Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Planet formation around stars of various masses: Hot super-Earths   We consider trends resulting from two formation mechanisms for short-period
super-Earths: planet-planet scattering and migration. We model scenarios where
these planets originate near the snow line in ``cold finger'' circumstellar
disks. Low-mass planet-planet scattering excites planets to low periastron
orbits only for lower mass stars. With long circularisation times, these
planets reside on long-period eccentric orbits. Closer formation regions mean
planets that reach short-period orbits by migration are most common around
low-mass stars. Above ~1 Solar mass, planets massive enough to migrate to
close-in orbits before the gas disk dissipates are above the critical mass for
gas giant formation. Thus, there is an upper stellar mass limit for
short-period super-Earths that form by migration. If disk masses are
distributed as a power law, planet frequency increases with metallicity because
most disks have low masses. For disk masses distributed around a relatively
high mass, planet frequency decreases with increasing metallicity. As icy
planets migrate, they shepherd interior objects toward the star, which grow to
~1 Earth mass. In contrast to icy migrators, surviving shepherded planets are
rocky. Upon reaching short-period orbits, planets are subject to evaporation
processes. The closest planets may be reduced to rocky or icy cores. Low-mass
stars have lower EUV luminosities, so the level of evaporation decreases with
decreasing stellar mass.

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The categories of this paper are: adap-org
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The categories of this paper are: physics
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The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
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The categories of this paper are: q-alg
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The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
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The categories of this paper are: nlin
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The categories of this paper are: econ
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The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
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The categories of this paper are: math-ph
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The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
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The categories of this paper are: hep-th
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The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
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The categories of this paper are: q-bio
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga