Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Thermal Wave Instability as an Origin of Gap and Ring Structures in
  Protoplanetary Disks   Recent millimeter and infrared observations have shown that gap and ring-like
structures are common in both dust thermal emission and scattered-light of
protoplanetary disks. We investigate the impact of the so-called Thermal Wave
Instability (TWI) on the millimeter and infrared scattered-light images of
disks. We perform 1+1D simulations of the TWI and confirm that the TWI operates
when the disk is optically thick enough for stellar light, i.e.,
small-grain-to-gas mass ratio of $\gtrsim0.0001$. The mid-plane temperature
varies as the waves propagate and hence gap and ring structures can be seen in
both millimeter and infrared emission. The millimeter substructures can be
observed even if the disk is fully optically thick since it is induced by the
temperature variation, while density-induced substructures would disappear in
the optically thick regime. The fractional separation between TWI-induced ring
and gap is $\Delta r/r \sim$ 0.2-0.4 at $\sim$ 10-50 au, which is comparable to
those found by ALMA. Due to the temperature variation, snow lines of volatile
species move radially and multiple snow lines are observed even for a single
species. The wave propagation velocity is as fast as $\sim$ 0.6 ${\rm
au~yr^{-1}}$, which can be potentially detected with a multi-epoch observation
with a time separation of a few years.

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The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
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The categories of this paper are: math-ph
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
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The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
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The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
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The categories of this paper are: physics
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
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The categories of this paper are: hep-th
27
The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
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The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga