text: In a wireless network, mobile nodes (MNs) repeatedly perform tasks such as layer 2 (L2) handoff, layer 3 (L3) handoff and authentication. These tasks are critical, particularly for real-time applications such as VoIP. We propose a novel approach, namely Cooperative Roaming (CR), in which MNs can collaborate with each other and share useful information about the network in which they move. We show how we can achieve seamless L2 and L3 handoffs regardless of the authentication mechanism used and without any changes to either the infrastructure or the protocol. In particular, we provide a working implementation of CR and show how, with CR, MNs can achieve a total L2+L3 handoff time of less than 16 ms in an open network and of about 21 ms in an IEEE 802.11i network. We consider behaviors typical of IEEE 802.11 networks, although many of the concepts and problems addressed here apply to any kind of mobile network.
  @cite_9: Wireless access networks scale by replicating base stations geographically and then allowing mobile clients to seamlessly "hand off" from one station to the next as they traverse the network. However, providing the illusion of continuous connectivity requires selecting the right moment to handoff and the right base station to transfer to. Unfortunately, 802.11-based networks only attempt a handoff when a client's service degrades to a point where connectivity is threatened. Worse, the overhead of scanning for nearby base stations is routinely over 250 ms - during which incoming packets are dropped - far longer than what can be tolerated by highly interactive applications such as voice telephony. In this paper we describe SyncScan, a low-cost technique for continuously tracking nearby base stations by synchronizing short listening periods at the client with periodic transmissions from each base station. We have implemented this SyncScan algorithm using commodity 802.11 hardware and we demonstrate that it allows better handoff decisions and over an order of magnitude improvement in handoff delay. Finally, our approach only requires trivial implementation changes, is incrementally deployable and is completely backward compatible with existing 802.11 standards.
summary: In @cite_9 suggest an algorithm called syncscan which does not require changes to either the protocol or the infrastructure. It does require, however, that all the APs in the network are synchronized and only accelerates unauthenticated L2 handoffs.