Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: On the importance of being structured: instantaneous coalescence rates
  and a re-evaluation of human evolution   Most species are structured and influenced by processes that either increased
or reduced gene flow between populations. However, most population genetic
inference methods ignore population structure and reconstruct a history
characterized by population size changes under the assumption that species
behave as panmictic units. This is potentially problematic since population
structure can generate spurious signals of population size change. Moreover,
when the model assumed for demographic inference is misspecified, genomic data
will likely increase the precision of misleading if not meaningless parameters.
In a context of model uncertainty (panmixia \textit{versus} structure) genomic
data may thus not necessarily lead to improved statistical inference.
  We consider two haploid genomes and develop a theory which explains why any
demographic model (with or without population size changes) will necessarily be
interpreted as a series of changes in population size by inference methods
ignoring structure. We introduce a new parameter, the IICR (inverse
instantaneous coalescence rate), and show that it is equivalent to a population
size only in panmictic models, and mostly misleading for structured models. We
argue that this general issue affects all population genetics methods ignoring
population structure. We take the PSMC method as an example and show that it
infers population size changes that never took place. We apply our approach to
human genomic data and find a reduction in gene flow at the start of the
Pleistocene, a major increase throughout the Middle-Pleistocene, and an abrupt
disconnection preceding the emergence of modern humans.

28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
26
The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
24
The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
29
The categories of this paper are: funct-an
19
The categories of this paper are: eess
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
6
The categories of this paper are: astro-ph