Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Rocket dust storms and detached dust layers in the Martian atmosphere   Airborne dust is the main climatic agent in the Martian environment. Local
dust storms play a key role in the dust cycle; yet their life cycle is poorly
known. Here we use mesoscale modeling that includes the transport of
radiatively active dust to predict the evolution of a local dust storm
monitored by OMEGA on board Mars Express. We show that the evolution of this
dust storm is governed by deep convective motions. The supply of convective
energy is provided by the absorption of incoming sunlight by dust particles,
rather than by latent heating as in moist convection on Earth. We propose to
use the terminology "rocket dust storm", or conio-cumulonimbus, to describe
those storms in which rapid and efficient vertical transport takes place,
injecting dust particles at high altitudes in the Martian troposphere (30 to 50
km). Combined to horizontal transport by large-scale winds, rocket dust storms
produce detached layers of dust reminiscent of those observed with Mars Global
Surveyor and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Since nighttime sedimentation is less
efficient than daytime convective transport, and the detached dust layers can
convect during the daytime, these layers can be stable for several days. The
peak activity of rocket dust storms is expected in low-latitude regions at
clear seasons (late northern winter to late northern summer), which accounts
for the high-altitude tropical dust maxima unveiled by Mars Climate Sounder.
Dust-driven deep convection have strong implications for the Martian dust
cycle, thermal structure, atmospheric dynamics, cloud microphysics, chemistry,
and robotic and human exploration.

25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
27
The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
26
The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
29
The categories of this paper are: funct-an
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
32
The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
2
The categories of this paper are: math
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg