Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Operational typicality of the nonequilibrium states: a thermodynamic
  lower bound of the deviation from equilibrium   The typicality of the canonical state shows that majority of the states are
indistinguishable from equilibrium, and thus the nonequilibrium states are
exceptionally rare in the extremely high-dimensional Hilbert space. On the
contrary, we can easily apply an external force acting on the system, and then
the actual density matrix quantitatively deviates from the canonical state
specified by the system Hamiltonian at each instance. To express how the
external forcing amounts to the deviation from equilibrium, we give a universal
thermodynamic expression of the lower bound of Hilbert-Schmidt distance between
the actual nonequilibrium and corresponding canonical states. The lower bound
is expressed only by the amount of forcing and its consequent entropy
production rate.

12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
3
The categories of this paper are: physics
26
The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
6
The categories of this paper are: astro-ph
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
24
The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
1
The categories of this paper are: cs
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
19
The categories of this paper are: eess
20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex