Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of interacting tunneling transport:
  variational grand potential, density-functional formulation, and nature of
  steady-state forces   The standard formulation of tunneling transport rests on an open-boundary
modeling. There, conserving approximations to nonequilibrium Green function or
quantum-statistical mechanics provide consistent but computational costly
approaches; alternatively, use of density-dependent ballistic-transport
calculations [e.g., Phys. Rev. B 52, 5335 (1995)], here denoted `DBT', provide
computationally efficient (approximate) atomistic characterizations of the
electron behavior but has until now lacked a formal justification. This paper
presents an exact, variational nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory for fully
interacting tunneling and provides a rigorous foundation for frozen-nuclei DBT
calculations as a lowest order approximation to an exact nonequilibrium
thermodynamics density functional evaluation. The theory starts from the
complete electron nonequilibrium quantum statistical mechanics and I identify
the operator for the nonequilibrium Gibbs free energy. I demonstrate a minimal
property of a functional for the nonequilibrium thermodynamic grand potential
which thus uniquely identifies the solution as the exact nonequilibrium density
matrix. I also show that a uniqueness-of-density proof from a closely related
study [Phys. Rev. B 78, 165109 (2008)] makes it possible to provide a
single-particle formulation based on universal electron-density functionals. I
illustrate a formal evaluation of the thermodynamics grand potential value
which is closely related to the variation in scattering phase shifts and hence
to Friedel density oscillations. This paper also discusses the difference
between the here-presented exact thermodynamics forces and the often-used
electrostatic forces. Finally the paper documents an inherent adiabatic nature
of the thermodynamics forces and observes that these are suited for a
nonequilibrium implementation of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation.

12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
11
The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
1
The categories of this paper are: cs
17
The categories of this paper are: q-fin
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
2
The categories of this paper are: math
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
29
The categories of this paper are: funct-an
13
The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
27
The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con