Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: The Case for Pyriproxyfen as a Potential Cause for Microcephaly; From
  Biology to Epidemiology   The Zika virus has been found in individual cases but has not been confirmed
as the cause of in the large number of cases of microcephaly in Brazil in
2015-6. Indeed, disparities between the incidence of Zika and microcephaly
across geographic locations has led to questions about the virus's role. Here
we consider whether the insecticide pyriproxyfen used in Brazilian drinking
water might be the primary cause or a cofactor. Pyriproxifen is a juvenile
hormone analog which has been shown to correspond in mammals to a number of fat
soluble regulatory molecules including retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin
A, with which it has cross-reactivity and whose application during development
has been shown to cause microcephaly. Methoprene, another juvenile hormone
analog approved as an insecticide in the 1970s has been shown to cause
developmental disorders in mammals. Isotretinoin is another retinoid causing
microcephaly via activation of the retinoid X receptor in developing fetuses.
We review tests of pyriproxyfen by the manufacturer Sumitomo, which actually
found some evidence for this effect, including low brain mass and
arhinencephaly in exposed rat pups. Pyriproxyfen use in Brazil is
unprecedented, never having been applied to a water supply on a large scale.
Claims that its geographical pattern of use rule it out as a cause have not
been documented or confirmed. On the other hand, the very few microcephaly
cases reported in Colombia and the wide discrepancies of incidence in different
states across Brazil despite large numbers of Zika cases undermine the claim
that Zika is the cause. Given this combination of potential molecular
mechanism, toxicological and epidemiological evidence we strongly recommend
that the use of pyriproxyfen in Brazil be suspended until the potential causal
link to microcephaly is investigated further.

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The categories of this paper are: q-fin
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The categories of this paper are: math-ph
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The categories of this paper are: cs
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The categories of this paper are: q-alg
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The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
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The categories of this paper are: solv-int
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The categories of this paper are: stat
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
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The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
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The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
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The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
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The categories of this paper are: supr-con