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# Solutions to WDVV from generalized Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies

## 1 Introduction and discussion

Equations of Witten, Dijkgraaf, Verlinde and Verlinde \[WDVV\]

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill c_{ijk}(t)\eta ^{kl}c_{lmn}(t)=c_{njk}(t)\eta ^{kl}c_{lmi}(t),\text{where}c_{ijk}(t)=_i_j_kF(t)\\ \hfill \eta _{mn}^1=_1_m_nF(t)\text{ – constant,}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}d_it_i_iF(t)=\left(3d\right)F(t)\end{array}$$
(1.1)
describe deformations of two dimensional topological conformal quantum field theory. They have appeared to be intimately related to integrable systems. This was recognized by B. Dubrovin \[Du1\], who showed that each solution to WDVV equations gives rise to dispersionless bi Hamiltonian integrable system, that is with Poisson structures of hydrodynamic type \[DN\] and Hamiltonians not depending on field derivatives. This result was extended by one loop correction \[DuZ\], where it was shown that so constructed bi Hamiltonian structure is always a $`𝒲`$ algebra, i.e. it contains a Virasoro subalgebra.

On the other hand, due to B. Dubrovin \[Du4\], it is possible, under certain assumption, to recover solution to WDVV equation from bi Hamiltonian structure of hydrodynamic type

$$\{u^i(x),u^j(y)\}=g^{ij}\left(u(x)\right)\delta ^{}\left(xy\right)+\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{ij}\left(u(x)\right)u_k^{}(x)\delta \left(xy\right).$$

If matrix $`g`$ does not degenerate identically, it defines flat metrics \[DN\] on the target space.

Whitham averaging method \[DN\] provides Poisson structures of this type. This method allows to describe slow modulated $`m`$-phase solutions of non linear Hamiltonian system of equations. If one needs local Poisson structures of hydrodynamic type we should apply zero phase averaging being simply dispersionless limit.

The dispersionless limit of Drinfeld - Sokolov hierarchies \[DS\], associated to non twisted affine Lie algebra $`\widehat{𝔤}`$ was shown \[Kr\] to provide polynomial solutions to WDVV equations (1.1). These solutions, viewed as Frobenius structures on orbits of Coxeter groups $`𝒢`$ \[Du2\], correspond to Weyl group $`𝒢=𝒲\left(𝔤\right)`$ of underlying simple Lie algebra $`𝔤`$. They correspond \[Du5\] to the orbit of braid group on Stocks matrices $`S`$ passing through “Coxeter” point, i.e. $`S+S^{tr}`$ defines a Carter graph \[C\] of Coxeter conjugacy class in $`𝒲\left(𝔤\right)`$. Orbits given by primitive conjugacy classes were conjectured \[Du5\] to correspond to algebraic solutions of WDVV equations (1.1).

In this article we address the dispersionless limit of generalized Drinfeld - Sokolov hierarchies \[GHM, BGHM\], associated with $`(i)`$ non twisted affine Lie algebra $`\widehat{𝔤}`$, $`(ii)`$ its Heisenberg subalgebra $`^{[w]}`$, corresponding \[KP\] to regular primitive conjugacy class $`[w]`$ in $`𝒲\left(𝔤\right)`$, and $`(iii)`$ regular element $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ from it. The naive limit is shown to exist only for standard Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies, due to failure to parameterize the whole phase space by densities $`𝒩_i`$ of annihilators of the first Poisson structure. As a consequence, some fields generically evolve fast. We combine Hamiltonian reduction with Whitham averaging \[M\], restricting Poisson structures to the subvariety parameterized by annihilators’ densities and then taking the limit $`ϵ0`$. So constructed dispersionless limit is proved to give rise to algebraic solution to WDVV equations (1.1). Monodromy group of the Frobenius manifold coincides with $`𝒲\left(𝔤\right)`$.

The paper is organized as follows. In section 2 we gather, to make the paper self-content, some preliminary information about gradations of Kac-Moody algebra and about its Heisenberg subalgebras. Section 3 reviews basic facts about generalized Drinfeld - Sokolov hierarchies. The properties of regular primitive conjugacy classes, relevant for the paper, are recollected in section 4. Section 5 brings together facts about type I integrable hierarchies with primitive regular conjugacy class $`[w]`$ and regular element $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. Quite rich underlying finite dimensional geometry is analysed in section 6. Finite group $`R`$, acting non linearly on Miura variables, and a ring of $`R`$-invariant polynomials are studied. The dispersionless limit of the hierarchies in consideration is examined in section 7. The non degeneracy of obtained metrics is proved, their flat coordinates are found and it is shown that Frobenius structure can be always extracted from this averaged Poisson structure. Finally, section 8 treats the simplest integrable hierarchy with non Coxeter regular primitive conjugacy class, i.e. $`𝔤=D_4`$ and $`[w]=[D_4(a_1)]`$. Corresponding solution to WDVV equations is found and finite group $`R`$ is analysed.

## 2 Preliminaries

Let $`𝔤`$ be a simple Lie algebra of rank $`r`$, and $`\widehat{𝔤}=𝔤[z,z^1]d`$ – its affine Lie algebra. This algebra is well-known to be graded, with gradations being in one-to-one correspondence \[K\] with finite order inner automorphisms of $`𝔤`$.

###### Definition 2.1.

Let $`𝐬=(s_0,s_1\mathrm{},s_r)`$ – a sequence of non negative relatively prime integers. Let $`N_𝐬=_{i=1}^rk_is_i`$, where $`k_i`$ – are Kac labels (such that $`\alpha _{\text{max}}=_{i=1}^rk_i\alpha _i`$ and $`k_0=1`$). We then define the finite order automorphisms $`\sigma `$ of $`𝔤`$ in some Cartan-Weyl basis by

$$\sigma \left(H\right)=H,\sigma \left(E_\alpha \right)=e^{2\pi i\delta _𝐬\alpha }E_\alpha ,$$
(2.1)
with

$$\delta _𝐬=\frac{1}{N_𝐬}\underset{k=1}{\overset{r}{}}\frac{2}{\alpha _i^2}s_k\omega _k;\alpha _i^{}\omega _j=\delta _{ij}.$$

###### Proposition 2.1 (\[K\]).

Such automorphisms exhaust the finite order inner automorphisms of $`𝔤`$ up to conjugacy.

An inner automorphisms of $`𝔤`$ can be used to define a new $``$-gradation of $`\widehat{𝔤}`$.

###### Definition 2.2.

A gradation of type $`𝐬`$ is defined via derivation $`d_𝐬`$

$$d_𝐬=N_𝐬\left(z\frac{d}{dz}+\mathrm{ad}H_{\delta _𝐬}\right),$$
(2.2)
where $`H_{\delta _𝐬}𝔥`$ such that $`[H_{\delta _𝐬},E_{\alpha _k}]=\left(\alpha _k\delta _𝐬\right)E_{\alpha _k}=s_kE_{\alpha _k}/N_𝐬`$.

Let us denote $`\widehat{𝔤}_k\left(𝐬\right)`$ the eigenspace of derivation $`d_𝐬`$ with an eigenvalue $`k`$:

$$\widehat{𝔤}=\underset{k}{}\widehat{𝔤}_k\left(𝐬_w\right),[d_𝐬,\widehat{𝔤}_k\left(𝐬_w\right)]=k\widehat{𝔤}_k\left(𝐬_w\right).$$

Homogeneous gradation corresponds then to $`𝐬_h=(1,0,\mathrm{},0)`$, while principal to $`𝐬_p=(1,1,\mathrm{},1)`$. One can introduce a partial ordering on the set of gradation.

###### Definition 2.3.

We say that $`𝐬𝐬^{}`$ if $`s_i0`$ whenever $`s_i^{}0`$.

###### Proposition 2.2 (\[GHM\]).

If $`𝐬𝐬^{}`$ then the following is true

(i) $`\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬)\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬^{})`$,

(ii) $`\widehat{𝔤}_{>0}(𝐬)\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬^{})`$ and $`\widehat{𝔤}_{<0}(𝐬)\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬^{})`$,

(iii) $`\widehat{𝔤}_{>0}(𝐬^{})\widehat{𝔤}_{>0}(𝐬)`$ and $`\widehat{𝔤}_{<0}(𝐬^{})\widehat{𝔤}_{<0}(𝐬)`$.

###### Theorem 2.1 (\[KP\]).

Given a Kac-Moody algebra $`\widehat{𝔤}`$, its maximal nilpotent subalgebras are called Heisenberg subalgebras. Heisenberg subalgebras are in one-to-one correspondence with conjugacy classes of Weyl group $`𝒲\left(𝔤\right)`$ of $`𝔤`$.

Hence, they will be denoted by $`^{[w]}`$. Let us recall the essentials of their construction.

Let $`w`$ be a representative of a given conjugacy class $`[w]`$ acting naturally on $`𝔥`$ in some Cartan-Weyl basis marked by a prime to distinguish it from another basis (2.1) in use. Its action on Cartan subagebra $`𝔥`$ is known to be inner in $`𝔤`$. Then, let $`Y𝔤`$ be such an element that $`w=\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi i\mathrm{ad}Y\right)_{|𝔥}`$. Let $`\widehat{w}`$ be an obvious extension of $`w`$ on the whole algebra $`𝔤`$:

$$\widehat{w}H_\alpha ^{}=H_{w(\alpha )}^{},\widehat{w}E_\alpha ^{}=\psi _\alpha E_{w(\alpha )}^{},$$
(2.3)
where $`\psi _\alpha `$ are structure constant compatible factors taking values in $`S^1`$ and may be chosen to be real. It can be shown \[KP\] that the order of this extension $`N_{\widehat{w}}`$ may only be either the same as or twice as the order of $`w`$. The following construction does not, however, depend on this ambiguity.

Let $`a𝔤`$ be a representative of some orbit of $`\widehat{w}`$. We write $`a=_\xi a_\xi `$ as a sum of $`\widehat{w}`$ eigenvectors $`a_\xi `$ with distinct eigenvalues $`\xi =\mathrm{exp}\left[2\pi i\frac{k}{N_{\widehat{w}}}\right]`$ and put $`\stackrel{~}{a}(k)\widehat{𝔤}`$ for any $`k`$ to be

$$\stackrel{~}{a}(k)=\mathrm{exp}\left[i\phi \frac{k}{N_{\widehat{w}}}\right]\mathrm{exp}\left[i\phi \mathrm{ad}Y\right]a_\xi +\delta _{k,0}\left(a|Y\right)c,$$
(2.4)
where $`c`$ is the central element of Kac-Moody algebra. It is obvious that $`\stackrel{~}{a}(k)`$ is well defined on $`S^1`$ and hence depends on $`\phi `$ through $`z=\mathrm{exp}(i\phi )`$ only. It verifies commutation relations of Kac-Moody algebra:

$$[\stackrel{~}{a}(k),\stackrel{~}{b}(l)]=\stackrel{~}{[a,b]}\left(k+l\right)+k\delta _{k,l}\left(a|b\right)c.$$

The image of $`𝔥`$ under this map is a subalgebra of $`\widehat{𝔤}`$ isomorphic to an infinite dimensional Heisenberg algebra:

$$[\stackrel{~}{h}_1(k),\stackrel{~}{h}_2(l)]=k\delta _{k,l}\left(h_1|h_2\right)c.$$

Factorizing out the center $`𝔷=c`$ of Kac-Moody algebra $`\widehat{𝔤}`$, the Heisenberg subalgebras become maximal commutative ones. A practical realization of this construction faces the difficulty to find $`Y`$ explicitly.

Associated to each Heisenberg subalgebra $`^{[w]}`$ there is a distinguished gradation $`𝐬_w`$ with the property that $`^{[w]}`$ admits $`𝐬_w`$ grading \[GHM\]:

$$^{[w]}=\underset{kE}{}_k^{[w]}\left(𝐬_w\right),$$

with

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill E& =\left\{k+N_{\widehat{w}}\right|kI(w)\},\hfill \\ \hfill I(w)& =\{k_n_+,n=1,\mathrm{},r|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}k_1k_2\mathrm{}k_r<N_{\widehat{w}},\hfill \\ & e^{2\pi ik_n/N_{\widehat{w}}}\text{ – eigenvalue of }w\}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.5)
It is clear, that $`𝐬_w`$ is the gradation corresponding to automorphism $`w`$ used to construct $`^{[w]}`$. Indeed, let us choose $`Y𝔤`$ so that spectrum of $`N_{\widehat{w}}\mathrm{ad}Y`$ on $`𝔥`$ coincides with $`I\left(w\right)`$. Then

$$d_𝐬=N_{\widehat{w}}\left(z\frac{d}{dz}+\mathrm{ad}Y\right),d_𝐬\left(\stackrel{~}{h}\left(k\right)\right)=k\stackrel{~}{h}\left(k\right).$$

###### Definition 2.4.

An element $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\widehat{𝔤}`$ is called *semisimple* if $`\widehat{𝔤}=\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{ad}\mathrm{\Lambda }\right)\mathrm{Im}\left(\mathrm{ad}\mathrm{\Lambda }\right)`$ and $`\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{ad}\mathrm{\Lambda }\right)\mathrm{Im}\left(\mathrm{ad}\mathrm{\Lambda }\right)=\mathrm{}`$.

###### Definition 2.5.

A semisimple element $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{[w]}`$ is called *regular* if $`\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{ad}\mathrm{\Lambda }\right)=^{[w]}`$.

## 3 Generalized integrable hierarchies

Let $`[w]`$ be some conjugacy class in $`𝒲\left(𝔤\right)`$, $`𝐬_w`$ – corresponding gradation. Pick up any $`𝐬𝐬_w`$ and some constant semisimple element $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{[w]}`$ of certain $`𝐬_w`$ grade $`iE_+`$. Let us define the matrix Lax operator \[GHM\]

$$=_x+\mathrm{\Lambda }+q(x),$$
(3.1)
where $`q(x)`$ takes value in

$$Q\left(i\right)=\widehat{𝔤}_0\left(𝐬\right)\widehat{𝔤}_{<i}\left(𝐬_w\right).$$
(3.2)
###### Proposition 3.1 (\[GHM, DS, W\]).

There exist a unique formal series

$$T(q)\mathrm{Im}\left(\mathrm{ad}\mathrm{\Lambda }\right)\widehat{𝔤}_{<0}\left(𝐬_w\right)$$

that

$$L=\mathrm{exp}\left[\mathrm{ad}T\right]=_x+\mathrm{\Lambda }+h\left(q\right),h(q)=\underset{k<i}{}h_k(q)$$
(3.3)
where $`h\left(q\right)_{<i}^{[w]}\left(𝐬_w\right)`$. Both $`P_k^{(𝐬_w)}T(q)`$ and $`P_k^{(𝐬_w)}h(q)`$ are polynomials in $`q(x)`$ and its $`x`$-derivatives for any $`k`$.

There is a gauge symmetry acting on (3.1) and mapping $`Q(i)`$ to $`Q(i)`$:

$$\mathrm{exp}\left[\mathrm{ad}n(x)\right],$$
(3.4)
where $`n(x)`$ takes values in

$$P=\widehat{𝔤}_0\left(𝐬\right)\widehat{𝔤}_{<0}\left(𝐬_w\right).$$
(3.5)
###### Proposition 3.2 (\[DS, FGMS\]).

If $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is chosen so that

$$\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{ad}\mathrm{\Lambda }\right)P=\mathrm{}\mathrm{ad}\mathrm{\Lambda }:PQ,$$
(3.6)
then elements of $`Q^{\text{can}}\left(i\right)^{}`$, where

$$Q(i)=Q^{\text{can}}(i)[\mathrm{\Lambda },P],$$
(3.7)
are generators of the ring of gauge invariant polynomials in $`q(x)`$ and its derivatives; (3.7) holds as equality of vector spaces. Lax operator $`L`$ in (3.3) is gauge invariant.

###### Definition 3.1.

Denote by $``$ the phase space, spanned by the elements of $`Q^{can}\left(i\right)^{}`$ and by $`\left(\right)`$ the space of functionals of the type

$$\phi \left[q\right]=_{S^1}𝑑xf(x,q,q^{},\mathrm{}).$$

###### Proposition 3.3 (\[GHM\]).

Dimension of phase space $``$ is independent on auxiliary gradation $`𝐬`$ and equals to

$$dim=dimQ^{\text{can}}(i)^{}=\underset{k=0}{\overset{i1}{}}dim\widehat{𝔤}_k\left(𝐬_w\right)$$
(3.8)
###### Remark 3.1.

$`dimdim\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)dim\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_p)=r`$.

Condition (3.6) is automatically satisfied \[FGMS\] if $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is chosen to be regular.

###### Theorem 3.1 (\[GHM\]).

Given $`b_{>0}^{[w]}\left(𝐬_w\right)`$, let $`𝒜\left(b\right)=\mathrm{exp}\left[\mathrm{ad}T\right]b`$. One defines two sets of time flows

$$\frac{}{t_b}=[P_0^{(𝐬)}𝒜\left(b\right),]\frac{}{t_b^{}}=[P_0^{(𝐬_w)}𝒜\left(b\right),]$$
(3.9)
being commutative within each set

$$b_1,b_2^{[w]}[\frac{}{t_{b_1}},\frac{}{t_{b_2}}]=0,[\frac{}{t_{b_1}^{}},\frac{}{t_{b_2}^{}}]=0.$$

Both time flows (3.9) preserve the phase space of gauge invariants $``$. They coincide there and retain their commutativity property.

###### Definition 3.2.

Introduce the pairing on the space of functions in $`C^{\mathrm{}}(S^1,\widehat{𝔤})`$

$$A,B=_{S^1}𝑑x\underset{k}{}\eta (P_k^{(𝐬)}A(x),P_k^{(𝐬)}B(x))_{\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬)}$$
(3.10)
for some gradation $`𝐬`$ and Killing form $`\eta `$ on $`\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬)`$.

If $`\eta _{\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬)}`$ is properly normalized, the pairing does not depend on the gradation $`𝐬`$ chosen. We will assume this normalization chosen further on.

###### Proposition 3.4 (\[DS, GHM\]).

Gauge invariant functionals $`H_b\left[q\right]=b,h(q)`$ are integrals of flows (3.9).

###### Remark 3.2.

$`H_b0`$ if $`\mathrm{deg}_{𝐬_w}\left(b\right)i`$.

###### Definition 3.3.

For any $`\phi `$ define gradient $`d_q\phi \widehat{𝔤}_0\left(𝐬\right)/\widehat{𝔤}_{<i}\left(𝐬_w\right)`$ by

$$\frac{d}{d\epsilon }\phi \left[q+\epsilon r\right]_{|_{\epsilon =0}}=r,d_q\phi rC^{\mathrm{}}(S^1,Q(i))$$

###### Theorem 3.2 (\[BGHM\]).

Let $`𝐬=𝐬_h`$, then

(i) there is a one parameter family of Hamiltonian structures on the gauge equivalence classes of the generalized Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy given by

$$\{\phi ,\psi \}_\lambda =\mathrm{\Lambda }+q,[d_q\phi ,d_q\psi ]_{R^{(𝐬)}}d_q\phi ,\left(d_q\psi \right)^{}$$
(3.11)
where $`R^{(𝐬)}=\left(P_0^{(𝐬)}P_{<0}^{(𝐬)}\right)/2\lambda /z`$. Expanding in powers of $`\lambda `$, $`\{,\}_\lambda =\{,\}_2+\lambda \{,\}_1`$, we obtain two coordinated Hamiltonian structures on $``$:

$`\{\phi ,\psi \}_1`$ $`=`$ $`d_q\phi ,z^1[d_q\psi ,],`$
$`\{\phi ,\psi \}_2`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Lambda }+q,[d_q\phi ,d_q\psi ]_Rd_q\phi ,\left(d_q\psi \right)^{},`$
where $`R=\left(P_0^{(𝐬)}P_{<0}^{(𝐬)}\right)/2`$. Under the time evolution in the coordinate $`t_b`$, the following recursion relation holds:

$$\frac{\phi }{t_b}=\{\phi ,H_{zb}\}_1=\{\phi ,H_b\}_2.$$
(3.12)
(ii) Hamiltonians $`H_b`$ with $`i<\mathrm{deg}_{𝐬_w}b<0`$ are Casimirs of (3.11). Hamiltonians $`H_b`$ with $`\mathrm{deg}_{𝐬_w}b=0`$ are Casimirs of the first bracket only.

Hierarchies (3.12) with $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ regular were dubbed in ref. \[GHM\] the hierarchies of type I.

###### Remark 3.3.

The hierarchies with grade one element $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ are distinguished by the fact that pencil of Poisson structures has no local annihilators. This is true also for the first structure as long as conjugacy class $`[w]`$ is chosen to be non degenerate, that is fixing no vector in $`𝔥`$ and consequently $`0I(w)`$.

###### Corollary 3.1.

Hamiltonians $`H_b`$, with $`b^{[w]}`$ of positive $`𝐬_w`$ degree belonging to $`I(w)`$, annihilate the first Poisson structure.

There are $`r`$ independent annihilators of $`\{,\}_1`$, that yet generate nontrivial flows with respect to $`\{,\}_2`$.

###### Proof.

Choose $`b`$ such that $`0\mathrm{deg}_{𝐬_w}\left(zb\right)<N_w`$. Then $`N_w\mathrm{deg}_{𝐬_w}\left(b\right)<0`$ and $`H_b`$ annihilates $`\{,\}_2`$ or vanishes identically.

To prove independence, it is enough to notice that equation (3.3) determining $`h(q)`$, projected on eigenspaces of $`d_{𝐬_w}`$ reads

$$h_k+[\mathrm{\Lambda },T_{k+1}]=q_k+\text{Polynomial}(h_{i<k},T_{jk},q_{i<k}).$$

Thus, $`h_k`$ with $`kI(w)`$ are linear in Drinfeld-Sokolov variable of scaling degree $`k+1`$ with successive terms involving variables of lower scaling weights and this proves independence.

Notice, that $`𝐬=𝐬_h`$ corresponds to the largest gauge group, while $`𝐬=𝐬_w`$ – to no gauge freedom at all. The former choice leads to generalized Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies, while the latter – to modified generalized Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies.

###### Theorem 3.3 (\[BGHM\]).

111In \[BGHM\] it was proved for partially modified hierarchies, that is for any $`𝐬`$ such that $`𝐬_h𝐬𝐬_w`$.

Let $`_m`$ be the phase space of modified hierarchy, and $`\{,\}_m`$ – its second Poisson bracket:

$$\{\phi ,\psi \}_m=q_m+\mathrm{\Lambda },[d_{q_m}\phi ,d_{q_m}\psi ]_{R_m}d_{q_m}\phi ,\left(d_{q_m}\psi \right)^{},$$
(3.13)
The Miura mapping is a (non invertible) Hamiltonian mapping,

$$\mu :(_m,\{,\}_m)(,\{,\}_2),$$

such that it defines a reduction of the dynamical equations of the hierarchy to those of the modified hierarchy.

Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies \[DS\] are recovered picking up Coxeter conjugacy class $`[w_c]`$ with representative $`w_c=_{k=1}^rr_{\alpha _k}`$, associated principal gradation ($`𝐬_w=𝐬_p`$) and regular element $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=zE_{\alpha _{max}}+_{k=1}^rE_{\alpha _k}`$ of grade one.

## 4 Regular primitive conjugacy classes of $`𝒲\left(𝔤\right)`$

Conjugacy classes in Weyl group $`𝒲\left(𝔤\right)`$ of simple Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ were uniformly described by R. Carter \[C\] in terms of Carter graphs.

###### Definition 4.1.

Conjugacy class $`[w]𝒲\left(𝔤\right)`$ is called *non degenerate* if $`det(1w)0`$ and is called *primitive* if $`det(1w)=det(1w_c)=det(K)`$, $`K`$ – being the Cartan matrix.

Primitive conjugacy classes are distinguished as they have no representative in any proper Weyl subgroup $`W^{}𝒲\left(𝔤\right)`$. All primitive conjugacy classes were listed by R. Carter \[C\] together with their characteristic polynomials $`det(tw)`$.

###### Definition 4.2 (\[DF\]).

Conjugacy class $`[w]𝒲\left(𝔤\right)`$ is called *regular* if associated Heisenberg subalgebra $`^{[w]}`$ admits regular element $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$.

Regular conjugacy classes were elegantly studied by T. Springer in ref. \[Sp\], though another definition of regularity was used.

###### Definition 4.3 (\[Sp\]).

If $`G`$ is a finite reflection group in a finite dimensional vector space $`V`$, then $`vV`$ is called *regular* if no nonidentity element of $`G`$ fixes $`v`$.

An element $`gG`$ is *regular* if it has a regular eigenvector.

Two definitions were shown \[DF\](see also sec. 9 of \[Sp\]) to be equivalent. The authors of the reference \[DF\] studied generalized hierarchies associated with classical Lie algebras $`𝔤`$ and regular conjugacy classes. They synthesized available information on regular primitive conjugacy classes.

###### Theorem 4.1 (\[Sp\]).

Let $`[w]𝒲\left(𝔤\right)`$ be a regular conjugacy class of order $`N`$, i.e. $`w[w],w^N=1`$. Then eigenvalues of $`w`$ are $`\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi ik_n/N\right)`$, where $`k_nI(w_c)`$ are exponents. The elements of the root system $`R`$ of $`𝔤`$ are permuted by $`w[w]`$ in orbits of length $`N`$.

So $`\{1,N1\}I(w)`$, that implies $`𝐬_{w}^{}{}_{0}{}^{}=1`$.

###### Theorem 4.2 (\[Sp\]).

Let $`[w]𝒲\left(𝔤\right)`$ be regular primitive conjugacy class. Let $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=I_++zC_{(N1)}_1^{[w]}(𝐬_w)`$ be grade one regular element. Then

(i) $`I_{}𝔤`$ of $`𝐬_w`$ grade $`1`$, such that $`\rho =N_w\delta _{𝐬_w}`$, $`I_+`$ and $`I_{}`$ form $`sl_2`$ subalgebra

$$[\rho ,I_\pm ]=\pm I_\pm [I_+,I_{}]=2\rho ;$$
(4.1)
(ii) Eigenvalues of $`\mathrm{ad}\rho `$ on $`𝔤`$ are integers;

(iii)

$$dim𝔤(0)=dim𝔤(\pm 1)=\frac{2}{N}\underset{k=1}{\overset{r}{}}p_i=\frac{rh}{N},p_iI\left(w_c\right)$$
(4.2)
###### Corollary 4.1.

The extension $`\widehat{w}`$ of $`w`$ to the whole algebra $`𝔤`$ is of order $`N`$.

###### Proof.

The order of extension does not depend on the basis chosen. In the basis of (2.1) $`\widehat{w}=\mathrm{exp}\left[2\pi i\mathrm{ad}\rho /N\right]`$. Then $`\widehat{w}^N=1`$ as a straightforward consequence of statement $`(ii)`$ of the theorem. ∎

Dimensions of $`𝔤(k)`$ may be read off from the character of this (reducible) representation of $`sl_2`$ on $`𝔤`$:

$$\chi _{[w]}\left(q\right)=\mathrm{Tr}\left(q^{\mathrm{ad}\rho }\right)=r+\underset{\alpha R}{}q^{(\alpha ,\rho )}=\underset{k=(N1)}{\overset{N1}{}}dim𝔤(k)q^k.$$
(4.3)
To determine the $`𝐬`$ type of regular primitive conjugacy class we compare $`\chi _{\left[\widehat{w}\right]}`$ in the basis of (2.1) and in that of (2.3):

$$\mathrm{Tr}w=r+2\underset{\alpha R^+}{}\mathrm{cos}\left(2\pi \delta _{𝐬_w}\alpha \right)=\chi _{[w]}\left(e^{2\pi i/N_w}\right)$$
(4.4)
The knowledge of the characteristic polynomials of $`[w]`$ due to \[C\] allows to compute the order $`N_w`$ of $`[w]`$. Then one searches for $`𝐬_w`$ with $`N_w=N`$ and $`𝐬_{w}^{}{}_{0}{}^{}=1`$, satisfying (4.4) and (4.2). This and some more (see sec. 5) information about regular primitive conjugacy classes relevant for construction of generalized hierarchies is collected in appendix A.

## 5 Type-I, $`i=1`$ hierarchies

Here and further on we restrict ourselves to hierarchies with a regular primitive conjugacy class and a regular element $`I_++zC_{(N1)}=\mathrm{\Lambda }^{[w]}`$ of $`𝐬_w`$ grade one. Notice, that whatever auxiliary gradation $`𝐬`$ we choose, $`Q(i)𝔤`$ and we are working with finite dimensional Lie algebra. Adjoint action of $`\rho `$ induces gradation of $`𝔤`$:

$$𝔤=\underset{k=N+1}{\overset{N1}{}}𝔤_k.$$

Notice, that $`\widehat{𝔤}_0\left(𝐬_w\right)`$ coincides with $`𝔤_0`$.

Consider first homogeneous auxiliary gradation $`𝐬=𝐬_h`$. As follows from definition 3.3 and proposition 2.2 gradients have no negative $`𝐬_w`$ grade part: $`P_{<0}^{(𝐬_w)}d_q\phi =0mod\widehat{𝔤}_{<1}(𝐬_w)`$. So the bi Hamiltonian structure (3.11) simplifies to

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \{\phi ,\psi \}_1& =d_q\phi ,[d_q\psi ,C_{(N1)}],\hfill \\ \hfill \{\phi ,\psi \}_2& =d_q\phi ,[d_q\psi ,_x+I_++q].\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.1)
As we have no $`R`$ matrix in commutator now, we can recognize in the second bracket a Kirillov-Poisson bracket corresponding to untwisted affinization $`\widehat{𝔤}_x`$ in $`x`$ of $`𝔤`$. Introducing $`J=I_++q`$ we obtain

$$\{\phi ,\psi \}_{KM}=d_J\phi ,[d_J\psi ,_x+J].$$
(5.2)
This fact enabled authors of ref. \[BFRFW\] to invent a practical algorithm to compute Hamiltonian structure of Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies and their construction can be repeated here. They showed that the second Poisson structure (5.1) may be obtained by Hamiltonian reduction of (5.2) (see also \[CFMP\]). Let us embed $`Q^{can}\widehat{𝔤}_x`$ and lift flows on $`Q^{can}`$ to flows on $`\widehat{𝔤}_x`$. One may choose functional $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ on $`\widehat{𝔤}_x`$ coinciding with $`\psi `$ on $`Q^{can}`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ flows in $`\widehat{𝔤}_x`$ preserve $`Q^{can}`$. Then

$$\delta q=[d_J\mathrm{\Psi }_{|Q^{can}},_x+I_++q]=[d_q\psi (x)+r,_x+I_++q(x)]Q^{can},$$
(5.3)
where $`\eta (r,Q^{can})=0`$. Condition (5.3) determines $`r`$ uniquely as a function of $`q`$ and its $`x`$-derivatives.

The grading of Kac-Moody algebra induces a grading on the Poisson structure, namely – the following theorem holds true.

###### Theorem 5.1 (\[BGHM\]).

The dynamical equation (3.9) of the hierarchy generated by the Hamiltonian $`H_b`$ ( $`b_j^{[w]}(𝐬_w)`$) with respect to the second Hamiltonian structure, is invariant under the following rescaling

$$x\lambda x,t_b\lambda ^jt_b,q_k\lambda ^{(k+1)}q_k,$$
(5.4)
where $`q_k`$ is the component of $`q(x)`$ with $`𝐬_w`$ grade $`k`$.

This is a consequence of existence of Virasoro algebra due to Sugawara construction.

###### Theorem 5.2 (\[FGMS, BFRFW\]).

The second Poisson bracket of (5.1) is a $`𝒲`$ algebra associated to $`sl_2`$ subalgebra (4.1) with Virasoro generator

$$w_2(x)=\frac{1}{2}\eta (I_++q,I_++q)+\eta (\rho ,q^{}),$$
(5.5)
satisfying Virasoro algebra

$$\{w_2(x),w_2(y)\}=\eta (\rho ,\rho )\delta ^{\prime \prime \prime }\left(xy\right)+2w_2(x)\delta ^{}\left(xy\right)+w_2^{}(x)\delta \left(xy\right).$$
(5.6)
There exists a minimal weight Drinfeld-Sokolov gauge \[BFRFW, DF\]

$$\mathrm{ad}I_{}\left(Q^{can}\right)=0$$
(5.7)
of conformal primaries:

$$\{w_{k,i}(x),w_2(y)\}_2=kw_{k,i}(x)\delta ^{}\left(xy\right)+w_{k,i}^{}(x)\delta \left(xy\right),$$
(5.8)
where

$$Q^{can}q^{can}=w_2\frac{I_{}}{\eta (I_+,I_{})}+w_{k,i}F_{k1,i},[\rho ,F_{k,i}]=kF_{k,i}.$$

Let us denote by $`𝖯𝗋_w`$ a set of scaling weights of fields of the $`𝒲`$-algebra in question. $`𝖯𝗋_w`$ is invariant with respect to scale preserving changes of coordinates, so in particular it does not depend on the Drinfeld-Sokolov gauge slice chosen.

###### Proposition 5.1.

$`I(w)𝖯𝗋_w`$. Multiplicities of $`N_w1`$ in $`I(w)`$ and in $`𝖯𝗋_w`$ are equal.

###### Proof.

Let us take densities of Hamiltonians $`H_b`$, $`\mathrm{deg}_{𝐬_w}bI(w)`$. Their scaling degree are correspondingly $`\mathrm{deg}_{𝐬_w}b+1`$. These densities are gauge invariant, as follows from proposition 3.2. Due to corollary to the theorem 3.2 they are independent. Thus they may be taken as a part of coordinates on $``$. So $`I(w)𝖯𝗋_w`$. In particular this implies that the multiplicity of $`N_w1`$ in $`I(w)`$ is less or equal to the one in $`𝖯𝗋_w`$.

However, as was shown in ref. \[Sp\], for every $`C𝔤(N_w+1)`$ there exist such $`I𝔤(1)`$ that $`I+C`$ is regular in $`𝔤`$. So we have an opposite inequality of multiplicities. This completes the proof. ∎

###### Remark 5.1.

One can choose $`F_{N_w1,1}=C_{(N_w1)}`$. Then the first Poisson structure can be always read off the second by shifting $`w_{N_w,1}`$ by $`\lambda `$ and taking the linear term.

The character (4.3) enables us to determine $`\mathrm{ad}\rho `$ eigenspace decomposition of $`Q^{can}`$, and thus $`𝖯𝗋_w`$. Indeed,

$$\left(1q\right)\chi _{[w]}=\underset{k=N+1}{\overset{1}{}}dimQ_k^{can}q^k+𝒪\left(q\right),$$
(5.9)
as follows from injectivity (3.6) of mapping $`\mathrm{ad}I_+:Q_kQ_{k+1}`$ for negative $`k`$ and definition of $`Q^{can}`$ (3.7). Then $`𝖯𝗋_w`$ is the set of positive numbers $`k`$ such that $`dimQ_k^{can}0`$, every number occurring $`dimQ_k^{can}`$ times.

###### Proposition 5.2.

Let

$$𝒰\left(w\right)=\left\{1k_1\mathrm{}k_{2n}<N_w1|k_i\underset{w}{𝖯𝗋}\text{but }k_iI(w)\right\},$$
(5.10)
where $`2n=dimr`$. Then $`k_i+k_{2n+1i}=N_w1`$.

###### Proof.

Brute force checking of data presented in Appendix A. We lack more elegant proof so far. ∎

Now, consider modified hierarchy, i.e. $`𝐬=𝐬_w`$. Its second Poisson structure (3.13) simplifies as well

$$\{\phi ,\psi \}_m=q_m,[d_{q_m}\phi ,d_{q_m}\psi ]d_{q_m}\phi ,\left(d_{q_m}\psi \right)^{}.$$

The phase space (3.2) of modified hierarchies $`(𝔤,\mathrm{\Lambda },𝐬_w)`$ reads

$$=\left(Q^m(1)\right)^{}=\left(\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)\right)^{}\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w).$$
(5.11)
Let $`X_i`$ be a basis of $`\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)𝔤`$ with Grahm matrix $`𝒦`$ being restricted Killing form and let $`q_m=_i\nu ^iX_i`$, then

$$\{\nu ^i(x),\nu ^j(y)\}_m=\left(𝒦^1\right)^{ij}\delta ^{}\left(xy\right)+f_{}^{ij}{}_{k}{}^{}\nu ^k(x)\delta \left(xy\right),$$
(5.12)
where $`f_{}^{ij}{}_{k}{}^{}`$ are structure constants of $`\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)^{}`$. Notice, that $`𝔥\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)`$ due to proposition 2.2, and thus matrix $`f_{}^{ij}{}_{k}{}^{}\nu ^k`$ is of corank $`r`$.

Given $`[w]`$ one obtains $`\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)`$ from extended Dynkin diagram removing nodes with $`𝐬_{w}^{}{}_{k}{}^{}0`$ and padding with $`u(1)`$ to maintain the rank as follows from (2.2).

We collect all pertinent information about generalized Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies with regular primitive conjugacy class $`[w]`$ and regular element $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{[w]}`$ of $`𝐬_w`$ grade one in appendix A.

## 6 Finite dimensional geometry behind the hierarchy

Let us introduce the dispersion parameter $`ϵ`$ by rescaling all derivatives $`ϵ`$. Then, the leading term of $`ϵ0`$ expansion of a Poisson bracket on loop space will verify Jacobi identity, thus furnishing another Poisson structure:

$$\{w^i(x),w^j(y)\}^{(0)}=\frac{1}{ϵ}A^{ij}(w)\delta \left(xy\right).$$
(6.1)
We write upper indices to emphasize the covariant nature of objects. The leading bracket (6.1) obviously defines finite dimensional one and we thus end up with pencil of finite dimensional Poisson brackets corresponding to $`𝐬=𝐬_h`$ integrable hierarchy:

$$\overline{\{w^i,w^j\}}_\lambda =A^{ij}\left(w\right)\lambda B^{ij}\left(w\right).$$
(6.2)
Notice, that densities of annihilators of the first Poisson bracket (5.1) $`𝒩^a=𝒩^a\left(w\right)`$, where $`1ar`$ are Casimirs of the first finite bracket:

$$\overline{\{f,𝒩^a\}}_1=0f,$$
(6.3)
and are in involution with respect to the second

$$\overline{\{𝒩^a,𝒩^b\}}_2=0.$$
(6.4)
Eqs. (6.3) and (6.4) show that Poisson tensor $`A\lambda B`$ is of corank $`r`$ for all $`\lambda `$ and generic point of $``$.

Due to Corollary 3.1, one may choose $`w^i=(𝒩^a,u^A)`$ as coordinates on $``$, where $`u^A`$ are Drinfeld-Sokolov variables with scaling weights $`k_A+1`$, $`k_A𝒰\left(w\right)`$.

Assume that the coordinate $`𝒩^r`$ is chosen to be linear in Drinfeld-Sokolov variable $`w_{N_w,1}`$ (cf. Remark 5.1), and so the pencil (6.1) can be obtained by means of shifting of $`𝒩^r`$ by $`\lambda `$.

###### Lemma 6.1.

Matrix $`B^{AB}(u,𝒩)`$ is non degenerate with constant determinant.

###### Proof.

As follows from scaling weight grading of Poisson structures

$$\mathrm{deg}_{sc}\left(A^{AB}\lambda B^{AB}\right)=\mathrm{deg}u^A+\mathrm{deg}u^B1.$$

Since $`\mathrm{deg}_{sc}\lambda =N_w`$

$$B^{AB}=\{\begin{array}{cc}0\hfill & \text{ if }\mathrm{deg}_{sc}u^Au^B<N_w\hfill \\ \text{const. }\hfill & \text{ if }\mathrm{deg}_{sc}u^Au^B=N_w\hfill \\ B^{AB}\hfill & \text{ if }\mathrm{deg}_{sc}u^Au^B>N_w\hfill \end{array}$$

Recall that we have assumed ascending ordering of $`\mathrm{deg}_{sc}u^A`$, and so matrix $`B`$ is lower triangular with respect to anti diagonal $`\mathrm{deg}_{sc}u^Au^B=N_w`$. This proves that $`detB`$ equals to product of those constants. Since, by the choice of coordinates, we know that $`\left|\begin{array}{c}B^{AB}\end{array}\right|`$ is nondegenerate we conclude, that all those constants are nonzero. ∎

###### Remark 6.1.

Notice, that $`𝒩^1=w_2`$ annihilates the pencil of finite dimensional brackets: $`\overline{\{f,𝒩^1\}}_\lambda =0`$ for any $`f`$.

###### Proposition 6.1.

Let $`𝒢^{A,a}(u,𝒩)=\overline{\{u^A,𝒩^a\}}_2`$. Consider a variety $`_r`$ defined by equations $`𝒢^{A,2}(u,𝒩)=0`$ and suppose that matrix $`\left|\begin{array}{c}\frac{𝒢^{A,2}}{u^B}\end{array}\right|`$ is not degenerate on $`_r`$. Then

$$𝒢^{B,b}(u,𝒩)_{|_r}=0B,b.$$

###### Proof.

By the implicit function theorem one may resolve the system of polynomial equations $`𝒢^{A,2}(u,𝒩)=0`$ locally with respect to variables $`u`$. Consider the Hamiltonian flows in involution generated by $`𝒩^a`$:

$$\frac{\phi }{t_a}=\overline{\{\phi ,𝒩^a\}}_2.$$

Then one has

$$\frac{}{t_a}\frac{}{t_2}u^A=\frac{}{t_2}\frac{}{t_a}u^A\frac{𝒢^{A,2}}{u^B}𝒢^{B,a}=\frac{𝒢^{A,a}}{u^B}𝒢^{B,2}.$$

Restricting on $`_r`$ and using the non degeneracy of $`\frac{𝒢^{A,2}}{u^B}`$ the result follows. ∎

###### Remark 6.2.

So, the equation $`𝒢^{A,2}=0`$, subject to condition of Proposition 6.1 defines an algebraic variety $`_r`$ of stationary points of all Hamiltonians in involution with respect to Poisson bracket (6.2). $`_r`$ “corresponds” to the kernel of Poisson tensor of (6.2).

As an immediate consequence of eqs. (6.3) and (6.4) we have the following

###### Proposition 6.2.

Polynomials $`𝒢^{A,a}(u,𝒩)`$ do not depend on $`𝒩^r`$.

As follows from generalized Drinfeld-Sokolov construction, this finite dimensional bracket is but Kirillov-Kostant bracket

$$\overline{\{\phi ,\psi \}}_\lambda =\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }+q|[d_q\phi ,d_q\psi ]\right)$$
(6.5)
restricted on the space of $`\mathrm{ad}P`$ invariant functions $`\phi \left(\stackrel{~}{q}\right)=\phi \left(q\right)`$:

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }+\stackrel{~}{q}=\mathrm{exp}\left[\mathrm{ad}n\right]\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }+q\right)nP$$
(6.6)
###### Lemma 6.2.

Drinfeld-Sokolov coordinates $`w^i(q)`$, in dispersionless limit, generate the ring of $`\mathrm{ad}P`$ invariant polynomials in $`q`$.

###### Proof.

Consider a ring of polynomial functions in $`q`$. It is obviously generated by elements of $`Q^{}`$. Using the adjoint action of nilpotent group with Lie algebra being $`P`$ one may always reduce $`\stackrel{~}{q}`$ to canonical form $`qQ^{can}`$ (see eq. (3.7)). Indeed, projecting eq. (6.6) on $`\mathrm{ad}\rho `$ eigenspaces we get

$$\stackrel{~}{q}_i=q_i+[n_{i+1},I_+]+\text{polynomial}(n_i,\mathrm{},n_1;q_{i1},\mathrm{},q_1)$$
(6.7)
where $`[\rho ,q_i]+iq_i=0`$ and $`0i<N_w`$. This allows to resolve, starting from $`i=0`$ and proceeding inductively, for $`\stackrel{~}{q}`$ and $`n(q)`$ as polynomials in $`q`$. Recapitulating, $`(\stackrel{~}{q},n)`$ generate a ring of polynomials in $`q`$. The subring of gauge invariant polynomials is, then, obviously generated by $`\stackrel{~}{q}`$, i.e. by Drinfeld-Sokolov coordinates. ∎

Now consider the case of modified hierarchy, $`𝐬=𝐬_w`$. The leading term Poisson structure gives Kirillov-Kostant bracket on $`\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)^{}`$:

$$\overline{\{\nu ^i,\nu ^j\}}_m=f_{}^{ij}{}_{k}{}^{}\nu ^k.$$
(6.8)
The Miura map (3.3) provides a map from modified hierarchy ($`𝐬=𝐬_w`$) into $`𝐬=𝐬_h`$ one. Thus we have polynomial expressions $`w^i\left(\nu \right)=w^i\left(q_m\right)`$ for dispersionless Drinfeld-Sokolov variables. Notice, that modified hierarchies have their “gauge algebra” $`P`$ empty, and yet Miura coordinates $`\nu `$ do not generate the ring of gauge invariant polynomials. The reason is that, imposing $`\stackrel{~}{q}Q_m`$, equations (6.7) do not have a unique solution. Following ideas of ref. \[BFRFW\] we have

###### Proposition 6.3.

There is a finite subgroup $`R\mathrm{exp}\left(\mathrm{ad}P\right)`$ acting on $`Q_m=𝔤_0`$.

$$\mathrm{ord}R\underset{k𝖯𝗋_w}{}\left(k+1\right).$$
(6.9)
###### Proof.

Let $`nP`$ corresponds to group element fixing $`Q_m`$, i.e.

$$I_++\stackrel{ˇ}{q}_m=\mathrm{exp}\left[\mathrm{ad}n\right]\left(I_++q_m\right)=\underset{k=0}{\overset{N_w+1}{}}\frac{1}{k!}\mathrm{ad}^kn\left(I_++q_m\right).$$
(6.10)
Projecting on $`\mathrm{ad}\rho `$ eigenspaces we gain the system of equations (6.7). Since $`q_m𝔤_0`$, we have

$$\stackrel{ˇ}{q}_m=q_m+[n_1,I_+].$$
(6.11)
The rest of equations (6.7) for $`i>0`$ determines $`n`$. Given positive $`i`$ there are $`dim𝔤_i`$ scalar equations. Due to injectivity of map $`\mathrm{ad}I_+:𝔤_k𝔤_{k+1}`$ for negative $`k`$ we may unambiguously solve for $`dimg_{i1}`$ unknowns contained in $`n_{i+1}`$ and remain with $`m_i=dim𝔤_idimg_{i1}`$ scalar equations for $`n_j`$, where $`j<i`$. Notice, that by definition, $`m_i0`$ iff $`i𝖯𝗋_w`$ with $`m_i`$ being the multiplicity of $`i`$ in $`𝖯𝗋_w`$. Starting with $`i=1`$ case

$$[n_2,I_+]+[n_1,q_m+\frac{1}{2}[n_1,I_+]]=0,$$
(6.12)
we solve for $`n_2=n_2(n_1,q_m)`$. Proceeding further with excluding $`n_k`$, $`k>1`$, we end up with $`m_i`$ equations of order $`i+1`$, for each distinct $`iPr_w`$, to determine $`dim`$ unknowns contained in $`n_1`$. Notice, that the number of equations $`\mathrm{ord}𝖯𝗋_w`$ equals to the number of unknowns $`dim𝔤_1=dim`$ and by Bezout theorem we obtain no more than $`_{k𝖯𝗋_w}\left(k+1\right)`$ solutions $`n_1=n_1\left(q_m\right)`$, which determine that number of nonlinear transformations $`q_m\stackrel{ˇ}{q}_m`$ of $`Q_m`$. If only those $`dim`$ equations for $`n_1`$ are independent we obtain an equality in eq. (6.9). ∎

Since $`n_1g_1`$ completely determines any transformation from $`R`$, as follows from the proof of Proposition 6.3, it is tempting to make an anzäts for the simplest transformations as $`n𝔤_1`$. It proves to be consistent only for simply laced Lie algebras $`𝔤`$. We may then rewrite eq. (6.10) as follows

$$\stackrel{ˇ}{q}_m=q_m+[n,I_+]+\underset{k=1}{\overset{N_w}{}}\frac{1}{k!}\mathrm{ad}^kn\left(\frac{1}{k+1}[n,I_+]+q_m\right).$$

To make the sum, contributing to negative $`\mathrm{ad}\rho `$ eigenspaces, vanish we need that

$$[n,[n,H]]=0,H\widehat{𝔤}_0\left(𝐬_w\right),$$
(6.13a)
$$[n,q_m+\frac{1}{2}[n,I_+]]=0.$$
(6.13b)
To solve equations (6.13) we make use of Weyl group $`𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ of semisimple Lie subalgebra $`𝔤_0𝔤`$.

###### Lemma 6.3.

Subspaces $`𝔤_k𝔤`$, $`k`$, are stable under natural action of $`𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)𝒲\left(𝔤\right)`$. Each orbit $`𝒵𝔤_1`$ of $`𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ is a *commutative* subalgebra of $`𝔤`$, if $`𝔤`$ is simply laced.

###### Proof.

The action of Weyl group $`𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ are inner in $`𝔤_0`$ and in $`𝔤`$. For any root $`\alpha `$, such that $`E_\alpha 𝔤_0`$, one has a reflection $`r_\alpha `$ in the hyperplane perpendicular to the root acting on $`𝔤`$ as follows:

$$\widehat{r}_\alpha =\mathrm{exp}\left[\mathrm{ad}E_\alpha \right]\mathrm{exp}\left[\frac{2}{\alpha ^2}\mathrm{ad}E_\alpha \right]\mathrm{exp}\left[\mathrm{ad}E_\alpha \right].$$
(6.14)
These reflections act canonically on Cartan subalgebra $`𝔥𝔤_0𝔤`$. Since all elements of $`𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ can be expressed as a product of these, we conclude that $`𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ stabilizes $`𝔤_k`$. Take a root $`\beta `$, such that $`E_\beta 𝔤_1`$, and consider the $`𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ orbit $`𝒵`$ that passes through it. Fix $`w𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ and assume that $`w`$ does not fix $`\beta `$. It suffices to prove that $`\beta +w\left(\beta \right)`$ is never a root.

Since $`𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ stabilizes $`𝔤_1`$, $`\gamma \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}w\left(\beta \right)\beta `$ is a linear combination of simple roots of $`𝔤_0`$. For simply laced Lie algebras $`𝔤`$, $`\gamma `$ itself is a root such that $`E_\gamma 𝔤_0`$. Assume that $`\beta +w\left(\beta \right)=2\beta +\gamma `$ is a root, then

$$\frac{2\left(\beta |\gamma \right)}{\left(\beta |\beta \right)}2.$$
(6.15)
This is impossible for any two roots $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ of simply laced simple Lie algebra $`𝔤`$. ∎

###### Corollary 6.1.

For any orbit $`𝒵`$, and any element $`E_\beta 𝒵`$, $`\mathrm{ad}E_\beta `$ maps $`𝔤_0`$ on $`𝒵`$.

###### Proof.

Consider the set $`𝒮\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\left\{[X,Y]\right|X𝔤_0,Y𝒵\}`$. Since $`𝔥𝔤_0`$ we have $`𝒵𝒮`$. The set $`𝒮`$ is stable under the homomorphism $`𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ because $`𝔤_0`$ and $`𝒵`$ are stable. So $`𝒮=𝒵`$ and, hence, $`\mathrm{ad}E_\beta `$ maps $`𝔤_0`$ in $`𝒵`$. The surjectivity is obvious. ∎

###### Remark 6.3.

Having the simple roots chosen in $`𝔥^{}`$, it is plain to see, that different orbits $`𝒵`$ may be labeled by simple roots of $`𝐬_w`$ degree one, i.e. such $`\alpha `$ that $`E_\alpha 𝔤_1`$.

Choose an orbit $`𝒵𝔤_1`$, and let $`\{X_q\}`$ denote the set of root vectors that form the basis in $`𝒵`$. We then solve (6.13a) by letting $`n=x_qX_q𝒵`$. Due to Corollary 6.1 we have

###### Lemma 6.4.

Condition (6.13b) gives $`dim𝒵`$ homogeneous quadratic equations for parameters $`x_i`$, that posess non trivial solutions.

Let us speculate a bit on the structure of the group $`R`$. Fix $`q_m𝔤_0`$, some orbit $`𝒵`$, and let $`n\left(q_m\right)𝒵`$ be a solution of eq. (6.13b), that gives the map $`n:q_m\stackrel{ˇ}{q}_m`$. Apply to the result another transformation with $`\stackrel{ˇ}{n}𝒵`$. We get another map $`\stackrel{ˇ}{n}:\stackrel{ˇ}{q}_m\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{ˇ}{q}}_m`$. Notice that their composition would be another map given by $`n^{}\left(q_m\right)=n\left(q_m\right)+\stackrel{ˇ}{n}\left(\stackrel{ˇ}{q}_m\left(q_m\right)\right)`$, $`n^{}:q_m\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{ˇ}{q}}_m`$. Both $`n`$ and $`n^{}`$ will verify eqs. (6.13) and obviously $`nn^{}`$. It is clear, that further iterations will again bring another solution of (6.13b). We therefore arrive to

###### Proposition 6.4.

For each $`𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ orbit $`𝒵𝔤_1`$ there is subgroup $`R_𝒵`$ of $`R`$.

Notice, that if $`dim𝒵=1`$, $`n^{}`$ must vanish and our simplest transformation must be reflections, i.e. $`R_𝒵=_2`$.

Any transformation $`nP`$ from $`R`$ is uniquely determined by its $`𝔤_1`$ projection $`n_1`$. That $`n_1`$ may be uniquely split $`n_1=_kn_1^{(k)}`$ with $`n_1^{(k)}𝒵_k`$ in distinct $`𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ orbits. It suggests that

$$\mathrm{exp}\left[\mathrm{ad}n\left(q_m\right)\right]\left(I_++q_m\right)=\underset{i}{}\mathrm{exp}\left[\mathrm{ad}n_1^{k_i}\left(q_m\right)\right]\left(I_++q_m\right).$$

To ensure that $`R`$ is generated by the simplest transformations one must prove that each factor preserves $`𝔤_0`$. We, however, do not have the proof.

###### Remark 6.4.

In the case of standard Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy we have $`𝔤_0=𝔥`$. Then eq. (6.13a) implies that $`n=x_kE_{\alpha _k}𝔤_1`$ and eq. (6.13b) requires

$$x_k=\frac{2}{\left(\alpha _k|\alpha _k\right)}\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}\left(\alpha _k|\alpha _i\right)\nu ^ir_k\left(\nu ^j\right)=\nu ^j\frac{2\delta _{jk}}{\left(\alpha _k|\alpha _k\right)}\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}\left(\alpha _k|\alpha _i\right)\nu ^i.$$
(6.16)
The same transformation of $`\nu `$ results from the Weyl reflection, acting on $`𝔤_0=𝔥`$, corresponding to simple root $`\alpha _k`$. Hence, polynomials $`w^i\left(\nu \right)`$ result to be Coxeter polynomials \[BFRFW\].

###### Corollary 6.2.

Polynomials $`w^i\left(\nu \right)`$ of degrees $`k_i+1`$ with $`k_i𝖯𝗋_w`$ are invariant with respect to discrete group $`R`$ and generate the ring of $`R`$ invariant polynomials on $`Q_m`$.

###### Proof.

By Lemma 6.2 $`w^k(q)`$ generate the ring of gauge invariant polynomials in $`q`$. Restricting them on $`Q_m`$ and restricting adjoint group to $`R`$ the proof follows. ∎

###### Remark 6.5.

Polynomials $`w^i\left(\nu \right)`$ are not however $`𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ invariant. This means that they are not, for non trivial $`𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$, a restriction to $`𝔤_0`$ of $`Ad`$ invariant polynomials on $`𝔤`$.

Notice, $`R`$ invariance of $`w^i\left(\nu \right)`$ implies that Kirillov-Kostant brackets is equivariant with respect to action of $`R`$, i.e.

$$\overline{\{\stackrel{ˇ}{\nu }^i,\stackrel{ˇ}{\nu }^j\}}_m=f_{}^{ij}{}_{k}{}^{}\stackrel{ˇ}{\nu }^k=\frac{\stackrel{ˇ}{\nu }^i}{\nu ^m}f_{}^{mn}{}_{l}{}^{}\nu ^l\frac{\stackrel{ˇ}{\nu }^j}{\nu ^n}.$$

The $`R`$ invariant variety $`_r`$ is defined in $`Q_m`$, much the same, as fixed point of all Hamiltonians in involution:

$$F^k\left(\nu \right)=\overline{\{\nu ^k,𝒩^2\}}_m=f_{}^{kl}{}_{n}{}^{}\nu ^n\frac{𝒩^2}{\nu ^l}.$$
(6.17)
Indeed, (6.17) implies $`𝒢^{A,2}=0`$ and so defines $`_r`$. It means, that one can restrict action of $`R`$ group on $`_r`$.

To construct “good” coordinates on $`_r`$ we consider Casimirs of Kirillov-Kostant bracket (6.8). Recall, that $`𝔤_0`$ is semisimple Lie algebra, i.e $`𝔤_0=_i𝔤_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{(i)}`$, where $`𝔤_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{(i)}`$ is either simple or abelian. Let $`J_{i,k}(\nu )`$ be algebraically independent $`\mathrm{ad}𝔤_0`$ invariant polynomials of degree $`k`$ corresponding to $`𝔤_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{(i)}`$, i.e. invariant also under $`\mathrm{ad}𝔤_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{(i)}`$. They obviously annihilate (6.8).

Introduce $`r`$ “abelian” coordinates $`\mu `$ on $`𝔥^{}=_i\left(𝔥^{(i)}\right)^{}`$ defined by equations

$$J_{i,k}\left(\mu \right)_{|𝔥}=J_{i,k}\left(\nu \right).$$
(6.18)
Coordinates $`\mu `$ have scaling weight one, as well as Miura coordinates.

###### Proposition 6.5.

Coordinates $`\mu `$ do not depend on the choice of $`\mathrm{ad}𝔤_0`$ invariant polynomials $`J_{i,k}`$.

###### Proof.

Indeed, let us choose another set of algebraically independent polynomials

$$f_j\left(\nu \right)=f_j\left(J\left(\nu \right)\right).$$

They are known to be of the same degrees. Using them we define new coordinates $`\mu ^{}`$:

$$f_j\left(\mu ^{}\right)|_𝔥^{}=f_j\left(\nu \right)f_j\left(J\left(\mu ^{}\right)\right)|_𝔥^{}=f_j\left(J\left(\nu \right)\right)=f_j\left(J\left(\mu \right)\right)|_𝔥^{}.$$

Starting from functions $`f`$ of the lowest degree and proceeding up we conclude that $`\mu ^{}`$ may be chosen to coincide with $`\mu `$. ∎

We may complete $`\mu `$ by those Miura coordinates $`\nu `$ that correspond to $`X_i𝔥`$ in $`q_m=\nu ^iX_i`$, to have coordinates on the whole phase space $``$. Let us denote them $`\eta ^i`$ so that $`\eta ^i=\mu ^i`$ for $`1ir`$.

###### Lemma 6.5.

Group $`R`$ admits restriction on the “abelian” coordinates $`\mu `$.

###### Proof.

Indeed, Casimirs $`J_{i,k}`$, being invariant with respect to adjoint action of $`𝔤_0`$, are not left invariant by action of group $`R`$. Let $`\stackrel{ˇ}{J}_{i,k}\left(\nu \right)=J_{i,k}\left(\stackrel{ˇ}{\nu }\left(\nu \right)\right)`$. Then

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 0& =f_{}^{lm}{}_{n}{}^{}\stackrel{ˇ}{\nu }^n\frac{J_{i,k}\left(\stackrel{ˇ}{\nu }\right)}{\stackrel{ˇ}{\nu }^m}=\overline{\{\stackrel{ˇ}{\nu }^l,J_{i,k}\left(\stackrel{ˇ}{\nu }\right)\}}_m\hfill \\ \hfill 0& =f_{}^{lp}{}_{n}{}^{}\nu ^n\frac{\stackrel{ˇ}{\nu }^m}{\nu ^p}\frac{J_{i,k}\left(\stackrel{ˇ}{\nu }\right)}{\stackrel{ˇ}{\nu }^m}=f_{}^{lp}{}_{n}{}^{}\nu ^n\frac{\stackrel{ˇ}{J}_{i,k}\left(\nu \right)}{\nu ^m}.\hfill \end{array}$$

This implies that $`\stackrel{ˇ}{J}_{i,k}\left(\nu \right)`$ results $`\mathrm{ad}\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)`$ invariant and hence depends on $`\mu `$ only.

In the next section we shall make use of the following

###### Lemma 6.6.

Define the following matrix

$$\left(𝕂^1\right)^{mn}=\frac{\eta ^m}{\nu ^i}\left(𝒦^1\right)^{ij}\frac{\eta ^n}{\nu ^j}.$$
(6.19)
Then its submatrix $`\left(𝕂^1\right)^{kl}`$ with $`1k,lr`$ is constant non degenerate matrix.

###### Proof.

Since $`J_{i,k}`$ are $`\mathrm{ad}𝔤_0`$ invariant polynomials and so is Killing metrics, we may make use of Chevalley theorem

$$\frac{J_1\left(\nu \right)}{\nu ^i}\left(𝒦^1\right)^{ij}\frac{J_2\left(\nu \right)}{\nu ^j}=F_{1,2}\left(J\left(\nu \right)\right).$$
(6.20)
stating that $`F`$ is a polynomial in $`\mathrm{ad}𝔤_0`$ invariant polynomials $`J_{i,k}\left(\nu \right)`$. Now using definition of coordinates $`\mu `$ (6.18) and changing variables to $`\eta `$ we obtain

$$F_{1,2}\left(J\left(\mu \right)\right)=\frac{J_1\left(\eta \right)}{\eta ^i}\left(𝕂^1\right)^{ij}\frac{J_2\left(\eta \right)}{\eta ^j}=\underset{m,n=1}{\overset{r}{}}\frac{J_1\left(\mu \right)}{\mu ^m}\left(𝕂^1\right)^{mn}\frac{J_2\left(\mu \right)}{\mu ^n}.$$
(6.21)
By another Chevalley theorem $`J\left(\mu \right)`$ are invariant with respect to Weyl group of $`𝔤_0`$. This means that $`r\times r`$ submatrix $`𝕂^1`$ is inverse of Killing metrics of rank $`r`$ semisimple Lie algebra $`𝔤_0`$ restricted to Cartan subalgebra. The latter coincides with Killing form of algebra $`𝔤`$. Thus it is non degenerate due to celebrated Cartan’s criterion of semisimplicity. ∎

###### Corollary 6.3.

$`\left(𝕂^1\right)^{ij}=\left(𝒦^1\right)^{ij}`$ for $`1i,jr`$.

###### Lemma 6.7.

Group $`R`$ acts linearly on coordinates $`\mu `$.

###### Proof.

Consider $`\stackrel{ˇ}{J}\left(\mu \right)=J\left(\stackrel{ˇ}{\mu }\left(\mu \right)\right)`$. Rewrite (6.20) as follows

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill F_{1,2}\left(\stackrel{ˇ}{J}\left(\mu \right)\right)& =F_{1,2}\left(J\left(\stackrel{ˇ}{\mu }\right)\right)=\underset{m,n=1}{\overset{r}{}}\frac{J_1\left(\stackrel{ˇ}{\mu }\right)}{\stackrel{ˇ}{\mu }^m}\left(𝕂^1\right)^{mn}\frac{J_2\left(\stackrel{ˇ}{\mu }\right)}{\stackrel{ˇ}{\mu }^n}\hfill \\ & =\underset{m,n,k,l=1}{\overset{r}{}}\frac{\stackrel{ˇ}{J}_1\left(\mu \right)}{\mu ^m}\frac{\mu ^n}{\stackrel{ˇ}{\mu }^l}\left(𝕂^1\right)^{kl}\frac{\mu ^n}{\stackrel{ˇ}{\mu }^l}\frac{\stackrel{ˇ}{J}_2\left(\mu \right)}{\mu ^n}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Since functions $`F_{1,2}\left(J\right)`$ are not altered we have the same pairing and due to Lemma 6.6 $`R`$ action preserves constant non degenerate submatrix of the matrix $`𝕂^1`$. It is only possible if $`R`$ acts linearly. ∎

###### Remark 6.6.

Since the action of $`R`$ on $`\mu `$ is defined via action on polynomials $`J\left(\mu \right)`$, it can be determined only up to $`\mathrm{ad}𝔤_0`$, i.e. only as

$$\stackrel{ˇ}{J}\left(\mu \right)=J\left(A\mu \right)$$

for some constant matrix $`A`$, determined up to transformations

$$Aw_1Aw_2,\text{where}w_1,w_2𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right).$$

###### Lemma 6.8.

Non trivial transformations from $`R_𝒵`$ correspond to the same matrix $`A_𝒵`$ modulo this equivalence.

###### Proof.

Fix an $`𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ orbit $`𝒵`$ in $`𝔤_1`$. It suffices to show that $`𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ permutes solutions of eq. (6.13b).

Notice, that $`𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ invariant polynomials $`J`$, corresponding to abelian constituents of $`𝔤_0`$ are linear and may be chosen to be corresponding Miura variables as follows from (6.16). Then, due to Lemma 6.7 $`R`$ groups acts on them linearly in terms of $`\mu `$. Solving eqs. (6.18) for $`\mu \left(\nu \right)`$ we get just $`\mathrm{ord}𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ solutions as follows from Bezout theorem. They correspond to different solutions of (6.13b). ∎

###### Corollary 6.4.

Eqs. (6.13b) have non more than $`\mathrm{ord}𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ non trivial solutions.

###### Corollary 6.5.

Matrix $`A_𝒵`$ may be chosen to be a reflection, i.e. $`A_𝒵^2=1`$.

###### Proof.

Since $`R_𝒵`$ is a subgroup, there exist two transformations product of which is identity. Since they correspond to the same matrix $`A_𝒵`$, the proof follows. ∎

###### Theorem 6.1.

Let $`𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ be Weyl group of $`𝔤_0`$. Assume $`𝔤`$ simply laced. Then $`R|__r𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)𝒲\left(𝔤\right)`$.

###### Proof.

Weyl group $`𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ preserves metrics $`𝕂^1`$, and is generated by reflections (6.16) corresponding to simple roots of zero $`𝐬_w`$ grade. Group $`R`$, restricted to $`_r`$, also preserves the metrics and is generated by reflections associated with simple roots of $`𝐬_w`$ grade 1, due to Lemmas 6.3 and 6.4. We conclude that $`R|__r𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ is a finite group generated by $`r`$ transformations associated to simple roots, that preserve $`𝕂^1`$. Since it is an inverse of the Killing form of algebra $`𝔤`$ and $`𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ acts canonically (6.16), it follows that $`R|__r𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ is isomorphic to Weyl group $`𝒲\left(𝔤\right)`$. ∎

## 7 Dispersionless limit

As was proved by I. Krichever \[Kr\], the dispersionless limit, or zero phase Whitham averaging, of the standard Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies provides solutions to WDVV equations.

Introducing dispersion parameter $`ϵ`$ the Poisson structure of hierarchies reads

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \{w^i(x),w^j(y)\}& =\underset{k0}{}ϵ^{k1}\{w^i(x),w^j(y)\}^{(k)}\hfill \\ & =\frac{1}{ϵ}A^{ij}(w)\delta (xy)+g^{ij}(w)\delta ^{}(xy)\hfill \\ & +\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{ij}(w)\left(w^k(x)\right)^{}\delta (xy)+𝒪(ϵ).\hfill \end{array}$$
(7.1)
###### Remark 7.1.

For the standard Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies $`A0`$ because $`dim=r`$ and hence annihilators of the first Poisson structure may be chosen as coordinates on the whole $``$. Note that due to Corollary 3.1 we only have $`rdim`$ independent annihilators, thus appearance of $`A`$ term should be, generally, expected.

Let us pick up $`w^i=(𝒩^a,u^A)`$ as coordinates on $`\left(Q^{can}\right)^{}`$ as in section 6. We assume that they are obtained by ultralocal change of variables from Drinfeld-Sokolov variables, i.e. contain no derivative terms.

Due to eq. (6.4) hierarchy time flows of $`𝒩^a`$ have polynomial $`ϵ`$ expansion, but dynamics of $`u^A`$ coordinates does not enjoy this property

$`{\displaystyle \frac{𝒩^a}{t_b}}`$ $`=`$ $`\{𝒩^a,H_b\}_2=_xA^a(b)+𝒪\left(ϵ\right),`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{u^A}{t_b}}`$ $`=`$ $`\{u^A,H_b\}_2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{ϵ}}𝒢_\alpha ^{A,b}(u,𝒩)+_xA^A\left(b\right)+𝒪\left(ϵ\right).`$ (7.2)
Hence brackets $`\{𝒩^a,𝒩^b\}`$ admit dispersionless limit, while others do not. $`G^{A,b}`$’s come from $`A`$ term in (7.1) and thus are responsible for fast dynamics of $`u`$ coordinates. If $`u`$ coordinates evolved so as to vanish $`𝒢^{A,a}`$ identically, we would obtain a well defined dispersionless limit of the hierarchy. As we have seen in section 6 it happens on the algebraic subvariety $`_r`$.

We thus supplement Dubrovin-Novikov prescriptions \[DN\] for the restriction of the Poisson structure (7.1) on the slow - modulated zero phase solutions by requirement of additional restriction on $`_r`$. Dirac bracket provides restriction of the Hamiltonian structure on $``$ to $`_r`$. We review briefly, for reader’s convenience, the construction of Dirac bracket, referring to \[MR\] for details.

Given constraint equation $`𝒢^{A,2}=0`$ defining $`_r`$ and local coordinates $`𝒩^a`$ there, we introduce new ones

$$\stackrel{˘}{𝒩}^a\left(x\right)=𝒩^a\left(x\right)+\underset{A}{}𝑑y\tau _A^a(x,y)𝒢^{A,2}\left(w(y)\right).$$

such that $`\stackrel{˘}{𝒩}^a|__r=𝒩^a|__r`$ and with $`\tau `$ subject to condition

$$\{𝒩^a\left(x\right),𝒢^{A,2}\left(w(y)\right)\}|__r=0.$$

Looking for solution of $`\tau `$ as formal $`ϵ`$ series $`\tau =_{m0}ϵ^m\tau ^{(m)}`$, the equation above for $`\tau `$ amounts to the following

$$\{𝒩^a(x),𝒢^{A,2}(y)\}_{|__r}^{(k)}+\underset{m=0}{\overset{k}{}}𝑑z\tau _{}^{(m)}{}_{B}{}^{a}(x,z)\{𝒢^{B,2}(z),𝒢^{A,2}(y)\}_{|__r}^{(km)}=0.$$
(7.3)
Due to Proposition 6.1 we obtain that $`\tau ^{(0)}=0`$ provided that the matrix

$$\{𝒢^{B,2}(z),𝒢^{A,2}(y)\}^{(0)}|__r$$

is nondegenerate.

###### Definition 7.1.

Dirac bracket on $`_r`$ is defined as

$$\begin{array}{c}\{𝒩^a(x),𝒩^b(y)\}_D=\{\stackrel{˘}{𝒩}^a(x),\stackrel{˘}{𝒩}^b(y)\}|__r=\hfill \\ \hfill \{𝒩^a(x),𝒩^b(y)\}|__r𝑑z_1𝑑z_2\tau _A^a(x,z_1)\{𝒢^{A,2}\left(x\right),𝒢^{B,2}\left(z_2\right)\}|__r\tau _B^b(y,z_2)\end{array}$$
(7.4)
Dirac bracket verifies \[MR\] Jacobi identity. As an immediate consequence of (7.4) we have the following

###### Lemma 7.1.

If $`\tau ^{(0)}=0`$ then

$$\{𝒩^a(x),𝒩^b(y)\}_D^{(k)}=\{𝒩^a(x),𝒩^b(y)\}^{(k)}|__rk=0,1.$$
(7.5)
Because of (6.4) the $`ϵ0`$ expansion of Dirac bracket (7.4) starts with $`k=1`$ term, and thus the bracket admits dispersionless limit.

###### Corollary 7.1.

Dispersionless limit of bi Hamiltonian structure is bi Hamiltonian.

We thus arrive to the following theorem

###### Theorem 7.1.

Consider Hamiltonian dynamical system admitting constant solutions. Let some $`𝒩^a`$ be the densities of the local commuting integrals of the system, considered as the parameters of the full family of the constant solutions. Let $`u`$ denote the rest of dynamical variables. Assume that the matrix $`\overline{\{𝒢^{A,2},𝒢^{B,2}\}}_2|__r`$ does not degenerate identically. Then the dispersionless limit of the Hamiltonian structure restricted to $`_r`$, given by Dubrovin-Novikov formula

$$\{𝒩^a(x),𝒩^b(y)\}^{}=g^{ab}\left(𝒩(x)\right)\delta ^{}(xy)+\mathrm{\Gamma }_c^{ab}\left(𝒩(x)\right)\left(𝒩^c(x)\right)^{}\delta (xy),$$
(7.6)
satisfies the Jacobi identity and does not depend on the choice of $`𝒢`$.

This result is a particular case of theorem due to A. Maltsev \[M\] who proved, using Dirac reduction procedure, that Dubrovin-Novikov averaging procedure yields, under certain assumptions, a Poisson structure on the space of $`m`$-phased solutions of dynamical equations of original Hamiltonian system.

###### Lemma 7.2.

Assumptions of Theorem 7.1 verify for the hierarchies $`(𝔤,[w],\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ with regular primitive conjugacy class $`[w]`$ and grade one regular element $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$.

###### Proof.

Due to (5.6), $`H_\mathrm{\Lambda }=𝑑xw_2\left(x\right)`$ is the momentum for the hierarchies in question, so their dynamical equations admit constant solutions, because of theorem 3.1.

Now we address the non degeneracy statement.

$$𝒜^{AB}=\overline{\{𝒢^{A,2},𝒢^{B,2}\}}_2=\frac{𝒢^{A,2}}{w^i}\overline{\{w^i,w^j\}}_2\frac{𝒢^{B,2}}{w^j}.$$

Restricting on $`_r`$ and using (6.4) and $`\overline{\{u^A,𝒩^a\}}_2|__r=0`$ we conclude

$$𝒜^{AB}|__r=\frac{𝒢^{A,2}}{u^C}(u\left(𝒩\right),𝒩)\overline{\{u^C,u^D\}}_2|__r\frac{𝒢^{B,2}}{u^D}(u\left(𝒩\right),𝒩).$$

Thus, due to assumption of Proposition 6.1, it suffices to prove the non degeneracy of $`𝔸^{CD}=\overline{\{u^C,u^D\}}_2|__r`$. The latter is obvious because

$$𝔸^{CD}=\stackrel{~}{𝔸}^{CD}+𝒩^rB^{CD}|__r,$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{𝔸}`$ does not depend on $`𝒩^r`$. Restriction on $`_r`$ does not alter the linear dependence of $`𝔸`$ on $`𝒩^r`$ because of Proposition 6.2. Due to Lemma 6.1 $`detB0`$ and is constant. It, thus, remains constant after restriction to $`_r`$. ∎

###### Proposition 7.1 (\[DN, Du4\]).

Given Poisson structure of hydrodynamic type (7.6), $`g^{ab}`$ is the flat covariant metrics as long as $`detg0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is its connection, related to Levi-Civita connection by the following relation

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_c^{ab}=g^{ad}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{dc}^b.$$

Non degeneracy of matrix $`g^{ab}\left(𝒩\right)`$ obtained by Dirac reduction on $`_r`$ of Poisson structure of generalized integrable hierarchies in consideration is not an obvious fact and needs to be proved.

Miura map (3.3) provides us with polynomial expressions of Drinfeld-Sokolov coordinates in terms of Miura ones and its derivatives:

$$w_ϵ^i\left(\nu \right)=w^i\left(\nu \right)+ϵ\underset{j=1}{\overset{dim}{}}\left(\nu ^j\right)^{}w_j^{(1)}\left(\nu \right)+𝒪\left(ϵ^2\right).$$

This change of coordinates provides a map of Miura bracket (5.12) to the second Poisson structure (5.1). Under this map we obtain for the first two matrix in (7.1) the following expressions

$`A^{ij}\left(w\right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{w^i}{\nu ^k}}f_{}^{kl}{}_{m}{}^{}\nu ^m{\displaystyle \frac{w^j}{\nu ^l}},`$
$`g^{ij}\left(w\right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{w^i}{\nu ^k}}\left(𝒦^1\right)^{kl}{\displaystyle \frac{w^j}{\nu ^l}}+\left(w_j^{(1)}{\displaystyle \frac{w^i}{\nu ^k}}w_i^{(1)}{\displaystyle \frac{w^j}{\nu ^l}}\right)f_{}^{kl}{}_{m}{}^{}\nu ^m.`$ (7.7)
As an immediate consequence of definition of $`_r`$ we have

###### Proposition 7.2.

On $`_r`$ (7.7) simplifies to the following expression:

$$g^{ab}\left(𝒩\right)=\underset{k,l=1}{\overset{dim}{}}\frac{𝒩^a}{\nu ^k}\left(𝒦^1\right)^{kl}\frac{𝒩^b}{\nu ^l}.$$
(7.8)
###### Proposition 7.3.

$`\{,\}_1^{}`$ can be read off $`\{,\}_2^{}`$ by appropriate shift of $`𝒩_r`$.

###### Proof.

Due to Proposition 6.2 and Lemma 7.1 dispersionless limit of the second bracket remains linear in $`𝒩^r`$. The result follows. ∎

Note, that $`𝒩_1=w_2`$ satisfies Fuchs algebra

$$\{𝒩^1,𝒩^1\}_2^{}=2𝒩^1\delta ^{}+\left(𝒩^1\right)^{}\delta .$$

Thus we have arrived to

###### Proposition 7.4.

Zero phase Whitham averaging maps graded bi Hamiltonian structure (5.1) into graded bi Hamiltonian structure of hydrodynamic type.

Due to Lemma 7.1 $`𝒩^a`$ will remain annihilators of the first bracket:

$$\{𝒩^a(x),𝒩^b(y)\}_1^{}=\eta ^{ab}\delta ^{}\left(xy\right).$$
(7.9)
###### Remark 7.2.

Due to scaling weight grading, and chosen field ordering $`\eta ^{ab}`$ is anti-diagonal matrix.

Indeed, $`\eta ^{ab}`$ vanishes if $`\mathrm{deg}_{sc}\left(𝒩^a𝒩^b\right)N_w+2`$ and $`\mathrm{deg}_{sc}\left(𝒩^a𝒩^{r+1a}\right)=N_w+2`$ due to $`\mathrm{deg}_{sc}𝒩^a=k_a+1`$ and ascending ordering of $`k_aI(w)`$. Notice, that this is consistent with previously assigned $`𝒩^1`$ being $`w_2`$ and $`𝒩^r`$ linear in $`w_{N_w,1}`$, because of

$$\{𝒩^k,𝒩^1\}_2^{}=\mathrm{deg}_{sc}\left(𝒩^k\right)𝒩^k\delta ^{}+\left(𝒩^k\right)^{}\delta .$$
(7.10)
###### Proposition 7.5.

Dispersionless limit of Dirac restriction of Poisson structure of modified hierarchy reads

$$\{\mu ^i,\mu ^j\}^{}=\left(𝕂^1\right)^{ij}\delta ^{}\left(xy\right).$$
(7.11)
###### Proof.

$`\mu `$ are Casimirs of finite dimensional Kirillov-Kostant bracket (6.8) and thus due to Lemma 7.1 and Lemma 6.6 the result follows. ∎

###### Theorem 7.2.

Metrics $`g^{ab}\left(𝒩\right)`$ is not identically degenerate. Coordinates $`\mu `$ are flat coordinates for this metrics.

###### Proof.

Let us choose coordinates $`\eta `$ as follows. Take the first $`r`$ coordinates to be $`\mu `$ and choose the rest to be canonical for finite dimensional bracket. The advantage of this choice is the simplicity of constraint equations (6.17)

$$\frac{𝒩^2}{\eta ^k}|__r=0\stackrel{\text{ by Prop. }\text{6.1}}{}\frac{𝒩^a}{\eta ^k}|__r=0r+1kdim.$$
(7.12)
Due to Lemma 7.1 and Proposition 7.2 we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill g^{ab}& =\underset{k,l=1}{\overset{dim}{}}\frac{𝒩^a}{\nu ^k}\left(𝒦^1\right)^{kl}\frac{𝒩^b}{\nu ^l}|__r=\underset{k,l=1}{\overset{dim}{}}\frac{𝒩^a}{\eta ^k}\left(𝕂^1\right)^{kl}\frac{𝒩^b}{\eta ^l}|__r\hfill \\ & =\underset{k,l=1}{\overset{r}{}}\frac{𝒩^a}{\mu ^k}\left(𝕂^1\right)^{kl}\frac{𝒩^b}{\mu ^l}|__r.\hfill \end{array}$$

Both set of coordinates $`𝒩`$ and $`\mu `$ are local coordinates on $`_r`$, and so $`J(\mu )=det\left|\begin{array}{c}\frac{𝒩^a}{\mu ^i}\end{array}\right|`$ does not degenerate at generic point of $`_r`$. This proves non degeneracy.

The following identity along with Lemma 6.6 prove that $`\mu `$ are indeed flat coordinates of metrics $`g`$:

$$\frac{𝒩^a|__r}{\mu ^k}=\frac{𝒩^a(\mu ,\eta \left(\mu \right))}{\mu ^k}=\frac{𝒩^a}{\mu ^k}|__r+\underset{i=r+1}{\overset{dim}{}}\frac{𝒩^a}{\eta ^i}|__r\frac{\eta ^i}{\mu ^k}|__r=\frac{𝒩^a}{\mu ^k}|__r.$$

As a byproduct we conclude that brackets (7.6) and (7.11) define the same geometry on $`_r`$:

$$\{𝒩^a\left(x\right),𝒩^b\left(y\right)\}_2^{}=\frac{𝒩^a}{\mu ^m}\left(x\right)\{\mu ^m\left(x\right),\mu ^n\left(y\right)\}_m^{}\frac{𝒩^b}{\mu ^n}\left(y\right).\text{on }_r$$
(7.13)
This conclusion may be drawn also noting that both coordinates set are densities of mutually commuting integrals of corresponding exact brackets, the property that survives averaging. ∎

###### Corollary 7.2.

$`𝒩^a|__r\left(\mu \right)`$ are invariant with respect to linear action of $`R`$ group on $`_r`$.

###### Proof.

Indeed, due to Lemma 6.5 $`R`$ admits a restriction of $`_r`$ and preserves the latter. Hence, $`𝒩^a`$ were $`R`$ invariant in $``$ and so they remain restricted on $`_r`$. ∎

Following K. Saito \[Sa\] and using Theorem 7.2 we obtain the following

###### Proposition 7.6.

Metrics $`\eta ^{ab}`$ is non degenerate.

###### Proof.

Consider the following polynomial in $`\lambda `$

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill P\left(\lambda \right)& =det\left|g^{ab}\left(𝒩\right)\lambda \eta ^{ab}\right|=det\left|g^{ab}(𝒩^1,\mathrm{},𝒩^{r1},N^r\lambda )\right|\hfill \\ & =det\left|\begin{array}{c}\eta ^{ab}\end{array}\right|\left(𝒩^r\lambda \right)^n+\underset{n=0}{\overset{r1}{}}c_n(𝒩^1,\mathrm{},𝒩^{r1})\left(𝒩^r\lambda \right)^n.\hfill \end{array}$$
(7.14)
When all $`𝒩`$ but $`𝒩^r`$ vanish it simplifies to $`P(\lambda )=det\left|\begin{array}{c}\eta ^{ab}\end{array}\right|\left(𝒩^r\lambda \right)^n`$. At this point $`J\left(\mu \right)0`$ and thus $`g^{ab}`$ is non degenerate. Indeed, let $`\mu `$ be eigenvector of some representative, which always exists, of $`[w]`$ in $`R`$ with eigenvalue $`\xi =\mathrm{exp}\left[2i\pi /N\right]`$. Then, due to homogeneity of $`𝒩^a(\mu )`$ and from their $`R`$ invariance, we conclude that only variables of degree $`N`$ may differ from zero at this point of $`_r`$. If there are more than one such variable, then eigenvalue $`\xi `$ is degenerate and we can always choose $`\mu `$ so that only $`𝒩^r`$ does not vanish. Due to regularity of $`[w]`$, vector $`\mu `$ is not left fixed by any transformation from $`R`$, and thus the results follows. ∎

###### Proposition 7.7.

So obtained pencil of Hamiltonian structures provides us with quasihomogeneous \[Du4\] flat pencil of metrics.

###### Proof.

Let $`g`$ be the metrics of the second Poisson structure and let $`\eta `$ – of the first. Introduce function $`\tau =𝒩^1/N_w`$, and introduce the following vector fields

$$E^a=g^{ab}_b\tau e^a=\eta ^{ab}_b\tau .$$
(7.15)
Notice, that with this choice $`e^a=\delta _{a,r}`$ and $`𝔏_eg=\eta `$ and $`𝔏_e\eta =0`$ as follows from considerations above, and where we have assumed $`\eta `$ to be chosen anti diagonal with all nonzero entries being $`N_w`$. Then $`E^a=\mathrm{deg}_{sc}\left(𝒩^a\right)/N_w𝒩^a`$, as follows from (7.10). One sees immediately that $`[e,E]=e`$. The second Poisson structure is scaling weight graded and $`N_wE`$ is scaling weight Euler vector field. Thus $`g`$ must be an eigenvector of $`𝔏_E`$ : $`𝔏_Eg=(d1)g`$. In ref. \[Du4\] such flat pencils were called quasihomogeneous of degree $`d`$. ∎

###### Theorem 7.3.

Given $`\{,\}_\lambda ^{}`$ one may associate to it a solution to WDVV.

###### Proof.

Since obtained pencil of Hamiltonian structures satisfies Jacobi identity we have a flat pencil of metrics. It is quasihomogeneous as was shown in proposition 7.7. Thus, following ref. \[Du4\], it is enough to show that the degree of quasihomogeneity $`d1`$.

As was said in the proof of proposition 7.7 $`E^a=\frac{\mathrm{deg}_{sc}𝒩^a}{N_w}N^a`$. Due to quasihomogeneity of flat pencil we have $`𝔏_E\eta =(d2)\eta `$. But

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 𝔏_E\eta ^{ab}& =E^c_c\eta ^{ab}\eta ^{ac}_cE^b\eta ^{cb}_cE^a\hfill \\ & =\left(\frac{\mathrm{deg}_{sc}𝒩^b}{N_w}+\frac{\mathrm{deg}_{sc}𝒩^a}{N_w}\right)\eta ^{ab}\hfill \\ & =\frac{N_w+2}{N_w}\eta ^{ab}.\hfill \end{array}$$

In the last line we have used the fact that $`\eta ^{ab}`$ vanishes unless $`\mathrm{deg}_{sc}\left(𝒩^a𝒩^b\right)=N_w+2`$, as follows from scaling weight grading of Poisson structures. From this we obtain

$$d=1\frac{2}{N_w}.$$

Since $`N_w`$ is finite we obtain that $`d<1`$. Note that for the Coxeter conjugacy class $`N_w=h`$ \- Coxeter number, and we recover the formula of B. Dubrovin, obtained while constructing polynomial solutions to WDVV equations on the orbits of Coxeter groups \[Du2\].

Practically, we can find Frobenius potential $`F(𝒩)`$ from the following relations

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill g^{ab}\left(𝒩\right)& =\left(d1d_ad_b\right)\eta ^{ac}\eta ^{bd}_c_dF\left(𝒩\right),\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Gamma }_c^{ab}& =\left(\frac{3d}{2}d_a\right)\eta ^{ad}\eta ^{bf}_d_f_cF,\hfill \end{array}$$
(7.16)
where $`d_a\delta _a^b=_aE^b`$. ∎

Thus, $`𝒩^a`$ are Saito coordinates \[Sa\] on Frobenius manifold \[Du3\] being flat coordinates for the metric $`\eta `$. However, flat coordinates $`\mu `$ of the intersection metrics $`g`$ are also very important. They clarify the geometric origin of the Frobenius structure. In general it is a challenging task, given a flat metric, to find its flat coordinates. But in the case in question we were lucky to use the theory of integrable systems.

## 8 Example: $`[w]=D_4(a_1)`$

To illustrate the developed technique we consider the example served as the motivation of the present work. Let $`𝔤=D_4`$ – the simplest classical Lie algebra where non Coxeter primitive conjugacy class occurs (see appendix A). Luckily it enjoys regularity property.

Take $`[w]=D_4(a_1)`$. We have readily that $`I(w)=(1,1,3,3)`$ and the set of conformal weights $`𝖯𝗋_w=(1,1,1,2,3,3)`$. Miura coordinates form a Kac Moody algebra of $`\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)=u(1)^3su(2)`$, thus we shall have three exact Casimirs and one will be computed in dispersion parameter expansion.

Positive roots of $`D_4`$ read

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill _+& =\{\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4,\alpha _1+\alpha _2,\alpha _2+\alpha _3,\alpha _2+\alpha _4,\alpha _1+\alpha _2+\alpha _3,\hfill \\ & \alpha _1+\alpha _2+\alpha _4,\alpha _2+\alpha _3+\alpha _3,\alpha _1+\alpha _2+\alpha _3+\alpha _4,\alpha _1+2\alpha _2+\alpha _3+\alpha _4\}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Let us denote Lie algebra elements $`E_\alpha `$, $`\alpha _+`$ by its decomposition on simple roots. So if $`\alpha =\alpha _{max}`$ we write $`X_{12234}`$, and for $`E_{\alpha _1+\alpha _2}`$ write $`X_{12}`$. Similarly for negative roots, substituting $`X`$ with $`Y`$. We fix Cartan-Weyl basis (2.1). So

$$\rho =\underset{i,j=1}{\overset{r}{}}K_{ij}^1s_jH_{\alpha _i}=2H_{\alpha _1}+3H_{\alpha _2}+2H_{\alpha _3}+2H_{\alpha _4}.$$

The Heisenberg subalgebra $`^{[w]}`$ is spanned by $`z^k\mathrm{\Lambda }_{i,1}`$, $`z^k\mathrm{\Lambda }_{i,2}`$ for $`i\{1,3\}`$ and $`k`$.

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{\Lambda }_{1,1}& =X_1+X_3+zY_{12234}+X_{12}+X_{23}+X_{24},\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Lambda }_{2,1}& =X_1X_3+X_4zY_{1234}X_{12}+X_{23},\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Lambda }_{3,1}& =X_{1234}\frac{z}{2}\left(Y_1Y_3+2Y_4Y_{12}+Y_{23}\right),\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Lambda }_{3,2}& =X_{12234}\frac{z}{2}\left(Y_1+Y_3+Y_{12}+Y_{23}+2Y_{24}\right).\hfill \end{array}$$
(8.1)
These basis was just guessed, verifying linear independence and regularity. It turned out easier than proceed as in (2.4).

Let us choose $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\mathrm{\Lambda }_{1,1}`$ for our integrable hierarchy. The $`sl_2`$ subalgebra constituents read $`\rho ,I_+,I_{}`$, where $`I_{}=3Y_1+3Y_3+Y_{12}+Y_{23}+4Y_{24}`$ and $`I_+=P_0^{𝐬_h}\mathrm{\Lambda }`$.

### The hierarchy

Let us fix the minimal weight gauge (5.7) as follows

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill q^{can}& =\left(w_2\frac{1}{10}u_2\frac{1}{2}v_2\right)\frac{1}{12}I_{}+u_2\frac{1}{20}\left(3Y_13Y_3+12Y_4\right)+\hfill \\ & +v_2\frac{1}{20}\left(3Y_1+3Y_3+4Y_{24}\right)+w_3\frac{1}{6}\left(Y_{123}Y_{234}2Y_{124}\right)+\hfill \\ & +Y_{1234}u_4+Y_{12234}w_4.\hfill \end{array}$$

Hamiltonians, annihilators of the first Poisson structure, read

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill H_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{1,1}}& =𝑑xw_2,H_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{1,2}}=𝑑xu_2,\hfill \\ \hfill H_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{3,1}}& =dx(u_4+\frac{37}{3}u_2^2\frac{1}{6}w_2u_2+\frac{1}{64}w_2^2+\frac{1}{6}w_2v_2\hfill \\ & \frac{7}{6}u_2v_2+\frac{7}{12}v_2^2),\hfill \\ \hfill H_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{3,2}}& =𝑑x\left(w_4\frac{7}{3}u_2^2+\frac{7}{24}w_2u_2+\frac{7}{3}u_2v_2\right).\hfill \end{array}$$
(8.2)
We shall denote the densities of this annihilators as $`𝒩_1`$, $`𝒩_2`$, $`𝒩_3`$ and $`𝒩_4`$ respectively.

As was explained in section 5 fixing the gauge somehow, we are able to compute both Poisson structures exactly, but the output is enormous to be presented here. On the other hand we need then to pass to $`𝒩,w_3,v_2`$ coordinates and eliminate auxiliary coordinates $`w_3`$ and $`v_2`$. To do so we need to know $`𝒲`$ algebra at least up to $`𝒪\left(ϵ\right)`$ after rescaling. But we choose to we omit these intermediate steps due to space restrictions and present the answer.

The simplest Hamiltonian generating $`G`$ terms is $`H_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{1,2}}`$. Its flows with respect to the second Hamiltonian structure read

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \frac{𝒩_1}{t_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{1,2}}}& =𝒩_2^{},\frac{𝒩_2}{t_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{1,2}}}=\frac{1}{3}\left(v_2𝒩_2+5𝒩_1\right)^{},\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{𝒩_3}{t_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{1,2}}}& =\frac{1}{3}\left(𝒩_1𝒩_2+3𝒩_4\frac{1}{4}𝒩_2^2+\frac{1}{4}v_2𝒩_2+ϵ\frac{2}{5}w_3^{}\right)^{},\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{𝒩_4}{t_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{1,2}}}& =\frac{1}{3}\left(𝒩_3+\frac{1}{4}𝒩_2^2+\frac{1}{12}𝒩_1\left(𝒩_1𝒩_2+v_2\right)\right)^{},\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{v_2}{t_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{1,2}}}& =\frac{12}{ϵ}w_3+\frac{1}{3}\left(5𝒩_1+22𝒩_2+2v_2\right)^{},\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{w_3}{t_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{1,2}}}& =\frac{1}{ϵ}\left(4𝒩_3+\frac{1}{12}v_2^2+\frac{1}{3}𝒩_1v_2\frac{1}{3}𝒩_1𝒩_2\frac{1}{6}𝒩_2v_2\frac{1}{6}𝒩_2^2+\frac{1}{4}𝒩_1^2\right)+\hfill \\ & +\frac{3}{20}ϵ\left(𝒩_2v_2\right)^{\prime \prime }.\hfill \end{array}$$
(8.3)
Following the recipe, we take $`1/ϵ`$ terms as constraints. Using them we obtain equation for the phase space subvariety $`_r`$ of slow motion

$$w_3=0,v_2=𝒩_22𝒩_1\pm \mathrm{\Delta },\mathrm{\Delta }=\sqrt{𝒩_1^2+3𝒩_2^2+48𝒩_3}.$$
(8.4)
This finally leads to the following restricted bi Hamiltonian structure

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \{𝒩_i(x),𝒩_j(y)\}_1^{}& =4\delta _{i+j,5}\delta ^{}\left(xy\right).\hfill \\ \hfill \{𝒩_i(x),𝒩_j(y)\}_2^{}& =\left[\gamma ^{ij}\left(𝒩(x)\right)+\gamma ^{ji}\left(𝒩(y)\right)\right]\delta ^{}\left(xy\right),\hfill \end{array}$$
(8.5)
where matrix $`\gamma (𝒩)`$ reads

$$\gamma ^{i,1}=\{𝒩_1,𝒩_2,3𝒩_3,3𝒩_4\},\gamma ^{1,i}=\{𝒩_1,𝒩_2,𝒩_3,𝒩_4\},$$

$$\gamma ^{2,2}=\frac{1}{3}\left(𝒩_1+2\mathrm{\Delta }\right),\gamma ^{2,3}=𝒩_4+\frac{1}{6}𝒩_1𝒩_2+\frac{1}{12}𝒩_2\mathrm{\Delta },\gamma ^{3,2}=3\gamma ^{2,3},$$

$$\gamma ^{2,4}=\frac{1}{3}\left(𝒩_3\frac{1}{12}𝒩_1^2+\frac{1}{4}𝒩_2^2+\frac{1}{12}𝒩_1\mathrm{\Delta }\right),\gamma ^{4,2}=3\gamma ^{2,4},$$

$$\gamma ^{3,3}=\frac{1}{2}\left(𝒩_1𝒩_3+\frac{3}{32}𝒩_1𝒩_2^2+\frac{7}{288}𝒩_1^3\right)+\frac{1}{288}\left(𝒩_1^2+12𝒩_2^2+48𝒩_3\right)\mathrm{\Delta },$$

$$\gamma ^{4,3}=\frac{1}{2}\left(𝒩_2𝒩_3+\frac{7}{96}𝒩_2𝒩_1^2+\frac{1}{32}𝒩_2^3+\frac{1}{48}𝒩_1𝒩_2\mathrm{\Delta }\right),\gamma ^{3,4}=\gamma ^{4,3},$$

$$\gamma ^{4,4}=\frac{1}{6}\left(𝒩_1𝒩_3+\frac{19}{288}𝒩_1^3+\frac{7}{32}𝒩_1𝒩_2^2+\frac{1}{144}\left(4𝒩_1^2+3𝒩_2^2+48𝒩_3\right)\mathrm{\Delta }\right).$$

The metric $`g=\gamma +\gamma ^{tr}`$ is invertible,can be checked to be flat and forms, obviously, together with $`\eta `$ a flat pencil.

### Modified hierarchy

We consider the modified hierarchy to exemplify discrete group $`R`$. Choosing coordinates as in (5.12), but indexing them with subscript to facilitate reading of following formulae, we have

$$𝒦^1=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}K_{4\times 4}^1& & \\ \\ & 0& 1\\ & 1& 0\end{array}\right),f\nu =\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& \nu _5& \nu _6\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& \nu _5& 0& 0& 0& \omega \\ 0& \nu _6& 0& 0& \omega & 0\end{array}\right),$$

where $`\omega =\left(\nu _12\nu _2+\nu _3+\nu _4\right)`$. Notice, that quadratic Casimir of $`su(2)`$ constituent of $`\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)`$ read

$$J_2=\left(\nu _12\nu _2+\nu _3+\nu _4\right)^2+4\nu _5\nu _6.$$
(8.6)
According to (6.18) we introduce “abelian” coordinates $`\mu `$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mu _i=\nu _i,& i=1,3,4,\hfill \\ \hfill \left(\mu _12\mu _2+\mu _3+\mu _4\right)^2& =\left(\nu _12\nu _2+\nu _3+\nu _4\right)^2+4\nu _5\nu _6.\hfill \end{array}$$
(8.7)
It is invariant with respect to $`su(2)`$ Weyl group, acting on $`\mu `$ according to (6.16):

$$\mu _i\mu _i,i=1,3,4,\mu _2\mu _1+\mu _3+\mu _4\mu _2.$$
(8.8)
Then group $`R`$ are generated by the following elementary reflections corresponding to three simple roots of $`𝐬_w`$ degree one: $`\alpha _1`$, $`\alpha _3`$ and $`\alpha _4`$. Each corresponds gauge transformation (6.6) with $`n=x_1E_{\alpha _k}+x_2E_{\alpha _k+\alpha _2}`$, with $`k=1,3,4`$. For each $`x`$ we find quadratic equation (6.13b) and thus we obtain, for instance, the following transformation for $`\alpha _1`$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill R_1^\pm :\nu _1& \frac{\nu _1+\nu _3+\nu _4\pm \sqrt{J_2}}{2},\nu _3\nu _3,\nu _4\nu _4,\hfill \\ \hfill R_1^\pm :\nu _2& \frac{1}{2\left(\omega +\nu _5\nu _6\right)}(2\nu _2\nu _52(2\nu _22(\nu _3+\nu _4)+\nu _5)\nu _6+\hfill \\ & +(\nu _22(\nu _3+\nu _4)3\nu _6)\omega +\omega ^2\pm \sqrt{J_2}(\nu _1+\nu _2\nu _3\nu _4+\nu _6)),\hfill \\ \hfill R_1^\pm :\nu _5& \frac{\left(2\nu _1\nu _2+\nu _5\right)\left(\omega +2\nu _5\sqrt{J_2}\right)}{2\left(\omega +\nu _5\nu _6\right)},\hfill \\ \hfill R_1^\pm :\nu _6& \frac{\left(\nu _1+\nu _2\nu _3\nu _4+\nu _6\right)\left(\omega 2\nu _6\pm \sqrt{J_2}\right)}{2\left(\omega +\nu _5\nu _6\right)}.\hfill \end{array}$$

As illustration to Lemma 6.7 note that

$$J_2\left(R_1^\pm \left(\nu \right)\right)=\left(\frac{3\mu _1\mu _3\mu _4\pm \sqrt{J_2}}{2}\right)^2$$

One can check that $`R^\pm `$ are not reflections, because, for example,

$$\left(R_1^+\right)^2=\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{Id}_{\mathrm{Q}_\mathrm{m}^{}}\hfill & \text{ if }\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}3}\nu _1\nu _3\nu _4\pm \sqrt{J_2}0,\hfill \\ R_1^{}\hfill & \text{ otherwise.}\hfill \end{array}$$

We can get rid of sign $`\pm `$, by making use of Weyl group $`𝒲\left(𝔤_0\right)`$ of $`sl(2)`$ action (8.8). We define action of $`R_1`$ as $`R_1^+`$ for $`\nu _2,\nu _5,\nu _6`$ variables, choosing the following solution of eq. (8.7)

$$\mu _2=\frac{1}{2}\left\{\sqrt{J_2}+\mu _1+\mu _3+\mu _4\right\}.$$

This choice yields for $`\mu `$ coordinates

$$R_1:\mu _2\mu _2,\mu _3\mu _3,\mu _4\mu _4,\mu _1\mu _1+\mu _2.$$

Then $`R_1^{}=R_2R_1R_2`$, where $`R_2`$ acts on $`\mu `$ variables by (8.8) and acts trivially on $`\nu _{2,5,6}`$. It can be explicitly checked that so defined operation $`R_1`$ is a reflection $`R_1^2=Id`$. It means that we have well defined reflections on Riemann surface (8.7) over $`Q_m^{}`$.

The same way we define reflections $`R_3`$ and $`R_4`$. Recall that shortcut $`\omega `$ stands for $`\omega =\mu _1+\mu _3+\mu _42\nu _2`$

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill R_3:\mu _1& \mu _1,\mu _2\mu _2\mu _4\mu _4\mu _3\mu _3+\mu _2,\hfill \\ \hfill R_3:\nu _2& \frac{1}{2\left(\omega \nu _5+\nu _6\right)}[2\nu _5\nu _6+\nu _6\omega +\omega ^22\mu _3(2\nu _6+\omega )+\hfill \\ & +\nu _2(2\nu _5+4\nu _6+3\omega )+\sqrt{J_2}(\mu _1\nu _2\mu _3+\mu _4+\nu _6)],\hfill \\ \hfill R_3:\nu _5& \frac{\left(2\mu _3\nu _2\nu _5\right)\left(\omega +2\nu _5+\sqrt{J_2}\right)}{2\left(\omega \nu _5+\nu _6\right)},\hfill \\ \hfill R_3:\nu _6& \frac{\left(\mu _1\nu _2\mu _3+\mu _4+\nu _6\right)\left(\omega +2\nu _6+\sqrt{J_2}\right)}{2\left(\omega \nu _5+\nu _6\right)}.\hfill \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill R_4:\mu _1& \mu _1,\mu _2\mu _2,\mu _4\mu _4,\mu _3\mu _3+\mu _2,\hfill \\ \hfill R_4:\nu _2& \frac{\mu _1+2\nu _2+\mu _33\mu _4+\sqrt{J_2}}{2},\nu _6\nu _6,\hfill \\ \hfill R_4:\nu _5& \frac{\left(\nu _2+2\mu _4\right)\left(\sqrt{J_2}\omega \right)}{2\nu _6}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Notice, that $`\mu _k=\nu _k`$ for $`k=1,3,4`$ and we obtain that $`R`$ acts linearly on these $`\mu `$. It is easy to check for these linear transformations, and it certainly needs symbolic computation program to verify that

$$R_k^2=1,\left(R_1R_3\right)^2=\left(R_1R_4\right)^2=\left(R_3R_4\right)^2=1,$$

$$\left(R_2R_1\right)^3=\left(R_2R_3\right)^3=\left(R_2R_4\right)^3=1.$$

That is they generate Weyl group of $`D_4`$ Lie algebra.

### Solution to WDVV

By theorem 7.3 we can extract a solution to WDVV from bi Hamiltonian structure (8.5). Since scaling degree of fields $`𝒩_1,\mathrm{},𝒩_4`$ are $`2,2,4,4`$ respectively, we can find Euler vector field

$$E=(\frac{1}{2}𝒩_1,\frac{1}{2}𝒩_2,𝒩_3,𝒩_3),$$

and the grade $`d=1/2`$. Following \[Du4\] Frobenius potential $`F(𝒩)`$ can be extracted from (7.16). It should be noted that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{ij}=_k\gamma ^{j,i}`$, making two relations equivalent. We thus find the claimed free energy

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \frac{1}{4}F\left(𝒩\right)& =𝒩_2𝒩_3𝒩_4+\frac{1}{2}𝒩_1𝒩_4^2+\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }^5}{2^53^45}+\frac{1}{6}𝒩_1𝒩_3^2\frac{1}{108}𝒩_3𝒩_1^3+\hfill \\ & +\frac{1}{12}𝒩_1𝒩_2^2𝒩_3+\frac{19}{2^83^45}𝒩_1^5+\frac{7}{2^73^3}𝒩_1^3𝒩_2^2+\frac{1}{32^8}𝒩_1𝒩_2^4.\hfill \end{array}$$
(8.9)
It may be explicitly checked to verify WDVV equations (1.1).

## Acknowledgement

I would like to thank B. Dubrovin for posing me this problem and for a lot of valuable advice. I am indebted to A. Maltsev for explaining me his article and for enlightening discussions. I would like also to thank G. Falqui for stimulating talks.

I would like to thank International School for Advanced Studies, Italy, where this work has been done, for hospitality and creative atmosphere.

## Appendix A Regular primitive conjugacy classes and their properties

Here we collect information about regular primitive conjugacy classes of Weyl group $`𝒲\left(𝔤\right)`$ for simple Lie algebras $`𝔤`$. Classes are labeled by the type of Coxeter diagram. Recall, that it coincides with the Dynkin diagram for the Coxeter conjugacy class.

### $`𝐀_𝐧`$

$`[w]`$ $`=`$ $`A_nN_w=n+1𝐬_w=𝐬_p`$
$`I(w)`$ $`=`$ $`(1,2,3,\mathrm{},n1,n)=\underset{w}{𝖯𝗋}\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)=u(1)^n`$
### $`𝐁_𝐧,𝐂_𝐧`$

$`[w]`$ $`=`$ $`B_n,C_nN_w=2n𝐬_w=𝐬_p`$
$`I(w)`$ $`=`$ $`(1,3,5\mathrm{},2n1)=\underset{w}{𝖯𝗋}\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)=u(1)^n`$
### $`𝐃_𝐧`$

We pick four last roots to form $`D_4`$ subalgebra.

$`[w]`$ $`=`$ $`D_nN_w=2n2𝐬_w=𝐬_p`$
$`I(w)`$ $`=`$ $`(1,3,\mathrm{},2n1;n1)=\underset{w}{𝖯𝗋}\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)=u(1)^n`$
$`[w]`$ $`=`$ $`D_{2n}(a_{n1}),D_{2n}(b_{n1})N_w=2n`$
$`𝐬_w`$ $`=`$ $`(1,\underset{2n2\text{ times}}{\underset{}{1,0,1,0,\mathrm{},1,0}},1,1)`$
$`I(w)`$ $`=`$ $`(\underset{2n\text{ numbers}}{\underset{}{1,1,3,3,\mathrm{},2n3,2n3,2n1,2n1}})`$
$`\underset{w}{𝖯𝗋}`$ $`=`$ $`(\underset{n1\text{ groups in 4 elements}}{\underset{}{\stackrel{}{1,1,1,2},\mathrm{},\stackrel{}{2n3,2n3,2n3,2n2}}},2n1,2n1)`$
$`\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)`$ $`=`$ $`u(1)^{n+1}su(2)^{n1}`$
### $`𝐆_\mathrm{𝟐}`$

$`[w]`$ $`=`$ $`G_2N_w=6𝐬_w=𝐬_p`$
$`I(w)`$ $`=`$ $`(1,5)=\underset{w}{𝖯𝗋}\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)=u(1)^2`$
### $`𝐅_\mathrm{𝟒}`$

$`\alpha _1^2=\alpha _2^2=2`$,$`\alpha _3^2=\alpha _4^2=4`$ with double bond between the second and the third roots.

$`[w]`$ $`=`$ $`F_4N_w=12𝐬_w=𝐬_p`$
$`I(w)`$ $`=`$ $`(1,5,7,11)=\underset{w}{𝖯𝗋}\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)=u(1)^4`$
$`[w]`$ $`=`$ $`F_4(a_1)N_w=6`$
$`𝐬_w`$ $`=`$ $`(1,1,0,1,0)`$
$`I(w)`$ $`=`$ $`(1,1,5,5)`$
$`\underset{w}{𝖯𝗋}`$ $`=`$ $`(1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5)`$
$`\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)`$ $`=`$ $`u(1)^2su(2)^2`$
### $`𝐄_\mathrm{𝟔}`$

Roots $`\alpha _6,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4`$ form $`D_4`$ subalgebra.

$`[w]`$ $`=`$ $`E_6N_w=12𝐬_w=𝐬_p`$
$`I(w)`$ $`=`$ $`(1,4,5,7,8,11)=\underset{w}{𝖯𝗋}\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)=u(1)^6`$
$`[w]`$ $`=`$ $`E_6(a_1)N_w=9`$
$`𝐬_w`$ $`=`$ $`(1,1,1,0,1,1,1)`$
$`I(w)`$ $`=`$ $`(1,2,4,5,7,8)`$
$`\underset{w}{𝖯𝗋}`$ $`=`$ $`(1,2,3,4,5,5,7,8)`$
$`\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)`$ $`=`$ $`u(1)^5su(2)`$
$`[w]`$ $`=`$ $`E_6(a_2)N_w=6`$
$`𝐬_w`$ $`=`$ $`(1,1,0,1,0,1,0)`$
$`I(w)`$ $`=`$ $`(1,1,2,4,5,5)`$
$`\underset{w}{𝖯𝗋}`$ $`=`$ $`(1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5)`$
$`\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)`$ $`=`$ $`u(1)^3su(2)^3`$
### $`𝐄_\mathrm{𝟕}`$

$`[w]`$ $`=`$ $`E_7N_w=18𝐬_w=𝐬_p`$
$`I(w)`$ $`=`$ $`(1,5,7,9,11,13,17)=\underset{w}{𝖯𝗋}\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)=u(1)^7`$
$`[w]`$ $`=`$ $`E_7(a_1)N_w=14`$
$`𝐬_w`$ $`=`$ $`(1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1)`$
$`I(w)`$ $`=`$ $`(1,3,5,7,9,11,13)`$
$`\underset{w}{𝖯𝗋}`$ $`=`$ $`(1,3,5,5,7,8,9,11,13)`$
$`\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)`$ $`=`$ $`u(1)^6su(2)`$
$`[w]`$ $`=`$ $`E_7(a_4)N_w=6`$
$`𝐬_w`$ $`=`$ $`(1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0)`$
$`I(w)`$ $`=`$ $`(1,1,1,3,5,5,5)`$
$`\underset{w}{𝖯𝗋}`$ $`=`$ $`(1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,5,5,5)`$
$`\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)`$ $`=`$ $`u(1)^2su(2)su(3)^2`$
### $`𝐄_\mathrm{𝟖}`$

$`[w]`$ $`=`$ $`E_8N_w=30𝐬_w=𝐬_p`$
$`I(w)`$ $`=`$ $`(1,7,11,13,17,19,23,29)=\underset{w}{𝖯𝗋}\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)=u(1)^8`$
$`[w]`$ $`=`$ $`E_8(a_1)N_w=24`$
$`𝐬_w`$ $`=`$ $`(1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1)`$
$`I(w)`$ $`=`$ $`(1,5,7,11,13,17,19,23)`$
$`\underset{w}{𝖯𝗋}`$ $`=`$ $`(1,5,7,9,11,13,14,17,19,23)`$
$`\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)`$ $`=`$ $`u(1)^7su(2)`$
$`[w]`$ $`=`$ $`E_8(a_2)N_w=20`$
$`𝐬_w`$ $`=`$ $`(1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1)`$
$`I(w)`$ $`=`$ $`(1,3,7,9,11,13,17,19)`$
$`\underset{w}{𝖯𝗋}`$ $`=`$ $`(1,3,5,7,8,9,11,11,13,14,17,19)`$
$`\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)`$ $`=`$ $`u(1)^6su(2)^2`$
$`[w]`$ $`=`$ $`E_8(a_3),E_8(b_3)N_w=12`$
$`𝐬_w`$ $`=`$ $`(1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0)`$
$`I(w)`$ $`=`$ $`(1,1,5,5,7,7,11,11)`$
$`\underset{w}{𝖯𝗋}`$ $`=`$ $`(1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5,5,6,6,7,7,7,8,9,10,11,11)`$
$`\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)`$ $`=`$ $`u(1)^3su(2)^3su(3)`$
$`[w]`$ $`=`$ $`E_8(a_5),E_8(b_5)N_w=15`$
$`𝐬_w`$ $`=`$ $`(1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0)`$
$`I(w)`$ $`=`$ $`(1,2,4,7,8,11,13,14)`$
$`\underset{w}{𝖯𝗋}`$ $`=`$ $`(1,2,3,4,5,5,7,7,7,8,9,9,11,11,13,14)`$
$`\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)`$ $`=`$ $`u(1)^4su(2)^4`$
$`[w]`$ $`=`$ $`E_8(a_6)N_w=10`$
$`𝐬_w`$ $`=`$ $`(1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0)`$
$`I(w)`$ $`=`$ $`(1,1,3,3,7,7,9,9)`$
$`\underset{w}{𝖯𝗋}`$ $`=`$ $`(1,1,1,2,3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,6,7,7,7,8,9,9)`$
$`\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)`$ $`=`$ $`u(1)^2su(2)^2su(3)^2`$
$`[w]`$ $`=`$ $`E_8(a_8)N_w=6`$
$`𝐬_w`$ $`=`$ $`(1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0)`$
$`I(w)`$ $`=`$ $`(1,1,1,1,5,5,5,5)`$
$`\underset{w}{𝖯𝗋}`$ $`=`$ $`(\underset{\text{10 times}}{\underset{}{1,\mathrm{},1}},\underset{\text{10 times}}{\underset{}{2,\mathrm{},2}},\underset{\text{10 times}}{\underset{}{3,\mathrm{},3}},\underset{\text{6 times}}{\underset{}{4,\mathrm{},4}},\underset{\text{4 times}}{\underset{}{5,\mathrm{},5}})`$
$`\widehat{𝔤}_0(𝐬_w)`$ $`=`$ $`u(1)su(4)su(5)`$