Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Preliminary Evidence That Protoplanetary Disks Eject More Mass Than They
  Retain   If interstellar objects originate in protoplanetary disks, they can be used
to calibrate the fraction of mass that such disks eject. The discoveries of
interstellar objects 1I/`Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov, taken together with rogue
planets statistics, allow for the calibration of mass locked in interstellar
objects in size range $\sim 10^{4} - 10^{9} \; \mathrm{cm}$. Here, we show that
at least $\sim 10\%$ of stellar mass is required to produce the observed
population of interstellar objects, with a 95\% confidence interval spanning
$\sim 2\% - 50\%$. We call this quantity the Minimum Ejection Fraction (MEF),
representing a new constraint on planetary system formation that necessitates
an order of magnitude more mass to be processed per star than in the Minimum
Mass Solar Nebula (MMSN) model. Future discoveries of interstellar objects with
LSST on the Vera C. Rubin Observatory will provide a test of our predictions
and improve the statistics.

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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
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The categories of this paper are: eess
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The categories of this paper are: econ
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
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The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
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The categories of this paper are: stat
3
The categories of this paper are: physics
2
The categories of this paper are: math
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The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
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The categories of this paper are: math-ph
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
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The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
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The categories of this paper are: solv-int