Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Duration of local violations of the second law of thermodynamics along
  single trajectories in phase space   We define the {\it violation fraction} $\nu$ as the cumulative fraction of
time that the entropy change is negative during single realizations of
processes in phase space. This quantity depends both on the number of degrees
of freedom $N$ and the duration of the time interval $\tau$. In the
large-$\tau$ and large-$N$ limit we show that, for ergodic and microreversible
systems, the mean value of $\nu$ scales as
$\langle\nu(N,\tau)\rangle\sim\big(\tau N^{\frac{1}{1+\alpha}}\big)^{-1}$. The
exponent $\alpha$ is positive and generally depends on the protocol for the
external driving forces, being $\alpha=1$ for a constant drive. As an example,
we study a nontrivial model where the fluctuations of the entropy production
are non-Gaussian: an elastic line driven at a constant rate by an anharmonic
trap. In this case we show that the scaling of $\langle \nu \rangle$ with $N$
and $\tau$ agrees with our result. Finally, we discuss how this scaling law may
break down in the vicinity of a continuous phase transition.

37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
1
The categories of this paper are: cs
13
The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
32
The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
19
The categories of this paper are: eess
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
6
The categories of this paper are: astro-ph
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom