what are the chemical properties of soap?
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Soaps are sodium or potassium fatty acids salts, produced from the hydrolysis of fats in a chemical reaction called saponification. Each soap molecule has a long hydrocarbon chain, sometimes called its 'tail', with a carboxylate 'head'.
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The exact chemical formula is C17H35COO- plus a metal cation, either Na+ or K+. The final molecule is called sodium stearate and is a type of salt. Depending on the metal cation, soaps are either potassium salts or sodium salts arranged as long-chain carboxylic acids.
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In order to perform as detergents (surface-active agents), soaps and detergents must have certain chemical structures: their molecules must contain a hydrophobic (water-insoluble) part, such as a fatty acid or a rather long chain carbon group, such as fatty alcohols or alkylbenzene.
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Soaps are water-soluble sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids. Soaps are made from fats and oils, or their fatty acids, by treating them chemically with a strong alkali.
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The soap dissolves in the water. Dissolution is not a chemical change because the same chemicals are present, they just interact with each other differently. Like CHM said, soaps act as surfactants and the difference in surface tension improves the survivability of bubbles, thus creating a "foam".
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Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium. When soap is added to hard water, it reacts with calcium and magnesium and forms an insoluble precipitate called scum and hence soaps are not effective in hard water.
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Ingredients. Triclosan and triclocarban are the most common compounds used as antibacterials in soaps. However, other common antibacterial ingredients in soaps include benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, and chloroxylenol.
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Melt and pour soap is a ready-made soap base composed of fatty acids, glycerin, and other natural ingredients.
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Hand soaps are usually made with a combination of liquid fats and sodium hydroxide which is called “saponification”. Body washes are usually made in a similar manner but with potassium hydroxide instead of sodium hydroxide.
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To make a basic soap using hot processing, you will need lye, distilled water, refined coconut oil, shea butter, olive oil, and sunflower oil. Start by weighing your ingredients to the right amount and ratio, then combine your liquid oils and set aside.
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The most important factor to be considered in soap quality is its total fatty matter (TFM). Higher the TFM quantity in the soap, better is its quality. As per BIS, Grade 1 soaps should have 76 per cent minimum TFM, while Grade 2 and Grade 3 must have 70 per cent and 60 per cent minimum TFM, respectively.
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The principal physical properties of milk include its density, redox properties, colligative properties, surface activity buffering capacity, rheological behaviour, conductivity, thermal properties and color.
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['16 1/2 ounce sunflower oil.', '7 ounce coconut oil.', '5 1/2 ounce potassium hydroxide KOH.', '16 1/2 ounce distilled water for the lye mixture.', '40 ounce distilled water to dilute the soap paste.', '2 ounce boric acid (or 3 oz. ... ', '3 ounce fragrance or essential oil, as desired.', 'Soap dye or colorant, if desired.']
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Soaps are formed by the reaction of alkaline (lye) and fats and oils. Fats and oils can easily be broken down into simple molecules by microbes and hence soaps are biodegradable. Detergents are synthetic compounds, generally ammonium or sulfate salts of long chain carboxylic acids.
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Bathing Soaps are mostly basic(approx range pH 7.5 to 10), very few are neutral(pH 7). Detergent soaps are also basic(pH 7.5 to 11 - because of high content of washing soda), but a few oil based washing soaps can be neutral. Liquid soaps(Handwash/Bodywash) are acidic(approx pH range 4 to 6.5) or neutral.
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Soap is a mixture of compounds, The compounds are mainly the sodium salts of several long chain fatty acids. which are usually obtained by the hydrolysis of plant and animal oils/fats.
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soaps are not suitable for washing clothes when water is hard: Soaps, when used with hard water, does not lather or produce foam easily because of the formation of a curdy precipitate or scum. This scum is created when soaps react with the calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water.