text: Let c denote a non-negative constant. Suppose that we are given an edge-weighted bipartite graph G=(V,E) with its 2-layered drawing and a family X of intersecting edge pairs. We consider the problem of finding a maximum weighted matching M* such that each edge in M* intersects with at most c other edges in M*, and that all edge crossings in M* are contained in X. In the present paper, we propose polynomial-time algorithms for the problem for c=1 and 2. The time complexities of the algorithms are O((k+m)log n) for c=1 and O(m^4log n+k^3+n(k^2+log n)) for c=2, respectively, where n=|V|, m=|E| and k=|X|.
  @cite_10: In this paper we study the problem of computing subgraphs of a certain configuration in a given topological graph G such that the number of crossings in the subgraph is minimum. The configurations that we consider are spanning trees, s-t paths, cycles, matchings, and @k-factors for @[email protected]? 1,2 . We show that it is NP-hard to approximate the minimum number of crossings for these configurations within a factor of k^1^-^@e for any @e>0, where k is the number of crossings in G. We then give a simple fixed-parameter algorithm that tests in O^@?(2^k) time whether G has a crossing-free configuration for any of the above, where the O^@?-notation neglects polynomial terms. For some configurations we have faster algorithms. The respective running times are O^@?(1.9999992^k) for spanning trees and O^@?((3)^k) for s-t paths and cycles. For spanning trees we also have an O^@?(1.968^k)-time Monte-Carlo algorithm. Each O^@?(@b^k)-time decision algorithm can be turned into an O^@?((@b+1)^k)-time optimization algorithm that computes a configuration with the minimum number of crossings.
summary: @cite_10 studied the problem of finding a subgraph that has few edge crossings; given a graph (not necessarily bipartite) and its geometric drawing (i.e., every vertex is specified by a 2D point, all edges are drawn as straight line segments, and no two edges overlap or intersect at a vertex), we are asked to find a subgraph of a certain class that makes the minimum number of edge crossings. They showed that, for spanning trees, @math - @math paths, cycles, matchings of a fixed size, and 1- or 2-factors, it is NP-hard to approximate the minimum number of edge crossings within a factor of @math for any @math , where @math denotes the number of edge crossings in the given graph. They also presented fixed-parameter algorithms to decide whether there is a non-crossing subgraph of one of the above graph classes, where @math is used as the parameter.