Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Stellar Flares versus Luminosity: XUV-induced Atmospheric Escape and
  Planetary Habitability   Space weather plays an important role in the evolution of planetary
atmospheres. Observations have shown that stellar flares emit energy in a wide
energy range (10^30-10^38 ergs), a fraction of which lies in X-rays and extreme
ultraviolet (XUV). These flares heat the upper atmosphere of a planet, leading
to increased escape rates, and can result in atmospheric erosion over a period
of time. Observations also suggest that primordial terrestrial planets can
accrete voluminous H/He envelopes. Stellar radiation can erode these
protoatmospheres over time, and the extent of this erosion has implications for
the planet's habitability. We use the energy-limited equation to calculate
hydrodynamic escape rates from these protoatmospheres irradiated by XUV stellar
flares and luminosity. We use the Flare-Frequency Distribution of 492 FGKM
stars observed with TESS to estimate atmospheric loss in Habitable Zone
planets. We find that for most stars, luminosity-induced escape is the main
loss mechanism, with a minor contribution from flares. However, flares dominate
the loss mechanism of $\sim$20\% M4-M10 stars. M0-M4 stars are most likely to
completely erode both their proto- and secondary atmospheres, and M4-M10 are
least likely to erode secondary atmospheres. We discuss the implications of
these results on planetary habitability.

13
The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
27
The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
1
The categories of this paper are: cs
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
19
The categories of this paper are: eess
23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int