Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Constraint on dust evolution processes in normal galaxies at $z>6$
  detected by ALMA   Recent ALMA observations of high-redshift normal galaxies have been providing
a great opportunity to clarify the general origin of dust in the Universe, not
biased to very bright special objects even at $z>6$. To clarify what constraint
we can get for the dust enrichment in normal galaxies detected by ALMA, we use
a theoretical model that includes major processes driving dust evolution in a
galaxy; that is, dust condensation in stellar ejecta, dust growth by the
accretion of gas-phase metals, and supernova destruction. Using the dust
emission fluxes detected in two normal galaxies at $z>6$ by ALMA as a
constraint, we can get the range of the time-scales (or efficiencies) of the
above mentioned processes. We find that if we assume extremely high
condensation efficiency in stellar ejecta ($f_{\mathrm{in}} \ga 0.5$), rapid
dust enrichment by stellar sources in the early phase may be enough to explain
the observed ALMA flux, unless dust destruction by supernovae in those galaxies
is stronger than that in nearby galaxies. If we assume a condensation
efficiency expected from theoretical calculations ($f_{\mathrm{in}} \la 0.1$),
strong dust growth (even stronger than assumed for nearby galaxies if they are
metal-poor galaxies) is required. These results indicate that the normal
galaxies detected by ALMA at $z>6$ are biased to objects (i) with high dust
condensation efficiency in stellar ejecta, (ii) with strong dust growth in very
dense molecular clouds, or (iii) with efficient dust growth because of fast
metal enrichment up to solar metallicity. A measurement of metallicity is
crucial to distinguish among these possibilities.

26
The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
3
The categories of this paper are: physics
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
13
The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
1
The categories of this paper are: cs
20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
32
The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
29
The categories of this paper are: funct-an
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th