Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Single-shot energy measurement of a single atom and the direct
  reconstruction of its energy distribution   An ensemble of atoms in steady-state, whether in thermal equilibrium or not,
has a well defined energy distribution. Since the energy of single atoms within
the ensemble cannot be individually measured, energy distributions are
typically inferred from statistical averages. Here, we show how to measure the
energy of a single atom in a single experimental realization (single-shot). The
energy distribution of the atom over many experimental realizations can thus be
readily and directly obtained. We apply this method to a single-ion trapped in
a linear Paul trap for which energy measurement in a single-shot is applicable
from 10 K and above. Our energy measurement agrees within 5% to a different
thermometry method which requires extensive averaging. Apart from the total
energy, we also show that the motion of the ion in different trap modes can be
distinguished. We believe that this method will have profound implications on
single particle chemistry and collision experiments.

34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
29
The categories of this paper are: funct-an
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int
14
The categories of this paper are: math-ph
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc