Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Spectroscopic diagnostics of the non-Maxwellian $\kappa$-distributions
  using SDO/EVE observations of the 2012 March 7 X-class flare   Spectroscopic observations made by the Extreme Ultraviolet Variability
Experiment (EVE) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) during the 2012
March 7 X5.4-class flare (SOL2012-03-07T00:07) are analyzed for signatures of
the non-Maxwellian kappa-distributions. Observed spectra were averaged over 1
minute to increase photon statistics in weaker lines and the pre-flare spectrum
was subtracted. Synthetic line intensities for the kappa-distributions are
calculated using the KAPPA database. We find strong departures (kappa < 2)
during the early and impulsive phases of the flare, with subsequent
thermalization of the flare plasma during the gradual phase. If the
temperatures are diagnosed from a single line ratio, the results are strongly
dependent on the value of kappa. For kappa=2, we find temperatures about a
factor of two higher than the commonly used Maxwellian ones. The non-Maxwellian
effects could also cause the temperatures diagnosed from line ratios and from
the ratio of GOES X-ray channels to be different. Multithermal analysis reveals
the plasma to be strongly multithermal at all times with flat DEMs. For lower
kappa, the DEM_kappa are shifted towards higher temperatures. The only
parameter that is nearly independent of kappa is electron density, where we
find log(N_e) $\approx$ 11.5 almost independently of time. We conclude that the
non-Maxwellian effects are important and should be taken into account when
analyzing solar flare observations, including spectroscopic and imaging ones.

15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
26
The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
11
The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
13
The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
14
The categories of this paper are: math-ph
2
The categories of this paper are: math
19
The categories of this paper are: eess
4
The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con