Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Finding the ciliary beating pattern with optimal efficiency   We introduce a measure for energetic efficiency of biological cilia acting
individually or collectively and numerically determine the optimal beating
patterns according to this criterion. Maximizing the efficiency of a single
cilium leads to curly, often symmetric and somewhat counterintuitive patterns.
But when looking at a densely ciliated surface, the optimal patterns become
remarkably similar to what is observed in microorganisms like Paramecium. The
optimal beating pattern then consists of a fast effective stroke and a slow
sweeping recovery stroke. Metachronal coordination is essential for efficient
pumping and the highest efficiency is achieved with antiplectic waves.
Efficiency also increases with an increasing density of cilia up to the point
where crowding becomes a problem. We finally relate the pumping efficiency of
cilia to the swimming efficiency of a spherical microorganism and show that the
experimentally estimated efficiency of Paramecium is surprisingly close to the
theoretically possible optimum.

24
The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
26
The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
1
The categories of this paper are: cs
2
The categories of this paper are: math
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
32
The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int
14
The categories of this paper are: math-ph
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
17
The categories of this paper are: q-fin
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci