Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Lightning Strikes and Attribution of Climatic Change   Using lightning strikes as an example, two possible schemes are discussed for
the attribution of changes in event frequency to climate change, and estimating
the cost associated with them. The schemes determine the fraction of events
that should be attributed to climatic change, and the fraction that should be
attributed to natural chance. They both allow for the expected increase in
claims and the fluctuations about this expected value. Importantly, the
attribution fraction proposed in the second of these schemes is necessarily
different to that found in epidemiological studies. This ensures that the
statistically expected fraction of attributed claims is correctly equal to the
expected increase in claims. The analysis of lightning data highlights two
particular difficulties with data-driven, as opposed to modeled, attribution
studies. The first is the possibility of unknown "confounding" variables that
can influence the strike frequency. This is partly accounted for here by
considering the influence of temperature changes within a given month, so as to
standardise the data to allow for cyclical climatic influences. The second is
the possibility suggested by the data presented here, that climate change may
lead to qualitatively different climate patterns, with a different relationship
between e.g. strike frequency and temperature.

8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
26
The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
2
The categories of this paper are: math
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
17
The categories of this paper are: q-fin
1
The categories of this paper are: cs