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# The role of complex structures in 𝑤-symmetry

## 1 Introduction

In the last decade, $`W`$-algebras have provided a unifying landscape for various topics like integrable systems, conformal field theory, as well as uniformization of 2-dimensional gravity. They were originally discovered as a natural extension of the Virasoro algebra by Zamolodchikov  and later implicitly by Drinfield and Sokolov . The latter obtained the classical $`W`$-algebras by equipping the coefficients of first order matrix differential operators with the second Gel’fand-Dickey Poisson bracket .

In the study of two dimensional conformal models in the so-called conformal gauge $`W`$-gravity can be defined as a generalization of the reparametrization invariance such that in the conformal gauge two copies of the corresponding $`w`$-algebra are obtained. Moreover, it has be found that the matrix differential operator has to be supplemented by another equation which is usually referred as the Beltrami equation .

Several attempts have been made in order to give a geometric picture of this very rich structure provided by $`w`$-algebras . Various aspects of this issue have been tackled independently by many authors and it is by now universally referred to as $`w`$-geometry . This geometry is naturally related to $`W`$-gravity.

On the one hand, the geometric structure turns out to be related to the uniformization of Riemann surfaces; for instance in  a uniformization in higher dimensions was shown to be related to the Teichmüller spaces constructed by Hitchin . However, the Beltrami differentials which naturally occur there are related to KdV flows but not to the complex structures underlying the $`w`$-geometry, in contrast to what it will be shown it the present paper.

On the other hand, Witten  and Hull  both pointed out that the use of Poisson bracket induces symplectic forms on certain manifolds and, in doing so, they proposed to study the role of symplectic diffeomorphisms in the construction of the $`w`$-algebras. Symplectic diffeomorphisms (or symplectomorphisms) form a class of diffeomorphisms on the cotangent bundle over the configuration space (phase space) which leave the canonical symplectic form invariant.

This type of invariance is very rich in the sense that it is the infinitesimal action of symplectomorphisms on a numerable set (may be even infinite) of very peculiar smooth changes of coordinates on the base Riemann surface which generates $`w`$-algebras as it has be shown quite recently . Similarly to the fact that the moduli space of Riemann surfaces plays an important role in 2d-conformal field theory coupled to gravity, it is expected that the same ought to hold for the $`w`$-symmetry .

Our treatment gives in an explicit way the infinitesimal mappings, so we can automatically give a set of Beltrami parametrizations  of them which can represent this moduli space. These problems, mostly topological, have an important counterpart within Lagrangian Quantum Field Theory, involving locality: indeed the occurrence of a numerable set of ”Beltrami equations” imposes a non local dependence of some fields on other ones, spoiling the fundamental requirements of local Quantum Field Theory. We do not realize the link between our reparametrizations and the gauge transformations of the flat $`SL(n,𝐂)`$ vector bundles canonically associated to the generalized projective structures, as proposed by Zucchini , and the embedding transformations proposed in References , but we hope that the absolute general statement of our transformations could shed some new light on the geometrical nature of $`w`$-symmetry.

Other examples of $`w`$ algebras, where the relevance of the complex structure occurs, were considered in many References . The former can be reconstructed by a partial breaking of the reparametrization invariance, while a set of consistency conditions controls the spoiling of the breaking of the symmetry under reparametrizations .

Moreover our approach differs slightly from these ones since it is grounded on a set of complex structures parametrized by Beltrami differentials, whose expressions give a geometrical meaning to quantities introduced in these References.

We stress that our philosophy relies on a deep connection between reparametrization invariance and $`w`$-symmetry, so if we want to investigate the physical aspects of this problem, a correct geometrical formulation will prove to be of great help.

In this context we consider a Quantum Extension of the theory, within the Lagrangian framework. However, we shall see that the locality (in the fields) assumption of a common Lagrangian Theory cannot be fulfilled; anyhow the dismission of this requirement will provide the mechanism for the compensation of the Quantum Anomalies and the improvement at the quantum level of physical quantities (Energy Momentum tensors) with definite holomorphic properties involving well defined complex structures.

Section 2 recalls some of the main results obtained in a previous work  with emphasis on the notation and the basic symplectic geometry underlying our problem.

In Section 3 we study the geometrical properties of the spaces, whose mappings toward a common background space define the transformations leading to $`w`$ symmetry.

In Section 4 we find, within a B.R.S. framework, the $`w`$ algebra transformations.

In Section 5 we build a very general Lagrangian Quantum Field theory, and using the deep connections between reparametrization invariance and $`w`$ symmetry we improve its B.R.S. Quantum extension. An Appendix is devoted to the cohomological problems and and Spectral Sequences calculations.

## 2 Geometrical Approach

The starting point of a symplectic structure is the definition on a manifold of the canonical 1-form on $`T^{}(z,y)`$ $`\theta `$ defined in a local chart frame $`𝒰_{(z,y)}`$

$`\theta |_{𝒰_{(z,y)}}=\left[y_zdz+\overline{y}_{\overline{z}}d\overline{z}\right]`$ (2.1)
The $`(2,0)(0,2)`$ form $`\mathrm{\Omega }d\theta `$

$`\mathrm{\Omega }|_{𝒰_{(z,y)}}\left[dy_zdz+d\overline{y}_{\overline{z}}d\overline{z}\right]`$ (2.2)
is closed and

$`{\displaystyle _\mathrm{\Sigma }}\mathrm{\Omega }={\displaystyle _\mathrm{\Sigma }}\theta `$ (2.3)
Let us consider now a frame $`𝒰_{(Z,Y)}`$ : $`\theta `$ will take the form on $`T^{}(Z,Y)`$

$`\theta |_{𝒰_{(Z,Y)}}=\left[Y_ZdZ+\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}d\overline{Z}\right]`$ (2.4)
$`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is globally defined and in $`𝒰_{(Z,Y)}`$ is defined as:

$`\mathrm{\Omega }|_{𝒰_{(Z,Y)}}=d\theta =\left[dY_ZdZ+d\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}d\overline{Z}\right]`$ (2.5)
If we require the invariance of the theory under diffeomorphisms, we have to impose that the local change of frame will generate a canonical transformation.

The change of charts will be canonical if in $`𝒰_{(z,y)}𝒰_{(Z,Y)}`$

$`\mathrm{\Omega }|_{𝒰_{(z,y)}}=\mathrm{\Omega }|_{𝒰_{(Z,Y)}}`$ (2.6)
this would imply:

$`\theta |_{𝒰_{(z,y)}}\theta |_{𝒰_{(Z,Y)}}=dF`$ (2.7)
$`F`$ is a function on $`𝒰_{(z,y)}𝒰_{(Z,Y)}`$. In the $`(z,Y)`$ plane we can define the function $`\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)`$ as:

$`d\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)d(F+(Y_ZZ+\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}\overline{Z})=(y_zdz+\overline{y}_{\overline{z}}d\overline{z})+(dY_ZZ+d\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}\overline{Z})`$ (2.8)
The function $`\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)`$ is the generating function for the change of charts and it is defined (up to a total differential) on the space $`𝒰_{(z,Y)}`$ and has non vanishing Hessian, $`{\displaystyle \frac{^2\mathrm{\Phi }}{zY}}`$.

In the region $`𝒰_{(z,Y)}`$ the differential operator takes the form

$`d=dz_z+d\overline{z}\overline{}_{\overline{z}}+dY_Z{\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}+d\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}}}(d_z+d_{Y_Z})`$ (2.9)
and $`d^2=0`$ will imply:

$`[_z,{\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}]=0[\overline{}_{\overline{z}},{\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}]=0`$ (2.10)
(and the c.c. commutators).

If we impose $`d^2\mathrm{\Phi }=0`$ we get the important properties:

$`\overline{}y_z=\overline{y}_{\overline{z}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}}}Z={\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}\overline{Z}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}y_z=Z{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}}}y_z=\overline{Z}`$ (2.11)
and their c.c., which yield that the mappings:

$`y_z(z,Y)=\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y),Z(z,Y)={\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)`$ (2.12)
are canonical. In particular for an arbitrary surface $`Y_Z=const`$ we can construct a local change of coordinates:

$`(z,\overline{z})(Z,\overline{Z})forZ(z,\overline{z})={\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)|_{Y_Z=const}`$ (2.13)
In the following, for writing convenience, we shall choose this constant equal to zero.

Going on we can verify that:

$`\theta |_{𝒰_{(z,y)}}=d_z\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)`$ (2.14)
So $`\mathrm{\Omega }|_{𝒰_{(z,Y)}}`$ takes the elementary form:

$`\mathrm{\Omega }|_{𝒰_{(z,Y)}}`$ $`=`$ $`d\theta |_{𝒰_{(z,Y)}}=dY_Zdz{\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{z}}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)+d\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}dz{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{z}}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)`$ (2.15)
$`+dY_Zd\overline{z}{\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{z}}}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)+d\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}d\overline{z}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{z}}}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)`$
$`=`$ $`dY_Zd_zZ+d\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}d_z\overline{Z}=d_{Y_Z}y_zdz+d_{\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}}\overline{y}_{\overline{z}}d\overline{z}`$
$`=`$ $`d_Yd_z\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)`$
We shall now introduce some quantities which will be useful for our treatment.

Let us call

$`\lambda (z,Y)=_z{\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)\lambda (z,Y)\mu (z,Y)=\overline{}_{\overline{z}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)`$
$`\overline{\lambda }(z,Y)=\overline{}_{\overline{z}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}}}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)\overline{\lambda }(z,Y)\overline{\mu }(z,Y)=_z{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}}}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)`$
(2.16)
the above expression will take the form:

$`\mathrm{\Omega }|_{𝒰_{(z,Y)}}`$ $`=`$ $`\left[dz\left(\lambda dY_Z+\overline{\lambda }(z,Y)\overline{\mu }(z,Y)d\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}\right)+d\overline{z}\left(\overline{\lambda }(z,Y)d\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}+\lambda (z,Y)\mu (z,Y)dY_Z\right)\right]`$ (2.17)
$`=`$ $`\left[\lambda (z,Y)\left(dz+\mu (z,Y)d\overline{z}\right)dY_Z+\overline{\lambda }(z,Y)\left(d\overline{z}+\overline{\mu }(z,Y)dz\right)d\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}\right]`$
due to the global definition of $`\mathrm{\Omega }|_{𝒰_{(z,Y)}}`$ we can derive:

$`d_zZ(z,Y)=\lambda (z,Y)\left(dz+\mu (z,Y)d\overline{z}\right)`$ (2.18)
$`d_Yy_z(z,Y)=\lambda (z,Y)\left(dY_Z+{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\lambda }(z,Y)\overline{\mu }(z,Y)}{\lambda (z,Y)}}d\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}\right)`$ (2.19)
(and their c.c.) which reveal a complex structure parametrized by an ordinary Beltrami multiplier $`\mu (z,Y)`$ in the $`(z,\overline{z})`$ plane by $`{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\lambda }\overline{\mu }}{\lambda }}`$ in the $`(Y_Z,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}})`$ one.

So the $`Z(z,Y)`$ and $`y(z,Y)`$ coordinate systems can be defined in terms of a given $`\mu (z,Y)`$, by means of the Equations:

$`(\overline{}\mu (z,Y))Z(z,Y)=0`$ (2.20)
$`({\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (z,Y)\overline{\mu }(z,Y)}{\lambda (z,Y)}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}}})y_z(z,Y)=0`$ (2.21)
From the previous equations the Liouville theorem will follow:

$`det|{\displaystyle \frac{Z(z,Y)}{z}}|=\lambda (z,Y)\overline{\lambda }(z,Y)(1\mu (z,Y)\overline{\mu }(z,Y))=det|{\displaystyle \frac{y_z(z,Y)}{Y}}|`$ (2.22)
Using the previous parametrization, as is well known, we can write the derivative operators $`_Z,\frac{}{Y_Z}`$ as:

$`_Z={\displaystyle \frac{_z\mu (z,Y)\overline{}_{\overline{z}}}{\lambda (z,Y)(1\mu (z,Y)\overline{\mu }(z,Y))}}`$ (2.23)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{y_z(z,Y)}}={\displaystyle \frac{𝒟^z\mu (z,Y)\overline{𝒟}^{\overline{z}}}{1\mu (z,Y)\overline{\mu }(z,Y)}}`$ (2.24)
(and their c.c) where we have introduced:

$`𝒟^z(z,Y)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda (z,Y)}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}`$ (2.25)
Finally, if we work in the $`𝒰_{(z,Y)}`$ space, taking $`z`$ and $`Y_Z`$ as passive coordinates, the condition $`d\mathrm{\Omega }|_{𝒰_{(z,Y)}}=0`$ will give:

$`d\mathrm{\Omega }|_{𝒰_{(z,Y)}}`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{}\lambda (z,Y)d\overline{z}dzdY_Z+(\lambda (z,Y)\mu (z,Y))dzd\overline{z}dY_Z`$ (2.26)
$`+\overline{\lambda }(z,Y)dzd\overline{z}d\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}+\overline{}(\overline{\lambda }(z,Y)\overline{\mu }(z,Y))d\overline{z}dzd\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}`$
$`+d\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}}}\left(\lambda (z,Y)\left(dz+\mu (z,Y)d\overline{z}\right)\right)dY_Z`$
$`+dY_Z{\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}\left(\overline{\lambda }(z,Y)\left(d\overline{z}+\overline{\mu }(z,Y)dz\right)\right)d\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}=0`$
which gives rise to the Beltrami identities:

$`\overline{}\lambda (z,Y)=(\mu (z,Y)\lambda (z,Y)),{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}}}\lambda (z,Y)={\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}\left(\overline{\lambda }(z,Y)\overline{\mu }(z,Y)\right)`$ (2.27)
and their c.c.

It is important to remark that from Eq (2.27) one has,

$`{\displaystyle \frac{𝒟^z\overline{\lambda }(z,Y)}{\overline{\lambda }(z,Y)}}={\displaystyle \frac{\overline{𝒟}^{\overline{z}}\mu (z,Y)+\mu (z,Y)𝒟^z\overline{\mu }(z,Y)}{1\mu (z,Y)\overline{\mu }(z,Y)}}`$ (2.28)
and its c.c. From Eq (2.10) we also get:

$`[_z,𝒟^z]`$ $`=`$ $`_z\mathrm{log}\lambda (z,Y)𝒟^z`$
$`[\overline{}_{\overline{z}},𝒟^z]`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{}_{\overline{z}}\mathrm{log}\lambda (z,Y)𝒟^z=\left(\mu (z,Y)𝒟^z\mu (z,Y)[_z,𝒟^z]\right)`$ (2.29)
(and their c.c.), and the commutator,

$`[𝒟^z,\overline{𝒟}^{\overline{z}}]=(𝒟^z\overline{\mu }(z,Y)){\displaystyle \frac{}{y_z(z,Y)}}(\overline{𝒟}^{\overline{z}}\mu (z,Y)){\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{y}_{\overline{z}}(z,Y)}}`$ (2.30)
from which it follows:

$`[{\displaystyle \frac{}{y_z(z,Y)}},{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{y}_{\overline{z}}(z,Y)}}]=0.`$ (2.31)
At this stage, one remark is in order. In Eq (2.15) the terms $`d_{Y_Z}ZdY_Z+d_{Y_Z}\overline{Z}d\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}`$ and $`d_zy_zdz+d_z\overline{y}_{\overline{z}}d\overline{z}`$ will identically vanish in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. Accordingly, we can state the important Theorem :

###### Theorem 2.1

On the smooth trivial bundle $`\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \text{R}^2`$, the vertical holomorphic change of local coordinates,

$`Z((z,\overline{z}),(Y_Z,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}))Z((z,\overline{z}),(Y_Z),\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}),`$ (2.32)
where $``$ is a holomorphic function in $`Y_Z`$, while the horizontal holomorphic change of local coordinates,

$`y_z(z,\overline{z},(Y_Z,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}))y_z(f(z),\overline{z},(Y_Z,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}})),`$ (2.33)
where $`f`$ is a holomorphic function in $`z`$, are both canonical transformations.

In the first case an infinitesimal variation of $`Z(z,Y)`$ in $`Y_Z`$ does not modify, for fixed $`(z,\overline{z})`$ the $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ form.

So the diffeomorphisms $`(z)Z((z,\overline{z}),Y_Z);zZ((z,\overline{z}),Y_Z+dY_Z)`$, will be related to the same two form $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$.

If we make the expansion around, say,$`Y_Z=0,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}=0`$ the generating function $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ will be written as the series :

$`\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{n_{max}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n!}}\left[Y_Z^n\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}\mathrm{\Phi }_1((z,\overline{z}),Y_Z)\right)^n|_{Y_Z=0,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}=0}\right]`$ (2.34)
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{n_{max}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n!}}\left[\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}^n\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}}}\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }_1}((z,\overline{z}),\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}})\right)^n|_{Y_Z=0,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}=0}\right]`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{n_{max}}{}}}\left[Y_Z^nZ^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})\right]+{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\left[\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}^n\overline{Z}^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})\right]`$
where:

$`Z^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n!}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}\right)^n\mathrm{\Phi }_1(z,Y)\right]|_{Y_Z=0,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}=0}`$ (2.35)
And we can reconstruct $`Z(z,Y)`$ as:

$`Z(z,Y)={\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}nZ^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})Y_{Z}^{}{}_{}{}^{n1}`$ (2.36)
We shall see in the following that the family of reparametrizations:

$`(z,\overline{z})(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})`$ (2.37)
will be the origin of the $`w`$ algebras symmetry transformations. Obviously the choice of the $`(Y_Z,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}})`$ origin as starting point does not alter the treatment

The symplectic form will then be written:

$`\mathrm{\Omega }|_{𝒰_{(z,Y)}}=d_Yd_z\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)={\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\left[d_YY_Z^nd_zZ^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})+d_Y\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}^nd_z\overline{Z}^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})\right]`$ (2.38)
Note that the conjugate momenta to the complex coordinates $`Z^{(n)},n1`$ are related to the n-th power of the conjugate momenta of the coordinate $`Z^{(1)}(z,\overline{z})`$.

## 3 The geometry of the $`Z^{(n)}`$-spaces

In the previous chapter we introduced the mappings:

$`(z,\overline{z})(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})n=1\mathrm{}n`$ (3.1)
foreseeing that they will be fundamental for our purposes.

Before investigating their role in the construction of $`w`$-algebras, we shall derive down below the most important properties of the $`(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})`$-spaces.

### 3.1 Generalities on $`(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})`$-spaces

The $`Z^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})`$ coordinates are defined as:

$`Z^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})=[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n!}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}\right)^n(\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y))]|_{Y_Z,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}=0}`$ (3.5)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1,\mathrm{},n}{}}j!{\displaystyle \underset{i=1,\mathrm{},m_j}{}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{(Z^{(p_i)}(z,\overline{z}))^{a_i}}{a_i!}}\right]|_{\left\{\begin{array}{c}_ia_i=j\\ _ia_ip_i=n\\ p_1>p_2>,\mathrm{},>p_{m_j}\end{array}\right\}}^{(j)}(z,\overline{z})`$
where the functions $`^j(z,\overline{z})`$ are given by:

$`^{(j)}(z,\overline{z}){\displaystyle \frac{1}{j!}}\left(𝒟\right)^j\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)|_{Y_Z,\overline{Y_Z}=0}`$ (3.6)
Note that the $`Z^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})`$ coordinate is no more independent from $`Z^{(r)}`$, for $`r=1,\mathrm{},n1`$; by the way it obeys differential consistency conditions induced by the $`^{(j)}(z,\overline{z})`$ functions: we shall sketch the above system for further convenience:

$`Z(z,\overline{z})`$ $`=`$ $`Z^{(1)}(z,\overline{z})`$
$`Z^{(2)}(z,\overline{z})`$ $`=`$ $`Z^{(2)}(z,\overline{z})^{(1)}(z,\overline{z})+(Z)^2^{(2)}(z,\overline{z})`$
$`Z^{(3)}(z,\overline{z})`$ $`=`$ $`Z^{(3)}(z,\overline{z})^{(1)}(z,\overline{z})+2Z(z,\overline{z})Z^{(2)}(z,\overline{z})^{(2)}(z,\overline{z})+Z(z,\overline{z})^3^{(3)}(z,\overline{z})`$
$`\mathrm{}`$
$`Z^{(N)}(z,\overline{z})`$ $`=`$ $`Z^{(N)}(z,\overline{z})^{(1)}(z,\overline{z})+\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}+\left(Z(z,\overline{z})\right)^N^{(N)}(z,\overline{z})`$ (3.7)
where the first equation can be solved by

$`\mathrm{ln}Z(z,\overline{z})={\displaystyle _{\stackrel{~}{z}}^z}𝑑z^{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{^1(z^{},\overline{z})}}+\mathrm{ln}Z(\stackrel{~}{z},\overline{z})`$ (3.8)
where $`\mathrm{ln}Z(\stackrel{~}{z},\overline{z})`$ takes into account the boundary conditions. Thus, one has

$`Z(z,\overline{z})=Z(\stackrel{~}{z},\overline{z})\mathrm{exp}{\displaystyle _{\stackrel{~}{z}}^z}𝑑z^{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{^{(1)}(z^{},\overline{z})}}`$ (3.9)
which plugged into the second equation gives $`Z^{(2)}`$ as an integral relation between $`Z`$, $`^{(1)}(z,\overline{z})`$ and $`^{(2)}(z,\overline{z})`$;

$`Z^{(2)}(z,\overline{z})=Z(z,\overline{z})\left[{\displaystyle ^z}𝑑z\mathrm{"}{\displaystyle \frac{^{(2)}(z\mathrm{"},\overline{z})Z(z\mathrm{"},\overline{z})}{(^1(z\mathrm{"},\overline{z}))^3}}\right]`$ (3.10)
In full generality, one gets,

$`Z^{(N)}(z,\overline{z})=Z(z,\overline{z})\left[{\displaystyle ^z}𝑑z\mathrm{"}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{Z(z\mathrm{"},\overline{z})}}^N(Z^{(j)}(^k(z\mathrm{"},\overline{z})_{kj})^i(z\mathrm{"},\overline{z}))\right]`$ (3.11)
where $`^{(i)}(z,\overline{z})i=1,2,\mathrm{},n`$ are fixed and $`Z^{(j)}(z\mathrm{"},\overline{z})j<n`$ have been calculated at the preceding orders. So we can state the following

###### Theorem 3.1

The set of functions $`^{(i)}(z,\overline{z})`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$ completely identify the set of coordinates $`Z^{(j)}(z,\overline{z})`$, $`j=1,\mathrm{},n`$

Now we want to solve another problem: given a local change of coordinates $`(z,\overline{z})(𝒵(z,\overline{z}),\overline{𝒵}(z,\overline{z}))`$ is it possible to consider it as an element of arbitrary n-th order of a $`w`$ hierarchy $`(z,\overline{z})(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})`$, and to find a construction of the underlying $`(Z^{(i)},\overline{Z}^{(i)})i=1,\mathrm{},n1`$ in order to get a $`w`$ description of this local change?

The answer is positive, since using a standard construction of the $`(Z^{(i)},\overline{Z}^{(i)}),i=1,\mathrm{},n1`$ spaces (which do not interfere with $`(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})`$), we can use it in the last equation of (3.7) and get in an algebraic way the suitable solution $`^N(z,\overline{z})`$. So we can state the Theorem:

###### Theorem 3.2

For an arbitrary local change: $`(z,\overline{z})(𝒵(z,\overline{z}),\overline{𝒵}(z,\overline{z}))`$ it is possible to generate a space hierarchy $`(z,\overline{z})(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)}),r=1,\mathrm{},n`$.

Finally we explore the $`(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})`$ spaces with respect to the $`(z,\overline{z})`$ background. As in , we shall introduce:

$`d_zZ^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})`$ $`=`$ $`\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n!}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}\right)^n\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)dz+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n!}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}\right)^n\overline{}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)d\overline{z}\right]|_{Y_Z=0,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}=0}`$ (3.12)
$``$ $`\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})[dz+\mu _{\overline{z}}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))d\overline{z}]`$
where:

$`\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n!}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}\right)^n\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)\right]|_{Y_Z=0,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}=0}Z^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})`$
$`\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})\mu _{\overline{z}}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n!}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}\right)^n\overline{}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)\right]|_{Y_Z=0,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}=0}\overline{}Z^{(n)}(z,\overline{z}).`$ (3.13)
So we shall define, for all $`n`$:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{Z^{(n)}}}={\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\mu }(n,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{}}{(1\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{\mu }(n,(z,\overline{z})))}}`$ (3.14)
In particular we get from Eq (3.5):

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{Z}^{(n)}}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}j!{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m_j}{}}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{(\lambda _z^{Z^{(p_i)}}(z,\overline{z})))^{a_i}}{a_i!}}\right]|_{\left\{\begin{array}{c}_ia_i=j\\ _ia_ip_i=n\\ p_1>p_2>,\mathrm{},>p_{m_j}\end{array}\right\}}^{(j)}(z,\overline{z})\right)=0.`$ (3.18)
This identity which now appears trivial, will acquire a particular meaning in the following.

It is so evident that the quantity $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))`$ will label the complex structure of the space $`Z^{(n)}`$ in the $`(z,\overline{z})`$ background and increasing the order $`n`$ this complex structure will explore the complex structure of all the $`(z,Y)`$ space.

More precisely we get:

$`\lambda (z,Y)\mu (z,Y)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}n\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))Y_{Z}^{}{}_{}{}^{n1}`$
$`\lambda (z,Y)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}n\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})Y_{Z}^{}{}_{}{}^{n1}`$ (3.19)
The symplectic form will reduce to:

$`\mathrm{\Omega }|_{𝒰(z,Y)}={\displaystyle \underset{n=1\mathrm{}n_{max}}{}}\left[\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})dY_{Z}^{}{}_{}{}^{n}+\overline{\lambda }_{\overline{z}}^{Z^{(n)}}\overline{\mu }(n,(z,\overline{z}))d\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}^{}{}_{}{}^{n}\right]dz`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{n=1\mathrm{}n_{max}}{}}\left[\overline{\lambda }_{\overline{z}}^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})d\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}^{}{}_{}{}^{n}+\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))dY_{Z}^{}{}_{}{}^{n}\right]d\overline{z}`$ (3.20)
From the very definition, the Beltrami parameter will take the general form:

$`\mu _{\overline{z}}^z(n,(z,\overline{z})){\displaystyle \frac{\overline{}Z^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})}{Z^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})}}={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}j!{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m_j}{}}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{(\lambda _z^{Z^{(p_i)}}(z,\overline{z}))^{a_i}}{a_i!\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})}}\right]|_{\left\{\begin{array}{c}_ia_i=j\\ _ia_ip_i=n\\ p_1>p_2>,\mathrm{},>p_{m_j}\end{array}\right\}}\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(j)}(z,\overline{z}).`$ (3.24)
where we have introduced:

$`\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})=\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(n)!}}\left(𝒟^z\right)^n\overline{}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)\right]|_{Y_Z,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}=0}`$ (3.25)
We remark that, due to Eq.(2.19) the presence of $`\lambda `$’s in the $`Y_Z`$ derivative compromises the locality requirements but the parameters in Eq (3.25) introduce a suitable parametrization for a local Lagrangian Quantum Field Theory use. Furthermore these ones have to be considered as the least common factors for all the Beltrami factors of the spaces $`Z^{(r)}(z,\overline{z})r=1,\mathrm{},n`$

Note that the Beltrami multiplier $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))`$ will depend on the $`\lambda ^{}s`$ parameters of the spaces parametrized by the $`Z^{(i)}`$ coordinates with $`in`$.

Under a change of background coordinates the Beltrami multiplier transforms as:

$`\mu _{\overline{z}}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))=\mu _{\overline{z}^{}}^z^{}(n,(z^{},\overline{z^{}}))(^{}z)(\overline{}\overline{z}^{})`$ (3.26)
so we can derive:

$`\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})=\mu _{\overline{z}^{}}^{(n^{})}(z^{},\overline{z^{}})(^{}z)^n(\overline{}\overline{z}^{})`$ (3.27)
giving a well-defined geometrical status to $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^n`$ as a $`(n,1)`$-conformal field.

A Beltrami identity is immediately recovered for each (and any) $`n`$ as a consequence of $`d_z^2=0`$,

$`\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n!}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}\right)^n\overline{}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)\right]|_{Y_Z=0,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}=0}=\overline{}\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})=(\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})\mu _{\overline{z}}^z(n,(z,\overline{z})))`$ (3.28)
It is not only obvious that $`\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}`$ is a non local object on $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))`$, but, due to Eq.(3.25) the parameters $`\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}`$ is not local on the parameters $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(i)}(z,\overline{z})`$ with $`in`$. Furthermore from Eq (3.24) we can realize that the Beltrami multiplier $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))`$ (see Eqs(3.28) (3.25) ) is sensible to the complex structures of the inner subspaces ; so we can state:

###### Statement 3.1

a) The $`\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}`$ (for fixed n) are non local functions of the parameters $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(r)}`$, and will contain all of them with order $`rn`$.

b)The complex structure of the $`(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})`$ spaces can be described by parameters $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))`$ which extend to these spaces the Beltrami multipliers. For a given $`n`$, $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))`$ will depend, through $`\lambda ^{Z^{(r)}},r<n`$, in a non local way on the $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(j)}`$’s with $`jn`$.

c) As a consequence of the previous statements and of Eq(3.12) the coordinate $`Z^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})`$ is a non local function of $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(j)}(z,\overline{z})`$ with $`jn`$

These are important geometrical statements of the work and are the basis for the physical discussion of the problem. So the mappings

$`(z,\overline{z})(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})n`$ (3.29)
are non holomorphic and the non holomorphicity depends on $`n`$.

The only possibility to get local Beltrami multipliers $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))`$ is to have $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(r)}(z,\overline{z})=0r>1`$ . In this case the complex structure of all the $`(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})`$ space will coincide with the $`(Z^{(1)},\overline{Z}^{(1)})`$ one. So necessarily $`r2`$:

$`\left[𝒟^z\right]^r\overline{}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)|_{Y_Z,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}=0}=\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda (z,Y)}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}\right]^r{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\left[Y_Z^n\overline{}Z^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})\right]|_{Y_Z,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}=0}=0,`$ (3.30)
It is easy to see that the previous equation leads to:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{}Z^{(r)}(z,\overline{z})}{Z^{(r)}(z,\overline{z})}}={\displaystyle \frac{\overline{}Z(z,\overline{z})}{Z(z,\overline{z})}}\mu (z,\overline{z}),r2`$ (3.31)
which, expressed in terms of the $`(Z,\overline{Z})`$ background, gives:

$`(\overline{}\mu (z,\overline{z}))Z^{(r)}=0,r2,`$ (3.32)
showing that $`Z^{(r)}`$ is an holomorphic function of $`Z`$.

This result is straightforwardly generalized. Imposing $`rl+1`$:

$`\left[𝒟^z\right]^r\overline{}\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)|_{Y_Z,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}=0}=\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda (z,Y)}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}\right]^r{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\left[Y_Z^n\overline{}Z^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})\right]|_{Y_Z,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}=0}=0,`$ (3.33)
one recovers

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{}Z^{(r)}(z,\overline{z})}{Z^{(r)}(z,\overline{z})}}={\displaystyle \frac{\overline{}Z^{(l)}(z,\overline{z})}{Z^{(l)}(z,\overline{z})}}\mu (l,(z,\overline{z})),rl+1`$ (3.34)
which leads to:

$`\overline{}_{Z^{(l)}}Z^{(r)}=0,rl+1.`$ (3.35)
Thus $`Z^{(r)}`$ is holomorphic in $`Z^{(l)}`$. Obviously the inverse is always true ; so we can state:

###### Theorem 3.3

The set of conditions: $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(r)}=0,r=l+1,\mathrm{},n`$ will imply that $`Z^{(n)}`$ is an holomorphic function of $`Z^{(l)}`$ and vice-versa.

### 3.2 Complex structures in $`(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)})`$ backgrounds

It is already interesting to analyze the complex structure of $`(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})`$-space with respect to different backgrounds; indeed setting

$`dZ^{(n)}=\mathrm{\Lambda }_{Z^{(r)}}^{Z^{(n)}}(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)})\left[dZ^{(r)}+\mathrm{\Xi }_{\overline{Z}^{(r)}}^{Z^{(r)}}(n,(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)}))d\overline{Z}^{(r)}\right]`$ (3.36)
where:

$`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{Z^{(r)}}^{Z^{(n)}}(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)}){\displaystyle \frac{Z^{(n)}(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)})}{Z^{(r)}}}`$
$`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{Z^{(r)}}^{Z^{(n)}}(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)})\mathrm{\Xi }_{\overline{Z}^{(r)}}^{Z^{(r)}}(n,(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)}){\displaystyle \frac{\overline{Z}^{(n)}(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)})}{Z^{(r)}}}`$ (3.37)
so that the quantity $`\mathrm{\Xi }_{\overline{Z}^{(r)}}^{Z^{(r)}}(n,(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)}))`$ is the Beltrami multiplier of the coordinates $`Z^{(n)}`$ in the $`(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)})`$ background $`n`$. So we can relate these quantities to the corresponding objects relatively to the $`(z,\overline{z})`$ background, $`n`$ and $`r`$:

$`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{Z^{(r)}}^{Z^{(n)}}(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)})|_{(z,\overline{z})}={\displaystyle \frac{\lambda _z^{Z^{(r)}}(z,\overline{z})\left(1\mu (r,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{\mu }(n,(z,\overline{z}))\right)}{\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})\left(1\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{\mu }(n,(z,\overline{z}))\right)}}\overline{\mu }(n,(z,\overline{z})))`$ (3.38)
and:

$`\mathrm{\Xi }_{\overline{Z}^{(r)}}^{Z^{(r)}}(n,(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)}))|_{(z,\overline{z})}={\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^{Z^{(r)}}(z,\overline{z})\left(\mu (r,(z,\overline{z}))\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))\right)}{\overline{\lambda }^{\overline{Z}^{(r)}}(z,\overline{z})\left(1\mu (r,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{\mu }(n,(z,\overline{z}))\right)}}`$ (3.39)
also we derive:

$`[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{Z^{(r)}}^{Z^{(n)}}(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)})\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{(\overline{Z}^r)}^{(\overline{Z}^n)}(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)})(1\mathrm{\Xi }_{\overline{Z}^{(r)}}^{Z^{(r)}}(n,(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)}))\overline{\mathrm{\Xi }}_{Z^{(r)}}^{\overline{Z}^{(r)}}(n,(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)}))]|_{(z,\overline{z})}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})\overline{\lambda }_{\overline{z}}^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})(1\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{\mu }(n,(z,\overline{z})))}{\lambda ^{Z^{(r)}}(z,\overline{z})\overline{\lambda }^{\overline{Z}^{(r)}}(z,\overline{z})(1\mu (r,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{\mu }(r,(z,\overline{z})))}}`$ (3.40)
## 4 $`w`$ B.R.S algebras

The previous construction introduces to a BRS derivation of $`w`$-symmetry as shown in . Our aim is to construct a BRS differential which considers, in an infinitesimal approach all the mappings $`(z,\overline{z})(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})`$, for all $`n`$, on the same footing.

Consider first the infinitesimal variations $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(z,Y)`$ of the generating function $`\mathrm{\Phi }(z,Y)`$ under the diffeomorphism action of the cotangent bundle. Then by taking the expansion (2.34) one can proceed as follows . Let $`𝒮`$ be the BRS diffeomorphism operator acting on the $`(z,\overline{z})`$ basis and defined for each $`n`$ by

$`𝒮Z^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})\mathrm{{\rm Y}}^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n!}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}\right)^n\mathrm{\Lambda }(z,Y)\right]|_{Y_Z,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}=0}`$ (4.1)
consequently the $`𝒮`$ nilpotency will give:

$`𝒮\mathrm{{\rm Y}}^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})=0`$ (4.2)
we shall decompose:

$`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})\left[\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})𝒦_n^z(z,\overline{z})\right]`$ (4.3)
and we get from the definition of $`\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})`$ :

$`𝒮\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})`$ $`=`$ $`\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n!}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}\right)^n\mathrm{\Lambda }(z,Y)\right]|_{Y_Z,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}=0}`$ (4.4)
$``$ $`\left[\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{n!}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{Y_Z}}\right)^{n1}(\lambda (z,Y)𝒞(z,Y))\right)\right]|_{Y_Z,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}=0}`$
$`=`$ $`\left(\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})𝒦_n^z(z,\overline{z})\right)`$
and consequently:

$`𝒮𝒦_n^z(z,\overline{z})=𝒦_n^z(z,\overline{z})𝒦_n^z(z,\overline{z})`$ (4.5)
Expanding the calculations yields:

$`𝒦_n^z(z,\overline{z})={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}j!{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{}}m_j\left[{\displaystyle \frac{(\lambda _z^{Z^{(p_i)}}(z,\overline{z}))^{a_i}}{a_i!\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}}}\right]|_{\left\{\begin{array}{c}_ia_i=j\\ _ia_ip_i=n\\ p_1>p_2>\mathrm{}>p_{m_j}\end{array}\right\}}𝒞^{(j)}(z,\overline{z})`$ (4.9)
where we have introduced:

$`𝒞^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})=\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n!}}\left(𝒟^z\right)^n\mathrm{\Lambda }(z,Y)\right]|_{Y_Z,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}=0},n=1,2\mathrm{}`$ (4.10)
which, for all $`n`$, provide, in Eq (4.9), a geometric expansion with the same non local coefficients as in Eq (3.24).

It is quite easy, from the very definition, to derive that these ghosts transform as:

$`𝒮𝒞^{(n)}={\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\left(r𝒞^{(r)}_z𝒞^{(nr+1)}\right)`$ (4.11)
revealing the holomorphic $`w`$ character of these ghosts. We remark that the B.R.S. variations of $`𝒞^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})`$ depends on the fields $`𝒞^{(r)}(z,\overline{z})`$ with $`rn`$. The upper limit of the indices of these ghosts coincides with the the upper index of the expansion Eq (2.34),and will characterize this symmetry: we do not fix it, and our conclusions hold their validity for any value (finite or infinite) of this index.

The connection between Eqs (4.9) and (3.24) spreads new light on the connection between diffeomorphisms and $`w`$ algebras by putting into the game the complex structures.

Now the coefficients of these expansions are essentially geometrical factors.

On the other hand the quantities $`\mu _{\overline{Z}}^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})`$ in Eq (3.25) will have the B.R.S variations:

$`𝒮\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})=\overline{}C^{(n)}(z,\overline{z}){\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{n}{}}}[r\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(r)}(z,\overline{z})C^{(nr+1)}(z,\overline{z})`$
$`rC^{(r)}(z,\overline{z})\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(nr+1)}(z,\overline{z})]`$ (4.12)
and:

$`𝒮\left[\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})\mu _{\overline{z}}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))\right]=\overline{}\mathrm{{\rm Y}}^{(p)}`$ (4.13)
so that:

$`𝒮\mu _{\overline{z}}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))=𝒦_n^z(z,\overline{z})\mu _{\overline{z}}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))\mu _{\overline{z}}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))𝒦_n^z(z,\overline{z})+\overline{}𝒦_n^z(z,\overline{z})`$ (4.14)
So for each $`n`$ a diffeomorphic structure with a ghost $`𝒦_n^z`$ (non local in the complex structure parameter ) can be put into evidence

From Eqs (3.24) it is easy to find the form of these variations in terms of $`w`$ components. We shall introduce:

$`\kappa _n^z(z,\overline{z}){\displaystyle \frac{𝒦_n^z(z,\overline{z})\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{𝒦_n}^{\overline{z}}(z,\overline{z})}{1\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{\mu }(n,(z,\overline{z}))}}`$ (4.15)
for which:

$`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}^{(n)}(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})_{Z^{(n)}}+\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}^{(\overline{n})}(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})_{\overline{Z}^{(n)}}=\kappa _n^z(z,\overline{z})+\overline{\kappa _n^z}(z,\overline{z})\overline{}`$ (4.16)
so:

$`𝒦_n^z(z,\overline{z})=\kappa _n(z,\overline{z})+\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{\kappa }_n^{\overline{z}}(z,\overline{z})`$ (4.17)
In this base we have:

$`𝒮\kappa _n^z(z,\overline{z})=\kappa _n^z(z,\overline{z})\kappa _n^z(z,\overline{z})+\overline{\kappa _n}^{\overline{z}}(z,\overline{z})\overline{}\kappa _n^z(z,\overline{z})`$ (4.18)
$`𝒮\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))`$ $`=`$ $`(\kappa _n^z+\overline{\kappa _n}^{\overline{z}}\overline{})\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))(\kappa _n^z+\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{\kappa }^{\overline{z}})`$ (4.19)
$`+\overline{}\kappa _n^z+\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{}\overline{\kappa _n}^{\overline{z}}`$
$`𝒮\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})=(\kappa _n^z+\overline{\kappa _n}^{\overline{z}}\overline{})\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})+\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})(\kappa _n^z+\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{\kappa }^{\overline{z}})`$ (4.20)
Note that the condition:

$`𝒮\mathrm{{\rm Y}}^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})=0`$ (4.21)
is verified only if the Beltrami condition Eq(3.28) holds.

In this approach we can also derive:

$`𝒞^{(j)}(z,\overline{z})={\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}r,s=0\\ r+s>0\end{array}}{\overset{j}{}}}\left[r!s!\left(\mathrm{\Pi }_i{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(l_i)}(z,\overline{z})\right)^{k_i}}{k_i!}}\right)|_{\left\{\begin{array}{c}_ik_i=s\\ r+_il_ik_i=j\end{array}\right\}}\right]c^{(r,s)}(z,\overline{z})`$ (4.26)
where we have introduced, in the spirit of Eq (2.24) the new ghosts:

$`c^{(p,q)}(z,\overline{z})=\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p!}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{q!}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{y_z(z,Y)}}\right)^p\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{y}_{\overline{z}}(z,Y)}}\right)^q\mathrm{\Lambda }(z,Y)\right]|_{Y_Z,\overline{Y}_{\overline{Z}}=0}`$
(4.27)
of conformal weight $`(p,q)`$ and which transform as:

$`𝒮c^{(p,q)}(z,\overline{z})={\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}r,s=0\\ r+s1\end{array}}{\overset{r=p,s=q}{}}}(rc^{(r,s)}(z,\overline{z})_zc^{(pr+1,qs)}(z,\overline{z})`$ (4.30)
$`+sc^{(r,s)}(z,\overline{z})\overline{}_{\overline{z}}c^{(pr,qs+1)}(z,\overline{z}))`$ (4.31)
We also remark that the variation of $`c^{(p,q)}`$ contains the ghost fields $`c^{(r,s)}`$ with lower degrees, $`rp;sq`$.

Combining together Eqs.(4.10) and (4.26) we shall write:

$`𝒦_n^z(z,\overline{z})={\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}r,s=0\\ r+s1\end{array}}{\overset{n}{}}}\eta _{(r,s)}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))c^{(r,s)}(z,\overline{z})`$ (4.34)
where

$`\eta _{(r,s)}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))={\displaystyle \underset{j=\text{max}(r,s)}{\overset{n}{}}}j!{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m_j}{}}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{(\lambda _z^{Z^{(p_i)}}(z,\overline{z}))^{a_i}}{a_i!\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}}}\right]`$ (4.35)
$`\times `$ $`\left[r!s!\left(\mathrm{\Pi }_i{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(l_i)}(z,\overline{z})\right)^{k_i}}{k_i!}}\right)\right]|_{\left\{\begin{array}{c}_ik_i=s\\ r+_il_ik_i=j\\ _ia_i=j\\ _ia_ip_i=n\\ p_1>p_2>\mathrm{}>p_{m_j}\end{array}\right\}}`$ (4.41)
in particular:

$`\eta _{(1,0)}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))`$ $`=`$ $`1`$
$`\eta _{(0,1)}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))`$ $`=`$ $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))`$ (4.42)
The same can be written in terms of the $`\kappa _n(z,\overline{z})`$ ghosts, getting:

$`\kappa _n^z(z,\overline{z})=c^{(1,0)}(z,\overline{z})`$ (4.45)
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}r,s=0\\ r+s2\end{array}}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\eta _{(r,s)}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{\eta }_{(r,s)}^{\overline{z}}(z,\overline{z})\right)}{1\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{\mu }(n,(z,\overline{z}))}}c^{(r,s)}(z,\overline{z}).`$
### 4.1 The introduction of matter field sectors in $`w_n`$-algebras

The introduction of matter in $`w`$ invariant models, and in particular $`w`$ gravity, have been treated in the literature in different scenarios according to the different attempts to reach $`w`$ algebras, e.g .

Our point of view, which relates in a geometrical fashion $`w`$ algebras to two dimensional conformal field theory, heavily supports the methods which introduce matter in conformal models. A proper $`(\alpha ,\beta )`$-differential has to be invariant under holomorphic changes of charts, thus induces a local rescaling by the $`\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}`$’s,

$`\varphi _{(\alpha ,\beta )}(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})(dZ^{(n)})^\alpha (d\overline{Z}^{(n)})^\beta `$ $`=`$ $`(\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z}))^\alpha (\overline{\lambda }_{\overline{z}}^{\overline{Z}^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z}))^\beta \varphi _{(\alpha ,\beta )}(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})`$
$`\times (dz+\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))d\overline{z})^\alpha (d\overline{z}+\overline{\mu }(n,(z,\overline{z}))dz)^\beta `$
$`\phi _{(\alpha ,\beta )}(z,\overline{z})(dz+\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))d\overline{z})^\alpha (d\overline{z}+\overline{\mu }(n,(z,\overline{z}))dz)^\beta `$
The field will be said scalar if $`(\alpha ,\beta )=(0,0)`$, namely,

$`\varphi (Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})\phi (z,\overline{z}),n`$ (4.47)
and will transform with only under point displacement

$`𝒮\varphi (Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})=\left(\mathrm{{\rm Y}}^{(n)}_{Z^{(n)}}+\mathrm{{\rm Y}}^{\overline{Z}^{(n)}}\overline{}_{\overline{Z}^{(n)}}\right)\varphi (Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})`$ (4.48)
Going now to background $`(z,\overline{z})`$ we have

$`𝒮\phi (z,\overline{z})=(\kappa _n^z(z,\overline{z})+\overline{\kappa _n}^{\overline{z}}(z,\overline{z})\overline{})\phi (z,\overline{z})`$ (4.49)
Now each $`(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})`$ space has a different complex structure, so using the background representation each field living in this space carries into its transformation the imprinting of this space.

$`𝒮\varphi _{(\alpha ,\beta )}(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\mathrm{{\rm Y}}^{(n)}_{Z^{(n)}}+\mathrm{{\rm Y}}^{\overline{Z}^{(n)}}_{\overline{Z}^{(n)}}\right)\varphi _{(\alpha ,\beta )}(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})`$ (4.50)
$`=`$ $`(\kappa _n^z+\overline{\kappa _n}^{\overline{z}}\overline{})\phi _{(\alpha ,\beta )}(z,\overline{z})`$
The same can be done with respect to the background system of coordinates

$`𝒮\phi _{(\alpha ,\beta )}(z,\overline{z})`$ $`=`$ $`(\kappa _n^z+\overline{\kappa }_n^{\overline{z}}\overline{})\phi _{(\alpha ,\beta )}(z,\overline{z})`$
$`+\alpha (\kappa _n^z+\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{\kappa }_n^{\overline{z}})\phi _{(\alpha ,\beta )}(z,\overline{z})`$
$`+\beta (\overline{}\overline{\kappa _n}^{\overline{z}}+\overline{\mu }(n,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{}\kappa _n^z)\phi _{(\alpha ,\beta )}(z^\alpha \overline{z}^\beta )(z,\overline{z})`$
In conclusion the above ghost decompositions Eqs(4.9) (4.34) clarify our strategy towards a treatment of $`w`$ algebras in a Lagrangian Quantum Field Theory framework ; since from the former it is quite straightforward to derive in combination with the canonical construction of the diffeomorphism B.R.S. operator, the one induced by the $`w`$ ordinary algebras. This will be very useful in the next Section.

The diffeomorphism variations of the ”matter fields” $`\varphi _{(\alpha ,\beta )}(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})`$, fix, from our point of view , their $`w`$ transformations, since it will be provided by the decomposition of ghosts $`\kappa _n^z(z,\overline{z})`$ in terms of the true $`c^{(r,s)}(z,\overline{z})`$ symplectomorphism ghost fields.

In particular, for the scalar field, the B.R.S. variation Eq(4.1) is rewritten as:

$`𝒮\phi (z,\overline{z})={\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}r,s=0\\ r+s1\end{array}}{\overset{n}{}}}c^{(r,s)}(z,\overline{z})\left(\tau _{n,(r,s)}^z+\overline{\tau }_{n,(r,s)}^{\overline{z}}\overline{}\right)\phi (z,\overline{z})`$ (4.54)
We remark that this description is totally different from the the various approach to $`w`$ matter found in the literature e.g. . Moreover, according to this viewpoint, it gives completely trivial the problem.

## 5 Lagrangian Field Theory building

The approach we have given before to $`w`$ algebras, and in particular the relevance of complex structures in their construction, suggests to investigate the role played by these symmetries in a Lagrangian Field Theory.

In the previous Sections we have emphasized the linking points between $`w`$ algebras and two dimensional conformal transformations, so our discussion starts with an example of conformal invariant models.

As it is well known, two dimensional conformal symmetry means reparametrization invariance: in our $`w`$ scheme we have to improve the symmetry of a wide class of reparametrization mappings, so a lot of care is required in order to respect the Lagrangian Field Theory prescriptions.

We shall deal with a common conformal model built on a two dimensional space manifold $`𝒵(z,\overline{z}),\overline{𝒵}(z,\overline{z})`$.

In order to construct a properly defined local Lagrangian theory we have to take care of:

1) a well definition of the Action integral,

2) the locality on the constituent fields,

3) the symmetry constraints.

We consider the scalar field case:

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{scalar}={\displaystyle 𝑑𝒵_𝒵\varphi (𝒵,\overline{𝒵})}d\overline{𝒵}\overline{}_{\overline{𝒵}}\varphi (𝒵,\overline{𝒵})`$ (5.1)
$`{\displaystyle 𝑑Z^{(n)}_{Z^{(n)}}\varphi (Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})}d\overline{Z}^{(n)}\overline{}_{\overline{Z}^{(n)}}\varphi (Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})`$
So we shall start from a model which is invariant under a reparametrization $`(z,\overline{z})(𝒵(z,\overline{z}),\overline{𝒵}(z,\overline{z}))`$, which is well defined but has quantum anomalies.

Our strategy for the realization of a $`w`$ symmetry in this model will be to consider the $`𝒵(z,\overline{z}),\overline{𝒵}(z,\overline{z})`$ space as an $`n`$-th element of a $`w`$ space hierarchy as in Eq(3.7).

A positive answer for our purposes comes from Theorem (3.2) but more care has to be exercised.

For this reason the model is to be “well defined” with respect all the possible backgrounds ; indeed the Lagrangian in Eq (5.1) written in terms of the $`(z,\overline{z})`$ background takes the form:

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{scalar}`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑z}d\overline{z}_{z,\overline{z}}(z,\overline{z})`$ (5.2)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑z}d\overline{z}{\displaystyle \frac{\left[\overline{\mu }(n,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{}\right]\varphi (z,\overline{z})\left[\overline{}\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))\right]\varphi (z,\overline{z})}{\left(1\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{\mu }(n,(z,\overline{z}))\right)}}`$
Moreover the model is well defined in each $`(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)})`$ frame ($`r`$) since:

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{scalar}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑Z^{(n)}_{Z^{(n)}}\varphi (Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})}d\overline{Z}^{(n)}\overline{}_{\overline{Z}^{(n)}}\varphi (Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑Z^{(r)}}d\overline{Z}^{(r)}\left(1\mathrm{\Xi }_{\overline{Z}^{(r)}}^{Z^{(r)}}(n,(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)}))\overline{\mathrm{\Xi }}_{\overline{Z}^{(r)}}^{Z^{(r)}}(n,(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)}))\right)^1`$
$`\times \left[_{Z^{(r)}}\overline{\mathrm{\Xi }}_{\overline{Z}^{(r)}}^{Z^{(r)}}(n,(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)}))\overline{}_{\overline{Z}^{(r)}}\right]\varphi (z,\overline{z})\left[\overline{}_{\overline{Z}^{(r)}}\mathrm{\Xi }_{\overline{Z}^{(r)}}^{Z^{(r)}}(n,(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)}))_{Z^{(r)}}\right]\varphi (z,\overline{z})`$
This means that in this framework we can assume as symmetry transformations the changes of charts:

$`(z,\overline{z})(Z^{(r)}(z,\overline{z}),\overline{Z}^{(r)}(z,\overline{z}))r=1\mathrm{}nn`$ (5.4)
just defined in Eq (3.7); and the dynamics of the particle, which is free and scalar in the space $`(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})`$, if described by means of the background of the underlying complex spaces $`(Z^{(r)}(z,\overline{z}),\overline{Z}^{(r)}(z,\overline{z})r=1\mathrm{}n1`$ need the parametrization of the Beltrami multiplier $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^z(n(z,\overline{z}))`$ just found in the Eq (3.24).

So at the light of previous arguments and of Theorem (3.2)

###### Statement 5.1

A two dimensional conformal model admits, at the classical limit, a $`w`$-symmetry of arbitrary order.

Anyhow the quantum extension requires some care.

Indeed the $`\lambda `$’s, are non local functions of the $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^{z^s}(z,\overline{z})`$,so in a local Lagrangian Quantum Field theory approach, they are not primitive, but, they are essential for the geometrical meaning of our $`w`$ construction.

We have just seen in the preceding Lagrangian construction that, if we want to maintain the ”well definition” of the Lagrangian with respect all the $`(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)})`$ frames, they are contained in the Beltrami $`\mathrm{\Xi }_{\overline{Z}^{(r)}}^{Z^{(r)}}(n,(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)}))`$ due to Eqs (3.39) (3.24).

If we want to analyze how the underlying complex structure contributes to the dynamics the price to pay is to put into the game all the $`\lambda _z^{Z^{(r)}}`$ fields, $`r=1,\mathrm{},n`$ induced by the decomposition of the $`(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})`$-spaces Eq.(3.5). These fields (even if local in the $`(z,\overline{z})`$ background) are non local in the $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(r)}(z,\overline{z})r=1\mathrm{}n`$ fields due to the Beltrami equations (3.28) in each $`(Z^{(r)},\overline{Z}^{(r)})`$, $`r=1,\mathrm{},n`$ sectors. So, according to this point of view, the model becomes intrinsically non local in the fields (unless $`n=1`$).

We have now to choose the set of fields which exhausts the dynamical configuration space : so our coordinates will be the fields: $`\phi `$, $`c^{(r,s)}`$, $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(r)}`$ ,$`\lambda _z^{Z^r}`$, $`r=1,\mathrm{},n`$ and their derivatives. This means that all the Classical B.R.S. diffeomorphism transformations of these fields have to be written in terms of the $`c^{(p,q)}`$ ghosts using the expansion of the various ghosts $`𝒞^{(j)}`$, $`𝒦_n^z`$ and $`\kappa _n^z`$ as written previously.

So we define as “naive ” BRS functional operator the following $`\delta _c`$:

$`\delta _c={\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{n_{max}}{}}}{\displaystyle }dzd\overline{z}[(\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})(\kappa _n^z+\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{\kappa _n}^{\overline{z}}(z,\overline{z})){\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\delta Z^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})}}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}r,s=0\\ r+s1\end{array}}{\overset{n}{}}}\left(rc^{(r,s)}(z,\overline{z})_zc^{(pr+1,qs)}(z,\overline{z})+sc^{(r,s)}(z,\overline{z})\overline{}_{\overline{z}}c^{(pr,qs+1)}(z,\overline{z})\right){\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\delta c^{(p,q)}(z,\overline{z})}}`$ (5.7)
$`+\left(\overline{}C^{(n)}(z,\overline{z}){\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\left[r\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(r)}(z,\overline{z})C^{(nr+1)}(z,\overline{z})rC^{(r)}(z,\overline{z})\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(nr+1)}(z,\overline{z})\right]\right){\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\delta \mu _{\overline{z}}^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})}}`$
$`+\left((\kappa _n^z+\overline{\kappa _n}^{\overline{z}}\overline{})\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})+\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})(\kappa _n^z+\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{\kappa }^{\overline{z}})\right){\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\delta \lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})}}`$
$`+\left[{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}r,s=0\\ r+s1\end{array}}{\overset{n}{}}}c^{(r,s)}(z,\overline{z})(\tau _{n,(r,s)}^z+\overline{\tau }_{n,(r,s)}^{\overline{z}}\overline{})\phi (z,\overline{z})\right]{\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\delta \phi (z,\overline{z})}}+c.c.]`$ (5.10)
(5.11)
where both the ghosts $`\kappa _n^z,𝒞^{(j)}`$ have been expressed in terms of the $`c^{(p,q)}`$ ghosts according to Eqs.(4.45)(4.26) respectively.

This is the ordinary diffeomorphism BRS operator, and its nilpotency is verified if the Beltrami conditions (3.28) hold for all the $`\lambda `$’s .

So the invariance of the Lagrangian $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{Scalar}`$ in Eq (5.1) is written in a local form

$`\delta _c_{z,\overline{z}}(z,\overline{z})=(\kappa _n^z(z,\overline{z})_{z,\overline{z}}(z,\overline{z}))+\overline{}(\overline{\kappa }_n^{\overline{z}}(z,\overline{z})_{z,\overline{z}}(z,\overline{z}))`$ (5.12)
We now define a set of local operators of zero F-P charge by:

$`\delta _c={\displaystyle 𝑑z}d\overline{z}{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}p,q=0\\ p+q1\end{array}}{\overset{n_{max}}{}}}\left(c^{(p,q)}(z,\overline{z})𝒯_{(p,q)}(z,\overline{z})+𝒮c^{(p,q)}(z,\overline{z}){\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\delta c^{(p,q)}(z,\overline{z})}}\right)`$ (5.15)
then thanks to both $`\{\delta _c,\delta _c\}=0`$, and Eq.(4.31), it turns out that the $`𝒯_{(p,q)}(z,\overline{z})`$’s fulfill commutation rules of $`w`$-algebra type, see e.g.  and references therein :

$`[𝒯_{(p,q)}(z,\overline{z}),𝒯_{(r,s)}(z^{},\overline{z^{}})]=`$ (5.16)
$`=p_z^{}\delta ^{(2)}(z^{}z)𝒯_{(p+r1,q+s)}(z,\overline{z})r_z\delta ^{(2)}(zz^{})𝒯_{(p+r1,q+s)}(z^{},\overline{z^{}})`$
$`+q\overline{}_z^{}\delta ^{(2)}(z^{}z)𝒯_{(p+r,q+s1)}(z,\overline{z})s\overline{}_{\overline{z}}\delta ^{(2)}(zz^{})𝒯_{(p+r,q+s1)}(z^{},\overline{z^{}}).`$
Note however that the obtained $`w`$-algebra with respect to the $`c^{(p,q)}`$ ghosts is not chiral, but in the vacuum sector where the one relative to the $`C^{(j)}`$ ghosts is chiral.

###### Statement 5.2

The ordinary diffeomorphism BRS transformations will induce, from Eqs(4.9) (4.34) $`w`$-algebra symmetry transformations. The BRS functional operator to be used for the Field Theory quantum extension the diffeomorphism symmetry (in terms of the $`𝒦_n,\kappa _n`$ ghosts), will give, if written in terms of the $`c^{(r,s)}`$ ghosts, a BRS differential for $`w`$-algebras.

The ordinary procedure for Quantum extension suggests to introduce the anti-fields in the Lagrangian term:

$`_{antifields}={\displaystyle }dzd\overline{z}({\displaystyle \underset{r,s}{}}(\xi _{(r+1,s+1)}(z,\overline{z})𝒮c^{(r,s)}(z,\overline{z}))+\nu _{(s+1)}(z,\overline{z})𝒮\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(s)}(z,\overline{z})`$
$`+\chi _{z,\overline{z}}(z,\overline{z})𝒮\phi (z,\overline{z})+{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}(\rho (r,(z,\overline{z}))_{\overline{z},Z^{(r)}}𝒮\lambda _z^{(Z^{(r)})}(z,\overline{z}))+c.c.)`$ (5.17)
So the complete Classical Action becomes

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{Classical}=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{scalar}+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{antifields}`$ (5.18)
and at the classical level we get:

$`\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Classical)}{\displaystyle }dzd\overline{z}[{\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Classical)}}{\delta \chi _{z,\overline{z}}(z,\overline{z})}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Classical)}}{\delta \varphi (z,\overline{z})}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Classical)}}{\delta \xi _{(r+1,s+1)}(z,\overline{z})}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Classical)}}{\delta c^{(r,s)}(z,\overline{z})}}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Classical)}}{\delta \nu _{(s+1)}(z,\overline{z})}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Classical)}}{\delta \mu _{\overline{z}}^{(s)}(z,\overline{z})}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Classical)}}{\delta \rho (r,(z,\overline{z}))_{\overline{z},Z^{(r)}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Classical)}}{\delta \lambda _z^{Z^{(r)}}(z,\overline{z})}}+c.c.]=0`$
(5.19)
By the way if we want to reproduce here one of the outstanding feature of conformal models , that is the holomorphic properties of the object coupled in an invariant way to Beltrami fields (i.e. the Energy Momentum tensor) the task is not so simple.

This fact is, in this context, particularly fruitful : the presence of $`n`$ independent complex structures (and then $`n`$ independent Beltrami fields) means that we can derive at least $`n`$ energy-momentum tensors and their related holomorphic properties.

The problem is that the Beltrami multipliers are non local objects, so the Energy-Momentum tensor cannot be defined in terms of functional derivatives except for the case $`n=1`$.

We can provide a solution by the following shortcut : introduce the following lower triangular $`n_{max}\times n_{max}`$ matrix $`𝒜`$ with entries $`(r1,0)`$-differentials valued bilocal kernels - but highly non local in the $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(j)}`$’s,

$`𝒜(n,r;(z,\overline{z}),(z^{},\overline{z^{}}))_{(r1)}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mu _{\overline{z}}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))}{\delta \mu _{\overline{z}}^{(r)}(z^{},\overline{z^{}})}},n=1\mathrm{}n_{max},0rn,`$ (5.20)
such that (compare with the expansion (3.24)),

$$\mu _{\overline{z}}^z(n,(z,\overline{z}))=𝑑z^{}d\overline{z}^{}\underset{r=1}{\overset{n}{}}𝒜(n,r;(z,\overline{z}),(z^{},\overline{z^{}}))_{(r1)}\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(r)}(z^{},\overline{z^{}}).\text{}$$
(5.21)
We shall suppose that $`𝒜`$ has an inverse $``$ with entries $`(2r,1)`$-differentials valued bilocal kernels, such that everywhere,

$`{\displaystyle 𝑑z\mathrm{"}}d\overline{z}\mathrm{"}{\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{n_{max}}{}}}(n,r;(z,\overline{z})(z\mathrm{"},\overline{z\mathrm{"}}))_{(2r,1)}𝒜(r,n^{};(z\mathrm{"},\overline{z\mathrm{"}}),(z^{},\overline{z^{}}))_{(r1,0)}=`$
$`=\delta _{n,n^{}}\delta ^{(2)}(zz^{}).`$ (5.22)
If we define:

$`𝒫_z^{\overline{z}}(n,(z,\overline{z})){\displaystyle 𝑑z^{}}d\overline{z}^{}{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}(n,r;(z,\overline{z})(z^{},\overline{z^{}}))_{(2r,1)}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\delta \mu ^r(z^{},\overline{z^{}})}}`$ (5.23)
one thus has

$`𝒫_z^{\overline{z}}(n,(z,\overline{z}))\mu (n^{}(z^{},\overline{z^{}}))=\delta _{n,n^{}}\delta ^{(2)}(zz^{}).`$ (5.24)
The $`𝒫`$’s play the role of the ”functional derivative operators” with respect the Beltrami parameters; they will be (as well as these last) non local (in $`\mu ^{(r)}(z,\overline{z})`$ ) functional operators and have a fundamental role in our context. If $`\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))`$is coupled at the tree approximation with a local field $`\mathrm{\Theta }_{(zz)}^{(Classical)}(n,(z,\overline{z}))`$ in an invariant way, for each n $`n=1\mathrm{}n_{max}`$ we have

$`\mathrm{\Theta }_{(zz)}^{(Classical)}(n,(z,\overline{z}))=𝒫_z^{\overline{z}}(n,(z,\overline{z}))\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Classical)}`$ (5.25)
so that the latter will transform at the classical level as:

$`𝒮\mathrm{\Theta }_{(zz)}^{(Classical)}(n,(z,\overline{z}))=𝒦^n(z,\overline{z})\mathrm{\Theta }_{zz}^{(Classical)}(z,\overline{z})+2\mathrm{\Theta }_{zz}^{(Classical)}(z,\overline{z})𝒦^n(z,\overline{z})`$ (5.26)
By the anticommutator $`\overline{}=\{𝒮,{\displaystyle \frac{}{\kappa _n}}\}`$ one gets :

$`\left(\overline{}\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))2\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))\right)\mathrm{\Theta }_{(zz)}^{(Classical)}(n,(z,\overline{z}))=0`$ (5.27)
Defining the $`(2,0)`$-differential

$`𝒥_{Z^{(n)}Z^{(n)}}^{(Classical)}(n,(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)}))\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda _{z}^{Z^{(n)}}{}_{}{}^{2}}}\mathrm{\Theta }_{(zz)}^{(Classical)}(n,(z,\overline{z}))\right]`$ (5.28)
the previous equation leads to:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{Z}^n}}𝒥_{Z^{(n)}Z^{(n)}}^{(Classical)}(n,(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)}))=0`$ (5.29)
In particular we remark that in the $`(z,\overline{z})`$ background:

$`d𝒥_{Z^{(n)}Z^{(n)}}^{(Classical)}(Z^{(n)}(z,\overline{z}))=\left[{\displaystyle \frac{𝒥_{Z^{(n)}Z^{(n)}}^{(Classical)}(Z^{(n)})}{Z^{(n)}}}\right](z,\overline{z})\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})\left[dz+\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))d\overline{z}\right]`$
(5.30)
This means that:

###### Statement 5.3

The conserved current $`𝒥_{Z^{(n)}Z^{(n)}}^{(Classical)}`$ is a non local function of $`\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))`$. It will imply that this object is a nonlocal function of $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(j)}`$ for $`jn`$.

Moreover we can rewrite the B.R.S transformation of the current as:

$`𝒮𝒥_{Z^{(n)}Z^{(n)}}^{(Classical)}(Z^{(n)})=\mathrm{{\rm Y}}^n_{Z^{(n)}}𝒥_{Z^{(n)}Z^{(n)}}^{(Classical)}(Z^{(n)})`$ (5.31)
so that we can define a set of invariant charges:

$`𝒬_n^{(Classical)}={\displaystyle 𝒥_{Z^{(n)}Z^{(n)}}^{(Classical)}(Z^{(n)})𝑑Z^{(n)}}`$ (5.32)
which are functional depending on the local parameters $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(j)}(z,\overline{z})`$ for $`jn`$,

$`𝒮𝒬_n^{(Classical)}=0,n=1\mathrm{}n_{max}`$ (5.33)
and a fortiori:

$`𝒯_{(p,q)}𝒬_n^{(Classical)}=0,p,qn=1\mathrm{}n_{max},`$ (5.34)
that is the charges $`𝒬_n`$ are invariant under both diffeomorphism and $`w`$ action.

Even if we have stressed the ”non local” nature of our theory, we can ask whether some noteworthy property is hidden in the pure local sector of the model.

The local counterpart of the Energy-momentum tensor (which is invariantly coupled to the Beltrami fields) are the quantities which are coupled in an invariant way to the $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(j)}`$’s.

We have already pointed out that in this context all the geometrical architecture of our building cannot be appreciated;anyhow a relic of $`w`$ algebras still appears : we now show, that their OPE’s will generate a $`w`$ expansion,as it has already be shown in the Literature . Indeed introducing, at the Classical level, the Ward identity for the appropriate partition function $`𝒵^{(Classical)}(\mu )`$ of the vacuum sector is:

$`\overline{}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta 𝒵^{Classical}(\mu )}{\delta \mu _{\overline{z}}^{(s)}(z,\overline{z})}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{n_{max}s}{}}}\left((s+j+1)\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(j+1)}+(j+1)\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(j+1)}\right){\displaystyle \frac{\delta 𝒵^{Classical}(\mu )}{\delta \mu _{\overline{z}}^{(j+s)}(z,\overline{z})}}=0`$
(5.35)
from which we derive by multiplying by $`\pi \frac{1}{(zz^{})}`$ and integration,

$`\pi ^2{\displaystyle \frac{\delta 𝒵^{Classical}(\mu )}{\delta \mu _{\overline{z}}^{(s)}(z^{},\overline{z^{}})}}+{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{n_{max}s}{}}}{\displaystyle 𝑑z}d\overline{z}\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(j+1)}(z,\overline{z})\left({\displaystyle \frac{s+j+1}{(zz^{})^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{s}{(zz^{})}}\right)\pi {\displaystyle \frac{\delta 𝒵^{Classical}(\mu )}{\delta \mu _{\overline{z}}^{z^{(j+s)}}(z,\overline{z})}}=0`$
Setting all the $`\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(j)}`$’s to zero and by quantum action principle one thus gets

$`\pi ^2{\displaystyle \frac{\delta 𝒵^{Classical}(\mu )}{\delta \mu _{\overline{z}}^{(s)}(z^{},\overline{z^{}})\delta \mu _{\overline{z}}^{(r)}(z,\overline{z})}}|_{\mu =0}+{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{n_{max}s}{}}}\delta _r^{j+1}\left({\displaystyle \frac{s+r}{(zz^{})^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{s}{(zz^{})}}\right)\pi {\displaystyle \frac{\delta 𝒵^{Classical}(\mu )}{\delta \mu _{\overline{z}}^{(r+s1)}(z,\overline{z})}}|_{\mu =0}=0`$
which gives the OPE for the tensors coupled to these objects.

This is valid only at the classical level: the local theory display at the quantum level anomalies, while the ”non local” approach admits, as we shall see in the next Section, a rather painless cancellation mechanism.

### 5.1 Quantum extension and Anomalies

The difficulties avoided using a local $`w`$ algebra using $`𝒞^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})`$ or $`c^{(r,s)}(z,\overline{z})`$ ghosts will create other problems for the Quantum extension of the model.

Due to quantum perturbative corrections the Action functional may violate the Ward identities, and according to the usual Lagrangian framework, one introduces the corresponding linearized BRS operator,

$`\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Delta }`$ (5.38)
$`\delta {\displaystyle }dzd\overline{z}[{\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Classical)}}{\delta \chi _{z,\overline{z}}(z,\overline{z})}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\delta \varphi (z,\overline{z})}}+{\displaystyle \underset{r,s}{}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Classical)}}{\delta \xi _{(r+1,s+1)}(z,\overline{z})}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\delta c^{(r,s)}(z,\overline{z})}}\right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Classical)}}{\delta \nu _{(s+1)}(z,\overline{z})}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\delta \mu _{\overline{z}}^{(s)}(z,\overline{z})}}\right)+{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Classical)}}{\delta \rho _{z,Z^{(r)}}(r,(z,\overline{z}))}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\delta \lambda _z^{Z^{(r)}}(z,\overline{z})}}\right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Classical)}}{\delta \varphi (z,\overline{z})}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\delta \chi _{z,\overline{z}}(z,\overline{z})}}+{\displaystyle \underset{r,s}{}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Classical)}}{\delta c^{(r,s)}(z,\overline{z})}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\delta \xi _{(r+1,s+1)}(z,\overline{z})}}\right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Classical)}}{\delta \mu _{\overline{z}}^{(s)}(z,\overline{z})}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\delta \nu _{(s+1)}(z,\overline{z})}}\right)+{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}({\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Classical)}}{\delta \lambda _z^{Z^{(r)}}(z,\overline{z})}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\delta \rho _{z,Z^{(r)}}(r,(z,\overline{z}))}}+c.c.)]`$ (5.39)
so only by counter-terms inclusion the symmetry will be restored at each order of the perturbative expansion. As is well-known, this requires a cohomological approach and if the cohomology is empty, the symmetry is restored at the quantum level.

This calculation is performed in the Appendix, where we show that the cohomology sector in the space of the local functions is isomorphic to the tensor product of the cohomologies of the ordinary disjoint smooth changes of coordinates $`(z,\overline{z})(Z^{(r)}(z,\overline{z}),\overline{Z}^{(r)}(z,\overline{z})),r=1\mathrm{}n`$.

This result shifts the problem to the quantum extension of a theory whose symmetry is provided by $`n`$ disjoint ordinary changes of coordinates, for which many known results are at our disposal

In particular if we add to our field content all the $`\mathrm{ln}\lambda ^{Z(r)}(z,\overline{z})r=1\mathrm{}n_{max}`$ the cohomology becomes empty.

The implicit“non locality on the fields” of our model softens the possible disappointment coming from the introduction of logarithms.

In the usual Quantum Field Theory the local anomaly is a cocycle which has a coboundary term which is $`\mathrm{log}\lambda `$ dependent and derives from the usual transgression formulas coming from the Gel’fand-Fuchs cocycle, which becomes coboundary if we put $`\mathrm{ln}\lambda `$’s into the game: in our case we get:

$`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\mathrm{}}(z,\overline{z})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{n}{}}}c_r𝒦_r(z,\overline{z})𝒦_r(z,\overline{z})^2𝒦_r(z,\overline{z})`$ (5.40)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{n}{}}}c_r\delta \left(𝒦_r(z,\overline{z})𝒦_r(z,\overline{z})\mathrm{ln}\lambda _z^{(Z^r)}(z,\overline{z})\right)`$
modulo coboundary terms and total derivatives; the anomaly in the space of local functionals is recovered by using the techniques of Ref .

$`\mathrm{\Delta }(z,\overline{z})={\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{n_{max}}{}}}c_r𝒦_r^z(z,\overline{z})^3\mu _{\overline{z}}^z(r,(z,\overline{z}))`$
Anyhow the B.R.S diffeomorphism operator is deeply related to the one of $`w`$ symmetry when we render explicit the $`𝒦_n(z,\overline{z})`$ ghosts in terms of $`c^{(r,s)}(z,\overline{z})`$ ones; this allows to calculate the $`w`$ local anomalies:

$`𝒯_{(r,s)}(z,\overline{z})\mathrm{\Gamma }={\displaystyle \underset{n=\text{max}(r,s)}{\overset{n_{max}}{}}}c_n\eta _{(r,s)}(n,(z,\overline{z}))^3\mu (n,(z,\overline{z})).`$ (5.42)
From the usual construction

$`𝒦_r(z,\overline{z})𝒦_r(z,\overline{z})^2𝒦_r(z,\overline{z})=\delta (𝒦_r(z,\overline{z})𝒦_r(z,\overline{z})\mathrm{ln}\lambda _z^{Z^{(r)}}(z,\overline{z}))`$ (5.43)
so the non local Action compensating terms will be:

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Polyakov)}={\displaystyle }c_r{\displaystyle }dzd\overline{z}(\mu _{\overline{z}}^z(r,(z,\overline{z}))^2\mathrm{ln}\lambda ^{Z^{(r)}}(z,\overline{z})`$
and the corresponding e-m tensor

$`\mathrm{\Theta }_{(zz)}^{(Polyakov)}(n,(z,\overline{z}))=𝒫_z^{\overline{z}}(n,(z,\overline{z}))\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Polyakov)}=2c_nS_{zz}(Z^{(n)}(z,\overline{z}))`$ (5.45)
where, as usual:

$`S_{zz}(Z^{(n)}(z,\overline{z}))^2\mathrm{ln}\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z}){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(\mathrm{ln}\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})\right)^2`$ (5.46)
So we can define:

$`\mathrm{\Theta }_{(zz)}(n,(z,\overline{z}))=𝒫_z^{\overline{z}}(n,(z,\overline{z}))\left[\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Polyakov)}\right]`$ (5.47)
So the anomaly compensation mechanism allows to construct at the Quantum level an energy momentum tensor which verifies the same symmetry properties as the classical energy momentum tensor.

At this stage it is trivial to define a current

$`𝒥_{Z^{(n)}Z^{(n)}}(n,(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})){\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda _{z}^{Z^{(n)}}{}_{}{}^{2}}}\left[𝒫_z^{\overline{z}}(n,(z,\overline{z}))\mathrm{\Gamma }+2c_nS_{zz}(Z^{(n)}(z,\overline{z}))\right]`$ (5.48)
which is the Quantum extension of the classical $`(2,0)`$-covariant tensor $`𝒥_{Z^{(n)}Z^{(n)}}^{(Classical)}(n,(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)}))`$. Note that due to the presence of the Schwarzian derivative the former is no longer a tensor.

Moreover we can also define, for each $`nn_{max}`$:

$`𝒬_n={\displaystyle 𝒥_{Z^{(n)}Z^{(n)}}(Z^{(n)})𝑑Z^{(n)}}`$ (5.49)
which will be invariant even in the Quantum level.

## 6 Conclusions

The many aspects of two dimensional reparametrization invariance provide a further geometrical description of $`w`$-algebras. We have addressed the question of introducing local $`(n,1)`$-conformal fields generalizing the usual Beltrami differential appearing in $`w`$-gravity. It was shown that the way out is based on the infinitesimal action of symplectomorphisms on coordinate transformations dictated by very special canonical transformations.

Also, it is both interesting and intriguing to note how intermingled the symplectic and conformal geometries are relevant for all the present treatment. The combination of Beltrami parametrization of complex structures, canonical transformations and symplectomorphisms yields to a BRS formulation of $`w`$-algebras.

However, although the locality requirements are fundamental for the physical contents within a Lagrangian field Theory, we have overcome them in order to take ever present the geometrical aspect of the problem. But we aim to treat the former in order to understand better the role of the Quantum $`w`$ local anomalies  in relation to the point of view expressed in the present paper.

Acknowledgements. We are grateful to Prof. A. Blasi for comments and discussions.

## 7 Appendix

The purpose of this Appendix is to show that the cohomology space of our BRS operator $`\delta `$ in the space of local functions, is isomorphic to the one of the $`n`$ independent reparametrizations $`(z,\overline{z})(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)})`$.

We have shown in  that the cohomology space in the functional of the BRS operator $`\delta `$ will coincide with the local function cohomology of the nilpotent BRS operator $`\delta c^{(1,0)}c^{(0,1)}\overline{}`$.

This cohomology space will be computed by using the spectral sequences method. Let us filter with:

$`\nu ={\displaystyle \underset{p,q,m,n}{}}\left(p+q\right)^m\overline{}^nc^{(p,q)}(z,\overline{z}){\displaystyle \frac{}{^m\overline{}^nc^{(p,q)}(z,\overline{z})}}.`$ (7.1)
At the zero eigenvalue the following operator is obtained,

$`\delta _0{\displaystyle }dzd\overline{z}[{\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Classical)}}{\delta \varphi (z,\overline{z})}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\delta \chi _{z,\overline{z}}(z,\overline{z})}}+{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Classical)}}{\delta \mu _{\overline{z}}^{(s)}(z,\overline{z})}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\delta \nu _{(s+1)}(z,\overline{z})}}\right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{r,s}{}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Antifields)}}{\delta c^{(r,s)}(z,\overline{z})}}|_{c=0}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\delta \zeta _{(r+1,s+1)}(z,\overline{z})}}\right)+{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Classical)}}{\delta \lambda _z^{Z^{(r)}}(z,\overline{z})}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\delta \rho _{z,Z^{(r)}}(r,(z,\overline{z}))}}\right)]`$ (7.2)
where $`{\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{(Antifields)}}{\delta c^{(p,q)}(z,\overline{z})}}|_{c=0}`$ is the $`c`$ independent part of the BRS variation of the anti-fields $`\zeta `$ induced by the linearization of $`\delta `$.

This operator is clearly nilpotent due to the $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$-$`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ neutrality of the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{Classical}`$ terms. Its cohomology space can be calculated using again the spectral sequences method. Its adjoint can be defined upon using the Dixon procedure  and the Laplacian kernel is isomorphic to the cohomology space. The upshot of this calculation does not modify the final result; anyhow for the sake of completeness we can calculate this space by first filtrating this operator with the field operator counter, and by calculating the kernel of the Laplacian. It is easy to convince one self that the cohomology space will be independent on the anti-fields $`\rho _{z,Z^{(r)}}(r,(z,\overline{z}))`$,$`\nu _{(s+1)}(z,\overline{z})`$, $`\chi _{z,\overline{z}}(z,\overline{z})`$, $`\zeta _{r+1,s+1}(z,\overline{z})`$ and complicated combinations in the matter fields and $`\lambda `$’s and $`\mu `$’s.

The fundamental step takes place in the analysis of the action on $`\delta `$ of the filtering operator (7.1) at the eigenvalue equal to one. In this case we have to calculate the kernel of this operator (and its adjoint) on the space previously calculated with $`\delta _0`$ . It is easy to derive that this operator is nothing else but the sum of the operators $`\delta c^{(1,0)}c^{(0,1)}\overline{}`$, (where $`\delta `$ is the ordinary diffeomorphism operator of the $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$-$`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ neutral fields containing the ghosts $`c^{(1,0)}`$ and $`c^{(0,1)}`$) plus the total variation of $`c^{(p,q)}`$.

This operator is still nilpotent so we can filter it again. We shall choose as filtering operator the one which counts the $`c^{(1,0)}`$ and $`c^{(0,1)}`$ ghost fields, namely,

$`\nu ^{}={\displaystyle \underset{p,q,m,n}{}}^n\overline{}^mc^{(1,0)}(z,\overline{z}){\displaystyle \frac{}{^n\overline{}^mc^{(1,0)}(z,\overline{z})}}+^n\overline{}^mc^{(0,1)}(z,\overline{z}){\displaystyle \frac{}{^n\overline{}^mc^{(0,1)}(z,\overline{z})}}`$ (7.3)
At zero eigenvalue we find:

$`\delta _0^{}={\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}j,l,m,n,r,s,p,q\\ p+q>r+s>1\end{array}}{}}\frac{n!m!}{l!j!(nl)!(mj)!}[^l\overline{}^jc^{(r,s)}(z,\overline{z})(r^{(nl+1)}\overline{}^{(mj)}c^{(pr+1,qs)}(z,\overline{z})`$ (7.6)
$`+s^{(nl)}\overline{}^{(mj+1)}c^{(pr,qs+1)}(z,\overline{z}))]{\displaystyle \frac{}{(^n\overline{}^mc^{(p,q)}(z,\overline{z}))}}`$ (7.7)
After defining its adjoint according to the Dixon procedure it is easy to find that the cohomology does not depend on the ghost fields $`c^{(p,q)}`$ and their derivatives, with the condition $`\left(p+q\right)>1`$.

At the end we are left with the BRS operator induced by the following transformation rules, for any $`n`$:

$`𝒮\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})=c^{(1,0)}(z,\overline{z})\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})+\overline{}\left(\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})c^{(0,1)}(z,\overline{z})\right)+\overline{}c^{(1,0)}(z,\overline{z})\delta _{n,1}`$
$`n\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(n)}(z,\overline{z})c^{(1,0)}(z,\overline{z})\left({\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}r\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(r)}(z,\overline{z})\mu _{\overline{z}}^{(nr+1)}(z,\overline{z})\right)c^{(0,1)}(z,\overline{z})`$
(7.8)
$`𝒮\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})`$ $`=`$ $`\left(c^{(1,0)}(z,\overline{z})+c^{(0,1)}(z,\overline{z})\overline{}\right)\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})`$ (7.9)
$`+\lambda _z^{Z^{(n)}}(z,\overline{z})\left(c^{(1,0)}(z,\overline{z})+\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))c^{(0,1)}(z,\overline{z})\right)`$
where $`\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))`$ must be written according to the expansion Eq.(3.24), we thus get the transformations for the Beltrami differentials at any level $`n`$:

$`𝒮\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))=\left(c^{(1,0)}(z,\overline{z})+c^{(0,1)}(z,\overline{z})\overline{}\right)\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))`$
$`+\overline{}c^{(1,0)}(z,\overline{z})+\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))\overline{}c^{(0,1)}(z,\overline{z})`$
$`\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))\left(c^{(1,0)}(z,\overline{z})+\mu (n,(z,\overline{z}))c^{(0,1)}(z,\overline{z})\right)`$ (7.10)
while for the scalar matter field,

$`𝒮\phi (z,\overline{z})=\left(c^{(1,0)}(z,\overline{z})+c^{(0,1)}(z,\overline{z})\overline{}\right)\phi (z,\overline{z})`$ (7.11)
and the ghost field $`c^{(1,0)}`$ (and the c.c. for $`c^{(0,1)}`$),

$`𝒮c^{(1,0)}(z,\overline{z})=\left(c^{(1,0)}(z,\overline{z})_z+c^{(0,1)}(z,\overline{z})\overline{}_{\overline{z}}\right)c^{(1,0)}(z,\overline{z}).`$ (7.12)
All of these are ordinary diffeomorphism transformations.

So the $`w`$ algebra reduces to a tensor product of $`n`$ independent diffeomorphisms of level equal to one $`(z,\overline{z})(Z^{(n)},\overline{Z}^{(n)}),n=1,\mathrm{},n_{max}`$.