Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Where Did Copernicus Obtain the Tools to Build His Heliocentric Model?
  Historical Considerations and a Guiding Translation of Valentin Rose's
  "Ptolemaeus und die Schule von Toledo" (1874)   We present a translation of the German text of an 1874 article by Valentin
Rose that concerns the possible school of translators that worked in Toledo,
Spain, from about 1150 to 1250. Rose's article relies significantly on the
first-hand account of the activities in Toledo by the Englishman Daniel of
Morley. The most prolific translator in Toledo was Gerard of Cremona, who
translated Ptolemy's Almagest from Arabic into Latin with the help of Galib the
Mozarab; this translation was significant to Copernicus's work. Georg Peurbach
and Regiomontanus based their Epitome of the Almagest (1463) on Gerard's
translation, which in turn introduced Greek astronomy to astronomers in Italy
and throughout Europe. Copernicus studied in Padua in the first few years of
the sixteenth century, where he learned about Ptolemy's Almagest. Copernicus's
book De Revolutionibus (1543) also contains two geometrical tools of
astronomers from thirteenth century Maragha, and his model of the motion of the
Moon is mathematically identical to that of Ibn al-Shatir (fourteenth century
Damascus). A Greek language manuscript written prior to 1308, and the residence
in Padua of Moses Galeano, a Jewish scholar from Constantinople and Crete, who
was familiar with the work of Ibn al-Shatir, provide evidence of the
transmission of Arabic astronomical ideas to Copernicus. We have only begun to
understand this conduit of transmission.

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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: hep-th
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The categories of this paper are: q-alg
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The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
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The categories of this paper are: math
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The categories of this paper are: stat
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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: cs
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
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The categories of this paper are: solv-int
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The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
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The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
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The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
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The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
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The categories of this paper are: gr-qc