Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Point estimates, Simpson's paradox and nonergodicity in biological
  sciences   Modern biomedical, behavioral and psychological inference about cause-effect
relationships respects an ergodic assumption, that is, that mean response of
representative samples allow predictions about individual members of those
samples. Recent empirical evidence in all of the same fields indicates
systematic violations of the ergodic assumption. Indeed, violation of
ergodicity in biomedical, behavioral and psychological causes is precisely the
inspiration behind our research inquiry. Here, we review the long term costs to
scientific progress in these domains and a practical way forward. Specifically,
we advocate the use of statistical measures that can themselves encode the
degree and type of non-ergodicity in measurements. Taking such steps will lead
to a paradigm shift, allowing researchers to investigate the nonstationary,
far-from-equilibrium processes that characterize the creativity and emergence
of biological and psychological behavior.

19
The categories of this paper are: eess
24
The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
14
The categories of this paper are: math-ph
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
11
The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
32
The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
2
The categories of this paper are: math
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol