Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Single-electron and single-photon sensitivity with a silicon Skipper CCD   We have developed a non-destructive readout system that uses a floating-gate
amplifier on a thick, fully depleted charge coupled device (CCD) to achieve
ultra-low readout noise of 0.068 e- rms/pix. This is the first time that
discrete sub-electron readout noise has been achieved reproducibly over
millions of pixels on a stable, large-area detector. This allows the precise
counting of the number of electrons in each pixel, ranging from pixels with 0
electrons to more than 1500 electrons. The resulting CCD detector is thus an
ultra-sensitive calorimeter. It is also capable of counting single photons in
the optical and near-infrared regime. Implementing this innovative
non-destructive readout system has a negligible impact on CCD design and
fabrication, and there are nearly immediate scientific applications. As a
particle detector, this CCD will have unprecedented sensitivity to low-mass
dark matter particles and coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering, while
astronomical applications include future direct imaging and spectroscopy of
exoplanets.

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The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
29
The categories of this paper are: funct-an
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
1
The categories of this paper are: cs
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
4
The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
26
The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
27
The categories of this paper are: comp-gas