Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Nonlinear energy loss in the oscillations of coated and uncoated
  bubbles: Role of thermal, radiation damping and encapsulating shell at
  various excitation pressures   A simple generalized model (GM) for coated bubbles accounting for the effect
of compressibility of the liquid is presented. The GM was then coupled with
nonlinear ODEs that account for the thermal effects. Starting with mass and
momentum conservation equations for a bubbly liquid and using the GM, nonlinear
pressure dependent terms were derived for energy dissipation due to thermal
damping (Td), radiation damping (Rd) and dissipation due to the viscosity of
liquid (Ld) and coating (Cd). The dissipated energies were solved for uncoated
and coated 2- 20 $\mu m$ bubbles over a frequency range of $0.25f_r-2.5f_r$
($f_r$ is the bubble resonance) and for various acoustic pressures
(1kPa-300kPa). Thermal effects were examined for air and C3F8 gas cores in each
case. For uncoated bubbles with an air gas core and a diameter larger than 4
$\mu m$, thermal damping is the strongest damping factor. When pressure
increases, the contributions of Rd grow faster and become the dominant damping
mechanism for pressure dependent resonance frequencies (e.g. fundamental and
super harmonic resonances). For coated bubbles, Cd is the strongest damping
mechanism. As pressure increases Rd contributes more to damping compared to Ld
and Td. In case of air bubbles, as pressure increases, the linear thermal model
largely deviates from the nonlinear model and accurate modeling requires
inclusion of the full thermal model. However, for coated C3F8 bubbles of
diameter 1-8 $\mu m$, typically used in medical ultrasound, thermal effects
maybe neglected even at higher pressures. We show that the scattering to
damping ratio (STDR), a measure of the effectiveness of the bubble as contrast
agent, is pressure dependent and can be maximized for specific frequency ranges
and pressures.

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The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
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The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
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The categories of this paper are: q-fin
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
27
The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
14
The categories of this paper are: math-ph
23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int
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The categories of this paper are: cs
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The categories of this paper are: math