Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Semantic Information Measure with Two Types of Probability for
  Falsification and Confirmation   Logical Probability (LP) is strictly distinguished from Statistical
Probability (SP). To measure semantic information or confirm hypotheses, we
need to use sampling distribution (conditional SP function) to test or confirm
fuzzy truth function (conditional LP function). The Semantic Information
Measure (SIM) proposed is compatible with Shannon's information theory and
Fisher's likelihood method. It can ensure that the less the LP of a predicate
is and the larger the true value of the proposition is, the more information
there is. So the SIM can be used as Popper's information criterion for
falsification or test. The SIM also allows us to optimize the true-value of
counterexamples or degrees of disbelief in a hypothesis to get the optimized
degree of belief, i. e. Degree of Confirmation (DOC). To explain confirmation,
this paper 1) provides the calculation method of the DOC of universal
hypotheses; 2) discusses how to resolve Raven Paradox with new DOC and its
increment; 3) derives the DOC of rapid HIV tests: DOC of
test-positive=1-(1-specificity)/sensitivity, which is similar to Likelihood
Ratio (=sensitivity/(1-specificity)) but has the upper limit 1; 4) discusses
negative DOC for excessive affirmations, wrong hypotheses, or lies; and 5)
discusses the DOC of general hypotheses with GPS as example.

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The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
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The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
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The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
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The categories of this paper are: supr-con
11
The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
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The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
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The categories of this paper are: q-bio
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The categories of this paper are: q-fin
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The categories of this paper are: solv-int