Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Galileo knowledge of optics and the functioning of the telescope revised   What are the historical evidence concerning the turning of the spyglass into
an astronomical instrument, the telescope? In Sidereus Nuncius and in his
private correspondence Galileo tells the reader what he did with the telescope,
but he did not disclose the existence of a theory of the instrument. Still, the
instruments which Galileo produced are extant and can be studied. With replicas
of Galileo's telescopes that magnify 14 and 21 times, we have simulated and
analyzed Galileos practices as he reported them in Sidereus Nuncius. On this
ground, we propose a new solution to this old problem. We establish the
knowledge of optics that Galileo had as it can be read off from the telescopes
he constructed and the way he put them to use. Galileo addressed optical
difficulties associated with illumination, resolution, field of view, and
magnification. His optical knowledge was well thought through, originated as it
did in a radically new optical framework.

31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
24
The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
27
The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
19
The categories of this paper are: eess
29
The categories of this paper are: funct-an
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
1
The categories of this paper are: cs
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
14
The categories of this paper are: math-ph
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom