Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: What Do Citation Counts Measure? An Updated Review of Studies on
  Citations in Scientific Documents Published between 2006 and 2018   The purpose of this paper is to update the review of Bornmann and Daniel
(2008) presenting a narrative review of studies on citations in scientific
documents. The current review covers 41 studies published between 2006 and
2018. Bornmann and Daniel (2008) focused on earlier years. The current review
describes the (new) studies on citation content and context analyses as well as
the studies that explore the citation motivation of scholars through surveys or
interviews. One focus in this paper is on the technical developments in the
last decade, such as the richer meta-data available and machine-readable
formats of scientific papers. These developments have resulted in citation
context analyses of large datasets in comprehensive studies (which was not
possible previously). Many studies in recent years have used computational and
machine learning techniques to determine citation functions and polarities,
some of which have attempted to overcome the methodological weaknesses of
previous studies. The automated recognition of citation functions seems to have
the potential to greatly enhance citation indices and information retrieval
capabilities. Our review of the empirical studies demonstrates that a paper may
be cited for very different scientific and non-scientific reasons. This result
accords with the finding by Bornmann and Daniel (2008). The current review also
shows that to better understand the relationship between citing and cited
documents, a variety of features should be analyzed, primarily the citation
context, the semantics and linguistic patterns in citations, citation locations
within the citing document, and citation polarity (negative, neutral,
positive).

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The categories of this paper are: astro-ph
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The categories of this paper are: hep-th
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The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
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The categories of this paper are: math
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
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The categories of this paper are: adap-org
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The categories of this paper are: supr-con
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: math-ph
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The categories of this paper are: q-fin
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The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
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The categories of this paper are: eess
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The categories of this paper are: econ