who came up with theory x and y?
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Douglas McGregor, through his well-known “Theory X and Theory Y,” drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect: Theory X assumes that people dislike work and must be coerced, controlled, and directed toward organizational goals.
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Theory X assumes that an employee dislikes work, while theory Y presupposes that work is natural for employees. ... On the other hand, theory Y infers that people accept and seek responsibility. The leadership style adopted by the management, in the case of theory X is autocratic.
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The Babylonians came up with a technique called “completing the square” to solve common problems with areas by 400 BC. The first purely mathematical try to come up with a quadratic formula was done by Pythagoras in 500 BC. Euclid did the same thing in Alexandria, Egypt. Euclid used a purely geometric method.
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Anne Treisman proposed her selective attention theory in 1964. His theory is based on the earlier model by Broadbent. Treisman also believed that this human filter selects sensory inputs on the basis of physical characteristics.
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Cell theory was eventually formulated in 1839. This is usually credited to Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. However, many other scientists like Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory.
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The key theorist behind these early models would probably be Gabriele Veneziano. The string theories turned out to be the wrong model for hadron physics, but were later adapted to their present role as a theory of all elementary particles by a number of theorists.
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In 1935, Einstein and physicist Nathan Rosen used the theory of general relativity to elaborate on the idea, proposing the existence of "bridges" through space-time. These bridges connect two different points in space-time, theoretically creating a shortcut that could reduce travel time and distance.
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The Theory of Reasoned Action was developed by Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen in 1975 as an improvement over the information integration theory. Fishbein and Ajzen formulated the theory after trying to determine the differences between attitude and behavior.
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The schema theory was one of the leading cognitivist learning theories and was introduced by Bartlett in 1932 and further developed in the '70s by Richard Anderson.
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Swiss mathematician Jakob Bernoulli, in a proof published posthumously in 1713, determined that the probability of k such outcomes in n repetitions is equal to the kth term (where k starts with 0) in the expansion of the binomial expression (p + q)n, where q = 1 − p. (Hence the name binomial distribution.)
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Linear Thinking is based on logic, rules and rationality (or sustained reason) to solve a problem. ... Linear Thinking (also known as Vertical Thinking) and Lateral Thinking (or Horizontal Thinking) were terms named by Edward de Bono in his 1967 book The Use of Lateral Thinking.
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His theory is based on proposals made by French mathematician André Lichnerowicz in the 50s.
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The mathematical methods of probability arose in the investigations first of Gerolamo Cardano in the 1560s (not published until 100 years later), and then in the correspondence Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal (1654) on such questions as the fair division of the stake in an interrupted game of chance.
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For example, U4 = 1. Mathematicians think of XY as a kind of “multiplication” of X and Y. If X is an move on Rubik's cube, then X−1 means undo the move X. This is called the inverse of X.
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Neural networks were first proposed in 1944 by Warren McCullough and Walter Pitts, two University of Chicago researchers who moved to MIT in 1952 as founding members of what's sometimes called the first cognitive science department.
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Two-level game theory. Two-level game theory is a political model of international conflict resolution between states derived from game theory and originally introduced in 1988 by Robert Putnam. Putnam had been involved in research around the G7 summits between 1976 and 1979.
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5.1 Kolb's theory of experiential learning The first was the theory and model of experiential learning proposed by David Kolb in 1984. As it stated that all learning was basically experiential, it aimed at covering human learning in general. Kolb took as his point of departure the theories of Piaget, Dewey and Lewin.