Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Formation of large-scale structures by turbulence in rotating planets   This thesis presents a newly developed theory for the formation and
maintenance of eddy-driven jets in planetary turbulence. The novelty is that
jet formation and maintenance is studied as a dynamics of the statistics of the
flow rather than a dynamics of individual realizations. This is pursued using
Stochastic Structural Stability Theory (S3T), which studies the closed dynamics
of the first two cumulants of the full statistical state dynamics of the flow
after neglecting or parameterizing third and higher-order cumulants. Using this
statistical closure, large-scale structure formation is studied in barotropic
turbulence on a $\beta$-plane.
  It is demonstrated that at analytically predicted critical parameter values
the homogeneous turbulent state undergoes a bifurcation becoming inhomogeneous
with the emergence of large-scale zonal and/or non-zonal flows. The mechanisms
by which the turbulent Reynolds stresses organize to reinforce infinitesimal
mean flow inhomogeneities, thus leading to this statistical state instability,
are studied for various regimes of parameter values. It is also demonstrated
that the S3T instabilities equilibrate to turbulent states with
finite-amplitude jets. Moreover, the relation between large-scale structure
formation through modulational instability and the S3T instability of the
homogeneous turbulent state is also investigated and it is shown that the
modulational instability results are subsumed by the S3T results. Finally, the
study of the S3T stability of inhomogeneous turbulent jet equilibria is
presented and the relation with the phenomenon of jet merging is investigated.
Although all these phenomena cannot be predicted by analysis of the dynamics of
single realizations of the flow, it is demonstrated that the predictions of S3T
are reflected in individual realizations of the flow.

32
The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
19
The categories of this paper are: eess
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
11
The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
26
The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
27
The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
14
The categories of this paper are: math-ph
17
The categories of this paper are: q-fin