what are the major characteristics of public policy making?
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Public policy is said to be a combination of laws, regulations, actions, policies and a lot of other factors concerning a given topic. Such public policies of a nation are shaped over time by education, advocacy groups, influences of lobbyists, and conflicting interests of special interest groups.
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They have four defining characteristics. They exist for reasons of policy; they provide services to the public; they are redistributive; and they act as a trust. They consequently operate differently from production for profit, in their priorities, costs, capacity and outputs.
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['Personnel.', 'Constituents.', 'Space and facilities.', 'Skills and expertise.', 'Networks.', 'Materials and equipment.', 'Economic power.']
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['Population:', 'Territory:', 'Government:', 'Sovereignty:', 'State is the Natural Institution:', 'State is a Social Necessity:', 'Economic Necessity of State:', 'State secures Peace, Security and Welfare of all in Society:']
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Foreign policy of any country is shaped of multiple internal and external factors. The major internal factors that influence the foreign policy are geographical factors, culture and history, economic factors, technology, national capability, leadership, political accountability, bureau of press and bureaucracy.
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2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION The features of Comparative Public Administration are: (i) It has general outlook like behavioural approach; (ii) It applies interdisciplinary techniques in its analysis; (iii) It is oriented towards empirical approaches and (iv) Comparative public administration ...
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['Knowledge and innovation:', 'Social, political and economic context:', 'Legal framework:', 'Specific events, especially traumatic events that demand a political response. ... ', 'Institutional influences:', 'External influences:']
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['Experience in government or high military rank. Government experienced.', 'Ability to raise large amounts of money. raise lots of money.', 'Political beliefs- be a fit for a major party. beliefs.', 'Personal characteristics- mental stability. ... ', 'Skill in debating and in fielding leading questions from reporters.']
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The characteristics of a state are that it must have sovereignty, an established government, clearly defined borders, and a permanent population.
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['Great responsibility. ... ', 'Accountability. ... ', 'Based on specialized, theoretical knowledge. ... ', 'Institutional preparation. ... ', 'Autonomy. ... ', 'Clients rather than customers. ... ', 'Direct working relationships. ... ', 'Ethical constraints.']
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['Instability, such as conflict between nations.', 'Implementation, such as ensuring programmes fit the local context.', 'Governance, such as political will to transform development programmes into sustainable long-term practices.']
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Regionalism Characteristics One of the main characteristics of regionalism is its strong local identity and a loyalty to the region. Regionalist politicians and many residents feel pride in the local culture and its people. Politicians try to exploit that identity to gain supporters for their proposals.
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['Organizational (or Master) Policy.', 'System-specific Policy.', 'Issue-specific Policy.']
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['They are accountable for achieving specific common goals.', 'They function interdependently.', 'They are stable.', 'They have authority.', 'They operate in a social context.']
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['Endorsed – The policy has the support of management.', 'Relevant - The policy is applicable to the organization.', 'Realistic – The policy makes sense.', 'Attainable – The policy can be successfully implemented.', 'Adaptable – The policy can accommodate change.']
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Policy communities vs. The network links are generally perceived as the relational ties between bureaucrats, politicians and interest groups. The main characteristic of policy communities – compared to issue networks – is that the boundaries of the networks are more stable and more clearly defined.
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When scientists think about population dynamics, they consider four major characteristics. These characteristics include population size, population density, population spacing, and age structure.