Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Rare Events, Extremely Rare Events and Fluctuations in a Thermodynamic
  System   In this paper, we follow in the footsteps of Onsager and Machlup (OM) and
consider diffusion-like paths that are explored by a particle moving via a
conservative force while being in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings.
Instead of considering diffusion (Brownian dynamics), we use a Metropolis
algorithm to derive an OM-like functional. Through the lens of the Metropolis
algorithm, we are able to elucidate the errors made when using a nonzero time
increment.
  Of particular interest are transition paths that transverse an energy barrier
that is large (but not too large) compared to the typical thermal energy. These
transitions have probabilities that are only small and yet not so small as to
be considered a violation of thermodynamics. As such, we turn our attention to
the "double-ended" problem, where the OM functional can be interpreted as a
"thermodynamic" action and employed to sample paths that start and end at
predetermined points. We find that sampling the continuous-time limit of the OM
functional, i.e., the Ito-Girsanov form, produces unphysical paths due to
thermodynamic inconsistency arising from the singular nature of the limit.
These unphysical effects are due to the correlation between the particles
position and the random fluctuating noise that is introduced in the limiting
process. Such a correlation is a direct consequence of the form of the
Ito-Girsanov functional, does not originate from numerical inaccuracies, and is
a violation of thermodynamics as embodied by Seifert's Integral Fluctuation
Theorem.

33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
24
The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
26
The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
6
The categories of this paper are: astro-ph
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
3
The categories of this paper are: physics
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
27
The categories of this paper are: comp-gas