Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Machine Learning for Real-World Evidence Analysis of COVID-19
  Pharmacotherapy   Introduction: Real-world data generated from clinical practice can be used to
analyze the real-world evidence (RWE) of COVID-19 pharmacotherapy and validate
the results of randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Machine learning (ML) methods
are being used in RWE and are promising tools for precision-medicine. In this
study, ML methods are applied to study the efficacy of therapies on COVID-19
hospital admissions in the Valencian Region in Spain. Methods: 5244 and 1312
COVID-19 hospital admissions - dated between January 2020 and January 2021 from
10 health departments, were used respectively for training and validation of
separate treatment-effect models (TE-ML) for remdesivir, corticosteroids,
tocilizumab, lopinavir-ritonavir, azithromycin and
chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine. 2390 admissions from 2 additional health
departments were reserved as an independent test to analyze retrospectively the
survival benefits of therapies in the population selected by the TE-ML models
using cox-proportional hazard models. TE-ML models were adjusted using
treatment propensity scores to control for pre-treatment confounding variables
associated to outcome and further evaluated for futility. ML architecture was
based on boosted decision-trees. Results: In the populations identified by the
TE-ML models, only Remdesivir and Tocilizumab were significantly associated
with an increase in survival time, with hazard ratios of 0.41 (P = 0.04) and
0.21 (P = 0.001), respectively. No survival benefits from chloroquine
derivatives, lopinavir-ritonavir and azithromycin were demonstrated. Tools to
explain the predictions of TE-ML models are explored at patient-level as
potential tools for personalized decision making and precision medicine.
Conclusion: ML methods are suitable tools toward RWE analysis of COVID-19
pharmacotherapies. Results obtained reproduce published results on RWE and
validate the results from RCTs.

11
The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
32
The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
29
The categories of this paper are: funct-an
17
The categories of this paper are: q-fin
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
3
The categories of this paper are: physics
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
26
The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
4
The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
19
The categories of this paper are: eess
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th