Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Electron Firehose Instabilities in High-$\beta$ ICM shocks   The preacceleration of electrons through reflection and shock drift
acceleration (SDA) is essential for the diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) of
nonthermal electrons in collisionless shocks. Previous studies suggested that,
in weak quasi-perpendicular ($Q_\perp$) shocks in the high-$\beta$
($\beta=P_{\rm gas}/P_{\rm B}$) intracluster medium (ICM), the temperature
anisotropy due to SDA-reflected electrons can drive the electron firehose
instability, which excites oblique nonpropagating waves in the shock foot. In
this paper, we investigate, through a linear analysis and particle-in-cell
(PIC) simulations, the firehose instabilities driven by an electron temperature
anisotropy (ETAFI) and also by a drifting electron beam (EBFI) in
$\beta\sim100$ ICM plasmas. The EBFI should be more relevant in describing the
self-excitation of upstream waves in $Q_\perp$-shocks, since backstreaming
electrons in the shock foot behave more like an electron beam rather than an
anisotropic bi-Maxwellian population. We find that the basic properties of the
two instabilities, such as the growth rate, $\gamma$, and the wavenumber of
fast-growing oblique modes are similar in the ICM environment, with one
exception; while the waves excited by the ETAFI are nonpropagating
($\omega_r=0$), those excited by the EBFI have a non-zero frequency
($\omega_r\neq0$). However, the frequency is small with $\omega_r<\gamma$.
Thus, we conclude that the interpretation of previous studies for the nature of
upstream waves based on the ETAFI remains valid in $Q_\perp$-shocks in the ICM.

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The categories of this paper are: math
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The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
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The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
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The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
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The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
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The categories of this paper are: math-ph
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The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
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The categories of this paper are: econ
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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: eess
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The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
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The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an