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# Orlicz-Pettis polynomials on Banach spaces

## 1. Introduction

In the study of the isomorphic properties of Banach spaces, some classes of (bounded linear) operators have been introduced which include the isomorphisms and preserve certain properties of the spaces. These are the semigroups of operators, such as the semi-Fredholm operators, associated to the ideal of compact operators , the tauberian operators, associated to the weakly compact operators , the Orlicz-Pettis operators, related to the unconditionally converging operators , etc. The semigroups and the operator ideals are somehow opposite notions: for every Banach space $`X`$, the identity map $`I_X`$ belongs to all the semigroups, while the null operator belongs to all the ideals .

These semigroups do not have an exact analogue within the class of polynomials between Banach spaces. Nevertheless, in the present paper we introduce the class of Orlicz-Pettis polynomials, related to the unconditionally converging polynomials, and show that they share certain properties with the Orlicz-Pettis (linear) operators (see Section 2), and do not satisfy some others (Section 3). In order to obtain the results of Section 3, we are led to give a number of counterexamples, mainly of vector valued polynomials on $`c_0`$, which is the key space when we deal with weakly unconditionally Cauchy series. These counterexamples are of independent interest and can give new insight into the differences between linear operators and polynomials.

Throughout the paper, $`X`$, $`Y`$ and $`Z`$ denote Banach spaces, $`X^{}`$ is the dual of $`X`$, $`B_X`$ is its closed unit ball, $`(X,Y)`$ stands for the space of operators from $`X`$ into $`Y`$, $`𝒫(^kX,Y)`$ represents the space of all $`k`$-homogeneous (continuous) polynomials from $`X`$ into $`Y`$, $`(^kX,Y)`$ is the space of all $`k`$-linear (continuous) mappings from $`X^k`$ into $`Y`$. When the range space $`Y`$ is omitted, it is supposed to be the scalar field (real or complex). We denote by $`X\widehat{}_\pi Y`$ the projective tensor product of $`X`$ and $`Y`$; the product of $`k`$ spaces is represented by $`\widehat{}_\pi ^kX:=X\widehat{}_\pi \mathrm{}\widehat{}_\pi X`$. We use the notation $`x^{(k)}:=x\stackrel{(k)}{\mathrm{}}x`$, where $`xX`$. The set of natural numbers is denoted by $``$, and $`(e_n)`$ is the unit vector basis of the space $`c_0`$. The coordinates of a vector $`xc_0`$ are denoted by $`x(i)`$ $`(i=1,2,\mathrm{})`$.

A formal series $`x_n`$ in $`X`$ is weakly unconditionally Cauchy (w.u.C., for short) if, for every $`\varphi X^{}`$, we have $`|\varphi (x_n)|<+\mathrm{}`$. Equivalent definitions may be seen in \[2, Theorem V.6\]. The series is unconditionally convergent (u.c., for short) if every subseries converges. Equivalent definitions may be seen in \[3, Theorem 1.9\].

It may be helpful to recall that every polynomial between Banach spaces takes w.u.C. (resp. u.c.) series into w.u.C. (resp. u.c.) series \[7, Theorem 2\]. The following simple fact will also be useful:

###### Proposition 1.1.

Given a polynomial $`P𝒫(^kX,Y)`$ and a w.u.C. series $`x_n`$ in $`X`$, the sequence $`\left(P\left(_{i=1}^nx_i\right)\right)_n`$ is weak Cauchy.

Proof. Let $`j(c_0,X)`$ be the operator given by $`j(e_n)=x_n`$. Then $`Pj𝒫(^kc_0,Y)`$. Since $`c_0`$ has the Dunford-Pettis property, $`Pj`$ takes weak Cauchy sequences into weak Cauchy sequences . So, the sequence

$$\left(P\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}x_i\right)\right)_n=\left(Pj\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}e_i\right)\right)_n$$

is weak Cauchy. $`\mathrm{}`$

A polynomial $`P𝒫(^kX,Y)`$ $`(k1)`$ is unconditionally converging  if, for each w.u.C. series $`x_n`$ in $`X`$, the sequence $`\left(P\left(_{i=1}^nx_i\right)\right)_n`$ is convergent in $`Y`$. The space of all unconditionally converging polynomials is denoted by $`𝒫_{uc}(^kX,Y)`$ (or $`_{uc}(X,Y)`$ if $`k=1`$). This class of polynomials has been very useful for obtaining polynomial characterizations of Banach space properties (see ). Easily, $`T_{uc}(X,Y)`$ if and only if for each w.u.C. series $`x_n`$ in $`X`$, the series $`T(x_n)`$ is u.c. in $`Y`$. The polynomial $`P𝒫(^kX,Y)`$ is (weakly) compact if $`P(B_X)`$ is relatively (weakly) compact in $`Y`$. The space of compact polynomials from $`X`$ into $`Y`$ is denoted by $`𝒫_{co}(^kX,Y)`$. Every weakly compact polynomial is unconditionally converging, and every unconditionally converging polynomial on $`c_0`$ is compact (see  or ).

The standard notations and definitions in Banach space theory may be seen in . For the basics in the theory of polynomials, we refer to .

## 2. Positive results

In this Section, we introduce the Orlicz-Pettis polynomials, as those satisfying the following main result. We give some other properties, and a first example of a polynomial in this class.

###### Theorem 2.1.

Given $`k`$ and $`P𝒫(^kX,Y)`$, the following assertions are equivalent:

(A) Given a w.u.C. series $`x_n`$ in $`X`$, if the set $`\left\{P\left(_{i=1}^{\mathrm{}}a_n(i)x_i\right)\right\}_n`$ is relatively weakly compact for every bounded sequence $`(a_n)c_0`$, then $`x_n`$ is u.c.

(B) Given a w.u.C. series $`x_n`$ in $`X`$, if the set $`\left\{P\left(_{i=1}^{\mathrm{}}a_n(i)x_i\right)\right\}_n`$ is relatively compact for every bounded sequence $`(a_n)c_0`$, then $`x_n`$ is u.c.

(C) If the sequence $`(x_n)X`$ is equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis, then there is a bounded sequence $`(a_n)c_0`$ such that the set $`\left\{P\left(_{i=1}^{\mathrm{}}a_n(i)x_i\right)\right\}_n`$ is not relatively weakly compact.

(D) If the sequence $`(x_n)X`$ is equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis, then there is a bounded sequence $`(a_n)c_0`$ such that the set $`\left\{P\left(_{i=1}^{\mathrm{}}a_n(i)x_i\right)\right\}_n`$ is not relatively compact.

(E) For every operator $`T(Z,X)`$, if $`PT𝒫_{uc}(^kZ,Y)`$, then $`T`$ is unconditionally converging.

(F) For every operator $`T(c_0,X)`$, if $`PT𝒫_{co}(^kc_0,Y)`$, then $`T`$ is compact.

(G) For every subspace $`MX`$ containing a copy of $`c_0`$, the polynomial $`Pj_M`$ is not unconditionally converging, where $`j_M`$ denotes the embedding of $`M`$ into $`X`$.

(H) For every subspace $`MX`$ isomorphic to $`c_0`$, the polynomial $`Pj_M`$ is not compact, where $`j_M`$ denotes the embedding of $`M`$ into $`X`$.

Proof. (A) $``$ (B) and (C) $``$ (D) are obvious.

(A) $``$ (C): If $`(x_n)`$ is equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis, then the series $`x_n`$ is w.u.C., not u.c. So it is enough to apply (A).

(B) $``$ (D): By the same argument.

(D) $``$ (E): Assume $`T(Z,X)`$ is not unconditionally converging. Then we can find a sequence $`(z_n)Z`$ such that $`(z_n)`$ and $`(T(z_n))`$ are equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis. By (D), there is a bounded sequence $`(a_n)c_0`$ such that the set $`\left\{PT\left(_{i=1}^{\mathrm{}}a_n(i)z_i\right)\right\}_n`$ is not relatively compact. Hence, letting $`M`$ be the closed linear span of $`\left\{z_n\right\}`$, there is a bounded sequence $`(x_n)M`$ such that $`\left\{PT(x_n)\right\}`$ is not relatively compact. Therefore, $`PTj_M`$ is not compact. Since $`M`$ is isomorphic to $`c_0`$, this implies that $`PTj_M`$ is not unconditionally converging, and we conclude that $`PT`$ is not unconditionally converging.

(E) $``$ (F): Take a noncompact operator $`T(c_0,X)`$. Then $`T`$ is not unconditionally converging. By (E), $`PT`$ is not unconditionally converging.

(F) $``$ (G): Suppose there is a subspace $`MX`$ containing $`c_0`$ such that $`Pj_M`$ is unconditionally converging. Then, there is a subspace $`NM`$ isomorphic to $`c_0`$ so that $`Pj_N`$ is unconditionally converging and so compact. However, $`j_N`$ is not compact.

(G) $``$ (H): This is clear, since every unconditionally converging polynomial on $`c_0`$ is compact.

(H) $``$ (A): Assume there is a w.u.C. series $`x_n`$ in $`X`$, not u.c., such that the set $`\left\{P\left(_{i=1}^{\mathrm{}}a_n(i)x_i\right)\right\}_n`$ is relatively weakly compact for every bounded sequence $`(a_n)c_0`$. Taking blocks, we can assume that $`(x_n)`$ is equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis. Let $`M`$ be the closed linear span of $`\left\{x_n\right\}`$. Then, $`Pj_M`$ takes bounded sequences into relatively weakly compact sequences, and so $`Pj_M`$ is compact. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Definition 2.2.

We say that $`P𝒫(^kX,Y)`$ is an Orlicz-Pettis polynomial if it satisfies the equivalent assertions of Theorem 2.1. We denote by $`𝒫_{\mathrm{uc}+}(^kX,Y)`$ the space of all $`k`$-homogeneous Orlicz-Pettis polynomials from $`X`$ into $`Y`$.

The choice of the name is due to the relationship with the u.c. series, which were studied by Orlicz and Pettis \[2, Chapter IV\].

The classes $`𝒫_{uc}(^kX,Y)`$ and $`𝒫_{\mathrm{uc}+}(^kX,Y)`$ may be described by means of a family of sets. We say that a subset $`AX`$ is a WUC-set if there is an operator $`T(c_0,X)`$ such that $`A=T\left(B_{c_0}\right)`$. We need a previous lemma.

###### Lemma 2.3.

Given a polynomial $`P𝒫(^kX,Y)`$ which is not unconditionally converging, there is an embedding $`j:c_0X`$ such that $`Pj𝒫_{uc}(^kc_0,Y)`$.

Proof. If $`P𝒫_{uc}(^kX,Y)`$, we can find a w.u.C. series $`x_n`$ in $`X`$ such that the sequence $`\left(P(x_1+\mathrm{}+x_n)\right)_n`$ is not convergent. Let $`j:c_0X`$ be given by $`j(e_n)=x_n`$. Then the sequence

$$\left(Pj(e_1+\mathrm{}+e_n)\right)_n=\left(P(x_1+\mathrm{}+x_n)\right)_n$$

is not convergent, so $`Pj𝒫_{uc}(^kc_0,Y)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

The next Proposition highlights the opposition between the classes $`𝒫_{uc}(^kX,Y)`$ and $`𝒫_{\mathrm{uc}+}(^kX,Y)`$.

###### Proposition 2.4.

For a polynomial $`P𝒫(^kX,Y)`$, we have:

(a) $`P𝒫_{uc}(^kX,Y)`$ if and only if $`P`$ takes WUC-sets into relatively (weakly) compact sets;

(b) $`P𝒫_{\mathrm{uc}+}(^kX,Y)`$ if and only if, for every WUC-set $`AX`$, if $`P(A)`$ is relatively (weakly) compact, then so is $`A`$.

Proof. (a) Let $`P𝒫_{uc}(^kX,Y)`$ and $`A=T\left(B_{c_0}\right)`$. Then $`PT𝒫_{uc}(^kc_0,Y)`$, and so $`P(A)=PT\left(B_{c_0}\right)`$ is relatively compact. Conversely, suppose $`P𝒫_{uc}(^kX,Y)`$. By the Lemma, there is $`T(c_0,X)`$ such that $`PT𝒫_{uc}(^kc_0,Y)`$. Therefore, $`T\left(B_{c_0}\right)`$ is a WUC-set so that $`PT\left(B_{c_0}\right)`$ is not relatively weakly compact.

(b) Let $`P𝒫_{\mathrm{uc}+}(^kX,Y)`$ and choose a WUC-set $`AX`$ so that $`P(A)`$ is relatively weakly compact. Take $`T(c_0,X)`$ with $`A=T\left(B_{c_0}\right)`$. Then $`PT\left(B_{c_0}\right)`$ is relatively weakly compact, so $`PT`$ is compact. Since $`P𝒫_{\mathrm{uc}+}(^kX,Y)`$, $`T`$ is compact and $`A`$ is relatively compact. Conversely, let $`T(c_0,X)`$ with $`PT`$ compact. Since $`PT\left(B_{c_0}\right)`$ is relatively compact, we have that $`T\left(B_{c_0}\right)`$ is relatively compact, so $`T`$ is compact. Therefore, $`P𝒫_{\mathrm{uc}+}(^kX,Y)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

The following result gives a polynomial satisfying the assertions of Theorem 2.1. Other examples are shown in Section 3.

###### Proposition 2.5.

For every Banach space $`X`$, the polynomial $`\gamma _k:X\widehat{}_\pi ^kX`$ given by

$$\gamma _k(x)=x^{(k)}$$

is an Orlicz-Pettis polynomial.

Proof. Take a subspace $`MX`$ isomorphic to $`c_0`$, and let $`j:c_0M`$ be a surjective isomorphism. From

$$\gamma _kj_Mj(e_n)=j_Mj(e_n)^k⟶̸0,$$

we get that $`\gamma _kj_M`$ is not compact. Then apply (H) of Theorem 2.1. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 3. Counterexamples

In this Section, we first give some more properties of the polynomial $`\gamma _k`$ considered in Proposition 2.5, some of which are used to establish a theorem about polynomials on spaces containing $`c_0`$. All these previous results are applied in the main theorem of the Section that provides sufficient conditions for a polynomial to be Orlicz-Pettis. A number of counterexamples are given to show that these conditions are not necessary.

Our first theorem gives a property of polynomials on spaces containing a copy of $`c_0`$. We need two previous results.

###### Lemma 3.1.

Given $`k`$, the sequence $`\left(e_n^{(k)}\right)_n`$ in $`\widehat{}_\pi ^kc_0`$ is equivalent to the unit vector basis in $`c_0`$.

Proof. By induction on $`k`$, we show that

$$a_1e_1^{(k)}+\mathrm{}+a_ne_n^{(k)}=a_1e_1+\mathrm{}+a_ne_n$$

where $`(a_i)_{i=1}^n`$ is a finite sequence of scalars.

For $`k=1`$ there is nothing to prove. Suppose the result holds for $`k1`$, and let $`r_n(t)=sign\mathrm{sin}2^n\pi t`$ for $`t[0,1]`$. Then, assuming $`\mathrm{max}|a_i|=1`$, we have

$`a_1e_1^{(k)}+\mathrm{}+a_ne_n^{(k)}=`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^1}\left[a_1r_1(t)e_1^{(k1)}+\mathrm{}+a_nr_n(t)e_n^{(k1)}\right]\left[a_1r_1(t)e_1+\mathrm{}+a_nr_n(t)e_n\right]𝑑t`$
$`=`$ $`2^n{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{2^n}{}}}\left[a_1ϵ_1(i)e_1^{(k1)}+\mathrm{}+a_nϵ_n(i)e_n^{(k1)}\right]\left[a_1ϵ_1(i)e_1+\mathrm{}+a_nϵ_n(i)e_n\right]`$
where $`ϵ_j(i)`$ is the value of $`r_j(t)`$ on the interval

$$(\frac{i1}{2^n},\frac{i}{2^n})\text{for }1i2^n.$$

By the induction hypothesis, we get

$$a_1e_1^{(k)}+\mathrm{}+a_ne_n^{(k)}1.$$

On the other hand, there is $`i_0\{1,\mathrm{},k\}`$ so that

$$a_1e_1+\mathrm{}+a_ne_n=\left|a_{i_0}\right|.$$

Considering $`e_{i_0}`$ as a vector of $`\mathrm{}_1`$, take

$$e_{i_0}^{(k)}\left(\widehat{}_\pi ^kc_0\right)^{}(^kc_0).$$

Clearly,

$$e_{i_0}^{(k)}=1,\text{and}e_{i_0}^{(k)},a_1e_1^{(k)}+\mathrm{}+a_ne_n^{(k)}=a_{i_0},$$

so the result follows. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 3.2.

There is a w.u.C. series $`y_i`$ in $`c_0`$, not u.c., such that $`_i\gamma _k(y_i)`$ is u.c. in $`\widehat{}_\pi ^kc_0`$ for each $`k2`$.

Proof. For simplicity, consider the case $`k=2`$. Take the vectors

$$y_i=\frac{e_n}{n}\text{for}n,\frac{n(n1)}{2}<i\frac{n(n+1)}{2}.$$

Clearly, the series $`y_i`$ is w.u.C. Since

$$\underset{i=1+n(n+1)/2}{\overset{m(m+1)/2}{}}y_i=1\text{for}m>n,$$

the series is not u.c. Moreover, for every finite sequence

$$\frac{n(n+1)}{2}<i_1<\mathrm{}<i_l,$$

we have, from Lemma 3.1,

$$\underset{j=1}{\overset{l}{}}y_{i_j}y_{i_j}<\frac{1}{n}.$$

Therefore, $`y_iy_i`$ is u.c. in $`c_0\widehat{}_\pi c_0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Theorem 3.3.

Given Banach spaces $`X`$ and $`Y`$, with $`X`$ containing a copy of $`c_0`$, an integer $`k>1`$ and a polynomial $`P𝒫(^kX,Y)`$, we can find a w.u.C. series $`x_i`$ in $`X`$, not u.c., such that $`P(x_i)`$ is u.c. in $`Y`$.

Proof. Let $`j:c_0X`$ be an embedding. Consider the commutative diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}X& \stackrel{\gamma _k}{}& \widehat{}_\pi ^kX\\ j& & ^kj& & \\ c_0& \underset{\gamma _k}{}& \widehat{}_\pi ^kc_0\end{array}$$

Let $`y_i`$ be the series constructed in the proof of Proposition 3.2. Then, the series $`j(y_i)`$ is w.u.C., not u.c., in $`X`$, and the series $`_i\gamma _kj(y_i)=_i\left(^kj\right)\gamma _k(y_i)`$ is u.c. Let $`\stackrel{~}{P}:\widehat{}_\pi ^kXY`$ be the operator defined by $`\stackrel{~}{P}(x_1\mathrm{}x_k):=\widehat{P}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_k)`$, where $`\widehat{P}(^kX,Y)`$ is the symmetric $`k`$-linear mapping associated to $`P`$. Then the series $`_iPj(y_i)=_i\stackrel{~}{P}\gamma _kj(y_i)`$ is u.c. in $`Y`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

The next theorem shows that the polynomial $`\gamma _k:X\widehat{}_\pi ^kX`$ takes sequences equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis into sequences equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis. Again, we need two preparatory results.

###### Lemma 3.4.

The polynomial $`\gamma _k:c_0\widehat{}_\pi ^kc_0`$ takes sequences equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis into sequences equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis.

Proof. Letting $`j:c_0c_0`$ be an isomorphism, consider the commutative diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}c_0& \stackrel{\gamma _k}{}& \widehat{}_\pi ^kc_0\\ j& & ^kj& & \\ c_0& \underset{\gamma _k}{}& \widehat{}_\pi ^kc_0\end{array}$$

Since $`\left(\gamma _k(e_n)\right)_n`$ is equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis (Lemma 3.1), it is enough to show that $`^kj`$ is an injective isomorphism. Since $`j(c_0)`$ is complemented in $`c_0`$, there is an operator $`S:c_0c_0`$ such that $`Sj=I_{c_0}`$. Then, $`\left(^kS\right)\left(^kj\right)`$ is the identity map on $`\widehat{}_\pi ^kc_0`$. Hence, $`^kj`$ is an injective isomorphism. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 3.5.

Let $`j:c_0X`$ be an injective isomorphism. Then the operator

$$j^{(k)}:\widehat{}_\pi ^kc_0\widehat{}_\pi ^kX$$

is an injective isomorphism.

Proof. Take $`z\widehat{}_\pi ^kc_0`$ with $`z=_{i=1}^{\mathrm{}}x_i^1\mathrm{}x_i^k`$, and $`A\left(\widehat{}_\pi ^kc_0\right)^{}(^kc_0)`$, with $`A=1`$ and $`A,z=z`$. There is an extension $`\stackrel{~}{A}(^k\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}})`$ of $`A`$ with $`\stackrel{~}{A}=A`$ . Consider the second adjoint $`j^{}:\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}}X^{}`$ of $`j`$. By the injectivity of $`\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}}`$, the operator $`(j^{})^1:j^{}(\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}})\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}}`$ has an extension to an operator $`\pi :X^{}\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}}`$; clearly, $`\pi j^{}=I_{\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}}}`$. Let $`B:=\stackrel{~}{A}(\pi J_X)^k(^kX)`$, where $`J_X:XX^{}`$ is the canonical embedding. Then, $`B\stackrel{~}{A}\pi ^k`$ and

$$Bj^k=\stackrel{~}{A}(\pi J_Xj)^k=\stackrel{~}{A}\left(\pi j^{}J_{c_0}\right)^k=\stackrel{~}{A}J_{c_0}^k=A.$$

Therefore,

$`\pi ^kAj^{(k)}(z)`$ $``$ $`|B,j^{(k)}(z)|`$
$`=`$ $`\left|{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}B(j\left(x_i^1\right),\mathrm{},j\left(x_i^k\right))\right|`$
$`=`$ $`\left|{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}A(x_i^1,\mathrm{},x_i^k)\right|`$
$`=`$ $`|A,z|`$
$`=`$ $`z,`$
and this finishes the proof. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Theorem 3.6.

The polynomial $`\gamma _k:X\widehat{}_\pi ^kX`$ takes sequences equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis into sequences equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis.

Proof. If $`X`$ contains no copy of $`c_0`$, the result is trivially true. If $`X=c_0`$, see Lemma 3.4. If $`X`$ contains a copy of $`c_0`$, the last Proposition reduces the problem to the case $`X=c_0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

The following result gives an example of a polynomial on $`c_0`$ which will be useful.

###### Proposition 3.7.

There is a polynomial $`P𝒫(^2c_0,c_0)`$ such that $`P(e_n)=0`$ for all $`n`$, but $`P`$ is not compact on any infinite dimensional subspace.

Proof. Consider a bijection

$$(\alpha ,\beta ):\{(n,m)\times :nm\}.$$

Define

$$P(x):=\left(x(\alpha (i))x(\beta (i))\right)_{i=1}^{\mathrm{}}\text{for}x=(x(i))c_0.$$

Then $`P(e_n)=0`$ for all $`n`$. If $`Mc_0`$ is an infinite dimensional subspace, we can find a norm one sequence $`(x_n)c_0`$ disjointly supported such that $`dist(x_n,M)<2^n`$. For each $`n`$, let $`k_n`$ satisfy $`|x_n(k_n)|=1`$. Then

$$P(x_{2n}+x_{2n+1})|x_{2n}(k_{2n})x_{2n+1}(k_{2n+1})|=1,$$

which implies that $`P`$ is not compact on $`M`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

We can now state the main result of the Section.

###### Theorem 3.8.

Let $`P𝒫(^kX,Y)`$ be a polynomial, with $`k2`$. Consider the following assertions:

(A) If $`x_n`$ is w.u.C. in $`X`$, and $`P(x_n)`$ is u.c. in $`Y`$, then $`x_n`$ is u.c.

(B) Every sequence $`(x_n)X`$ equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis has a subsequence $`\left(x_{n_i}\right)`$ such that $`\left(P\left(x_{n_i}\right)\right)`$ is equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis.

(C) If $`x_n`$ is w.u.C. in $`X`$, and $`\left(P\left(_{i=1}^nx_i\right)\right)_n`$ is convergent, then $`x_n`$ is u.c.

(D) If the sequence $`(x_n)X`$ is equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis, then $`\left(P\left(_{i=1}^nx_i\right)\right)_n`$ is not relatively compact.

(E) If the sequence $`(x_n)X`$ is equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis, then $`limP(x_n)\to ̸0`$.

(F) $`P`$ is an Orlicz-Pettis polynomial.

Then the following and only the following implications hold:

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}\text{(A)}& & \text{(B)}& & \text{(E)}\\ & & & & \\ \text{(C)}& & \text{(D)}& & \text{(F)}\end{array}$$

Proof. (A) $``$ (B) and (A) $``$ (C): If $`P`$ satisfies (A), then Theorem 3.3 implies that $`X`$ contains no copy of $`c_0`$. So (B) and (C) are satisfied in a trivial way.

(B) $``$ (E) is obvious.

(E) $``$ (B): Let $`(x_n)X`$ be equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis. Then $`x_n`$ is w.u.C., so $`P(x_n)`$ is also w.u.C. . In particular, $`(P(x_n))`$ is weakly null. By (E), passing to a subsequence, we can assume that $`(P(x_n))`$ is seminormalized and basic, so it is equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis \[2, Corollary V.7\].

(B) $`\Rightarrow ̸`$ (A): Consider the polynomial $`\gamma _k:c_0\widehat{}_\pi ^kc_0`$ (see Proposition 3.2 and Lemma 3.4).

(D) $`\Rightarrow ̸`$ (A): Consider the polynomial defined in Proposition 3.7.

(C) $``$ (D): Assume $`P`$ does not satisfy (D). Then there is a sequence $`(x_n)X`$ equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis, such that $`\left(P\left(_{i=1}^nx_i\right)\right)_n`$ is relatively compact. We can find an increasing sequence of indices $`(m_i)`$ so that $`\left(P\left(_{i=1}^ny_i\right)\right)_n`$ is convergent, where

(1)
$$y_i=\underset{j=m_i+1}{\overset{m_{i+1}}{}}x_j.$$

Since $`(y_i)`$ is equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis, $`P`$ does not satisfy (C).

(D) $``$ (C): Assume $`P`$ does not satisfy (C). Then there is a w.u.C. series $`x_n`$ in $`X`$, not u.c., so that $`\left(P\left(_{i=1}^nx_i\right)\right)_n`$ is convergent. Take an increasing sequence of indices $`(m_i)`$ so that $`(y_i)`$ is equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis, where $`y_i`$ is defined as in (1). Then $`\left(P\left(_{i=1}^ny_i\right)\right)_n`$ is a subsequence of $`\left(P\left(_{i=1}^nx_i\right)\right)_n`$ and so it converges, in contradiction with (D).

(E) $``$ (F): Assume $`T(Z,X)`$ is not unconditionally converging. Then we can find a sequence $`(z_n)Z`$ such that $`(z_n)`$ and $`(T(z_n))`$ are equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis. If $`P`$ satisfies (E), we have $`PT(z_n)\to ̸0`$, which implies that $`PT𝒫_{uc}(^kZ,Y)`$. So, by Theorem 2.1(E), $`P𝒫_{\mathrm{uc}+}(^kX,Y)`$.

(F) $`\Rightarrow ̸`$ (E): The polynomial $`P`$ of Proposition 3.7 does not satisfy (E). To see that it does satisfy (F), take an operator $`T(Z,c_0)`$ not unconditionally converging. There is an operator $`j:c_0Z`$ such that $`(Tj(e_n))`$ is equivalent to $`(e_n)`$. Passing to a perturbed subsequence, we can assume that $`(Tj(e_n))`$ is disjointly supported. The series $`_n\left(j(e_{2n})+j(e_{2n+1})\right)`$ is w.u.C. However, $`PT\left(j(e_{2n})+j(e_{2n+1})\right)`$ is bounded away from $`0`$, so $`PT`$ is not unconditionally converging. By Theorem 2.1(E), $`P𝒫_{\mathrm{uc}+}(^kZ,c_0)`$.

(D) $``$ (F): Assume $`T(Z,X)`$ is not unconditionally converging. Then we can find a sequence $`(z_n)Z`$ such that $`(z_n)`$ and $`(T(z_n))`$ are equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis. If $`P`$ satisfies (D), the sequence $`\left(PT\left(_{i=1}^nz_i\right)\right)_n`$ is not relatively compact. Hence, $`PT𝒫_{uc}(^kX,Y)`$. By Theorem 2.1(E), $`P𝒫_{\mathrm{uc}+}(^kX,Y)`$.

(D) $`\Rightarrow ̸`$ (E): Let $`P`$ be the polynomial defined in Proposition 3.7, and $`(x_n)c_0`$ a sequence equivalent to the $`c_0`$-basis. Denote $`y_n:=x_1+\mathrm{}+x_n`$, and $`z:=_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}x_n\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}}\backslash c_0`$. Let

$$3\delta :=\underset{i}{lim\; sup}z(i)>0.$$

If the $`lim\; sup`$ were not positive, then we would take the $`lim\; inf`$. Choose $`i_1`$ with $`|z(i_1)3\delta |<\delta `$. There is $`n_1`$ so that $`|y_n(i_1)3\delta |<\delta `$ for all $`nn_1`$. Choose now $`i_2`$ $`(i_2>i_1)`$ so that $`\left|y_{n_1}(i)\right|<\delta /2`$ for all $`ii_2`$ and $`|z(i_2)3\delta |<\delta `$. There is $`n_2`$ $`(n_2>n_1)`$ so that $`\left|y_n(i_2)3\delta \right|<\delta `$ for all $`nn_2`$.

Proceeding in this way, we obtain two increasing sequences of integers $`(i_j)`$, $`(n_j)`$ so that, for $`j<l`$,

$`P\left(y_{n_j}\right)P\left(y_{n_l}\right)`$ $``$ $`\left|y_{n_j}(i_1)y_{n_j}(i_l)y_{n_l}(i_1)y_{n_l}(i_l)\right|`$
$``$ $`\left|y_{n_l}(i_1)\right|\left|y_{n_l}(i_l)\right|\left|y_{n_j}(i_1)\right|\left|y_{n_j}(i_l)\right|`$
$`>`$ $`2\delta ^2.`$
Therefore, $`P`$ satisfies (D). Clearly, $`P`$ does not satisfy (E).

(E) $`\Rightarrow ̸`$ (D): Let $`P𝒫(^2c_0,c_0)`$ be given by

$$P(x)=\underset{j=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{j1}{}}\left(x(j)x(i)\right)x(j)e_{j^2+i}\text{for }x=(x(i))_{i=1}^{\mathrm{}}c_0.$$

Clearly, $`P`$ satisfies (E). Since $`P(e_1+\mathrm{}+e_n)=0`$ for all $`n`$, $`P`$ does not satisfy (D). $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 3.9.

In the linear case $`(k=1)`$, all the assertions of Theorem 3.8 are equivalent . So, our choice for the definition of the Orlicz-Pettis polynomials provides the widest possible class.