Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Value of Optimal Trip and Charging Scheduling of Commercial Electric
  Vehicle Fleets with Vehicle-to-Grid in Future Low Inertia Systems   The electrification of transport is seen as an important step in the global
decarbonisation agenda. With such a large expected load on the power system
from electric vehicles (EVs), it is important to coordinate charging in order
to balance the supply and demand for electricity. Bidirectional charging,
enabled through Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, will unlock significant
storage capacity from stationary EVs that are plugged in. To take this concept
a step further, this paper quantifies the potential revenues to be gained by a
commercial EV fleet operator from simultaneously scheduling its trips on a
day-ahead basis, as well as its charging. This allows the fleet to complete its
trips (with user defined trip length and distance), while taking advantage of
fluctuating energy and ancillary services prices. A mathematical framework for
optimal trip scheduling is proposed, formulated as a mixed-integer linear
program, and is applied to several relevant scenarios of the present and future
British electricity system. It is demonstrated that an optimal journey start
time can increase the revenue of commercial fleets by up to 38% in summer and
12% in winter. This means a single EV from the maintenance fleet can make
additional annual revenue of up to {\pounds}729. Flexible trip schedules are
more valuable in the summer because keeping EVs plugged in during peak solar
output will benefit the grid and the fleet operators the most. It was also
found that a fleet of 5,000 EVs would result in the equivalent $\textrm{CO}_2$
of removing one Combined Cycle Gas Turbine from the system. This significant
increase in revenue and carbon savings show this approach is worth
investigating for potential future application.

9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
29
The categories of this paper are: funct-an
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
3
The categories of this paper are: physics
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
17
The categories of this paper are: q-fin
27
The categories of this paper are: comp-gas