text: Due to the high resolution of pathological images, the automated semantic segmentation in the medical pathological images has shown greater challenges than that in natural images. Sliding Window method has shown its effect on solving problem caused by the high resolution of whole slide images (WSI). However, owing to its localization, Sliding Window method also suffers from lack of global information. In this paper, a dual input semantic segmentation network based on attention is proposed, in which, one input provides small-scale fine information, the other input provides large-scale coarse information. Compared with single input methods, our method based on dual inputs and attention: DA-RefineNet exhibits a dramatic performance improvement on ICIAR2018 breast cancer segmentation task.
  @cite_14: Recently, very deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have shown outstanding performance in object recognition and have also been the first choice for dense classification problems such as semantic segmentation. However, repeated subsampling operations like pooling or convolution striding in deep CNNs lead to a significant decrease in the initial image resolution. Here, we present RefineNet, a generic multi-path refinement network that explicitly exploits all the information available along the down-sampling process to enable high-resolution prediction using long-range residual connections. In this way, the deeper layers that capture high-level semantic features can be directly refined using fine-grained features from earlier convolutions. The individual components of RefineNet employ residual connections following the identity mapping mindset, which allows for effective end-to-end training. Further, we introduce chained residual pooling, which captures rich background context in an efficient manner. We carry out comprehensive experiments and set new state-of-the-art results on seven public datasets. In particular, we achieve an intersection-over-union score of 83.4 on the challenging PASCAL VOC 2012 dataset, which is the best reported result to date.
  @cite_6: Deeper neural networks are more difficult to train. We present a residual learning framework to ease the training of networks that are substantially deeper than those used previously. We explicitly reformulate the layers as learning residual functions with reference to the layer inputs, instead of learning unreferenced functions. We provide comprehensive empirical evidence showing that these residual networks are easier to optimize, and can gain accuracy from considerably increased depth. On the ImageNet dataset we evaluate residual nets with a depth of up to 152 layers—8× deeper than VGG nets [40] but still having lower complexity. An ensemble of these residual nets achieves 3.57 error on the ImageNet test set. This result won the 1st place on the ILSVRC 2015 classification task. We also present analysis on CIFAR-10 with 100 and 1000 layers. The depth of representations is of central importance for many visual recognition tasks. Solely due to our extremely deep representations, we obtain a 28 relative improvement on the COCO object detection dataset. Deep residual nets are foundations of our submissions to ILSVRC & COCO 2015 competitions1, where we also won the 1st places on the tasks of ImageNet detection, ImageNet localization, COCO detection, and COCO segmentation.
  @cite_26: There is large consent that successful training of deep networks requires many thousand annotated training samples. In this paper, we present a network and training strategy that relies on the strong use of data augmentation to use the available annotated samples more efficiently. The architecture consists of a contracting path to capture context and a symmetric expanding path that enables precise localization. We show that such a network can be trained end-to-end from very few images and outperforms the prior best method (a sliding-window convolutional network) on the ISBI challenge for segmentation of neuronal structures in electron microscopic stacks. Using the same network trained on transmitted light microscopy images (phase contrast and DIC) we won the ISBI cell tracking challenge 2015 in these categories by a large margin. Moreover, the network is fast. Segmentation of a 512x512 image takes less than a second on a recent GPU. The full implementation (based on Caffe) and the trained networks are available at http: lmb.informatik.uni-freiburg.de people ronneber u-net .
summary: In this paper we adopt Refinenet @cite_14 as the baseline. The main difference between Refinenet and Unet @cite_26 lies in the unique block "Refine Block". The Refine Block is a unique feature fusion block, which can be divided into three parts. (1) Residual Convolution Unit (RCU). This is a convolutional module based on the residual connection design. Compared with the original Resnet @cite_6 , the BN layer is removed, and the parameter amount is reduced to be used as a feature extractor. (2) Multi-size fusion. Our task is semantic segmentation, with the output and the input in the same size, the blocks except for Block No.4 being dual input, and the two input in different scales. Thus multi-size fusion is applied for upsampleing and feature fusion. (3) Chain residual pooling(CRP). The module efficiently fuses features through convolution pooling operations of different window sizes. Through this chained pooling operation, the receptive field is expanded. At the same time, multi-scale information is merged through short jump connections, which let gradient go to directly from one module to another.