how are aav vectors made?
232386
Typically, rAAV particles are generated by transfecting producer cells with a plasmid (AAV cis-plasmid) containing a cloned recombinant AAV genome composed of foreign DNA flanked by the 145 nucleotide-long AAV ITRs, and a separate construct expressing in trans the viral rep and cap genes.
934798
['Make gene construct that includes gene of interest; a selectable resistance gene and an appropriate gene promoter sequence.', 'Place new gene in Agrobacterium vector.', 'Infect plant tissue. ... ', 'Select cells that have been transformed.']
720351
Adeno-associated virus spreads by co-infecting a cell with a helper virus. ... If there is not a helper virus present, AAV exhibits lysogenic behavior. When AAV infects a cell alone, its gene expression is repressed (AAV does not replicate), and its genome is incorporated into the host genome (into human chromosome 19).
386357
Flu vaccines given with a needle (i.e., flu shots) are currently made in two ways: the vaccine is made either with a) flu viruses that have been 'inactivated' (killed) and that therefore are not infectious, or b) using only a single gene from a flu virus (as opposed to the full virus) in order to produce an immune ...
1131016
RNAV approaches have been made possible by the widespread availability of high performance RNAV systems on all types of aircraft and in particular by the use of GNSS. RNAV Approaches are described by a series of waypoints, legs, speed and altitude constraints stored in the onboard navigation database.
8777
Clathrin-Coated Vesicle. CCVs are formed by the coordinated assembly of clathrin triskelia, formed from three tightly linked heavy chains and their associated light chains on the plasma membrane.
693281
In the lysogenic cycle, the viral genetic material is incorporated into the host cell's DNA. Because retroviruses have RNA, it would be impossible for their genetic material to be incorporated into the host cell's DNA, unless the RNA is reverse-transcribed or something.
309092
['Combine water (represented by the 1) and UMB No. 3 to make NP-004.', 'Combine NP-004 and Yellow-6 to make UMB No. ... ', 'Combine 1 and Yellow-6 to make UMB No. ... ', 'Combine UMB No. 10 and UMB No. 7 to make VP-017.', 'Combine VP-017 and UMB No. 3 to make V-JOLT.']
1033486
['Use a vector, place your gene in front of the GFP gene. The stop codon of your gene should be removed, and your gene and the GFP gene should be in frame.', 'Attached a paper for you. ... ', "Also refer to another RG post for the similar topic with other persons' suggestions."]
68002
Genetic engineering is accomplished in three basic steps. These are (1) The isolation of DNA fragments from a donor organism; (2) The insertion of an isolated donor DNA fragment into a vector genome and (3) The growth of a recombinant vector in an appropriate host.
125608
['An electrophoresis chamber and power supply.', 'Gel casting trays, which are available in a variety of sizes and composed of UV-transparent plastic.', 'Sample combs, around which molten agarose is poured to form sample wells in the gel.']
2619
['Design Experiment. Set up the experiment to address your questions.', 'RNA Preparation. Isolate and purify input RNA.', 'Prepare Libraries. Convert the RNA to cDNA; add sequencing adapters.', 'Sequence. Sequence cDNAs using a sequencing platform.', 'Analysis.']
245098
The pGEM®-T Easy Vector Systems are convenient systems to clone PCR products generated by certain thermostable polymerases. These polymerases often add a single deoxyadenosine, in a template-independent fashion, to the 3´-ends of the amplified fragments.
230470
Green AHG is made by adding erioglaucine and naphthol yellow S to the blend. The test procedure is based on the agglutination principle, where human immunoglobulins and/or complement attached to the red cell surface agglutinates in the presence of the polyspecific AHG indicating a positive result.
578930
The graphical method of adding vectors A and B involves drawing vectors on a graph and adding them using the head-to-tail method. The resultant vector R is defined such that A + B = R. The magnitude and direction of R are then determined with a ruler and protractor, respectively.
1367893
['Add 3mol GABA (309.4g)', 'Add 3mol NaNO2 (207.0g)', 'Add 700ml water (total volume becomes about 1100ml)', 'Drop in a 1" stir bar and start stirring.', 'Charge a 500ml pressure equalized addition funnel with 3.3mol HCl(aq) (385.0g 31.25%, 334.8ml 31.25%)']
862635
Nanobots can be produced using organic materials such as proteins and polynucleotides, or inorganic materials such as metals or diamond. In the case of diamond, this stands out for its high strength and high performance. Metals could have double purposes, for example silver.