Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: 9-1-1 DDoS: Threat, Analysis and Mitigation   The 911 emergency service belongs to one of the 16 critical infrastructure
sectors in the United States. Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks
launched from a mobile phone botnet pose a significant threat to the
availability of this vital service. In this paper we show how attackers can
exploit the cellular network protocols in order to launch an anonymized DDoS
attack on 911. The current FCC regulations require that all emergency calls be
immediately routed regardless of the caller's identifiers (e.g., IMSI and
IMEI). A rootkit placed within the baseband firmware of a mobile phone can mask
and randomize all cellular identifiers, causing the device to have no genuine
identification within the cellular network. Such anonymized phones can issue
repeated emergency calls that cannot be blocked by the network or the emergency
call centers, technically or legally. We explore the 911 infrastructure and
discuss why it is susceptible to this kind of attack. We then implement
different forms of the attack and test our implementation on a small cellular
network. Finally, we simulate and analyze anonymous attacks on a model of
current 911 infrastructure in order to measure the severity of their impact. We
found that with less than 6K bots (or $100K hardware), attackers can block
emergency services in an entire state (e.g., North Carolina) for days. We
believe that this paper will assist the respective organizations, lawmakers,
and security professionals in understanding the scope of this issue in order to
prevent possible 911-DDoS attacks in the future.

5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
32
The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
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The categories of this paper are: astro-ph
24
The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
2
The categories of this paper are: math
19
The categories of this paper are: eess
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The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
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The categories of this paper are: q-fin
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The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
13
The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
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The categories of this paper are: math-ph
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con