text: In this paper, we introduce an alternative approach, namely GEN (Genetic Evolution Network) Model, to the deep learning models. Instead of building one single deep model, GEN adopts a genetic-evolutionary learning strategy to build a group of unit models generations by generations. Significantly different from the wellknown representation learning models with extremely deep structures, the unit models covered in GEN are of a much shallower architecture. In the training process, from each generation, a subset of unit models will be selected based on their performance to evolve and generate the child models in the next generation. GEN has significant advantages compared with existing deep representation learning models in terms of both learning effectiveness, efficiency and interpretability of the learning process and learned results. Extensive experiments have been done on diverse benchmark datasets, and the experimental results have demonstrated the outstanding performance of GEN compared with the state-of-the-art baseline methods in both effectiveness of efficiency.
  @cite_35: In this paper, we provide an overview of the invited and contributed papers presented at the special session at ICASSP-2013, entitled “New Types of Deep Neural Network Learning for Speech Recognition and Related Applications,” as organized by the authors. We also describe the historical context in which acoustic models based on deep neural networks have been developed. The technical overview of the papers presented in our special session is organized into five ways of improving deep learning methods: (1) better optimization; (2) better types of neural activation function and better network architectures; (3) better ways to determine the myriad hyper-parameters of deep neural networks; (4) more appropriate ways to preprocess speech for deep neural networks; and (5) ways of leveraging multiple languages or dialects that are more easily achieved with deep neural networks than with Gaussian mixture models.
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  @cite_18: Restricted Boltzmann machines (RBMs) have been used as generative models of many different types of data. RBMs are usually trained using the contrastive divergence learning procedure. This requires a certain amount of practical experience to decide how to set the values of numerical meta-parameters. Over the last few years, the machine learning group at the University of Toronto has acquired considerable expertise at training RBMs and this guide is an attempt to share this expertise with other machine learning researchers.
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  @cite_22: In recent years, neural network language models (NNLMs) have shown success in both peplexity and word error rate (WER) compared to conventional n-gram language models. Most NNLMs are trained with one hidden layer. Deep neural networks (DNNs) with more hidden layers have been shown to capture higher-level discriminative information about input features, and thus produce better networks. Motivated by the success of DNNs in acoustic modeling, we explore deep neural network language models (DNN LMs) in this paper. Results on a Wall Street Journal (WSJ) task demonstrate that DNN LMs offer improvements over a single hidden layer NNLM. Furthermore, our preliminary results are competitive with a model M language model, considered to be one of the current state-of-the-art techniques for language modeling.
  @cite_4: In this paper, we propose gcForest, a decision tree ensemble approach with performance highly competitive to deep neural networks. In contrast to deep neural networks which require great effort in hyper-parameter tuning, gcForest is much easier to train. Actually, even when gcForest is applied to different data from different domains, excellent performance can be achieved by almost same settings of hyper-parameters. The training process of gcForest is efficient and scalable. In our experiments its training time running on a PC is comparable to that of deep neural networks running with GPU facilities, and the efficiency advantage may be more apparent because gcForest is naturally apt to parallel implementation. Furthermore, in contrast to deep neural networks which require large-scale training data, gcForest can work well even when there are only small-scale training data. Moreover, as a tree-based approach, gcForest should be easier for theoretical analysis than deep neural networks.
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  @cite_5: We show how to use "complementary priors" to eliminate the explaining-away effects that make inference difficult in densely connected belief nets that have many hidden layers. Using complementary priors, we derive a fast, greedy algorithm that can learn deep, directed belief networks one layer at a time, provided the top two layers form an undirected associative memory. The fast, greedy algorithm is used to initialize a slower learning procedure that fine-tunes the weights using a contrastive version of the wake-sleep algorithm. After fine-tuning, a network with three hidden layers forms a very good generative model of the joint distribution of handwritten digit images and their labels. This generative model gives better digit classification than the best discriminative learning algorithms. The low-dimensional manifolds on which the digits lie are modeled by long ravines in the free-energy landscape of the top-level associative memory, and it is easy to explore these ravines by using the directed connections to display what the associative memory has in mind.
  @cite_15: Image annotation datasets are becoming larger and larger, with tens of millions of images and tens of thousands of possible annotations. We propose a strongly performing method that scales to such datasets by simultaneously learning to optimize precision at k of the ranked list of annotations for a given image and learning a low-dimensional joint embedding space for both images and annotations. Our method both outperforms several baseline methods and, in comparison to them, is faster and consumes less memory. We also demonstrate how our method learns an interpretable model, where annotations with alternate spellings or even languages are close in the embedding space. Hence, even when our model does not predict the exact annotation given by a human labeler, it often predicts similar annotations, a fact that we try to quantify by measuring the newly introduced "sibling" precision metric, where our method also obtains excellent results.
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  @cite_17: We explore an original strategy for building deep networks, based on stacking layers of denoising autoencoders which are trained locally to denoise corrupted versions of their inputs. The resulting algorithm is a straightforward variation on the stacking of ordinary autoencoders. It is however shown on a benchmark of classification problems to yield significantly lower classification error, thus bridging the performance gap with deep belief networks (DBN), and in several cases surpassing it. Higher level representations learnt in this purely unsupervised fashion also help boost the performance of subsequent SVM classifiers. Qualitative experiments show that, contrary to ordinary autoencoders, denoising autoencoders are able to learn Gabor-like edge detectors from natural image patches and larger stroke detectors from digit images. This work clearly establishes the value of using a denoising criterion as a tractable unsupervised objective to guide the learning of useful higher level representations.
summary: The essence of deep learning is to compute hierarchical features or representations of the observational data @cite_1 @cite_10 . With the surge of deep learning research and applications in recent years, lots of research works have appeared to apply the deep learning methods, like deep belief network @cite_5 , deep Boltzmann machine @cite_27 , deep neural network @cite_0 @cite_37 and deep autoencoder model @cite_17 , in various applications, like speech and audio processing @cite_35 @cite_29 , language modeling and processing @cite_22 @cite_20 , information retrieval @cite_18 @cite_11 , objective recognition and computer vision @cite_25 , as well as multimodal and multi-task learning @cite_15 @cite_21 . Traditional deep learning models have too many disadvantages, introduce the deep forest as an alternative approach in @cite_4 .