Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Improved Thin Film Quality and Photoluminescence of N-Doped Epitaxial
  Germanium-on-Silicon using MOCVD   Ge-on-Si structures in-situ doped with phosphorus or arsenic via metal
organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) were investigated. Surface roughness,
strain, threading dislocation desnity, Si-Ge interdiffusion, dopant diffusion,
and photoluminescence were characterized to study the impacts of defect
annealing and Si substrate offcut effects on the Ge film quality and most
importantly, the light emission properties. All samples have a smooth surface
(roughness < 1.5 nm), and the Ge films have a small tensile strain of 0.2%.
As-grown P and As-doped Ge films have threading dislocaiton densities from
2.8e8 to 1.1e9 cm^(-2) without defect annealing. With thermal cycling, these
values reduced to 1-1.5e8 cm^(-2). The six degree offcut of the Si substrate
was shown to have little impact. In contrast to delta doping, the out-diffusion
of dopants has been successfully suppressed to retain the doping concentration
upon defect annealing. However, the photoluminescence intensity decreases
mostly due to Si-Ge interdiffusion, which also causes a blue-shift in the
emission wavelength. Compared to a benckmarking sample from the first Ge laser
work doped by delta doping method in 2012, the as-grown P or As-doped Ge films
have similar photoluminescence intensity at a 25% doping concentration and
smoother surface, which are promising for Ge lasers with better light emission
efficiencies.

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The categories of this paper are: q-fin
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
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The categories of this paper are: econ
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
26
The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
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The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
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The categories of this paper are: adap-org
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
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The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
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The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex