Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Compact pebbles and the evolution of volatiles in the interstellar comet
  2I/Borisov   The interstellar traveler, 2I/Borisov, is the first clearly active extrasolar
comet, ever detected in our Solar system. We obtained high-resolution
interferometric observations of 2I/Borisov with the Atacama Large
Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), and multi-color optical observations
with the Very Large Telescope (VLT) to gain a comprehensive understanding of
the dust properties of this comet. We found that the dust coma of 2I/Borisov
consists of compact "pebbles" of radii exceeding ~1 mm, suggesting that the
dust particles have experienced compaction through mutual impacts during the
bouncing collision phase in the protoplanetary disk. We derived a dust mass
loss rate of >= 200 kg/s and a dust-to-gas ratio >=3. Our long term monitoring
of 2I/Borisov with VLT indicates a steady dust mass loss with no significant
dust fragmentation and/or sublimation occurring in the coma. We also detected
emissions from carbon monoxide gas (CO) with ALMA and derived the gas
production rate of Q(CO) (3.3+/-0.8)x10^{26} mole/s. We found that the
CO/H$_2$O mixing ratio of 2I/Borisov changed drastically before and after
perihelion, indicating the heterogeneity of the cometary nucleus, with
components formed at different locations beyond the volatile snow-line with
different chemical abundances. Our observations suggest that 2I/Borisov's home
system, much like our own system, experienced efficient radial mixing from the
innermost parts of its protoplanetary disk to beyond the frost line of CO.

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The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
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The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
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The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: q-fin
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The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
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The categories of this paper are: math
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The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
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The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
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The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
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The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
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The categories of this paper are: adap-org
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an