Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Out-of-Transit Refracted Light in the Atmospheres of Transiting and
  Non-Transiting Exoplanets   Before an exoplanet transit, atmospheric refraction bends light into the line
of sight of an observer. The refracted light forms a stellar mirage, a
distorted secondary image of the host star. I model this phenomenon and the
resultant out-of-transit flux increase across a comprehensive exoplanetary
parameter space. At visible wavelengths, Rayleigh scattering limits the
detectability of stellar mirages in most exoplanetary systems with semi-major
axes $\lesssim$6 AU. A notable exception is almost any planet orbiting a late M
or ultra-cool dwarf star at $\gtrsim$0.5 AU, where the maximum relative flux
increase is greater than 50 parts-per-million. Based partly on previous work, I
propose that the importance of refraction in an exoplanet system is governed by
two angles: the orbital distance divided by the stellar radius and the total
deflection achieved by a ray in the optically thin portion of the atmosphere.
Atmospheric lensing events caused by non-transiting exoplanets, which allow for
exoplanet detection and atmospheric characterization, are also investigated. I
derive the basic formalism to determine the total signal-to-noise ratio of an
atmospheric lensing event, with application to Kepler data. It is unlikely that
out-of-transit refracted light signals are clearly present in Kepler data due
to Rayleigh scattering and the bias toward short-period exoplanets. However,
observations at long wavelengths (e.g., the near-infrared) are significantly
more likely to detect stellar mirages. Lastly, I discuss the potential for the
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite to detect refracted light and consider
novel science cases enabled by refracted light spectra from the James Webb
Space Telescope.

19
The categories of this paper are: eess
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
2
The categories of this paper are: math
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
29
The categories of this paper are: funct-an
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol