Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Energy Dissipation and Landau Damping in Two- and Three-Dimensional
  Plasma Turbulence   Plasma turbulence is ubiquitous in space and astrophysical plasmas, playing
an important role in plasma energization, but the physical mechanisms leading
to dissipation of the turbulent energy remain to be definitively identified.
Kinetic simulations in two dimensions (2D) have been extensively used to study
the dissipation process. How the limitation to 2D affects energy dissipation
remains unclear. This work provides a model of comparison between two- and
three-dimensional (3D) plasma turbulence using gyrokinetic simulations; it also
explores the dynamics of distribution functions during the dissipation process.
It is found that both 2D and 3D nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations of a low-beta
plasma generate electron velocity-space structures with the same
characteristics as that of linear Landau damping of Alfv\'en waves in a 3D
linear simulation. The continual occurrence of the velocity-space structures
throughout the turbulence simulations suggests that the action of Landau
damping may be responsible for the turbulent energy transfer to electrons in
both 2D and 3D, and makes possible the subsequent irreversible heating of the
plasma through collisional smoothing of the velocity-space fluctuations.
Although, in the 2D case where variation along the equilibrium magnetic field
is absent, it may be expected that Landau damping is not possible, a common
trigonometric factor appears in the 2D resonant denominator, leaving the
resonance condition unchanged from the 3D case. The evolution of the 2D and 3D
cases is qualitatively similar. However, quantitatively the nonlinear energy
cascade and subsequent dissipation is significantly slower in the 2D case.

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The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
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The categories of this paper are: q-alg
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
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The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
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The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
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The categories of this paper are: math-ph
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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
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The categories of this paper are: hep-th
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
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The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
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The categories of this paper are: solv-int
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
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The categories of this paper are: nlin