Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Ice chemistry in massive Young Stellar Objects: the role of metallicity   We present the comparison of the three most important ice constituents
(water, CO and CO2) in the envelopes of massive Young Stellar Objects (YSOs),
in environments of different metallicities: the Galaxy, the Large Magellanic
Cloud (LMC) and, for the first time, the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). We
present observations of water, CO and CO2 ice in 4 SMC and 3 LMC YSOs (obtained
with Spitzer-IRS and VLT/ISAAC). While water and CO2 ice are detected in all
Magellanic YSOs, CO ice is not detected in the SMC objects. Both CO and CO2 ice
abundances are enhanced in the LMC when compared to high-luminosity Galactic
YSOs. Based on the fact that both species appear to be enhanced in a consistent
way, this effect is unlikely to be the result of enhanced CO2 production in
hotter YSO envelopes as previously thought. Instead we propose that this
results from a reduced water column density in the envelopes of LMC YSOs, a
direct consequence of both the stronger UV radiation field and the reduced
dust-to-gas ratio at lower metallicity. In the SMC the environmental conditions
are harsher, and we observe a reduction in CO2 column density. Furthermore, the
low gas-phase CO density and higher dust temperature in YSO envelopes in the
SMC seem to inhibit CO freeze-out. The scenario we propose can be tested with
further observations.

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The categories of this paper are: adap-org
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The categories of this paper are: solv-int
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The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
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The categories of this paper are: hep-th
2
The categories of this paper are: math
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
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The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
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The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
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The categories of this paper are: supr-con
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
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The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
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The categories of this paper are: comp-gas