Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Equity in 311 Reporting: Understanding Socio-Spatial Differentials in
  the Propensity to Complain   Cities across the United States are implementing information communication
technologies in an effort to improve government services. One such innovation
in e-government is the creation of 311 systems, offering a centralized platform
where citizens can request services, report non-emergency concerns, and obtain
information about the city via hotline, mobile, or web-based applications. The
NYC 311 service request system represents one of the most significant links
between citizens and city government, accounting for more than 8,000,000
requests annually. These systems are generating massive amounts of data that,
when properly managed, cleaned, and mined, can yield significant insights into
the real-time condition of the city. Increasingly, these data are being used to
develop predictive models of citizen concerns and problem conditions within the
city. However, predictive models trained on these data can suffer from biases
in the propensity to make a request that can vary based on socio-economic and
demographic characteristics of an area, cultural differences that can affect
citizens' willingness to interact with their government, and differential
access to Internet connectivity. Using more than 20,000,000 311 requests -
together with building violation data from the NYC Department of Buildings and
the NYC Department of Housing Preservation and Development; property data from
NYC Department of City Planning; and demographic and socioeconomic data from
the U.S. Census American Community Survey - we develop a two-step methodology
to evaluate the propensity to complain: (1) we predict, using a gradient
boosting regression model, the likelihood of heating and hot water violations
for a given building, and (2) we then compare the actual complaint volume for
buildings with predicted violations to quantify discrepancies across the City.

15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
14
The categories of this paper are: math-ph
2
The categories of this paper are: math
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
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The categories of this paper are: adap-org
6
The categories of this paper are: astro-ph
32
The categories of this paper are: atom-ph