Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Modeling Martian Atmospheric Losses over Time: Implications for
  Exoplanetary Climate Evolution and Habitability   In this Letter, we make use of sophisticated 3D numerical simulations to
assess the extent of atmospheric ion and photochemical losses from Mars over
time. We demonstrate that the atmospheric ion escape rates were significantly
higher (by more than two orders of magnitude) in the past at $\sim 4$ Ga
compared to the present-day value owing to the stronger solar wind and higher
ultraviolet fluxes from the young Sun. We found that the photochemical loss of
atomic hot oxygen dominates over the total ion loss at the current epoch whilst
the atmospheric ion loss is likely much more important at ancient times. We
briefly discuss the ensuing implications of high atmospheric ion escape rates
in the context of ancient Mars, and exoplanets with similar atmospheric
compositions around young solar-type stars and M-dwarfs.

24
The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
4
The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
19
The categories of this paper are: eess
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
13
The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
11
The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
17
The categories of this paper are: q-fin
23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int
26
The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn