Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Earthshine observation of vegetation and implication for life detection
  on other planets - A review of 2001 - 2006 works   The detection of exolife is one of the goals of very ambitious future space
missions that aim to take direct images of Earth-like planets. While
associations of simple molecules present in the planet's atmosphere ($O_2$,
$O_3$, $CO_2$ etc.) have been identified as possible global biomarkers, we
review here the detectability of a signature of life from the planet's surface,
i.e. the green vegetation. The vegetation reflectance has indeed a specific
spectrum, with a sharp edge around 700 nm, known as the "Vegetation Red Edge"
(VRE). Moreover vegetation covers a large surface of emerged lands, from
tropical evergreen forest to shrub tundra. Thus considering it as a potential
global biomarker is relevant. Earthshine allows to observe the Earth as a
distant planet, i.e. without spatial resolution. Since 2001, Earthshine
observations have been used by several authors to test and quantify the
detectability of the VRE in the Earth spectrum. The egetation spectral
signature is detected as a small 'positive shift' of a few percents above the
continuum, starting at 700 nm. This signature appears in most spectra, and its
strength is correlated with the Earth's phase (visible land versus visible
ocean). The observations show that detecting the VRE on Earth requires a
photometric relative accuracy of 1% or better. Detecting something equivalent
on an Earth-like planet will therefore remain challenging, moreover considering
the possibility of mineral artifacts and the question of 'red edge'
universality in the Universe.

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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
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The categories of this paper are: q-bio
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The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
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The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
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The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
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The categories of this paper are: stat
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
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The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
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The categories of this paper are: econ
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
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The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
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The categories of this paper are: hep-th