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# Nonlinear ac susceptibility studies of high-𝑇_𝑐 rings: Influence of the structuring method and determination of the flux creep exponent

## I Introduction

In a recently published letter we have shown that the measurement of the magnetic moment of samples with ring geometry enables the identification of regions with degraded superconducting regions and can be used as a sensitive method to investigate the critical current density $`J_c`$ of high temperature superconducting thin films . The ac field amplitude dependence of the ac susceptibility of structured narrow rings provides the experimental foundation for this method. Within the Bean model and via the determination of the so-called penetration field $`H_p`$ (at which the perfect diamagnetic shielding is lost) and geometry parameters we obtain $`J_c`$. In this work we have exploited this technique at zero dc magnetic field $`H_{dc}`$ to investigate the influence of the structuring method used to fabricate the high-temperature superconducting rings on $`J_c`$. Our results indicate clearly that ion beam etching is a far less destructive structuring technique than laser ablation.

We have also obtained the dc field dependence of $`J_c`$ and analysed the effects of flux creep with an extended Bean model which enables the interpretation of the frequency dependence of the ac susceptibility associated with a finite resistivity due to flux motion . We have analyzed the shift of the ac susceptibility with frequency and applied a scaling relation which has been predicted by Brandt . Within this theory we have determined the flux creep exponent $`n(T,H_{dc})`$ and compared it with the one determined by relaxation measurements with a SQUID.

The paper is organized as follows. In the next section we give a brief summary of the measured samples and experimental details. In section III we provide a theoretical resume of the ac response of narrow superconducting rings as well as the determination of the flux creep exponent from ac susceptibility. The results are described in section IV. A brief summary is given in section V.

## II Experimental Details and Investigated Samples

The ac susceptibility measurements were performed with a Lake Shore 7000 AC Susceptometer designed for operation at low-level ac magnetic field amplitudes $`H_0`$ 2 mT. We applied dc magnetic fields up to 3 T by a superconducting solenoid.

We have studied rings made from YBa2Cu3O7-δ high-temperature superconducting 200 nm thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition on 1 mm thick $`\mathrm{Al}_2\mathrm{O}_3`$ substrates with a critical temperature between $`T_c`$ = 89 K and 90 K . A 30 nm $`\mathrm{CeO}_2`$ buffer layer was used. All the films were characterized by ac susceptibility measurements before structuring. Results on the films can be found in . The films were structured by two methods: (a) by laser ablation (LA) with an excimer workstation having an optical resolution of $`1.5\mu \mathrm{m}`$ and (b) by ion beam etching (IE). For the ion beam etching procedure a spun-on $`1.5\mu `$m thick resist layer (AZ1450) was structured by excimer laser ablation using a scanning method. The resist was etched by laser apart from a thin, $`200`$ nm thick remaining film to prevent any damage of the superconducting layer. We used ion beam sputtering with argon to transfer the mask structure into the film. The ion etching was performed in a non-commercial IBE system with a base pressure better than $`2\times 10^6`$ mbar equipped with a Kaufman type ion beam source operating at a beam energy of 700 eV and current density of 0.2 mA/cm2. The beam was neutralized by means of a hot filament to prevent charge accumulation on the sample surface. The samples were mounted on a water-cooled and rotating sample holder to avoid an excessive increase of temperature during etching. Table I shows the main characteristics of the measured samples.

## III Theory

### A AC Susceptibility of Narrow Superconducting Rings

In this section we briefly review the ac response of narrow superconducting rings as described in . We discuss the limit of a thin narrow ring of width $`w`$ much smaller than the mean radius $`R`$, $`Rw/2rR+w/2`$. Within the Bean model the virgin magnetization curve completely determines the hysteresis loop which has the shape of a parallelogram . From these loops one obtains the complex susceptibility $`\chi =\chi ^{}i\chi ^{\prime \prime }`$ of a superconducting narrow ring with constant $`J_c`$. For cycled magnetic field $`H_a(t)=H_0\mathrm{sin}\omega t`$ we define the nonlinear susceptibility, the quantity we measure, as

$$\chi (H_0)=\frac{\omega }{V\pi H_0}_0^{2\pi }m(t)e^{i\omega t}𝑑t.$$
(1)
where $`m`$ is the magnetic moment and $`V`$ the sample volume. The virgin magnetization curve of such a ring is composed of two straight lines, $`m(H_a)=(H_a/H_p)m_{sat}`$ for $`H_aH_p`$ and $`m(H_a)=m_{sat}`$ for $`H_aH_p`$, since the screening supercurrent in the ring is limited to a maximum value $`I_c=J_cdw`$ ($`d`$ is the ring thickness). As long as $`|I|<I_c`$ holds for the current induced in the ring by the applied field $`H_a`$, no magnetic flux can penetrate through the ring into the hole of the ring. When $`|I|=I_c`$ is reached the ring becomes transparent to magnetic flux. Therefore, when the applied field is increased further, flux lines will move through the ring as described in . These authors treat the superconducting strip with transport current in an applied field. With the moving flux lines in the ring, magnetic flux enters the ring hole until the screening supercurrent decreases again to the value $`I_c`$. The magnetic moment $`m=\pi R^2I`$ of the ring thus saturates at the value $`m_{sat}=\pi R^2I_c`$. The applied field value $`H_p`$ at which this saturation is reached follows from the inductivity $`L`$ of the flat narrow ring , $`L=\mu _0R(\mathrm{ln}8R/wa)`$ with $`a0.5`$ .

The magnetic flux generated in the hole by a ring current $`I`$ is $`\mathrm{\Phi }=\mathrm{L}\mathrm{I}`$. As long as $`I<I_c`$ one has ideal screening, thus $`\mathrm{\Phi }=\pi \mathrm{R}^2\mu _0\mathrm{H}_\mathrm{a}`$. Equating these two fluxes one obtains for the flat ring $`I=\mathrm{\Phi }/\mathrm{L}=\pi \mathrm{R}\mathrm{H}_\mathrm{a}/[\mathrm{ln}8\mathrm{R}/\mathrm{w}\mathrm{a}]`$. At $`H_a=H_p`$ one reaches $`|I|=I_c=J_cwd`$, thus $`H_p=[\mathrm{ln}8R/wa]I_c/\pi R`$. Therefore, one can express $`J_c`$ as

$$J_c=\frac{\pi R}{wd\left[\mathrm{ln}\frac{8R}{w}\frac{1}{2}\right]}H_p.$$
(2)
The formulae given above are accurate to corrections of order $`w/2R`$ since the precise values of $`m`$ and $`L`$ depend on the current distribution across the ring width $`w`$ which changes during the magnetization process.

With Eq. (1) and the expressions for $`m(t)`$ which are given in  we obtain the susceptibility of the ring normalized to the initial value $`\chi (0)=1`$, i.e., to $`\chi \chi V/m^{}(0)`$,

$`\chi ^{}(h)`$ $`=`$ $`1,\chi ^{\prime \prime }(h)=0,h1,`$ (3)
$`\chi ^{}(h)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi }}\mathrm{arcsin}s+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi }}s\sqrt{1s^2},`$ (4)
$`\chi ^{\prime \prime }(h)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4}{\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{h1}{h^2}},h1,`$ (5)
with $`h=H_0/H_P`$ and $`s=2/h1`$. These theoretical results have been confirmed experimentally in a previous paper . We use expression (2) to determine $`J_c`$ from the measured penetration field $`H_p`$.

### B Flux Creep Exponent from ac Susceptibility

For high enough dc magnetic fields, the influence of flux creep should be taken into account in the ac response of the superconducting ring. In our analysis we use a current voltage law $`E=E(J)`$ that is connected to a logarithmic dependence  of the pinning potential on the current density $`U(J)=U_0\mathrm{ln}(J_c/J)`$ and describes flux creep as an activated motion of vortices which have to overcome this potential. Following  we have

$$E(J)=E_c\mathrm{exp}^{\frac{U(J)}{kT}}=E_c\left(\frac{J}{J_c}\right)^n,$$
(6)
where $`n(T,H)=U_0(T,H)/kT`$ is the so-called flux creep exponent. The power law in Eq. (6) includes the limiting cases of Bean-like field distribution for which $`n=\mathrm{}`$ and of Ohmic dissipation for which $`n=1`$.

By investigating the frequency ($`f`$) dependence of narrow rings under the application of a harmonic ac field $`H_a(t)=H_0\mathrm{sin}(\omega t)`$ during flux creep, e.g. $`1<n<\mathrm{}`$, Brandt  derived a scaling law for the frequency and magnetic field amplitude which states the following: The complex ac susceptibility at fixed temperature $`\chi (T,f,H)=\chi ^{}i\chi ^{\prime \prime }`$ remains unchanged under the simultaneous transformation of time by a constant factor $`C`$, e.g. $`tt/C`$, and magnetic field by a factor $`C^\beta `$, e.g. $`HHC^\beta `$, with $`\beta =1/(n1)`$. This is equivalent to state that the following equation holds:

$$\chi (T,f,H)=\chi (T,fC,HC^\beta ).$$
(7)
Using this property we determined the flux creep exponent $`n(T,H)`$ at different $`T`$ and applied dc fields $`H_{dc}`$ by measuring the ac susceptibility at different frequencies $`f_0,f_1,f_2\mathrm{}f_i`$ and by equating the ac fields at which the same susceptibility is measured, i.e.

$$H_i=H_0C^\beta =H_0(f_i/f_0)^{\frac{1}{n1}},$$
(8)
where $`C`$ is determined by the frequency ratio $`C=f_i/f_0`$. Equation (8) is a power law for the magnetic field amplitude. Plotting $`\mathrm{ln}H`$ vs. $`\mathrm{ln}f`$ should then give a straight line of slope $`\beta =1/(n1)`$.

Jönsson-Åkerman et al. recently confirmed the scaling relation for the nonlinear ac susceptibility response of HgBa2CaCu2O6+δ thin films . In a previous work  the flux creep exponent $`n`$ was determined from the frequency dependence of $`\chi ^{}`$ in the limit of large ac amplitudes. In what follows we present a further confirmation of the scaling relation (7) by applying it on structured thin rings. Furthermore, we use a straightforward analysis procedure to obtain the field dependence of the pinning potential $`U_0`$ for fields up to 2T.

## IV Results

### A Influence of the structuring method on $`J_c`$

In  a drastic decrease of $`J_c`$ after structuring the films into rings was found. This behavior has been explained by the existence of microcracks in the path of the ring. In this paper we show that the structuring technology used to fabricate the superconducting ring has a large influence on its $`J_c`$.

Figure 1 shows the temperature dependence of the critical current density $`J_c`$ for sample LA2 before and after structuring by laser ablation. For this sample and before structuring $`J_c`$ is 500 times larger than its value after structuring. For comparison the $`J_c`$ values for the sample IE1 before and after structuring by ion beam etching are given in Fig. 2. For the ring of this sample $`J_c`$ is reduced only 30 % compared to the unstructured sample. For all measured samples we have found that $`J_c`$ of the measured LA-Rings is at least 100 times smaller than $`J_c`$ before structuring. On the other hand the results for the IE-rings vary only a few percent.

On the origin of the remarkable difference in $`J_c`$ of the rings structured by laser ablation we speculate as follows. During treatment by the laser the tiny region within the laser spot is heated up to several thousands Kelvin for a few milliseconds. Because of the bad thermal conductivity of the substrate the temperature of the film rises to several hundred degrees in a small region around the spot as well.

It is known that heating can change the oxygen concentration of $`\mathrm{YBa}_2\mathrm{Cu}_3\mathrm{O}_{7\delta }`$. As a result the superconducting properties at the edges of the structured path may be altered up to the complete loss of superconductivity. Also, thermally induced shock waves may produce microcracks within the width of the ring and degrade the maximum critical current density. Our measurements of the thickness profile of the ring after structuring indicate a region of $`5\mu \mathrm{m}`$ at the edges of the ring where the film appears to be completely damaged. In contrast we found sharp edges on films structured by ion beam etching.

To compare both structuring methods we can use a better way to present the data by plotting the in phase component of the magnetic moment $`m^{}=\chi ^{}H_aV`$ as a function of the ac magnetic field amplitude. This is shown for the rings LA2, Fig. 3 and IE1, Fig. 4. The LA-ring in Fig. 3 shows a clear two-step-transition, one in the low-field-range and the other in the high-field range. We recognize a crossover from the ring with a lower $`J_c`$ to the bulk signal for a long strip , see Fig. 3. On the other hand the IE-ring in Fig. 4 shows only a slight deviation from the expected ideal ring behavior (continuous line in Fig. 4) very probaly due to small inhomogeneities within the ring.

To check whether the laser ablation structuring process leads to a “homogeneous” or “inhomogeneous” $`J_c`$ over the width of the ring we structured sample LA1 once more by ion beam etching from a width of 0.2 mm to 0.05 mm. Whereas in the “homogeneous” case we do not expect a change in the measured $`J_c`$ in the “inhomogeneous” case a different value for $`J_c`$ should be measured due to the existence of islands with higher or lower critical current density. In Fig. 5 the results for the two consecutive structuring procedures are shown. We assign the observed decrease in $`J_c`$ after the second structuring to tiny islands of lower $`J_c`$ which are along the path of the ring with smaller width and were created after the first laser ablation structuring, indicating strongly inhomogeneous film properties.

In a similar experiment we reduced the width of the IE-ring (notch) by cutting a notch into it by ion beam etching, leaving only a small (16 $`\mu `$m) path where the current can flow. By this means we basically measure $`J_c`$ in the path region. Figure 6 presents the critical current density corresponding to bulk, ring and ring-notch signal. Within experimental uncertainty $`J_c`$ remains unchanged. This result supports the assumption of a homogeneous $`J_c`$ in the film. Ion beam etching is therefore a far less destructive structuring technique than laser ablation.

### B Field Dependence of the Pinning Potential

For the measurements presented in this section we have chosen rings with highest critical current density and with different radius to width ratios, e.g. rings IE1 and IE2. Together with a dc bias field the small ac perturbation $`\mu _0H_0<2`$mT was applied. In Fig. 7 one recognizes that the dc bias field mainly shifts $`\chi _{max}^{}{}_{}{}^{\prime \prime }`$ to lower ac amplitudes and leaves the dependence of $`\chi `$ on the ac field amplitude essentially unaltered. This behavior is due to a decrease in the critical current density that determines the field $`H_pJ_c`$ at which the magnetic flux enters into the center of the ring.

During the increase of the applied dc field a current is induced in the ring. As described in section III A perfect shielding occurs as long as the current density is below the critical one. At currents larger than $`J_c`$ flux can move into the center until the critical value is reached again. At large dc fields the magnetic moment of the ring thus saturates at a value that is determined by the shielding capability of the ring which is given by the critical current related to the specific dc field. By applying then a harmonic ac signal to the ring, its magnetic moment has a hysteresis loop around the static dc bias field similar as for $`H_{dc}=0`$.

Since the application of the dc field leads to flux penetration it will influence the pinning of vortices in the ring material as well. By this means the flux creep exponent $`n=U_0/kT`$ is altered. In Fig. 7 an increase in flux creep can be found for large dc fields. As predicted by Brandt  a slight smoothing of $`\chi ^{\prime \prime }`$ or $`\chi ^{}`$ around the penetration field $`H_p`$ is observed for increasing dc field, i.e. decreasing $`n`$. From the shift of $`H_p`$ with dc field one can determine the field dependence of $`J_c`$ shown in Fig. 8. The field dependence of $`J_c`$ we obtain is similar to that measured by vibrating reed experiments in Y123 thin films . The observed field dependence of $`J_c`$ can be understood within the collective pinning theory for three dimensional pinning mechanism . Three dimensional pinning is assumed since the correlation length of the vortex lines along the field direction is smaller than the thickness of the films . The magnetic field independence of $`J_c`$ observed at low fields indicate that the vortices are pinned independently, i.e. the single vortex pinning regime. At higher fields the interaction between flux lines leads to the formation of flux bundles which are pinned collectively and therefore $`J_c`$ decreases with field.

In what follows we concentrate on the field dependence of the pinning potential $`U_0`$. For a series of dc fields we measured the amplitude dependence of $`\chi ^{}`$ at four different frequencies. Such a scan can be seen in Fig. 9(a) for the ring IE2. In a step by step procedure we determine the ac field amplitudes corresponding to the frequencies for a fixed value of $`\chi ^{}`$ where the slope is largest. This is indicated by the arrow in Fig. 9(a). Then we plot the logarithm of the obtained magnetic ac field amplitudes versus the logarithm of the respective frequencies, see Fig. 10, and by performing a linear fit we determine the corresponding slope $`\beta =1/(n1)`$ for different dc fields. Within the available frequency range this plot gives straight lines for fixed dc field and temperature as theoretically  expected. This gives the flux creep exponent $`n`$ for fixed temperature and dc field, see Eq. (8). Figure 9(b) shows the rescaling of all four curves in (a) following Eqs. (6) and (7) and using the obtained value for $`n`$. In routine measurements one only needs to measure $`\chi `$ around the maximum in $`\chi ^{\prime \prime }`$ to determine the shift of $`\chi ^{}`$ with frequency (only 15 to 20 points per scan). The necessary information on the ac field amplitude range to be measured at each dc field can be obtained by a preliminary scan. Within 20 hours we were thus able to measure the scans required to determine $`n(T,H_{dc})`$ for 10 dc fields at one fixed temperature.

Scans for the two selected rings and temperatures $`T`$=74.9K and $`T`$=79.8K have been performed and analyzed in this manner. The dependence of the flux creep exponent $`n(T,H_{dc})`$ and the pinning potential $`U_0(T,H_{dc})`$ on dc field are shown in Fig. 11. In Fig. 11(a) one clearly sees the strong decrease of $`n`$ with dc field. It can be also noted that $`n`$ increases the lower the temperature of the ring. The large values of $`n2040`$ at $`H_{dc}=0`$ for both rings are consistent with the little frequency dependence of the ac response at low dc fields. For this reason the Bean model is a good approximation in this limit. At the same $`T`$ and $`H_{dc}`$ we find $`n_{IE2}>n_{IE1}`$. We assign this difference in $`n`$ between the two rings to variations in the film properties from which the rings were structured.

The same qualitative statement holds for $`J_c`$ as well, see Fig. 8. In Fig. 11(b) one notes for both rings a similar dependence of $`U_0`$ on $`H_{dc}`$. We distinguish a low- and a high-field region in which we obtain straight lines in a double logarithmic plot. Assuming a power law for the field dependence of $`U_0`$, e.g. $`U_0H_{dc}^\alpha `$, we obtain exponents $`\alpha 0.2`$ and $`\alpha 0.40.7`$ in the low- and high-field regions, respectively. At $`T=100`$K and in a dc field range between 20 and 100 Oe a similar dc field dependence for the flux creep exponent $`nH_{dc}^{0.18}`$ has been recently observed for HgBa2CaCu2O6+δ thin films ($`T_c=120`$K) .

Figure 11(b) also shows the values for $`U_0`$ obtained from relaxation measurements. We used this technique to verify our results by an independent method. In the presence of flux creep the magnetic moment $`m(t)`$ relaxes after ramping of the external field $`H_{dc}`$ to some value. After a transient time $`\tau `$ one observes the universal relaxation

$$m(t)(t/\tau )^\beta .$$
(9)
With a SQUID magnetometer we have performed three relaxation measurements with the ring IE2. The results are shown in Fig. 12(a). Following Eq. (9) we obtain the flux creep exponent $`n`$ and hence the pinning potential $`U_0`$ from a linear fit in the double logarithmic plot. With the respective values for $`n=(1+\beta )/\beta `$, $`m(t)/t^\beta `$ vs. $`t`$ should be time independent. This is nicely confirmed in Fig. 12(b). A similar time dependence with $`n20`$ at $`H_{dc}=1`$T has been obtained for the irreversible magnetization of Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 samples below 20 K . As shown in Fig. 11(b), the relaxation measurements provide values for the pinning potential $`U_0`$ which are similar to those obtained with the nonlinear ac susceptibility scaling procedure.

## V Conclusions

In this work we have used the nonlinear ac susceptibility method on structured YBa2Cu3O7-δ high-temperature superconducting rings to study the influence of different patterning methods to the critical current density of the films. The nonlinear susceptibility method applied on superconducting rings of small enough widths is a suitable method to identify regions with degraded superconducting properties. We have found that laser ablation structuring degrades the superconducting properties of the film, decreasing strongly its critical current density and introducing inhomogeneities within $`100\mu `$m from the patterned edges. In contrast, the ion beam etching procedure is a far less destructive technique. Measuring the nonlinear susceptibility of the rings at different frequencies we reconfirmed the recently proposed scaling relation for the frequency and field amplitude dependence. The scaling relation allows us to obtain the field dependence of the flux creep exponent or pinning potential at different temperatures. Our results show a power law dependence for the flux creep exponent $`nH_{dc}^{0.2}`$ for fields below $`0.2`$T and at reduced temperatures $`0.8<T/T_c<0.9`$.

## Acknowledgments

The authors thank M. Lorenz for providing us with the thin films. This work was supported by the German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development (Grant G-0553-191.14/97) and by the Innovationskolleg ”Phänomene an den Miniaturisierungsgrenzen” (DFG IK 24/B1-1).


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# Depletion curves in cluster lenses: simulations and application to the cluster MS1008–1224 Based on observations with the VLT–ANTU (UT1), operated on Cerro Paranal by the European Southern Observatory (ESO), Chile

## 1 Introduction

Since a few years, a new application of gravitational lensing in clusters of galaxies has started to be explored, namely the depletion effect of number counts of background galaxies in cluster centers. This effect results from the competition between the gravitational magnification that increases the detection of individual objects (at least for flux limited data and marginally resolved objects) and the deviation of light beam that spatially magnifies the observed area and thus decreases the apparent number density of sources.

This effect was pointed out as a possible application of the magnification bias by Broadhurst et al. Broadhurst et al. (1995) where they suggested a new method for measuring the projected mass distribution of galaxy clusters, based solely on gravitational magnification of background populations by the cluster gravitational potential. In addition, they suggested that the mass-sheet degeneracy, initially pointed out by Schneider and Seitz Schneider and Seitz (1995) and observed in mass reconstruction with weak lensing measures, could be broken by using gravitational magnification information which is directly provided by the depletion curves. This method has been used by Fort et al. Fort et al. (1997) and by Taylor et al. Taylor et al. (1998) to reconstruct a two-dimensional mass map of Abell 1689 in the innermost 27 arcmin2, taking into account the nonlinear clustering of the background population and shot noise. The results are consistent with those inferred from weak shear measurements and from strong lensing. However, the surface mass density cannot be obtained from magnification alone since magnification also depends on the shear caused by matter outside the data field Young (1981); Bartelmann and Schneider (2000). But in practice, if the data field is sufficiently large and no mass concentration lies close to but outside the data field, the mass reconstruction obtained from magnification can be quite accurate Schneider et al. (2000).

This method is an attractive alternative to weak lensing because it is only based on galaxy counts and does not require the measure of shape parameters of very faint galaxies. In addition, it is still valid in the intermediate lensing regime, close to the cluster center, without any strong modifications of the formalism. Meanwhile, it is more sensitive to Poisson noise which increases when the number density decreases in the depletion area. Another weak point identified by Schneider et al. Schneider et al. (2000) is that it may significantly depend on the galaxy clustering of background objects which can have large fluctuations from one cluster to another.

A second application of the magnification bias that has been suggested is to use the shape and the width of depletion curves to reveal the redshift distribution of the background populations. This technique was first used by Fort et al. Fort et al. (1997) in the cluster Cl0024+1654 to study the redshift distribution of background sources in the range $`26<\mathrm{B}<28`$ and $`24<\mathrm{I}<26.5`$. They found that $`60\%\pm 10\%`$ of the population in the B band is located between $`z=0.9`$ and $`z=1.1`$ while the remaining galaxies are broadly distributed around $`z=3`$. The population in the I band shows a similar redshift distribution but it extends to larger redshift $`(20\%`$ of objects at $`z>4)`$.

The last application of the magnification bias that has been explored is the search for constraints on cosmological parameters. This method is based on the fact that the ratio of the two extreme radii which delimit the depletion area depends on the ratio of the angular distances lens-source and observer-source. Consequently it depends on the cosmological parameters, as soon as all the redshifts are fixed, and mainly on the cosmological constant. This method was first used by Fort et al. Fort et al. (1997) in Cl0024+1654 and in Abell 370. Their results favor a flat cosmology with $`0.6<\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{\Lambda }<0.85`$ and are consistent with those obtained from other independent methods (see White White (1998)). This technique requires a good modeling of the lens and could be improved by being extended to a large number of cluster lenses and by using an independent estimate of the redshift distribution (for example from photometric redshifts). However, this method was disputed by Asada Asada (1997) who claimed that it is difficult to determine $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ by this method without the assumption of a spatially flat universe. He also mentioned the uncertainty of the lens model as one of the most serious problems in this test and concluded that this method cannot be taken as a clear cosmological test to determine $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$.

In order to better understand the formation of depletion curves and their dependence with the main characteristics of the lenses and the sources, we developed a detailed modeling of the curves in various conditions. In Sect. 2 we present the lens and counts models used in our simulations. In Sect. 3 we study the influence of the lens mass profile, with several sets of analytical mass distributions. In Sect. 4 we explore the influence of background sources distribution, selected through different filters. An application on real data is presented in Sect. 5, in the cluster MS 1008–1224, observed with the VLT. We compare these observations with the simulations in order to derive some constraints on the mass profile and the ellipticity of the cluster, as well as on the background sources distribution. Some prospects about the future of this method are given as a conclusion in Sect. 6.
Throughout the paper, we adopt a Hubble constant of H$`{}_{0}{}^{}=50`$ km s-1 Mpc-1, with $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{\Lambda }=0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0=1`$.

## 2 Modeling depletion curves

### 2.1 The magnification bias

The projected number density of objects magnified by a factor $`\mu `$ through a lensing cluster and with magnitude smaller than $`m`$ can be written in the standard form:

$$\mathrm{N}(<m)=\mathrm{N}_0(<m)\mu ^{2.5\gamma 1}$$

where $`\mathrm{N}_0`$ is the number density of objects in an empty field and $`\gamma `$ is the logarithmic slope of the galaxy number counts. Note first that this relation applies only for background galaxies. This means that we implicitly work at faint magnitude where the foreground counts are reduced and do not affect the slope $`\gamma `$. Note also that the magnification $`\mu `$ depends on the source redshift through the geometric factor $`\mathrm{D}_{LS}/\mathrm{D}_{OS}`$ in a significant way. For example, for $`z_L=0.4`$, $`\mathrm{D}_{LS}/\mathrm{D}_{OS}`$ changes by more than 40% when $`z_S`$ varies from 0.8 to 2. For a lower redshift cluster lens, the effect should be reduced, at least for all sources at $`z>0.8`$.

An exact writing of the magnification bias, which also takes into account the local effect of magnification, changing with radius $`r`$ within the lens can be re-formulated as:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{N}(r,<m)}{\mathrm{N}_0(<m)}}=`$ (1)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{_0^{z_L}n(z,<m)dz+_{z_L}^+\mathrm{}n(z,<m)\mu (r,z)^{2.5\gamma 1}dz}{_0^+\mathrm{}n(z,<m)dz}}`$
$`=1{\displaystyle \frac{_{z_L}^+\mathrm{}n(z,<m)[1\mu (r,z)^{2.5\gamma 1}]dz}{\mathrm{N}_0(<m)}}`$
where $`n(z,<m)`$ is the density of galaxies of apparent magnitude smaller than $`m`$, located at redshift $`z`$. $`\gamma (z)`$ represents the shape of the luminosity function at redshift $`z`$ and we will assume in the following that $`\gamma `$ does not depends on redshift, i.e. most of the faint galaxies are representative of the power-law part of the luminosity function. In addition we suppose that the slope is a constant with redshift.

It is clear that the radial behavior of the ratio $`\mathrm{N}(r,<m)/\mathrm{N}_0(<m)`$ is strongly related to $`\mu (r)`$. It decreases from the center, up to a minimum at $`rR_E`$ when magnification goes to infinity (Einstein radius) and then increases up to 1 again, when magnification goes to 0. This is the so-called radial depletion curve which has been detected in a few clusters already Fort et al. (1997); Taylor et al. (1998); Athreya et al. (2000).

From the lensing point of view, the magnification $`\mu `$ can be written as Schneider et al. (1992) :

$$\mu =\frac{1}{\mathrm{det}𝒜}=\frac{1}{(1\kappa )^2\gamma ^2}$$
(2)
where $`𝒜`$ is the magnification matrix. The convergence $`\kappa `$ and the shear $`\gamma `$ are expressed in cartesian coordinates as a function of the reduced gravitational potential $`\phi `$ by :

$$\kappa =\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{^2\phi }{x^2}+\frac{^2\phi }{y^2}\right)$$
(3)
$$\gamma =\sqrt{\gamma _1^2+\gamma _2^2}$$
(4)
with :

$$\gamma _1=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{^2\phi }{x^2}\frac{^2\phi }{y^2}\right)\mathrm{and}\gamma _2=\frac{^2\phi }{xy}$$

All these factors depend on the lens and source redshifts, as $`\phi `$ is related to the true projected potential $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ by :

$$\phi =\frac{2}{c^2}\frac{1}{\zeta ^2}\frac{\mathrm{D}_{LS}\mathrm{D}_{OL}}{\mathrm{D}_{OS}}\mathrm{\Phi }$$

where $`\zeta `$ is a characteristic scale of the lens.

In the weak lensing regime we have the approximation $`\mu (r)1+2\kappa (r)`$ Broadhurst et al. (1995). So the potential interest of the depletion curves is that they trace directly the convergence distribution, or equivalently the surface mass density distribution. In principle, they may allow an easy mass reconstruction of lenses in the weak regime. We will see below what are the main limitations of such curves, already explored by Athreya et al. Athreya et al. (2000).

### 2.2 The cluster lens

Different sets of models are used, with increasing complexity. In all cases we suppose that the lens redshift is 0.4, with reference to the cluster Cl0024+1654 studied by Fort et al. Fort et al. (1997). With the adopted cosmology this means that the scaling corresponds to 6.4 $`h_{50}^1`$ kpc for 1″. For each model we will use an analytic expression and develop it to compute analytically the magnification and its dependence with redshift and radius. All the models are scaled in terms of the Einstein radius $`R_E`$.

#### 2.2.1 The singular isothermal sphere (SIS)

This model is the simplest one which can describe a cluster of galaxies and is very useful for the analytical calculations of the gravitational magnification. However it has also some physical meanings:

* it corresponds to a solution of the Jeans equation and thus it can be written as a function of the observed velocity dispersion;
* in a non-collisionnal description of the collapse of a self-gravitating system, the violent relaxation, during which particles exchange energy with the average field, leads to an isothermal distribution Binney and Tremaine (1987).

But, this model is only valid inside certain limits due to the divergence of the central mass density and of the total mass to infinity. This divergence has no consequences on our work because the validity limits of the model correspond to the limits of the depletion regime. The density of matter can be written as :

$$\rho (r)=\rho _E\left(\frac{r}{R_E}\right)^2$$
(5)
where $`R_E`$ is the Einstein radius :

$$R_E=4\pi \frac{\sigma ^2}{c^2}\frac{D_{LS}D_{OL}}{D_{OS}}$$

and $`\sigma `$ is the velocity dispersion along the line of sight. The gravitational magnification is simply :

$$\mu ^1=1\frac{R_E}{r}$$
(6)
#### 2.2.2 The isothermal sphere with core radius

This model avoids the divergence of the mass density in the inner part of the cluster with an internal cut-off of the density distribution. We chose the following distribution, as described in Hinshaw and Krauss Hinshaw and Krauss (1987) or Grossman and Saha Grossman and Saha (1994). The density of matter is given by :

$$\rho (r)=\frac{3}{2\pi }\frac{\mathrm{\Phi }_0}{GR_C^2}\frac{1+\frac{x^2}{3}\left|\mathrm{\Delta }^21\right|}{(1+x^2\left|\mathrm{\Delta }^21\right|)^2}$$
(7)
where $`R_C`$ is the core radius, $`x=r/R_E`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_0`$ is the central value of the gravitational potential.

In this case, the Einstein radius is $`R_E=R_C\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }^21}`$, where :

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=\frac{4\pi \sigma ^2}{c^2}\frac{D_{LS}}{D_{OS}}\frac{D_{OL}}{R_C}$$

The magnification can be written as :

$`\mu ^1=[1\mathrm{\Delta }(1+x^2|\mathrm{\Delta }^21\left|\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}]\times `$ (8)
$`\left[1\mathrm{\Delta }\left(1+x^2\left|\mathrm{\Delta }^21\right|\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\right]`$
Physically, in most cases the core radius is smaller than or comparable to the Einstein radius, so we do not expect strong effects in the outer parts of the depletion curves.

#### 2.2.3 A power-law density profile

This model is a generalization of the SIS. It can be used in order to test the departure from an isothermal profile far away from the cluster center. The density is given by :

$$\rho =\rho _E\left(\frac{r}{R_E}\right)^\alpha $$
(9)
where $`\alpha `$ is the logarithmic slope of the density profile. In order to keep a physical model for the mass distribution, we must have $`\alpha <3`$. The Einstein radius can be written as :

$$R_E=\sqrt{\frac{4}{c^2}\frac{D_{LS}D_{OL}}{D_{OS}}GM_EI_{\alpha /2}}$$

where $`M_E=4\pi \rho _ER_E^3/\left(3\alpha \right)`$ is the integrated mass inside the Einstein radius and $`I_\beta =_0^+\mathrm{}(1+\xi ^2)^\beta 𝑑\xi `$. The magnification is then :

$$\mu ^1=\left[1(2\alpha )\left(\frac{r}{R_E}\right)^{1\alpha }\right]\times \left[1\left(\frac{r}{R_E}\right)^{1\alpha }\right]$$
(10)
#### 2.2.4 The singular isothermal ellipsoid

This type of model is interesting as a lot of clusters have elliptical shapes in their galaxy distribution or their X-ray isophotes Buote and Canizares (1992, 1996); Lewis et al. (1999); Soucail et al. (2000). Thus, an elliptical lens represents a more realistic model although it is still reasonably simple. In order to study the effect of the ellipticity of the potential $`ϵ=1\frac{b}{a}(ab)`$ on the depletion, we introduced the singular isothermal ellipsoid in our simulations Kormann et al. (1994). Using polar coordinates $`(r,\phi )`$ in the lens plane we introduce

$$\zeta =\sqrt{\left(r\mathrm{cos}\phi \right)^2+\left(1ϵ\right)^2\left(r\mathrm{sin}\phi \right)^2}$$
(11)
which is constant on ellipses with minor axis $`\zeta `$ and major axis $`\zeta /\left(1ϵ\right)`$. The surface mass density can then be written as :

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }(r,\phi )=\frac{\sqrt{1ϵ}\sigma ^2}{2G}\frac{1}{\zeta }$$
(12)
where $`\sigma `$ is the velocity dispersion along the line of sight.
The convergence is :

$$\kappa =\frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }(r,\phi )}{\mathrm{\Sigma }_{critical}}=\mathrm{\Sigma }(r,\phi )\times \frac{4\pi G}{c^2}\frac{D_{OL}D_{LS}}{D_{OS}}$$
(13)
The magnification writes then quite simply:

$$\mu ^1=12\kappa $$
(14)
#### 2.2.5 NFW profile

We introduced in our simulations the universal density profile of Navarro et al. Navarro et al. (1996) for dark matter halos which was found from cosmological simulations of the growth of massive structures. This profile is a very good description of the radial mass distribution inside the virial radius $`r_{200}`$. Wright and Brainerd Wright and Brainerd (2000) have compared it with a SIS for several cosmological models. They find that the assumption of an isothermal sphere potential results in an overestimate of the halos mass which increases linearly with the value of the NFW concentration parameter. This overestimate depends upon the cosmology and is smaller for rich clusters than for galaxy-sized halos.
The NFW density profile is given by :

$$\rho (r)=\frac{\delta _c\rho _c}{\left(r/r_s\right)\left(1+r/r_s\right)^2}$$
(15)
where $`r_s=r_{200}/c`$ is a characteristic radius and $`\rho _c`$ is the critical density. $`c`$ is the concentration parameter and $`\delta _c`$ is a characteristic over-density for the halo which is related to $`c`$ by the requirement that the mean density within the virial radius should be $`200\rho _c`$. This leads to :

$$\delta _c=\frac{200}{3}\frac{c^3}{\mathrm{ln}(1+c)c/(1+c)}$$

If we take $`x=r/r_s`$, the surface mass density and the shear of a NFW lens can be written as Wright and Brainerd (2000):

$$\kappa _{\mathrm{NFW}}(x)=\frac{r_s\delta _c\rho _c}{\mathrm{\Sigma }_c}\{\begin{array}{cc}f_<(x)\hfill & \hfill (x<1)\\ 2/3\hfill & \hfill (x=1)\\ f_>(x)\hfill & \hfill (x>1)\end{array}$$

$$\gamma _{\mathrm{NFW}}(x)=\frac{r_s\delta _c\rho _c}{\mathrm{\Sigma }_c}\{\begin{array}{cc}g_<(x)\hfill & \hfill (x<1)\\ 10/3+4\mathrm{ln}(1/2)\hfill & \hfill (x=1)\\ g_>(x)\hfill & \hfill (x>1)\end{array}$$

where $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_c`$ is the critical surface mass density. $`f_<(x)`$ and $`f_>(x)`$ express as :

$$f_<(x)=\frac{2}{\left(x^21\right)}\left(1\frac{2}{\sqrt{1x^2}}\mathrm{arg}\mathrm{th}\sqrt{\frac{1x}{1+x}}\right)$$

$$f_>(x)=\frac{2}{\left(x^21\right)}\left(1\frac{2}{\sqrt{x^21}}\mathrm{arctan}\sqrt{\frac{x1}{x+1}}\right)$$

while $`g_<(x)`$ and $`g_>(x)`$ express as :

$`g_<(x)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\mathrm{arg}\mathrm{th}\sqrt{\frac{1x}{1+x}}}{x^2\sqrt{1x^2}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{x^2}}\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{x}{2}}\right)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\left(x^21\right)}}+{\displaystyle \frac{4\mathrm{arg}\mathrm{th}\sqrt{\frac{1x}{1+x}}}{\left(x^21\right)\sqrt{1x^2}}}`$
$`g_>(x)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\mathrm{arctan}\sqrt{\frac{x1}{x+1}}}{x^2\sqrt{x^21}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{x^2}}\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{x}{2}}\right)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\left(x^21\right)}}+{\displaystyle \frac{4\mathrm{arctan}\sqrt{\frac{x1}{x+1}}}{\left(x^21\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}}}`$
The magnification by the NFW lens is then :

$$\mu ^1=\left(1\kappa _{\mathrm{NFW}}\right)^2\gamma _{\mathrm{NFW}}^2$$
(16)
### 2.3 The galaxy redshift distribution

#### 2.3.1 Analytical distribution

We used the analytical redshift distribution introduced by Taylor et al. Taylor et al. (1998) to fit the redshift distribution of the galaxies in the range $`20<I<24`$ for $`0.25<z<1.5`$ :

$$N(z,I<24)=N_0(I<24)\frac{\alpha z^2}{z_{}^3\mathrm{\Gamma }(3/\alpha )}\mathrm{exp}\left[\left(\frac{z}{z_{}}\right)^\alpha \right]$$
(17)
with $`\alpha =1.8`$ and $`z_{}=0.78`$. Here, we extend the redshift range between $`z=0.05`$ and $`z=3`$ and we take $`N_0(I<24)=12`$ objects per arcmin2 which is the count rate found by Taylor et al. Taylor et al. (1998) for red galaxies with $`20<I<24`$. The distribution shows a maximum at $`z=0.8`$ and has an average redshift of $`<z>1`$. It is worth noting that with these parameters, the redshift distribution does not correspond to very deep observations.

#### 2.3.2 The magnitude-redshift distributions in the U to K photometric bands

We also used a model of galaxy number counts from which the magnitude-redshift distribution in empty field can be computed with a large set of photometric bands. This model was developed by Bézecourt et al. Bézecourt et al. (1998) and largely inspired by Pozetti et al. Pozetti et al. (1996). It includes the model of galaxy evolution developed by Bruzual and Charlot Bruzual and Charlot (1993), with the upgraded version so-called GISSEL, and standard parameters for the initial mass function (IMF) and star formation rates (SFR) for different galaxy types. In order to reproduce the deep number counts of galaxies, evolution of the number density of galaxies is included to compensate for the smaller volumes in an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0=1`$ universe, following the prescriptions of Rocca-Volmerange and Guiderdoni Rocca-Volmerange and Guiderdoni (1990). This model reproduces fairly well deep number counts up to $`B=27`$ or $`I=25`$, as well as redshift distributions of galaxies up to $`B=24`$ or $`I=22`$ Bézecourt et al. (1998).

The advantage of this model is that the galaxy distribution can be computed for any photometric band, and the effects of the color distribution of sources can be explored. In practice we will limit our study in this paper to B, I and K bands (Table 1).

## 3 Influence of the lens parameters on depletion curves

For our first set of simulations, we used the analytical redshift distribution for the sources, allowing a fully analytical treatment of the simulations. The contamination by foreground objects with this distribution is weak (about $`9\%`$ of foreground galaxies for $`z_L=0.4`$). In each case, we computed depletion curves, and then examined their behavior. Note that we limited our analysis outside the first 20″ from the center where the signal cannot be constrained observationally (decrease in the observed area for each point, obscuration by the brightest cluster galaxies …). For these reasons, this “forbidden” area will be shaded in each plot.

### 3.1 Influence of the velocity dispersion

We used a SIS model and varied the velocity dispersion $`\sigma `$ from 1000 to 1800 km s-1 (Fig. 1). As expected the radius of the minimum increases with $`\sigma `$. Indeed for a SIS, the Einstein radius scales exactly as $`\sigma ^2`$, so the minimum of the depletion curve, which roughly corresponds to the maximum Einstein radius (at $`z4`$ or more), also scales as $`\sigma ^2`$.

More surprisingly, the depth of the depletion at the position of the minimum is roughly constant and, at first order, does not depend on the velocity dispersion of the cluster or its total mass. Part of this effect is due to the density of foreground galaxies, but part of it is intrinsic to this SIS model, as other potential shapes do not show this property (see below). On the contrary there is a clear dependence on the half width at half minimum with $`\sigma `$ (Figure 1).

### 3.2 Influence of the core radius

The introduction of a core radius in the model (Fig. 2) does not affect significantly the outer region of the depletion area and has little effect on the position of the minimum. As $`R_C`$ increases, the inner width of the curve is enlarged and its slope is decreased. In fact, the study of this area for our purpose has no interest, because the spatial resolution of galaxy number counts variations is by far larger than this scale. In addition, in rich clusters of galaxies, the central density of galaxies is large enough so that empty areas are quite small between the envelopes of large and bright galaxies.

In practice, the only observable effect of a core radius is a deformation of the inner depletion curve with a significant departure from a symmetry with respect to the outer part. But we suspect that a quantitative estimate of $`R_C`$ would be difficult to extract from the signal.

### 3.3 Influence of the slope of the mass profile

The simulations are done with the power-law density profile, characterised by its slope $`\alpha `$ (Fig. 3). The minimum position of the depletion area does not depend significantly of $`\alpha `$, because our scaling of the potential was fixed at the Einstein radius, nearly independent of $`\alpha `$. On the contrary, the two other typical features of the depletion area (half width at half minimum and intensity of the minimum) strongly depend on this parameter. The width of the curve represents roughly the mass dependence with radius. In the case $`\alpha =1.7`$ for example, the shallower slope of the mass radial dependence creates a larger width of the depletion curve. The half width at half minimum of the curve decreases when $`\alpha `$ increases. The reason is the same as with the SIS, that is to say, when $`\alpha `$ increases, the mass is concentrated in the inner part of the cluster and the depletion effect is less extended to the outer regions.

### 3.4 Influence of the ellipticity of the potential

In these simulations, we use the singular isothermal ellipsoid potential, with $`\sigma =1400`$ km s-1, and we study the depletion curves along the minor and major axis (Fig. 4). The increase of $`ϵ`$ does not affect the minimum value of the depletion area but leads to an increase/decrease of the half width at half minimum and of the minimum position along the major/minor axis as an homothetic transformation. The relative positions of the two minima of the depletion area along the main axis gives immediately the axis ratio and thus the ellipticity of the potential. An application of this differential effect along the two main axis is presented in Sect. 5.

### 3.5 Study of NFW profile

With the NFW model we varied separately the virial radius and the concentration parameter. We have chosen the values for these two parameters in the range of those found by Navarro et al. Navarro et al. (1996). For the first set of simulations, we adopted $`c=15`$ and varied $`r_{200}`$ from 1800 to 3600 kpc (Fig. 5). An increase of the virial radius (more massive cluster) leads to an increase of the three characteristic features of the depletion area and to the appearance of a bump in the central region which grows with $`r_{200}`$. The increase of the half width at half minimum of the depletion curves with $`r_{200}`$ can be explained by the fact that when $`r_{200}`$ increases there is more mass in the outer regions. Consequently, the depletion area is more extended to the outer part of the cluster and reaches its asymptotic value less rapidly. The second set of simulations was done with $`r_{200}=3000`$ kpc and we varied $`c`$ from 7 to 25 (Fig. 6). The variation of $`c`$ affects only the inner part of the depletion curves. An increase of the concentration parameter (cluster with smaller characteristic radius) leads to an increase of the intensity and position of the minimum with a steeper slope for the small values of $`c`$. Contrary to $`r_{200}`$, the variation of $`c`$ does not affect significantly the half width at half minimum of the depletion area.

## 4 Influence of background galaxies on depletion curves

In this section, we use a unique model for the lens, i.e. a SIS profile with a velocity dispersion of 1500 km s-1 for a cluster located at $`z_L=0.4`$, to avoid effects due to the lens.

### 4.1 Effect of the lens on the magnitude-redshift distribution of background populations

Fig. 7 shows the distortion of the magnitude-redshift distribution in the B band along the curve. The results are qualitatively the same in the others bands. Near the cluster center, where the effects of the gravitational magnification are stronger, objects located just behind the lens show a gain in magnitude larger than 1. In the minimum area of the curve, the competition between gravitational magnification and dilatation is more favorable to high $`z`$ objects ($`z>2.4`$). In the outer part of the cluster, the effects of the gravitational magnification decrease and one finds again the distribution in empty field (asymptotic limit of the depletion curves).

### 4.2 Differential effects in several filters

We first studied the evolution of the depletion area with the redshift distribution of the background population by considering several filters. We tried to determine some characteristics of the redshift distribution of background population which could be connected to typical features of the depletion area (Fig. 8). The magnitude limits of the simulations correspond to a typical observation time of about 2 hours on an 8-meter telescope with good imaging facilities. The contamination by foreground objects $`(z<0.4)`$ in the 3 filters is weak ($`8\%`$ in the I and K bands and $`6\%`$ in the B band for which the counts are deeper).
The evolution of the position of the minimum of the depletion area reflects the evolution of the mean redshift of the different populations ($`<z>1.57`$ for the K band, $`<z>1.76`$ for the B band and $`<z>1.79`$ for the I band), but with a weak effect. The variation of the intensity of the minimum of the depletion area is connected for one part to the fraction of foreground objects and for the other part to the slope $`\gamma `$ of the luminosity function. As this slope decreases from I band to B band $`(\gamma _I=0.23,\gamma _K=0.22,\gamma _B=0.14)`$ with the magnitude thresholds we have chosen, the intensity of the minimum of the depletion area decreases in the same way from I band ($`0.31`$) to B band ($`0.26`$). Both features of the depletion curves are in fact weakly dependent on the choice of the filter and may be difficult to distinguish with real data, at least while the variation of the redshift distribution with wavelength is rather smooth.
On the contrary, the half width at half minimum of the depletion curve is affected by the redshift distribution of background populations in a more sensitive way. The increase of the half width at half minimum from B band to K band is anti-correlated with the fraction of objects at high redshift ($`z>2`$) for these populations which also decreases in the same way from B band ($`37\%`$) to K band ($`29\%`$) and seems to reflect essentially the bulk of galaxies at redshift around 1.

## 5 Depletion effect in the cluster MS1008–1224

We have applied our simulations to the cluster MS1008–1224 ($`z=0.3062`$, Lewis et al. Lewis et al. (1999)) which is one cluster of the Einstein Observatory Extended Medium Sensitivity Survey Gioia and Luppino (1994). It is a very rich galaxy cluster, slightly extended in X-rays, and it is also part of the Canadian Network for Observational Cosmology Survey Carlberg et al. (1996). Its galaxy distribution is quite circular, surrounding a North-South elongated core. There is a secondary clump of galaxies to the North. The X-ray luminosity is LX(0.3-3.5 keV)$`=4.5\times 10^{44}`$ erg.s-1 Gioia and Luppino (1994), the X-ray temperature inferred from ASCA observations is T$`{}_{X}{}^{}=7.3`$ keV Mushotzky and Scharf (1997) and the radio flux at 6 cm is lower than 0.8 mJy Gioia and Luppino (1994). Some gravitationally lensed arcs to the North and to the East of the field have been reported by Le Fèvre et al. Le Fèvre et al. (1994) as well as by Athreya et al. Athreya et al. (2000).

### 5.1 The observations

Data were obtained during very deep observations with FORS and ISAAC during the science verification phase of the VLT–ANTU (UT1) at Cerro Paranal (http://www.eso.org/science/ut1sv). Multicolor photometry was obtained in the B, V, R and I bands with FORS1 (field-of-view $`6.8^{}\times 6.8^{}`$) and in the J and Ks bands with ISAAC (field-of-view $`2.5^{}\times 2.5^{}`$) with sub-arcsecond seeing in all cases. The total exposure times are respectively 2880 seconds in J, 3600 seconds in Ks, 4050 seconds in I, 4950 seconds in B, 5400 seconds in V and R. We used the SExtractor software Bertin and Arnouts (1996) to construct our photometric catalogue. The completeness magnitudes are respectively $`\mathrm{J}=24`$, $`\mathrm{Ks}=22`$, $`\mathrm{I}=25.5`$, $`\mathrm{V}=26.5`$, $`\mathrm{B}=26.5`$ and $`\mathrm{R}=26`$. Our values are identical to those of Athreya et al. Athreya et al. (2000) concerning the FORS observations but they are one magnitude deeper concerning the ISAAC ones. In practice, we used only the FORS data which extend to a larger distance and are more suited to our study.

In order to remove part of the contamination by cluster members, we identified the elliptical galaxies by their position on the color–magnitude diagram (Fig. 10). So background sources were selected by removing this sequence, essentially valid at relatively bright magnitudes. This statistical correction is not fully reliable as it does not eliminate bluer cluster members or foreground sources. But it partly removes one cause of contamination, especially significant close to the cluster center. Our counts may also present an over-density of objects in the inner part of the cluster ($`r<20\mathrm{}`$) due to the non-correction of the surface of cluster elliptical galaxies we have removed, effect which is more sensitive in the inner part of the cluster where these galaxies are dominant. But as it is not in the most interesting region of the depletion area, we did not try to improve the measures there.

In addition, due to the presence of two 11 magnitude stars in the northern part of the FORS field, two occulting masks were put to avoid excessive bleeding and scattered light. We took into account this partial occultation of the observed surface for the radial counts above a distance of 130″ (see Fig. 9). This may possibly induce some additional errors in the last two points of the curves, which are probably underestimated, because of the difficulty to estimate the surface of the masks and some edge effects at the limit of the field.

### 5.2 Depletion curves and mass density profile

The first step would be to locate the cluster center. Its position is rather difficult to estimate directly from the distribution of the number density of background sources, although in principle one should be able to identify it as the barycenter of the points with the lower density around the cluster. We did not attempt to fit it and preferred to fix it 15″ North of the cD, following both the X-ray center position Lewis et al. (1999) or the weak lensing center Athreya et al. (2000).

The radial counts were performed in a range of 3 magnitudes up to the completeness magnitude in the B, V, R and I bands and up to a radial distance of 210″ from the center, which covers the entire FORS field. The count step was fixed to 30 pixels (6″) in the innermost 80″ and for the rest of the field we adopted a count step of 60 pixels (12″) to reduce the statistical error bars. These values are a good balance between statistical errors in each bin which increase for small steps and a reasonable spatial resolution in the radial curve, limited by the bin size. The depletion curves obtained in the B, V, R and I bands are shown on Fig. 11. At some small limiting radius ($`r<20\mathrm{}`$), the ratio between the area of the count rings and the area covered by the cluster galaxies is close to unity. For this reason, we exclude the measures obtained in these innermost rings for any study of depletion effects (shaded regions on figure 11).

We fitted the observed depletion curve in the I-band with three of the mass models discussed above, namely a singular isothermal sphere, a power-law density profile and a NFW profile, and with the galaxy distribution described in §2.3.2. For each model, a $`\chi ^2`$ minimization was introduced to derive the best fits and their related parameters (Table 2). The first fit included all the data points ($`\chi _{\text{ap}}^2`$) and gave poor results with a reduced $`\chi ^2`$ always close to or larger than 2. A second fit was done after removing some clear deviant points ($`\chi _{\text{wd}}^2`$): the last two points probably poorly corrected from edge effects, and those associated to the overdensity seen at $`r80\mathrm{}`$. This bump is easily identifiable in the V, R and I curves, and can be partly explained by the presence of a background cluster lensed by MS1008–1224 and identified by Athreya et al. Athreya et al. (2000). Nevertheless, even if we remove from our data all the lower right quadrant of the field where this structure is located, the bump is still there although significantly reduced. This suggests that it may be more extended behind the cluster center than initially suspected. This second fit gave more satisfying results. So we will consider the parameters associated with the best fit of each model as our best results.

* The velocity dispersion derived from the SIS model ($`\sigma _{\text{fit}}=1200_{175}^{+200}`$ km s-1) is in good agreement with the value measured by Carlberg et al. Carlberg et al. (1996) ($`\sigma _{\text{obs}}=1054\pm 107`$ km s-1) but is more discordant with the value of 900 km s-1 inferred from the shear analysis of Athreya et al. Athreya et al. (2000).
* The slope of the potential fit with a power-law density profile is close to an isothermal one ($`\alpha =1.88`$), although slightly shallower.
* For a NFW profile, we find a virial radius ($`r_{200}=3.2h_{50}^1`$ Mpc) and a concentration parameter ($`c=8.9`$) quite in good agreement with those of Athreya et al. Athreya et al. (2000) derived from weak lensing measures.
* The comparison between the 3 fits favors a NFW profile as the best fit of our depletion curves (Table 2), also in agreement with the shear results for this cluster.

Note however that we did not use the B-band data in the fit because the depletion effect is less obvious and much noisier than in the 3 other filters. This is due to the fact that for this magnitude range the logarithmic slope of the counts is close to the critical value 0.4 and the depletion effect is strongly attenuated. Probing fainter objects in this band ($`26<\mathrm{B}<28`$), even beyond the completeness limit, strengthens the depletion signal again , as it is shown in Figure 12. In addition this deeper magnitude range may be used to scan a different redshift distribution with a higher density of high redshift objects. This is one of the future prospects of the depletion curve analysis to perform a multi-wavelength analysis to try to disentangle lensing effects from the statistical distribution of the sources.

### 5.3 Ellipticity and orientation of the mass distribution

We have also used the depletion effect to determine the orientation of the main axis and the ellipticity of MS1008–1224. For this purpose, we divided the area of the FORS field into four quadrants where quadrants 1 and 2 are in opposition, and we performed the counts for radial distances from the cluster center to 130″ (Fig. 9). The positions of the four quadrants are marked by $`\theta `$, the clockwise angle between the North-South axis and the median of quadrant 1. We then computed the depletion curves corresponding to the counts in quadrants 1+2 and 3+4. We varied $`\theta `$ and followed the shift of the minimum position of the depletion area of the two curves. We can measure the orientation of the two main axis when the shift between the two minima is maximum. For this value of $`\theta `$, the relative positions of the two minima give the main axis ratio and consequently the ellipticity. The results, obtained from I-band data only, are similar in the others bands. From the I-band data only, we found $`\theta =10^{}\pm 3^{}`$ and an ellipticity of $`ϵ=0.18\pm 0.04`$ (Fig. 13). These results agree well with the mass map orientation derived from weak lensing as well as the galaxy number density map Athreya et al. (2000). A small discrepancy arrises with the X-ray gas distribution which orientation is shifted a few 10 to 20 degrees West from our measure Lewis et al. (1999). But globally, all these results are consistent within each other.

## 6 Conclusions

The gravitational magnification by cluster lenses represents an effective tool to probe the distant universe and the mass distribution in the lenses. The first aim of this paper was to study the effects of lens mass profile model parameters on the typical features of depletion curves. We have also attempted to characterize some features associated with the background redshift distribution of the galaxies. Models were constructed in three bands covering a large spectral range and by using five different lens models.

Our simulations agree well with very deep and high quality images of the cluster MS1008–1224 obtained with the VLT and FORS. The depletion effect is clearly seen in this cluster, and we have fitted its radial variation with several sets of mass profiles. The results are quite satisfying as we are able to constrain the mass profile up to a reasonable distance from the center (about 200″, or equivalently 1.1 $`h_{50}^1`$ Mpc). Our results marginally favor the NFW mass profile over the isothermal profile, and more significantly reject a power-law distribution, essentially because of the steep rise of the depletion curve just after its minimum. Note that this region corresponds to the “intermediate” lensing regime, where shear measurements are more difficult to relate to the mass distribution. We have also studied the shape of the depletion area, which is easy to relate to the ellipticity of the mass distribution. We were then able to constrain the ellipticity and orientation of the potential of MS1008–1224 with a good accuracy.

This preliminary study highlights the need for additional exploration of several issues not fully explored in the present paper. For example, the question of clustering of the background sources still remains, although in the case of MS1008–1224, we have shown how it can be partly eliminated. Schneider et al. (2000) also mention this problem and insist on the fact that, at deep magnitudes, the two point correlation function of the sources is still quite uncertain, but a positive signal does not seem to extend much above $``$ 1 ″. More quantitatively, we can use the most recent measures of the two point correlation function from the HDF-South Fynbo et al. (2000). At the magnitude limits used in our paper, this correlation function does not exceed a few percent for an angular separation of 10″, typical of our bin size. Previous measurements were less optimistic in the sense that their values attained 8 to 10 % at 10″, even at very faint magnitudes. But although there is still only poor knowledge of the amplitude of the correlation function at the faintest levels, we can hope that the effect will not be dramatic in our studies of the magnification bias, provided we retain a reasonable bin size at several arcseconds, to wash out most of the inhomogeneities.

Following preliminary approaches from the observational point of view Taylor et al. (1998); Athreya et al. (2000) or a more theoretical one Schneider et al. (2000), one now clearly needs to extensively and quantitatively compare the weak lensing approach with the magnification bias. In particular, with the new facilities of deep wide-field imaging presently available, most of the difficulties related to a small field-of-view can be overcome: for weak lensing measurement, a complete mass reconstruction requires shear measurements up to the “no-shear” region in the outer parts of the cluster to integrate the mass inwards. The absolute normalization of the field number counts for the magnification bias can also be estimated outside the cluster, in exactly the same observing conditions (filter, magnitude limit, seeing, …), giving an absolute calibration of the depletion effect.

Moreover, the full 2D mass reconstruction of the cluster from the depletion signal alone should be tested. As the signal is directly related to the magnification $`\mu (r)`$, and then to $`\kappa (r)`$ and $`\gamma (r)`$, it should be in principle feasible to invert the depletion map to produce a non-parametric mass map. In practice, the reconstruction is simpler as soon as the shear $`\gamma `$ becomes small, because in that case $`\mu `$ and $`\kappa `$ are simply linearly related. In any case, we have shown in this paper that it is rather easy to reach the outer parts of the cluster up to Mpc scales. This is quite similar to what can be done with deep X-ray maps for intermediate redshift clusters Soucail et al. (2000). We want to insist on the fact that the magnification bias effect is easy to detect from the observational point of view because it is less sensitive to seeing conditions or to geometrical distortions of the instruments than are shear measurements Broadhurst et al. (1995); Fort et al. (1997). It only requires deeper observations, not necessarily in photometric conditions, provided one is able to reach the outer parts of the cluster to normalise the number counts. In order to improve the mass reconstruction, one may progress with the help of photometric redshifts, quite useful for faint objects, to constrain the redshift distribution of the sources Pelló et al. (1999); Bolzonella et al. (2000). This approach might also be useful in order to limit the influence of large scale over-density fluctuations when evaluating the magnification and the asymptotic limit of the depletion curves. This of course requires deep multi-color photometry, such as the one obtained on MS1008–1224. Extending this study up to large-scale structures (LSS) would probably be more difficult to implement as compared to the search for cosmic shear Van Waerbeke et al. (2000), and the depletion effect should be restricted to cluster scales, at least with the simple method used in this paper.

Finally, one of our initial prospects was to try to constrain the background redshift distribution with multi-wavelength observations of the depletion effect. We have shown that this is quite a difficult task as the wavelength dependence of the depletion curves is a kind of second order effect. Nevertheless, this may be an interesting point to explore at other wavelengths, where the background redshift distribution is quite different than in the optical. For example, deep ISO observations in the mid-IR of a few cluster lenses Altieri et al. (1999) may represent an extension of our analysis, as well as submm observations with SCUBA, provided enough sources are detected behind the lenses for a statistical analysis. Another possibility would be to address the question of the nature of the X-ray background sources and their redshift distribution through deep and high resolution observations of clusters with the new X-ray satellites Chandra and XMM Refregier and Loeb (1997).

###### Acknowledgements.

We wish to thank Roser Pelló and Bernard Fort for fruitful discussions and encouragements. This work was supported by the TMR network “Gravitational Lensing : New Constraints on Cosmology and the Distribution of Dark Matter” of the European Commission under contract No : ERBFMRX-CT98-0172.


text:
# Untitled Document

###

Recently much work has been done in Inflationary theories in Einstein-Cartan cosmology  without avery clear criteria of how to define inflation with dilaton fields or inflatons.In this letter we hope to remedy this situation by stablishing this criteria following the same pattern that was used in the context of General Relativity (GR) .Application of this criteria to an example where we investigate the relation between the spin-torsion and matter densities and the temperature anisotropies is given, where the COBE data is used to obtain an expression between the spin-torsion density and temperature of the Universe.This letter complements previous work developed by Palle  in the sense that we deal with inflation generated by a scalar field which is not taken into account when Palle investigates a model of inflation with rotation and expansion and computes the density perturbation during this phase.Korotky  has also applied this model to show that is possible to solve some problems that appear in the Nucleosynthesis in Riemann-Cartan spacetime.To start with let us consider the Einstein-Cartan equations as given in Gasperini

$$H^2=\frac{8\pi G}{3}(\rho _{eff}2\pi G\sigma ^2)$$
(1)
and

$$H^2=\frac{4\pi G}{3}(\rho _{eff}+3p_{eff}8\pi G\sigma ^2)$$
(2)
Where $`\frac{\dot{a}}{a}=H`$.Application of the de Sitter metric

$$ds^2=dt^2e^{2Ht}(dz^2+dx^2+dy^2)$$
(3)
to the EC equations yields

$$\rho _{eff}=p_{eff}+4\pi G\sigma ^2$$
(4)
Where

$$\rho _{eff}=\dot{\varphi }^2+V(\varphi )+\rho $$
(5)
and

$$p_{eff}=\dot{\varphi }^2V(\varphi )+\rho $$
(6)
Substitution of expressions (5) and (6) into expression (4) yields after some algebra

$$2\dot{\varphi }^2+\rho =p+4\pi G\sigma ^2$$
(7)
One must note that this criteria reduces to the GR criteria when torsion and the dilaton field $`\varphi `$ vanish.Expression (7) gives us some more freedom on the criteria to choose to consider inflation in the context of Einstein-Cartan gravity.The first could be to maintain the criteria of GR inflation and to use $`\rho =p`$ into expression (7) yields

$$\dot{\varphi }^2=2\pi G\sigma ^2$$
(8)
In the particular case where torsion is constant integration of expression (8) yields a linear relation between dilaton and time where torsion appears in the angular coefficient of the straight lines as

$$\varphi (t)=\varphi (0)+2\pi G\sigma _0t$$
(9)
where the index $`0`$ indicates that the quantity is constant.By making use of the relation $`a(t)=\frac{1}{T}`$ between the cosmic scale factor $`a`$ and the temperature $`T`$,one obtains

$$\delta a=\frac{\delta T}{T^2}$$
(10)
Now from the EC field equations above one obtains

$$\frac{\delta \rho }{\rho }|_{eff}=2k\frac{T\delta T}{H^2kT^2}$$
(11)
By making use of the approximation $`kT^2>>>H^2`$ one obtains the relationship between the effective matter density fluctuation and the temperature fluctuation

$$\frac{\delta \rho }{\rho }|_{eff}=2\frac{\delta T}{T}$$
(12)
Yet from the field equations one now has

$$\frac{\delta \rho }{\rho }|_{eff}=\frac{2}{T}\frac{\delta \sigma }{\sigma }3\frac{k}{16\pi G^2\sigma ^2}2\frac{\delta T}{T}$$
(13)
To simplify matters we shall consider the flat section $`(k=0)`$ and the last term drops out.From the expression (5) one obtains

$$\frac{\delta \rho }{\rho }=\frac{1}{T}\frac{\delta \sigma }{\sigma }$$
(14)
and from the COBE data $`\frac{\delta T}{T}=10^5`$ we obtain a relation between the spin-torsion density fluctuation and the temperature of the Universe as

$$\frac{\delta \sigma }{\sigma }=\frac{1}{2}.10^5T$$
(15)
Just to give an estimate to the spin-torsion density during the de Sitter inflationary phase let us consideer the temperature $`T_0=0.5K`$ for the temperature of the CBR radiation which yields

$$\frac{\delta \sigma }{\sigma }=2.510^6$$
(16)
In principle an experiment could be proposed to measured such relative high value predicted for the spin-torsion density fluctuation based on the Einstein-Cartan cosmology.

## Acknowledgments

###

Thanks are due to Prof.I.L.Shapiro and Prof.Rudnei Ramos, for their constant advice on the subject of this paper.I am very much indebt to FAPESP (fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo) and CNPq. (Brazilian Government Agency) for financial support.


text:
# COLOR RECONNECTION AND BOSE-EINSTEIN CORRELATIONS AT LEP2

## 1 Motivation

In high energy $`e^+e^{}`$ collisions at LEP the W bosons are produced in pairs. As the hadronisation scale is much larger than the distance of the W bosons at their primary decay vertices, the decay products have a significant space-time overlap and the two systems may interfere during the hadronisation phase. One important consequence is a possible shift in the invariant mass of the reconstructed W bosons in the fully hadronic channel. Two types of final state interactions are investigated and will be reviewed seperately: color reconnection and Bose-Einstein correlations.
The results are based on $`55`$ $`pb^1`$ at $`\sqrt{s}=183`$ $`GeV`$ and $`173`$ $`pb^1`$ at $`\sqrt{s}=189`$ $`GeV`$ per LEP collaboration.

## 2 Color Reconnection (CRC)

Color reconnection (CRC) leads to a rearrangement of the color flow between the hadronic decay products of the W bosons. That this may cause a possibly significant shift in the W mass measurement was first suggested by Sjöstrand and Khoze \[$`\mathrm{?}\mathrm{?}`$\]. In the perturbative case the color flow of the primary quarks is rearranged and possible effects can be estimated by perturbative QCD. The shift of the W mass is predicted to $`\mathrm{\Delta }M_W𝒪`$$`(5MeV)`$ and thus negligible. The effect due to the rearrangement of the color flow of the secondary decay products has to be investigated by MC studies and non-perturbative QCD models have to be used. The consequence for the W mass shift is estimated to be of the order of $`\mathrm{\Delta }M_W𝒪`$$`(50MeV)`$. The following review concentrates on the latter case.

### 2.1 Inclusive Mean Charged Particle Multiplicity

To investigate effects of CRC simple observables like the inclusive charged multiplicity $`N_{ch}`$ are obvious candidates. There have been models \[$`\mathrm{?}\mathrm{?}`$\] which predict a $`10\%`$ effect of CRC on the mean charged multiplicity $`N_{ch}^{4q}`$ in the $`W^+W^{}q\overline{q}q\overline{q}`$ channel which were excluded in earlier analysis \[$`\mathrm{?}\mathrm{?}`$, a.o.\] but encouraged the interest in these kind of studies.
As a reference for $`N_{ch}^{4q}`$ the mean charged multiplicity $`N_{ch}^{qq\mathrm{}\nu }`$ of the hadronic part of the semileptonic channel is used. Typically the difference $`\mathrm{\Delta }N_{ch}=N_{ch}^{4q}2N_{ch}^{qq\mathrm{}v}`$ is chosen as an observable and should be 0 for no observed effect. The results of the four collaborations \[$`\mathrm{?}\mathrm{?}`$ \- $`\mathrm{?}\mathrm{?}`$\] in figure 1a should not be compared directly with each other due to different unfolding and correction procedures. MC studies with physically reasonable CRC models predict a shift in the mean charged multiplicity of the fully hadronic channel of $`|\mathrm{\Delta }N_{ch}^{MC}|0.3`$. Therefore all the results are still compatible with standard model predictions.

### 2.2 Inclusive Charged Particle Momentum Distributions

From MC studies an effect of CRC \[$`\mathrm{?}\mathrm{?}`$\], especially in the low momentum region of the hadronic WW events, is expected. ALEPH \[$`\mathrm{?}\mathrm{?}`$\], DELPHI \[$`\mathrm{?}\mathrm{?}`$\] and OPAL \[$`\mathrm{?}\mathrm{?}`$\] performed similar analysis on momentum distributions. However no evidence for CRC within the statistical significance could be found. As an example the $`\xi `$ distribution of ALEPH is shown in figure 1b where $`\xi `$ is the transformed normalized momentum of the charged particles: $`\xi =ln(x_p)=ln(\frac{p}{\sqrt{s}/2})`$. A comparison of the hadronic and the semileptonic channel shows no evidence for color reconnection. Even more low momentum particles are observed whereas less are expected by the 3 shown CRC models of Sjöstrand and Khoze. Further MC studies claimed \[$`\mathrm{?}\mathrm{?}`$\], that the effect should be enlarged for low momentum heavy particles in the context of Sjöstrands CRC models. DELPHI \[$`\mathrm{?}\mathrm{?}`$\] and OPAL \[$`\mathrm{?}\mathrm{?}`$\] performed analyses on the low momentum distributions of charged Kaons and Protons. The result of OPAL is shown in figure 2.

In both channels some discrepancies between the data and the KORALW standard MC are found. Nevertheless the ratio $`R=N_{K,p}^{4q}/(2N_{K,p}^{qq\mathrm{}\nu })`$ prefers the MC without CRC. For comparison 2 ARIADNE CRC models are shown. The ratio of the production rates in the momentum region $`0.002x_p0.012`$ was found to be

$`R(183GeV)=0.91\pm 0.13\pm 0.08`$

$`R(189GeV)=1.11\pm 0.08\pm 0.06`$

For both energies the result is consistent with the expectation of standard QCD models without CRC.

### 2.3 Particle and Energy Flow Distributions between Jets

In the context of the string fragmentation model CRC should change the particle production between different jets. This can be investigated via particle and energy flow distributions. The particle flow describes the number of particles produced per angular unit between 2 adjacent jets. In the energy flow histogram the entries are weighted with the energy of the particles. The analysis of the L3 collaboration \[$`\mathrm{?}\mathrm{?}`$\] uses a topological event selection, afterwards the jets coming from one W boson are identified and sorted. The angle between the jets is rescaled to be one. Angles from 0 to 1 (A) and from 2 to 3 (B) in figure 3a describe the region between the jets from the same W boson, angles from 1 to 2 (C) and from 3 to 4 (D) describe the region between jets from different W bosons.

The data show no significant deviation from the MC without CRC. The ratio between the particle production of jets coming from the same and from different W bosons $`\frac{particleflow(regionA+B)}{particleflow(regionC+D)}`$ can be used as a more sensitive variable to CRC. In figure 3b this ratio is shown for the energy flow distribution of the low momentum particles ($`p<1`$ $`GeV`$) in comparison with one of the Sjöstrand/Khoze models (SK I) as well as the somewhat extreme Gustafson/Häkkinen model (GH) \[$`\mathrm{?}\mathrm{?}`$\]. Although the errors are still quite large it seems that most of the data points are systematically slightly lower than the standard MC prediction without CRC. Nevertheless no evidence for CRC can be claimed within the statistical significance.

## 3 Bose-Einstein Correlations (BEC)

From quantum mechanics it is known that the wave function of a pair of identical bosons must be symmetric. As a consequence the number of identical bosons, produced close in phase space, is enhanced. The so called Bose-Einstein correlations (BEC) are well established for pions in $`Z^o`$ decays. However it is not clear to what extent BEC are induced from the space-time overlap of the decay products of the pair-produced W bosons. From MC studies the shift in the W mass in the hadronic channel is estimated to the order of $`\mathrm{\Delta }M_W𝒪`$$`(50MeV)`$.

### 3.1 BEC Studies at ALEPH

The ALEPH collaboration uses the following double ratio \[$`\mathrm{?}\mathrm{?}`$\]:

$`R^{}(Q)=\left(\frac{N_\pi ^{++,}(Q)}{N_\pi ^+(Q)}\right)^{data}/\left(\frac{N_\pi ^{++,}(Q)}{N_\pi ^+(Q)}\right)_{noBEC}^{MC}`$

The ratio of the number of ’like-sign pion pairs’ to ’unlike-sign pion pairs’ of the data is compared with a MC sample without BEC. This ratio is parametrized with $`R^{}(Q)=\kappa (1+ϵQ)(1+\lambda e^{\sigma ^2Q^2})`$. $`Q`$ is the Lorentz-invariant momentum distance of 2 bosons, $`\kappa `$ defines the strength of the correlations and $`\sigma `$ the source size of the boson emitter. The double ratio and the fit to the data are shown in figure 4a. The data points are compared to MC with and without BEC which is tuned and corrected at the $`Z^o`$ peak. BEC between pions from different W bosons are disfavoured by the MC.

### 3.2 BEC Studies at DELPHI

The DELPHI collaboration uses an event mixing technique \[$`\mathrm{?}\mathrm{?}`$\] where they compare the number of ’like-sign pion pairs’ in the hadronic channel with the number of ’like-sign pion pairs’ of a hadronic event, which is built of the hadronic part of 2 semileptonic events:

$`g^{}(Q)=\left(\frac{N_{4q}(Q)}{N_{mix}(Q)}\right)^{data}/\left(\frac{N_{4q}(Q)}{N_{mix}(Q)}\right)_{noBEC}^{MC}`$

By definition there are no correlations between the pions of different W bosons. The double ratio is parametrized as $`g^{}(Q)=1+\mathrm{\Delta }e^{k^2Q^2}`$. The fit results in $`\mathrm{\Delta }=(7.3\pm 2.5_{stat}\pm 1.8_{syst})\%`$. If there are no BEC between pions from different W bosons the expectation would be $`\mathrm{\Delta }=0`$. Therefore the BEC between the W bosons are preferred by this analysis.

### 3.3 BEC Studies at L3

In the subtraction method of the L3 collaboration \[$`\mathrm{?}\mathrm{?}`$\] a 2 particle density function is defined as $`\rho (p_1,p_2)=\frac{1}{N_{evt}}\frac{dn_{pairs}}{dQ}`$.
The overall 2 particle density can be written as:

$`\rho ^{WW}=2\rho ^W+2\rho _{mix}^{WW}\mathrm{\Delta }\rho =\rho ^{WW}+2\rho ^W+2\rho _{mix}^{WW}`$

with $`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho =0`$ for no BEC between pion pairs from different W bosons. The $`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho `$ distributions for the like-sign and unlike-sign charged pions are investigated as well as $`\delta \rho =\mathrm{\Delta }\rho (\pm ,\pm )\mathrm{\Delta }\rho (+,)`$ which should only depend on BEC. No excess is observed in the distributions and BEC between pions from different W bosons are disfavoured.

### 3.4 BEC Studies at OPAL

The OPAL collaboration uses the same double ratio as ALEPH but performs a simultanous fit \[$`\mathrm{?}\mathrm{?}`$\] to the following event classes:
hadronic WW, semileptonic WW and $`e^+e^{}q\overline{q}`$ events. In table 1 the fit result of the source size R and the strength of the correlations $`\lambda `$ are shown.
With $`\lambda =0.05\pm 0.67\pm 0.35`$ BEC between pions coming from different W bosons cannot be established with the current level of precision.

## 4 Summary

Studies of final state interactions are an interesting field in itself and may help to obtain a deeper understanding of the space-time development of the fragmentation process.
The analyses on color reconnection show that all the investigated distributions are compatible with standard MC predictions. Nevertheless they are still limited by the statistics. The particle and energy flow analysis of the L3 collaboration looks promising as the statistics will be increased by at least a factor of 3. With similar analyses of the other LEP collaborations the statistical errors could be decreased by almost a factor of 4 with the final statistics.
The BEC analyses for the LEP collaborations use different methods and the results are not yet conclusive. More experimental effort is needed in this sector to understand BEC resulting from the interference of the hadronic decay products of different W bosons.
One should be aware that an interference between CRC and BEC may reduce or enhance the overall effect.
The present experimental status of the W mass \[$`\mathrm{?}\mathrm{?}`$\] is

$`M_W(q\overline{q}q\overline{q})M_W(q\overline{q}\mathrm{}\nu _{\mathrm{}})=152\pm 74MeV/c^2`$

As the actual systematic error on final state interaction is given with $`58MeV/c^2`$ \[$`\mathrm{?}\mathrm{?}`$\] it is important to understand color reconnection and Bose-Einstein correlations because they are an important systematic uncertainty on the W mass measurement in the hadronic channel.

## Acknowledgments

I would like to thank all colleagues in the LEP collaborations who performed the analyses and helped in preparing the talk.

## References