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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

Denote by $``$ the ring of integers. A unimodular (linear) lattice is a finite-rank free abelian group with a symmetric integer-valued $``$-bilinear form whose associated symmetric matrix is of determinant $`\pm 1`$. Unimodular lattices are important objects in geometry of numbers. In sphere packings, many packings provided by unimodular lattices are of higher covering density (cf. \[CS3\]). The second cohomology group of a 4-manifold over $``$ modulo the torsion subgroup forms a unimodular lattice with respect to its intersection matrix (cf. \[F\]). The vertex operator superalgebra associated with a positive definite unimodular lattice enjoys the property of having a unique locally-finite irreducible module, that is, itself. The well-known example of Leech lattice is directly related to important simple finite groups, the Conway groups (cf. \[C\]). The moonshine representation of the Monster group was constructed by orbifold construction through the vertex operator algebra associated with the Leech lattice and some of their twisted modules (cf. \[B2\], \[FLM\]). Classification of positive definite unimodular lattices has been done up to rank twenty-six (cf. \[B1\], \[CS2\]). In \[X1\] (also cf. \[X2\], \[X3\]), the author gave some explicit constructions of infinite families of positive definite unimodular lattices.

The arithmatic content of a positive definite unimodular lattice is given by its theta series, the generating function of the numbers of lattice points on spheres of integral square radius. A classical Hecke’s theorem says that the theta series of a positive definite even unimodular lattice is a polynomial of the well-known Essenstein series $`E_4(z)`$ and Ramanujan series $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)`$ (cf. \[H\]). However, there is still a little known on how to write the theta series of a positive definite even unimodular lattice as the polynomials of $`E_4(z)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)`$. In particular, there are no results on the theta series of infinite families of positive definite unimodular lattices. A natural question is what kind polynomials of $`E_4(z)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)`$ could be the theta series of positive definite even unimodular lattices. In this paper, we find two combinatorial identities on the theta series of the root lattices of the finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras of type $`D_{4n}`$ and the cosets in their integral duals, in terms of the Essenstein series $`E_4(z)`$ and Ramanujan series $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)`$. Using these two identities, we determine the theta series of certain infinite families of postive definite even unimodular lattices with a sublattice of the same rank that is isomorphic to the direct sum of finite copies of the root lattices of the finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras of type $`D_{2n}`$. It turns out that these theta series are weighted symmetric polynomials in $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)`$ and two fixed families of polynomials of $`E_4(z)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)`$. Below, we shall give a more detailed technical introduction.

The fundamental arithematic functions used in counting lattice points are the following theta functions:

$$\vartheta _2(z)=\underset{m}{}q^{(m+1/2)^2},\vartheta _3(z)=\underset{m}{}q^{m^2},\vartheta _4(z)=\underset{m}{}(q)^{m^2},$$
$`(1.1)`$
where

$$q=e^{\pi \sqrt{1}z}\text{with}\text{Im}(z)>0.$$
$`(1.2)`$
An important identity among them is

$$\vartheta _2^4(z)+\vartheta _4^4(z)=\vartheta _3^4(z).$$
$`(1.3)`$
The Essenstein $`E_4(z)`$ series is defined by

$$E_4(z)=\frac{1}{2}(\vartheta _2^8(z)+\vartheta _3^8(z)+\vartheta _4^8(z))$$
$`(1.4)`$
and the Ramanujan series is defined by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)=\left(\frac{\vartheta _2(z)\vartheta _3(z)\vartheta _4(z)}{2}\right)^8.$$
$`(1.5)`$
As $`q`$-powers,

$$E_4(z)=1+240\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{d|m}{}d^3)q^{2m}$$
$`(1.6)`$
and

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\tau (m)q^{2m}$$
$`(1.7)`$
whose coefficients $`\tau (m)`$ are called Ramanujan numbers. We refer to Table 4.9 in \[CS3\] for the first one hundred of coefficients of the $`q`$-powers in $`E_4(z)`$ and the reference \[L\] for first three hundred of the Ramanujan numbers.

Denote by $``$ the field of real numbers. For a positive integer $`n`$, we denote by $`^n`$ the $`n`$-dimensional Eucleadean space with the inner product

$$\stackrel{}{\alpha },\stackrel{}{\beta }=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _i\beta _i\text{for}\stackrel{}{\alpha }=(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _n),\stackrel{}{\beta }=(\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _n)^n.$$
$`(1.8)`$
A positive definite integral lattice $`L`$ of rank $`n`$ is an additive subgroup $`L`$ of $`^n`$ generated by a basis of $`^n`$ such that

$$\stackrel{}{\alpha },\stackrel{}{\beta }\text{for}\stackrel{}{\alpha },\stackrel{}{\beta }L.$$
$`(1.9)`$
The lattice $`L`$ is called even if

$$\stackrel{}{\alpha },\stackrel{}{\alpha }2\text{for}\stackrel{}{\alpha }L,$$
$`(1.10)`$
and is unimodular if and only if

$$L=\{\stackrel{}{\alpha }^n\stackrel{}{\alpha },\stackrel{}{\beta }\text{for}\stackrel{}{\beta }L\}.$$
$`(1.11)`$
For any coset $`L^{}`$ of $`L`$ in $`^n`$, we define the theta series of $`L^{}`$ by

$$\mathrm{\Theta }_L^{}(z)=\underset{\stackrel{}{\alpha }L^{}}{}q^{\stackrel{}{\alpha },\stackrel{}{\alpha }}.$$
$`(1.12)`$
Hecke \[H\] proved that $`\mathrm{\Theta }_L(z)`$ is a polynomial of $`E_4(z)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)`$ for any positive definite even unimodular lattice $`L`$. Thus a fundamental question in positive definite even unimodular lattices is to determine the coefficients of the theta series of the lattices as polynomials of $`E_4(z)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)`$. One may ask the question in another way that what kind polynomials of $`E_4(z)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)`$ could be the theta series of positive definite even unimodular lattices. To this author’s best knowledge, only a few of theta series of positive definite even unimodular lattices are known.

For a nonnegative integer $`n`$, we let

$$h_n(z)=\vartheta _2^{8n}(z)+\vartheta _3^{8n}(z)+\vartheta _4^{8n}(z),$$
$`(1.13)`$
$$\rho _n(z)=\frac{\vartheta _3^{8(n+1)+4}(z)\vartheta _2^{8(n+1)+4}(z)\vartheta _4^{8(n+1)+4}(z)}{(\vartheta _2(z)\vartheta _3(z)\vartheta _4(z))^4}.$$
$`(1.14)`$
By (1.3), the coefficients of the $`q`$-powers in $`\rho _n(z)`$ are positive integers. Denote by $`_+`$ the set of positive integers and by $``$ the set of nonnegative integers. In this paper, we shall prove that for any $`n_+`$, the following combinatorial identities hold:

$$h_n(z)=2E_4^n(z)+\underset{i=1}{\overset{[|n/3|]}{}}\frac{n}{i}(\begin{array}{c}ni1\\ 2i1\end{array})2^{8i}\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}^i(z)E_4^{n3i}(z),$$
$`(1.15)`$
$$\rho _n(z)=\underset{i=0}{\overset{[|n/3|]}{}}\frac{2n+3}{2i+1}(\begin{array}{c}ni\\ 2i\end{array})2^{8i}\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}^i(z)E_4^{n3i}(z).$$
$`(1.16)`$
The above two identities can be viewed as higher-order analogues of the identity (1.3).

For a postive intger $`n`$, the type-D root lattice $`R_{D_n}`$ is defined by

$$R_{D_n}=\{\alpha =(\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\mathrm{},\alpha _n)^n\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _i2\}^n$$
$`(1.17)`$
with the symmetric form (1.8). We define weights by

$$\text{wt}\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)=3,\text{wt}h_n(z)=\text{wt}\rho _n(z)=n\text{for}n_+.$$
$`(1.18)`$
In this paper, we shall determine the theta series of certain infinite families of even unimodular lattices that have a sublattice of the same rank and isomorphic to the direct sum of finite copies of the lattices $`R_{D_n}`$ with various $`n`$. They are the following functions

$`2^{2\mathrm{}1}[{\displaystyle \underset{1j_1j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}}{}}\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j_1}}(z)h_{m_{2j_1+1}+\mathrm{}+m_{2(j_1+j_2)}}(z)h_{m_{2(j_1+j_2)+1}+\mathrm{}+m_{2\mathrm{}+1}}(z)\}`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{0j_1j_2\mathrm{}j_1j_21}{}}\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j_1+1}}(z)h_{m_{2j_1+2}+\mathrm{}+m_{2(j_1+j_2+1)}}(z)`$
$`\times h_{m_{2(j_1+j_2)+3}+\mathrm{}+m_{2\mathrm{}+1}}(z)\}+{\displaystyle }_{j=1}^{\mathrm{}}(34^\mathrm{}j)\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j}}(z)h_{m_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+m_{2\mathrm{}+1}}(z)\}`$
$`+(434^{\mathrm{}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1+j_2\mathrm{}1}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}+1\\ 2j_1+1,2j_2+1\end{array}))h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2\mathrm{}+1}}(z)](1.19)`$
for $`\mathrm{}`$ and $`m_1,\mathrm{},m_{2\mathrm{}+1}_+`$;

$`2^2\mathrm{}[{\displaystyle \underset{1j_1j_2\mathrm{}j_1j_2}{}}\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j_1}+j_1}(z)h_{m_{2j_1+1}+\mathrm{}+m_{2(j_1+j_2)}+j_2}(z)`$
$`\times h_{m_{2(j_1+j_2)+1}+\mathrm{}+m_2\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}j_1j_2}(z)\}2^8\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z){\displaystyle }_{1j_1,j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}2}\text{sym}\{\rho _{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j_1+1}+j_11}(z)`$
$`\times \rho _{m_{2j_1+2}+\mathrm{}+m_{2(j_1+j_2+1)}+j_21}(z)h_{m_{2(j_1+j_2)+3}+\mathrm{}+m_2\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}j_1j_21}(z)\}`$
$`+3{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{[|\mathrm{}/2|]}{}}}\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j}+j}(z)h_{m_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+m_2\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}j}(z)\}+2^8\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{[|(\mathrm{}1)/2|]}{}}}(2^{2j}+2^{2(\mathrm{}j1)}3)\text{sym}\{\rho _{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j+1}+j1}(z)\rho _{m_{2j+2}+\mathrm{}+m_2\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}j2}(z)\}`$
$`+(4{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1+j_2\mathrm{}}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}\\ 2j_1,2j_2\end{array}))h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_2\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}}(z)](1.20)`$
for $`\mathrm{}_+`$ and $`m_1,\mathrm{},m_2\mathrm{}`$;

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}h_{m_1+m_2+m_3+m_4+2ϵ+1}(z)32\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)[\rho _{m_1+m_2+ϵ1}(z)\rho _{m_3+m_4+ϵ1}(z)`$
$`+\rho _{m_1+m_3+ϵ1}(z)\rho _{m_2+m_4+ϵ1}(z)+\rho _{m_1+m_4+ϵ1}(z)\rho _{m_2+m_3+ϵ1}(z)](1.21)`$
for $`m_1,m_2,m_3,m_4`$ and $`ϵ=0,1`$. Here we have treated $`\rho _1(z)=0`$ in (1.20), and (1.21), and “$`\text{sym}\{\}`$” means the symmetric polynomial with respect to the integrable variables $`m_i`$ and the expression in the braces is a representative term. For instance,

$`\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+m_2+1}(z)h_{m_3+m_4+1}(z)\}`$
$`=`$ $`h_{m_1+m_2+1}(z)h_{m_3+m_4+1}(z)+h_{m_1+m_3+1}(z)h_{m_2+m_4+1}(z)`$
$`+h_{m_1+m_4+1}(z)h_{m_2+m_3+1}(z),(1.22)`$
$`\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+m_2+1}(z)\rho _{m_31}(z)\rho _{m_41}(z)\}`$
$`=`$ $`h_{m_1+m_2+1}(z)\rho _{m_31}(z)\rho _{m_41}(z)+h_{m_1+m_3+1}(z)\rho _{m_21}(z)\rho _{m_41}(z)`$
$`+h_{m_1+m_4+1}(z)\rho _{m_21}(z)\rho _{m_31}(z)+h_{m_3+m_4+1}(z)\rho _{m_11}(z)\rho _{m_21}(z)`$
$`+h_{m_2+m_4+1}(z)\rho _{m_11}(z)\rho _{m_31}(z)+h_{m_2+m_3+1}(z)\rho _{m_11}(z)\rho _{m_41}(z).(1.23)`$
These theta series are weighted symmetric polynomials of the series $`\{\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z),h_n(z),\rho _n(z)n_+\}`$. Thus we essentially determine the theta series of these lattices as polynomials of the well-known Essenstein series $`E_4(z)`$ and Ramanujan series $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)`$. We speculate that the theta series of the other infinite families of positive definite even unimodular lattices may relate to the invariants of the other finite groups.

The results in this paper could be useful in study of modular forms and partition functions of the conformal field theories related to positive definite even unimodular lattices. The covering densities of the sphere packings of these lattices can be calculated by our formulae.

In Section 2, we shall prove (1.15) and (1.16). In Section 3, the theta series of our concerned lattice will be determined.

## 2 Proofs of the Combinatorial Identities

In this section, we shall present the proofs of the combinatorial identities (1.15) and (1.16).

Set

$$a=\vartheta _2^4(z),b=\vartheta _4^4(z).$$
$`(2.1)`$
By (1.3), we have

$$\vartheta _3^4(z)=a+b.$$
$`(2.2)`$
Moreover, (1.13) and (1.14) become

$$h_n=a^{2n}+b^{2n}+(a+b)^{2n},\rho _n=\frac{(a+b)^{2n+3}a^{2n+3}b^{2n+3}}{ab(a+b)}.$$
$`(2.3)`$
We allow $`n=0`$ in the above equations.

For convenience, we let

$$E=E_4(z)=\frac{1}{2}(a^2+b^2+(a+b)^2)=a^2+b^2+ab,$$
$`(2.4)`$
$$\mathrm{\Delta }=2^8\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)=(\vartheta _2(z)\vartheta _3(z)\vartheta _4(z))^8=a^2b^2(a+b)^2.$$
$`(2.5)`$
Note that

$$h_0=3,h_1=2E.$$
$`(2.6)`$
Moreover,

$`E^2`$ $`=`$ $`(a^2+b^2+ab)^2`$
$`=`$ $`a^4+b^4+(ab)^2+2a^2b^2+2a^2ab+2abb^2`$
$`=`$ $`a^4+b^4+3a^2b^2+2ab(a^2+b^2).(2.7)`$
Hence,

$`h_2`$ $`=`$ $`a^4+b^4+(a+b)^4`$
$`=`$ $`a^4+b^4+a^4+b^4+4ab(a^2+b^2)+6a^2b^2`$
$`=`$ $`2[a^4+b^4+3a^2b^2+2ab(a^2+b^2)]`$
$`=`$ $`2E^2.(2.8)`$
Lemma 2.1. For $`3n`$, we have:

$$h_n=2Eh_{n1}E^2h_{n2}+\mathrm{\Delta }h_{n3}.$$
$`(2.9)`$
Proof. Note that

$`2Eh_{n1}`$ $`=`$ $`(a^2+b^2+(a+b)^2)(a^{2(n1)}+b^{2(n1)}+(a+b)^{2(n1)})`$
$`=`$ $`a^{2n}+b^{2n}+a^2b^2(a^{2(n2)}+b^{2(n2)})+(a^2+b^2)(a+b)^{2(n1)}`$
$`+(a+b)^2(a^{2(n1)}+b^{2(n1)})+(a+b)^{2n}`$
$`=`$ $`h_n+a^2b^2(a^{2(n2)}+b^{2(n2)})+(a^2+b^2)(a+b)^{2(n1)}`$
$`+(a+b)^2(a^{2(n1)}+b^{2(n1)}).(2.10)`$
Moreover,

$`(a+b)^2(a^2+b^2)+a^2b^2`$
$`=`$ $`(a^2+b^2+2ab)(a^2+b^2)+a^2b^2`$
$`=`$ $`(a^2+b^2)^2+2ab(a^2+b^2)+a^2b^2`$
$`=`$ $`a^4+b^4+2a^2b^2+2ab(a^2+b^2)+a^2b^2`$
$`=`$ $`E^2.(2.11)`$
Hence, we obtain

$`E^2h_{n2}`$
$`=`$ $`((a+b)^2(a^2+b^2)+a^2b^2)(a^{2(n2)}+b^{2(n2)}+(a+b)^{2(n2)})`$
$`=`$ $`(a+b)^2[a^{2(n1)}+b^{2(n1)}+a^2b^2(a^{2(n3)}+b^{2(n3)})]+a^2b^2(a^{2(n2)}+b^{2(n2)})`$
$`+(a^2+b^2)(a+b)^{2(n1)}+a^2b^2(a+b)^{2(n2)}`$
$`=`$ $`(a+b)^2(a^{2(n1)}+b^{2(n1)})+\mathrm{\Delta }(a^{2(n3)}+b^{2(n3)})+a^2b^2(a^{2(n2)}+b^{2(n2)})`$
$`+(a^2+b^2)(a+b)^{2(n1)}+\mathrm{\Delta }(a+b)^{2(n3)}`$
$`=`$ $`(a+b)^2(a^{2(n1)}+b^{2(n1)})+a^2b^2(a^{2(n2)}+b^{2(n2)})`$
$`+(a^2+b^2)(a+b)^{2(n1)}+\mathrm{\Delta }h_{n3}.(2.12)`$
Thus we have

$$2Eh_{n1}E^2h_{n2}=h_n\mathrm{\Delta }h_{n3},$$
$`(2.13)`$
which is equivalent to (2.9). $`\mathrm{}`$

By Lemma 2.1, we calculate

$$h_3=2E^3+3\mathrm{\Delta },h_4=2E^4+8\mathrm{\Delta }E,h_5=2E^5+15\mathrm{\Delta }E^2,$$
$`(2.14)`$
$$h_6=2E^6+24\mathrm{\Delta }E^3+3\mathrm{\Delta }^2,h_7=2E^7+35\mathrm{\Delta }E^4+14\mathrm{\Delta }^2E,$$
$`(2.15)`$
$$h_8=2E^8+48\mathrm{\Delta }E^5+40\mathrm{\Delta }^2E^2,h_9=2E^9+63\mathrm{\Delta }E^6+90\mathrm{\Delta }^2E^3+3\mathrm{\Delta }^3,$$
$`(2.16)`$
$$h_{10}=2E^{10}+80\mathrm{\Delta }E^7+175\mathrm{\Delta }^2E^4+20\mathrm{\Delta }^3E.$$
$`(2.17)`$
In fact, we had directly calculated (2.14)-(2.17), and then observed (2.9) from them. Analyzing the coefficients in (2.14)-(2.17), we speculated the following theorem.

Theorem 2.2. For $`n_+`$, we have

$$h_n=2E^n+\underset{i=1}{\overset{[|n/3|]}{}}\frac{n}{i}(\begin{array}{c}ni1\\ 2i1\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{n3i},$$
$`(2.18)`$
which is equivalent to (1.15) by (2.4) and (2.5).

Proof. We shall prove (2.18) by (2.9) and induction on $`n`$. First for $`m,k_+`$ such that $`km1`$, we have

$`{\displaystyle \frac{2m}{k}}(\begin{array}{c}mk1\\ 2k1\end{array}){\displaystyle \frac{m1}{k}}(\begin{array}{c}mk2\\ 2k1\end{array})+{\displaystyle \frac{m2}{k1}}(\begin{array}{c}mk2\\ 2k3\end{array})`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2k(k1)(2k1)}}(\begin{array}{c}mk2\\ 2k3\end{array})[2m(mk1)(m+13k)`$
$`(m1)(m+13k)(m3k)+2k(m2)(2k1)]`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2k(k1)(2k1)}}(\begin{array}{c}mk2\\ 2k3\end{array})[2m(m+1)(mk1)6mk(mk1)`$
$`(m1)(m+1)(m3k)+3(m1)k(m3k)+2k(m2)(2k1)]`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2k(k1)(2k1)}}(\begin{array}{c}mk2\\ 2k3\end{array})[(m+1)(2m(mk1)(m1)(m3k))`$
$`+k(6m(mk1)+3(m1)(m3k)+2(2k1)(m2)]`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2k(k1)(2k1)}}(\begin{array}{c}mk2\\ 2k3\end{array})[(m+1)(m^2+kmm3k)`$
$`+k(3m^2+km+m+k+4)]`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2k(k1)(2k1)}}(\begin{array}{c}mk2\\ 2k3\end{array})[(m+1)(m^2+kmm3k)`$
$`+k(m+1)(k+43m)]`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2k(k1)(2k1)}}(\begin{array}{c}mk2\\ 2k3\end{array})(m+1)(m^2+kmm3k+k^2+4k3km)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2k(k1)(2k1)}}(\begin{array}{c}mk2\\ 2k3\end{array})(m+1)(m^2+k^22kmm+k)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(m+1)(mk)(mk1)}{2k(k1)(2k1)}}(\begin{array}{c}mk2\\ 2k3\end{array})`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{m+1}{k}}(\begin{array}{c}mk\\ 2k1\end{array}).(2.19)`$
When $`n=1`$, (2.18) holds by (2.6). Let $`m_+`$. Suppose that (2.18) holds for $`nm`$. By (2.9),

$`h_{m+1}`$ $`=`$ $`2Eh_mE^2h_{m1}+\mathrm{\Delta }h_{m2}`$
$`=`$ $`2E^{m+1}+[2m(m2)(m1)(m3)+2]\mathrm{\Delta }E^{m2}+2{\displaystyle \underset{i=2}{\overset{[|m/3|]}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m}{i}}(\begin{array}{c}mi1\\ 2i1\end{array})`$
$`\times \mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}{\displaystyle \underset{i=2}{\overset{[|(m1)/3|]}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m1}{i}}(\begin{array}{c}mi2\\ 2i1\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}`$
$`+\mathrm{\Delta }{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{[|(m2)/3|]}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m2}{i}}(\begin{array}{c}mi3\\ 2i1\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m23i}`$
$`=`$ $`2E^{m+1}+(m+1)(m1)\mathrm{\Delta }E^{m2}+2{\displaystyle \underset{i=2}{\overset{[|m/3|]}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m}{i}}(\begin{array}{c}mi1\\ 2i1\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=2}{\overset{[|(m1)/3|]}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m1}{i}}(\begin{array}{c}mi2\\ 2i1\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}`$
$`+\mathrm{\Delta }{\displaystyle \underset{i=2}{\overset{[|(m2)/3|]+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m2}{i1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi2\\ 2i3\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}.(2.20)`$
Case 1. $`m=3l`$ with $`l_+`$.

$`h_{m+1}`$ $`=`$ $`2E^{m+1}+(m+1)(m1)\mathrm{\Delta }E^{m2}+2{\displaystyle \underset{i=2}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m}{i}}(\begin{array}{c}mi1\\ 2i1\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=2}{\overset{l1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m1}{i}}(\begin{array}{c}mi2\\ 2i1\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}+\mathrm{\Delta }{\displaystyle \underset{i=2}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m2}{i1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi2\\ 2i3\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}`$
$`=`$ $`2E^{m+1}+(m+1)(m1)\mathrm{\Delta }E^{m2}+{\displaystyle \underset{i=2}{\overset{l1}{}}}[{\displaystyle \frac{2m}{i}}(\begin{array}{c}mi1\\ 2i1\end{array}){\displaystyle \frac{m1}{i}}(\begin{array}{c}mi2\\ 2i3\end{array})`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{m2}{i1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi2\\ 2i3\end{array})]\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}+[{\displaystyle \frac{2m}{l}}(\begin{array}{c}2l1\\ 2l1\end{array})+{\displaystyle \frac{m2}{l2}}(\begin{array}{c}2l2\\ 2l3\end{array})]\mathrm{\Delta }^lE`$
$`=`$ $`2E^{m+1}+(m+1)(m1)\mathrm{\Delta }E^{m2}+{\displaystyle \underset{i=2}{\overset{l1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m+1}{i}}(\begin{array}{c}mi\\ 2i1\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}`$
$`+2(m+1)\mathrm{\Delta }^lE`$
$`=`$ $`2E^{m+1}+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{l1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m+1}{i}}(\begin{array}{c}mi\\ 2i1\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}+{\displaystyle \frac{m+1}{l}}(\begin{array}{c}ml\\ 2l1\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^lE`$
$`=`$ $`2E^{m+1}+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m+1}{i}}(\begin{array}{c}mi\\ 2i1\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}`$
$`=`$ $`2E^{m+1}+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{[|(m+1)/3|]}{}}}(\begin{array}{c}mi\\ 2i1\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}.(2.21)`$
Case 2. $`m=3l+1`$ with $`l`$.

$`h_{m+1}`$ $`=`$ $`2E^{m+1}+(m+1)(m1)\mathrm{\Delta }E^{m2}+{\displaystyle \underset{i=2}{\overset{l}{}}}[{\displaystyle \frac{2m}{i}}(\begin{array}{c}mi1\\ 2i1\end{array})`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{m1}{i}}(\begin{array}{c}mi2\\ 2i1\end{array})+{\displaystyle \frac{m2}{i1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi2\\ 2i3\end{array})]\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}`$
$`=`$ $`2E^{m+1}+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{[|(m+1)/3|]}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m+1}{i}}(\begin{array}{c}mi\\ 2i1\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}.(2.22)`$
Case 3. $`m=3l+2`$ with $`l`$.

$`h_{m+1}`$ $`=`$ $`2E^{m+1}+(m+1)(m1)\mathrm{\Delta }E^{m2}+{\displaystyle \underset{i=2}{\overset{l}{}}}[{\displaystyle \frac{2m}{i}}(\begin{array}{c}mi1\\ 2i1\end{array}){\displaystyle \frac{m1}{i}}(\begin{array}{c}mi2\\ 2i1\end{array})`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{m2}{(i1)}}(\begin{array}{c}mi2\\ 2i3\end{array})]\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}+{\displaystyle \frac{m2}{l}}(\begin{array}{c}2l1\\ 2l1\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^{l+1}`$
$`=`$ $`2E^{m+1}+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m+1)}{i}}(\begin{array}{c}mi\\ 2i1\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}+3\mathrm{\Delta }^{l+1}`$
$`=`$ $`2E^{m+1}+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m+1)}{i}}(\begin{array}{c}mi\\ 2i1\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}+{\displaystyle \frac{m+1}{l+1}}(\begin{array}{c}m(l+1)\\ 2(l+1)1\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^{l+1}`$
$`=`$ $`2E^{m+1}+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{l+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m+1)}{i}}(\begin{array}{c}mi\\ 2i1\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}`$
$`=`$ $`2E^{m+1}+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{[|(m+1)/3|]}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m+1)}{i}}(\begin{array}{c}mi\\ 2i1\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}.(2.23)`$
Thus (2.18) holds for $`n=m+1`$. Therefore, (2.18) holds for any $`n_+`$ by induction on $`n.\mathrm{}`$

Next we consider $`\rho _n`$ (cf. (2.3)). Note that

$$\rho _0=\frac{(a+b)^3a^3b^3}{ab(a+b)}=\frac{3a^2b+3ab^2}{ab(a+b)}=3,$$
$`(2.24)`$
$`\rho _1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(a+b)^5a^5b^5}{ab(a+b)}}`$
$`=`$ $`(ab)^1[(a+b)^4a^4b^4+ab(a^2+b^2)a^2b^2]`$
$`=`$ $`(ab)^1[4ab(a^2+b^2)+6a^2b^2+ab(a^2+b^2)a^2b^2]`$
$`=`$ $`5(a^2+b^2+ab)`$
$`=`$ $`5E,(2.25)`$
$`\rho _2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(a+b)^7a^7b^7}{ab(a+b)}}`$
$`=`$ $`(ab)^1[(a+b)^6a^6b^6+ab(a^4+b^4)a^2b^2(a+b)+a^3b^3]`$
$`=`$ $`(ab)^1[6ab(a^4+b^4)+15a^2b^2(a+b)+20a^3b^3+ab(a^4+b^4)a^2b^2(a+b)+a^3b^3]`$
$`=`$ $`7(a^4+b^4+2ab(a+b)+3a^2b^2)`$
$`=`$ $`7E^2(2.26)`$
by (2.4) and (2.7).

Lemma 2.3. For $`3n`$, we have:

$$\rho _n=2E\rho _{n1}E^2\rho _{n2}+\mathrm{\Delta }\rho _{n3}.$$
$`(2.27)`$
Proof. Note that

$`2E\rho _{n1}`$ $`=`$ $`(ab(a+b))^1(a^2+b^2+(a+b)^2)[(a+b)^{2n+1}a^{2n+1}b^{2n+1}]`$
$`=`$ $`(ab(a+b))^1[(a^2+b^2)(a+b)^{2n+1}a^{2n+3}b^{2n+3}`$
$`a^2b^2(a^{2n1}+b^{2n1})+(a+b)^{2n+3}(a+b)^2(a^{2n+1}+b^{2n+1})]`$
$`=`$ $`\rho _n+(ab(a+b))^1[(a^2+b^2)(a+b)^{2n+1}a^2b^2(a^{2n1}+b^{2n1})`$
$`(a+b)^2(a^{2n+1}+b^{2n+1})],(2.28)`$
$`E^2\rho _{n2}`$
$`=`$ $`(ab(a+b))^1((a+b)^2(a^2+b^2)+a^2b^2)((a+b)^{2n1}a^{2n1}b^{2n1})`$
$`=`$ $`(ab(a+b))^1[(a+b)^{2n+1}(a^2+b^2)(a+b)^2(a^{2n+1}+b^{2n+1}+a^2b^2(a^{2n3}+b^{2n3}))`$
$`+a^2b^2(a+b)^{2n1}a^2b^2(a^{2n1}+b^{2n1})]`$
$`=`$ $`(ab(a+b))^1[(a+b)^{2n+1}(a^2+b^2)(a+b)^2(a^{2n+1}+b^{2n+1})\mathrm{\Delta }(a^{2n3}+b^{2n3})`$
$`+\mathrm{\Delta }(a+b)^{2n3}a^2b^2(a^{2n1}+b^{2n1})]`$
$`=`$ $`(ab(a+b))^1[(a+b)^{2n+1}(a^2+b^2)(a+b)^2(a^{2n+1}+b^{2n+1})`$
$`a^2b^2(a^{2n1}+b^{2n1})]+\mathrm{\Delta }\rho _{n3}(2.29)`$
by (2.11). Thus we have

$$2E\rho _{n1}E^2\rho _{n2}=\rho _n\mathrm{\Delta }\rho _{n3},$$
$`(2.30)`$
which is equivalent to (2.27). $`\mathrm{}`$

By Lemma 2.3, we calculate

$$\rho _3=9E^3+3\mathrm{\Delta },\rho _4=11E^4+11\mathrm{\Delta }E,\rho _5=13E^5+26\mathrm{\Delta }E^2,$$
$`(2.31)`$
$$\rho _6=15E^6+50\mathrm{\Delta }E^3+3\mathrm{\Delta }^2,\rho _7=17E^7+85\mathrm{\Delta }E^4+17\mathrm{\Delta }^2E,$$
$`(2.32)`$
$$\rho _8=19E^8+133\mathrm{\Delta }E^5+57\mathrm{\Delta }^2E^2,\rho _9=21E^9+196\mathrm{\Delta }E^6+147\mathrm{\Delta }^2E^3+3\mathrm{\Delta }^3,$$
$`(2.33)`$
$$\rho _{10}=23E^{10}+276\mathrm{\Delta }E^7+322\mathrm{\Delta }^2E^4+23\mathrm{\Delta }^3E.$$
$`(2.34)`$
Analyzing the coefficients in (2.31)-(2.34), we speculated the following theorem.

Theorem 2.4. For $`n_+`$, we have

$$\rho _n=\underset{i=0}{\overset{[|n/3|]}{}}\frac{2n+3}{2i+1}(\begin{array}{c}ni\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{n3i},$$
$`(2.35)`$
which is equivalent to (1.16) by (2.4) and (2.5).

Proof. We shall prove (2.35) by (2.27) and induction on $`n`$. First for $`m,k_+`$ such that $`km1`$, we have

$`{\displaystyle \frac{2(2m+3)}{2k+1}}(\begin{array}{c}mk\\ 2k\end{array}){\displaystyle \frac{2m+1}{2k+1}}(\begin{array}{c}mk1\\ 2k\end{array})+{\displaystyle \frac{2m1}{2k1}}(\begin{array}{c}mk1\\ 2k2\end{array})`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2k(2k+1)(2k1)}}(\begin{array}{c}mk1\\ 2k2\end{array})[2(2m+3)(mk)(m3k+1)`$
$`(2m+1)(m3k+1)(m3k)+2k(2k+1)(2m1)]`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2k(2k+1)(2k1)}}(\begin{array}{c}mk1\\ 2k2\end{array})[2(2m+3)(mk)(m3k+1)`$
$`(2m+1)(m3k+1)(mk)+2k(2m+1)(m3k+1)+2k(2k+1)(2m1)]`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2k(2k+1)(2k1)}}(\begin{array}{c}mk1\\ 2k2\end{array})[(2(2m+3)(2m+1))(m3k+1)(mk)`$
$`+2k((2m+1)(m3k+1)+(2k+1)(2m1))]`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2k(2k+1)(2k1)}}(\begin{array}{c}mk1\\ 2k2\end{array})[(2m+5)(m3k+1)(mk)`$
$`+2k(2m^26km+2m+m3k+1+4km2k+2m1)]`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2k(2k+1)(2k1)}}(\begin{array}{c}mk1\\ 2k2\end{array})[(2m+5)(m3k+1)(mk)`$
$`+2k(2m^22km+5m5k)]`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2k(2k+1)(2k1)}}(\begin{array}{c}mk1\\ 2k2\end{array})[(2m+5)(m3k+1)(mk)`$
$`+2k(2m+5)(mk)]`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(2m+5)(mk+1)(mk)}{2k(2k+1)(2k1)}}(\begin{array}{c}mk1\\ 2k2\end{array})`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2m+5}{2k+1}}(\begin{array}{c}m+1k\\ 2k\end{array}).(2.36)`$
Note that when $`k=0`$, $`(_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}2}k2}^{mk1})=0`$ and

$$\frac{2(2m+3)}{2k+1}(\begin{array}{c}mk\\ 2k\end{array})\frac{2m+1}{2k+1}(\begin{array}{c}mk1\\ 2k\end{array})=2(2m+3)(2m+1)=2m+5.$$
$`(2.37)`$
When $`n=1`$, (2.35) holds by (2.25). Let $`m_+`$. Suppose that (2.35) holds for $`nm`$. By (2.35), we have the following cases.

Case 1. $`m=3l`$ with $`l_+`$.

$`\rho _{m+1}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m+3}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m+1}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi1\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m1}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi2\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^{i+1}E^{m3i2}`$
$`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m+3}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m+1}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi1\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m1}{2i1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi1\\ 2i2\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l1}{}}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{2(2m+3)}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi\\ 2i\end{array}){\displaystyle \frac{2m+1}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi1\\ 2i\end{array})+{\displaystyle \frac{2m1}{2i1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi2\\ 2i2\end{array})\right]`$
$`\times \mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{2(6l+3)}{2l+1}}(\begin{array}{c}2l\\ 2l\end{array})+{\displaystyle \frac{6l1}{2l1}}(\begin{array}{c}3ll1\\ 2l2\end{array})\right]\mathrm{\Delta }^lE^{m+13l}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m+5}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}m+1i\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}+(6l+5)\mathrm{\Delta }^lE^{m+13l}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m+5}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}m+1i\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}+{\displaystyle \frac{2m+5}{2l+1}}(\begin{array}{c}m+1l\\ 2l\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^lE^{m+13l}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m+5}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}m+1i\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{[|(m+1)/3|]}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m+5}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}m+1i\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}(2.38)`$
Case 2. $`m=3l+1`$ with $`l`$.

$`\rho _{m+1}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m+3}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m+1}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi1\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m1}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi2\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^{i+1}E^{m3i2}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m+5}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}m+1i\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{[|(m+1)/3|]}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m+5}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}m+1i\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}(2.39)`$
Case 3. $`m=3l+2`$ with $`l`$.

$`\rho _{m+1}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m+3}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m+1}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi1\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m1}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi2\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^{i+1}E^{m3i2}`$
$`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m+3}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m+1}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi1\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m1}{2i1}}(\begin{array}{c}mi1\\ 2i2\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m+5}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}m+1i\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}+{\displaystyle \frac{6l+3}{2l+1}}(\begin{array}{c}2l\\ 2l\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^{l+1}E^{m3l2}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m+5}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}m+1i\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}+3\mathrm{\Delta }^{l+1}E^{m3l2}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m+5}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}m+1i\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{2m+5}{2(l+1)+1}}(\begin{array}{c}m+1(l+1)\\ 2(l+1)\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^{l+1}E^{m+13(l+1)}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{l+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m+5}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}m+1i\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{[|(m+1)/3|]}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2m+5}{2i+1}}(\begin{array}{c}m+1i\\ 2i\end{array})\mathrm{\Delta }^iE^{m+13i}.(2.40)`$
Thus (2.35) holds for $`n=m+1`$. Therefore, (2.34) holds for any $`n_+`$ by induction on $`n.\mathrm{}`$

## 3 Theta Series and Weighted Symmetric Polynomials

In this section, we shall determine the theta series of certain infinite families of positive definite even unimodular lattices containing a sublattice of the same rank and isomorphic to the direct sum of finite copies of the lattices $`R_{D_{2n}}`$ with various $`n`$. The theta series of these lattices are weighted symmetric polynomials of the functions of $`\{\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z),h_n(z),\rho _n(z)n_+\}`$. By (1.15) and (1.16), we essentially determine the theta series of these lattices as polynomials of the well-known Essenstein series $`E_4(z)`$ and Ramanujan series $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)`$.

Let $`k`$ be a positive integer. Suppose that $`\{n_1,\mathrm{},n_k\}_+`$ is a subset. Set

$$\overline{n}_0=0,\overline{n}_i=\underset{j=1}{\overset{i}{}}n_i,n=\overline{n}_k.$$
$`(3.1)`$
Recall the Euclidean space $`^n`$ with inner product (1.8). All the lattices in this section have the symmetric bilinear form inherited from this inner product. Set

$$Q=\{\stackrel{}{\alpha }=(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _n)^n\underset{j=1}{\overset{n_i}{}}\alpha _{\overline{n}_{i1}+j}2\text{for}i\overline{1,k}\}^n.$$
$`(3.2)`$
Then $`Q`$ is a lattice that isomorphic to $`R_{D_{n_1}}\mathrm{}R_{D_{n_k}}`$. For $`j`$, we denote

$$\mathrm{𝟎}_j=(0,\mathrm{},0),\mathbf{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}1}_j=(1,\mathrm{},1)^j.$$
$`(3.3)`$
Set

$$x_1^i=\frac{1}{2}(\mathrm{𝟎}_{\overline{n}_{i1}},\mathrm{𝟏}_{n_i},\mathrm{𝟎}_{n\overline{n}_i}),x_2^i=(\mathrm{𝟎}_{\overline{n}_{i1}},1,\mathrm{𝟎}_{n\overline{n}_{i1}1}),x_3^i=x_1^i+x_2^i^n$$
$`(3.4)`$
for $`i=1,\mathrm{},k`$. When $`k=1`$, we have

$$\mathrm{\Theta }_Q(z)=\mathrm{\Theta }_{R_{D_{n_1}}}=\frac{1}{2}(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1}),\mathrm{\Theta }_{x_1^1+Q}(z)=\mathrm{\Theta }_{x_3^1+Q}(z)=\frac{1}{2}\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1},$$
$`(3.5)`$
$$\mathrm{\Theta }_{x_2^1+Q}(z)=\frac{1}{2}(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1})$$
$`(3.6)`$
(cf. (1.12) and Chapter 4 of \[CS3\]). Moreover,

$$2x_1^1,2x_2^1Q$$
$`(3.7)`$
when $`n_1`$ is even. In fact, we have

$$\{\stackrel{}{\alpha }^n\stackrel{}{\alpha },\stackrel{}{\beta }\text{for}\stackrel{}{\beta }Q\}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}(x_1^i+x_2^i)+Q$$
$`(3.8)`$
(eg., cf. \[CS3\] or \[X3\]).

Set

$$L=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}(x_1^i+x_2^1+\mathrm{}+x_2^{i1}+x_2^{i+1}+\mathrm{}+x_2^k)+Q.$$
$`(3.9)`$
When $`k=1`$,

$$L=x_1^1+Q.$$
$`(3.10)`$
Theorem 3.1. If $`k=2\mathrm{}+1`$ is an odd positive integer and $`n_i=8m_i`$ with $`\mathrm{}`$ and $`m_i_+`$, then $`L`$ is a positive definite even unimodular lattice with the theta series

$`2^{2\mathrm{}+1}\mathrm{\Theta }_L(z)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{1j_1j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}}{}}\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j_1}}(z)h_{m_{2j_1+1}+\mathrm{}+m_{2(j_1+j_2)}}(z)h_{m_{2(j_1+j_2)+1}+\mathrm{}+m_{2\mathrm{}+1}}(z)\}`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{0j_1j_2\mathrm{}j_1j_21}{}}\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j_1+1}}(z)h_{m_{2j_1+2}+\mathrm{}+m_{2(j_1+j_2+1)}}(z)`$
$`\times h_{m_{2(j_1+j_2)+3}+\mathrm{}+m_{2\mathrm{}+1}}(z)\}+{\displaystyle }_{j=1}^{\mathrm{}}(34^\mathrm{}j)\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j}}(z)h_{m_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+m_{2\mathrm{}+1}}(z)\}`$
$`+\left(434^{\mathrm{}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1+j_2\mathrm{}1}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}+1\\ 2j_1+1,2j_2+1\end{array})\right)h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2\mathrm{}+1}}(z)(3.11)`$
If $`k=2\mathrm{}`$ is an even positive integer and $`n_i=8m_i+4`$ with $`\mathrm{}_+`$ and $`m_i`$, then $`L`$ is a positive definite even unimodular lattice with the theta series

$`2^2\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Theta }_L(z)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{1j_1j_2\mathrm{}j_1j_2}{}}\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j_1}+j_1}(z)h_{m_{2j_1+1}+\mathrm{}+m_{2(j_1+j_2)}+j_2}(z)`$
$`\times h_{m_{2(j_1+j_2)+1}+\mathrm{}+m_2\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}j_1j_2}(z)\}2^8\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z){\displaystyle }_{1j_1,j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}2}\text{sym}\{\rho _{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j_1+1}+j_11}(z)`$
$`\times \rho _{m_{2j_1+2}+\mathrm{}+m_{2(j_1+j_2+1)}+j_21}(z)h_{m_{2(j_1+j_2)+3}+\mathrm{}+m_2\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}j_1j_21}(z)\}`$
$`+3{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{[|\mathrm{}/2|]}{}}}\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j}+j}(z)h_{m_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+m_2\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}j}(z)\}+2^8\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{[|(\mathrm{}1)/2|]}{}}}(2^{2j}+2^{2(\mathrm{}j1)}3)\text{sym}\{\rho _{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j+1}+j1}(z)\rho _{m_{2j+2}+\mathrm{}+m_2\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}j2}(z)\}`$
$`+\left(4{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1+j_2\mathrm{}}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}\\ 2j_1,2j_2\end{array})\right)h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_2\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}}(z)(3.12)`$
Proof. First we consider the case that $`k=2\mathrm{}+1`$ is an odd positive number and $`n_i=8m_i`$ with $`\mathrm{}`$ and $`m_i_+`$. The lattice $`L`$ is unimodular by (1.11) and (3.7)-(3.9). Before we prove (3.11), we need some combinatorial facts as follows. For $`j_+`$, we have

$$\underset{i=0}{\overset{[|j/2|]}{}}(\begin{array}{c}j\\ 2i\end{array})\pm \underset{i=0}{\overset{[|(j1)/2|]}{}}(\begin{array}{c}j\\ 2i+1\end{array})=(1\pm 1)^j,$$
$`(3.13)`$
which implies

$$\underset{i=0}{\overset{[|j/2|]}{}}(\begin{array}{c}j\\ 2i\end{array})=\underset{i=0}{\overset{[|(j1)/2|]}{}}(\begin{array}{c}j\\ 2i+1\end{array})=2^{j1}.$$
$`(3.14)`$
Thus

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{[|j/2|]}{}}(\begin{array}{c}j\\ 2i\end{array})=2^{j1}1.$$
$`(3.15)`$
Moreover,

$$\underset{i=0}{\overset{j}{}}(\begin{array}{c}j\\ 2i\end{array})2^{j2i}=\frac{(1+2)^j+(1+2)^j}{2}=\frac{3^j+1}{2}.$$
$`(3.16)`$
In particular,

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}+1\\ 2i\end{array})4^\mathrm{}i=\frac{3^{2\mathrm{}+1}+1}{4}4^{\mathrm{}}.$$
$`(3.17)`$
Furthermore,

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1+j_2\mathrm{}}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}+1\\ 2j_1,2j_2\end{array})+{\displaystyle \underset{j_1+j_2\mathrm{}1}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}+1\\ 2j_1+1,2j_2+1\end{array})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1+1+1)^{2\mathrm{}+1}+(11+1)^{2\mathrm{}+1}}{2}}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3^{2\mathrm{}+1}1}{2}}.(3.18)`$
The following countings are also needed. For $`\mathrm{}>j_+`$, we have

$`\text{the number of minomials in the expression}{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{[|(j1)/2|]}{}}}\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2i+1}}h_{m_{2i+2}++m_{2j}}\}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{j1}{}}}(\begin{array}{c}2j\\ 2i+1\end{array}),(3.19)`$
$`\text{the number of minomials in the expression}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{[|j/2|]}{}}}\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2i}}h_{m_{2i+1}++m_{2j}}\}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{j1}{}}}(\begin{array}{c}2j\\ 2i\end{array}).(3.20)`$
Moreover,

the number of minomials in the expression
$`{\displaystyle \underset{1j_1j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}}{}}\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j_1}}(z)h_{m_{2j_1+1}+\mathrm{}+m_{2(j_1+j_2)}}(z)h_{m_{2(j_1+j_2)+1}+\mathrm{}+m_{2\mathrm{}+1}}(z)\}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{1j_1,j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}+1\\ 2j_1,2j_2\end{array}),(3.21)`$
$`\text{the number of minomials in the expression}{\displaystyle \underset{0j_1j_2\mathrm{}j_1j_21}{}}`$
$`\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j_1+1}}(z)h_{m_{2j_1+2}+\mathrm{}+m_{2(j_1+j_2+1)}}(z)h_{m_{2(j_1+j_2)+3}+\mathrm{}+m_{2\mathrm{}+1}}(z)\}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1+j_2\mathrm{}1}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}+1\\ 2j_1+1,2j_2+1\end{array}).(3.22)`$
Furthermore,

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1+j_2\mathrm{}}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}+1\\ 2j_1,2j_2\end{array})`$
$`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}+1\\ 2i\end{array})1+{\displaystyle \underset{1j_1j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}+1\\ 2j_1,2j_2\end{array})`$
$`=`$ $`2^{2\mathrm{}+1}1+{\displaystyle \underset{1j_1j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}+1\\ 2j_1,2j_2\end{array}).(3.23)`$
By (1.12), (3.5)-(3.7), (3.13)-(3.23) and calculating the theta series of the following cosets of $`Q`$:

$$Q,\underset{i=1}{\overset{2j}{}}(x_1^i+x_2^1+\mathrm{}+x_2^{i1}+x_2^{i+1}+\mathrm{}+x_2^k)+Q,$$
$`(3.24)`$
and

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{2j^{}+1}{}}(x^i+x_2^1+\mathrm{}+x_2^{i1}+x_2^{i+1}+\mathrm{}+x_2^k)+Q$$
$`(3.25)`$
for $`1j\mathrm{}`$ and $`0j^{}\mathrm{}`$, we obtain

$`2^{2\mathrm{}+1}\mathrm{\Theta }_L(z)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\text{sym}\{\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j}}{\displaystyle \underset{p=2j+1}{\overset{2\mathrm{}+1}{}}}(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_p}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_p})\}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\text{sym}\{\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j+1}}{\displaystyle \underset{p=2j+2}{\overset{2\mathrm{}+1}{}}}(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_p}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_p})\}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{1j_1j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}}{}}[\text{sym}\{\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j_1}}\vartheta _3(z)^{n_{2j_1+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2(j_1+j_2)}}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2(j_1+j_2)+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}\}`$
$`+\text{sym}\{\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j_1}}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2j_1+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2(j_1+j_2)}}\vartheta _2(z)^{n_{2(j_1+j_2)+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}\}`$
$`+\text{sym}\{\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j_1}}\vartheta _2(z)^{n_{2j_1+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2(j_1+j_2)}}\vartheta _3(z)^{n_{2(j_1+j_2)+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}\}]`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{0j_1j_2\mathrm{}j_1j_21}{}}\text{sym}\{\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j_1+1}}\vartheta _3(z)^{n_{2j_1+2}+\mathrm{}+n_{2(j_1+j_2+1)}}`$
$`\times \vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2(j_1+j_2)+3}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}\}+{\displaystyle }_{j=1}^{\mathrm{}}[\text{sym}\{\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j}}(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}`$
$`+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}})\}+\text{sym}\{\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j}}(\vartheta _2(z)^{n_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}`$
$`+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}})\}+\text{sym}\{\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j}}(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}`$
$`+\vartheta _2(z)^{n_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}})\}]+\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}+\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{1j_1j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}}{}}\text{sym}\{(\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j_1}}+\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j_1}}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j_1}})`$
$`\times (\vartheta _2(z)^{n_{2j_1+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2(j_1+j_2)}}+\vartheta _3(z)^{n_{2j_1+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2(j_1+j_2)}}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2j_1+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2(j_1+j_2)}})`$
$`\times (\vartheta _2(z)^{n_{2(j_1+j_2)+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}+\vartheta _3(z)^{n_{2(j_1+j_2)+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2(j_1+j_2)+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}})\}`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{0j_1j_2\mathrm{}j_1j_21}{}}\text{sym}\{(\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j_1+1}}+\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j_1+1}}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j_1+1}})`$
$`\times (\vartheta _2(z)^{n_{2j_1+2}+\mathrm{}+n_{2(j_1+j_2+1)}}+\vartheta _3(z)^{n_{2j_1+2}+\mathrm{}+n_{2(j_1+j_2+1)}}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2j_1+2}+\mathrm{}+n_{2(j_1+j_2+1)}})`$
$`\times (\vartheta _2(z)^{n_{2(j_1+j_2)+3}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}+\vartheta _3(z)^{n_{2(j_1+j_2)+3}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2(j_1+j_2)+3}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}})\}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{j1}{}}}(\begin{array}{c}2j\\ 2i+1\end{array}){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{j1}{}}}(\begin{array}{c}2j\\ 2i\end{array}){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}j}{}}}(\begin{array}{c}2(\mathrm{}j)+1\\ 2i\end{array})\right)`$
$`\times [\text{sym}\{\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j}}(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}})\}`$
$`+\text{sym}\{\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j}}(\vartheta _2(z)^{n_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}})\}`$
$`+\text{sym}\{\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j}}(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}})]`$
$`+\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{1j_1,j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}+1\\ 2j_1,2j_2\end{array})+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1+j_2\mathrm{}1}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}+1\\ 2j_1+1,2j_2+1\end{array})\right)`$
$`\times (\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}+\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}})`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{1j_1j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}}{}}\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j_1}}(z)h_{m_{2j_1+1}+\mathrm{}+m_{2(j_1+j_2)}}(z)h_{m_{2(j_1+j_2)+1}+\mathrm{}+m_{2\mathrm{}+1}}(z)\}`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{0j_1j_2\mathrm{}j_1j_21}{}}\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j_1+1}}(z)h_{m_{2j_1+2}+\mathrm{}+m_{2(j_1+j_2+1)}}(z)`$
$`\times h_{m_{2(j_1+j_2)+3}+\mathrm{}+m_{2\mathrm{}+1}}(z)\}+{\displaystyle }_{j=1}^{\mathrm{}}(34^\mathrm{}j)\text{sym}\{(\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j}}+\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j}}`$
$`+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j}})(\vartheta _2(z)^{n_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}+\vartheta _3(z)^{n_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}})\}`$
$`+[2^2\mathrm{}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1+j_2\mathrm{}}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}+1\\ 2j_1,2j_2\end{array})+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1+j_2\mathrm{}1}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}+1\\ 2j_1+1,2j_2+1\end{array}){\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}+1\\ 2j\end{array})`$
$`\times (34^\mathrm{}j)](\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}+\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2\mathrm{}+1}})`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{1j_1j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}}{}}\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j_1}}(z)h_{m_{2j_1+1}+\mathrm{}+m_{2(j_1+j_2)}}(z)h_{m_{2(j_1+j_2)+1}+\mathrm{}+m_{2\mathrm{}+1}}(z)\}`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{0j_1j_2\mathrm{}j_1j_21}{}}\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j_1+1}}(z)h_{m_{2j_1+2}+\mathrm{}+m_{2(j_1+j_2+1)}}(z)`$
$`\times h_{m_{2(j_1+j_2)+3}+\mathrm{}+m_{2\mathrm{}+1}}(z)\}+{\displaystyle }_{j=1}^{\mathrm{}}(34^\mathrm{}j)\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j}}(z)h_{m_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+m_{2\mathrm{}+1}}(z)\}`$
$`+\left(434^{\mathrm{}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1+j_2\mathrm{}1}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}+1\\ 2j_1+1,2j_2+1\end{array})\right)h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2\mathrm{}+1}}(z)(3.26)`$
Next we consider the case that $`k=2\mathrm{}`$ is an even positive number and $`n_i=8m_i+4`$. $`L`$ is unimodular again by (1.11) and (3.7)-(3.9). We need the combinatorial facts as follows. First,

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}1}{}}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}\\ 2j+1\end{array})(2^{2j}+2^{2(\mathrm{}j1)})={\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}1}{}}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}\\ 2j+1\end{array})2^{2j+1}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1+2)^2\mathrm{}(1+2)^2\mathrm{}}{2}}={\displaystyle \frac{3^2\mathrm{}1}{2}}.(3.27)`$
Moreover,

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1+j_2\mathrm{}}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}\\ 2j_1,2j_2\end{array})`$ $`=`$ $`3{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}\\ 2j\end{array})3+{\displaystyle \underset{1j_1,j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}1}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}\\ 2j_1,2j_2\end{array})`$
$`=`$ $`3(2^{2\mathrm{}1}1)+{\displaystyle \underset{1j_1,j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}1}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}\\ 2j_1,2j_2\end{array}),(3.28)`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1+j_2\mathrm{}1}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}\\ 2j_1+1,2j_2+1\end{array})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}1}{}}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}\\ 2j+1\end{array})+{\displaystyle \underset{j_1+j_2\mathrm{}2}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}\\ 2j_1+1,2j_2+1\end{array})`$
$`=`$ $`2^{2\mathrm{}1}+{\displaystyle \underset{j_1+j_2\mathrm{}2}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}\\ 2j_1+1,2j_2+1\end{array})(3.29)`$
by (3.14). Furthermore,

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1+j_2\mathrm{}}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}\\ 2j_1,2j_2\end{array})+{\displaystyle \underset{j_1+j_2\mathrm{}1}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}\\ 2j_1+1,2j_2+1\end{array})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1+1+1)^2\mathrm{}+(11+1)^2\mathrm{}}{2}}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3^2\mathrm{}1}{2}}.(3.30)`$
The following countings are also needed. Note

$`\text{the number of minomials in the expression}{\displaystyle \underset{1j_1j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}1}{}}`$
$`\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j_1}}(z)h_{m_{2j_1+1}+\mathrm{}+m_{2(j_1+j_2)}}(z)h_{m_{2(j_1+j_2)+1}+\mathrm{}+m_2\mathrm{}}(z)\}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}{\displaystyle \underset{1j_1,j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}1}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}\\ 2j_1,2j_2\end{array}),(3.31)`$
$`\text{the number of minomials in the expression}{\displaystyle \underset{0j_1j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}2}{}}`$
$`\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j_1+1}}(z)h_{m_{2j_1+2}+\mathrm{}+m_{2(j_1+j_2+1)}}(z)h_{m_{2(j_1+j_2)+3}+\mathrm{}+m_2\mathrm{}}(z)\}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1+j_2\mathrm{}2}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}\\ 2j_1+1,2j_2+1\end{array}).(3.32)`$
By (3.5), (3.6), (3.13)-(3.15), (3.19), (3.20), (3.27)-(3.32) and calculating the theta series of the cosets in $`L/Q`$ by (3.5)-(3.7), we have

$`2^{2\mathrm{}+1}\mathrm{\Theta }_L(z)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\text{sym}\{\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j}}{\displaystyle \underset{p=2j+1}{\overset{2\mathrm{}}{}}}(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_p}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_p})\}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}1}{}}}\text{sym}\{\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j+1}}{\displaystyle \underset{p=2j+2}{\overset{2\mathrm{}}{}}}(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_p}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_p})\}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{0j_1j_2\mathrm{}j_1j_2}{}}\text{sym}\{\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j_1}}\vartheta _3(z)^{n_{2j_1+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2(j_1+j_2)}}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2(j_1+j_2)+1}+\mathrm{}+n_2\mathrm{}}\}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{0j_1j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}1}{}}\text{sym}\{\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j_1+1}}\vartheta _3(z)^{n_{2j_1+2}+\mathrm{}+n_{2(j_1+j_2+1)}}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2(j_1+j_2)+3}+\mathrm{}+n_2\mathrm{}}\}`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{0j_1j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}1}{}}\text{sym}\{\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j_1+1}}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2j_1+2}+\mathrm{}+n_{2(j_1+j_2+1)}}\vartheta _3(z)^{n_{2(j_1+j_2)+3}+\mathrm{}+n_2\mathrm{}}\}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{0j_1j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}1}{}}\text{sym}\{\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j_1+1}}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2j_1+2}+\mathrm{}+n_{2(j_1+j_2+1)}}\vartheta _2(z)^{n_{2(j_1+j_2)+3}+\mathrm{}+n_2\mathrm{}}\}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{1j_1j_2\mathrm{}j_1j_2}{}}\text{sym}\{(\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j_1}}+\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j_1}}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j_1}})`$
$`\times (\vartheta _2(z)^{n_{2j_1+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2(j_1+j_2)}}+\vartheta _3(z)^{n_{2j_1+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2(j_1+j_2)}}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2j_1+1}+\mathrm{}+n_{2(j_1+j_2)}})`$
$`\times (\vartheta _2(z)^{n_{2(j_1+j_2)+1}+\mathrm{}+n_2\mathrm{}}+\vartheta _3(z)^{n_{2(j_1+j_2)+1}+\mathrm{}+n_2\mathrm{}}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2(j_1+j_2)+1}+\mathrm{}+n_2\mathrm{}})\}`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{0j_1j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}2}{}}\text{sym}\{(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j_1+1}}\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j_1+1}}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j_1+1}})`$
$`\times (\vartheta _3(z)^{n_{2j_1+2}+\mathrm{}+n_{2(j_1+j_2+1)}}\vartheta _2(z)^{n_{2j_1+2}+\mathrm{}+n_{2(j_1+j_2+1)}}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2j_1+2}+\mathrm{}+n_{2(j_1+j_2+1)}})`$
$`\times (\vartheta _2(z)^{n_{2(j_1+j_2)+3}+\mathrm{}+n_2\mathrm{}}+\vartheta _3(z)^{n_{2(j_1+j_2)+3}+\mathrm{}+n_2\mathrm{}}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2(j_1+j_2)+3}+\mathrm{}+n_2\mathrm{}})\}`$
$`+3{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{[|\mathrm{}/2|]}{}}}\text{sym}\{(\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j}}+\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j}}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j}})(\vartheta _2(z)^{n_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+n_2\mathrm{}}`$
$`+\vartheta _3(z)^{n_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+n_2\mathrm{}}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+n_2\mathrm{}})\}+{\displaystyle }_{j=0}^{[|(\mathrm{}1)/2|]}(2^{2j}+2^{2(\mathrm{}j1)}3)`$
$`\times \text{sym}\{(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j+1}}\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j+1}}\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{2j+1}})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_{2j+2}+\mathrm{}+n_2\mathrm{}}`$
$`\vartheta _2(z)^{n_{2j+2}+\mathrm{}+n_2\mathrm{}}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_{2j+2}+\mathrm{}+n_2\mathrm{}})\}+[1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}{\displaystyle \underset{1j_1,j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}1}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}\\ 2j_1,2j_2\end{array})`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{0j_1,j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}2}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}\\ 2j_1+1,2j_2+1\end{array}){\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}1}{}}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}\\ 2j\end{array}){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}1}{}}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}\\ 2j+1\end{array})(2^{2j}`$
$`+2^{2(\mathrm{}j1)}3)](\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_2\mathrm{}}+\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_2\mathrm{}}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_2\mathrm{}})`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{1j_1j_2\mathrm{}j_1j_2}{}}\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j_1}+j_1}(z)h_{m_{2j_1+1}+\mathrm{}+m_{2(j_1+j_2)}+j_2}(z)`$
$`\times h_{m_{2(j_1+j_2)+1}+\mathrm{}+m_2\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}j_1j_2}(z)\}2^8\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z){\displaystyle }_{1j_1,j_2;j_1+j_2\mathrm{}2}\text{sym}\{\rho _{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j_1+1}+j_11}(z)`$
$`\times \rho _{m_{2j_1+2}+\mathrm{}+m_{2(j_1+j_2+1)}+j_21}(z)h_{m_{2(j_1+j_2)+3}+\mathrm{}+m_2\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}j_1j_21}(z)\}`$
$`+3{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{[|\mathrm{}/2|]}{}}}\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j}+j}(z)h_{m_{2j+1}+\mathrm{}+m_2\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}j}(z)\}+2^8\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{[|(\mathrm{}1)/2|]}{}}}(2^{2j}+2^{2(\mathrm{}j1)}3)\text{sym}\{\rho _{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{2j+1}+j1}(z)\rho _{m_{2j+2}+\mathrm{}+m_2\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}j2}(z)\}`$
$`+(4{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1+j_2\mathrm{}}{}}(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{}\\ 2j_1,2j_2\end{array}))h_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_2\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}}(z).\mathrm{}(3.33)`$
According to the above theorem, we have the following theta series of the lattice (3.9) with the assumption on $`n_i`$ as in the theorem:

$$\mathrm{\Theta }_L(z)=\frac{1}{2}h_{m_1}(z)$$
$`(3.34)`$
when $`k=1`$;

$$\mathrm{\Theta }_L(z)=\frac{1}{2}h_{m_1+m_2+1}(z)64\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)\rho _{m_11}(z)\rho _{m_21}(z)$$
$`(3.35)`$
when $`k=2`$;

$`\mathrm{\Theta }_L(z)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}h_{m_1+m_2+m_3}(z)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(h_{m_1}(z)h_{m_2+m_3}(z)+h_{m_2}(z)h_{m_1+m_3}(z)`$
$`+h_{m_3}(z)h_{m_1+m_2}(z)){\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}h_{m_1}(z)h_{m_2}(z)h_{m_3}(z)(3.36)`$
when $`k=3`$;

$`\mathrm{\Theta }_L(z)`$
$`=`$ $`16\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)[2\text{sym}\{\rho _{m_11}(z)\rho _{m_2+m_3+m_4}(z)\}\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+m_2+1}(z)\rho _{m_31}(z)\rho _{m_41}(z)\}]`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}[3\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+m_2+1}(z)h_{m_3+m_4+1}(z)\}10h_{m_1+m_2+m_3+m_4+2}(z)](3.37)`$
when $`k=4`$;

$`\mathrm{\Theta }_L(z)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{32}}[\text{sym}\{h_{m_1}(z)h_{m_2+m_3}(z)h_{m_4+m_5}(z)\}\text{sym}\{h_{m_1}(z)h_{m_2}(z)h_{m_3+m_4+m_5}(z)\}`$
$`2\text{sym}\{h_{m_1}(z)h_{m_2+m_3+m_4+m_5}(z)\}\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+m_2}(z)h_{m_3+m_4+m_5}(z)\}`$
$`4h_{m_1+m_2+m_4+m_5}(z)](3.38)`$
when $`k=5`$;

$`\mathrm{\Theta }_L(z)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{64}}[118h_{m_1+m_2+m_3+m_4+m_5+m_6+3}(z)+3\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+m_2+1}(z)h_{m_3+m_4+m_5+m_6+2}(z)\}`$
$`+\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+m_2+1}(z)h_{m_3+m_4+1}(z)h_{m_5+m_6+1}(z)\}]4\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)[\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+m_2+1}(z)`$
$`\times \rho _{m_31}(z)\rho _{m_4+m_5+m_6}(z)\}+\text{sym}\{h_{m_1+m_2+m_3+m_4+2}(z)\rho _{m_51}(z)\rho _{m_61}(z)\}`$
$`14\text{sym}\{\rho _{m_11}(z)\rho _{m_2+m_3+m_4+m_5+m_6+1}(z)\}`$
$`5\text{sym}\{\rho _{m_1+m_2+m_3}(z)\rho _{m_4+m_5+m_6}(z)\}](3.39)`$
when $`k=6`$. In particular, we have

$$\text{the theta series of Niemeier lattice of type}D_{24}=E_4^3(z)+384\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)$$
$`(3.40)`$
by (3.34);

$$\text{the theta series of Niemeier lattice of type}D_{12}^2=E_4^3(z)192\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)$$
$`(3.41)`$
by (3.35);

$$\text{the theta series of Niemeier lattice of type}D_8^3=E_4^3(z)384\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)$$
$`(3.42)`$
by (3.36). We refer to \[N\] for the Niemeier lattices.

Remark 3.2. In the case $`k=2\mathrm{}`$ and $`n_1=n_2=\mathrm{}=n_2\mathrm{}=4`$, the lattice $`L`$ in Theorem 3.1 contains a sublattice isomorphic to $`R_{D_8\mathrm{}}`$, and $`\mathrm{\Theta }_L(z)=h_{\mathrm{}}(z)/2`$. The theta series $`\mathrm{\Theta }_L(z)`$ in (3.12) is different from that in (3.11) if not all $`m_i`$ are zero.

We go back to the settings in (3.1)-(3.8). Assume that $`k=4`$ and $`n_i=8m_i+4ϵ+2`$ with $`m_i`$ and $`ϵ=0,1`$. Set

$$L=(x_2^1+x_3^3+x_3^4)+(x_2^2+x_3^4+x_3^1)+(x_2^3+x_3^1+x_3^2)+(x_2^4+x_3^2+x_3^3)+Q$$
$`(3.43)`$
(cf. (3.4)).

Theorem 3.3. The lattice $`L`$ in (3.43) is a positive definite even unimodular lattice with the theta series

$`\mathrm{\Theta }_L(z)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}h_{m_1+m_2+m_3+m_4+2ϵ+1}(z)32\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)(\rho _{m_1+m_2+ϵ1}(z)\rho _{m_3+m_4+ϵ1}(z)`$
$`+\rho _{m_1+m_3+ϵ1}(z)\rho _{m_2+m_4+ϵ1}(z)+\rho _{m_1+m_4+ϵ1}(z)\rho _{m_2+m_3+ϵ1}(z)).(3.44)`$
Proof. $`L`$ is unimodular by (1.11) and (3.7)-(3.9). By (3.5)-(3.7) and calculating the theta series of the cosets in $`L/Q`$, we obtain

$`2^4\mathrm{\Theta }_L(z)`$
$`=`$ $`\vartheta _2(z)^{n_3+n_4}(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_2}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_2})+\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+n_4}(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_2}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_2})`$
$`\times (\vartheta _3(z)^{n_3}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_3})+\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+n_2}(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_3}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_3})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_4}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_4})`$
$`+\vartheta _2(z)^{n_2+n_3}(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_4}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_4})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1})+\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+n_3}(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_2}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_2})`$
$`\times (\vartheta _3(z)^{n_4}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_4})+\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+n_2+n_3+n_4}+\vartheta _2(z)^{n_2+n_4}(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1})`$
$`\times (\vartheta _3(z)^{n_3}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_3})+\vartheta _2(z)^{n_2+n_4}(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_3}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_3})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1})`$
$`+\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+n_2+n_3+n_4}+\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+n_3}(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_4}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_4})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_2}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_2})+\vartheta _2(z)^{n_2+n_3}`$
$`\times (\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_4}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_4})+\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+n_2}(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_4}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_4})`$
$`\times (\vartheta _3(z)^{n_3}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_3})+\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+n_4}(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_3}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_3})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_2}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_2})`$
$`+\vartheta _2(z)^{n_3+n_4}(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_2}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_2})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1})+(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_2}`$
$`\vartheta _4(z)^{n_2})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_3}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_3})(\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_4})+(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1})`$
$`\times (\vartheta _3(z)^{n_2}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_2})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_3}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_3})(\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_4})`$
$`=`$ $`\vartheta _2(z)^{n_3+n_4}[(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_2}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_2})+(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_2}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_2})`$
$`\times (\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1})]+\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+n_4}[(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_2}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_2})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_2}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_3})`$
$`+(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_3}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_3})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_2}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_2})]+\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+n_2}[(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_3}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_3})`$
$`\times (\vartheta _3(z)^{n_4}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_4})+(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_4}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_4})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_3}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_3})]`$
$`+\vartheta _2(z)^{n_2+n_3}[(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_4}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_4})+(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_4}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_4})`$
$`\times (\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1})]+\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+n_3}[(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_2}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_2})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_4}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_4})`$
$`+(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_4}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_4})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_2}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_2})]+\vartheta _2(z)^{n_2+n_4}[(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1})`$
$`\times (\vartheta _3(z)^{n_3}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_3})+(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_3}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_3})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1})]`$
$`+2\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+n_2+n_3+n_4}+(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_2}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_2})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_3}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_3})`$
$`\times (\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_4})+(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_2}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_2})`$
$`\times (\vartheta _3(z)^{n_3}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_3})(\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_4})`$
$`=`$ $`2[(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1+n_2}\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+n_2}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1+n_2})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_3+n_4}\vartheta _2(z)^{n_3+n_4}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_3+n_4})`$
$`(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1+n_3}\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+n_3}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1+n_3})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_2+n_4}\vartheta _2(z)^{n_2+n_4}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_2+n_4})`$
$`(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1+n_4}\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+n_4}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1+n_4})(\vartheta _3(z)^{n_2+n_3}\vartheta _2(z)^{n_2+n_3}\vartheta _4(z)^{n_2+n_3})`$
$`+4(\vartheta _2(z)^{n_1+n_2+n_3+n_4}+\vartheta _3(z)^{n_1+n_2+n_3+n_4}+\vartheta _4(z)^{n_1+n_2+n_3+n_4})]`$
$`=`$ $`2[4h_{m_1+m_2+m_3+m_4+2ϵ+1}2^8\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)\text{sym}\{\rho _{m_1+m_2+ϵ1}\rho _{m_3+m_4+ϵ1}\}],(3.45)`$
which implies (3.44).$`\mathrm{}`$

By (3.44) with $`m_1=m_2=m_3=m_4=0`$ and $`ϵ=1`$, we have

$$\text{the theta series of Niemeier lattice of type}D_6^4=E_4(z)^3480\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z)$$
$`(3.46)`$
(cf. \[N\]).

Remark 3.4. (a) The theta series in (3.44) is different from those in (3.11) and (3.12) if $`(m_1,m_2,m_3,m_4,ϵ)(0,0,0,0,0)`$.

(b) The above families of lattices are the infinite families of positive definite even unimodular lattices whose theta series are weighted symmetric polynomials of the functions of $`\{\mathrm{\Delta }_{24}(z),h_n(z),\rho _n(z)n_+\}`$ that we can find so far. We speculate that the theta series of the other infinite families of positive definite even-unimodular lattices may be related to the invariants of the other finite groups.

References

R. E. Borcherds, The Leech lattice and other lattices, Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Cambridge, 1983.

—, Vertex algebras, Kac-Moody algebras, and the Monster, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83 (1986), 3068-3071.

—, Three lectures on exceptional groups, in: Finite simple groups, ed. by G. Higman and M. B. Powell, Chap.7, Academic Pless, London/New York, 215-247, 1971.

J. H. Conway and N. J. A. Sloane, Twenty-three constructions of the Leech lattice, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 381 (1982), 275-283.

—, On the enumeration of lattices of determinant one, J. Number Theory 15 (1982), 83-93.

—, Sphere Packings, Lattices and Groups, Springer-Verlag, 1988.

E. Hecke, Analytische arithmetik der positiven quadratischen formen, Kgl. Danske Vid. Selskab. Mat.-fys. Medd. 13 No. 12 (1940).

M. H. Freedman, The topolgy of 4-dimensional manifolds, J. Diff. Geom. 17 (1982), 357-453.

I. B. Frenkel, J. Lepowsky and A. Meurman, Vertex Operator Algebras and the Monster, Pure and Applied Mathematics 134, Academic Press Inc., Boston, 1988.

D. H. Lehmer, Ramanujan’s function $`\tau (n)`$, Duke Math. J. 10 (1943), 483-492.

H. V. Niemeier, Definite quadratische formen der dimension 24 und diskriminante 1, J. Number Theory 5 (1973), 142-178.

N. J. A. Sloane, codes over $`GF(4)`$ and complex lattices, J. Algebra 52 (1978), 168-181.

—, Self-dual codes and lattices, Proc. Symposia in Pure Math. 34 (1979), 273-307.

X. Xu, Untwisted and twisted gluing techniquaes for constructing self-dual lattices, Ph.D. Dissertation, Rutgers University, 1992.

—, Self-dual lattices of type A, Acta Math. 175 (1995), 123-150.

—, Introduction to Vertex Operator Superalgebras and Their Modules, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1998.


text:
# 1 HIGH ENERGY COSMIC NEUTRINO SCIENCE

## 1 HIGH ENERGY COSMIC NEUTRINO SCIENCE

### 1.1 Neutrinos from Interactions of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays with the 3 K Cosmic Background Radiation

Measurements from the COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) convincingly proved that the universe is filled with radiation having the character of a near perfect 3 K black body, which is the cooled down remnant of the hot big bang. Extremely high energy protons (above $`10^{20}`$ eV) will collide with photons of this radiation, producing pions. Ultrahigh energy neutrinos (greater than $`10^{19}`$ eV) are the main result of the decay of these pions. Using present measurements of the flux of such high energy protons, it can be shown that measurable numbers of high energy neutrinos can be detected using imaging optics aboard satellites looking down at the luminous tracks produced in the atmosphere by showers of charged particles produced when these neutrinos hit the nuclei of atoms in the atmosphere. Such satellite arrays have been proposed with the names OWL (Orbiting Wide-angle Light Collectors) and Airwatch.

### 1.2 Fossils of Grand Unified Theories and Inflation from the Early Universe

The modern scenario for the early history of the big bang, takes account of the work of particle theorists to unify the forces of nature in the framework of Grand Unified Theories (GUTs). This concept extends the very successful work of Nobel Laureates Glashow, Weinberg, and Salam in unifying the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces of nature. In GUTs, these forces become unified with the strong nuclear force at very high energies of $`10^{25}`$ eV which occurred only $`10^{35}`$ seconds after the big bang. The fossil remnants of this unification are predicted to be very heavy “topological defects” in the vacuum of space. These are localized regions where extremely high densities of mass-energy are trapped. Such defects go by designations such as cosmic strings, monopoles, walls, necklaces (string bounded by monopoles), and textures, depending on their geometrical and topological properties. Inside a topological defect, the vestiges of the early universe may be preserved to the present day. Topological defects are expected to produce very heavy particles that decay to produce ultrahigh energy neutrinos. One can learn about the high energy physics unachievable to collider experiments by studying the neutrino signal from the topological defects.The annihilation and decay of these structures and particles is predicted to produce large numbers of neutrinos with energies approaching the energy of grand unification. It has been suggested that this process may have produced the highest energy cosmic rays yet observed. The discovery of such large flux of neutrinos with energies near the GUT energy scale would be prima facie evidence for grand unification. The GUT energy scale is over 12 orders of magnitude higher than the energies currently available at terrestrial accelerators. It is difficult to imagine that terrestrial accelerators which ever reach this energy scale.

Relicts of an early inflationary phase in the history of the universe can also lead to the production of ultrahigh energy neutrinos. The homogeneity and flatness of the present universe may imply that a period of very rapid expansion, called inflation, took place shortly after the big bang. During inflation, the universe is cold but, when inflation is over, coherent oscillations of the inflation field reheat it to a high temperature. While the inflation is oscillating, a non-thermal production of very heavy particles may take place. These particles may survive to the present as a part of dark matter. Their decays can give origin to the highest energy cosmic rays, either by emission of hadrons and photons, or through production of ultrahigh energy neutrinos. Observation of such ultrahigh energy neutrinos may teach us about the dark matter of the universe as well as its inflationary history.

### 1.3 Neutrinos from Active Galactic Nuclei

Quasars and other active galactic nuclei (AGN) are most powerful continuous emitters of energy in the known universe. These remarkable objects are fueled by the gravitational energy released by matter falling into a supermassive black hole at the center of the quasar core. The infalling matter accumulates in an accretion disk which heats up to temperatures high enough to emit large amounts of UV and soft X-radiation. The mechanism responsible for the efficient conversion of gravitational energy to observed luminous energy in not yet completely understood. If this conversion occurs partly through the acceleration of particles to relativistic energies, perhaps by the shock formed at the inner edge of the accretion disk, then the interactions of the resulting high energy cosmic rays with the intense photon fields produced by the disk at the quasar cores can lead to the copious production of mesons. The subsequent decay of these mesons will then produce large fluxes of high energy neutrinos. Since the gamma-rays and high energy cosmic rays deep in the intense radiation field of the AGN core will lose their energy rapidly and not leave the source region, these AGN core sources will only be observable as high energy neutrino sources.

Radio loud quasars contain jets of plasma streaming out from the vicinity of the black hole, in many cases with relativistic velocities approaching the speed of light. In a subcategory of quasars, known as blazars, these jets are pointed almost directly at us with their observed radiation, from radio to gamma-ray wavelengths, beamed toward us. It has been found that most of these blazars actually emit the bulk of their energy in the high energy gamma-ray range. If, as has been suggested, the gamma-radiation from these objects is the result of interactions of relativistic nuclei, then high energy neutrinos will be produced with energy fluxes comparable to the gamma-ray fluxes from these objects. On the other hand, if the blazar gamma-radiation is produced by purely electromagnetic processes involving only high energy electrons, then no neutrino flux will result.

### 1.4 Neutrinos from Gamma-Ray Bursts

Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs) are nature’s most energetic transient phenomenon. In a very short time of $``$ 0.1 to 100 seconds, these bursts can release an energy in gamma-rays alone of the order of $`10^{52}`$ erg. They are detected at a rate of about a thousand per year by present instruments. It has been proposed that particles can be accelerated in these bursts to energies in excess of $`10^{20}`$ eV, either by shocks or perhaps by photonically driven plasma waves.

It is now known that most bursts are at cosmological distances corresponding to moderate redshifts ($`z1`$). If cosmic-rays are accelerated in them to ultrahigh energies, interactions with gamma-rays in the sources leading to the production of pions has been suggested as a mechanism for producing very high energy neutrinos as well. These neutrinos would also arrive at the Earth in a burst coincident with the gamma-rays. This is particularly significant since the ultrahigh energy cosmic rays from moderate redshifts are attenuated by interactions with the 3 K microwave radiation from the big-bang and are not expected to reach the Earth themselves in significant numbers. This attenuation of cosmic rays of ultrahigh energy is known as the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) cutoff.

### 1.5 Neutrino Oscillations and Neutrino Observatons

Recent observations of the disappearance of atmospheric muon-neutrinos relative to electron neutrinos by the Kamiokande group, and also the zenith angle distribution of this effect, may be interpreted as evidence of the oscillation of this weakly interacting neutrino state (“flavor”) into another neutrino flavor, either tau neutrinos or sterile neutrinos. A corollary of such a conclusion is that at least one neutrino state has a finite mass. This has very important consequences for our basic theoretical understanding of the nature of neutrinos and may be evidence for the grand unification of electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions.

If muon neutrinos oscillate into tau neutrinos with the parameterization implied by the Super-Kamiokande measurements, then the fluxes of these two neutrino flavors observed from astrophysical sources should be equal. This is because cosmic neutrinos arrive from such large distances that many oscillations are expected to occur during their journey, equalizing the fluxes in both flavor states.

On the other hand, if these oscillations do not occur, the fluxes of tau neutrinos from such sources should be much less than those of muon neutrinos. This is because muon neutrinos are produced abundantly in the decay of pions which are easily produced in cosmic sources, whereas tau neutrinos are not.

Thus, by looking for upward moving showers from tau neutrinos, which can propagate thorugh the Earth through regeneration at energies above $`10^{14}`$ eV, one can test for the existence of neutrino oscillations. For large mixing angles between neutrino states, the detection of $`10^{14}`$ eV tau-neutrino induced upward-moving atmospheric showers from the direction of a cosmic source such as an active galaxy or gamma-ray burst at a distance of 1 Gpc would occur for a difference of the squares of the mass states as small as $`10^{17}`$ eV2, providing an extremely sensitive test for oscillations between neutrino states with extremely small mass differences.

Another important signature of ultrahigh energy tau neutrinos is the “double bang” which they would produce. The first shower is produced by the original interaction which creates a tau particle and a hadronic shower. This is followed by the decay of the tau which produces the second shower bang. The two bamgs are separated by a distance of $``$ 91.4 $`\mu `$m times the Lotentz factor of the tau.

### 1.6 Z-bursts from Neutrinos and Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays

#### 1.6.1 Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays

The quest for higher and higher energy cosmic rays goes forward undeterred by the expectation that protons above $`10^{20}`$ eV from sources farther away than $`100`$ Mpc should strongly depleted by interactions with the 3 K photons which make up the cosmic background radiation from the big-bang. Some cosmic rays at these energies have already been detected with ground-based observatories such as AGASA (Akeno Giant Air Shower Array) and Fly’s Eye. Satellite observatories such as OWL/Airwatch would increase the number to thousands and may allow the detection of cosmic rays above $`10^{21}`$ eV, if such cosmic rays exist. The detection of thousands of events would enable OWL/Airwatch to obtain an energy spectrum covering an interval where different acceleration and topological defect scenarios make different predictions of the energy spectrum.

OWL/Airwatch also has the unmatched capacity to map the arrival directions of cosmic rays over the entire sky and thus to reveal the locations of strong nearby sources and large-scale anisotropies, this owing to the magnetic stiffness of charged particles of such high energy. Thus, OWL/Airwatch can investigate energy spectra of any detected sources and also time correlations with high energy neutrinos and gamma-rays.

#### 1.6.2 Z-burst Neutrinos

An exciting possibility is that the highest energy cosmic-ray events observed above the GZK cutoff energy provides indirect detection of the relic neutrinos predicted in standard big bang cosmology. The observed thermal 3 K cosmic microwave background (CMB) permeates the universe as a relic of the big-bang is accompanied by a 2 K cosmic neutrino background of the same thermal big-bang origin. It has been proposed that high energy neutrinos interacting within the GZK attenuation distance with the copious 2 K blackbody neutrinos and annihilating at the Z-boson resonance energy can produce the observed “trans-GZK” air-shower events. This is a possible solution to the problem of how can cosmic rays of “trans GZK” energies (above the GZK cutoff), which are observed to interact in our atmosphere and produce giant air showers, get here from the extragalactic sources which may be many absorption lengths away, (i.e., hundreds of megaparsecs). This is because high energy neutrinos, which may originate at such large distances throughout the Universe, can reach the Earth or nearby parts of the Universe and then annihilate to produce ultrahigh energy cosmic rays. The neutrinos themselves interact too weakly with nuclei in our atmosphere to produce the observed high altitude air showers, but they can annihilate with CNB neutrinos through the Z-boson resonance to produce “local” photons and protons, with a probability of order $`10^{2\pm 1}`$. The resulting Z-boson then decays to produce a shower of hadrons and leptons, a “Z-burst”. The products of the Z decay, as measured at the CERN and SLAC colliders, include on average 20 photons and 2 nucleons. These photons and protons are the candidate particles for initiating the observed trans-GZK air-showers. Because the annihilation process is resonant, the event energy is unique. It is $`E_{Zburst}=4\times 10^{21}[m_\nu ]^1`$ eV in terms of the neutrino mass (in units of eV). Each nucleon and photon in the burst carries on average an energy which is a few percent of the Z-burst energy.

The Z-burst hypothesis based on the assumption that there exists a significant flux of neutrinos at $`E10^{22}`$ eV, perhaps from topological defects. Some predictive consequences of this hypothesis are (a) that the direction of the air showers should be close to the directions of their cosmological sources, (b) that there may be multiple events coming from the directions of the strongest sources, (c) that there exists a relationship between the maximum shower energy attainable and the terrestrially-measured neutrino mass, and (d) that there may be an observable large-scale anisotropy caused by a clustering of 2 K neutrinos within the cosmic-ray attenuation distance.

## 2 NEUTRINO FLUX PREDICTIONS

Figure 1 illustrates the high energy neutrino flux predictions from various astrophysical sources as a function of neutrino energy. Note that curves show the differential neutrino flux multiplied by $`E_\nu ^2`$ which is equivalent to an energy flux. In the energy range of $`10^{14}to10^{17}`$ eV, the AGN neutrino flux is predicted to dominate over other sources. However, neutrinos from individual gamma-ray bursts may be observable via their directionality and short, intense time characteristics. The time-averaged background flux from all bursts is shown in the figure. In the energy range $`E10^{18}`$ eV, neutrinos are produced from photomeson interactions of ultrahigh enrgy cosmic rays with the 3 K background photons. The highest energy neutrinos ($`E10^{20}`$ eV) are presumed to arise from more the speculative physics of topological defects and Z-bursts.

The proposed high energy neutrinos sources also have different signatures in terms of other observables which include coincidences with other observations (GRB’s), anisotropy (Z-burst’s), and specific relations to the number of hadronic or photonic air showers also induced by the phenomena (topological defectss, Z-burst’s, and 3 K photomeson neutrinos). The distiguishing characteristics of these neutrino sources are summarized in Table 1.

## 3 EXPERIMENTAL SIGNATURES AND RATES

### 3.1 Air Fluorescence Events

A space-based experiment viewing $`10^6`$ km2 of the surface of the Earth also monitors $`10^{13}`$ metric tons of atmosphere. This large target mass opens the possibility of observing the interactions of ultra-high energy (UHE) neutrinos in this atmospheric volume. The distribution of atmospheric depth of neutrino interactions is approximately uniform due to the extremely long interaction path of neutrinos in the atmosphere. This offers a unique signature of neutrino-induced airshowers as a significant portion of the neutrino interactions will be deep in the atmosphere, i.e. near horizontal, and well separated from airshowers induced by hadrons and photons. A space-based experiment observing the fluorescence signal of airshowers will have a segmented detector plane (pixels) in order to measure the spatial development of the airshowers. Additionally, the signals will be recorded with a very fine time resolution in order to measure the temporal development of the showers. This experimental configuration yields a multiple pixel signature for near horizontal airshowers which translates into straight-forward detection with sufficient angular resolution to guarantee separation of neutrino induced events from the hadronic (or electromagnetic) airshower background.

At ultrahigh energies, the cross sections for neutrino and antineutrino interactions with quarks become equivalent (Ghandhi, et al. 1998, Phys Rev D, 58, 093009). The kinematics of UHE neutrino interactions ($`E_\nu >10^9`$ GeV) leads to the condition that average energy of the resulting lepton will be approximately 80% of the incident neutrino energy. The remaining 20% will materialize in the form of a hadronic cascade from the neutrino interaction point. Charged current neutrino interactions will, on average, yield an UHE charged lepton and a hadronic airshower. At these energies, electrons will generate electronic airshowers while muons and taus will make airshowers with reduced particle densities and, thus, fluorescence signals. The taus offer an additional, “double-bang” signature because of their lifetime and decay modes. At $`10^{10}`$ GeV, $`\gamma c\tau =500`$ km for a tau after which the particle will decay inducing a second airshower separated from the first, hadronic airshower at the neutrino interaction point.

As a first step in quantifing the rates of neutrino airshower observation, we will focus on the charged current electron neutrino interaction. These deposit 100% of the incident neutrino energy into an airshower and will yield the highest air fluorescence signal for a given neutrino energy of the possible flavor channels. Preliminary Monte Carlo simulation of an OWL/AirWatch instrument have indicated that charged current electron neutrino interactions can be identified with a neutrino aperture of 20 km2-ster at a threshold energy of $`3\times 10^{10}`$ GeV and this aperture grows with the $`E_\nu ^{0.363}`$ assumed increase in neutrino cross section. Event rates can be obtained by convolving this neutrino aperture with neutrino flux predictions and integrating. Note that the neutrino interaction cross section is included in the definition of neutrino aperture. Assuming a 10% duty cycle of the experiment, Table 2 lists the electron neutrino event rates from several possible UHE neutrino sources: neutrinos from the interaction of UHE protons with the microwave background (p$`\gamma _{2.7K}`$, Stecker et al. 1991, Phys. Rev. Letters 66, 2697) and the more speculative sources of topological defects (Sigl et al. 1999, Phys. Rev. D 59, 043504) and the interaction of UHE massive neutrinos with the 2 K relic neutrino background (ZBurst, Yoshida et al. 1998, Phys. Rev. Letters 81, 5505).

### 3.2 Upward Cherenkov Events

The ensemble of charged particles in an airshower will produce a large photon signal from Cherenkov radiation which is strongly peaked in the forward direction and which is much stronger than the signal due to air fluorescence at a given energy. This translates into a much reduced energy threshold for observing airshowers via Cherenkov radiation. As this signal is highly directional, an orbitting instrument will only observe those events where the airshower is moving towards the experiment with the instrument located in the field of the narrow, Cherenkov cone.

Virtually all particles, including neutrinos with $`E40`$ TeV, are attenuated by the Earth. However, tau neutrinos will regenerate themselves, albeit at a lower energy, due to the fact that both charged and neutral current interactions will have a tau neutrino in the eventual, final state (see section 1.5). Thus, the use of the Earth as a tau neutrino filter leads to the possibility of a cosmological, long-baseline tau neutrino appearance experiment. Moreover, an experiment which monitors $`10^6`$ km2 of the Earth’s surface samples an incredible target mass of the Earth’s crust.

At high energies ($`E>10^6`$ GeV), neutrinos and antineutrinos interact with approximately equal cross sections. Furthermore, the average energy in the lepton resulting from a neutrino interaction is greater than 70% of the incident neutrino energy. Tau leptons produced in charged current, neutrino interactions will have a flight path of length $`\gamma c\tau (50\mathrm{m}`$ at $`10^6`$ GeV), after which they will decay producing high energy cascades for most of the branching ratio. For interactions in the Earth’s crust, those events which occur at a depth less than $`\gamma c\tau `$ will have a tau coming out of the Earth and generating an airshower. For a target area of 106 km2, this yields a target mass of $`10^8\times (E_\nu /\mathrm{GeV}`$) metric tons, e.g. $`10^{14}`$ metric tons at an energy of $`10^6`$ GeV.

Preliminary investigation of the response of an OWL/AirWatch instrument has indicated that the experiment would have a threshold energy $`10^5`$ GeV to upward, Cherenkov airshowers. Assuming that the Super-Kamiokande atmospheric neutrino results are due to $`\nu _\mu \nu _\tau `$ oscillations, the predicted AGN muon neutrino flux (Stecker & Salamon 1996, Space Sci. Rev. 75, 341) indicates that OWL/AirWatch could observe several hundred tau events per year. Thus OWL/AirWatch would measure the flux of AGN neutrinos and observe their oscillations.

## 4 Conclusion

An OWL/Airwatch array of satellite-based optics optimized to monitor a significant volume of Earth’s atmosphere for the purpose of studying the characteristics of giant atmospheric air showers induced by ultrahigh energy neutrinos (as well as ultrahigh energy cosmic rays) can open a new window of astronomy and physics which will explore the ultrahigh energy neutrino universe.

## 5 Acknowledgments

This white paper is the result of a workshop on Observing Ultrahigh Energy Neutrinos with OWL/Airwatch which was held at UCLA on November 1-3, 1999. Contributers to this paper were (in alphabetical order) D.B. Cline, G. Gelmini, J. Krizmanic, A. Kusenko, J. Linsley, F.W. Stecker, Y. Takahashi and T. Weiler.