Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: The Bio-habitable Zone and atmospheric properties for Planets of Red
  Dwarfs   The Kepler data show that habitable small planets orbiting Red Dwarf stars
(RDs) are abundant, and hence might be promising targets to look at for
biomarkers and life. Planets orbiting within the Habitable Zone of RDs are
close enough to be tidally locked. Some recent works have cast doubt on the
ability of planets orbiting RDs to support life. In contrast, it is shown that
temperatures suitable for liquid water and even for organic molecules may exist
on tidally locked planets of RDs for a wide range of atmospheres. We chart the
surface temperature distribution as a function of the irradiation, greenhouse
factor and heat circulation. The habitability boundaries and their dependence
on the atmospheric properties are derived. Extending our previous analyses of
tidally locked planets, we find that tidally locked as well as synchronous (not
completely locked) planets of RDs and K-type stars may support life, for a
wider range of orbital distance and atmospheric conditions than previously
thought. In particular, it is argued that life clement environments may be
possible on tidally locked and synchronously orbiting planets of RDs and K-type
stars, with conditions supporting Oxygenic Photosynthesis, which on Earth was a
key to Complex life. Different climate projections and the biological
significance of tidal locking on putative complex life are reviewed. We show
that when the effect of continuous radiation is taken into account, the
Photo-synthetically Active Radiation (PAR) available on tidally locked planets,
even of RDs, could produce a high Potential Plant Productivity, in analogy to
mid-summer growth at high latitudes on Earth. Awaiting the findings of TESS and
JWST, we discuss the implications of the above arguments to the detection of
biomarkers such as liquid water and oxygen, as well as to the abundance of
biotic planets and life.

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The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
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The categories of this paper are: math
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The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
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The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
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The categories of this paper are: adap-org
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The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
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The categories of this paper are: supr-con
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
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The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: physics
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: cs
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: math-ph