Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Observing separate spin and charge Fermi seas in a strongly correlated
  one-dimensional conductor   An electron is usually considered to have only one type of kinetic energy,
but could it have more, for its spin and charge, or by exciting other
electrons? In one dimension (1D), the physics of interacting electrons is
captured well at low energies by the Tomonaga-Luttinger-Liquid (TLL) model, yet
little has been observed experimentally beyond this linear regime. Here, we
report on measurements of many-body modes in 1D gated-wires using a tunnelling
spectroscopy technique. We observe two separate Fermi seas at high energies,
associated with spin and charge excitations, together with the emergence of
three additional 1D 'replica' modes that strengthen with decreasing wire
length. The effective interaction strength in the wires is varied by changing
the amount of 1D inter-subband screening by over 45%. Our findings demonstrate
the existence of spin-charge separation in the whole energy band outside the
low-energy limit of validity of the TLL model, and also set a limit on the
validity of the newer nonlinear TLL theory.

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The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
2
The categories of this paper are: math
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
24
The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: hep-th
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The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
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The categories of this paper are: eess
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The categories of this paper are: cs
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
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The categories of this paper are: astro-ph
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The categories of this paper are: adap-org
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
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The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
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The categories of this paper are: supr-con
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The categories of this paper are: nlin