Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Atomically Resolved Surface Structure of SrTiO3(001) Thin Films Grown in
  Step-Flow Mode by Pulsed Laser Deposition   The surface structure of SrTiO3(001) thin films homoepitaxially grown by PLD
in step-flow mode was characterized using low temperature STM. It was found
that one-dimensional (1D) TiOx-based nanostructures were formed on the thin
film surface and their density increased with increasing thin film thickness.
Most of the 1D nanostructures disappeared after a post-deposition annealing,
indicating that this structure is metastable due to the nonequilibrium growth
mode. The resulting surface after annealing exhibited similar features to that
of a thinner film, having a domain structure with (2x1) and (1x2)
reconstructions, but with fewer oxygen-vacancy-type defects. These results
imply that the step-flow growth is likely to produce TiOx-rich surface and Ti
deficiencies in the film. By the post-deposition annealing, the rich TiOx would
diffuse from the surface into the film to compensate defects associated with Ti
vacancies and oxygen vacancies, resulting in the stable surface structure with
fewer oxygen vacancies. Thus, STM measurements can provide us with a
microscopic picture of surface stoichiometry of thin films originating in the
dynamics of the growth process, and can present a new approach for designing
functional oxide films.

20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
14
The categories of this paper are: math-ph
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
1
The categories of this paper are: cs
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
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The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
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The categories of this paper are: eess
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
2
The categories of this paper are: math
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc