text: Phenotyping is the process of measuring an organism's observable traits. Manual phenotyping of crops is a labor-intensive, time-consuming, costly, and error prone process. Accurate, automated, high-throughput phenotyping can relieve a huge burden in the crop breeding pipeline. In this paper, we propose a scalable, high-throughput approach to automatically count and segment panicles (heads), a key phenotype, from aerial sorghum crop imagery. Our counting approach uses the image density map obtained from dot or region annotation as the target with a novel deep convolutional neural network architecture. We also propose a novel instance segmentation algorithm using the estimated density map, to identify the individual panicles in the presence of occlusion. With real Sorghum aerial images, we obtain a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.06 for counting which is better than using well-known crowd counting approaches such as CCNN, MCNN and CSRNet models. The instance segmentation model also produces respectable results which will be ultimately useful in reducing the manual annotation workload for future data.
  @cite_56: In this paper we address the problem of counting objects instances in images. Our models are able to precisely estimate the number of vehicles in a traffic congestion, or to count the humans in a very crowded scene. Our first contribution is the proposal of a novel convolutional neural network solution, named Counting CNN (CCNN). Essentially, the CCNN is formulated as a regression model where the network learns how to map the appearance of the image patches to their corresponding object density maps. Our second contribution consists in a scale-aware counting model, the Hydra CNN, able to estimate object densities in different very crowded scenarios where no geometric information of the scene can be provided. Hydra CNN learns a multiscale non-linear regression model which uses a pyramid of image patches extracted at multiple scales to perform the final density prediction. We report an extensive experimental evaluation, using up to three different object counting benchmarks, where we show how our solutions achieve a state-of-the-art performance.
summary: In crowd counting, a key challenge is to build effective CNN architectures that handle perspective scale distortions. The central building block for several counting systems is the counting CNN (CCNN) @cite_56 that we also use and fine-tune in our work. The CCNN, shown in Figure , is simply a deep CNN with an image density map as a regressor. A family of models have been developed that take an ensemble approach to the scale distortion problem. For the models in the family, the two main decisions that need to be made are: how to design the components in the architecture for the different head sizes, and how to combine these components.