Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Emergence of an Ultra-Red Ultra-Massive Galaxy Cluster Core at $z=4$   Recent simulations and observations of massive galaxy cluster evolution
predict that the majority of stellar mass build up happens within cluster
members by $z=2$, before cluster virialization. Protoclusters rich with dusty,
star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) at $z>3$ are the favored candidate progenitors
for these massive galaxy clusters at $z\sim0$. We present here the first study
analyzing stellar emission along with cold dust and gas continuum emission in a
spectroscopically confirmed $z=4.002$ protocluster core rich with DSFGs, the
Distant Red Core (DRC). We combine new HST and Spitzer data with existing
Gemini, Herschel, and ALMA observations to derive individual galaxy-level
properties, and compare them to coeval field and other protocluster galaxies.
All of the protocluster members are massive ($>10^{10}$ M$_\odot$), but not
significantly more so than their coeval field counterparts. Within uncertainty,
all are nearly indistinguishable from galaxies on the star-forming vs. stellar
mass main-sequence relationship, and on the star formation efficiency plane.
Assuming no future major influx of fresh gas, we estimate that these gaseous
DSFGs will deplete their gas reservoirs in $\sim300$ Myr, becoming the massive
quiescent ellipticals dominating cluster cores by $z\sim3$. Using various
methodologies, we derive a total $z=4$ halo mass of $\sim10^{14}$ M$_\odot$,
and estimate that the DRC will evolve to become an ultra-massive cluster core
of mass $\gtrsim10^{15}$ M$_\odot$ by $z=0$.

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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
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The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
3
The categories of this paper are: physics
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The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
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The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: supr-con
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The categories of this paper are: adap-org
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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
4
The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
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The categories of this paper are: atom-ph