Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Toward a Science of Autonomy for Physical Systems: Paths   An Autonomous Physical System (APS) will be expected to reliably and
independently evaluate, execute, and achieve goals while respecting surrounding
rules, laws, or conventions. In doing so, an APS must rely on a broad spectrum
of dynamic, complex, and often imprecise information about its surroundings,
the task it is to perform, and its own sensors and actuators. For example,
cleaning in a home or commercial setting requires the ability to perceive,
grasp, and manipulate many physical objects, the ability to reliably perform a
variety of subtasks such as washing, folding, and stacking, and knowledge about
local conventions such as how objects are classified and where they should be
stored. The information required for reliable autonomous operation may come
from external sources and from the robot's own sensor observations or in the
form of direct instruction by a trainer. Similar considerations apply across
many domains - construction, manufacturing, in-home assistance, and healthcare.
For example, surgeons spend many years learning about physiology and anatomy
before they touch a patient. They then perform roughly 1000 surgeries under the
tutelage of an expert surgeon, and they practice basic maneuvers such as suture
tying thousands of times outside the operating room. All of these elements come
together to achieve expertise at this task. Endowing a system with robust
autonomy by traditional programming methods has thus far had limited success.
Several promising new paths to acquiring and processing such data are emerging.
This white paper outlines three promising research directions for enabling an
APS to learn the physical and information skills necessary to perform tasks
with independence and flexibility: Deep Reinforcement Learning, Human-Robot
Interaction, and Cloud Robotics.

11
The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
14
The categories of this paper are: math-ph
24
The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
3
The categories of this paper are: physics
6
The categories of this paper are: astro-ph
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
4
The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph