text: Underground online forums are platforms that enable trades of illicit services and stolen goods. Carding forums, in particular, are known for being focused on trading financial information. However, little evidence exists about the sellers that are present on carding forums, the precise types of products they advertise, and the prices buyers pay. Existing literature mainly focuses on the organisation and structure of the forums. Furthermore, studies on carding forums are usually based on literature review, expert interviews, or data from forums that have already been shut down. This paper provides first-of-its-kind empirical evidence on active forums where stolen financial data is traded. We monitored 5 out of 25 discovered forums, collected posts from the forums over a three-month period, and analysed them quantitatively and qualitatively. We focused our analyses on products, prices, seller prolificacy, seller specialisation, and seller reputation.
  @cite_15: Crimeware-as-a-service (CaaS) has become a prominent component of the underground economy. CaaS provides a new dimension to cyber crime by making it more organized, automated, and accessible to criminals with limited technical skills. This paper dissects CaaS and explains the essence of the underground economy that has grown around it. The paper also describes the various crimeware services that are provided in the underground market.
summary: Sood and Enbody @cite_15 provide a more detailed estimation of rates charged per credit card number. Numbers from the USA cost @math 10 on average, from Canada @math 7 and from the UK @math 8. Classified according to credit card types, a classic or standard credit card number from the USA or Canada costs @math 10, a gold card @math 20 and an Amex @math 10. Classic and Amex cards are the cheapest in the listing of Sood and Enbody @cite_15 . Nevertheless, they are still more expensive than the lower limits of their quoted price range ( @math 5). However, it is not ideal that these rates have not been observed but estimated and it remains unclear on which basis they have been calculated.