Define judicial review and explain John Marshall’s role in establishing judicial review.
Judicial review is a power the courts have to declare that a federal or state law violates the Constitution thereby nullifying the law making it enforceable. Just before President Adams left office he appointed new justices of the peace for Washington D.C., Jefferson, the next President refused to deliver the commissions.  This led to the case Marbury vs Madison.  The basis of the case was that the Judiciary Act of 1789 allowed for the appointed to request a court order to grant their appointments with original jurisdiction given to the Supreme Court. John Marshall saw that siding with Jefferson would make it seem like the Supreme Court was his lackey.  If they sided with Adams, there was no way to make Jefferson enforce the ruling.  Both decisions would reduce the Supreme Court's legitimacy. John Marshall side-stepped this problem by striking down the Judiciary Act on the grounds that it was unconstitutional. This was the establishment of judicial review, a Supreme Court power that was only hinted at in the Constitution.
Defina a fiscalização judicial e explique o papel de John Marshall na criação da fiscalização judicial.
A revisão judicial é um poder que os tribunais têm para declarar que uma lei federal ou estadual viola a Constituição, anulando assim a lei tornando-a executável. Logo antes de o presidente Adams deixar o cargo, ele nomeou novos juízes de paz para Washington D.C., Jefferson, o próximo presidente se recusou a entregar as comissões. Isso levou ao caso Marbury v. Madison. A base do caso era que a Lei Judiciária de 1789 permitiu que os nomeados solicitassem uma ordem judicial para conceder suas nomeações com jurisdição original dada ao Supremo Tribunal.