what is the difference between positive and normative science?
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Positive Economics refers to a science which is based on data and facts. Normative economics is described as a science based on opinions, values, and judgment. Positive economics is descriptive, but normative economics is prescriptive. Positive economics explains cause and effect relationship between variables.
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A positive question is one that can be falsifiable, or put more simply, has a yes/no answer. Think of a positive question as a "how is the world" question. A different kind of question does not ask how the world is, but how it "should be." These are referred to as "normative" questions.
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Humanistic and positive psychology both focus on similar concerns, but have differences regarding methodology and epistemology. In terms of method- ology, humanistic psychologists tend to prefer qualitative over quantitative approaches, whereas positive psychologists tend to hold the opposite prefer- ence.
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Norms refers to behaviour and attitudes which are considered normal, while values are those things that people consider important to them.
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The main difference is in the empirical study of the world. Natural sciences think they are free of having to deal with the human factor, while social sciences make that their main focus.
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The main difference between normative ethics and descriptive ethics is that normative ethics analyses how people ought to act whereas descriptive ethics analyses what people think is right. ... In contrast, descriptive ethics is concerned with what is morally right and wrong.
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The concept of positive law is distinct from "natural law", which comprises inherent rights, conferred not by act of legislation but by "God, nature, or reason." Positive law is also described as the law that applies at a certain time (present or past) and at a certain place, consisting of statutory law, and case law ...
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Positive statements are objective statements that can be tested, amended or rejected by referring to the available evidence. Positive economics deals with objective explanation and the testing and rejection of theories. For example: A fall in incomes will lead to a rise in demand for own-label supermarket foods.
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Unlike positive accounting which is based on observation, normative accounting theory advises policy makers on what should be done based on a theoretical principle; it starts with a theory and deduces specific policies from this. While positive accounting looks at past data, normative works with events in the future.
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But positive and negative do not represent the quality of the factor being added or removed. That factor can be pleasant or unpleasant. For instance, positive can be adding something unpleasant resulting in unpleasant feelings, while negative can be removing something unpleasant resulting in pleasant feelings.
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Ethics are beliefs about right and wrong, which are arbitrary so cannot be proved. Ethics are the controlling beliefs of an understanding, and science is the tools of an understanding. The difference between science and ethics can be more easily understood by the difference between ethics and morals.
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Whereas human-made law regards law from the position of its origins (i.e. who it was that posited it), positive law regards law from the position of its legitimacy. Positive law is law by the will of whoever made it, and thus there can equally be divine positive law as there is man-made positive law.
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Progressive discipline is a style that adds increasing punitive measures for bad behavior. ... On the other hand, positive discipline is more flexible and focuses on mentoring, individual responsibility, and problem-solving.
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Social norms are standards, rules, guides and expectations for actual behaviour, whereas values are abstract conceptions of what is important and worthwhile. ... In brief, values are ends while norms are means to achieve these ends. Sometimes, the values and norms of a society conflict with each other.
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The major difference between the two theories are that classical school is mainly based on free will and suggests that crime as a choice, whereas positivism criminology argues that crime is not a choice.
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Humanistic and positive psychology both focus on similar concerns, but have differences regarding methodology and epistemology. In terms of methodology, humanistic psychologists tend to prefer qualitative over quantitative approaches, whereas positive psychologists tend to hold the opposite preference.
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"Normal" refers to that which conforms to norms, so while norms are the rules that guide our behavior, normal is the act of abiding by them. "Normative," however, refers to what we perceive as normal, or what we think should be normal, regardless of whether it actually is.