Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Mapping ices in protostellar environments on 1000 AU scales:
  Methanol-rich ice in the envelope of Serpens SMM 4   We present VLT-ISAAC L-band spectroscopy toward 10 stars in SVS 4, a 30"x45"
dense cluster of pre-main sequence stars deeply embedded in the Serpens star
forming cloud. The ISAAC spectra are combined with archival imaging from UKIRT
and ISOCAM to derive accurate extinctions toward the SVS 4 stars. The data are
then used to construct a spatial map of the distribution of ice in front of the
cluster stars with an average angular resolution of 6" or 1500 AU, three orders
of magnitude better than previous maps. We show that water ice is present
throughout the region and confirm the presence of methanol ice with an
abundance of up to 25% relative to water. It is shown that methanol ice
maintains a very high abundance relative to H2 throughout SVS 4, but drops by
at least an order of magnitude only 75" away from SVS 4. The maps indicate that
some of the lines of sight toward the SVS 4 stars pass through the outer
envelope of the class 0 protostar SMM 4. The abundance of water ice relative to
the refractory dust component shows a sudden increase by 90% to (1.7+/-0.2) *
10^-4 relative to H2 at a distance of 5000 AU to the center of SMM 4. The water
ice abundance outside the jump remains constant at (9+/-1) * 10^-5. We suggest
that this is an indication of a significantly enhanced ice formation efficiency
in the envelopes of protostars. The depletion of volatile molecules in the
envelope of SMM 4 is discussed. In particular, it is found that up to 2/3 of
the depleted CO is converted into CO2 and CH3OH in the ice. Therefore, only 1/3
of the CO originally frozen out will return to the gas phase as CO upon warmup.

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The categories of this paper are: hep-th
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The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
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The categories of this paper are: supr-con
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
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The categories of this paper are: q-alg
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The categories of this paper are: q-bio
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The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
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The categories of this paper are: cs
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The categories of this paper are: eess
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The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
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The categories of this paper are: econ
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The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
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The categories of this paper are: solv-int
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The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th