Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Proton radiography to improve proton radiotherapy: Simulation study at
  different proton beam energies   To improve the quality of cancer treatment with protons, a translation of
X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) images into a map of the proton stopping powers
needs to be more accurate. Proton stopping powers determined from CT images
have systematic uncertainties in the calculated proton range in a patient of
typically 3-4\% and even up to 10\% in region containing
bone~\cite{USchneider1995,USchneider1996,WSchneider2000,GCirrone2007,HPaganetti2012,TPlautz2014,GLandry2013,JSchuemann2014}.
As a consequence, part of a tumor may receive no dose, or a very high dose can
be delivered in healthy ti\-ssues and organs at risks~(e.g. brain
stem)~\cite{ACKnopf2013}. A transmission radiograph of high-energy protons
measuring proton stopping powers directly will allow to reduce these
uncertainties, and thus improve the quality of treatment.
  The best way to obtain a sufficiently accurate radiograph is by tracking
individual protons traversing the phantom
(patient)~\cite{GCirrone2007,TPlautz2014,VSipala2013}. In our simulations we
have used an ideal position sensitive detectors measuring a single proton
before and after a phantom, while the residual energy of a proton was detected
by a BaF$_{2}$ crystal. To obtain transmission radiographs, diffe\-rent phantom
materials have been irradiated with a 3x3~cm$^{2}$ scattered proton beam, with
various beam energies. The simulations were done using the Geant4 simulation
package~\cite{SAgostinelli2003}.
  In this study we focus on the simulations of the energy loss radiographs for
various proton beam energies that are clinically available in proton
radiotherapy.

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The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
14
The categories of this paper are: math-ph
27
The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
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The categories of this paper are: stat
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
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The categories of this paper are: econ
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
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The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
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The categories of this paper are: astro-ph
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: eess