From pdalgd at gmail.com  Thu Nov 24 13:18:00 2011
From: pdalgd at gmail.com (peter dalgaard)
Date: Thu, 24 Nov 2011 13:18:00 +0100
Subject: [Rd] Confused about NAMED
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On Nov 24, 2011, at 12:34 , Matthew Dowle wrote:

>> 
>> On Nov 24, 2011, at 11:13 , Matthew Dowle wrote:
>> 
>>> Hi,
>>> 
>>> I expected NAMED to be 1 in all these three cases. It is for one of
>>> them,
>>> but not the other two?
>>> 
>>>> R --vanilla
>>> R version 2.14.0 (2011-10-31)
>>> Platform: i386-pc-mingw32/i386 (32-bit)
>>> 
>>>> x = 1L
>>>> .Internal(inspect(x))   # why NAM(2)? expected NAM(1)
>>> @2514aa0 13 INTSXP g0c1 [NAM(2)] (len=1, tl=0) 1
>>> 
>>>> y = 1:10
>>>> .Internal(inspect(y))   # NAM(1) as expected but why different to x?
>>> @272f788 13 INTSXP g0c4 [NAM(1)] (len=10, tl=0) 1,2,3,4,5,...
>>> 
>>>> z = data.frame()
>>>> .Internal(inspect(z))   # why NAM(2)? expected NAM(1)
>>> @24fc28c 19 VECSXP g0c0 [OBJ,NAM(2),ATT] (len=0, tl=0)
>>> ATTRIB:
>>> @24fc270 02 LISTSXP g0c0 []
>>>   TAG: @3f2120 01 SYMSXP g0c0 [MARK,gp=0x4000] "names"
>>>   @24fc334 16 STRSXP g0c0 [] (len=0, tl=0)
>>>   TAG: @3f2040 01 SYMSXP g0c0 [MARK,gp=0x4000] "row.names"
>>>   @24fc318 13 INTSXP g0c0 [] (len=0, tl=0)
>>>   TAG: @3f2388 01 SYMSXP g0c0 [MARK,gp=0x4000] "class"
>>>   @25be500 16 STRSXP g0c1 [] (len=1, tl=0)
>>>     @1d38af0 09 CHARSXP g0c2 [MARK,gp=0x21,ATT] "data.frame"
>>> 
>>> It's a little difficult to search for the word "named" but I tried and
>>> found this in R-ints :
>>> 
>>>   "Note that optimizing NAMED = 1 is only effective within a primitive
>>> (as the closure wrapper of a .Internal will set NAMED = 2 when the
>>> promise to the argument is evaluated)"
>>> 
>>> So might it be that just looking at NAMED using .Internal(inspect()) is
>>> setting NAMED=2?  But if so, why does y have NAMED==1?
>> 
>> This is tricky business... I'm not quite sure I'll get it right, but let's
>> try
>> 
>> When you are assigning a constant, the value you assign is already part of
>> the assignment expression, so if you want to modify it, you must
>> duplicate. So NAMED==2 on z <- 1 is basically to prevent you from
>> accidentally "changing the value of 1". If it weren't, then you could get
>> bitten by code like for(i in 1:2) {z <- 1; if(i==1) z[1] <- 2}.
>> 
>> If you're assigning the result of a computation, then the object only
>> exists once, so
>> z <- 0+1  gets NAMED==1.
>> 
>> However, if the computation is done by returning a named value from within
>> a function, as in
>> 
>>> f <- function(){v <- 1+0; v}
>>> z <- f()
>> 
>> then again NAMED==2. This is because the side effects of the function
>> _might_ result in something having a hold on the function environment,
>> e.g. if we had
>> 
>> e <- NULL
>> f <- function(){e <<-environment(); v <- 1+0; v}
>> z <- f()
>> 
>> then z[1] <- 5 would change e$v too. As it happens, there aren't any side
>> effects in the forme case, but R loses track and assumes the worst.
>> 
> 
> Thanks a lot, think I follow. That explains x vs y, but why is z NAMED==2?
> The result of data.frame() is an object that exists once (similar to 1:10)
> so shouldn't it be NAMED==1 too?  Or, R loses track and assumes the worst
> even on its own functions such as data.frame()?

R loses track. I suspect that is really all it can do without actual reference counting. The function data.frame is more than 150 lines of code, and if any of those end up invoking user code, possibly via a class method, you can't tell definitively whether or not the evaluation environment dies at the return. 

-- 
Peter Dalgaard, Professor
Center for Statistics, Copenhagen Business School
Solbjerg Plads 3, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
Phone: (+45)38153501
Email: pd.mes at cbs.dk  Priv: PDalgd at gmail.com



[Rd] Confused about NAMED
peter dalgaard