Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Bridging physiological and evolutionary time scales in a gene regulatory
  network   Gene regulatory networks (GRN) govern phenotypic adaptations and reflect the
trade-offs between physiological responses and evolutionary adaptation that act
at different time scales. To identify patterns of molecular function and
genetic diversity in GRNs, we studied the drought response of the common
sunflower, Helianthus annuus, and how the underlying GRN is related to its
evolution. We examined the responses of 32,423 expressed sequences to drought
and to abscisic acid and selected 145 co-expressed transcripts. We
characterized their regulatory relationships in nine kinetic studies based on
different hormones. From this, we inferred a GRN by meta-analyses of a Gaussian
graphical model and a random forest algorithm and studied the genetic
differentiation among populations (FST) at nodes. We identified two main hubs
in the network that transport nitrate in guard cells. This suggests that
nitrate transport is a critical aspect of sunflower physiological response to
drought. We observed that differentiation of the network genes in elite
sunflower cultivars is correlated with their position and connectivity. This
systems biology approach combined molecular data at different time scales and
identified important physiological processes. At the evolutionary level, we
propose that network topology could influence responses to human selection and
possibly adaptation to dry environments.

27
The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
29
The categories of this paper are: funct-an
1
The categories of this paper are: cs
4
The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
11
The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
17
The categories of this paper are: q-fin
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg