Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Metallicities in M dwarfs: Investigating different determination
  techniques   Deriving metallicities for solar-like stars follows well-established methods,
but for cooler stars such as M dwarfs, the determination is much more
complicated due to forests of molecular lines that are present. Several methods
have been developed in recent years to determine accurate stellar parameters
for these cool stars ($T_{\rm eff} \lesssim$ 4000 K). However, significant
differences can be found at times when comparing metallicities for the same
star derived using different methods. In this work, we determine the effective
temperatures, surface gravities, and metallicities of 18 well-studied M dwarfs
observed with the CARMENES high-resolution spectrograph following different
approaches, including synthetic spectral fitting, analysis of pseudo-equivalent
widths, and machine learning. We analyzed the discrepancies in the derived
stellar parameters, including metallicity, in several analysis runs. Our goal
is to minimize these discrepancies and find stellar parameters that are more
consistent with the literature values. We attempted to achieve this consistency
by standardizing the most commonly used components, such as wavelength ranges,
synthetic model spectra, continuum normalization methods, and stellar
parameters. We conclude that although such modifications work quite well for
hotter main-sequence stars, they do not improve the consistency in stellar
parameters for M dwarfs, leading to mean deviations of around 50-200 K in
temperature and 0.1-0.3 dex in metallicity. In particular, M dwarfs are much
more complex and a standardization of the aforementioned components cannot be
considered as a straightforward recipe for bringing consistency to the derived
parameters. Further in-depth investigations of the employed methods would be
necessary in order to identify and correct for the discrepancies that remain.

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The categories of this paper are: adap-org
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
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The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
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The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
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The categories of this paper are: supr-con
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The categories of this paper are: physics
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
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The categories of this paper are: stat
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The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
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The categories of this paper are: q-fin
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The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ph