Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Evaporation of planetary atmospheres due to XUV illumination by quasars   Planetary atmospheres are subject to mass loss through a variety of
mechanisms including irradiation by XUV photons from their host star. Here we
explore the consequences of XUV irradiation by supermassive black holes as they
grow by the accretion of gas in galactic nuclei. Based on the mass distribution
of stars in galactic bulges and disks and the luminosity history of individual
black holes, we estimate the probability distribution function of XUV fluences
as a function of galaxy halo mass, redshift, and stellar component. We find
that about 50% of all planets in the universe may lose the equivalent of a
Martian atmosphere, 10% may lose an Earth's atmosphere, and 0.2% may lose the
mass of Earth's oceans. The fractions are appreciably higher in the spheroidal
components of galaxies, and depend strongly on galaxy mass, but only weakly on
redshift.

23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
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The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
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The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
14
The categories of this paper are: math-ph
18
The categories of this paper are: econ