Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: An Orbitrap-based laser desorption/ablation mass spectrometer designed
  for spaceflight   RATIONALE: The investigation of cryogenic planetary environments as potential
harbors for extant life and/or contemporary sites of organic synthesis
represents an emerging focal point in planetary exploration. Next generation
instruments need to be capable of unambiguously determining elemental and/or
molecular stoichiometry via highly accurate mass measurements and the
separation of isobaric interferences. METHODS: An OrbitrapTM analyzer adapted
for spaceflight (referred to as the CosmOrbitrap), coupled with a commercial
pulsed UV laser source (266 nm), is shown to successfully characterize a
variety of planetary analog samples via ultrahigh resolution laser
desorption/ablation mass spectrometry. The materials analyzed in this study
include: jarosite (a hydrous sulfate detected on Mars); magnesium sulfate (a
potential component of the subsurface ocean on Europa); uracil (a nucleobase of
RNA); and a variety of amino acids. RESULTS: The instrument configuration
tested here enables: measurement of major elements and organic molecules with
ultrahigh mass resolution (m/{\Delta}m higher than 120,000, FWHM);
quantification of isotopic abundances with 1.0% (2{\sigma}) precision; and,
identification of highly accurate masses within 3.2 ppm of absolute values. The
analysis of a residue of a dilute solution of amino acids demonstrates the
capacity to detect twelve amino acids in positive ion mode at concentrations as
low as 1 pmol/mm2 while maintaining mass resolution and accuracy requirements.
CONCLUSIONS: The CosmOrbitrap mass analyzer is highly sensitive and delivers
mass resolution/accuracy unmatched by any instrument sent into orbit or
launched into deep space. This prototype instrument, which maps to a
spaceflight implementation, represents a missionenabling technology capable of
advancing planetary exploration for decades to come.

13
The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
4
The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
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The categories of this paper are: eess
1
The categories of this paper are: cs
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th