Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Evidence for a Molecular Cloud Origin for Gamma-Ray Bursts: Implications
  for the Nature of Star Formation in the Universe   It appears that the majority of rapidly-, well-localized gamma-ray bursts
with undetected, or dark, optical afterglows, or `dark bursts' for short, occur
in clouds of size R > 10L_{49}^{1/2} pc and mass M > 3x10^5L_{49} M_{sun},
where L is the isotropic-equivalent peak luminosity of the optical flash. We
show that clouds of this size and mass cannot be modeled as a gas that is bound
by pressure equilibrium with a warm or hot phase of the interstellar medium
(i.e., a diffuse cloud): Such a cloud would be unstable to gravitational
collapse, resulting in the collapse and fragmentation of the cloud until a
burst of star formation re-establishes pressure equilibrium within the
fragments, and the fragments are bound by self-gravity (i.e., a molecular
cloud). Consequently, dark bursts probably occur in molecular clouds, in which
case dark bursts are probably a byproduct of this burst of star formation if
the molecular cloud formed recently, and/or the result of lingering or latter
generation star formation if the molecular cloud formed some time ago. We then
show that if bursts occur in Galactic-like molecular clouds, the column
densities of which might be universal, the number of dark bursts can be
comparable to the number of bursts with detected optical afterglows: This is
what is observed, which suggests that the bursts with detected optical
afterglows might also occur in molecular clouds. We confirm this by modeling
and constraining the distribution of column densities, measured from absorption
of the X-ray afterglow, of the bursts with detected optical afterglows: We find
that this distribution is consistent with the expectation for bursts that occur
in molecular clouds, and is not consistent with the expectation for bursts that
occur in diffuse clouds. More...

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The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
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The categories of this paper are: supr-con
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The categories of this paper are: stat
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The categories of this paper are: adap-org
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The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: cs
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
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The categories of this paper are: q-fin
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
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The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
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The categories of this paper are: math-ph
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The categories of this paper are: nlin
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg