Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Carbon in different phases ([CII], [CI], and CO) in infrared dark
  clouds: Cloud formation signatures and carbon gas fractions   Context: How do molecular clouds form out of the atomic phase? And what are
the relative fractions of carbon in the ionized, atomic and molecular phase?
These are questions at the heart of cloud and star formation. Methods: Using
multiple observatories from Herschel and SOFIA to APEX and the IRAM 30m
telescope, we mapped the ionized, atomic and molecular carbon ([CII]@1900GHz,
[CI]@492GHz and C18O(2-1)@220GHz) at high spatial resolution (12"-25") in four
young massive infrared dark clouds (IRDCs). Results: The three carbon phases
were successfully mapped in all four regions, only in one source the [CII] line
remained a non-detection. Both the molecular and atomic phases trace the dense
structures well, with [CI] also tracing material at lower column densities.
[CII] exhibits diverse morphologies in our sample, from compact to diffuse
structures probing the cloud environment. In at least two out of the four
regions, we find kinematic signatures strongly indicating that the dense gas
filaments have formed out of a dynamically active and turbulent
atomic/molecular cloud, potentially from converging gas flows. The
atomic-to-molecular carbon gas mass ratios are low between 7% and 12% with the
lowest values found toward the most quiescent region. In the three regions
where [CII] is detected, its mass is always higher by a factor of a few than
that of the atomic carbon. The ionized carbon emission depends as well on the
radiation field, however, we also find strong [CII] emission in a region
without significant external sources, indicating that other processes, e.g.,
energetic gas flows can contribute to the [CII] excitation as well.

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The categories of this paper are: physics
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
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The categories of this paper are: math
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The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: q-bio
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The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
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The categories of this paper are: supr-con
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The categories of this paper are: solv-int
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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: q-fin
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The categories of this paper are: cs
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The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
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The categories of this paper are: gr-qc