what is the difference between cardiac output and cardiac index?
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The cardiac index is an assessment of the cardiac output value based on the patient's size. To find the cardiac index, divide the cardiac output by the person's body surface area (BSA).
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This equation tells us that the cardiac output equals the heart rate (HR), which is the number of heartbeats per minute, times the stroke volume (SV), which is the volume of blood pumped by the ventricles with each heartbeat. If your body needs more blood, then your heart will increase the cardiac output.
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In summary, any increases in cardiac output (HR and/or SV), blood viscosity or total peripheral resistance will result in increases in BP.
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A person's cardiac output is maximal in the early 20s and tends to decline later in life. The changes throughout life are probably secondary to changes in the body's metabolic rate, unless the heart is severely weakened by disease. In healthy individuals, metabolic rate and cardiac output are closely correlated.
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Ejection Fraction (EF) 40% to 54% Pumping Ability of the Heart: Slightly below normal. Level of Heart Failure/Effect on Pumping: Less blood is available so less blood is ejected from the ventricles. There is a lower-than-normal amount of oxygen-rich blood available to the rest of the body. You may not have symptoms.
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The main function of heart is to pump and deliver blood which is used by tissues. Cardiac output (Q) is the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is the product of blood pumped by each heart beat (stroke volume or SV) and the number of beats (heart rate).
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The top number is the maximum pressure your heart exerts while beating (systolic pressure), and the bottom number is the amount of pressure in your arteries between beats (diastolic pressure).
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Your blood pressure is the force of blood flowing against the walls of your arteries while your heart rate (also called pulse) is the number of times your heart beats every minute. Blood pressure is taken using a special cuff that goes around the arm. It's usually measured in two numbers.
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Blood Pressure (BP) a measure of the pressure exerted by the blood as it flows through the arteries, indicates cardiac output, measures: systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, and pulse pressure,, measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and recorded as a fraction, average 120/80.
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As cardiac output increases, the heart rate at rest speeds up from a normal prepregnancy rate of about 70 beats per minute to 80 or 90 beats per minute. During exercise, cardiac output and heart rate increase more when a woman is pregnant than when she is not.
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Systemic arterial dilation reduces afterload, which can enhance cardiac output while at the same time reducing ventricular wall stress and oxygen demand. At high concentrations, excessive systemic vasodilation may lead to hypotension and a baroreceptor reflex that produces tachycardia.
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Vo2 (volume of oxygen consumed during maximal aerobic exercise) is defined by the Fick equation (Vo2 = cardiac output × arteriovenous oxygen difference). Vo2max is expressed as either mL of O2 consumed × kg−1 body weight × min−1 or L of O2 consumed × min−1.
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Changes in blood volume affect arterial pressure by changing cardiac output. An increase in blood volume increases central venous pressure. This increases right atrial pressure, right ventricular end-diastolic pressure and volume.
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The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure is called the pulse pressure. The measurement of these pressures is now usually done with an aneroid or electronic sphygmomanometer. The classic measurement device is a mercury sphygmomanometer, using a column of mercury measured off in millimeters.
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The difference between maximum and resting CO is known as the cardiac reserve. It measures the residual capacity of the heart to pump blood.
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Correlation Between Heart Rates and Cardiac Output During exercise, the rate of blood returning to the heart increases. However as the HR rises, there is less time spent in diastole and consequently less time for the ventricles to fill with blood. Even though there is less filling time, SV will initially remain high.
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Pulse is a direct measure of how frequently the heart beats – also known as the heart rate. Blood pressure is a measure of how much pressure is exerted against the walls of a blood vessel (most typically an artery).