Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Fewer, better pathways for all? Intersectional impacts of rural school
  consolidation in China's minority regions   Primary school consolidation--the closure of small community schools or their
mergers into larger, better-resourced schools--is emerging as a significant
policy response to changing demographics in middle income countries with large
rural populations. In China, large-scale consolidation took place in the early
21st century. Because officially-recognized minority populations
disproportionately reside in rural and remote areas, minority students were
among those at elevated risk of experiencing school consolidation. We analyze
heterogeneous effects of consolidation on educational attainment and reported
national language ability in China by exploiting variations in closure timing
across villages and cohorts captured in a 2011 survey of provinces and
autonomous regions with substantial minority populations. We consider
heterogeneous treatment effects across groups defined at the intersections of
minority status, gender, and community ethnic composition and socioeconomic
status. Compared to villages with schools, villages whose schools had closed
reported that the schools students now attended were better resourced, less
likely to offer minority language of instruction, more likely to have Han
teachers, farther away, and more likely to require boarding. Much more than Han
youth, ethnic minority youth were negatively affected by closure, in terms of
its impact on both educational attainment and written Mandarin facility.
However, significant penalties accruing to minority youth occurred only in the
poorest villages. Penalties were generally heavier for girls, but in the most
ethnically segregated minority villages, boys from minority families were
highly vulnerable to closure effects on attainment and written Mandarin
facility. Results show that intersections of minority status, gender, and
community characteristics can delineate significant heterogeneities in policy
impacts.

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The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
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The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
1
The categories of this paper are: cs
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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: solv-int
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The categories of this paper are: physics
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The categories of this paper are: q-bio
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The categories of this paper are: stat
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
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The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
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The categories of this paper are: q-alg
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The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
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The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga