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# Particle production in the oscillating inflation model

## I Introduction

Inflationary cosmology is one of the most reliable concepts to describe the early stage of the universe. This paradigm not only gives the solution to a number of shortcomings of the standard big bang cosmology, but also provides the density perturbation that may be responsible for the structure formation. During the inflationary stage, a scalar field $`\varphi `$ known as inflaton is slowly rolling down toward a minimum of its potential. Inflation ends when the kinetic energy of the inflaton becomes comparable to the potential energy. After that, the inflaton field begins to oscillate around the minimum of its potential and produces elementary particles. This process by which the energy of the inflaton field is transferred to other particles is called reheating. The original scenario of reheating was considered in Ref.  based on the perturbation theory, adding the phenomenological decay term to the equation of the inflaton field. However, since the production of a grand unified theory (GUT) scale boson is kinematically forbidden in this model, the GUT scale baryogenesis does not work well in this scenario.

It was recently recognized that the reheating process begins by an explosive particle production called preheating . During this stage, the fluctuation of produced particles grows quasi-exponentially by parametric resonance. The efficiency of resonance depends on the model of the inflation. The chaotic inflation is one of the most efficient model for the development of the fluctuation. In the case of the massive inflaton potential $`V(\varphi )=m^2\varphi ^2/2`$, another scalar field $`\chi `$ coupled to inflaton with a coupling $`g^2\varphi ^2\chi ^2/2`$ can be enhanced in a certain range of the coupling constant. With the coupling of $`g\stackrel{>}{}10^4`$, resonance turns on from a broad resonance regime and the fluctuation of the $`\chi `$ particle increases overcoming the diluting effect by the cosmic expansion. In the massless inflaton potential $`\lambda \varphi ^4/4`$, the growth of the inflaton fluctuation occurs even if we do not introduce another field $`\chi `$ coupled to inflaton . In this case, however, since the resonance band is restricted to be narrow, the transfer of energy from the homogeneous inflaton to the fluctuation does not occur sufficiently. In the two-field model of $`V(\varphi ,\chi )=\lambda \varphi ^4/4+g^2\varphi ^2\chi ^2/2`$, the $`\chi `$ particle production is typically more efficient than the production of the $`\varphi `$ particle. As for other models of inflation, several authors considered preheating such as the hybrid inflation, and the higher curvature inflation.

Recently it has been recognized by Damour and Mukhanov that inflation occurs even in the oscillating stage for the non-convex type potential $`V(\varphi )`$ where $`d^2V/d\varphi ^2`$ is negative in the regime not too far from the core of the potential. In spite of the rapid oscillation of the inflaton field, inflation takes place during which the field moves in flat regions outside the core part. Liddle and Mazumdar called it oscillating inflation and numerically calculated the revised number of $`e`$-foldings. The amount of inflation becomes larger with the decrease of the critical value $`\varphi _c`$ which determines the scale of the convex core of the potential. However, it is difficult to induce a sufficient inflation only by the oscillating inflation even when $`\varphi _c`$ is lowered to the electro-weak scale $`\varphi _c=10^{17}M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$. Since the ordinary inflation takes place in the slow-roll regime before the oscillating inflation, the total amount of $`e`$-folding is mostly due to this preceding inflation and the contribution of the oscillating inflation is added to some extent. The energy scale of the potential can be determined in the usual manner by fitting the density perturbation observed by the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite.

As was pointed out by Damour and Mukhanov, since the square of the effective mass of the inflaton field $`m_\varphi ^2d^2V/d\varphi ^2`$ is mostly negative during the oscillating inflation, the fluctuation of inflaton can be strongly amplified. Taruya considered the evolution of the fluctuation including the metric perturbation in the single field model during the oscillating inflation. Although the super-horizon modes ($`k0`$) are not relevantly amplified, the growth of the modes inside the Hubble horizon occurs significantly. In the case of the single field, since the curvature perturbation on the comoving slice remains constant in the long wavelength limit, we can not expect the significant growth of the long-wave perturbation. It was also suggested by Damour and Mukhanov that another field $`\chi `$ coupled to inflaton would be resonantly amplified during the oscillating inflation and the superheavy GUT scale bosons are expected to be generated. The structure of resonance for the $`\chi `$ particle is different from that of the $`\varphi `$ particle, and we should make clear the parameter range of the coupling constant $`g`$ where the $`\chi `$ particle production occurs sufficiently. Since the effective mass of the inflaton around the minimum of the potential depends on the critical value $`\varphi _c`$, it is also important to investigate how the difference of the shape of the potential would affect the $`\chi `$ particle production. If the $`\chi `$ particle is efficiently created in the oscillating inflation model, this would affect a nonthermal phase transition, and topological defect formation. Also, the possibility of the production of the superheavy particle would make the baryogenesis at the GUT scale possible. In this paper, we consider the production of the $`\chi `$ particle as well as the $`\varphi `$ particle during the oscillating inflation and the subsequent oscillating stage. We make use of the Hartree approximation in order to include the back reaction effect of created particles which is absent in Ref. . Even in the case where the resonance band is very broad, the back reaction effect plays a crucial role to terminate the growth of the fluctuation. We will discuss how the maximum fluctuations of $`\varphi `$ and $`\chi `$ particles depend on the critical value of $`\varphi _c`$ and the coupling constant $`g`$.

This paper is organized as follows. In the next section, we introduce basic equations based on the Hartree approximation in the oscillating inflation model. In Sec. III, the particle production in this model is investigated by making use of the numerical results. We study how the fluctuations of the $`\varphi `$ and $`\chi `$ fields grow during the oscillating inflation and the subsequent oscillating stage. We give our discussions and conclusions in the final section.

## II The basic equations

We investigate a model where an inflaton field $`\varphi `$ is coupled to a scalar field $`\chi `$,

$`=\sqrt{g}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\kappa ^2}}R{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\varphi )^2V(\varphi ){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\chi )^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m_\chi ^2\chi ^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g^2\varphi ^2\chi ^2\right],`$ (1)
where $`\kappa ^2/8\pi G=M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$ is Newton’s gravitational constant, $`R`$ is a scalar curvature, $`m_\chi `$ is a mass of the $`\chi `$ field, and $`g`$ is a coupling constant. We consider an inflaton potential $`V(\varphi )`$ proposed by Damour and Mukhanov, which is described by

$`V(\varphi )={\displaystyle \frac{M^4}{q}}\left[\left({\displaystyle \frac{\varphi ^2}{\varphi _c^2}}+1\right)^{q/2}1\right],`$ (2)
where $`M`$ is a mass which is constrained by the primordial density perturbation observed by the COBE satellite, $`q`$ is a dimensionless parameter greater than zero, and $`\varphi _c`$ is a critical value of the inflaton field which determines the scale of the core part of the potential (See Fig. 1). Note that the potential $`(\text{2})`$ is a toy model which is not directly related with a real theory of physics, although supergravity and superstring models may give rise to some non-convex type potentials. In the case of $`\varphi ^2\varphi _c^2`$, the potential is approximately written by $`V(\varphi )Aq^1(\varphi /\varphi _c)^q`$, and $`d^2V/d\varphi ^2`$ becomes negative for $`q<1`$. Inflation takes place in the usual manner while inflaton slowly moves in this flat region. This conventional slow-roll inflation is followed by the oscillating inflation, which means that inflation continues to occur during the oscillating stage of inflaton while it evolves in the region of $`\varphi ^2\stackrel{>}{}\varphi _c^2`$. Since the amplitude of the $`\varphi `$ field gradually decreases due to the adiabatic expansion of the universe, the $`\varphi `$ field is finally trapped in the core region of the potential (i.e. $`\varphi ^2\stackrel{<}{}\varphi _c^2`$) and the oscillating inflation ceases. After that, the universe enters the ordinary reheating stage, in which the potential $`(\text{2})`$ is described by the massive inflaton potential.

Hereafter, we study the dynamics of the system in the flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric

$`ds^2=dt^2+a^2(t)d𝐱^2,`$ (3)
where $`a(t)`$ is the scale factor, and $`t`$ is the cosmic time coordinate.

Let us consider the equations of motion based on the Hartree factorization in the oscillating inflation model. We decompose the inflaton field into the homogeneous and fluctuational parts as

$`\varphi (t,𝐱)=\varphi _0(t)+\delta \varphi (t,𝐱),`$ (4)
where the fluctuational part satisfies the tadpole condition

$`\delta \varphi (t,𝐱)=0.`$ (5)
In order to study the quantum particle creation, we expand $`\delta \varphi `$ and $`\chi `$ fields as

$`\delta \varphi ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^{3/2}}}{\displaystyle \left(a_k\delta \varphi _k(t)e^{i𝐤𝐱}+a_k^{}\delta \varphi _k^{}(t)e^{i𝐤𝐱}\right)d^3𝐤},`$ (6)
$`\chi ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^{3/2}}}{\displaystyle \left(a_k\chi _k(t)e^{i𝐤𝐱}+a_k^{}\chi _k^{}(t)e^{i𝐤𝐱}\right)d^3𝐤},`$ (7)
where $`a_k`$ and $`a_k^{}`$ are the annihilation and creation operators respectively.

Then, the equations of motion for inflaton are expressed by imposing the Hartree factorization as

$`\ddot{\varphi }_0+3H\dot{\varphi }_0+{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^nn!}}\delta \varphi ^2^nV^{(2n+1)}(\varphi _0)+g^2\chi ^2\varphi _0=0,`$ (8)
$`\delta \ddot{\varphi }_k+3H\delta \dot{\varphi }_k+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{k^2}{a^2}}+{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^nn!}}\delta \varphi ^2^nV^{(2n+2)}(\varphi _0)+g^2\chi ^2\right]\delta \varphi _k=0,`$ (9)
where $`H\dot{a}/a`$, $`V^n(\varphi _0)\delta ^nV(\varphi _0)/\delta \varphi _0^n`$, and $`\delta \varphi ^2`$, $`\chi ^2`$ are defined by

$`\delta \varphi ^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle k^2|\delta \varphi _k|^2𝑑k},`$ (10)
$`\chi ^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle k^2|\chi _k|^2𝑑k}.`$ (11)
Note that the $`V^{(2)}(\varphi _0)`$ term in Eq. $`(\text{9})`$ is the leading term for the development of the fluctuation $`\delta \varphi ^2`$. In the present model, this term is negative in most stages of the oscillating inflation, and the growth of the fluctuation can be expected during this stage. As $`\varphi `$ particles are produced, however, the back reaction effect by the growth of $`\delta \varphi ^2`$ plays an important role. The development of the fluctuation is suppressed by the $`\varphi `$ particle production itself.

With regard to the $`\chi `$ field, this satisfies the following equation

$`\ddot{\chi }_k+3H\dot{\chi }_k+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{k^2}{a^2}}+m_\chi ^2+g^2(\varphi _0^2+\delta \varphi ^2)\right]\chi _k=0.`$ (12)
The $`g^2\varphi _0^2`$ term leads to the parametric amplification of $`\chi `$ particles when the $`\varphi _0`$ field oscillates around the minimum of its potential. The strength of resonance depends on the coupling constant $`g`$ and the amplitude of the $`\varphi _0`$ field. Moreover, the effective mass $`m_\varphi `$ of the $`\varphi _0`$ field is also important as we will show later. Since $`m_\varphi `$ is closely related to the shape around the core region, the development of the fluctuation $`\chi ^2`$ depends on the critical value $`\varphi _c`$. In the case where the growth rate of the $`\chi `$ fluctuation is large, back reaction effects of $`\chi `$ particles as well as $`\varphi `$ particles finally shut off the parametric resonance.

Next, the evolution of the scale factor is described by

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\dot{a}}{a}}\right)^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa ^2}{3}}[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\dot{\varphi _0}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\delta \dot{\varphi }^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2a^2}}(\varphi )^2+{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^nn!}}\delta \varphi ^2^nV^{2n}(\varphi _0)`$ (13)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\dot{\chi }^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2a^2}}(\chi )^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\{m_\chi ^2+g^2(\varphi _0^2+\delta \varphi ^2)\}\chi ^2],`$ (14)
where

$`\delta \dot{\varphi }^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle k^2|\delta \dot{\varphi }_k|^2𝑑k},`$ (15)
$`(\varphi )^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle k^4|\delta \varphi _k|^2𝑑k},`$ (16)
$`(\chi )^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle k^4|\chi _k|^2𝑑k}.`$ (17)
Before analyzing the above equation of motion, we first discuss the evolution of the scale factor and the homogeneous inflaton field neglecting the fluctuational terms. Then, Eqs. $`(\text{8})`$ and $`(\text{14})`$ are approximately written as

$`\ddot{\varphi }_0+3H\dot{\varphi }_0+V,_{\varphi _0}(\varphi _0)0,`$ (18)
$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\dot{a}}{a}}\right)^2{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa ^2}{3}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\dot{\varphi _0}^2+V(\varphi _0)\right].`$ (19)
We can understand the mean behavior of the scale factor and the inflaton field by ignoring the core region of the potential. For the case of $`\varphi _0^2\varphi _c^2`$, making use of the time averaged relation $`\dot{\varphi }^2_T=qV(\varphi )_T`$ in Eqs. $`(\text{18})`$ and $`(\text{19})`$, we find the following approximate relation

$`at^{(q+2)/3q},`$ (20)
$`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0t^{2/q},`$ (21)
where $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0`$ is the amplitude of the $`\varphi _0`$ field. Note that the universe expands acceleratedly for $`0<q<1`$. Hereafter, we consider the case of $`0<q<1`$. Since inflation takes place for $`\varphi _0^2\stackrel{>}{}\varphi _c^2`$, the amount of inflation becomes larger with the decrease of $`\varphi _c`$. Damour and Mukhanov estimated the number of $`e`$-foldings as

$`N\mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{a_f}{a_s}}{\displaystyle \frac{2+q}{6}}\mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _0(t_s)}{\varphi _c}},`$ (22)
where the subscripts $`s`$ and $`f`$ denote the end of the slow-roll and the end of the oscillating inflation respectively. The slow-roll inflation ends when the slow-roll parameter $`ϵ(V,_{\varphi _0}/V)^2/2\kappa ^2`$ becomes of order unity. For the case of $`\varphi _0^2\varphi _c^2`$, since $`ϵ`$ can be written as

$`ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{q^2M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2}{16\pi \varphi _0^2}},`$ (23)
$`\varphi _0(t_s)`$ is estimated by setting $`ϵ=1`$ as

$`\varphi _0(t_s){\displaystyle \frac{q}{\sqrt{16\pi }}}M_{\mathrm{pl}}.`$ (24)
We find from Eqs. $`(\text{22})`$ and $`(\text{24})`$ that the number of $`e`$-foldings during the oscillating inflation is small compared with the total needed amount of inflation $`N_t\stackrel{>}{}60`$. For example, when $`\varphi _c=10^6M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ and $`q=0.1`$, $`N=3.3`$. Even if $`\varphi _c`$ is the electro-weak scale $`\varphi _c=10^{17}M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, $`N=12.2`$ for $`q=0.1`$. As was confirmed by numerical calculations in Ref. , the number of $`e`$-foldings becomes smaller as $`q`$ approaches zero or unity for the fixed value of $`\varphi _c`$. Hence even if we change the values of $`q`$ in the range of $`0<q<1`$, the contribution to the amount of inflation due to the oscillating inflation is still small. This means that the preceding inflation by the ordinary slow-roll is expected to contribute to most of the number of $`e`$-foldings needed to solve cosmological puzzles.

Let us estimate the energy scale of the potential $`(\text{2})`$ which is constrained by the density perturbation observed by the COBE satellite. First, we consider the value of $`\varphi _0`$ ($`=\varphi _0(t_i)`$) at the epoch of horizon exit when physical scales crossed outside the Hubble radius 50 $`e`$-foldings before the start of the oscillating inflation. Calculating the number of $`e`$-foldings

$`N=\kappa ^2{\displaystyle _{\varphi _0(t_i)}^{\varphi _0(t_s)}}{\displaystyle \frac{V}{V,_{\varphi _0}}}𝑑\varphi _0,`$ (25)
in the present model with the condition of $`\varphi _0^2\varphi _c^2`$, we obtain

$`N{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi }{qM_{\mathrm{pl}}^2}}\left[\varphi _0^2(t_i)\varphi _0^2(t_s)\right].`$ (26)
Then the value of $`\varphi _0(t_i)`$ is approximately estimated as

$`\varphi _0(t_i)\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{qN}{4\pi }}}M_{\mathrm{pl}},`$ (27)
where we neglected the contribution of the $`\varphi _0(t_s)`$ term. The square of the amplitude of the density perturbation can be calculated for $`\varphi _0^2\varphi _c^2`$ as

$`\delta _H^2={\displaystyle \frac{32}{75}}{\displaystyle \frac{V(\varphi _0(t_i))}{M_{\mathrm{pl}}^4}}ϵ^1(\varphi _0(t_i)){\displaystyle \frac{512\pi }{75}}{\displaystyle \frac{M^4}{q^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}^6}}{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _0^{q+2}(t_i)}{\varphi _c^q}}.`$ (28)
Then the mass $`M`$ is constrained to be

$`M\left[{\displaystyle \frac{75}{128}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^2}{N}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _c}{M_{\mathrm{pl}}}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi }{qN}}}\right)^q\delta _H^2\right]^{1/4}M_{\mathrm{pl}}.`$ (29)
The COBE data requires $`\delta _H2\times 10^5`$. Setting $`N=50`$, we can estimate the mass $`M`$ as two functions of $`q`$ and $`\varphi _c`$. The mass $`M`$ is weakly dependent on the value of $`\varphi _c`$ for the fixed value of $`q`$. For example, for $`\varphi _c=10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ and $`q=0.1`$, $`M=3.74\times 10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$; and for $`\varphi _c=10^6M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ and $`q=0.1`$, $`M=3.33\times 10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$. In the next section, we use the value of $`M`$ which is obtained by Eq. $`(\text{29})`$, and consider the growth of the fluctuation during and after the oscillating inflation.

## III Particle production in the oscillating inflation model

In this section, we investigate the particle production of $`\varphi `$ and $`\chi `$ fields with the potential $`(\text{2})`$. Defining new scalar fields $`\phi _0a^{3/2}\varphi _0`$, $`\delta \phi _ka^{3/2}\delta \varphi _k`$, and $`X_ka^{3/2}\chi _k`$, Eqs. $`(\text{8})`$, $`(\text{9})`$, and $`(\text{12})`$ can be rewritten as

$`\ddot{\phi }_0+\omega _{\phi _0}^2\phi _0=0,`$ (30)
$`\delta \ddot{\phi }_k+\omega _{\delta \phi _k}^2\delta \phi _k=0,`$ (31)
$`\ddot{X}_k+\omega _{X_k}^2X_k=0,`$ (32)
with

$`\omega _{\phi _0}^2`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{M^4}{\varphi _c^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _0^2}{\varphi _c^2}}+1\right)^{\frac{1}{2}q1}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{M^4}{\varphi _c^4}}\delta \varphi ^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _0^2}{\varphi _c^2}}+1\right)^{\frac{1}{2}q3}(q2)\left\{(q1){\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _0^2}{\varphi _c^2}}+3\right\}`$ (33)
$`+`$ $`g^2\chi ^2{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{2\ddot{a}}{a}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{a}^2}{a^2}}\right),`$ (34)
$`\omega _{\delta \phi _k}^2`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{k^2}{a^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{M^4}{\varphi _c^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _0^2}{\varphi _c^2}}+1\right)^{\frac{1}{2}q2}\left\{(q1){\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _0^2}{\varphi _c^2}}+1\right\}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\delta \varphi ^2{\displaystyle \frac{M^4}{\varphi _c^4}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _0^2}{\varphi _c^2}}+1\right)^{\frac{1}{2}q4}`$ (35)
$`\times `$ $`(q2)\left\{(q1)(q3){\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _0^4}{\varphi _c^4}}+6(q3){\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _0^2}{\varphi _c^2}}+3\right\}+g^2\chi ^2{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{2\ddot{a}}{a}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{a}^2}{a^2}}\right),`$ (36)
$`\omega _{X_k}^2{\displaystyle \frac{k^2}{a^2}}+m_\chi ^2+g^2(\varphi _0^2+\delta \varphi ^2){\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{2\ddot{a}}{a}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{a}^2}{a^2}}\right),`$ (37)
where we have considered the $`\delta \varphi ^2^n`$ terms up to $`n=1`$. The higher order terms do not significantly contribute to the evolution of the system. We find from Eq. $`(\text{34})`$ that the frequency of the $`\phi _0`$ field changes even during one oscillation of the $`\phi _0`$ field. At the stage when the particles are not sufficiently produced ($`\delta \varphi ^2,\chi ^2\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0^2`$), the second and third terms in Eq. $`(\text{34})`$ are negligible. Moreover, since the last term in Eq. $`(\text{34})`$ is estimated by using Eqs. $`(\text{18})`$ and $`(\text{19})`$ as

$`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{2\ddot{a}}{a}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{a}^2}{a^2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}\kappa ^2\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\dot{\varphi _0}^2V(\varphi _0)\right],`$ (38)
this term is also negligible compared with the first term in Eq. $`(\text{34})`$ for the typical values of $`\varphi _c`$ ($`\stackrel{<}{}10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$). Then the effective mass of the inflaton in the first stage of the oscillating inflation for two limiting cases $`\varphi _0^2\varphi _c^2`$ and $`\varphi _0^2\varphi _c^2`$ is given by

$`m_\varphi =\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{M^2}{\varphi _c}\left(\frac{\varphi _c}{\varphi _0}\right)^{1\frac{q}{2}}\hfill & \text{(}\varphi _0^2\varphi _c^2\text{)}\hfill \\ \frac{M^2}{\varphi _c}\hfill & \text{(}\varphi _0^2\varphi _c^2\text{)}\hfill \end{array}`$ (39)
Note that $`m_\varphi `$ for $`\varphi _0^2\varphi _c^2`$ is smaller than $`m_\varphi `$ for $`\varphi _0^2\varphi _c^2`$ because the potential is flat for $`\varphi _0^2\varphi _c^2`$. As time passes and particles are produced, back reaction effects due to the increase of $`\delta \varphi ^2`$ and $`\chi ^2`$ become relevant and the coherent oscillation of the $`\phi _0`$ field is prevented by the change of the effective mass $`m_\varphi `$.

In the frequency $`(\text{36})`$ of the $`\delta \phi _k`$ field, since we consider the situation of $`0<q<1`$, the second term becomes negative in the region of $`\varphi _0^2\stackrel{>}{}\varphi _c^2`$. Moreover, in the small vicinity of $`\varphi _0^2\stackrel{<}{}\varphi _c^2`$, this term rapidly grows and takes large positive value $`M^4/\varphi _c^2`$. These peculiar behaviors of the frequency lead to the enhancement of the $`\varphi `$ particle during the stage of the oscillating inflation.

As for the $`\chi `$ field, since the oscillation of the $`\varphi _0`$ field is different from that of the ordinary inflaton potential, the increase of $`\chi ^2`$ occurs in a different way. In this case, although analytic investigations of the evolution of the $`\chi `$ particle are rather difficult, we shall examine the parameter range of the critical value $`\varphi _c`$ and the coupling constant $`g`$ where the $`\chi `$ particle production takes place efficiently.

With regard to the initial conditions of the fluctuation, we choose the states which correspond to the conformal vacuum as

$`\delta \phi _k(0)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\omega _{\delta \phi _k(0)}}}},\delta \dot{\phi }_k(0)=i\omega _{\delta \phi _k(0)}\delta \phi _k(0),`$ (40)
$`X_k(0)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\omega _{X_k(0)}}}},\dot{X}_k(0)=i\omega _{X_k(0)}X_k(0),`$ (41)
We investigate the evolution of the fluctuations of $`\varphi `$ and $`\chi `$ fields with those initial conditions as the semiclassical problem. In order to clarify the situation we consider, we first investigate the case when the coupling $`g`$ is zero (i.e. one-field case) and next investigate the case of $`g0`$ (two-field case).

### A The case of $`g=0`$

In this subsection, we study the evolution of the inflaton quanta in the case of $`g=0`$. This case was originally considered by Taruya including the metric perturbation. However, since his results are obtained neglecting the back reaction effect of created particles, we investigate how this effect would modify the growth of the fluctuation. The first thing we should notice is that the strength of the amplification of the fluctuation $`\delta \varphi ^2`$ strongly depends on the critical value $`\varphi _c`$. With the decrease of $`\varphi _c`$, since the duration of the oscillating inflation becomes longer, parametric amplification of the $`\varphi `$ particle occurs more efficiently before the back reaction effect becomes significant.

We investigate two concrete cases of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ and $`\varphi _c=10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ with the value of $`q=0.1`$ where the growth of the fluctuation can be expected. When $`q=0.1`$, the initial value of $`\varphi _0`$ is estimated as $`\varphi _0=1.4\times 10^2M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ by Eq. $`(\text{24})`$.

Let us first consider the evolution of the $`\varphi _0`$ field. In the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, since the initial value of $`\varphi _0`$ is larger than $`\varphi _c`$ only by one order of magnitude, the number of $`e`$-foldings during the oscillating inflation is small \[$`N=0.93`$ by Eq. $`(\text{22})`$\]. In Fig. 2, we depict the evolution of the $`\varphi _0`$ field. The amplitude $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0`$ gradually decreases due to the expansion of the universe, and the oscillating inflation ends when $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0`$ is lowered to $`\varphi _c`$. Numerical calculations indicate that this occurs at $`\overline{t}M^2t/M_{\mathrm{pl}}0.37`$. After this, the $`\varphi _0`$ field oscillates around the core region $`\varphi _0^2\stackrel{<}{}\varphi _c^2`$, whose bare mass is given by $`m_\varphi =M^2/\varphi _c`$. In the case of $`\varphi _c=10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, since the oscillating inflation continues until $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_010^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, we obtain the larger value of $`e`$-foldings $`N=1.73`$ compared with the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$. Numerically, the oscillating inflation ceases at $`\overline{t}0.45`$ in this case.

With regard to the fluctuation of inflaton, the resonance band is very broad and the growth rate of the fluctuation becomes of order unity. We can expect the enormous amplification of the wave modes especially within the Hubble radius. We show in Fig. 3 the evolution of the $`\delta \varphi _k`$ field for two cases of $`\overline{k}k/(M^2/M_{\mathrm{pl}})=0.1`$ and $`\overline{k}=100`$. We find that long-wave modes are not significantly enhanced compared with the modes inside the horizon scale. This result coincides with numerical calculations performed in Ref.  which include the metric perturbation. As was presented in Ref. , the effect of the metric perturbation appears in the term $`2\kappa ^2(V/H)^\dot{}`$ of the equation of the Mukhanov variable $`Q\delta \varphi \dot{\varphi }/H`$, where $``$ is the spatial curvature \[See Eq. (8) in Ref. \]. However, since this term decreases faster than the term $`V^{(2)}(\varphi _0)`$ in Eq. $`(\text{9})`$, we expect that adding this term to the equation of the fluctuation will not alter the evolution of the system. We have numerically checked that the growth of the fluctuation in Fig. 3 is almost the same as in the case where the $`2\kappa ^2(V/H)^\dot{}`$ term is included. In the single-field case, there exists an exact solution for the Mukhanov variable in the long wavelength limit \[See Eq. (9) in Ref. \], and we can confirm that the amplitude of the fluctuation remains nearly constant. On the other hand, since the instability band is broad in the present model even for the large $`k`$, the momentum modes up to $`k^2/a^2\stackrel{<}{}M^4/\varphi _{c}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}`$ inside the Hubble horizon are effectively enhanced. In Fig. 3, we find that the fluctuation $`\delta \varphi _k`$ rapidly grows at the stage of the oscillating inflation for the case of $`\overline{k}=100`$. However, this increase is suppressed at $`\overline{t}0.12`$, before the oscillating inflation terminates at $`\overline{t}0.37`$. This is due to the fact that the back reaction effect of created particles becomes significant. We have numerically confirmed that the fluctuation continues to grow during the oscillating inflation if we neglect the back reaction effect as in Ref. . The increase of $`\delta \varphi ^2`$ effectively changes both frequencies of $`\phi _0`$ and $`\delta \phi _k`$ fields as is found by Eqs. $`(\text{34})`$ and $`(\text{36})`$, and the growth of the fluctuation finally stops when the $`\delta \varphi ^2`$ terms become comparable to the preceding terms in Eqs. $`(\text{34})`$ and $`(\text{36})`$. It is expected that the back reaction effect becomes significant when $`\delta \varphi ^2`$ increases of order $`\varphi _c^2`$. In the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, numerical calculations show that the maximum value of the fluctuation is $`\delta \varphi ^2_f10^7M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$ at $`\overline{t}0.12`$ (See Fig. 4). In this case, parametric amplification of the $`\varphi `$ particle terminates when $`\delta \varphi ^2`$ increases up to $`\delta \varphi ^2_f0.1\varphi _c^2`$. As is seen in Fig. 2, the coherent oscillation of the $`\varphi _0`$ field is hardly broken after $`\overline{t}0.12`$ where the variance of the $`\varphi `$ particle reaches the maximum value. This means that the growth of $`\delta \varphi ^2`$ affects the evolution of the $`\delta \varphi _k`$ field more strongly than that of the $`\varphi _0`$ field.

With the decrease of $`\varphi _c`$, since the oscillating inflation continues longer, the growth rate of the fluctuation in the first stage becomes larger. However, the final variance $`\delta \varphi ^2_f`$ is suppressed as $`\varphi _c`$ becomes smaller. We depict in Fig. 5 the evolution of the fluctuation $`\delta \varphi ^2`$ in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$. In this case, although the oscillating inflation continues until $`\overline{t}0.4`$, the growth of the fluctuation stops much earlier: $`\overline{t}0.05`$. Although the initial growth rate is larger than in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, the production of the $`\varphi `$ particle itself terminates the growth of the fluctuation. This tendency is stronger with the decrease of $`\varphi _c`$, and the maximum fluctuation becomes smaller. We have found the following relation for the typical value of $`\varphi _c\stackrel{<}{}10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ as

$`\delta \varphi ^2_f0.1\varphi _c^2.`$ (42)
Although the $`\varphi `$ particle production is possible at the initial stage of the oscillating inflation, the final variance is strongly suppressed with the decrease of $`\varphi _c`$ as Eq. $`(\text{42})`$. After the amplitude of the inflaton field drops under $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0\stackrel{<}{}\varphi _c`$, the system enters the ordinary reheating stage where the universe expands deceleratedly. In this stage, the growth of the fluctuation $`\delta \varphi ^2`$ can be no longer expected because the inflaton field behaves as the massive inflaton whose mass is $`m_\varphi =M^2/\varphi _c^2`$.

In the next subsection, we consider another field $`\chi `$ coupled to inflaton and analyze how $`\chi `$ particles are produced during the oscillating inflation and subsequent oscillating phase by parametric resonance.

### B The case of $`g0`$

Next, we consider the production of the $`\chi `$ particle coupled to the inflaton field. In the ordinary picture of the slow-roll inflation, the $`\chi `$ particle production is inefficient during the inflationary phase. In the present model, however, since the inflaton field oscillates rapidly during the oscillating inflation, $`\chi `$ particles can be produced in this stage by parametric resonance.

The strength of resonance depends on the coupling $`g`$, the amplitude of $`\varphi _0`$ $`(=\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0)`$, and the mass of the inflaton field $`(=m_\varphi )`$. In the model of the scalar field $`\chi `$ coupled to the massive inflaton $`\varphi `$: $`V(\varphi ,\chi )=m^2\varphi ^2/2+g^2\varphi ^2\chi ^2/2`$, the equation of the $`\chi `$ field is reduced to the Mathieu equation at the linear stage. In this model, the resonance parameter $`qg^2\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^2/(4m^2)`$ is an important factor in determining whether the $`\chi `$ particle production is efficient or not. When $`q`$ is sufficiently large initially as $`q_i1`$, parametric resonance turns on from broad resonance regimes. Although $`q`$ decreases with the decrease of $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0`$ due to the cosmic expansion, the fluctuation $`\chi ^2`$ grows quasiexponentially until $`q`$ drops under unity or the back reaction effect of created particles becomes significant.

In the oscillating inflation model, since the mass $`m_\varphi ^2=\frac{M^4}{\varphi _c^2}\left(\frac{\varphi _0^2}{\varphi _c^2}+1\right)^{q/21}`$ continually changes during one oscillation of inflaton, the $`\phi _0`$ field does not oscillate sinusoidally and the method based on the Mathieu equation is not valid except when $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0`$ drops under $`\varphi _c`$. In the frequency $`(\text{37})`$ of the $`X_k`$ field, since the last term is negligible when the $`\chi `$ particle production occurs sufficiently, the equation of the $`\chi `$ field for the case of $`\delta \varphi ^2\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0^2`$ is approximately written by

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d^2}{dz^2}}X_k+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{k}^2}{a^2}}+\overline{m}_\chi ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{g^2\varphi _0^2}{m_\varphi ^2}}\right]X_k0,`$ (43)
where $`zm_\varphi t`$, $`\overline{k}k/m_\varphi `$, and $`\overline{m}_\chi m_\chi /m_\varphi `$. When the initial value of $`g^2\varphi _0^2/m_\varphi ^2`$ is large, parametric resonance works out more efficiently. The initial value of $`\varphi _0`$ estimated by Eq. $`(\text{24})`$ for the typical value of $`q`$ is smaller than the initial value $`\varphi _00.2`$-$`0.3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ in the massive inflaton model. Moreover, as is found by Eq. $`(\text{21})`$, the amplitude of the $`\varphi _0`$ field decays faster than in the model of the massive inflaton with $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0t^1`$.

The effective mass of the $`\varphi _0`$ field is approximately written in two asymptotic regions as Eq. $`(\text{39})`$, and depends on the critical value $`\varphi _c`$. The mass $`m_\varphi M^2/\varphi _c^2`$ around $`\varphi _0^2\stackrel{<}{}\varphi _c^2`$ plays the more important role than that of $`\varphi _0^2\stackrel{>}{}\varphi _c^2`$ for the development of the fluctuation, because $`\chi `$ particles are mainly produced in the vicinity of $`\varphi _0=0`$ where the $`\varphi _0`$ field changes nonadiabatically. During one oscillation of the $`\varphi _0`$ field, $`m_\varphi `$ gradually gets larger as $`\varphi _0`$ approaches the minimum of the potential for the fixed value of $`\varphi _c`$. Moreover, for the typical value of $`\varphi _c\stackrel{<}{}10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ where the oscillating inflation occurs, $`m_\varphi =M^2/\varphi _c`$ is greater than the mass $`10^6M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ in the model of the massive inflaton. For example, in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ and $`q=0.1`$, $`M^2/\varphi _c=1.57\times 10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$; for $`\varphi _c=10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ and $`q=0.1`$, $`M^2/\varphi _c=1.40\times 10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$.

In addition to the fact that $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0`$ decreases faster than in the model of the massive inflaton, the larger mass $`m_\varphi `$ results in the restriction of the coupling constant $`g`$ for an efficient particle production. Since the dependence of $`M^2`$ for the value $`\varphi _c`$ is weak, the mass $`M^2/\varphi _c`$ monotonically increases with the decrease of $`\varphi _c`$. This means that parametric resonance does not take place unless we choose a large coupling constant $`g`$ as $`\varphi _c`$ decreases. When $`\varphi _c`$ is fairly large as $`\varphi _c\stackrel{>}{}0.1M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, $`M^2/\varphi _c`$ becomes comparable to the mass of the massive inflaton model, but in this case the creation of $`\varphi `$ particles can not be expected because of the absence of the oscillating inflationary phase. What we are interested in is the case of $`\varphi _c\stackrel{<}{}10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ where the oscillating inflation occurs and both of $`\varphi `$ and $`\chi `$ particles are generated. In what follows, we examine the $`\chi `$ particle production in two cases of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ and $`\varphi _c=10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ for the massless $`\chi `$ particle, and add the discussion of the case where the mass of the $`\chi `$ particle is included at the final of this section.

When $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, numerical calculations indicate that the increase of $`\chi ^2`$ can take place for $`g\stackrel{>}{}5\times 10^3`$. However, parametric resonance is weak for the case of $`g\stackrel{<}{}0.03`$. As compared with the model of $`V(\varphi ,\chi )=m^2\varphi ^2/2+g^2\varphi ^2\chi ^2/2`$ in which the $`\chi `$ particle production takes place for $`g\stackrel{>}{}10^4`$, larger values of $`g`$ are required even in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ where the oscillating inflation marginally occurs. Since the fluctuation $`\chi ^2`$ does not grow well for $`g\stackrel{<}{}0.03`$, the evolution of the $`\varphi _0`$ field is hardly affected by the $`\chi `$ particle production. For the case of $`g\stackrel{>}{}0.05`$, the back reaction effect of the created $`\chi `$ particle begins to be significant. We depict in Fig. 6 the evolution of $`\chi ^2`$ for two cases of $`g=0.03`$ and $`g=0.07`$. Although parametric resonance evidently occurs for $`g=0.03`$, this is rather inefficient and $`\chi ^2`$ takes the maximum value $`\chi ^2_f=2.3\times 10^{11}M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$ at $`\overline{t}=0.177`$. In this case, the $`\chi `$ field deviates from the resonance bands with the decrease of $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0`$ due to the cosmic expansion before the oscillating inflation ceases at $`\overline{t}0.37`$. Since the maximum fluctuation of $`\delta \varphi ^2`$ is almost the same as the $`g=0`$ case, the back reaction effect of $`\varphi `$ particles onto the $`\varphi _0`$ field can be marginally negligible. Hence in the case of $`g\stackrel{<}{}0.03`$, the coherent oscillation of the $`\varphi _0`$ field is hardly prevented by the back reaction effects of both $`\varphi `$ and $`\chi `$ particles. When $`g=0.07`$, the evolution of the system shows different characteristics compared with the case of $`g\stackrel{<}{}0.03`$. In Fig. 7, the evolution of the $`\varphi _0`$ field for the $`g=0.07`$ case is depicted. We find that the coherent oscillation of the $`\varphi _0`$ field is broken for $`\overline{t}\stackrel{>}{}0.12`$, which is different from the $`g=0`$ case in Fig. 2. As for the $`\varphi `$ particle, the maximum fluctuation is $`\delta \varphi ^2_f=2.7\times 10^6M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$ at $`\overline{t}=0.12`$. This maximum variance is greater than in the case of $`g=0`$ by one order of magnitude (See Fig. 8). As was noticed in the previous subsection, the growth of $`\delta \varphi ^2`$ stops when the contribution of the third term in the frequency (3.5) becomes comparable to the second term. Since the third term mostly takes negative values, the increase of the $`g^2\chi ^2`$ term due to the $`\chi `$ particle production generally assists the $`\varphi `$ particle production to continue longer. This results in the larger value of the final fluctuation $`\delta \varphi ^2`$, and the back reaction effect due to the $`\varphi `$ particle production becomes relevant at $`\overline{t}0.12`$. This behavior is found in Fig. 7. However, since the $`\varphi _0`$ field still oscillates after the back reaction effect of the $`\varphi `$ particle becomes important, the $`\chi `$ particle continues to be enhanced after $`\overline{t}0.12`$. The fluctuation of $`\chi ^2`$ does not increase significantly in the initial stage of the oscillating inflation, because the expansion rate of the universe is large. $`\chi ^2`$ begins to increase rapidly after $`\overline{t}0.15`$, and reaches the maximum value $`\chi ^2_f=2.4\times 10^7M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$ at $`\overline{t}=0.28`$. The back reaction effect of the $`\chi `$ particles as well as the decrease of $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0`$ terminates the parametric amplification of $`\chi `$ particles. When $`g=0.1`$, the increase of $`\chi ^2`$ is more significant and the final variance is $`\chi ^2_f=3.3\times 10^6M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$ . In this case, since the maximum variance is larger than in the case of $`g=0.07`$ by one order of magnitude, the coherent oscillation of the $`\varphi _0`$ field is more strongly prevented by the growth of $`\chi ^2`$. When $`g\stackrel{>}{}0.3`$, the final variance is suppressed because the back reaction effect becomes quite significant. We find that $`\chi ^2_f`$ takes the maximum value $`\chi ^2_{\mathrm{max}}10^5M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$ for $`g0.3`$ (See Fig. 9).

As for the momentum modes of the produced $`\chi `$ particle, we show the evolution of the $`\chi _k`$ field in two cases of $`\overline{k}=0`$ and $`\overline{k}=100`$ for $`g=0.1`$ in Fig. 10. Since the larger $`k`$ makes the $`\chi _k`$ field deviate from the resonance band in Eq. $`(\text{43})`$, higher momentum modes of the $`\chi `$ particle are not sufficiently produced. The low momentum modes mainly contribute to the growth of the fluctuation $`\chi ^2`$. This property is the same as in the model of $`V(\varphi ,\chi )=m^2\varphi ^2/2+g^2\varphi ^2\chi ^2/2`$. As was found in Ref. , there is a possibility that long wavelength modes of the metric perturbation are amplified considering the perturbed metric. This issue will be discussed elsewhere.

In the case of $`\varphi _c=10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, we need further large values of $`g`$ to yield an efficient resonance. Numerically, we find that the coupling is required $`g\stackrel{>}{}0.01`$ for the development of the $`\chi `$ fluctuation. Even when $`g=0.1`$, parametric resonance is not so efficient compared with the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$. We depict in Fig. 11 the evolution of $`\chi ^2`$ for $`g=0.07,0.1,0.5`$ cases respectively. When $`g=0.07`$, the maximum value of the fluctuation is $`\chi ^2_f=1.2\times 10^{10}M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$, which is much smaller than in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ with the same value of $`g`$. As the coupling increases further, we obtain larger values of the maximum fluctuation $`\chi ^2_f`$. However, for $`g\stackrel{>}{}0.5`$, the back reaction effect of created $`\chi `$ particles becomes significant and the final variance is suppressed. In the case of $`\varphi _c=10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ and $`g=0`$, the fluctuation of the $`\varphi `$ field rapidly grows in the initial stage and reaches the maximum value $`\delta \varphi ^2_f10^9M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$ at $`\overline{t}=0.05`$. Even if we take into account the interaction with the $`\chi `$ field, this maximum variance is hardly altered because the increase of $`\chi ^2`$ is weak for $`\overline{t}\stackrel{<}{}0.05`$ as is found in Fig. 11. The back reaction effect of $`\varphi `$ particles onto the $`\varphi _0`$ field is marginally negligible as the case of $`g=0`$. When $`g=0.1`$, the final variance is $`\chi ^2_f=2.5\times 10^9M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$, and the growth of the fluctuation hardly affects the evolution of the $`\varphi _0`$ field. However, in the case of $`g=0.5`$, $`\chi ^2_f`$ increases up to $`\chi ^2_f=1.3\times 10^6M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$ at $`\overline{t}0.17`$. In Fig. 12, we find that the increase of $`\chi `$ particles prevents the coherent oscillation of the $`\varphi _0`$ field for $`\overline{t}\stackrel{>}{}0.17`$. When $`g\stackrel{>}{}0.5`$, since the $`\chi `$ particle production stops by the back reaction effect, the final variance gradually decreases with the increase of $`g`$. As a result, the maximum variance for the case of $`\varphi _c=10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ is $`\chi ^2_{\mathrm{max}}10^6M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$ for $`g0.5`$.

With the decrease of $`\varphi _c`$ ($`\stackrel{<}{}10^5M_{\mathrm{pl}})`$, the development of the $`\chi `$ fluctuation is not expected unless $`g`$ is unnaturally large. Moreover, in this case, although the $`\varphi `$ particle production is possible in the initial stage of the oscillating inflation, the final fluctuation $`\delta \varphi ^2_f`$ is strongly suppressed. This means that it is difficult to obtain the sufficient amount of $`\varphi `$ and $`\chi `$ particles with the natural coupling $`g\stackrel{<}{}1`$ in the case of $`\varphi _c\stackrel{<}{}10^5M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$. For large critical values $`\varphi _c>10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, the $`\chi `$ particle production occurs effectively for the natural coupling. With the increase of $`\varphi _c`$, the structure of resonance for the $`\chi `$ field approaches that of the model $`V(\varphi ,\chi )=m^2\varphi ^2/2+g^2\varphi ^2\chi ^2/2`$, and the investigation based on the Mathieu equation performed in Ref.  can be applied. Since the mass $`m_\varphi `$ around the minimum of the inflaton potential becomes smaller, the $`\chi `$ particle production occurs efficiently. In this case, however, since the duration of the oscillating is too short, the $`\varphi `$ particle production is hardly expected. In the case of the massless $`\chi `$ particle, we conclude that both $`\varphi `$ and $`\chi `$ particles are most efficiently created in the parameter range $`\varphi _c=10^3`$-$`10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ for the natural coupling $`g`$.

Finally, we discuss the case where the mass of the $`\chi `$ particle is included. We expect that the large mass makes the $`\chi `$ field deviate from the resonance band by the relation $`(\text{43})`$. Let us consider the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ and $`q=0.1`$. In the massless case, the $`\chi `$ particle production occurs relevantly for $`g\stackrel{>}{}0.05`$. If the mass of the $`\chi `$ particle is taken into account, numerical calculations show that heavy particles up to the order of $`m_\chi =10^{14}`$ GeV can be produced enough for $`g\stackrel{>}{}0.05`$. In Fig. 13, the evolution of the fluctuation $`\chi ^2`$ is depicted in two cases of $`m_\chi =3\times 10^{14}`$ GeV and $`m_\chi =1\times 10^{15}`$ GeV for $`g=0.05`$. The final variance $`\chi ^2_f10^8M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$ with mass $`m_\chi =3\times 10^{14}`$ GeV is almost the same as in the case of the massless $`\chi `$ particle with the same coupling $`g`$. This means that the massive $`\chi `$ particle whose mass is $`m_\chi \stackrel{<}{}3\times 10^{14}`$ GeV is produced with almost the same amount as the massless $`\chi `$ particle for $`g=0.05`$. However, the achieved amount of the produced $`\chi `$ particle decreases with the increase of $`m_\chi `$ for $`m_\chi \stackrel{>}{}3\times 10^{14}`$ GeV. In the case of $`g=0.05`$, although the $`\chi `$ particle with mass $`m_\chi \stackrel{<}{}7\times 10^{14}`$ GeV can be created, it is difficult to generate the massive particle whose mass is $`m_\chi \stackrel{>}{}1\times 10^{15}`$ GeV (See Fig. 13). In the model of $`V(\varphi ,\chi )=m^2\varphi ^2/2+g^2\varphi ^2\chi ^2/2`$, analytic investigations show that the $`\chi `$ particle which satisfies the condition $`m_\chi \stackrel{<}{}\sqrt{g}10^{15}`$ GeV can be generated. When $`m_\chi =10^{14}`$ GeV, numerical calculations performed in Ref.  reveal that the $`\chi `$ particle production occurs for $`g\stackrel{>}{}0.06`$. This condition is almost the same as in the oscillating inflation model in spite of the difficulty in producing the massless $`\chi `$ particle without the larger $`g`$ compared with the $`V(\varphi ,\chi )=m^2\varphi ^2/2+g^2\varphi ^2\chi ^2/2`$ model. The reason is simple. In Eq. $`(\text{43})`$, the massive $`\chi `$ particle production occurs when the initial value of the resonance term $`g^2\varphi _0^2/m_\varphi ^2`$ is much greater than unity \[$`(g^2\varphi _0^2/m_\varphi ^2)_i1`$\] and $`\overline{m}_\chi ^2`$ is much smaller than this term $`[\overline{m}_\chi ^2(g^2\varphi _0^2/m_\varphi ^2)_i]`$. In the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, $`q=0.1`$, and $`g=0.05`$, since $`M=3.96\times 10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ by Eq. $`(\text{29})`$, we obtain $`(g^2\varphi _0^2/m_\varphi ^2)_i4\times 10^3`$. Although $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0`$ decreases by the cosmic expansion and $`m_\varphi `$ becomes large in the vicinity of $`\varphi _0=0`$, the massive $`\chi `$ particle production is possible as long as $`g^2\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0^2/m_\varphi ^21`$ and $`\overline{m}_\chi ^2g^2\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0^2/m_\varphi ^2`$. Since the mass $`m_\varphi `$ in this case is estimated as $`m_\varphi 10^5M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ for $`\varphi _0^2\varphi _c^2`$ and $`m_\varphi 10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ for $`\varphi _0^2\varphi _c^2`$ by Eq. $`(\text{39})`$, this is heavier than the mass $`m10^6M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ in the $`V(\varphi ,\chi )=m^2\varphi ^2/2+g^2\varphi ^2\chi ^2/2`$ model. Even in the case where the normalized mass is $`\overline{m}_\chi =1`$, this corresponds to the rather heavy particle whose mass is $`m_\chi \stackrel{>}{}10^{14}`$ GeV. For the typical value $`\varphi _c\stackrel{<}{}10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ in the oscillating inflation model, since $`m_\varphi `$ is at least by one order larger than $`m=10^6M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, the massive $`\chi `$ particle whose mass is of order $`m_\chi =10^{14}`$ GeV can be generated for the coupling $`g`$ where the massless $`\chi `$ production occurs. As the coupling $`g`$ increases, more massive particles are generated. In the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, we find that the production of the massive particle whose mass is of order $`m_\chi =10^{15}`$ GeV relevantly occurs for the coupling $`g\stackrel{>}{}0.2`$. Even the GUT scale bosons $`m_\chi =10^{16}`$ GeV are produced in the initial stage of the oscillating inflation for the case of $`g=1`$, although the achieved amount is small (See Fig. 14).

With the decrease of $`\varphi _c`$, the larger values of $`g`$ are required in order to produce the massive $`\chi `$ particle as is the same with the massless $`\chi `$ particle. However, in the parameter range of $`g`$ where the massless $`\chi `$ particles are sufficiently produced, we can also expect the generation of the superheavy particles needed for the success of the GUT baryogenesis. For example, in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, numerical calculations indicate that $`\chi `$ particles up to the mass $`m_\chi \stackrel{<}{}10^{14}`$ GeV and $`m_\chi \stackrel{<}{}10^{15}`$ GeV are created for the coupling $`g\stackrel{>}{}0.07`$ and $`g\stackrel{>}{}0.3`$ respectively. It will be interesting to investigate how these superheavy bosons produced in the oscillating inflation model would affect the scenario of the GUT baryogenesis.

## IV Concluding remarks and Discussions

In this paper we have considered parametric amplification of a scalar field $`\chi `$ coupled to an inflaton field $`\varphi `$ as well as the enhancement of the fluctuation of the $`\varphi `$ field in the oscillating inflation model. Since the inflaton potential $`V(\varphi )`$ is the non-convex type where $`d^2V/d\varphi ^2`$ takes negative values in the regions not too far from the minimum of the potential, inflation is realized even during the oscillation of the inflaton field. The oscillating inflation model is characterized by the critical value of $`\varphi _c`$ which indicates the scale of the core part of the potential. Inflation takes place while the $`\varphi `$ field moves in the regions of $`|\varphi |\stackrel{>}{}\varphi _c`$. With the decrease of $`\varphi _c`$, the total amount of inflation becomes larger, because the duration during which the oscillating inflation takes place becomes longer. However, it is rather difficult to obtain the sufficient number of $`e`$-foldings such as $`N\stackrel{>}{}60`$ only by the stage of the oscillating inflation, and the main contribution to the number of $`e`$-foldings is achieved by the ordinary slow-roll inflation which precedes the oscillating inflation. We have estimated the energy scale of the oscillating inflation $`M^4`$ by fitting the primordial density perturbation observed by COBE. The oscillating inflation terminates when the amplitude of the $`\varphi _0`$ field decreases to of the order $`\varphi _c`$ by the expansion of the universe.

In this model, the fluctuation of the $`\varphi `$ field grows during the oscillating inflation due to the existence of the non-convex part of the potential. We examined the growth of the fluctuation for two typical cases $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ and $`\varphi _c=10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ including the back reaction effect of created particles based on the Hartree approximation. We have found that the wave modes inside the Hubble horizon are effectively enhanced, while the growth of long-wave modes is small as was shown in Ref. . Although the growth rate of the fluctuation $`\delta \varphi ^2`$ in the initial stage of the oscillating inflation becomes larger with the decrease of $`\varphi _c`$, the final fluctuation is significantly suppressed. This indicates that the generation of the $`\varphi `$ particle itself plays a crucial role for the termination of parametric resonance. As for the final variance of the $`\varphi `$ particle, we find the relation $`\delta \varphi ^2_f0.1\varphi _c^2`$ for the case of $`\varphi _c\stackrel{<}{}10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$.

With regard to the $`\chi `$ field coupled to inflaton, the enhancement of the fluctuation mainly occurs when the $`\varphi _0`$ field moves nonadiabatically around the minimum of the potential. Since the mass $`m_\varphi `$ for $`|\varphi _0|\stackrel{<}{}\varphi _c`$ is approximately written as $`m_\varphi M^2/\varphi _c`$, it is larger than that of the massive inflaton of the chaotic inflation model for the value of $`\varphi _c\stackrel{<}{}10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$. As $`m_\varphi `$ becomes larger, this restricts the effective $`\chi `$ particle production. Moreover, the amplitude of the homogeneous inflaton field decreases faster than in the model of the massive inflaton. This means that the $`\chi `$ particle production is not possible unless we select rather large values of the coupling constant $`g`$. This tendency becomes stronger with the decrease of $`\varphi _c`$. For example, in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ and $`q=0.1`$, the coupling $`g\stackrel{>}{}0.05`$ is required to yield the sufficient $`\chi `$ particle production, the value of which is two orders of magnitude larger than in the model of $`V(\varphi ,\chi )=m^2\varphi ^2/2+g^2\varphi ^2\chi ^2/2`$. For $`g\stackrel{>}{}0.05`$, the back reaction effect onto the $`\varphi _0`$ field due to the $`\chi `$ particle production is significant, and finally terminates parametric resonance. The final variance is suppressed by the back reaction effect with the increase of $`g`$, and the maximal variance for the $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ case is $`\chi ^2_f10^5M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$ when $`g0.3`$. In the case of $`\varphi _c=10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, we need $`g\stackrel{>}{}0.1`$ for an effective resonance, although the $`\chi `$ particle production occurs for $`g\stackrel{>}{}0.01`$. The maximal variance for the $`\varphi _c=10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ case is $`\chi ^2_f10^6M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$ when $`g0.5`$. As $`\varphi _c`$ decreases further, we no longer expect the growth of the $`\chi `$ fluctuation with the natural coupling $`g\stackrel{<}{}1`$. Moreover, since the final fluctuation of the $`\varphi `$ particle is also suppressed, the small $`\varphi _c`$ such as $`\varphi _c\stackrel{<}{}10^5M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ is not favorable for the production of a sufficient amount of $`\varphi `$ and $`\chi `$ particles.

In the oscillating inflation model, the superheavy $`\chi `$ particle with mass greater than $`m_\chi =10^{14}`$ GeV can be copiously produced. For example, in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, we find that the $`\chi `$ particle whose mass is of order $`10^{14}`$GeV and $`10^{15}`$GeV is effectively enhanced for $`g\stackrel{>}{}0.05`$ and $`g\stackrel{>}{}0.2`$ respectively. The GUT scale boson $`m_\chi 10^{16}`$ GeV can be also generated in the initial stage if the coupling $`g`$ is of order unity, although the final amount is small. In Ref. , the authors considered the GUT scale baryogenesis with the massive inflaton assuming that some of the initial inflaton energy is efficiently transferred to the bosons with the mass $`10^{14}`$ GeV. These massive bosons decay into lighter particles, and produce the net baryon number. Although we do not consider such a decaying process in this paper, it is of interest how the production of the superheavy particle would affect the baryon asymmetry in the universe.

In this paper we make use of the Hartree approximation, which is essentially the mean field approximation. This does not include the rescattering effect which becomes important as $`\chi `$ particles are sufficiently produced. The scattering between $`\varphi `$ and $`\chi `$ particles may reduce the final amount of fluctuations. For a complete study including the nonlinear effect of the particle production, we should perform the lattice simulations and compare them with the mean field approximation performed in this paper.

Finally, we comment on the case where the metric perturbation is included. In the single field case, even if we consider the effect of the metric perturbation, the $`V^{(2)}(\varphi _0)`$ term in Eq. $`(\text{9})`$ is much more important than the $`2\kappa ^2(V/H)^\dot{}`$ term which is the gravitational origin. Hence the situation is almost the same as the case when the metric perturbation is neglected. As we have showed, the long-wave modes are not significantly enhanced compared with the modes inside the Hubble Horizon in the single-field case. This result is consistent with other inflation models in the single-field case. In the two-field case, it was suggested that super-Hubble metric perturbations can be amplified in broad classes of models. In the present model, since the $`\chi `$ fluctuation of super-Hubble modes will be exponentially suppressed for large values of $`q1`$, we may not expect the enhancement of super-Hubble metric perturbations significantly. However, it is worth investigating to investigate these issues including mode-mode coupling between field and metric perturbations, because this may lead to some imprints on the spectrum of density perturbations. These issues are under consideration.

## ACKOWLEDGEMENTS

The author would like to thank Bruce A. Bassett, Kei-ichi Maeda, Atsushi Taruya, Takashi Torii, and Hiroki Yajima for useful discussions. This work was supported partially by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research Fund of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (No. 09410217 and Specially Promoted Research No. 08102010), and by the Waseda University Grant for Special Research Projects.

Figure Captions

FIG. 1:

The potential for $`q=0.1`$ in the oscillating inflation model, which is composed of the non-convex region $`|\varphi |\stackrel{>}{}\varphi _c`$ and the core region $`|\varphi |\stackrel{<}{}\varphi _c`$.

FIG. 2:

The evolution of the $`\varphi _0`$ field in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, $`q=0.1`$, and $`g=0`$. The stage of the oscillating inflation starts from $`\varphi _01.4\times 10^2M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, and ends at $`\overline{t}0.37`$ when the amplitude of the $`\varphi _0`$ field becomes of order $`\varphi _c`$.

FIG. 3:

The evolution of the real part of the fluctuation $`\delta \varphi _k`$ for two momentum modes of $`\overline{k}=0.1`$ and $`\overline{k}=100`$ in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, $`q=0.1`$, and $`g=0`$. For the long wave mode $`\overline{k}=0.1`$, the growth of the fluctuation is weak, but for the mode $`\overline{k}=100`$, the fluctuation grows rapidly until the back reaction effect becomes significant at $`\overline{t}0.12`$.

FIG. 4:

The evolution of $`\delta \varphi ^2`$ in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, $`q=0.1`$, and $`g=0`$. The fluctuation reaches the maximum value $`\delta \varphi ^2_f10^7M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$ at $`\overline{t}0.12`$.

FIG. 5:

The evolution of $`\delta \varphi ^2`$ in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, $`q=0.1`$, and $`g=0`$. Although the initial growth rate is larger than in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, the fluctuation soon reaches the maximum value $`\delta \varphi ^2_f8.0\times 10^{10}M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$, which is by two orders smaller than in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$.

FIG. 6:

The evolution of the fluctuation $`\chi ^2`$ in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ and $`q=0.1`$ for $`g=0.03`$ (bottom) and $`g=0.07`$ (top). For $`g=0.03`$, the maximum value of the fluctuation is $`\chi ^2_f=2.3\times 10^{11}M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$; and for $`g=0.07`$, $`\chi ^2_f=2.4\times 10^7M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$.

FIG. 7:

The evolution of the $`\varphi _0`$ field in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, $`q=0.1`$, and $`g=0.07`$. The coherent oscillation is a bit broken at $`\overline{t}0.12`$ due to the increase of $`\delta \varphi ^2`$. With the increase of $`\chi ^2`$, this also changes the frequency of the $`\varphi _0`$ field at $`\overline{t}0.28`$.

FIG. 8:

The evolution of $`\delta \varphi ^2`$ in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, $`q=0.1`$, and $`g=0.07`$. With the growth of $`\chi ^2`$, this assists the $`\varphi `$ particle production, and the final variance $`\delta \varphi ^2_f=2.7\times 10^6M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$ becomes larger than in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ and $`g=0`$ by one order of magnitude.

FIG. 9:

The final variance $`\chi ^2_f`$ as the function of $`g`$ in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ and $`q=0.1`$. We find that $`\chi ^2_f`$ takes the maximum value $`\chi ^2_{\mathrm{max}}10^5M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$ when $`g0.3`$.

FIG. 10:

The evolution of the real part of the fluctuation $`\chi _k`$ for two momentum modes of $`\overline{k}=0`$ and $`\overline{k}=100`$ in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, $`q=0.1`$, and $`g=0.1`$. The long wave mode $`\overline{k}=0`$ is strongly enhanced compared with the wave mode $`\overline{k}=100`$.

FIG. 11:

The evolution of the fluctuation $`\chi ^2`$ in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, $`q=0.1`$, and for $`g=0.07`$ (bottom), $`g=0.1`$ (middle), and $`g=0.5`$ (top) respectively. The final variances are $`\chi ^2_f=1.2\times 10^{10}M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$, $`2.5\times 10^9M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$, and $`1.3\times 10^6M_{\mathrm{pl}}^2`$ respectively.

FIG. 12:

The evolution of the $`\varphi _0`$ field in the case of $`\varphi _c=10^4M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, $`q=0.1`$, and $`g=0.5`$. While the back reaction effect of $`\varphi `$ particles can be negligible, the increase of $`\chi ^2`$ strongly affects the evolution of the $`\varphi _0`$ field from $`\overline{t}0.17`$.

FIG. 13:

The evolution of $`\chi ^2`$ for $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$, $`q=0.1`$, and $`g=0.05`$ in two cases of $`m_\chi =3\times 10^{14}`$ GeV (top) and $`m_\chi =1\times 10^{15}`$ GeV (bottom). The $`\chi `$ particle whose mass is of order $`m_\chi =10^{14}`$ GeV is generated, but the production of the massive particle with $`m_\chi \stackrel{>}{}10^{15}`$ GeV is hardly expected for $`g=0.05`$.

FIG. 14:

The evolution of $`\chi ^2`$ for $`\varphi _c=10^3M_{\mathrm{pl}}`$ and $`q=0.1`$, in two cases of $`g=0.5`$, $`m_\chi =1\times 10^{15}`$ GeV (top); and $`g=1`$, $`m_\chi =1\times 10^{16}`$ GeV (bottom). In the case of $`g=0.5`$, the $`\chi `$ particle whose mass is of order $`m_\chi =10^{15}`$ GeV is effectively enhanced. In the case of $`g=1`$, the GUT scale boson $`m_\chi =10^{16}`$ GeV is a little produced in the initial stage of the oscillating inflation.


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# IISc-CTS-6/00 hep-ph/0003192 Constraints on 𝑚_𝑠 and ϵ'/ϵ from Lattice QCD

## 1 Determination of Light Quark Masses

Quark masses are not physical observables in QCD, rather they enter the theory as parameters in the Lagrangian. Their values depend on the QCD renormalisation scale, and three quantitative approaches have been used to determine them.

### 1.1 Chiral perturbation theory

This is a low energy ($`E1\mathrm{GeV}`$) effective field theory of QCD in presence of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking. With $`m_q\mathrm{\Lambda }_{QCD}`$, the pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons are the dominant fields at low energy. $`O(p^2,m_q)`$ terms in the effective Lagrangian are fixed by the spectrum. $`O(p^4,p^2m_q,m_q^2)`$ terms are estimated using resonance saturation and large $`N_c`$ power counting, as well as from phenomenological fits to various form factors. Small electromagnetic and isospin breaking effects are systematically included, and bounds are obtained on quark mass ratios.

The range of validity of this effective field theory expansion cannot be convincingly established. Also the absolute mass scale has to be fixed from experimental data. Yet renormalisation group invariant dimensionless mass ratios can be tightly constrained .

$$\frac{m_u}{m_d}=0.553\pm 0.043,\frac{m_s}{m_d}=18.9\pm 0.8,\frac{m_s}{m_u}=34.4\pm 3.7,$$
(1)
$$\frac{2m_s}{m_u+m_d}\frac{m_s}{m_{ud}}=24.4\pm 1.5,\frac{m_sm_{ud}}{m_dm_u}=40.8\pm 3.2.$$
(2)
These mass ratios are typically combined with $`m_s(1\mathrm{GeV})`$ extracted from QCD sum rules to give individual quark masses.

### 1.2 QCD sum rules

In this approach, two-point hadronic current correlators are evaluated using the Operator Product Expansion (OPE) and perturbative QCD in the Euclidean region $`q^2<0`$. The expansion in inverse powers of $`q^2`$ is then analytically continued to the physical region $`q^2>0`$, and matched to the experimental data using dispersion relations. The experimental data is organised in terms of contributions from well-known leading poles and subleading branch-cuts from the QCD continuum. Subtractions are used in the dispersion relations to suppress large continuum contributions, while threshold factors and moments help in suppressing contribution of regions near the poles where perturbative QCD is inapplicable. The results critically depend on proper choice of the boundary conditions.

Pseudoscalar, scalar, $`e^+e^{}`$annihilation and $`\tau `$decay sum rules have been used by various groups to extract $`m_s`$. In the $`\overline{MS}`$ scheme, the required $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ functions are known to $`4`$loop precision, giving the most accurate results :

$$\overline{m}_s(1\mathrm{GeV})=162.5\pm 15.5\mathrm{MeV},\overline{m}_s(2\mathrm{GeV})=117.8\pm 12.3\mathrm{MeV}.$$
(3)
Analysis of Cabbibo-suppressed $`\tau `$decay gives $`\overline{m}_s(M_\tau )=119\pm 24`$ MeV .

The major uncertainty in the sum rule approach is the asymptotic nature of the perturbative QCD expansion—in the longitudinal channel it cannot be pushed beyond $`O(\alpha _s^3)`$.

### 1.3 Lattice QCD simulations

These provide a first principle non-perturbative determination of quark masses without additional assumptions. It is convenient to convert the running quark masses to renormalisation group invariant quark masses, completely within the lattice regularisation framework.

$$m_q^{RGI}=\underset{\mu \mathrm{}}{lim}\{(2\beta _0g^2(\mu ))^{\gamma _0/2\beta _0}m_q(\mu )\}.$$
(4)
With improvements in simulation algorithms and computers, the systematic errors from finite lattice spacing, finite lattice size and the quenched approximation are gradually coming under control. Most simulations are in the range $`m_s/3m_q3m_s`$, and $`m_u=m_d`$ is assumed. Results from several simulations are combined to extrapolate to $`\mu \mathrm{}`$.

Perturbative relations connecting lattice and $`\overline{MS}`$ values show that including higher order corrections decreases $`\overline{m}_q`$. Moreover, at $`\mu =2\mathrm{GeV}`$, the $`N^3LO`$ correction is comparable to the $`N^2LO`$ one, and decreases $`\overline{m}_q`$ by about $`10\%`$ . A rigorous comparison of lattice and $`\overline{MS}`$ values should therefore be made at $`\mu >2\mathrm{GeV}`$, contrary to common practice.

Here is a summary of results presented by various groups at LAT99.
$``$ CP-PACS: RG-improved gauge field action and tadpole-improved clover fermion action are used. Ward identities are used to extract $`m_q`$. $`N_f=0`$ and $`N_f=2`$ results are compared, demonstrating that going to $`N_f=2`$ reduces the systematic error in the lattice scale. The results converted to the $`\overline{MS}`$ scheme are :

$$\overline{m}_{ud}(2\mathrm{GeV})=3.3(4)\mathrm{MeV},\overline{m}_s(2\mathrm{GeV})=84(7)\mathrm{MeV}.$$
(5)
$``$ ALPHA/UKQCD: Schrödinger functional method is used with $`O(a)`$ improved action and $`N_f=0`$. PCAC relation is used to extract $`m_q`$. With $`(M_Kr_0)^2=1.5736`$ fixing the reference scale, the results are :

$$2M_{ref}=m_s^{RGI}+m_{ud}^{RGI}=143(5)\mathrm{MeV},\overline{m}_s(2\mathrm{GeV})=94(4)\mathrm{MeV}.$$
(6)
$``$ QCDSF: Schrödinger functional method is used with $`O(a)`$ improved action and $`N_f=0`$. PCAC relation is used to extract $`m_q`$. Using $`r_0=0.5\mathrm{fm}`$ as the reference scale yields :

$$\overline{m}_{ud}(2\mathrm{GeV})=4.4(2)\mathrm{MeV},\overline{m}_s(2\mathrm{GeV})=105(4)\mathrm{MeV}.$$
(7)
$``$ Rome group: $`O(a)`$ improved action is used with $`N_f=0`$. Ward identity for the renormalised quark propagator is used to extract $`m_q`$. With pseudoscalar and vector meson masses fixing the lattice scale, the results are :

$$\overline{m}_{ud}(2\mathrm{GeV})=4.8(5)\mathrm{MeV},\overline{m}_s(2\mathrm{GeV})=111(9)\mathrm{MeV}.$$
(8)
Numerical results show that, for a fixed value of the lattice scale, increasing $`N_f`$ increases the coupling $`g^2`$ through vacuum polarisation. This translates into $`m_q(\mu )`$ decreasing with increasing $`N_f`$. My educated guess, including the effect of a relatively light $`s`$quark, is

$$\overline{m}_s(2\mathrm{GeV},N_f=2.5)=90\pm 10\mathrm{MeV}.$$
(9)
## 2 Determination of $`ϵ^{}/ϵ`$

$`ϵ`$ and $`ϵ^{}`$ parametrise indirect and direct $`CP`$violation effects in neutral kaon decays into two pions. $`ϵ`$ arises from the mixing between $`CP`$eigenstates $`K_L`$ and $`K_S`$, and is experimentally measured to be

$$ϵ=2.280(13)10^3e^{i\varphi _ϵ},\varphi _ϵ\pi /4.$$
(10)
$`ϵ^{}`$ parametrises $`CP`$violation in the decay amplitudes without $`K_LK_S`$ mixing, and in the standard model it arises from the complex phase in the CKM quark mixing matrix. $`\pi \pi `$ scattering data establish that the phases of $`ϵ`$ and $`ϵ^{}`$ are almost identical. Recent results from NA31, E731, KTeV and NA48 experiments have determined (see Ref. for details)

$$Re(ϵ^{}/ϵ)=(21.2\pm 4.6)10^4.$$
(11)
### 2.1 Parametrisation using OPE

All phenomenological explanations of $`ϵ^{}/ϵ`$ take the $`CP`$conserving data from experiments and estimate the $`CP`$violating part. In the standard model, $`ϵ`$ is found by calculating the box diagram, while $`ϵ^{}`$ is found by calculating the $`g,\gamma ,Z^0`$ penguin diagrams. Operator mixing and RG-evolution are crucial in the analysis, and electroweak contributions have become important due to large $`m_t`$. The dominant components are the $`K\pi \pi `$ matrix elements of the $`4`$fermion operators $`Q_6`$ and $`Q_8`$, in the $`\mathrm{\Delta }I=1/2`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }I=3/2`$ channels. Let $`B_{i,\mathrm{\Delta }I}`$ denote the ratios of the actual matrix elements to their values in the vacuum saturation approximation (VSA). Using commonly accepted scale parameters, and including isospin breaking effects with $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\eta +\eta ^{}}=0.25(8)`$, an approximate formula is

$`{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ^{}}{ϵ}}`$ $`13Im(V_{td}V_{ts}^{})\left({\displaystyle \frac{110\mathrm{MeV}}{\overline{m}_s(2\mathrm{GeV})}}\right)^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\overline{MS}}^{(4)}}{340\mathrm{MeV}}}\right)`$ (12)
$`\left[B_{6,(1/2)}(1\mathrm{\Omega }_{\eta +\eta ^{}})0.4B_{8,(3/2)}\right].`$
I want to emphasise that the appearance of $`m_s`$ in the above formula is spurious; it arises because the VSA matrix element values are accompanied by quark mass factors in the chiral limit. It is silly to express one unknown matrix element in terms of two other unknowns, $`m_s`$ and $`B_{i,\mathrm{\Delta }I}`$, but that has become commonplace. To avoid unwanted systematic errors, one should therefore either (a) calculate the matrix elements directly, or (b) use the same calculational framework to evaluate both $`m_s`$ and the $`B_{i,\mathrm{\Delta }I}`$. Much of the confusion in the literature has arisen from not following this simple guideline consistently.

$`ϵ^{}/ϵ`$ has been evaluated in three different frameworks: lattice QCD, large$`N_c`$ approximation, and chiral quark model. Lattice QCD simulations show that $`B_{8,(3/2)}`$ is suppressed below $`1`$, but provide no clean result for $`B_{6,(1/2)}`$. With $`B_{6,(1/2)}=1.0(3)`$ and $`B_{8,(3/2)}=0.8(2)`$, the estimates for $`ϵ^{}/ϵ`$ are about a factor $`2`$ below its experimental value.

### 2.2 Final state interactions

Final state interactions (FSI) strongly influence $`K\pi \pi `$ decays, as shown by the experimental phase shifts. They are absent in VSA, lattice QCD, large$`N_c`$ approximation, and appear at subleading order in chiral perturbation theory. Their contribution to the decay amplitudes can be estimated using dispersion relation analysis of the experimentally measured phase shifts in the elastic $`\pi \pi `$ channel. There is no doubt that incorporating the FSI boosts the $`\mathrm{\Delta }I=1/2`$ amplitude and suppresses the $`\mathrm{\Delta }I=3/2`$ one, and hence increases $`ϵ^{}/ϵ`$. The exact value of the enhancement is debatable, since it depends on the boundary conditions used to analyse the experimental data. In a specific analysis , the enhancement is the required factor of $`2`$. Higher order chiral quark model calculations, which automatically include the FSI, also enhance $`ϵ^{}/ϵ`$ close to its experimental value .

In conclusion, the standard model, with a proper framework to handle non-perturbative QCD effects, is fully capable of explaining the observed value of $`ϵ^{}/ϵ`$; contributions to $`ϵ^{}/ϵ`$ from new effects beyond the standard model must be kept $`510^4`$.