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# NATURE OF SONOLUMINESCENCE: NOBLE GAS RADIATION EXCITED BY HOT ELECTRONS IN ”COLD” WATER

## I Introduction

Sonoluminescence refers to the phenomenon of light emission during acoustic radiation of a liquid and is associated with cavitation bubbles present in the liquid. The most controllable and promising experimental data were obtained for single bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL): picosecond UV radiation of a single bubble pulsating in the field of the sound wave .

Though the case of a single pulsating bubble is, of course, much simpler than cavitation in general, it turns out that the SBSL is a very complex phenomenon which still remains not completely understood. There is a vast literature devoted to SBSL that was recently reviewed in Ref.. Interest in this phenomenon is stimulated, on the one hand, by the fact that in relatively simple and controllable experiments extraordinary conditions (ultra-high pressures, temperatures, and ultra-short light flashes) are realized at the final stage of the bubble collapse; on the other hand, it looks promising to use the SBSL to construct a source of ultraviolet ultra-short flashes that is much cheaper than lasers.

The highly involved hydrodynamics of bubble collapse has been addressed in many papers that are reviewed in Ref. . One of the most important problems to explain here is the very existence of stable pulsation of bubbles. Recently a theory has been developed  which explains this regime in terms of the dissolved gas diffusion and chemical reactions in the gas within the bubble. It has been shown that an accumulation of noble gas in the bubble takes place during pulsation of the bubble and that in a stable situation the gas in the bubble consists, almost entirely, of noble gas and, of course, of water vapor. These theoretical conclusions were supported by the experimental data of Ref..

Another key problem in SBSL is the mechanism of the light emission. Many mechanisms have been proposed, criticized, and reviewed to explain UV flashes radiated by the collapsing bubble . The most popular of the suggested mechanisms are the adiabatic heating of the bubble gas , shock wave-Bremsstrahlung model , and, recently proposed proton-tunneling radiation as a result of a phase transition in water at ultra-high pressure . A general feature of these mechanisms is that extraordinary conditions are needed which can only be realized, if at all, at a very small bubble radius when the density of the bubble gas is close to the water density and both the hydrodynamics of the bubble and the properties of the bubble content and the neighboring liquid are not known from experiment but inferred from numerical simulations.

In this paper we show that the main characteristic features of SBSL can be explained even without making any assumptions about the extraordinary conditions. We are far from saying that these extraordinary conditions are not present in experiments. What we mean is that there is another mechanism of the SBSL which occurs in water near the bubble surface but not in the bubble gas as has been assumed in the most popular models of SBSL . Extraordinary conditions are not necessary for the operation of this mechanism even though it may well be the main cause of UV radiation. The mechanism under consideration is based on the idea put forward in Ref. that SBSL occurs because of electric breakdown in strong electric fields arising near the bubble surface as a result of flexoelectric effect, that is the effect of polarization of water because of gradients of pressure . Here we present a scenario and estimations that show that within the hypothesis the main features of SBSL can be explained using relatively moderate parameters, e.g., temperatures (5$`÷`$10)103K for the bubble gas , and the natural (expected) value of the flexoelectric coefficient of water .

Let us mention that Ref. has left many questions to answer. The origin of the optical radiation of the bubble remaines unexplained. The problem is that in the visible region pure water has very low levels of absorbtion and radiation due to interband optical transition . Moreover the breakdown scenario is far from being clear. The mechanism of the breakdown in water (see, e.g.,) involves ”lucky electrons” whose acceleration in the electric field leads to development of an avalanche. At ambient temperature the concentration of free electrons in water is quite negligible (the band gap is about 6.5 eV ) and it is impossible to find a ”lucky electron” in a small volume near the bubble surface, i.e. in the region of high electric field, during the short time of the existence of this field. The spectacular synchronization of the emission pulses  that in the case of breakdown appears, at least at first sight, to be hardly compatible with the fact that we are dealing with a probabilistic situation. In addition, the reference to the Penning effect to explain the role of the noble gases is not convincing because the ionization energy of the metastable state is more than the band gap of water as distinct from the case of breakdown in gases where the Penning effect is pronounced.

In this paper we consider in more detail possible processes associated with the electric field arising from the flexoelectric effect near a bubble exhibiting SBSL. A common difficulty with theories of SBSL is that little is known about the parameters of gas in the bubble when the bubble radius is near its minimum value. Consensus exists about one point: it is far from being a gas, because the lowest limit of the radius is governed by the van der Waals repulsion and the minimum volume of the bubble is close to the van der Waals hard core volume. The equations of state used for these conditions are not reliable at present. This is a challenging and fundamental problem but it is beyond the scope of this paper. What is now possible is to make order-of-magnitude estimations. That is why we shall first explain what values of relevant parameters are necessary for our scenario to be operative and then discuss whether our assumptions about these parameters are realistic. We include the value of the flexoelectric coefficient of water among these parameters as well. This coefficient has not been measured, unfortunately, and we use its estimated ”natural” value but, from the other hand, the knowledge of its precise value would hardly be of decisive importance because the bubble gas parameters are not known precisely.

Let us describe shortly the proposed scenario. At certain short time interval, $`\tau _c1`$ns, when the bubble radius is near its minimum, the acceleration of the radius and, therefore, the pressure gradient, assume gigantic values  and the sign of the pressure gradient is such as to create a strong (depolarizing) electric field directed to the centre of the bubble in a thin water layer, $`1\mu m`$, near the bubble surface, because of the flexoelctric effect. What happens then is, in effect, screening of this depolarizing field by free electrons. Indeed, during the same time interval the temperature of the gas sharply increases up to at least several thousand K, which owing to thermal excitation of the bubble gas and water in a thin layer near the bubble surface makes the concentration of free electrons appreciable. The free electrons are accelerated by the strong ”flexoelectric” field up to energies sufficient to generate additional free electrons as a result of the electric breakdown of water. The hot electrons also collide with noble gas atoms dissolved in water and transfer them to higher energy excited states. Optical transitions from these states produce light radiation with a broad spectrum whose shape is determined mainly by the energy distribution of the hot electrons. The latter has the form of a Maxwell distribution with an effective electron temperature which can be very high. This is due to the fact that the noble gas atoms have a huge number of excited states with very high probabilities of optical transitions between them (see, e.g., ). Since the radiation occurs in the region of very strong and inhomogeneous electric fields the observed radiation spectrum is featureless. The characteristic time of the electric breakdown is much less than the characteristic time for the last stage of the collapse $`\tau _c`$, i.e. the polarization can continue to change after the first breakdown and the electric field can reach the breakdown threshold value more than once. As a result, several breakdowns can take place during the time interval $`\tau _c`$. During each breakdown the noble gas atoms are excited. An important specific feature of the noble gas atoms is the existence of long-living (metastable) excited states with a life time of up to several milliseconds (see, e.g., ). Therefore, once excited the noble gas atom can remain in the metastable state for the entire time interval $`\tau _c1`$ns, and, possibly, for many periods of the acoustic wave (the period is about $`30\mu `$s). That means that in the stationary state the longer is the pulse the more is its intensity.

The paper is organized as follows. In Sec.2 we discuss the flexoelectric effect in water in more detail than in  and consider the sign of the flexoelectric field, which is crucial for the proposed scenario, at different stages of the bubble collapse. The scenario of SBSL is presented in Sec.3 where the values of relevant parameters necessary for realizing the scenario are estimated. In Sec.4 we discuss the energy distribution functions of hot electrons and the breakdown conditions in strong flexoelectric fields as well as the spectrum of SBSL. In Conclusions we summarize the results of our theory, discuss their relation to the experimental data, speculate about some possible modifications of the scenario and point out some problems to solve.

## II Flexoelectric effect and electric field near the bubble

We have already mentioned that the proposed mechanism of SBSL is based on the flexoelectric effect, namely the appearance of a polarization (electric field) due to gradient of density (pressure). This effect is not widely known and it was discussed in  but shortly. Besides, the flexoelectric coeficients are still not determined experimentally. That is why we think it is worthwhile considering in more detail the appearance of electric field due to flexoelectric effect .

The flexoelectric effect is a particular case of a more general phenomenon: appearance of electrical polarization, $`𝐏,`$as a result of gradient of some scalar quantity, e.g., temperature, concentration of a component, mass density, $`\rho `$. This effect should take place in any substance . As usual, the material equation can be written in several forms. In particular, considering polarization as a function of dilatation, $`u=\mathrm{\Delta }\rho /\rho `$, and the electric field, $`𝐄`$, one has for an isotropic medium

$$𝐏=\alpha u+\epsilon _0\chi 𝐄,$$
(1)
where $`\chi `$ is the electric susceptibility and $`\alpha `$ is one of the flexoelectric coefficients. We shall be interested in the case of spherical symmetry and the absence of free charges. In this case $`𝐃=\epsilon _0𝐄+𝐏=0.`$ Then from Eq.1 it follows that

$$𝐄=\frac{\alpha }{\epsilon \epsilon _0}u=\frac{\alpha \beta }{\epsilon \epsilon _0}pfp,$$
(2)
since $`u=\beta p`$, where $`p`$ is the (excess) pressure, $`\beta `$ is the compressibility.

To estimate the flexoelectric coefficients it is convenient to consider separately two main mechanisms of polarization: charge displacement and dipole ordering. We shall see that in both cases the coefficient of proportionality between polarization and gradient of pressure, $`f`$, has the same characteristic value.

The charge displacement polarization is realized, e.g., in ionic crystals. When a gradient of dilatation takes place there are less and more compressed regions in each unit cell. The ions of larger radius tend to displace to the less compressed region while ions of less radius displace into the opposite direction. Since cations and anions usually have different radii their displacements produce polarization. The coefficient $`\alpha `$ can be estimated as follows . The maximum (”atomic”) gradient of dilatation is equal to $`1/d,`$ where $`d`$ is the interatomic distance.This gradient has to produce ”atomic” polarization $`P_{at}e/d^2`$, where $`e`$ is the electron charge, when the electric field is absent (compensated by some charges), i.e. $`\alpha _{ion}e/d`$ . Then from Eq.2 it follows that

$$f\frac{\alpha _{ion}\beta }{\epsilon \epsilon _0}\frac{e\beta }{d\epsilon _0}$$
(3)
where we have taken into account that $`\epsilon 1`$ for ionic crystals.

We shall argue that the same estimation is aplicable for materials with dipole ordering. The dipole ordering polarization in the absence of an external electric field but under a gradient of pressure arises because of geometric asymmetry of the molecular dipoles. For example, the geometric shape of water molecule is highly asymmetric: the negatively charged end is much more compact than the positive one: the negative charge is concentrated in the oxygen ion (O) while the positive charge is shared by two hydrogen ions (H+) located fairly far from each other. Under a pressure gradient a water molecule tries to orient itself in such a way that the oxygen ion would be located in the region of higher density while the hydrogens would be located in the region of lesser density. In other words, a gradient of pressure leads to orientation of the water molecular dipoles. It is well known that polarization due to dipole ordering is much more effective than polarization due to charge displacements. This is reflected in the fact that dielectric constants of dipolar materials are, normally, much larger than of non-polar materials. For the same reason it is natural to estimate $`\alpha _{dip}\epsilon \alpha _{ion}`$. Then from Eq.2 it follows that for water

$$f\frac{\alpha _{dip}\beta }{\epsilon \epsilon _0}\frac{e\beta }{d\epsilon _0}10^7\frac{Vm^2}{N},$$
(4)
where we have taken into accout that for water $`\beta 510^{10}\frac{m^2}{N},`$ $`d10^{10}m`$.

For what follows the sign of the flexoelectric coefficients is of importance. As it has been mentioned above the negative tip of the water molecule, the oxygen ion, tends to be located in the region of higher pressure. This means that the polarization vector is directed opposite to the gradient of pressure, i.e., the flexoelectric coefficient $`\alpha `$ is negative and the coefficient $`f`$ is positive.

Let us mention that we rather underestimated the flexoelectric coefficient of water than overestimated. Indeed, what we call $`\alpha _{ion}`$ is replaced, in fact, by $`\alpha _{at}`$ defining an ”atomic” flexoelectric coefficient that is of the same order of magnitude for all substances, i.e. it does not take into account specific features of the substance in question. It is natural to expect that a substance consisting of molecules whose electric asymmetry (existence of a dipolar moment) is accompanied by a pronounced geometric asymmetry (as it is for water) will exhibit a stronger flexoelectric effect than that estimated above. However, while this coefficient is not measured (reliable calculations seem much more problematic than measurements) we shall assume the value given by Eq.4. On the contrary, the conclusion reached about the sign of the coefficient $`f`$, which is crucial for the mechanism discussed in this paper, seems much more definite.

Above we have neglected the conductivity of water. This may seem questionable because the Debye radius of the electric field screening in water is comparable with the characteristic size of the strong field region ($`1\mu `$m). However, this neglection is justified because, as a rule, the dielectric relaxation time, $`\tau _D,`$ is much greater than $`\tau _c1`$ns, which is the maximal characteristic time of the polarization change in our case. Increasing the ionic conductivity of water by adding, for example, NaCl, one can, according to our estimations, decrease $`\tau _D`$ down to 0.1ns. In such an electrolyte the mechanism of SBSL discussed in this paper might be less effective.

## III The scenario: estimation of the main parameters

The dynamics of bubble cavitation have been studied in many papers . Here we will only discuss the short time interval when the bubble radius $`R`$ is close to its minimum value $`R_c`$ (Fig.1a). Fig.1a reflects the most essential features of Fig.4 of Ref. and Fig.12 of Ref. where experimental results were presented. Within this interval the velocity of the bubble surface $`v=dR/dt`$ reaches its maximum and reaches zero at the point $`R=R_c`$ (Fig.1b) and the acceleration $`a=d^2R/dt^2`$ reverses its sign and can achieve huge values (Fig.1c). During the negative acceleration period ($`tt_1`$, see Fig. 1c) the gradient of pressure $`p=\rho a`$ is directed from the bubble center to its periphery, thus according to Eq.4 the flexoelectric depolarizing field has the same direction (Fig.1d). That means that free electrons that could be generated in the gas or in water near the bubble surface cannot be accelerated. During the positive acceleration period ($`t_1<t<t_2`$, see Fig. 1e) the situation is opposite: the arising flexoelectric field is directed to the bubble center and the generated electrons can be accelerated by the field and produce a breakdown (Fig. 1e). According to experimental data  for a bright SBSL the characteristic value of the acceleration is about (10$`{}_{}{}^{11}÷`$ $`10^{13})`$ m/s2 during an interval, $`\tau _c=t_2t_1`$ 1ns , so the pressure gradient $`p=\rho a`$ can reach (10$`{}_{}{}^{14}÷`$10$`{}_{}{}^{16})`$N/m3. Note that the gradient of pressure decays with distance from the bubble surface . For purpose of estimations one can consider water as incompressible liquid where $`p=(p_s)R^2/r^2`$ where $`p_s`$ is the gradient of pressure at the bubble surface. The same estimation for the gradient of pressure can be obtained if we take into account that the pressure is about (10$`{}_{}{}^{6}÷`$108) N/m2 at the final stage of the bubble collapse and the extension of the high pressure region is about 1$`\mu `$m .

It follows from Eqs.4 and 2 that for $`p`$=(10$`{}_{}{}^{14}÷`$10$`{}_{}{}^{16})`$N/m3 the value of the flexoelectric field, $`E_{\text{ ,}}`$ can reach (10$`{}_{}{}^{7}÷`$ 10$`{}_{}{}^{9})`$V/m. According to Eq.4 the electric field decays just as the gradient of pressure, i.e., the flexoelectric field in water is given by the formula $`EE_sR^2/r^2`$ where $`E_s`$ is the field at the bubble surface, i.e. the radial extension of the strong field region is about 1$`\mu `$m. The field $`E_\text{ }`$ can essentially exceed the threshold field of dynamic electric breakdown of water $`E_{th}`$ which is about (1$`÷`$3)$``$108V/m. It does not mean, however, that electric breakdown will occur: a ”lucky electron” which capable of provoking an avalanche is needed. A similar situation takes place with the laser breakdown . At the same time the conduction electron concentration, $`n,`$ in water at room temperature is practically zero ($`n10^{90}`$cm-3): water could be considered as a wide gap amorphous semiconductor with $`E_g6.5`$eV .

The breakdown starts only the moment when the strong flexoelectric field is directed to the bubble center (Fig. 1f) and conduction electrons appear because of the sharp increase of temperature near the bubble surface . The latter takes place when the bubble radius $`RR_s`$ which is close to $`R_c`$(0.5$`÷`$1)$`\mu `$. At this moment the flexoelectric field $`E_f`$ may be much more greater than $`E_{th}`$ so the coefficient of avalanche multiplication of an electron can be practically infinite and in this case just several electrons are enough to provoke the breakdown and to screen the field.

Let us show that even relatively moderate temperatures near the bubble surface (which seem to be generally acceptable for the regimes without the shock waves) are quite sufficient to provide a sufficient number of conduction electrons to ensure the breakdown. As in Ref.  we assume that the gas has the temperature of 7000K. That means that the water layer with a thickness of the thermal penetration length, $`\delta _T`$, has a temperature of about 3000K. For $`\delta _T`$ one has:

$$\delta _T=(\frac{2\kappa }{\rho c}t)^{1/2}$$
(5)
where $`\kappa `$, the thermal conductivity of water is about 0.4 J/m s K; $`c`$, the specific heat, is about 4$`10^3`$ J/m3 K; $`\rho `$, the density, is 103kg/m3. Bearing in mind that the characteristic time for the last stage of the collapse is $`\tau _c`$1ns , one finds that the thermal penetration length is $`\delta _T0.1\mu `$m. Following  we will consider water as an amorphous semiconductor with a band gap $`E_g6.5`$eV and an effective density of states $`N^{}`$ $`10^{21}`$ for $`T3000`$K. The equilibrium concentration of conduction electrons in water at $`T3000`$K is $`n=N^{}\mathrm{exp}(E_g/2kT)310^{15}`$cm-3. Taking into account that the volume of the hot surface layer is approximately $`V10^{12}÷10^{13}`$cm3 we find that the equilibrium number of conduction electrons in the layer is $`N>300÷3000.`$ It is important also to find the time needed for the equilibrium concentration of electrons to be established. The thermal ionization frequency (see, e.g., ) is

$$\nu _T=(N^{}\sigma v_T)\mathrm{exp}(E_g/2kT),$$
(6)
where $`\sigma `$ is the cross-section of the free carrier recombination, $`v_T`$ is the thermal velocity of conduction electrons in water. Taking into account that a reasonable value of $`\sigma `$ is about 10-15cm-2 and $`v_T10^7`$cm/s we find from Eq.6 that for $`T>3000`$K the transient time to the equilibrium $`\tau _T=\nu _T^110^8`$s. From that follows that during the characteristic time for the last stage of the bubble collapse $`\tau _c`$1ns the number of conduction electrons in the layer, $`N,`$ exceeds $`30÷300`$ electrons, which is quite enough to provoke breakdown.

Note that a similar number of free electrons can be generated by thermal ionization of the gas. Indeed, the assumed gas temperature (7000K) is about two times larger and the ionization energy both of the water vapor and Ar, Kr, Xe is about 12$`÷`$16eV, i.e. also about two times larger than $`E_g`$. Authors of many works (see  and the references therein) state that much higher temperatures can be reached because of shock waves forming in the bubble gas during the collapse. In principle, one can imagine a situation where high temperatures are not reached (and free electrons are not generated) before the shock waves are formed. In this case the shock wave, when it explodes, will start the electric breakdown.

As a result of breakdown the depolarizing flexoelectric field becomes screened. The total transmitted charge in the process of the screening is

$$Q_t=PS=4\pi R_s^2\epsilon _0E_s$$
(7)
where we have taken into account that in our case $`D=P+\epsilon _0E=0`$, i.e., $`P=\epsilon _0E`$. Assuming $`R_s1\mu `$m and $`E_s=(10^8÷10^9)`$ V/m we find that the maximum total number of transmitted electrons is $`N_t=Q_t/e(10^5÷10^6)`$.

Note that for considered electric fields the time of the screening (breakdown), $`\tau _s`$, is determined by the time it takes for the conduction electrons to cross the region of the strong electric field whose size is $`lR_s`$. Thus $`\tau _s=l/v_d`$ where $`v_d`$ is the electron drift velocity which in strong electric fields saturates at some value $`v_d10^5`$m/s (see Sec.4) . Assuming $`l1\mu `$m we find $`\tau _s10`$ps. Note that the value of $`\tau _s`$ is less than the observed SBSL pulse width .

The whole period of positive acceleration, $`\tau _c`$, (see Sec.3) is about two orders of magnitude larger than $`\tau _b.`$ Therefore, after the breakdown is finished and the depolarization field is screened the polarization continues to change, because of change in acceleration. The electric field arises once more and can exceed the breakdown threshold. As a result a new breakdown will take place. Such a situation can be repeated several times. Effectively, it manifests itself in an increase of the pulse duration which may achieve a fraction of a nanosecond. Therefore, within our scenario the greater is the pulse duration the greater is its energy. Analogous interrelation is observed in experiment. .

## IV Energy Distribution of Hot Electrons in the Electric Field and Spectrum of the Sonoluminescence

We have already mentioned that the electric fields under consideration are very strong, inhomogeneous and change over time. However, the characteristic space and time scales of the field change are correspondingly $`l1\mu `$m and $`\tau _c1`$ns and they are much more than the relaxation length $`\lambda `$ and relaxation time $`\tau _\epsilon `$ of the hot electron energy which are respectively about $`(10÷100)\AA `$ and $`10^{13}`$s. . Therefore one can consider the local electron energy distribution function using well known results for homogeneous static electric fields .

The considered electric fields are superstrong, i.e. the following condition is valid:

$$qE\lambda h\omega _{ph}\epsilon _{ph},$$
(8)
where $`ϵ_{ph}`$ is the characteristic energy of local oscillations in water which is practically equal to the energy of optical phonons in ice, $`ϵ_{ph}(80÷100)`$meV . Using $`\lambda `$ $`(10÷100)\AA `$ one sees that the condition 8 is satisfied for fields $`E>10^7`$V/m. The condition 8 means that in these fields an electron acquires, on average, an energy $`qE\lambda `$ which is much more than $`ϵ_{ph}`$. Since in the process of the acceleration an electron generates many phonons the electron energy distribution is nearly isotropic in the momentum space. Specifically, in this case the energy distribution of hot conduction electrons is approximated with high accuracy, up to energies of electrical breakdown $`ϵ=E_g`$, by the Maxwell function :

$$f(ϵ)\mathrm{exp}(\frac{ϵ}{kT_e})$$
(9)
with an effective electron temperature $`T_e`$ which is determined by the balance equations for energy and momentum of the hot electrons

$$\frac{dϵ}{dt}=eEv_d\frac{ϵ_{ph}v_T}{\lambda }=0,$$
(10)
$$\frac{dp}{dt}=eEm_ev_d\frac{v_T}{\lambda }=0.$$
(11)
where $`v_T`$ is the effective thermal velocity of electrons. Since for the Maxwell distribution

$$\frac{3}{2}kT_e=\frac{1}{2}m_ev_T^2,$$
(12)
from Eqs.10, 11 and 12 it follows that

$$v_d=\sqrt{\epsilon _{ph}/m_e}$$
(13)
and

$$kT_e=(eE\lambda )^2/3\epsilon _{ph.}$$
(14)
From Eqs 12 and 13 as well from Eq. 8 one sees that $`v_T/v_{dr}=\sqrt{kT_e/\epsilon _{ph}}=qE\lambda /\epsilon _{ph}>>1.`$ This is precisely the condition of validity for the thermalization of the hot electrons and use of the Maxwell distribution.

Conduction electrons in water form polarons which are conventionally called hydrated electrons . However, in the strong electric field the polaron states decay and the current carriers are the usual conduction electrons. For purpose of estimation we assume that their effective mass $`m_e`$ is close to that of free electrons $`m_0`$. Then from Eq.13 it follows that $`v_d10^5`$m/s for $`ϵ_{ph}100`$meV. It has already been mentioned that the electric fields under consideration are $`E(10^8÷10^9)`$V/m. It follows from Eq.14 that for such fields $`kT_e(1÷10)`$eV, i.e., $`T_e(10^4÷10^5)`$K for $`\lambda (10÷100)\AA `$ . One sees that the electron temperatures can be several orders higher than the gas temperature in the bubble. Recall that for our scenario (see Sec.3) it sufficient that the gas temperature be about 7000K.

Now we will discuss the role of noble gases dissolved in water. An important feature of an noble gas atom is the existence of metastable states. The life time of the metastable states can reach several milliseconds when the noble gas atoms are impurities in solids (see, e.g., ). Since the nearest order in water is essentially the same as in solids it would be natural to expect that the life-time of the metastable states for the noble gas atoms in water is not less than $`1`$ns . Hot electrons not only generate new conduction electrons (the breakdown avalanche) but also excite the noble gas atoms into metastable states. Below we will estimate from the experimental data that the characteristic value of $`kT_e(2÷5)`$eV. However, a considerable number of electrons may have energies about 10eV and can excite the noble gas atoms.

Note that the energies necessary for excitation to the metastable states, $`\epsilon _m`$, for Xe, Kr, Ar, Ne, He are about 10eV and increase monotonically from Xe to He. In other words, it is much easier to excite Xe, Kr and Ar than Ne and He. This could be the reason for the increase in SBSL intensity in the series He-Xe, which has been observed experimentally .

As we have mentioned above, the life-time of the metastable states of noble gas atoms in water is expected to be fairly long. Thus, once excited a noble gas atom can remain in a metastable state for the entire time interval of positive acceleration and multiple breakdowns, $`\tau _c1`$ns. The major part of electrons has the energies $`\epsilon <\epsilon _{m\text{ ,}}E_g;`$they collide with these metastable atoms and transfer them to higher excited states. The radiation transitions between high-energy excited states of noble gas atoms govern the SBSL spectrum.

Note that the life-time of the metastable states can exceed the period of the acoustic wave. In this case there will be an effect of accumulation of the noble gas atoms in metastable states resulting in the gradual build up of the SBSL power during several periods of the acoustic wave.

A specific feature of a noble gas is an abundance of excited states with energies higher than those of metastable states and with high probabilities of the radiation transitions between them. That is why the optical spectra of the noble gas atoms contain many lines . Because of the Stark effect in the strong electric field these lines are split. Besides, in the active region the strong electric field changes at least several times and the observed radiation spectrum is a superposition of the spectra of the atoms in different strong electric fields. In other words one can consider the density of the atomic excited states as a constant.

The probability of a hot electron having an energy $`\epsilon <E_g`$ is given by Eq.9 and at every collision it transfers the noble gas atom in a metastable state to a state with energy $`\epsilon `$, the reference point of energy being the energy of the metastable state (for our estimations we consider only one metastable state). The concentration of atoms excited during the time of a single electric breakdown, i.e. the screening time, $`\tau _s,`$ to energies within an interval $`d\epsilon `$ reads

$$dn_n^{}=n_n^{}(\sigma _{ex}v_Tn)\tau _s\mathrm{exp}(\frac{\epsilon }{kT_e})\frac{d\epsilon }{kT_e}$$
(15)
where $`n_n^{}`$ is the number of the noble gas atoms in the metastable state, $`\sigma _{ex}`$ is the cross section of the impact excitation of an atom from the metastable state to a state with energy $`\epsilon `$. Atoms excited to states with the energy $`\epsilon `$ generally do not go to the ground state directly but through intermediate excited states. It reasonable to assume that with a high probability they radiate phonons with energy $`h\nu \epsilon `$. So the spectral density of the SBSL radiation energy per pulse for unit volume can be written as

$$\stackrel{~}{P}(h\nu )d(h\nu )=h\nu w_rn_n^{}(\sigma _{ex}v_Tn)\tau _s\mathrm{exp}(\frac{h\nu }{kT_e})\frac{d(h\nu )}{kT_e}$$
(16)
where $`w_r`$ is the probability of the spontaneous radiation transition. Taking into account that $`w_r=\frac{4(2\pi )^4\nu ^3}{3c^3h}D^2`$ where $`D`$ is modulus of matrix element of the dipole moment of the transition  we find

$$\stackrel{~}{P}(h\nu )d(h\nu )=\frac{4(2\pi )^4D^2}{3c^3}n_n^{}(\sigma _{ex}v_Tn)\tau _s\nu ^4\mathrm{exp}(\frac{h\nu }{kT_e})\frac{d(h\nu )}{kT_e}.$$
(17)
Recall that $`T_e`$ in Eq. 17 is a function of the coordenates because $`T_eE^2`$ (see Eq.14 ). Putting, as before, $`E=fpE_sR_s^2/r^2`$ and integrating approximately Eq.17 we find the spectral power of SBSL for a single breakdown is

$$P=\stackrel{~}{P}(h\nu ,r)𝑑V=\frac{4(2\pi )^4D^2}{3c^3h}n_n^{}(\sigma _{ex}v_TN_t)\tau _s\nu ^3\mathrm{exp}(\frac{h\nu }{kT_{es}})$$
(18)
where $`kT_{es}=(eE_s\lambda )^2/3\epsilon _{ph\text{ }}`$and $`N_t`$ is, practically, the total number of electrons participating in the breakdown. Note that the approximative Eq.18 is not sensitive to the form of decay of the field, it is important only that $`E`$ decays more steeply than $`r^1`$, i.e. it is not important that for $`p`$ we use an expression for an incompressible liquid.

The observed spectra are cut off in the shortwave region because of the absorption of water. This can be taken into account by multiplying Eq.18 by exp(-$`\alpha (h\upsilon )L`$) where $`L`$ is the size of the acoustic resonator ($`L2.5`$cm ). Because of the Urbach absorption tails  the radiation maximum is located considerably below than $`h\nu E_g6.5eV`$.

It should be emphasized that the spectrum given by Eq.18 resembles the black-body spectrum but temperature is given here by the effective temperature $`T_{es}`$ of hot electrons near the bubble surface. The value of $`T_{es}`$ may be much higher than the bubble gas temperature. Experimentally observed spectra can be fitted, in the wavelength interval (200$`÷700)`$ nm, to the black-body ones with temperatures (2$`÷`$5)104K . According to Eq.14 such electron temperatures are reached at electric fields $`E_s(2÷10)10^8`$ V/m for values of $`\epsilon _{ph}0.1`$eV and $`\lambda (10÷100)`$ Å characteristic for water . As follows from Eqs.4 and $`p=\rho a`$ such fields are realized at accelerations $`a(10^{13}÷10^{14})`$ m/s$`^2.`$ Similar accelerations are reported in .

Integrating Eq.18 multiplied by exp(-$`\alpha (h\upsilon )L`$) we find an estimate of the radiation energy for a single breakdown

$$W_r=Pw_r^1exp(\alpha (h\upsilon )L)d(h\nu )(\sigma _{ex}v_TN_t)\tau _sn_n^{}h\overline{\nu }\frac{v_T}{v_d}(\sigma _{ex}R_sn_n^{})N_th\overline{\nu }$$
(19)
where $`h\overline{\nu }`$ is the characteristic photon energy which is close to the energy of the maximum of the observed spectrum, which is about ($`5÷6)eV`$ in the case of strong electric field of our interest. Recall that in Eq.19 $`\tau _sR_s/v_d`$ is the screening (breakdown) time and $`N_t4\pi R_s^2\epsilon _0E_s/e`$ is the number of transmitted electrons in the screening process (Sec. 3) and $`n_n^{}`$ is the concentration of noble gas atoms in a metastable state near the bubble surface.

As we have mentioned before it was shown in  that because of dissolved gas diffusion and chemical reactions an accumulation of noble gas in the bubble takes place while the bubble pulsates and in stationary conditions the gas in the bubble consists almost entirely of noble gas. Therefore one can assume that the concentration of the noble gas atoms, $`n_n,`$near the bubble surface is close to its saturation value. Note that this value has to be estimated for atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature rather than for the high pressures and temperatures existing at the last stage of the collapse over a very short time. This is why we assume that $`n_n`$ (10$`{}_{}{}^{18}10^{19}`$) cm-3. Now we will argue that the value of $`n_n^{}`$ can be only one order of magnitude less than $`n_n`$. Indeed, for $`kT_e(3÷5)`$ eV obtained above by fitting the SBSL spectrum to the black-body spectrum, the number of electrons having an energy higher than 10eV, $`N_h`$ may be about 1$`0^3÷10^2`$ of the total electron number $`N_t10^6`$ i.e., $`N_h`$ is about 10$`{}_{}{}^{3}÷10^4`$. Such a ”superhot” electron excites a noble gas atom to the metastable state over the time $`\tau _{ex}=(\sigma _{ex}v_Tn_n)^110^{12}`$s for $`\sigma _{ex}10^{15}`$cm$`^2,`$ $`v_T10^6`$ m/s and $`n_n`$(10$`{}_{}{}^{18}÷10^{19}`$) cm$`^3.`$ Therefore a ”superhot” electron during its participation in screening excites $`\tau _s/\tau _{ex}`$ noble gas atoms and the total number of the excited atoms is $`N_h\tau _s/\tau _{ex}10^4÷10^5`$ if one takes into account that $`\tau _s10\tau _{ex}`$ $`10^{11}`$s. The total number of the noble gas atoms in the region of the strong field ($``$1$`\mu `$m$`{}_{}{}^{3})`$ is about $`10^6÷10^7`$, i.e. the percentage of the noble gas atoms excited to the metastable state during a single breakdown can be about 10$`\%`$. Since the life time of the metastable state is much more than $`\tau _c`$ and during this time interval several breakdowns can take place (Sec.3), one may expect that the number of the noble gas atoms excited to the metastable state during the interval $`\tau _c`$ is only one order of magnitude less than the total number of these atoms i.e. $`n_n^{}`$ $``$ 1018 cm-3. If the life time of the metastable states exceeds the acoustic period ($`30\mu `$s) an accumulation of noble gas atoms in the metastable states can also occur during several acoustic periods.

Now we can estimate the total radiation energy. We have mentioned above that the maximum value of $`N_t10^6`$, $`R_s`$ 1$`\mu `$m, $`\sigma _{ex}10^{15}`$cm2 and $`v_T>>v_d`$. Taking into account that the positive acceleration period $`\tau _c1`$ns and the breakdown time $`\tau _s`$ is about 0.01ns one can assume that the number of breakdowns is not less than 10. Thus one finds from Eq.19 that the maximum photon number in the SBSL pulse can be more than 107. This value corresponds to the maximum photon number observed experimentally . Note that the radiation energy is a small part of the total energy of the flexoelectric field (see Ref).

## V Conclusions

Let us emphasize once more that within the mechanism of SBSL considered the main processes occur in water near the bubble surface unlike the most widely discussed mechanisms of SBSL . Within the framework of this mechanism many experimental data about the SBSL can be explained quite naturally. Of course, since the parameters of the collapsing bubble are not reliably known when the bubble radius is close to its minimum value we can present no more than order-of-magnitude estimations.

Let us summarize the main results.

(i). The minimum duration of the SBSL flash is determined by the single breakdown (screening) time, $`\tau _s10`$ps. A larger time is possible because of the multiplicity of breakdowns. The maximum duration is limited by $`\tau _c1`$ns. The longer is the duration the greater is the energy of the flash. This is in agreement with experiments where it was found that the pulse duration changes from 30ps to 400ps when its energy increases .

(ii). According to our estimations the maximum energy of the flash corresponds to $`10^7÷10^8`$ photons with energy $`(5÷6)`$eV, which also agrees with the experiment .

(iii). Within our scenario the noble gas atoms play an important role. They do not reduce so much the breakdown threshold as they govern the radiation process. Abundance of optical transitions in these atoms and inhomogeneous broadening because of the Stark effect explain the practically continuous character of the SBSL spectrum.

(iv). In agreement with the experiment  the theoretical spectrum of the SBSL resembles the black-body spectrum but the temperature is given here by the effective temperature of the hot electrons which can be about several eV, what corresponds to the observed apparent radiation temperature . At the same time the gas temperature is not directly related to the radiation temperature and can be considerably less than 1eV.

(v). The increase of influence on SBSL intensity in the noble gas series He-Xe observed in the experiment  is connected with the decrease, in this series, of the energy of the lowest metastable state.

(vi). The pulse width does not depend on the spectral range of the radiated photons. This also agrees with experiment .

(vii). The effect of synchronization of the light pulses observed experimentally  is explained.

Note also that within our scenario of SBSL the influence of magnetic fields on SBSL is fairly weak. Their influence becomes appreciable when they are high enough to hamper the heating of electrons. This might be the reason for the decrease of the SBSL intensity in strong magnetic fields which has been observed experimentally.

It seems that the considered mechanism of SBSL is especially effective for water because of a lucky coincidence of several conditions:

(i) the strong geometric asymmetry of the water molecule, which accompanies its electric asymmetry, provides the needed sign of the flexoelectric coefficient. This sign is such that the electric field has the ”correct direction” (accelerates electron) over the same (very short) period in which electrons are generated because of the sharp increase of the bubble gas temperature. The temporal coincidence of these two cicumstances is a possible reason of the effect of synchronization of the light pulses observed experimentally .

(ii) water is a semiconductor with a relatively narrow band gap ($`E_g=6.5`$eV) and sufficienly wide conduction band, what is necessary for the heating of the electrons in strong electric field.

(iii) high solubility of noble gases in water what makes possible high concentrations of noble gas in water near the bubble filled by the noble gas accumulated there in the process of the bubble pulsations.

Fulfillment of these conditions gives the answer to the question why water is the friendliest liquid for SBSL .

Some experimentally found characteristics of SBSL have not been explained in this paper, in particular the dependence of the energy of the pulse upon the partial pressure of noble gases and water temperature . These dependences may be not necessarily a manifestation of the radiation processes studied in this paper but they could be a consequence of a set of various factors. They may be determined by the hydrodynamics of the pulsating bubble, the solubility of noble gases in water and also by the temperature dependence of the flexoelectric coefficient of water which still remains, unfortunately, unmeasured.

Although the main features of SBSL seem to be explainable within our scenario, these explanations are qualitative rather than quantitative. We are still a long way from a quantitative theory at present. One of the main aims of the paper is to stimulate some experiments that could either support or discard the proposed mechanis of SBSL.

(i) Measurements of flexoelectric coeficients of water.

(ii) A detailed study of radiation spectra at electric breakdown of water and ice with different concentrations of noble gases.

(iii) Study of influence of water conductivity on the SBSL intensity.

After performing these experiments it makes sense to develop the theory further. In particular, it will be necessary to study in more detail the kinetics of the screening process and of the excitation of noble gas atoms while taking into account the time variation of the distribution function of the hot electrons. This problem should be considered together with that of the determination of the spatial distribution of excited noble gas atoms near the bubble surface. Diffusion and relaxation of the excited atoms should be considered together, of course, with the processes that lead to noble gas accumulation in the bubble .

In our estimations we assumed that flexoelectric coefficient of water has its ”natural” value. This was sufficient for the theoretical estimations to be in agreement with the experimental data. In fact, because of the above-mentioned strong geometric asymmetry of the water molecule, the coefficient could be even larger. If this is the case some new phenomena will take place including influence of the flexoelectric effect on hydrodynamics of the pulsating bubble and X-ray radiation induced by electrons of very high energy.

We are grateful to V.Kholodnov for useful discussions. NG and VVO thank EU ESPRIT, the Spanish CSIC and NATO for Linkage Grant Ref. OUTRLG 970308. Also, APL thanks NATO for Linkage grant HTECHLG 971213.


text:
# Kinematics of Metal-Poor Stars in the Galaxy. II. Proper Motions for a Large Non-Kinematically Selected Sample

## 1 Introduction

Studies of the kinematics of various stellar populations in the Galaxy, in particular the thick disk and the nascent halo, have long been limited by the availability of large samples of stars with measurements of velocities, distances, and metallicities. Such a database is required in order to constrain plausible scenarios for the formation and evolution of the Milky Way and other large spiral galaxies like it. Current issues which might be addressed with such data include: (a) the rotational character of the thick disk and halo (see, e.g., Beers & Sommer-Larsen 1995, hereafter BSL, and references therein), (b) the existence and the observed lower limit on the metal abundance of stars in the so-called metal-weak thick disk (MWTD) (Morrison, Flynn, & Freeman 1990, hereafter MFF; BSL; Carney et al. 1996; Chiba & Yoshii 1998; Martin & Morrison 1998) (c) a dual-component (flattened plus spherical) halo population in the Galaxy (Hartwick 1987; Sommer-Larsen & Zhen 1990; Norris 1994; Kinman, Suntzeff, & Kraft 1994; Sommer-Larsen et al. 1997), (d) quantitative estimates of the local density of thick disk and halo stars (Yoshii 1982; Preston, Shectman, & Beers 1991; Morrison 1993), (e) tests for the existence of a putative “counter-rotating” halo component beyond 4–5 kpc from the plane (Majewski 1992; Wilhelm 1995; Carney et al. 1996; Wilhelm et al. 1996; Zinn 1996; Carney 1999), (f) measures of the local halo velocity ellipsoid for comparison with the derived ellipsoid for more distant halo stars (Sommer-Larsen et al. 1997), and (g) derivation of a reliable RR Lyrae absolute magnitude estimate based on statistical parallax analyses (Layden et al. 1996; Fernley et al. 1998; Popowski & Gould 1998). As more extensive searches are carried out for evidence of past (and present) mergers of smaller galaxies with the Milky Way (e.g., Preston, Beers, & Shectman 1994; Harding et al. 1998; Helmi & White 1999; Majewski 1999), it is of equal importance to obtain secure knowledge of the “global” Galactic kinematic properties, so that deviations from the expected behavior can be reliably assessed.

To confidently address the above issues (and many others) stars chosen as kinematic tracers should be identified in a manner which does not depend on a kinematic selection criterion itself. Although it may be possible to statistically correct for an input selection bias of this nature (Bahcall & Casertano 1986; Ryan & Norris 1991a; Carney et al. 1994; Carney 1999), one is left with lingering doubt concerning the derived kinematic parameters based on post-facto modifications of the results. It is similarly important that the tracer stars cover a wide range of metallicities and distances (over both northern and southern Galactic hemispheres), so that correlations of kinematics as a function of these parameters can be investigated.

Although hints of the impact of a kinematic selection criterion are evident in the work of Yoshii & Saio (1979), the first large database suitable for exploration of many of these issues was that of Norris (1986), which included some 400 spectroscopically and/or photometrically selected stars with abundances $`[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]0.6`$, and with available radial velocities and distance estimates. In Paper I of this series BSL extended the Norris catalog by inclusion of some 900 stars identified from the HK object objective-prism survey of Beers & colleagues (Beers, Preston, & Shectman 1985; Beers, Preston, & Shectman 1992a; Beers et al. 1992b), as well as some 600 additional stars from other smaller samples which appeared in the literature subsequent to the publication of the Norris catalog, obtaining a total sample of 1936 stars.

In this paper we present a revision of the BSL catalog of Paper I, based on additional observational information which has recently become available. In addition to revisions of metallicities for the published HK survey stars, new photometric distance estimates have been made for the entire BSL catalog based on an internally self-consistent methodology, and in some cases, new photometry. Radial velocities have been updated based on recently-obtained high-resolution data for a number of stars. Much more accurate positional information for the stars in our revised catalog has been obtained by comparison with astrometric positions available for many of the brighter stars in our sample, plus improved information from automated scans of wide-field photographic plates, such as compiled in USNO-A V2.0 (Monet et al. 1998), NPM1 (Klemola, Hanson, & Jones 1993), and SPM 2.0 (Platais et al. 1998). We have also added 182 RR Lyrae variables from the recent work of Layden (1994), Layden et al. (1996), and Fernley et al. (1998), so that useful comparisons of the kinematics of these stars with the non-variables (which presumably sample the same Galactic phase space) can be carried out.

The major difference between the present catalog and the BSL catalog is the addition of proper motions, from a variety of sources, for over half of the stars in our catalog. In §2 we discuss the assemblage of the present catalog. Revisions of radial velocities and abundances, and in particular, distance estimates, are discussed in §3. In §4 we present the new proper motion information, and discuss the averaging we have carried out in order to minimize statistical errors. In §5 we discuss the observed characteristics of the stars in the revised catalog, and derive estimates of space motions and orbital parameters for the subset of stars with complete kinematical information . In the accompanying analysis paper (Chiba & Beers 2000; Paper III) we use this wealth of new information to consider many of the questions put forth above.

## 2 Additions and Subtractions from the Beers & Sommer-Larsen (1995) Catalog

The BSL catalog of Paper I contained 1936 stars with available abundances, distances, and radial velocities. As it was our intent to use this catalog as the starting point in searches for stars with measured proper motions, the first requirement was to obtain updated positions for the stars of as high an accuracy as possible. A small number of fainter stars in the BSL catalog with crude positions (and no finding charts) were eliminated entirely. The remaining stars were then compared with the positions listed in the SIMBAD database. A first search was done on the star name, followed by a search on the reported position in the BSL catalog, with the requirement that the magnitude reported in SIMBAD be commensurate with that of the target star. Many of the brighter stars from the BSL catalog now have astrometric positions from Hipparcos, which are accurate at the milli-arcsecond (mas) level. For the stars of intermediate and fainter magnitudes, searches were conducted on the BSL positions by comparison with the USNO-A 2.0 catalog, again with the requirement that the magnitudes be commensurate. The typical accuracy of stellar positions for USNO-A 2.0 is at the 0$`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{.}}`$25 (one-sigma) level (Deutsch 1999). Further searches were conducted within the catalogs we use below to find proper motions – NPM1, SPM 2.0, STARNET, and ACT – which resulted in positional accuracies on the order of 0$`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{.}}`$2, 30 mas, 0$`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{.}}`$3, and 25 mas, respectively. For a small number of stars no improved positional information could be found, hence we retained the positions in the original BSL catalog.

The Hipparcos, Tycho, NPM1, and SPM 2.0 catalogs included a number of “targeted” RR Lyrae stars which were not included in the BSL catalog, some of which have radial velocity and abundance estimates available in the literature. We thus added a total of 182 RR Lyrae stars to our revised catalog, including many with metallicities greater than the nominal cutoff of the BSL catalog. A small number of non-variables which were not included in the BSL catalog, but which have available radial velocities and abundance estimates, were also added. As a result of the revised abundances, described in more detail below, a small number of HK survey stars which were originally assigned metallicities $`[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]0.6`$ presently have values above this limit. These stars are noted in the revised catalog.

Column (1) of Table 1A lists the star names. We have endeavored to follow the IAU-recommended nomenclature, but in a few cases had to abbreviate the star name in order to save space. In any case, the positional identification is usually unambiguous. All adopted positions were updated to the ICRS (2000.0) system. Columns (2) and (3) of Table 1A list the right ascension and declination of the adopted positions, respectively. The source of the position is indicated in column (4).

## 3 Revisions of Abundance Estimates, Velocities, and Distances

### 3.1 Revisions of Abundance Estimates

Roughly 45 % of the stars in the revised catalog were originally identified during the course of the HK objective-prism survey. In the BSL catalog the abundance estimates for these stars were obtained from a calibration of the strength of the CaII K line as a function of $`(BV)_o`$ color described in Beers et al. (1990). This calibration is now known to suffer from several deficiencies, the most worrisome of which is the fact that assigned abundances in the range $`[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]>1.5`$ are less than optimal as a result of the saturation of the CaII K line, in particular at cooler temperatures. Stars in the metallicity regime $`2.0[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]1.0`$ represent the transition between the halo and thick disk populations, and in particular, may be members of the MWTD component of the Galaxy, hence it is important that the abundances be correctly estimated. At the low end of the metallicity scale ($`[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]<2.5`$), the lack of available calibrators in the Beers et al. (1990) treatment resulted in stellar abundance estimates which were, on the whole, somewhat lower than has proven to be justified on the basis of recent high-resolution spectroscopy, in particular for the hotter stars near the main-sequence turnoff of an old halo population.

The re-calibration of metallicity estimates based on medium resolution spectroscopy described by Beers et al. (1999) avoids, to a great extent, the above difficulties. This re-calibration makes use of an additional metallicity estimator based on the Auto-Correlation Function of metallic lines in a stellar spectrum (originally described by Ratnatunga & Freeman 1989), which provides a superior estimate of abundance to CaII K in the regime $`[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]>1.0`$. The combination of the CaII K and ACF approaches implemented in Beers et al. (1999) results in metallicity estimates over the interval $`4.0[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]0.0`$ with typical errors on the order of 0.1-0.2 dex, and no significant systematic offsets.

Figure 1 is a comparison of the abundance determinations of the HK survey stars in the revised catalog based on the new and old calibration. Note that the broad sloping region about the one-to-one line, which is dominated by stars with $`0.3(BV)_o0.5`$, indicates that the revised abundances for the hotter HK survey stars are generally higher at the low metallicity end of the scale, and lower at the high metallicity end of the scale, as compared to the old calibration. The abundance estimates for the cooler stars with $`0.5<(BV)_o1.2`$ have changed relatively less.

As part of the re-calibration effort, Table 7 of Beers et al. (1999) lists averaged high-resolution abundance determinations from the literature for 551 stars. For stars which also appear in the revised catalog, we adopted these averaged abundance determinations.

The catalog of Cayrel de Strobel et al. (1997) provides detailed information on abundances for stars with determinations based on high-resolution spectroscopy. Suitably averaged abundances for stars which did not appear in Beers et al. (1999) were adopted for the revised catalog listing. A number of stars from MFF have been shown by Ryan & Lambert (1995) to suffer from mis-estimated abundances (generally too low) arising from a faulty calibration of DDO photometry. For MFF stars with high-resolution abundances obtained by Ryan & Lambert, we simply adopt their values. For other MFF stars which are included in the revised catalog, the abundances should be considered uncertain.

Metallicity estimates for the revised catalog are reported in column (5) of Table 1A. The source of the metallicity estimate is indicated in column (6). Uncertain abundances are indicated with a ’:’ appended to the reported \[Fe/H\] .

### 3.2 Revision of Radial Velocities

Radial velocities of improved accuracy have been reported for a number of stars in our revised catalog based on high-resolution spectroscopic follow-up, in particular for the HK survey stars (McWilliam et al. 1995; Norris, Ryan, & Beers 1996). The adopted radial velocities are reported in column (7) of Table 1A. Errors on the radial velocity measurements are reported in column (8), and the source of the radial velocity estimate is provided in column (9). For the HK survey stars with only medium-resolution spectroscopy available, we adopt a conservative error estimate of 10 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ (based on previous comparisons). For non-variable stars where the original authors did not report an error on the velocity determination, we have adopted an error of 10 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$. For RR Lyrae variables without reported radial velocity errors, we assign an error of 30 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$, which accounts for the uncertainty in the systemic velocity arising from limited phase coverage in spectra for a given variable (Smith 1995).

### 3.3 Revision of Distance Estimates

We have determined new photometric estimates of stellar distances for stars in our catalog based on $`M_V`$ vs. $`(BV)_o`$ relations for non-variable stars, as described below, and an adopted $`M_V`$ vs. $`[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]`$ relation for RR Lyrae variables.

#### 3.3.1 Apparent Magnitudes and Colors

Our primary source of $`V`$-band apparent magnitudes and $`BV`$ colors for non-variable stars is the photometry obtained during the course of the HK survey, if available (with typical accuracy in $`V`$ magnitudes and $`BV`$ colors in the range 0.005 to 0.01, respectively). Additional photometric information was taken from the SIMBAD database, the Hipparcos Catalogue, and the calibrated photographic photometry of SPM 2.0, and GSC 1.2.

There are several hundred HK survey stars in our catalog which presently lack measured photometry. For these stars we have estimated the $`V`$ magnitudes and $`BV`$ colors in the following manner. An estimate of the $`B`$ magnitude is obtained from GSC 1.2, where available. An approximate de-reddened $`(BV)_o`$ color is obtained from available medium resolution spectroscopy, based on the calibration of the Balmer line index $`HP2`$ described by Beers et al. (1999). This is then reddened using the listed estimated to reddening in the direction toward the star, and the resulting $`BV`$ is obtained. This color is then used to convert the GSC $`B`$ magnitude estimate to an approximate $`V`$ magnitude. Given the multiple approximations in these procedures, these estimates should be regarded with appropriate caution – these stars are indicated in Table 1A with parentheses around the $`V`$ and $`BV`$ magnitude estimates. In a few cases, apparent magnitudes for HK survey stars that were not found in the GSC are estimated from the intensity of the spectrum on the original prism plate, and are indicated as such with brackets around the $`V`$ and $`BV`$ magnitudes in the table.

For a number of stars, $`V`$ magnitudes and $`by`$ colors are available from Schuster et al. (1996), Schuster et al. (2000), or Anthony-Twarog et al. (2000). For these stars, we have listed an approximate $`BV`$ color obtained by adopting the transformation $`BV=1.35(by)`$, and indicate these cases with parentheses about the approximate $`BV`$ color in . For RR Lyrae variables, the intensity-averaged $`V`$ magnitudes, where available, are taken from either Layden (1994), Layden et al. (1996), or Fernley et al. (1998). The adopted photometric quantities are reported in columns (10) and (11) of Table 1A; the source of the photometry is given in column (12); a reddening estimate (as described below) is listed in column (13).

#### 3.3.2 Estimates of Reddening

Our primary source of total reddening in the directions of the sample stars is the new map of Schlegel, Finkbeiner, & Davis (1998, hereafter SFD) based on COBE and IRAS measurements of dust emission in the Galaxy. The SFD map is superior to the widely used map of Burstein & Heiles (1982, hereafter BH) in its spatial resolution and its zero point (see also Gould & Popowski 1998 for arguments in favor of the SFD map). Note, however, that Arce & Goodman (1999) caution that the SFD map overestimates the reddening values when the color excess $`E_{BV}`$ is more than about 0.15 mags, where SFD’s calibration from dust column density to reddening may no longer be accurate. For the small number of stars where this large reddening applies, we have adopted estimates from the BH map, where available. The few program stars in such highly reddened directions are generally located at small distances from the Sun, so that the effects of correction for reddening on distance estimates are small.

We adopt a $`V`$-band absorption $`A_V=3.1E_{BV}`$ and assume that the dust layer has a scale height $`h=125`$ pc. The reddening to a given star at distance $`D`$ is reduced compared to the total reddening by a factor $`\mathrm{exp}[|D\mathrm{sin}b|/h]`$, where $`b`$ is the galactic latitude. An iteration procedure is employed to obtain consistent values of $`E_{BV}`$ and $`D`$. The final adopted reddening is listed in column (13) of Table 1A.

#### 3.3.3 Classification of Stellar Types

Column (14) of Table 1A lists the classification of each stellar type. We follow the coding of BSL – D: main-sequence dwarf star; A: main-sequence A-type star; TO: main-sequence turnoff star; SG: subgiant star; G: giant star; AGB: asymptotic giant branch star; FHB: field horizontal-branch star; V: variable stars other than the RR Lyrae type. For the RR Lyraes, we use a code ’RRV’ to distinguish them from other types of variable stars. Most of the classifications are taken from the BSL catalog, with the exception of a few stars where we have adopted the classifications from Norris, Bessel, & Pickles (1995) (HD 13359: G; HD 17233: SG; HD 219221: D; HD 217808: G; CPD-62 394: G) and Anthony-Twarog & Twarog (1994) (HD 161770: TO; BD-01 1792: G; HD 17072: AGB; HD 41667: G). These revised classifications provide photometric distance estimates which are more consistent with the Hipparcos parallaxes, as described below. Revised classifications are also provided for a number of the HK survey stars, based on more recent observations.

There still remains some uncertainty in the classification of a number of stars with relatively blue colors \[$`0.3(BV)_o0.5`$\]. If the corresponding stars have $`(UB)_o`$ color data from the HK survey, the stars are classified as FHB if $`(UB)_o>0.1`$, or TO if $`(UB)_o0.1`$ (Wilhelm, Beers, & Gray 1999). This crude discrimination scheme is adequate for stars with abundances $`[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]<1.5`$. For more metal-rich stars, we also consider the alternative classification as possible, and assign a classification of FHB/TO.

#### 3.3.4 Templates for Distance Estimation

RR Lyrae distance scales have been reconsidered extensively subsequent to the release of the Hipparcos Catalogue, based on a variety of methods including main-sequence fitting, the Baade-Wesselink method, and statistical parallax. Combining all of the results, Chaboyer (1999) proposed the following $`M_V`$ vs. $`[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]`$ relation:

$$M_V(RR)=0.23([\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]+1.6)+0.56,$$
(1)
where $`M_V(RR)`$ denotes the absolute magnitude of RR Lyrae stars. We adopt this relation to estimate the distances of our RR Lyrae sample.

For non-variable stars, we first calibrate fiducial points in the $`M_V`$ vs $`(BV)_o`$ relation, using published data from various Galactic globular clusters and the Hyades and Pleiades open clusters to cover large ranges of colors and metal abundances. The globular clusters we use include M92 ($`[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]=2.24`$), M15 ($`2.15`$), M3 ($`1.66`$), M13 ($`1.65`$), NGC 6752 ($`1.54`$), NGC 362 ($`1.27`$), and 47 Tuc ($`0.71`$) (Sandage 1970; Buonanno, Corsi, & Fusi Pecci 1989; Durrell & Harris 1993; Penny & Dickens 1986; Harris 1982; Hesser et al. 1987), where metal abundances and extinctions are taken from the compilation of Chaboyer, Demarque, & Sarajedini (1996). The absolute magnitude of the horizontal branch in each cluster is scaled according to Eqn. (1). For the Hyades cluster ($`[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]=+0.12`$), we adopt the work of Perryman et al. (1998), which utilized the Hipparcos parallaxes to determine the distances to the cluster stars. Using their Figure 21, we read off the fiducial $`M_V`$ vs $`(BV)_o`$ relation for the stars which are not classified as double or multiple in the Hipparcos Catalogue. For the Pleiades cluster ($`[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]=+0.11`$, essentially identical to the Hyades abundance), we adopt the $`M_V`$ vs $`(BV)_o`$ relation published by Mermilliod (1981).

Next, polynomial fits to the $`M_V`$ vs $`(BV)_o`$ relation are made for each type of star; the fitting formula and the coefficients of the fits are provided in Table 2. For G, SG, and AGB stars with abundances $`[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]<2.5`$, we use the tabulated relation for $`[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]=2.5`$. For D stars we employ an interpolation/extrapolation procedure among the tabulated relations. Figure 2a demonstrates the adopted $`M_V`$ vs $`(BV)_o`$ relations of G, SG, and AGB stars at metal abundances appropriate for M92$`+`$M15 ($`[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]=2.20`$), M13 ($`1.65`$) and 47 Tuc ($`0.71`$), whereas Figure 2b shows those of D stars for M92$`+`$M15, 47 Tuc, and Hyades. Unfortunately, there remains some additional uncertainty for TO stars, due to their positions at the “curved” part of the adopted $`M_V`$ vs $`(BV)_o`$ relation. We employ the following approximate method. For a given $`(BV)_o`$ color, $`M_V`$’s assuming both a D and SG classification are first estimated. If $`M_V(\mathrm{D})`$ is brighter than $`M_V(\mathrm{SG})`$, $`M_V(\mathrm{D})`$ is adopted as $`M_V(\mathrm{TO})`$. If this is not the case, the intermediate $`M_V`$ which locates between $`M_V(\mathrm{D})`$ and $`M_V(\mathrm{SG})`$ is calibrated using the formula given in Table 2. This formula is designed to reproduce the turnoff point from neighboring points of the isochrones used in Beers et al. (1999).

In order to estimate distances for the hotter main-sequence gravity A-type stars (i.e., those with colors $`0.10(BV)_o0.34`$) we apply a small vertical shift to the $`M_V`$ vs $`(BV)_o`$ relation for the Pleiades so that it matches that of the Hyades at $`(BV)_o=0.34`$. To account for the expected decline in luminosity with decreasing abundance, the adjusted Pleiades line is corrected by applying shifts of the same size as those derived for the cooler stars on the main sequence of the metal-poor globulars as compared to the Hyades. We note that this is only one of several choices we could have made, and it may not be the optimal one, but it should serve for the present purpose.

Taking all of the above information into account, distances are then estimated by means of an iteration procedure which includes modification of the interstellar reddening. These distances, $`D_{pho}`$, are indicated in column (2) of Table 1B. In some cases there was no reliable photometry or classification available, and, occasionally, our iteration scheme failed to converge. In these circumstances we made use of the distances provided in the original BSL catalog (who, in such cases, adopted the distance estimates of the authors who provided the abundance and radial velocity information), listed as $`D_{BSL}`$ in column (5) of Table 1B. For the stars with ambiguous luminosity classifications, we list two alternative distances in column (2).

The small number of stars with uncertain type classifications (either due to the FHB/TO ambiguity noted above, or for the TO stars that appear too blue for their adopted type designation when compared with an old isochrone) are noted as such in column 12 of Table 1B, and are ultimately excluded from further analyses.

#### 3.3.5 Comparison of Photometric and Astrometric Distance Scales

There are 508 stars in our present catalog which were observed with the Hipparcos astrometric satellite (ESA 1997). To assess the reliability of our photometric distances, $`D_{pho}`$, obtained above, we plot in Figure 3 the Hipparcos trigonometric parallaxes, $`\pi _{HIP}`$, versus our photometric parallaxes, $`\pi _{pho}=1/D_{pho}`$, for 508 stars with available photometric distances. Plotting parallaxes, rather than distances, in Figure 3 has several advantages. All the trigonometric parallaxes, even small or negative values, can be used in an unbiased way (see the discussion on pp. 27–28 of Arenou & Luri 1999). Systematic errors in the data can be detected; an incorrect photometric distance scale would be seen as a slope not equal to unity; a zero-point error in the trigonometric parallaxes as a non-zero intercept. For clarity, we have not plotted error bars in Figure 3; the mean error of $`\pi _{HIP}`$ is $`1.6`$ mas; the mean error of $`\pi _{pho}`$ is $`20\%`$ of $`\pi _{pho}`$.

The general trend of the data in Figure 3 seems to fall slightly below the 45-degree line, indicating that $`\pi _{pho}`$ may be $`20\%`$ too large for the nearer stars in the BSL sample. This largely reflects the fact that these nearby stars have the largest errors in $`\pi _{pho}`$. The bulk of the data, especially the more distant stars, with smaller $`\pi _{pho}`$ errors, falls closer to the 45-degree line. Thus we conclude from Figure 3 that there is not any significant systematic error in our photometric distance scale. It is also worth noting that Figure 3 shows very few outliers, i.e. cases where $`\pi _{pho}`$ and $`\pi _{HIP}`$ badly disagree. The large spread in $`\pi _{HIP}`$ near $`\pi _{pho}=0`$ is due to the large errors in $`\pi _{HIP}`$ (up to 7 mas) for these faint, distant stars.

For the 424 stars with non-negative Hipparcos parallaxes, Table 1B lists in column (3) the Hipparcos distance estimates $`D_{HIP}=1/\pi _{HIP}`$ and in column (4) their relative precisions $`\sigma _{\pi _{HIP}}/\pi _{HIP}`$. Because the photometric distances for the nearest stars in our catalog have lower precision than the trigonometric parallaxes, we chose to adopt the Hipparcos distances for 44 stars with $`\sigma _{\pi _{HIP}}/\pi _{HIP}<0.12`$. The final adopted distance estimates for our program stars are listed as $`D_{adopt}`$ in column (6) of Table 1B.

## 4 Proper Motions

### 4.1 Sources of Proper Motions

#### 4.1.1 The Hipparcos Catalogue

The Hipparcos Catalogue is the primary result of the first space mission dedicated to astrometry (ESA 1997), and it provides high accuracy proper motions for 118,218 stars with $`V<12.5`$ mag covering the entire sky. In the present sample, 508 stars are included in this catalog with average accuracies of 1.61 mas yr<sup>-1</sup> in $`\mu _\alpha ^{}`$ ($`=\mu _\alpha \mathrm{cos}\delta `$) and 1.29 mas yr<sup>-1</sup> in $`\mu _\delta `$. Kinematical analyses for a subset of these Hipparcos stars are reported in Chiba & Yoshii (1998) and Chiba, Yoshii, & Beers (1999).

#### 4.1.2 The SPM Catalog 2.0

The Yale/San Juan Southern Proper Motion (SPM) Catalog 2.0 provides positions, absolute proper motions and photographic $`B,V`$ magnitudes for 321,608 objects with $`5<V<18.5`$, mainly in the declination zone from $`37^{}`$ to $`27^{}`$, except within the Galactic zone of avoidance. In this declination zone an effort was made to measure all HK survey stars from a database provided by T. Beers prior to undertaking measurements of the plates. A total of 505 of our program stars have proper motions extracted from the SPM 2.0 Catalog, using a 10″ search radius centered on the catalogued positions, and satisfying the requirement that the apparent magnitudes be within 1 mag in $`B`$ or $`V`$ of those adopted in Table 1A. The description of the catalog properties can be find in Platais et al. (1998), however, this paper addresses only the separate catalog at the South Galactic Pole. For additional details of the SPM Catalog 2.0, the reader is referred to the World Wide Web at URL http://www.astro.yale.edu/astrom/. The average accuracy of SPM proper motions for the subset of 508 stars is 2.9 mas yr<sup>-1</sup>.

#### 4.1.3 The Lick NPM1 Catalog

The Lick Northern Proper Motion (NPM) program (Hanson 1997) is a photographic survey measuring absolute proper motions, on an inertial system defined by 50,000 faint galaxies, for over 300,000 stars with $`8<B<18`$, covering the northern two-thirds of the sky ($`\delta >23^{}`$). Part I of the NPM program (“NPM1”), outside the disk of the Milky Way ($`|b|>10`$ deg), was completed in 1993; the Lick NPM1 Catalog (Klemola, Hanson, and Jones 1993) contains 148,940 stars, with proper motions accurate to 5 mas/yr, and positions accurate to 0$`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{.}}`$2 or better. Part II of the NPM program (“NPM2”), in the Milky Way sky, will be completed in roughly three years.

We searched for program stars within a $`\pm 10\mathrm{}\times 10\mathrm{}`$ error box, centered on the NPM1 catalog positions (updated to epoch 2000.0 using the NPM1 proper motions). This procedure found matches for 241 stars; 95 % of these comprise a tight core with RMS position difference 0$`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{.}}`$5 in each coordinate, and can be considered unambiguous matches. The remaining 5 % can be considered highly probable matches; agreement between the cataloged and NPM1 apparent magnitudes (better than $`\pm 1`$ mag) confirms these.

NPM1 proper motions for an additional 58 RR Lyrae stars, from the list of Layden et al. (1996), were added to our catalogue, making a total of 299 stars with NPM1 proper motion data.

#### 4.1.4 The STARNET Catalog

The proper motions of the STARNET (STN) catalog were determined using the Astrographic Catalogue (AC) as the first epoch positional source, and the astrometrically upgraded Guide Star Catalog (GSC 1.2) as the second epoch source. The AC has been made available in machine readable form by Nesterov et al. (1990). Its reduction to the FK5 system was performed by S. Röser at the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut (ARI). The astrometrical upgrading of the Guide Star Catalog is described in detail by Morrison et al. (1996). GSC 1.2 is presently available at the Astronomical Data Center. The result of combining both catalogs is the STARNET catalog of proper motions (Röser 1996). It contains about 4.3 million stars with an average density of 100 stars per square degree. The median magnitudes of the stars are $`B=12.0`$ mag in the southern hemisphere and $`V=11.5`$ in the northern hemisphere, respectively, with the faintest stars reaching $`B,V13.5`$. The present rms accuracy of STARNET positions is 0$`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{.}}`$3. The accuracy of the proper motions, which have been determined simply from combining the estimated positional errors at both epochs, are about 5 mas yr<sup>-1</sup>. The catalog is reduced to the FK5 reference system and thus contains some small systematic differences with respect to ICRS (see Vol. 3, Chapter 19 of the Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues, ESA 1997), in addition to some residual offsets still present in the GSC 1.2 positions. STARNET is as yet unpublished, but is accessible upon request at ARI.

We performed searches for our program stars in STARNET using windows of 40″ diameter centered on the sample stars, and obtained 774 identifications in STARNET, with an average accuracy of the proper motions of 4.7 mas yr<sup>-1</sup> in each component, respectively. Since the STARNET catalogue may contain mis-identifications of stars from first epoch to second, proper motions larger than 200 mas yr<sup>-1</sup> in one component may be suspect. We therefore inspected such proper motions individually. As it turned out all but one of these stars were listed in the Hipparcos Catalogue; the remaining star could be found in the PPM catalog (Röser and Bastian 1991; Bastian et al. 1993). The agreement between the STARNET motions and the other measurements is usually quite good, with deviations of the order of the expected accuracy of the proper motions.

#### 4.1.5 The ACT Reference Catalog

This recently completed catalog by the USNO contains positions and proper motions for 988,758 stars with $`V<1111.5`$ mag covering the entire sky (Urban, Corbin, & Wycoff 1998a). Accurate proper motions were calculated by combining the positions from the Tycho Catalogue (ESA 1997) with those from new reductions of the Astrographic Catalogue, referred to as AC 2000 (Urban et al. 1998b). We performed a search of our sample stars within a $`10^{\prime \prime }`$ radius centered at the positions of the cataloged stars, and obtained unambiguous matches for 525 stars. Average accuracies in proper motions are 3.1 mas yr<sup>-1</sup> and 2.9 mas yr<sup>-1</sup> in $`\mu _\alpha ^{}`$ and $`\mu _\delta `$, respectively.

### 4.2 Comparison of Proper Motions for Stars with Multiple Measures

To assess the quality of the adopted proper motions, Figure 4 shows the difference between the Hipparcos Catalogue and other ground-based measurements for each proper-motion component, for the stars in common between the catalogs. While the Hipparcos errors are smallest in general, the figures show that there is an overall agreement with proper motion measurements from the additional sources, without any clearly systematic differences as compared with Hipparcos. It is worth noting that for several stars, the proper motion accuracy in the SPM 2.0 Catalog is better than that in the Hipparcos Catalogue.

For the stars which have been independently measured in two or more catalogs it is possible, by combining all measurements, to reduce the statistical errors as well as minimize any small remaining systematic errors in the individual catalogs, as was argued in Martin & Morrison (1998). For these stars, we estimate average proper motions, $`<\mu >`$, and their errors, $`<\sigma _\mu >`$, weighted by the inverse variances, as

$`<\mu >`$ $`=`$ $`({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\mu _i/\sigma _{\mu _i}^2)/({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}1/\sigma _{\mu _i}^2),`$ (2)
$`<\sigma _\mu >`$ $`=`$ $`({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}1/\sigma _{\mu _i}^2)^{1/2},`$ (3)
where $`n`$ denotes the number of measurements. In this manner, the proper motions for 691 stars in the present sample are improved. Our adopted proper motions are listed in columns (7) and (8) of Table 1B; the associated errors are listed in columns (9) and (10). The sources of the proper motions are listed in column (11).

We emphasize the large number of the stars having proper motion data in the present catalog: $`N=1258`$ (1214 with $`[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]0.6`$). This is the largest such dataset among any non-kinematically selected samples, and is substantially larger than a number of recent samples selected on the basis of their high proper motions alone (Ryan & Norris 1991a: $`N=727`$ with $`[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]0.6`$; Carney et al. 1994: $`N=689`$ with $`[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]0.6`$). Furthermore, the quality of the proper motion data has been improved in a meaningful manner, compared with that of earlier studies, due to the continuous improvement of astrometric observations from the ground as well as from space. As a consequence the current database allows us to elucidate a great deal of information concerning the space motions of the metal-poor populations of the Milky Way with a lowest-to-date observational error.

## 5 The Revised Catalog and its Characteristics

### 5.1 The Catalog

Tables 1A and 1B present the final revised catalog for 2106 stars. With a constraint of $`[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]0.6`$, the present catalog contains 2041 stars, including 356 RR Lyrae variables (168 of which are newly added as compared to the BSL catalog of Paper I), 38 variables of other types, and 1647 non-variables. Proper motions are available for 1214 stars with $`[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]0.6`$.

### 5.2 Characteristics of the Revised Catalog

Figure 5a illustrates the distribution of apparent magnitudes for stars in the present catalog. The relatively small number of stars with magnitudes $`V>15`$, which, for the giants of metal-poor populations, are located at distances in excess of 10 kpc from the Sun, clearly points to the need for future work. The distribution of $`(BV)_o`$ colors for our catalog stars is shown in Figure 5b. The dominance of D and MS stars is clear, pointing out the need for additional studies of redder G and AGB stars of the thick disk and halo, as well as the need for the inclusion of blue FHB stars.

Figure 5c shows the distribution of adopted distances for stars in the present catalog. Stars populating the inner few kpc from the Sun are well represented, with a rather sharp decline beyond 3 kpc from the Sun. The distribution of revised stellar abundances shown in Figure 5d underscores the fact that we have included a large number of stars with abundances below the peak metallicity of the halo metallicity distribution function (\[Fe/H\] $`1.6`$, Laird et al. 1988; Ryan & Norris 1991b). Future work which supplements this sample with additional stars in the intermediate abundance range $`1.5[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]0.6`$ is clearly needed.

The dashed histograms in Figures 5a-d indicate the distribution of the above observables for the subset of stars with available proper motions. As is evident from inspection of Figure 5a, the great majority of the brighter stars have measured proper motions, but the completeness falls from about 50% to roughly 30% for the stars in the magnitude range $`12V16`$. Figure 5c shows that the fraction of stars with available proper motions is roughly a constant $``$ 60% out to distances on the order of 4–5 kpc, with no strong dependence on distance.

In Figures 6a and 6b we show the distribution of adopted radial velocities (for all catalog stars with \[Fe/H\] $`0.6`$) and measured proper motions (where available) as a function of the stellar abundances. The largest radial velocities and proper motions are observed near the center of the abundance distribution, but this is presumably a result of the (presently unavoidable) fact that the relatively rare large observed motions will occur with greatest frequency among the stars which are most commonly represented in the catalog.

The referee has raised the question of whether we have “imported” a kinematic bias into the sample of stars with measured proper motions by the addition of information from the sources we have drawn on. This is demonstrably not the case. None of the five catalogs we have used in our assemblage of proper motion information have lower limits on their proper motions (as do, for example, many older catalogs such as those from Giclas and Luyten). The stars in each of these catalogs are chosen in advance of measuring their proper motions, hence a given star is not rejected if its measured proper motion turns out to be small, even if it is consistent with zero. Furthermore, since the proper motions we have included are measured in two independent coordinates, each of which can be individually negative, zero, or positive, errors in the measured proper motions do not result in a net bias away from zero. This bias does exist in many of the older catalogs (where selection was based on the always positive length of a tangential motion vector), but it does not apply to the catalogs we have used for our proper motions.

Since the above biases could lead, in effect, to a distance-related bias in the resulting kinematics, we have performed a simple diagnostic to demonstrate that this is not the case for our sample of stars (other tests are described in Paper III). Figure 6c shows a plot of the estimated tangential velocity of our sample stars as a function of distance from the Sun. Superposed on this figure are lines of constant proper motion, corresponding to 10 mas/yr and 1 mas/yr, respectively. There does not appear to be any obvious changes in the distribution of predicted tangential velocity ($`V_t=4.74\mu D`$, where $`D`$ is the distance in kpc, and $`\mu `$ is in mas/yr) that correlate with increasing distance from the Sun, as might be expected if there were any “hidden” kinematic bias in the sample of stars with measured proper motions.

The spatial distribution of the sample in $`(R,Z)`$ plane is shown in Figure 7, where filled circles and crosses indicate the stars with and without available proper motions, respectively. Below the Galactic plane there are many remote stars with available proper motions, mainly provided by SPM 2.0.

### 5.3 Full Space Motions and Orbital Parameters

We now obtain estimates of the full space motions for the subsample of stars for which proper motions are available, and derive parameters of their orbital motions in a given gravitational potential. The results are summarized in Table 3. Note that two of the stars in this subsample were judged not to have sufficiently accurate distance estimates to derive space motions, V\* KR Vir and BPS CS 29512-0032, so these stars are not included in Table 3. Column (1) lists the star name. Column (2) recalls the adopted metallicity from Table 1A. Columns (3) and (4) list the positions of the stars in the meridional plane $`(R,Z)`$, adopting $`R_{}=8.5`$ kpc as the Galactocentric distance for the Sun. Columns (5)-(7) list the three-dimensional velocities $`U`$, $`V`$, and $`W`$, directed to the Galactic anticenter, the rotational direction, and the north pole, respectively. These velocity components are corrected for the solar motion $`(U_{},V_{},W_{})=(9,12,7)`$ km s<sup>-1</sup> with respect to the local standard of rest (LSR) (Mihalas & Binney 1981). Figure 8 is a plot of the $`U,V,W`$ velocity components for the sample of stars with complete velocity information and $`[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]0.6`$, as a function of \[Fe/H\].

Columns (8) and (9) of Table (3) list the velocity components $`(V_R,V_\varphi )`$ in the cylindrical rest frame $`(R,\varphi )`$, respectively, on the assumption that the rotational speed of the LSR around the Galactic center is $`V_{LSR}=220`$ km s<sup>-1</sup>. Note that for the stars for which accurate distances are not available, columns (2)-(9) contain no data.

To estimate the orbital parameters for these stars, we adopt the analytic Stäckel-type mass model developed by Sommer-Larsen & Zhen (1990), which consists of a flattened, oblate disk and a nearly spherical massive halo. This model reproduces a flat rotation curve beyond $`R=4`$ kpc and the local mass density at $`R_{}`$ in a reasonable manner. Its analytic form has the great advantage of maintaining clarity in further analyses (see, e.g., Chiba & Yoshii 1998). Columns (10) and (11) list the estimated apogalactic distances, $`R_{ap}`$, and the estimated perigalactic distances, $`R_{pr}`$ along the Galactic plane, respectively. Column (12) lists the maximum distance above (or below) the plane, $`Z_{max}`$, explored by each star in the course of its orbital motion. In column (13) we list the characteristic eccentricities of the orbits, defined as $`e=(r_{ap}r_{pr})/(r_{ap}+r_{pr})`$, where $`r_{ap}`$ and $`r_{pr}`$ stand for the apogalactic and perigalactic distances from the Galactic center, respectively. We note that the current mass model of the Galaxy fails to gravitationally bind the 16 stars which lack the data of orbital parameters in columns (10)-(13). These stars probably correspond to those in the “error tail” of overestimated photometric distances, thereby having overestimated transverse velocities.

In the accompanying analysis paper (Chiba & Beers 2000; Paper III), we make use of the kinematic information in Table 3, and the radial velocity and distance information for the stars presently without available proper motions, to investigate a number of questions concerning the nature of the kinematics of the Galaxy.

### 5.4 Future Samples

Exploration of the kinematic properties of the Galaxy is very much a work in progress. New and extensive samples of several thousand additional non-kinematically selected metal-deficient stars with available velocity, distance, and abundance measurements are expected to become available within the next year (Beers et al. 2000; Cayrel et al. 2000; Norris et al. 2000; Rebolo et al. 2000). Roughly 30% of these stars already have available proper motions; completing the search for HK survey stars with proper motions awaits the extension of the SPM catalog to other areas of the southern Galactic hemisphere.

Samples of intermediate distance ($`2d15`$ kpc) FHB and other A-type stars (e.g., Wilhelm et al. 1999), supplemented with observations of more distant metal-poor dwarfs, giants, and FHB and A-type stars from the Hamburg/ESO survey ($`10d25`$ kpc; Christlieb 1999), and from other sources (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Pier 1999), will provide useful extensions of our catalog.

A project to refine systemic radial velocity measurements for the RR Lyraes with poorly determined values is already underway. Additional $`UBV`$ and/or Strömgren photometry is required in order to resolve ambiguities in stellar classifications which remain in the catalog, and to obtain more precise estimates of distances, especially for the stars with available proper motions.

We are grateful to the referee, Bruce Carney, for a careful reading of this manuscript, and for a number of thoughtful comments. TCB acknowledges support for this work from grant AST 95-29454 from the National Science Foundation. MC and YY acknowledge partial support from Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (09640328) and COE Research (07CE2002) of the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan. MC thanks Hideyuki Saio for his help in distance estimates for the current catalog stars. The SPM program is supported by grants from the NSF to Yale University and the Yale Southern Observatory, Inc. IP thanks T. Girard, V. Kozhurina-Platais, and W. van Altena for their expertise and contribution to the SPM program. RBH thanks the National Science Foundation for its long-term support of the Lick Northern Proper Motion program. Current work on the NPM program is supported by NSF grant AST 95-30632. RBH thanks A. Klemola for his help in providing identifications for the Lick NPM1 Catalog stars. BF thanks to S. Röser and S. Frink for help with the STARNET catalog. SR acknowledges partial support for this work from grant 200068/95-4 CNPq, Brazil, and from the Brazilian Agency FAPESP. This work made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France.