text: We describe a method for performing active localization of objects in instances of visual situations. A visual situation is an abstract concept---e.g., "a boxing match", "a birthday party", "walking the dog", "waiting for a bus"---whose image instantiations are linked more by their common spatial and semantic structure than by low-level visual similarity. Our system combines given and learned knowledge of the structure of a particular situation, and adapts that knowledge to a new situation instance as it actively searches for objects. More specifically, the system learns a set of probability distributions describing spatial and other relationships among relevant objects. The system uses those distributions to iteratively sample object proposals on a test image, but also continually uses information from those object proposals to adaptively modify the distributions based on what the system has detected. We test our approach's ability to efficiently localize objects, using a situation-specific image dataset created by our group. We compare the results with several baselines and variations on our method, and demonstrate the strong benefit of using situation knowledge and active context-driven localization. Finally, we contrast our method with several other approaches that use context as well as active search for object localization in images.
  @cite_34: Object detection is one of the most active areas in computer vision, which has made significant improvement in recent years. Current state-of-the-art object detection methods mostly adhere to the framework of regions with convolutional neural network (R-CNN) and only use local appearance features inside object bounding boxes. Since these approaches ignore the contextual information around the object proposals, the outcome of these detectors may generate a semantically incoherent interpretation of the input image. In this paper, we propose an ensemble object detection system which incorporates the local appearance, the contextual information in term of relationships among objects and the global scene based contextual feature generated by a convolutional neural network. The system is formulated as a fully connected conditional random field (CRF) defined on object proposals and the contextual constraints among object proposals are modeled as edges naturally. Furthermore, a fast mean field approximation method is utilized to inference in this CRF model efficiently. The experimental results demonstrate that our approach achieves a higher mean average precision (mAP) on PASCAL VOC 2007 datasets compared to the baseline algorithm Faster R-CNN.
  @cite_4: In this paper we introduce the problem of Visual Semantic Role Labeling: given an image we want to detect people doing actions and localize the objects of interaction. Classical approaches to action recognition either study the task of action classification at the image or video clip level or at best produce a bounding box around the person doing the action. We believe such an output is inadequate and a complete understanding can only come when we are able to associate objects in the scene to the different semantic roles of the action. To enable progress towards this goal, we annotate a dataset of 16K people instances in 10K images with actions they are doing and associate objects in the scene with different semantic roles for each action. Finally, we provide a set of baseline algorithms for this task and analyze error modes providing directions for future work.
  @cite_25: Object detection performance, as measured on the canonical PASCAL VOC dataset, has plateaued in the last few years. The best-performing methods are complex ensemble systems that typically combine multiple low-level image features with high-level context. In this paper, we propose a simple and scalable detection algorithm that improves mean average precision (mAP) by more than 30 relative to the previous best result on VOC 2012 -- achieving a mAP of 53.3 . Our approach combines two key insights: (1) one can apply high-capacity convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to bottom-up region proposals in order to localize and segment objects and (2) when labeled training data is scarce, supervised pre-training for an auxiliary task, followed by domain-specific fine-tuning, yields a significant performance boost. Since we combine region proposals with CNNs, we call our method R-CNN: Regions with CNN features. We also present experiments that provide insight into what the network learns, revealing a rich hierarchy of image features. Source code for the complete system is available at http: www.cs.berkeley.edu rbg rcnn.
  @cite_3: 
summary: More recently, several groups have combined object-proposal methods such as R-CNN @cite_25 @cite_3 with graphical models (e.g., @cite_34 ) or other CNN architectures (e.g., @cite_4 ) to combine object-to-object context with whole scene context in order to improve object detection.