Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Fractionalization, topological order, and cuprate superconductivity   This paper is concerned with the idea that the electron is fractionalized in
the cuprate high-$T_c$ materials. We show how the notion of topological order
may be used to develop a precise theoretical characterization of a
fractionalized phase in spatial dimension higher than one. Apart from the
fractional particles into which the electron breaks apart, there are
non-trivial gapped topological excitations - dubbed "visons". A cylindrical
sample that is fractionalized exhibits two disconnected topological sectors
depending on whether a vison is trapped in the "hole" or not. Indeed, "vison
expulsion" is to fractionalization what the Meissner effect ("flux expulsion")
is to superconductivity. This understanding enables us to address a number of
conceptual issues that need to be confronted by any theory of the cuprates
based on fractionalization ideas. We argue that whether or not the electron
fractionalizes in the cuprates is a sharp and well-posed question with a
definite answer. We elaborate on our recent proposal for an experiment to
unambiguously settle this issue.

7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
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The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
32
The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
14
The categories of this paper are: math-ph
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
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The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
29
The categories of this paper are: funct-an
6
The categories of this paper are: astro-ph