Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Magnetohydrodynamic-Particle-in-Cell Method for Coupling Cosmic Rays
  with a Thermal Plasma: Application to Non-relativistic Shocks   We formulate a magnetohydrodynamic-particle-in-cell (MHD-PIC) method for
describing the interaction between collisionless cosmic ray (CR) particles and
a thermal plasma. The thermal plasma is treated as a fluid, obeying equations
of ideal MHD, while CRs are treated as relativistic Lagrangian particles
subject to the Lorentz force. Backreaction from CRs to the gas is included in
the form of momentum and energy feedback. In addition, we include the
electromagnetic feedback due to CR-induced Hall effect that becomes important
when the electron-ion drift velocity of the background plasma induced by CRs
approaches the Alfv\'en velocity. Our method is applicable on scales much
larger than the ion inertial length, bypassing the microscopic scales that must
be resolved in conventional PIC methods, while retaining the full kinetic
nature of the CRs. We have implemented and tested this method in the Athena MHD
code, where the overall scheme is second-order accurate and fully conservative.
As a first application, we describe a numerical experiment to study particle
acceleration in non-relativistic shocks. Using a simplified prescription for
ion injection, we reproduce the shock structure and the CR energy spectra
obtained with more self-consistent hybrid-PIC simulations, but at substantially
reduced computational cost. We also show that the CR-induced Hall effect
reduces the growth rate of the Bell instability and affects the gas dynamics in
the vicinity of the shock front. As a step forward, we are able to capture the
transition of particle acceleration from non relativistic to relativistic
regimes, with momentum spectrum $f(p)\sim p^{-4}$ connecting smoothly through
the transition, as expected from the theory of Fermi acceleration.

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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: q-fin
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The categories of this paper are: supr-con
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The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
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The categories of this paper are: math-ph
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The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: hep-th
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The categories of this paper are: cs
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The categories of this paper are: eess
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
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The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
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The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
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The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
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The categories of this paper are: q-alg
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The categories of this paper are: q-bio