Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Spin readout via spin-to-charge conversion in bulk diamond
  nitrogen-vacancy ensembles   We demonstrate optical readout of ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy(NV) center
spins in a bulk diamond sample via spin-to-charge conversion. A high power 594
nm laser is utilized to selectively ionize these paramagnetic defects in the
spin state with a contrast of up to 12%. In comparison with the conventional
520 nm spin readout, spin-to-charge-conversion-based readout provides higher
signal-to-noise ratio, with tenfold sensing measurement speedup for millisecond
long pulse sequences. This level of performance was achieved for an NV-
ionization of only 25%, limited by the ionization and readout laser powers.
These observations pave the way to a range of high-sensitivity metrology
applications where the use of NV- ensembles in bulk diamond has proven useful,
including sensing and imaging of target materials overlaid on the diamond
surface.

28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
27
The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
3
The categories of this paper are: physics
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
13
The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
2
The categories of this paper are: math
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
14
The categories of this paper are: math-ph
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg