what are the two types of repetitive dna sequences?
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Repetitive DNA. Repetitive DNA can be divided into two classes: the tandem repetitive sequences (known as satellite DNA) and the interspersed repeats. The term satellite is used to describe DNA sequences that comprise short head-to-tail tandem repeats incorporating specific motifs.
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['Isolation of target DNA fragments (often referred to as inserts)', 'Ligation of inserts into an appropriate cloning vector, creating recombinant molecules (e.g., plasmids)', 'Transformation of recombinant plasmids into bacteria or other suitable host for propagation.']
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'A' and 'a' are still 2 different chromosomes, though they are homologous to each other (code for the same genes). When DNA is replicated, you now have 2 copies of the 'A' chromosome (or 2 'A' chromatids) and 2 copies of the 'a' chromosome (2 'a' chromatids), 2 'B' and 2 'b', and so on.
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['Nitrogenous Base. Purines and pyrimidines are the two categories of nitrogenous bases. Adenine and guanine are purines. ... ', "Pentose Sugar. In DNA, the sugar is 2'-deoxyribose. In RNA, the sugar is ribose. ... ", 'Phosphate Group. A single phosphate group is PO43-. The phosphorus atom is the central atom.']
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A replicated chromosome (or equivalently, a duplicated chromosome) contains two identical chromatids, also called sister chromatids. The difference between a duplicated chromosome and a chromatid, strictly speaking, is that a chromosome contains two chromatids that are joined at a structure called a centromere.
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These stretches of repeats, known as Variable Number of Tandem Repeats or VNTRs, can be isolated from an individual's DNA. ... VNTRs are similar to Short Tandem Repeats (For more on STRs, see page 3), the difference being that in a VNTR, the repeated sequence is longer — about 10-100 base pairs long.
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['Replication. DNA exists in a double-helical arrangement, in which each base along one strand binds to a complementary base on the other strand. ... ', 'Encoding Information. ... ', 'Mutation and Recombination. ... ', 'Gene Expression.']
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Repetitive Sequences Tandem repeats are often enriched in genes controlling body morphology. These repeats have potentials to accelerate the evolution of gene expression and generate sufficient variability that allows a rapid evolution and adaptation.
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Variable number tandem repeats (VNTR), also called mini-satellites, are among the families of repetitive DNA dispersed in the genome. ... The method, called DNA fingerprinting, is used to identify a particular person in forensic cases, or to establish parenthood.
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​Microsatellite Microsatellite sequences are repetitive DNA sequences usually several base pairs in length. Microsatellite sequences are composed of non-coding DNA and are not parts of genes. They are used as genetic markers to follow the inheritance of genes in families.
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['Interphase: The DNA in the cell is copied in preparation for cell division, this results in two identical full sets of chromosomes?. ... ', 'Prophase: The chromosomes condense into X-shaped structures that can be easily seen under a microscope. ... ', 'Metaphase: ... ', 'Anaphase: ... ', 'Telophase:']
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Telomeres. To prevent the loss of genes as chromosome ends wear down, the tips of eukaryotic chromosomes have specialized DNA “caps” called telomeres. Telomeres consist of hundreds or thousands of repeats of the same short DNA sequence, which varies between organisms but is 5'-TTAGGG-3' in humans and other mammals.
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['DNA Mutation and Repair.', 'Types of Mutations. There are three types of DNA Mutations: base substitutions, deletions and insertions.', 'Base Substitutions. Single base substitutions are called point mutations, recall the point mutation Glu -----> Val which causes sickle-cell disease.']
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In addition, prokaryotes have plasmids, which are smaller pieces of circular DNA that can replicate separately from prokaryotic genomic DNA. Because of the linear nature of eukaryotic DNA, repeating non-coding DNA sequences called telomeres are present on either end of the chromosomes as protection from deterioration.
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['Replication. Replication of plasmid DNA is carried by the same enzymes that replicate the E. ... ', 'Selectable Markers (Antibiotic resistance) ... ', 'Multiple cloning sites (or polylinkers) ... ', 'Single-stranded DNA production. ... ', 'Bacteriophage promoters. ... ', 'Miniature Preparation of Bacterial Plasmid.']
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From this informatics perspective, repetitive DNA is an essential component of genomes; it is required for formatting coding information so that it can be accurately expressed and for formatting DNA molecules for transmission to new gener- ations of cells.
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This type of replication is called bi-directional. Most organisms, including mammals, use bi-directional replication. There are four basic components required to initiate and propagate DNA synthesis. They are: substrates, template, primer and enzymes.