Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Dust temperature in ALMA $\hbox{[C $\scriptstyle\rm II $]}$-detected
  high-$z$ galaxies   At redshift $z>5$ the far-infrared (FIR) continuum spectra of main-sequence
galaxies are sparsely sampled, often with a single data point. The dust
temperature $T_{\rm d, SED}$ thus has to be assumed in the FIR continuum
fitting. This introduces large uncertainties regarding the derived dust mass
($M_{\rm d}$), FIR luminosity, and obscured fraction of the star formation
rate. These are crucial quantities to quantify the effect of dust obscuration
in high-$z$ galaxies. To overcome observations limitations, we introduce a new
method that combines dust continuum information with the overlying $\hbox{[C
$\scriptstyle\rm II $]} 158\mu$m line emission. By breaking the $M_{\rm d} -
T_{\rm d, SED}$ degeneracy, with our method, we can reliably constrain the dust
temperature with a single observation at $158\mu$m. This method can be applied
to all ALMA and NOEMA $\hbox{[C $\scriptstyle\rm II $]}$ observations and
exploited in ALMA Large Programs such as ALPINE and REBELS targeting $\hbox{[C
$\scriptstyle\rm II $]}$ emitters at high-$z$. We also provide a physical
interpretation of the empirical relation recently found between $molecular$ gas
mass and $\hbox{[C $\scriptstyle\rm II $]}$ luminosity. We derive an analogous
relation linking the $total$ gas surface density and $\hbox{[C $\scriptstyle\rm
II $]}$ surface brightness. By combining the two, we predict the cosmic
evolution of the surface density ratio $\Sigma_{\rm H_2} / \Sigma_{\rm gas}$.
We find that $\Sigma_{\rm H_2} / \Sigma_{\rm gas}$ slowly increases with
redshift, which is compatible with current observations at $0 < z < 4$.

5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
24
The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
19
The categories of this paper are: eess
32
The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
13
The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
2
The categories of this paper are: math
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
11
The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph