Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Obfuscating the Interconnects: Low-Cost and Resilient Full-Chip Layout
  Camouflaging   Layout camouflaging can protect the intellectual property of modern circuits.
Most prior art, however, incurs excessive layout overheads and necessitates
customization of active-device manufacturing processes, i.e., the
front-end-of-line (FEOL). As a result, camouflaging has typically been applied
selectively, which can ultimately undermine its resilience. Here, we propose a
low-cost and generic scheme---full-chip camouflaging can be finally realized
without reservations. Our scheme is based on obfuscating the interconnects,
i.e., the back-end-of-line (BEOL), through design-time handling for real and
dummy wires and vias. To that end, we implement custom, BEOL-centric
obfuscation cells, and develop a CAD flow using industrial tools. Our scheme
can be applied to any design and technology node without FEOL-level
modifications. Considering its BEOL-centric nature, we advocate applying our
scheme in conjunction with split manufacturing, to furthermore protect against
untrusted fabs. We evaluate our scheme for various designs at the physical,
DRC-clean layout level. Our scheme incurs a significantly lower cost than most
of the prior art. Notably, for fully camouflaged layouts, we observe average
power, performance, and area overheads of 24.96%, 19.06%, and 32.55%,
respectively. We conduct a thorough security study addressing the threats
(attacks) related to untrustworthy FEOL fabs (proximity attacks) and malicious
end-users (SAT-based attacks). An empirical key finding is that only
large-scale camouflaging schemes like ours are practically secure against
powerful SAT-based attacks. Another key finding is that our scheme hinders both
placement- and routing-centric proximity attacks; correct connections are
reduced by 7.47X, and complexity is increased by 24.15X, respectively, for such
attacks.

5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
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The categories of this paper are: physics
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The categories of this paper are: astro-ph
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The categories of this paper are: nlin
23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int
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The categories of this paper are: math
29
The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
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The categories of this paper are: hep-th
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The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
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The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph