from math import pi, sqrt, tan
def    A			(					_lowercase		):





						if side_length < 0:
												raise ValueError('''surface_area_cube() only accepts non-negative values'''		)
						return 6 * side_length**2
def    A			(					_lowercase	,						_lowercase	,						_lowercase		):





						if length < 0 or breadth < 0 or height < 0:
												raise ValueError('''surface_area_cuboid() only accepts non-negative values'''		)
						return 2 * ((length * breadth) + (breadth * height) + (length * height))
def    A			(					_lowercase		):





						if radius < 0:
												raise ValueError('''surface_area_sphere() only accepts non-negative values'''		)
						return 4 * pi * radius**2
def    A			(					_lowercase		):





						if radius < 0:
												raise ValueError('''surface_area_hemisphere() only accepts non-negative values'''		)
						return 3 * pi * radius**2
def    A			(					_lowercase	,						_lowercase		):





						if radius < 0 or height < 0:
												raise ValueError('''surface_area_cone() only accepts non-negative values'''		)
						return pi * radius * (radius + (height**2 + radius**2) ** 0.5)
def    A			(					_lowercase	,						_lowercase	,						_lowercase		):





						if radius_a < 0 or radius_a < 0 or height < 0:
												raise ValueError(
												    '''surface_area_conical_frustum() only accepts non-negative values'''		)
						SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE							:					Optional[int]           =							(height**2 + (radius_a - radius_a) ** 2) ** 0.5
						return pi * ((slant_height * (radius_a + radius_a)) + radius_a**2 + radius_a**2)
def    A			(					_lowercase	,						_lowercase		):





						if radius < 0 or height < 0:
												raise ValueError('''surface_area_cylinder() only accepts non-negative values'''		)
						return 2 * pi * radius * (height + radius)
def    A			(					_lowercase	,						_lowercase		):





						if torus_radius < 0 or tube_radius < 0:
												raise ValueError('''surface_area_torus() only accepts non-negative values'''		)
						if torus_radius < tube_radius:
												raise ValueError(
												    '''surface_area_torus() does not support spindle or self intersecting tori'''		)
						return 4 * pow(__snake_case	,						2		) * torus_radius * tube_radius
def    A			(					_lowercase	,						_lowercase		):





						if length < 0 or width < 0:
												raise ValueError('''area_rectangle() only accepts non-negative values'''		)
						return length * width
def    A			(					_lowercase		):





						if side_length < 0:
												raise ValueError('''area_square() only accepts non-negative values'''		)
						return side_length**2
def    A			(					_lowercase	,						_lowercase		):





						if base < 0 or height < 0:
												raise ValueError('''area_triangle() only accepts non-negative values'''		)
						return (base * height) / 2
def    A			(					_lowercase	,						_lowercase	,						_lowercase		):





						if sidea < 0 or sidea < 0 or sidea < 0:
												raise ValueError('''area_triangle_three_sides() only accepts non-negative values'''		)
						elif sidea + sidea < sidea or sidea + sidea < sidea or sidea + sidea < sidea:
												raise ValueError('''Given three sides do not form a triangle'''		)
						SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE							:					Optional[int]           =							(sidea + sidea + sidea) / 2
						SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE							:					Dict           =							sqrt(
						    semi_perimeter
						    * (semi_perimeter - sidea)
						    * (semi_perimeter - sidea)
						    * (semi_perimeter - sidea)		)
						return area
def    A			(					_lowercase	,						_lowercase		):





						if base < 0 or height < 0:
												raise ValueError('''area_parallelogram() only accepts non-negative values'''		)
						return base * height
def    A			(					_lowercase	,						_lowercase	,						_lowercase		):





						if basea < 0 or basea < 0 or height < 0:
												raise ValueError('''area_trapezium() only accepts non-negative values'''		)
						return 1 / 2 * (basea + basea) * height
def    A			(					_lowercase		):





						if radius < 0:
												raise ValueError('''area_circle() only accepts non-negative values'''		)
						return pi * radius**2
def    A			(					_lowercase	,						_lowercase		):





						if radius_x < 0 or radius_y < 0:
												raise ValueError('''area_ellipse() only accepts non-negative values'''		)
						return pi * radius_x * radius_y
def    A			(					_lowercase	,						_lowercase		):





						if diagonal_a < 0 or diagonal_a < 0:
												raise ValueError('''area_rhombus() only accepts non-negative values'''		)
						return 1 / 2 * diagonal_a * diagonal_a
def    A			(					_lowercase	,						_lowercase		):





						if not isinstance(__snake_case	,						__snake_case		) or sides < 3:
												raise ValueError(
												    '''area_reg_polygon() only accepts integers greater than or \
equal to three as number of sides'''		)
						elif length < 0:
												raise ValueError(
												    '''area_reg_polygon() only accepts non-negative values as \
length of a side'''		)
						return (sides * length**2) / (4 * tan(pi / sides		))
						return (sides * length**2) / (4 * tan(pi / sides		))


if __name__ == "__main__":
					import doctest

					doctest.testmod(verbose=True)  # verbose so we can see methods missing tests

					print('[DEMO] Areas of various geometric shapes: \n')
					print(f"""Rectangle: {area_rectangle(10, 20) = }""")
					print(f"""Square: {area_square(10) = }""")
					print(f"""Triangle: {area_triangle(10, 10) = }""")
					print(f"""Triangle: {area_triangle_three_sides(5, 12, 13) = }""")
					print(f"""Parallelogram: {area_parallelogram(10, 20) = }""")
					print(f"""Rhombus: {area_rhombus(10, 20) = }""")
					print(f"""Trapezium: {area_trapezium(10, 20, 30) = }""")
					print(f"""Circle: {area_circle(20) = }""")
					print(f"""Ellipse: {area_ellipse(10, 20) = }""")
					print('\nSurface Areas of various geometric shapes: \n')
					print(f"""Cube: {surface_area_cube(20) = }""")
					print(f"""Cuboid: {surface_area_cuboid(10, 20, 30) = }""")
					print(f"""Sphere: {surface_area_sphere(20) = }""")
					print(f"""Hemisphere: {surface_area_hemisphere(20) = }""")
					print(f"""Cone: {surface_area_cone(10, 20) = }""")
					print(f"""Conical Frustum: {surface_area_conical_frustum(10, 20, 30) = }""")
					print(f"""Cylinder: {surface_area_cylinder(10, 20) = }""")
					print(f"""Torus: {surface_area_torus(20, 10) = }""")
					print(f"""Equilateral Triangle: {area_reg_polygon(3, 10) = }""")
					print(f"""Square: {area_reg_polygon(4, 10) = }""")
					print(f"""Reqular Pentagon: {area_reg_polygon(5, 10) = }""")




import random
def    A			(					_lowercase	,						_lowercase		):
						SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE       ,						SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE       ,						SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE							:					Tuple           =							[], [], []
						for element in data:
												if element < pivot:
																		less.append(_lowercase		)
												elif element > pivot:
																		greater.append(_lowercase		)
												else:
																		equal.append(_lowercase		)
						return less, equal, greater



def    A			(					_lowercase	,						_lowercase		):
						# index = len(items) // 2 when trying to find the median
						#   (value of index when items is sorted)

						# invalid input
						if index >= len(_lowercase		) or index < 0:
												return None

						SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE							:					Dict           =							items[random.randint(0	,						len(_lowercase		) - 1		)]
						SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE							:					int           =							0
						SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE       ,						SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE       ,						SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE							:					List[str]           =							_partition(_lowercase	,						_lowercase		)
						SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE							:					List[Any]           =							len(_lowercase		)
						SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE							:					Optional[Any]           =							len(_lowercase		)

						# index is the pivot
						if m <= index < m + count:
												return pivot
						# must be in smaller
						elif m > index:
												return quick_select(_lowercase	,						_lowercase		)
						# must be in larger
						else:
												return quick_select(_lowercase	,						index - (m + count)		)





