Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: The thermodynamic efficiency of computations made in cells across the
  range of life   Biological organisms must perform computation as they grow, reproduce, and
evolve. Moreover, ever since Landauer's bound was proposed it has been known
that all computation has some thermodynamic cost -- and that the same
computation can be achieved with greater or smaller thermodynamic cost
depending on how it is implemented. Accordingly an important issue concerning
the evolution of life is assessing the thermodynamic efficiency of the
computations performed by organisms. This issue is interesting both from the
perspective of how close life has come to maximally efficient computation
(presumably under the pressure of natural selection), and from the practical
perspective of what efficiencies we might hope that engineered biological
computers might achieve, especially in comparison with current computational
systems. Here we show that the computational efficiency of translation, defined
as free energy expended per amino acid operation, outperforms the best
supercomputers by several orders of magnitude, and is only about an order of
magnitude worse than the Landauer bound. However this efficiency depends
strongly on the size and architecture of the cell in question. In particular,
we show that the {\it useful} efficiency of an amino acid operation, defined as
the bulk energy per amino acid polymerization, decreases for increasing
bacterial size and converges to the polymerization cost of the ribosome. This
cost of the largest bacteria does not change in cells as we progress through
the major evolutionary shifts to both single and multicellular eukaryotes.
However, the rates of total computation per unit mass are nonmonotonic in
bacteria with increasing cell size, and also change across different biological
architectures including the shift from unicellular to multicellular eukaryotes.

5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
24
The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
17
The categories of this paper are: q-fin
2
The categories of this paper are: math
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
13
The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
6
The categories of this paper are: astro-ph
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
26
The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
19
The categories of this paper are: eess
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
1
The categories of this paper are: cs