Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: On Lithium-Rich Red Giants. I. Engulfment of Sub-Stellar Companions   A small fraction of red giants are known to be lithium (Li) rich, in
contradiction with expectations from stellar evolutionary theory. A possible
explanation for these atypical giants is the engulfment of a Li-rich planet or
brown dwarf by the star. In this work, we model the evolution of Li abundance
in canonical red giants including the accretion of a sub-stellar mass
companion. We consider a wide range of stellar and companion masses, Li
abundances, stellar metallicities, and planetary orbital periods. Based on our
calculations, companions with masses lower than 15 M_J dissolve in the
convective envelope and can induce Li enrichment in regimes where extra mixing
does not operate. Our models indicate that the accretion of a substellar
companion can explain abundances up to A(Li)~2.2, setting an upper limit for
Li-rich giants formed by this mechanism. Giants with higher abundances need
another mechanism to be explained. For reasonable planetary distributions, we
predict the Li abundance distribution of low-mass giants undergoing planet
engulfment, finding that between 1% to 3% of them should have A(Li)>1.5. We
show that depending on the stellar mass range, this traditional definition of
Li-rich giants is misleading, as isolated massive stars would be considered
anomalous while giants engulfing a companion would be set aside, flagged as
normal. We explore the detectability of companion engulfment, finding that
planets with masses higher than ~7 M_J produce a distinct signature, and that
descendants of stars originating in the Li-dip and low luminosity red giants
are ideal tests of this channel.

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The categories of this paper are: math-ph
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The categories of this paper are: cs
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The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
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The categories of this paper are: stat
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
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The categories of this paper are: q-fin
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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: math
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
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The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
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The categories of this paper are: nlin
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The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
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The categories of this paper are: solv-int
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
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The categories of this paper are: eess