology of S\u2019s society as someone who ought to occupy certain kinds of social position that are in fact subordinate (and so motivates and justifies S\u2019s occupying such a position); and (iii) the fact that S satisfies (I) and (ii) plays a role in S\u2019s systematic subordination, that is, along some dimension, S\u2019s social position is oppressive, and S\u2019s satisfying (i) and (ii) plays a role in that dimension of subordination</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.7.4\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.7.4.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.7.4.2\">\n<span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.7.4.2.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">Homosaurus </span><span class=\"ltx_ERROR undefined\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.7.4.2.2\">\\parencite</span><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.7.4.2.3\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">homosauruswomen</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.7.4.3\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.7.4.3.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.7.4.3.1.1\" style=\"width:156.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T2.2.7.4.3.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">Adults who self-identify as women and understand their gender in terms of Western conceptions of womanness, femaleness, and/or femininity. The term has typically been defined as adult female humans, though not all women identify with the term \u2019female\u2019 depending on the context in which it is used.</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<figcaption class=\"ltx_caption ltx_centering\" style=\"font-size:90%;\"><span class=\"ltx_tag ltx_tag_table\">Table 2: </span>Definitions for concepts used in the experiments.</figcaption>\n</figure>",
            "capture": "Table 2: Definitions for concepts used in the experiments."
        },
        "3": {
            "table_html": "<figure class=\"ltx_table\" id=\"Ch0.T3\">\n<table class=\"ltx_tabular ltx_centering ltx_guessed_headers ltx_align_middle\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1\">\n<thead class=\"ltx_thead\">\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1\">\n<th class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_th ltx_th_column ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.1.1.1\" style=\"width:56.9pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.1.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">concept</span></span>\n</span>\n</th>\n<th class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_th ltx_th_column ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.2\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.2.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.2.1.1\" style=\"width:68.3pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.2.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">definition</span></span>\n</span>\n</th>\n<th class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_th ltx_th_column ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.3\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.3.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.3.1.1\" style=\"width:68.3pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.3.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">Cohen\u2019s kappa</span></span>\n</span>\n</th>\n<th class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_th ltx_th_column ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.4\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.4.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.4.1.1\" style=\"width:45.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.4.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">F1 macro</span></span>\n</span>\n</th>\n<th class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_th ltx_th_column ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.5\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.5.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.5.1.1\" style=\"width:28.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.5.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">FN</span></span>\n</span>\n</th>\n<th class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_th ltx_th_column\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.6\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.6.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.6.1.1\" style=\"width:28.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.1.1.6.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">FP</span></span>\n</span>\n</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody class=\"ltx_tbody\">\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.1.1.1\" style=\"width:56.9pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.1.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">PLANET</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.2\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.2.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.2.1.1\" style=\"width:68.3pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.2.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">IAU 2006-08-24</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.3\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.3.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.3.1.1\" style=\"width:68.3pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.3.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">0.96</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.4\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.4.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.4.1.1\" style=\"width:45.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.4.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">0.98</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.5\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.5.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.5.1.1\" style=\"width:28.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.5.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">1</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.6\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.6.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.6.1.1\" style=\"width:28.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.2.1.6.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">1</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2.2\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2.2.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2.2.1.1\" style=\"width:68.3pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2.2.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">IAU 2006-08-16</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2.3\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2.3.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2.3.1.1\" style=\"width:68.3pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2.3.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">0.94</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2.4\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2.4.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2.4.1.1\" style=\"width:45.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2.4.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">0.97</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2.5\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2.5.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2.5.1.1\" style=\"width:28.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2.5.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">1</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2.6\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2.6.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2.6.1.1\" style=\"width:28.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.3.2.6.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">2</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3.2\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3.2.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3.2.1.1\" style=\"width:68.3pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3.2.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">OED</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3.3\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3.3.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3.3.1.1\" style=\"width:68.3pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3.3.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">0.92</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3.4\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3.4.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3.4.1.1\" style=\"width:45.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3.4.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">0.96</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3.5\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3.5.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3.5.1.1\" style=\"width:28.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3.5.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">1</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3.6\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3.6.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3.6.1.1\" style=\"width:28.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.4.3.6.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">3</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.1.1.1\" style=\"width:56.9pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.1.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">WOMAN</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.2\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.2.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.2.1.1\" style=\"width:68.3pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.2.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">Homosaurus</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.3\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.3.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.3.1.1\" style=\"width:68.3pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.3.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">0.96</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.4\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.4.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.4.1.1\" style=\"width:45.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.4.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">0.98</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.5\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.5.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.5.1.1\" style=\"width:28.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.5.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">0</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.6\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.6.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.6.1.1\" style=\"width:28.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.5.4.6.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">2</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5.2\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5.2.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5.2.1.1\" style=\"width:68.3pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5.2.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">Haslanger</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5.3\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5.3.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5.3.1.1\" style=\"width:68.3pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5.3.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">0.94</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5.4\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5.4.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5.4.1.1\" style=\"width:45.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5.4.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">0.97</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5.5\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5.5.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5.5.1.1\" style=\"width:28.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5.5.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">2</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5.6\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5.6.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5.6.1.1\" style=\"width:28.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.6.5.6.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">1</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6.2\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6.2.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6.2.1.1\" style=\"width:68.3pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6.2.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">OED</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6.3\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6.3.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6.3.1.1\" style=\"width:68.3pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6.3.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">0.92</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6.4\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6.4.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6.4.1.1\" style=\"width:45.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6.4.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">0.96</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6.5\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6.5.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6.5.1.1\" style=\"width:28.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6.5.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">2</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6.6\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6.6.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6.6.1.1\" style=\"width:28.5pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T3.1.7.6.6.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:90%;\">2</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<figcaption class=\"ltx_caption ltx_centering\" style=\"font-size:90%;\"><span class=\"ltx_tag ltx_tag_table\">Table 3: </span>Performance metrics for classification procedures over samples of Wikidata entities (for each concept, N=100, positives=50, negatives=50).</figcaption>\n</figure>",
            "capture": "Table 3: Performance metrics for classification procedures over samples of Wikidata entities (for each concept, N=100, positives=50, negatives=50)."
        },
        "4": {
            "table_html": "<figure class=\"ltx_table\" id=\"Ch0.T4\">\n<table class=\"ltx_tabular ltx_centering ltx_guessed_headers ltx_align_middle\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1\">\n<thead class=\"ltx_thead\">\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.1.1\">\n<th class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_th ltx_th_column ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.1.1.1\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.1.1.1.1\">concept</span></th>\n<th class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_th ltx_th_column ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.1.1.2\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.1.1.2.1\">definition</span></th>\n<th class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_th ltx_th_column ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.1.1.3\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.1.1.3.1\">entity</span></th>\n<th class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_th ltx_th_column ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.1.1.4\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.1.1.4.1\">error</span></th>\n<th class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_th ltx_th_column ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.1.1.5\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.1.1.5.1\">cause</span></th>\n<th class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_th ltx_th_column ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.1.1.6\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.1.1.6.1\">unfaithful</span></th>\n<th class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_th ltx_th_column\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.1.1.7\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.1.1.7.1\">hallucination</span></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody class=\"ltx_tbody\">\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.2.1\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.2.1.1\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.2.1.1.1\">PLANET</span></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.2.1.2\">OED</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.2.1.3\">2MASS J03552337+1133437</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.2.1.4\">FN</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.2.1.5\">KG</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.2.1.6\">no</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.2.1.7\">no</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.3.2\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.3.2.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.3.2.2\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.3.2.3\">(613100) 2005 TN74</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.3.2.4\">FP</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.3.2.5\">KG</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.3.2.6\">no</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.3.2.7\">no</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.4.3\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.4.3.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.4.3.2\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.4.3.3\">2010 GB174</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.4.3.4\">FP</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.4.3.5\">KG</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.4.3.6\">no</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.4.3.7\">no</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.5.4\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.5.4.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.5.4.2\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.5.4.3\">(35671) 1998 SN165</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.5.4.4\">FP</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.5.4.5\">KG</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.5.4.6\">no</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.5.4.7\">no</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.6.5\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.6.5.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.6.5.2\">IAU 2006-08-16</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.6.5.3\">2MASS J03552337+1133437</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.6.5.4\">FN</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.6.5.5\">KG</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.6.5.6\">no</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.6.5.7\">no</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.7.6\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.7.6.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.7.6.2\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.7.6.3\">2010 GB174</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.7.6.4\">FP</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.7.6.5\">LLM</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.7.6.6\">no</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.7.6.7\">no</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.8.7\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.8.7.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.8.7.2\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.8.7.3\">(35671) 1998 SN165</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.8.7.4\">FP</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.8.7.5\">KG</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.8.7.6\">no</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.8.7.7\">no</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.9.8\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.9.8.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.9.8.2\">IAU 2006-08-24</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.9.8.3\">2MASS J03552337+1133437</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.9.8.4\">FN</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.9.8.5\">KG</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.9.8.6\">no</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.9.8.7\">no</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.10.9\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.10.9.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.10.9.2\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.10.9.3\">2010 GB174</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.10.9.4\">FP</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.10.9.5\">LLM</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.10.9.6\">yes</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.10.9.7\">no</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.11.10\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.11.10.1\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.11.10.1.1\">WOMAN</span></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.11.10.2\">OED</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.11.10.3\">Nemesis</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.11.10.4\">FN</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.11.10.5\">LLM</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.11.10.6\">yes</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.11.10.7\">yes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.12.11\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.12.11.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.12.11.2\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.12.11.3\">Brianna Ghey</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.12.11.4\">FN</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.12.11.5\">LLM</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.12.11.6\">yes</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.12.11.7\">yes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.13.12\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.13.12.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.13.12.2\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.13.12.3\">Michelle Rojas</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.13.12.4\">FP</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.13.12.5\">KG</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.13.12.6\">no</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.13.12.7\">no</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.14.13\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.14.13.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.14.13.2\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.14.13.3\">Linden A. Lewis</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.14.13.4\">FP</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.14.13.5\">KG</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.14.13.6\">no</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.14.13.7\">no</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.15.14\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.15.14.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.15.14.2\">Haslanger</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.15.14.3\">Waltraud Klasnic</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.15.14.4\">FN</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.15.14.5\">LLM</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.15.14.6\">no</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.15.14.7\">yes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.16.15\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.16.15.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.16.15.2\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.16.15.3\">Michaela Kirchgasser</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.16.15.4\">FN</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.16.15.5\">LLM</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.16.15.6\">no</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.16.15.7\">no</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.17.16\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.17.16.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.17.16.2\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.17.16.3\">Michelle Rojas</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.17.16.4\">FP</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.17.16.5\">KG</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.17.16.6\">no</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.17.16.7\">no</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.18.17\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.18.17.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.18.17.2\">Homosaurus</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.18.17.3\">Michelle Rojas</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.18.17.4\">FP</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.18.17.5\">KG</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.18.17.6\">no</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.18.17.7\">no</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.19.18\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.19.18.1\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.19.18.2\"></td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.19.18.3\">Linden A. Lewis</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.19.18.4\">FP</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.19.18.5\">KG</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.19.18.6\">no</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_left\" id=\"Ch0.T4.1.19.18.7\">no</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<figcaption class=\"ltx_caption ltx_centering\"><span class=\"ltx_tag ltx_tag_table\">Table 4: </span>Error analysis. The <span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T4.6.1\">error</span> column indicates the type of error (FN = false negative, FP = false positive), the <span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T4.7.2\">cause</span> column indicates the author\u2019s opinion as to the source of the error (KG = knowledge graph, LLM = large language model), the <span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T4.8.3\">unfaithful</span> column is the author\u2019s opinion as to whether the classification is unfaithful to the rational, and the <span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T4.9.4\">hallucination</span> column is the author\u2019s opinion as to whether the rational exhibits hallucination.</figcaption>\n</figure>",
            "capture": "Table 4: Error analysis. The error column indicates the type of error (FN = false negative, FP = false positive), the cause column indicates the author\u2019s opinion as to the source of the error (KG = knowledge graph, LLM = large language model), the unfaithful column is the author\u2019s opinion as to whether the classification is unfaithful to the rational, and the hallucination column is the author\u2019s opinion as to whether the rational exhibits hallucination."
        },
        "5": {
            "table_html": "<figure class=\"ltx_table\" id=\"Ch0.T5\">\n<table class=\"ltx_tabular ltx_centering ltx_align_middle\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1\">\n<tbody class=\"ltx_tbody\">\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.2.1\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.2.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.2.1.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.2.1.1.1.1\" style=\"width:71.1pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.2.1.1.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">entity</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.2.1.2\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.2.1.2.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.2.1.2.1.1\" style=\"width:128.0pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.2.1.2.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">description</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.2.1.3\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.2.1.3.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.2.1.3.1.1\" style=\"width:128.0pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.2.1.3.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">rationale</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.1\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.1.2\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.1.2.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.1.2.1.1\" style=\"width:71.1pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.1.2.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">2MASS J03552337+1133437</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.1.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.1.1.1.1\" style=\"width:128.0pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.1.1.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">2MASS J03552337+1133437 (2MASS J0355+11) is a nearby brown dwarf of spectral type L5</span><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.1.1.1.1.2\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">, located in constellation Taurus at approximately 29.8 light-years from Earth.</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.1.3\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.1.3.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.1.3.1.1\" style=\"width:128.0pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T5.1.1.3.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">The given definition cannot support the assertion that 2MASS J03552337+1133437 is a planet. The description of 2MASS J03552337+1133437 identifies it as a brown dwarf, not a planet. Furthermore, the definition requires a planet to be in orbit around the Sun, and there is no information provided that 2MASS J03552337+1133437 orbits the Sun. Therefore, based on the provided definition and information, we cannot argue that 2MASS J03552337+1133437 is a planet.</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<figcaption class=\"ltx_caption ltx_centering\" style=\"font-size:80%;\"><span class=\"ltx_tag ltx_tag_table\">Table 5: </span>A false positive (FP) error for the IAU 2006-08-24 definition of PLANET.</figcaption>\n</figure>",
            "capture": "Table 5: A false positive (FP) error for the IAU 2006-08-24 definition of PLANET."
        },
        "6": {
            "table_html": "<figure class=\"ltx_table\" id=\"Ch0.T6\">\n<table class=\"ltx_tabular ltx_centering ltx_guessed_headers ltx_align_middle\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1\">\n<thead class=\"ltx_thead\">\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.1.1\">\n<th class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_th ltx_th_column ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.1.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.1.1.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.1.1.1.1.1\" style=\"width:71.1pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.1.1.1.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">entity</span></span>\n</span>\n</th>\n<th class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_th ltx_th_column ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.1.1.2\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.1.1.2.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.1.1.2.1.1\" style=\"width:128.0pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.1.1.2.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">description</span></span>\n</span>\n</th>\n<th class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_th ltx_th_column\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.1.1.3\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.1.1.3.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.1.1.3.1.1\" style=\"width:128.0pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.1.1.3.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">rationale</span></span>\n</span>\n</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody class=\"ltx_tbody\">\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.2.1\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.2.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.2.1.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.2.1.1.1.1\" style=\"width:71.1pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.2.1.1.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">Michelle Rojas</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.2.1.2\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.2.1.2.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.2.1.2.1.1\" style=\"width:128.0pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.2.1.2.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">Michelle Rojas (n\u00e9e Pennington; born December 16, 1987) is an American voice actress from Dallas, Texas. Affiliated with Funimation and Bang Zoom! Entertainment, some of her major roles are Tohka Yatogami in Date A Live, Zuikaku in Azur Lane, Kanade Sakurada in Castle Town Dandelion, Mikoto Sakuragawa in Gonna be the Twin-Tail!!, K\u014d Yagami in New Game!, Nashiro Yasuhisa in Tokyo Ghoul, Maya Sato in Classroom of the Elite, Toka Yada in Assassination Classroom, Shion in That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime, Roxy Migurdia in Mushoku Tensei: Jobless Reincarnation, and Yamato in One Piece.</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.2.1.3\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.2.1.3.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.2.1.3.1.1\" style=\"width:128.0pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.2.1.3.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">The description of Michelle Rojas does not explicitly state her gender identity. However, it does use female pronouns (\u201dher\u201d) to refer to her, which typically aligns with a self-identification as a woman. Furthermore, she has taken on roles that are typically associated with women, such as female characters in various shows. Therefore, based on the information provided and the definition of a woman, it can be argued that Michelle Rojas is a woman.</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.3.2\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.3.2.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.3.2.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.3.2.1.1.1\" style=\"width:71.1pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.3.2.1.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">Linden A. Lewis</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.3.2.2\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.3.2.2.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.3.2.2.1.1\" style=\"width:128.0pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.3.2.2.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">Linden A. Lewis is a science fiction author, best known for their debut novel The First Sister. Lewis is queer and uses she/they pronouns.</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.3.2.3\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.3.2.3.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.3.2.3.1.1\" style=\"width:128.0pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T6.1.3.2.3.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">The definition of a woman includes adults who self-identify as women. Linden A. Lewis uses she/they pronouns, which indicates that they may identify as a woman. Therefore, based on the provided definition, it can be argued that Linden A. Lewis is a woman.</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<figcaption class=\"ltx_caption ltx_centering\" style=\"font-size:80%;\"><span class=\"ltx_tag ltx_tag_table\">Table 6: </span>False positive (FP) errors for the Homosaurus definition of WOMAN.</figcaption>\n</figure>",
            "capture": "Table 6: False positive (FP) errors for the Homosaurus definition of WOMAN."
        },
        "7": {
            "table_html": "<figure class=\"ltx_table\" id=\"Ch0.T7\">\n<table class=\"ltx_tabular ltx_centering ltx_align_middle\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1\">\n<tbody class=\"ltx_tbody\">\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.1.1\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.1.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.1.1.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.1.1.1.1.1\" style=\"width:71.1pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.1.1.1.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">entity</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.1.1.2\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.1.1.2.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.1.1.2.1.1\" style=\"width:128.0pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.1.1.2.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">description</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.1.1.3\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.1.1.3.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.1.1.3.1.1\" style=\"width:128.0pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text ltx_font_bold\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.1.1.3.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">rationale</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"ltx_tr\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.2.2\">\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.2.2.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.2.2.1.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.2.2.1.1.1\" style=\"width:71.1pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.2.2.1.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">Waltraud Klasnic</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_r ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.2.2.2\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.2.2.2.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.2.2.2.1.1\" style=\"width:128.0pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.2.2.2.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">Waltraud Klasnic (n\u00e9e Tschiltsch, born 27 October 1945) is an Austrian politician who was Landeshauptfrau (governor) of Styria from 1996 until 2005.</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n<td class=\"ltx_td ltx_align_justify ltx_align_top ltx_border_t\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.2.2.3\">\n<span class=\"ltx_inline-block ltx_align_top\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.2.2.3.1\">\n<span class=\"ltx_p\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.2.2.3.1.1\" style=\"width:128.0pt;\"><span class=\"ltx_text\" id=\"Ch0.T7.1.2.2.3.1.1.1\" style=\"font-size:80%;\">The definition of a woman provided includes three main criteria: (i) having certain bodily features associated with the female biological role in reproduction, (ii) being marked within the dominant ideology of one\u2019s society as someone who should occupy certain subordinate social positions, and (iii) the fact that satisfying (i) and (ii) contributes to one\u2019s systematic subordination. In the case of Waltraud Klasnic, while the description does not explicitly state her biological features or her societal role, it does mention that she is an Austrian politician who served as the governor of Styria. This implies that she is recognized and accepted in a significant societal role, which suggests that she likely satisfies criteria (ii). However, the description does not provide enough information to definitively assert that Waltraud Klasnic satisfies all the criteria in the definition of a woman. For instance, it does not provide information about her biological features or whether she experiences systematic subordination due to her gender. Therefore, based solely on the provided definition and description, we cannot conclusively argue that Waltraud Klasnic is a woman.</span></span>\n</span>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<figcaption class=\"ltx_caption ltx_centering\" style=\"font-size:80%;\"><span class=\"ltx_tag ltx_tag_table\">Table 7: </span>A false negative (FN) error for the Haslanger definition of WOMAN.</figcaption>\n</figure>",
            "capture": "Table 7: A false negative (FN) error for the Haslanger definition of WOMAN."
        }
    },
    "image_paths": {
        "1": {
            "figure_path": "2312.03749v2_figure_1.png",
            "caption": "Figure 1: A classification procedure using the 24 August 2006 version of the IAU definition of PLANET, implemented as a zero-shot chain-of-thought classifier, and being applied to the description of the entity 2MASS J03552337+1133437.",
            "url": "http://arxiv.org/html/2312.03749v2/extracted/5972642/images/classifier_example.png"
        },
        "2": {
            "figure_path": "2312.03749v2_figure_2.png",
            "caption": "Figure 2: A workflow for evaluating classification procedures using a knowledge graph.",
            "url": "http://arxiv.org/html/2312.03749v2/extracted/5972642/images/evaluation_procedure.png"
        }
    },
    "validation": true,
    "references": [],
    "url": "http://arxiv.org/html/2312.03749v2"
}