Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Planck constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio   We present constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio r using Planck data. We
use the latest release of Planck maps (PR4), processed with the NPIPE code,
which produces calibrated frequency maps in temperature and polarization for
all Planck channels from 30 GHz to 857 GHz using the same pipeline. We computed
constraints on r using the BB angular power spectrum, and we also discuss
constraints coming from the TT spectrum. Given Planck's noise level, the TT
spectrum gives constraints on r that are cosmic-variance limited (with
$\sigma$(r)=0.093), but we show that the marginalized posterior peaks towards
negative values of r at about the 1.2$\sigma$ level. We derived Planck
constraints using the BB power spectrum at both large angular scales (the
'reionization bump') and intermediate angular scales (the 'recombination bump')
from $\ell$=2 to 150, and find a stronger constraint than that from TT, with
$\sigma$(r)=0.069. The Planck BB spectrum shows no systematic bias, and is
compatible with zero, given both the statistical noise and the systematic
uncertainties. The likelihood analysis using B modes yields the constraint
r<0.158 at 95% confidence using more than 50% of the sky. This upper limit
tightens to r<0.069 when Planck EE, BB, and EB power spectra are combined
consistently, and it tightens further to r<0.056 when the Planck TT power
spectrum is included in the combination. Finally, combining Planck with
BICEP2/Keck 2015 data yields an upper limit of r<0.044.

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The categories of this paper are: solv-int
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: nlin
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The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
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The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
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The categories of this paper are: math-ph
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: supr-con
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The categories of this paper are: physics
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The categories of this paper are: cs
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The categories of this paper are: ao-sci