Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Publication bias and the canonization of false facts   In the process of scientific inquiry, certain claims accumulate enough
support to be established as facts. Unfortunately, not every claim accorded the
status of fact turns out to be true. In this paper, we model the dynamic
process by which claims are canonized as fact through repeated experimental
confirmation. The community's confidence in a claim constitutes a Markov
process: each successive published result shifts the degree of belief, until
sufficient evidence accumulates to accept the claim as fact or to reject it as
false. In our model, publication bias --- in which positive results are
published preferentially over negative ones --- influences the distribution of
published results. We find that when readers do not know the degree of
publication bias and thus cannot condition on it, false claims often can be
canonized as facts. Unless a sufficient fraction of negative results are
published, the scientific process will do a poor job at discriminating false
from true claims. This problem is exacerbated when scientists engage in
p-hacking, data dredging, and other behaviors that increase the rate at which
false positives are published. If negative results become easier to publish as
a claim approaches acceptance as a fact, however, true and false claims can be
more readily distinguished. To the degree that the model accurately represents
current scholarly practice, there will be serious concern about the validity of
purported facts in some areas of scientific research.

2
The categories of this paper are: math
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int
17
The categories of this paper are: q-fin
8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
6
The categories of this paper are: astro-ph
11
The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio