From ripley at stats.ox.ac.uk  Thu Nov 24 19:48:30 2011
From: ripley at stats.ox.ac.uk (Prof Brian Ripley)
Date: Thu, 24 Nov 2011 18:48:30 +0000 (GMT)
Subject: [Rd] Confused about NAMED
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Message-ID: <alpine.LFD.2.02.1111241723290.6970@gannet.stats.ox.ac.uk>

On Thu, 24 Nov 2011, Simon Urbanek wrote:

>
> On Nov 24, 2011, at 8:05 AM, Matthew Dowle wrote:
>
>>>
>>> On Nov 24, 2011, at 12:34 , Matthew Dowle wrote:
>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> On Nov 24, 2011, at 11:13 , Matthew Dowle wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>>> Hi,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I expected NAMED to be 1 in all these three cases. It is for one of
>>>>>> them,
>>>>>> but not the other two?
>>>>>>
>>>>>>> R --vanilla
>>>>>> R version 2.14.0 (2011-10-31)
>>>>>> Platform: i386-pc-mingw32/i386 (32-bit)
>>>>>>
>>>>>>> x = 1L
>>>>>>> .Internal(inspect(x))   # why NAM(2)? expected NAM(1)
>>>>>> @2514aa0 13 INTSXP g0c1 [NAM(2)] (len=1, tl=0) 1
>>>>>>
>>>>>>> y = 1:10
>>>>>>> .Internal(inspect(y))   # NAM(1) as expected but why different to x?
>>>>>> @272f788 13 INTSXP g0c4 [NAM(1)] (len=10, tl=0) 1,2,3,4,5,...
>>>>>>
>>>>>>> z = data.frame()
>>>>>>> .Internal(inspect(z))   # why NAM(2)? expected NAM(1)
>>>>>> @24fc28c 19 VECSXP g0c0 [OBJ,NAM(2),ATT] (len=0, tl=0)
>>>>>> ATTRIB:
>>>>>> @24fc270 02 LISTSXP g0c0 []
>>>>>>  TAG: @3f2120 01 SYMSXP g0c0 [MARK,gp=0x4000] "names"
>>>>>>  @24fc334 16 STRSXP g0c0 [] (len=0, tl=0)
>>>>>>  TAG: @3f2040 01 SYMSXP g0c0 [MARK,gp=0x4000] "row.names"
>>>>>>  @24fc318 13 INTSXP g0c0 [] (len=0, tl=0)
>>>>>>  TAG: @3f2388 01 SYMSXP g0c0 [MARK,gp=0x4000] "class"
>>>>>>  @25be500 16 STRSXP g0c1 [] (len=1, tl=0)
>>>>>>    @1d38af0 09 CHARSXP g0c2 [MARK,gp=0x21,ATT] "data.frame"
>>>>>>
>>>>>> It's a little difficult to search for the word "named" but I tried and
>>>>>> found this in R-ints :
>>>>>>
>>>>>>  "Note that optimizing NAMED = 1 is only effective within a primitive
>>>>>> (as the closure wrapper of a .Internal will set NAMED = 2 when the
>>>>>> promise to the argument is evaluated)"
>>>>>>
>>>>>> So might it be that just looking at NAMED using .Internal(inspect())
>>>>>> is
>>>>>> setting NAMED=2?  But if so, why does y have NAMED==1?
>>>>>
>>>>> This is tricky business... I'm not quite sure I'll get it right, but
>>>>> let's
>>>>> try
>>>>>
>>>>> When you are assigning a constant, the value you assign is already part
>>>>> of
>>>>> the assignment expression, so if you want to modify it, you must
>>>>> duplicate. So NAMED==2 on z <- 1 is basically to prevent you from
>>>>> accidentally "changing the value of 1". If it weren't, then you could
>>>>> get
>>>>> bitten by code like for(i in 1:2) {z <- 1; if(i==1) z[1] <- 2}.
>>>>>
>>>>> If you're assigning the result of a computation, then the object only
>>>>> exists once, so
>>>>> z <- 0+1  gets NAMED==1.
>>>>>
>>>>> However, if the computation is done by returning a named value from
>>>>> within
>>>>> a function, as in
>>>>>
>>>>>> f <- function(){v <- 1+0; v}
>>>>>> z <- f()
>>>>>
>>>>> then again NAMED==2. This is because the side effects of the function
>>>>> _might_ result in something having a hold on the function environment,
>>>>> e.g. if we had
>>>>>
>>>>> e <- NULL
>>>>> f <- function(){e <<-environment(); v <- 1+0; v}
>>>>> z <- f()
>>>>>
>>>>> then z[1] <- 5 would change e$v too. As it happens, there aren't any
>>>>> side
>>>>> effects in the forme case, but R loses track and assumes the worst.
>>>>>
>>>>
>>>> Thanks a lot, think I follow. That explains x vs y, but why is z
>>>> NAMED==2?
>>>> The result of data.frame() is an object that exists once (similar to
>>>> 1:10)
>>>> so shouldn't it be NAMED==1 too?  Or, R loses track and assumes the
>>>> worst
>>>> even on its own functions such as data.frame()?
>>>
>>> R loses track. I suspect that is really all it can do without actual
>>> reference counting. The function data.frame is more than 150 lines of
>>> code, and if any of those end up invoking user code, possibly via a class
>>> method, you can't tell definitively whether or not the evaluation
>>> environment dies at the return.
>>
>> Ohhh, think I see now. After Duncan's reply I was going to ask if it was
>> possible to change data.frame() to be primitive so it could set NAMED=1.
>> But it seems primitive functions can't use R code so data.frame() would
>> need to be ported to C. Ok! - not quick or easy, and not without
>> consideable risk. And, data.frame() can invoke user code inside it anyway
>> then.

Maybe some review of the 'R Internals' manual about what a primitive 
function is would be desirable.  Converting such a function to C would 
ossify it, which is the major reason it has not been done (it has been 
contemplated).

>> Since list() is primitive I tried to construct a data.frame starting with
>> list() [since structure() isn't primitive], but then merely adding an
>> attribute seems to set NAMED==2 too ?
>>
>
> Yes, because attr(x,y) <- z is the same as
>
> `*tmp*` <- x
> x <- `attr<-`(`*tmp*`, y, z)
> rm(`*tmp*`)

Only if it were an interpreted function.

> so there are two references to the data frame: one in DF and one in 
> `*tmp*`. It is the first line that causes the NAMED bump. And, yes, 
> it's real:
>
>> `f<-`=function(x,value) { print(ls(parent.frame())); x<-value }
>> x=1
>> f(x)=1
> [1] "*tmp*" "f<-"   "x"

You have just explained why interpreted replacement functions set 
NAMED=2, but this does not apply to primitives.

To help convince you, consider

> d <- 1:2
> attributes(d) <- list(x=13)
> d
[1] 1 2
attr(,"x")
[1] 13
> .Internal(inspect(d))
@11be748 13 INTSXP g0c1 [NAM(1),ATT] (len=2, tl=0) 1,2
ATTRIB:
   @1552054 02 LISTSXP g0c0 []
     TAG: @102b1c0 01 SYMSXP g0c0 [MARK,NAM(2)] "x"
     @11be768 14 REALSXP g0c1 [] (len=1, tl=0) 13

Now, as to why attr<- (which is primitive) does what it does you will 
need to read (and understand) the code.

>
> You could skip that by using the function directly (I don't think it's recommended, though):
>
>> .Internal(inspect(l <- list(a=1)))
> @1028c82f8 19 VECSXP g0c1 [NAM(1),ATT] (len=1, tl=0)
>  @1028c8268 14 REALSXP g0c1 [] (len=1, tl=0) 1
> ATTRIB:
>  @100b6e748 02 LISTSXP g0c0 []
>    TAG: @100843878 01 SYMSXP g0c0 [MARK,gp=0x4000] "names"
>    @1028c82c8 16 STRSXP g0c1 [] (len=1, tl=0)
>      @1009cd388 09 CHARSXP g0c1 [MARK,gp=0x21] "a"
>> .Internal(inspect(`names<-`(l, "b")))
> @1028c82f8 19 VECSXP g0c1 [NAM(1),ATT] (len=1, tl=0)
>  @1028c8268 14 REALSXP g0c1 [] (len=1, tl=0) 1
> ATTRIB:
>  @100b6e748 02 LISTSXP g0c0 []
>    TAG: @100843878 01 SYMSXP g0c0 [MARK,gp=0x4000] "names"
>    @1028c8178 16 STRSXP g0c1 [NAM(1)] (len=1, tl=0)
>      @100967af8 09 CHARSXP g0c1 [MARK,gp=0x20] "b"
>> .Internal(inspect(l))
> @1028c82f8 19 VECSXP g0c1 [NAM(1),ATT] (len=1, tl=0)
>  @1028c8268 14 REALSXP g0c1 [] (len=1, tl=0) 1
> ATTRIB:
>  @100b6e748 02 LISTSXP g0c0 []
>    TAG: @100843878 01 SYMSXP g0c0 [MARK,gp=0x4000] "names"
>    @1028c8178 16 STRSXP g0c1 [NAM(1)] (len=1, tl=0)
>      @100967af8 09 CHARSXP g0c1 [MARK,gp=0x20] "b"
>
> Cheers,
> Simon
>
>
>
>>> DF = list(a=1:3,b=4:6)
>>> .Internal(inspect(DF))     # so far so good: NAM(1)
>> @25149e0 19 VECSXP g0c1 [NAM(1),ATT] (len=2, tl=0)
>>  @263ea50 13 INTSXP g0c2 [] (len=3, tl=0) 1,2,3
>>  @263eaa0 13 INTSXP g0c2 [] (len=3, tl=0) 4,5,6
>> ATTRIB:
>>  @2457984 02 LISTSXP g0c0 []
>>    TAG: @3f2120 01 SYMSXP g0c0 [MARK,gp=0x4000] "names"
>>    @25149c0 16 STRSXP g0c1 [] (len=2, tl=0)
>>      @1e987d8 09 CHARSXP g0c1 [MARK,gp=0x21] "a"
>>      @1e56948 09 CHARSXP g0c1 [MARK,gp=0x21] "b"
>>>
>>> attr(DF,"foo") <- "bar"    # just adding an attribute sets NAM(2) ?
>>> .Internal(inspect(DF))
>> @25149e0 19 VECSXP g0c1 [NAM(2),ATT] (len=2, tl=0)
>>  @263ea50 13 INTSXP g0c2 [] (len=3, tl=0) 1,2,3
>>  @263eaa0 13 INTSXP g0c2 [] (len=3, tl=0) 4,5,6
>> ATTRIB:
>>  @2457984 02 LISTSXP g0c0 []
>>    TAG: @3f2120 01 SYMSXP g0c0 [MARK,gp=0x4000] "names"
>>    @25149c0 16 STRSXP g0c1 [] (len=2, tl=0)
>>      @1e987d8 09 CHARSXP g0c1 [MARK,gp=0x21] "a"
>>      @1e56948 09 CHARSXP g0c1 [MARK,gp=0x21] "b"
>>    TAG: @245732c 01 SYMSXP g0c0 [] "foo"
>>    @25148a0 16 STRSXP g0c1 [NAM(1)] (len=1, tl=0)
>>      @2514920 09 CHARSXP g0c1 [gp=0x20] "bar"
>>
>>
>> Matthew
>>
>>
>>> --
>>> Peter Dalgaard, Professor
>>> Center for Statistics, Copenhagen Business School
>>> Solbjerg Plads 3, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
>>> Phone: (+45)38153501
>>> Email: pd.mes at cbs.dk  Priv: PDalgd at gmail.com
>>>
>>>
>>
>> ______________________________________________
>> R-devel at r-project.org mailing list
>> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-devel
>>
>>
>
> ______________________________________________
> R-devel at r-project.org mailing list
> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-devel
>

-- 
Brian D. Ripley,                  ripley at stats.ox.ac.uk
Professor of Applied Statistics,  http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~ripley/
University of Oxford,             Tel:  +44 1865 272861 (self)
1 South Parks Road,                     +44 1865 272866 (PA)
Oxford OX1 3TG, UK                Fax:  +44 1865 272595



[Rd] Confused about NAMED
Prof Brian Ripley