what is horizontal distribution of power sharing?
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In democracy, power is shared among different organs of government i.e. legislature, executive and judiciary. This is known as horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers.
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In a horizontal power-sharing arrangement the government organs placed at the same level to exercise varied powers. As against, in a vertical power-sharing arrangement the constitution describes the powers of different levels of the government.
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Decentralization means dispersal of powers and authorities by the top level to the functional level management. Centralization is the systematic and consistent concentration of authority at central points. Unlike, decentralization is the systematic delegation of authority in an organization.
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As its name implies, decentralized systems don't have one central owner. Instead, they use multiple central owners, each of which usually stores a copy of the resources users can access. A decentralized system can be just as vulnerable to crashes as a centralized one. However, it is by design more tolerant to faults.
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One of the central criticisms of the World Bank and IMF relates to the political power imbalances in their governance structures where, as a result of voting shares being based principally on the size and 'openness' of countries' economies, poorer countries – often those receiving loans from the BWIs – are structurally ...
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Horizontal: Horizontal integration (also known as lateral integration) simply means a strategy to increase your market share by taking over a similar company. This take over / merger / buyout can be done in the same geography or probably in other countries to increase your reach.
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The U.S. Constitution achieved limited government through a separation of powers: "horizontal" separation of powers distributed power among branches of government (the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary, each of which provide a check on the powers of the other); "vertical" separation of powers (federalism) ...
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['coercive power…it is also called hard power. It controls everyone in the system.', 'Bargaining power…it is also called soft power. It coordinates everyone in the system.', 'Concerted power…also called smart power. ... ', 'Institutionalized power…also called bottom up or participatory power.']
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There are two major types of oligarchies today. The first, theocracy, gives legal power to holy officials and laws are based religious doctrines.
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position along the centralization/decentralization continuum. Nike's managementcontrol system. ... is deleguled, the greater lite decentralization.
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In social psychology, distributive justice is defined as perceived fairness of how rewards and costs are shared by (distributed across) group members. For example, when some workers work more hours but receive the same pay, group members may feel that distributive justice has not occurred.
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Horizontal communication, also called lateral communication, involves the flow of messages between individuals and groups on the same level of an organization. Horizontal communication does not involve relaying information up or down across levels.
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In centralized organizations, primary decisions are made by the person or persons at the top of the organization. Decentralized organizations delegate decision-making authority throughout the organization.
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Global inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources among individuals and groups based on their position in the social hierarchy. Classic sociologist Max Weber analyzed three dimensions of stratification: class, status, and party.
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Horizontal and Diagonal Communication Flows Horizontal communication involves the exchange of information across departments at the same level in an organization (i.e., peer-to-peer communication). ... Diagonal communication is cross-functional communication between employees at different levels of the organization.
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3 Answers. 'Democracy' means giving every citizen the right and power to make the decisions through their elected representatives. Power sharing is dividing power among various social groups to give them equal representation in the governance.
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Centralization of authority means the power of planning and decision making are exclusively in the hands of top management. ... On the other hand, Decentralization refers to the dissemination of powers by the top management to the middle or low-level management.