<div id="docs-body">
 <div class="section">
  <div class="titlepage">
   <div>
    <div>
     <h3 class="title">
      <a name="string-functions-charset">
      </a>
      14.8.3 Character Set and Collation of Function Results
     </h3>
    </div>
   </div>
  </div>
  <p>
   MySQL has many operators and functions that return a string.
        This section answers the question: What is the character set and
        collation of such a string?
  </p>
  <p>
   For simple functions that take string input and return a string
        result as output, the output's character set and collation are
        the same as those of the principal input value. For example,
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_upper">
    <code class="literal">
     UPPER(
     <em class="replaceable">
      <code>
       X
      </code>
     </em>
     )
    </code>
   </a>
   returns a string with the same character string and collation as
   <em class="replaceable">
    <code>
     X
    </code>
   </em>
   . The same applies for
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_instr">
    <code class="literal">
     INSTR()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_lcase">
    <code class="literal">
     LCASE()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_lower">
    <code class="literal">
     LOWER()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_ltrim">
    <code class="literal">
     LTRIM()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_mid">
    <code class="literal">
     MID()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_repeat">
    <code class="literal">
     REPEAT()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_replace">
    <code class="literal">
     REPLACE()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_reverse">
    <code class="literal">
     REVERSE()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_right">
    <code class="literal">
     RIGHT()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_rpad">
    <code class="literal">
     RPAD()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_rtrim">
    <code class="literal">
     RTRIM()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_soundex">
    <code class="literal">
     SOUNDEX()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_substring">
    <code class="literal">
     SUBSTRING()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_trim">
    <code class="literal">
     TRIM()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_ucase">
    <code class="literal">
     UCASE()
    </code>
   </a>
   , and
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_upper">
    <code class="literal">
     UPPER()
    </code>
   </a>
   .
  </p>
  <div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
   <div class="admon-title">
    Note
   </div>
   <p>
    The
    <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_replace">
     <code class="literal">
      REPLACE()
     </code>
    </a>
    function, unlike
          all other functions, always ignores the collation of the
          string input and performs a case-sensitive comparison.
   </p>
  </div>
  <p>
   If a string input or function result is a binary string, the
        string has the
   <code class="literal">
    binary
   </code>
   character set and
        collation. This can be checked by using the
   <a class="link" href="information-functions.html#function_charset">
    <code class="literal">
     CHARSET()
    </code>
   </a>
   and
   <a class="link" href="information-functions.html#function_collation">
    <code class="literal">
     COLLATION()
    </code>
   </a>
   functions, both of
        which return
   <code class="literal">
    binary
   </code>
   for a binary string
        argument:
  </p>
  <div class="copytoclipboard-wrapper">
   <pre class="programlisting language-sql"><div class="docs-select-all right" id="sa15793463"><div class="copy-help left">Press ⌘+C to copy</div> <div class="right"><button class="clipboard-btn" title="Copy to Clipboard"><span class="icon-clipboard"></span></button></div></div><code class="language-sql"><span class="token prompt">mysql&gt;</span> <span class="token keyword">SELECT</span> <span class="token function">CHARSET</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token datatype">BINARY</span> <span class="token string">'a'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">COLLATION</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token datatype">BINARY</span> <span class="token string">'a'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token output"><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span></span>
<span class="token output"><span class="token punctuation">|</span> CHARSET(BINARY 'a') <span class="token punctuation">|</span> COLLATION(BINARY 'a') <span class="token punctuation">|</span></span>
<span class="token output"><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span></span>
<span class="token output"><span class="token punctuation">|</span> binary              <span class="token punctuation">|</span> binary                <span class="token punctuation">|</span></span>
<span class="token output"><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span></span></code></pre>
  </div>
  <p>
   For operations that combine multiple string inputs and return a
        single string output, the
   <span class="quote">
    “
    <span class="quote">
     aggregation rules
    </span>
    ”
   </span>
   of
        standard SQL apply for determining the collation of the result:
  </p>
  <div class="itemizedlist">
   <ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
    <li class="listitem">
     <p>
      If an explicit
      <code class="literal">
       COLLATE
       <em class="replaceable">
        <code>
         Y
        </code>
       </em>
      </code>
      occurs, use
      <em class="replaceable">
       <code>
        Y
       </code>
      </em>
      .
     </p>
    </li>
    <li class="listitem">
     <p>
      If explicit
      <code class="literal">
       COLLATE
       <em class="replaceable">
        <code>
         Y
        </code>
       </em>
      </code>
      and
      <code class="literal">
       COLLATE
       <em class="replaceable">
        <code>
         Z
        </code>
       </em>
      </code>
      occur, raise an
            error.
     </p>
    </li>
    <li class="listitem">
     <p>
      Otherwise, if all collations are
      <em class="replaceable">
       <code>
        Y
       </code>
      </em>
      , use
      <em class="replaceable">
       <code>
        Y
       </code>
      </em>
      .
     </p>
    </li>
    <li class="listitem">
     <p>
      Otherwise, the result has no collation.
     </p>
    </li>
   </ul>
  </div>
  <p>
   For example, with
   <code class="literal">
    CASE ... WHEN a THEN b WHEN b THEN c
        COLLATE
    <em class="replaceable">
     <code>
      X
     </code>
    </em>
    END
   </code>
   , the
        resulting collation is
   <em class="replaceable">
    <code>
     X
    </code>
   </em>
   . The same
        applies for
   <a class="link" href="union.html" title="15.2.18 UNION Clause">
    <code class="literal">
     UNION
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="logical-operators.html#operator_or">
    <code class="literal">
     ||
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_concat">
    <code class="literal">
     CONCAT()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_elt">
    <code class="literal">
     ELT()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="comparison-operators.html#function_greatest">
    <code class="literal">
     GREATEST()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="flow-control-functions.html#function_if">
    <code class="literal">
     IF()
    </code>
   </a>
   , and
   <a class="link" href="comparison-operators.html#function_least">
    <code class="literal">
     LEAST()
    </code>
   </a>
   .
  </p>
  <p>
   For operations that convert to character data, the character set
        and collation of the strings that result from the operations are
        defined by the
   <a class="link" href="server-system-variables.html#sysvar_character_set_connection">
    <code class="literal">
     character_set_connection
    </code>
   </a>
   and
   <a class="link" href="server-system-variables.html#sysvar_collation_connection">
    <code class="literal">
     collation_connection
    </code>
   </a>
   system
        variables that determine the default connection character set
        and collation (see
   <a class="xref" href="charset-connection.html" title="12.4 Connection Character Sets and Collations">
    Section 12.4, “Connection Character Sets and Collations”
   </a>
   ). This
        applies only to
   <a class="link" href="miscellaneous-functions.html#function_bin-to-uuid">
    <code class="literal">
     BIN_TO_UUID()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="cast-functions.html#function_cast">
    <code class="literal">
     CAST()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="mathematical-functions.html#function_conv">
    <code class="literal">
     CONV()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_format">
    <code class="literal">
     FORMAT()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_hex">
    <code class="literal">
     HEX()
    </code>
   </a>
   , and
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_space">
    <code class="literal">
     SPACE()
    </code>
   </a>
   .
  </p>
  <p>
   An exception to the preceding principle occurs for expressions
        for virtual generated columns. In such expressions, the table
        character set is used for
   <a class="link" href="miscellaneous-functions.html#function_bin-to-uuid">
    <code class="literal">
     BIN_TO_UUID()
    </code>
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="link" href="mathematical-functions.html#function_conv">
    <code class="literal">
     CONV()
    </code>
   </a>
   , or
   <a class="link" href="string-functions.html#function_hex">
    <code class="literal">
     HEX()
    </code>
   </a>
   results, regardless of
        connection character set.
  </p>
  <p>
   If there is any question about the character set or collation of
        the result returned by a string function, use the
   <a class="link" href="information-functions.html#function_charset">
    <code class="literal">
     CHARSET()
    </code>
   </a>
   or
   <a class="link" href="information-functions.html#function_collation">
    <code class="literal">
     COLLATION()
    </code>
   </a>
   function to find out:
  </p>
  <div class="copytoclipboard-wrapper">
   <pre class="programlisting language-sql"><div class="docs-select-all right" id="sa31610525"><div class="copy-help left">Press ⌘+C to copy</div> <div class="right"><button class="clipboard-btn" title="Copy to Clipboard"><span class="icon-clipboard"></span></button></div></div><code class="language-sql"><span class="token prompt">mysql&gt;</span> <span class="token keyword">SELECT</span> <span class="token function">USER</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">CHARSET</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token function">USER</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">COLLATION</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token function">USER</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token output"><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span></span>
<span class="token output"><span class="token punctuation">|</span> USER()         <span class="token punctuation">|</span> CHARSET(USER()) <span class="token punctuation">|</span> COLLATION(USER())  <span class="token punctuation">|</span></span>
<span class="token output"><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span></span>
<span class="token output"><span class="token punctuation">|</span> test@localhost <span class="token punctuation">|</span> utf8mb3         <span class="token punctuation">|</span> utf8mb3_general_ci <span class="token punctuation">|</span></span>
<span class="token output"><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span></span>
<span class="token prompt">mysql&gt;</span> <span class="token keyword">SELECT</span> <span class="token function">CHARSET</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token function">COMPRESS</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'abc'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">COLLATION</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token function">COMPRESS</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'abc'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token output"><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span></span>
<span class="token output"><span class="token punctuation">|</span> CHARSET(COMPRESS('abc')) <span class="token punctuation">|</span> COLLATION(COMPRESS('abc')) <span class="token punctuation">|</span></span>
<span class="token output"><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span></span>
<span class="token output"><span class="token punctuation">|</span> binary                   <span class="token punctuation">|</span> binary                     <span class="token punctuation">|</span></span>
<span class="token output"><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span></span></code></pre>
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