Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Measurement-based Formulation of Quantum Heat Engine   There exist two formulations for quantum heat engine that models an energy
transfer between two microscopic systems. One is semi-classical scenario, and
the other is full quantum scenario. The former is formulated as a unitary
evolution for the internal system, and is adopted by the community of
statistical mechanics. In the latter, the whole process is formulated as
unitary, and is adopted by the community of quantum information. This paper
proposes a model for quantum heat engine that transfers energy from a
collection of microscopic systems to a macroscopic system like a fuel cell. In
such a situation, the amount of extracted work is visible for a human. For this
purpose, we formulate quantum heat engine as the measurement process whose
measurement outcome is the amount of extracted work. Under this model, we
derive a suitable energy conservation law and propose a more concrete submodel.
Then, we derive a novel trade-off relation between the measurability of the
amount of work extraction and the coherence of the internal system, which
examines the application of the semi-classical scenario to a heat engine
transferring an energy from a collection of microscopic systems to a
macroscopic system.

31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
17
The categories of this paper are: q-fin
20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
3
The categories of this paper are: physics
24
The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th