Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: When did Life Likely Emerge on Earth in an RNA-First Process?   The widespread presence of ribonucleic acid (RNA) catalysts and cofactors in
Earth's biosphere today suggests that RNA was the first biopolymer to support
Darwinian evolution. However, most "path-hypotheses" to generate building
blocks for RNA require reduced nitrogen-containing compounds not made in useful
amounts in the CO2-N2-H2O atmospheres of the Hadean. We review models for
Earth's impact history that invoke a single ~10^23 kg impactor (Moneta) to
account for measured amounts of platinum, gold, and other siderophilic
("iron-loving") elements on the Earth and Moon. If it were the last sterilizing
impactor, Moneta would have reduced the atmosphere but not its mantle, opening
a "window of opportunity" for RNA synthesis, a period when RNA precursors
rained from the atmosphere to land holding oxidized minerals that stabilize
advanced RNA precursors and RNA. Surprisingly, this combination of physics,
geology, and chemistry suggests a time when RNA formation was most probable,
~120 +/- 100 million years after Moneta's impact, or ~4.36 +/- 0.1 billion
years ago. Uncertainties in this time are driven by uncertainties in rates of
productive atmosphere loss and amounts of sub-aerial land.

18
The categories of this paper are: econ
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
17
The categories of this paper are: q-fin
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
2
The categories of this paper are: math
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
32
The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th