what is the difference between longitudinal and cross sectional studies?
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Longitudinal vs cross-sectional studies. Longitudinal studies differ from one-off, or cross-sectional, studies. The main difference is that cross-sectional studies interview a fresh sample of people each time they are carried out, whereas longitudinal studies follow the same sample of people over time.
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Well first of all quantitative is a large quantity of detailed research and findings. ... Primary and Secondary research are conducted and collected separately but are combined together eventually to be analysed and reviewed. Primary research are things like focus groups, surveys, questionnaires and interviews.
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Prospective vs. Retrospective Studies. A prospective study watches for outcomes, such as the development of a disease, during the study period and relates this to other factors such as suspected risk or protection factor(s). The study usually involves taking a cohort of subjects and watching them over a long period.
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The systematic approach studies only one issue and continues to examine its spatial variations. That means related to different spaces, you study your location. On the other hand, the regional approach studies the multiple characteristics after dividing or segmenting the location at hand, on the basis of region.
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Cross sectional studies are used to determine prevalence. They are relatively quick and easy but do not permit distinction between cause and effect. Case controlled studies compare groups retrospectively. They seek to identify possible predictors of outcome and are useful for studying rare diseases or outcomes.
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Students usually think of case-control studies as being only retrospective, since the investigators enroll subjects who have developed the outcome of interest. However, case-control studies, like cohort studies, can be either retrospective or prospective.
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The most important difference between an experiment and an observational study is the fact that; . In an observational study the researcher has no control over the variables while an experiment involves application of treatments to a group and recording the effects.
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The benefit of a cross-sectional study design is that it allows researchers to compare many different variables at the same time. We could, for example, look at age, gender, income and educational level in relation to walking and cholesterol levels, with little or no additional cost.
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Descriptive studies involve detailed investigations of individuals in order to improve knowledge of disease. Descriptive studies often have no prior hypotheses and are opportunistic studies of disease whereas analytical studies are used to test hypotheses by selection and comparison of groups.
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Like time series data, panel data contains observations collected at a regular frequency, chronologically. ... Panel data can model both the common and individual behaviors of groups. Panel data contains more information, more variability, and more efficiency than pure time series data or cross-sectional data.
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The benefit of a cross-sectional study design is that it allows researchers to compare many different variables at the same time. ... However, in a longitudinal study, researchers conduct several observations of the same subjects over a period of time, sometimes lasting many years.
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A longitudinal section is designed to study the entire object in three dimensions at magnification. A cross-section of an object only shows the interior where the cut is made. ... The stereomicroscope is to study section to study the entire objects in three dimensions at low magnification.
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As adjectives the difference between longitudinal and axial is that longitudinal is relating to length, or to longitude while axial is of or pertaining to an axis; of the nature of, or resembling, an axis; around an axis.
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Area is somewhat that is occupied by an object when it is resting on a surface i.e area is the space which is used by the object. Whereas cross-sectional area is an area which we obtain when the same object is cut into two pieces.
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What is the different between longitudinal section and a cross section of an object? A longitudinal section is designed to study the entire object in three dimensions at magnification. A cross-section of an object only shows the interior where the cut is made. You just studied 30 terms!
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Cohort studies can be prospective or retrospective (Figure 2). Prospective studies are carried out from the present time into the future. Because prospective studies are designed with specific data collection methods, it has the advantage of being tailored to collect specific exposure data and may be more complete.
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Observational studies and experiments. ... In an observational study, we measure or survey members of a sample without trying to affect them. In a controlled experiment, we assign people or things to groups and apply some treatment to one of the groups, while the other group does not receive the treatment.