Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: An adaptive and fully automatic method for estimating the 3D position of
  bendable instruments using endoscopic images   Background. Flexible bendable instruments are key tools for performing
surgical endoscopy. Being able to measure the 3D position of such instruments
can be useful for various tasks, such as controlling automatically robotized
instruments and analyzing motions. Methods. We propose an automatic method to
infer the 3D pose of a single bending section instrument, using only the images
provided by a monocular camera embedded at the tip of the endoscope. The
proposed method relies on colored markers attached onto the bending section.
The image of the instrument is segmented using a graph-based method and the
corners of the markers are extracted by detecting the color transition along
B{\'e}zier curves fitted on edge points. These features are accurately located
and then used to estimate the 3D pose of the instrument using an adaptive model
that allows to take into account the mechanical play between the instrument and
its housing channel. Results. The feature extraction method provides good
localization of markers corners with images of in vivo environment despite
sensor saturation due to strong lighting. The RMS error on the estimation of
the tip position of the instrument for laboratory experiments was 2.1, 1.96,
3.18 mm in the x, y and z directions respectively. Qualitative analysis in the
case of in vivo images shows the ability to correctly estimate the 3D position
of the instrument tip during real motions. Conclusions. The proposed method
provides an automatic and accurate estimation of the 3D position of the tip of
a bendable instrument in realistic conditions, where standard approaches fail.

13
The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
4
The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
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The categories of this paper are: econ
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
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The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ex