Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Measuring Societal Biases from Text Corpora with Smoothed First-Order
  Co-occurrence   Text corpora are widely used resources for measuring societal biases and
stereotypes. The common approach to measuring such biases using a corpus is by
calculating the similarities between the embedding vector of a word (like
nurse) and the vectors of the representative words of the concepts of interest
(such as genders). In this study, we show that, depending on what one aims to
quantify as bias, this commonly-used approach can introduce non-relevant
concepts into bias measurement. We propose an alternative approach to bias
measurement utilizing the smoothed first-order co-occurrence relations between
the word and the representative concept words, which we derive by
reconstructing the co-occurrence estimates inherent in word embedding models.
We compare these approaches by conducting several experiments on the scenario
of measuring gender bias of occupational words, according to an English
Wikipedia corpus. Our experiments show higher correlations of the measured
gender bias with the actual gender bias statistics of the U.S. job market - on
two collections and with a variety of word embedding models - using the
first-order approach in comparison with the vector similarity-based approaches.
The first-order approach also suggests a more severe bias towards female in a
few specific occupations than the other approaches.

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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
26
The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
27
The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
6
The categories of this paper are: astro-ph
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
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The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
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The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
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The categories of this paper are: q-bio
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The categories of this paper are: econ
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The categories of this paper are: math
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci