Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: A discussion of measuring the top-1 percent most-highly cited
  publications: Quality and impact of Chinese papers   The top 1 percent most highly cited articles are watched closely as the
vanguards of the sciences. Using Web of Science data, one can find that China
had overtaken the USA in the relative participation in the top 1 percent in
2019, after outcompeting the EU on this indicator in 2015. However, this
finding contrasts with repeated reports of Western agencies that the quality of
Chinese output in science is lagging other advanced nations, even as it has
caught up in numbers of articles. The difference between the results presented
here and the previous results depends mainly upon field normalizations, which
classify source journals by discipline. Average citation rates of these subsets
are commonly used as a baseline so that one can compare among disciplines.
However, the expected value of the top 1 percent of a sample of N papers is N
100, ceteris paribus. Using the average citation rates as expected values,
errors are introduced by using the mean of highly skewed distributions and a
specious precision in the delineations of the subsets. Classifications can be
used for the decomposition, but not for the normalization. When the data is
thus decomposed, the USA ranks ahead of China in biomedical fields such as
virology. Although the number of papers is smaller, China outperforms the US in
the field of Business and Finance in the Social Sciences Citation Index when p
is less than .05. Using percentile ranks, subsets other than indexing based
classifications can be tested for the statistical significance of differences
among them.

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The categories of this paper are: q-bio
27
The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
3
The categories of this paper are: physics
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
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The categories of this paper are: supr-con
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
13
The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
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The categories of this paper are: astro-ph
4
The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
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The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc