Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Measuring and hedging financial risks in dynamical world   Financial markets have developed a lot of strategies to control risks induced
by market fluctuations. Mathematics has emerged as the leading discipline to
address fundamental questions in finance as asset pricing model and hedging
strategies. History began with the paradigm of zero-risk introduced by Black &
Scholes stating that any random amount to be paid in the future may be
replicated by a dynamical portfolio. In practice, the lack of information leads
to ill-posed problems when model calibrating. The real world is more complex
and new pricing and hedging methodologies have been necessary. This challenging
question has generated a deep and intensive academic research in the 20 last
years, based on super-replication (perfect or with respect to confidence level)
and optimization. In the interplay between theory and practice, Monte Carlo
methods have been revisited, new risk measures have been back-tested. These
typical examples give some insights on how may be used mathematics in financial
risk management.

20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int
8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
11
The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
19
The categories of this paper are: eess
24
The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
27
The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
3
The categories of this paper are: physics
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph