Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Ecological fallacy and covariates: new insights based on multilevel
  modelling of individual data   This paper deals with the issue of ecological bias in ecological inference.
We provide an explicit formulation of the conditions required for the ordinary
ecological regression to produce unbiased estimates and argue that, when these
conditions are violated, any method of ecological inference is going to produce
biased estimates. These findings are clarified and supported by empirical
evidence provided by comparing the results of three main ecological inference
methods with those of multilevel logistic regression applied to a unique set of
individual data on voting behaviour. The main findings of our study have two
important implications that apply to all situations where the conditions for no
ecological bias are violated: (i) only ecological inference methods that allow
to model the effect of covariates have a chance to produce unbiased estimates;
(ii) the set of covariates to be included in the model to remove bias is
limited to the marginal proportions. Finally, our results suggest that, when
the association between two ecological variables is very weak, it is not
possible to obtain unbiased estimates even by an appropriate model that
accounts for the effect of relevant covariates.

25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
26
The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
11
The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
19
The categories of this paper are: eess
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
24
The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
29
The categories of this paper are: funct-an
3
The categories of this paper are: physics
2
The categories of this paper are: math
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The categories of this paper are: adap-org
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
32
The categories of this paper are: atom-ph