Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Exploring Artificial Intelligence as a General Purpose Technology with
  Patent Data -- A Systematic Comparison of Four Classification Approaches   Artificial Intelligence (AI) is often defined as the next general purpose
technology (GPT) with profound economic and societal consequences. We examine
how strongly four patent AI classification methods reproduce the GPT-like
features of (1) intrinsic growth, (2) generality, and (3) innovation
complementarities. Studying US patents from 1990-2019, we find that the four
methods (keywords, scientific citations, WIPO, and USPTO approach) vary in
classifying between 3-17% of all patents as AI. The keyword-based approach
demonstrates the strongest intrinsic growth and generality despite identifying
the smallest set of AI patents. The WIPO and science approaches generate each
GPT characteristic less strikingly, whilst the USPTO set with the largest
number of patents produces the weakest features. The lack of overlap and
heterogeneity between all four approaches emphasises that the evaluation of AI
innovation policies may be sensitive to the choice of classification method.

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The categories of this paper are: q-bio
1
The categories of this paper are: cs
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
4
The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
13
The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
14
The categories of this paper are: math-ph
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
19
The categories of this paper are: eess
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex