chunk: In this essay, Kant proposed a peace program to be implemented by governments. The "Preliminary Articles" described these steps that should be taken immediately, or with all deliberate speed:
  "No secret treaty of peace shall be held valid in which there is tacitly reserved matter for a future war"
  "No independent states, large or small, shall come under the dominion of another state by inheritance, exchange, purchase, or donation"
  "Standing armies shall in time be totally abolished"
  "National debts shall not be contracted with a view to the external friction of states"
  "No state shall by force interfere with the constitution or government of another state"
  "No state shall, during war, permit such acts of hostility which would make mutual confidence in the subsequent peace impossible: such are the employment of assassins (percussores), poisoners (venefici), breach of capitulation, and incitement to treason (perduellio) in the opposing state"