Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Gravity Governs Shear Localization in Confined Dense Granular Flows   Prediction of flow profiles of slowly sheared granular materials is a major
geophysical and industrial challenge. Understanding the role of gravity is
particularly important for future planetary exploration in varying
gravitational environments. Using the principle of minimization of energy
dissipation, and combining experiments and variational analysis, we disentangle
the contributions of the gravitational acceleration and confining pressure on
shear strain localization induced by moving fault boundaries at the bottom of a
granular layer. The flow profile is independent of the gravity for geometries
with a free top surface. However, under a confining pressure or if the sheared
layer withstands the weight of the upper layers, increasing gravity promotes
the transition from closed shear zones buried in the bulk to open ones that
intersect the top surface. We show that the center position and width of the
shear zone and the axial angular velocity at the top surface follow universal
scaling laws when properly scaled by the gravity, applied pressure, and layer
thickness. Our finding that the flow profiles lie on a universal master curve
opens the possibility to predict the quasistatic shear flow of granular
materials in extraterrestrial environments.

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The categories of this paper are: q-bio
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
2
The categories of this paper are: math
17
The categories of this paper are: q-fin
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
13
The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
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The categories of this paper are: eess
14
The categories of this paper are: math-ph
8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
32
The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
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The categories of this paper are: hep-th
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph