Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Characterization of exoplanets from their formation III: The statistics
  of planetary luminosities   This paper continues a series in which we predict the main observable
characteristics of exoplanets based on their formation. In Paper I we described
our global planet formation and evolution model. In Paper II we studied the
planetary mass-radius relationship. Here we present an extensive study of the
statistics of planetary luminosities during both formation and evolution. Our
results can be compared with individual directly imaged (proto)planets as well
as statistical results from surveys. We calculated three synthetic planet
populations assuming different efficiencies of the accretional heating by gas
and planetesimals. We describe the temporal evolution of the planetary
mass-luminosity relation. We study the shock and internal luminosity during
formation. We predict a statistical version of the post-formation mass versus
entropy "tuning fork" diagram. We find high nominal post-formation luminosities
for hot and cold gas accretion. Individual formation histories can still lead
to a factor of a few spread in the post-formation luminosity at a given mass.
However, if the gas and planetesimal accretional heating is unknown, the
post-formation luminosity may exhibit a spread of as much as 2-3 orders of
magnitude at a fixed mass covering cold, warm, and hot states. As a key result
we predict a flat log-luminosity distribution for giant planets, and a steep
increase towards lower luminosities due to the higher occurrence rate of
low-mass planets. Future surveys may detect this upturn. During formation an
estimate of the planet mass may be possible for cold gas accretion if the gas
accretion rate can be estimated. Due to the "core-mass effect" planets that
underwent cold gas accretion can still have high post-formation entropies. Once
the number of directly imaged exoplanets with known ages and luminosities
increases, the observed distributions may be compared with our predictions.

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The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
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The categories of this paper are: eess
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
1
The categories of this paper are: cs
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
2
The categories of this paper are: math
3
The categories of this paper are: physics
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
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The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
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The categories of this paper are: econ
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th