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# Untitled Document

Gherardelli linkage and complete intersections

MSC-class: 14M10 (Primary) 14M06, 1407 (Secondary).
Davide Franco
Dipartimento di Mathematica, Università di Ferrara
via Machiavelli 35, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
E-mail: frv@dns.unife.it
Steven L. Kleiman
Department of Mathematics, Room 2-278 MIT,
77 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA
E-mail: Kleiman@math.mit.edu  and
Alexandru T. Lascu
Dipartimento di Mathematica, Università di Ferrara
via Machiavelli 35, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
E-mail: lsl@dns.unife.it
March 9, 2000

Abstract. Our main theorem characterizes the complete intersections of codimension 2 in a projective space of dimension 3 or more over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0 as the subcanonical and self-linked subschemes. In order to prove this theorem, we’ll prove the Gherardelli linkage theorem, which asserts that a partial intersection of two hypersurfaces is subcanonical if and only if its residual intersection is, scheme-theoretically, the intersection of the two hypersurfaces with a third.

1. Introduction

Our main result is Theorem (3.2). It characterizes the complete intersections of codimension 2 in $`𝐏^n`$ where $`n3`$, over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0, among the Cohen–Macaulay $`X`$ as those that are subcanonical and self-linked. This characterization was formulated by Ellia (pvt. comm.), who proved it in a joint work with Beorchia \[3, Thm. 5, p. 556\] assuming $`X`$ is smooth. In Remark 6.1 on p. 557, Beorchia and Ellia said they don’t know whether the smoothness “can be avoided.” It can! Furthermore, $`X`$ can be reducible and nonreduced.

More precisely, an $`X`$ is said to be $`a`$-subcanonical if its dualizing sheaf $`𝜔_X`$ is of the form $`𝜔_X=𝒪_X(a)`$. An $`X`$ is said to be self-linked by two hypersurfaces $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$ if $`X`$ is equal to its own residual scheme in the complete intersection of $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$. For example, suppose $`X`$ is the complete intersection of $`F_1`$ and $`F_3`$. Then $`X`$ is self-linked by $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$ where $`F_2:=2F_3`$ or where $`F_2`$ is, more generally, any hypersurface such that $`F_1F_2=F_12F_3`$. Furthermore, $`X`$ is $`a`$-subcanonical where $`a`$ is the following integer: denote the degree of $`F_i`$ by $`m_i`$; then $`a:=m_1+m_3n1`$. Now, Theorem (3.2) says that this is, in fact, the only example!

This second formulation of Theorem (3.2) is more refined than the first. After all, the first says nothing much about the hypersurfaces $`F_i`$ involved. In particular, the first does not suggest anything like the equation $`m_2=2m_3`$. Indeed, in Corollary 4 on p. 557, Beorchia and Ellia offered an alternative proof of the first formulation in the case where $`X`$ is a curve and $`m_3m_2m_1`$. The proof is correct, but the case is vacuous!

Our proof of Theorem (3.2) follows, to a fair extent, the lines of Beorchia and Ellia’s proof of their Theorem 5. In both proofs, a key step is to split the normal bundle of $`X`$ in $`𝐏^n`$. At this stage, if $`n4`$ and $`X`$ is smooth, then we’re done simply because the normal bundle splits; indeed, Basili and Peskine \[2, p. 87\] proved that then $`X`$ is a complete intersection. However, in order to prove Theorem (3.2) in full generality, we must split the normal bundle with care. For example, consider the twisted cubic space curve $`X`$; its normal bundle is split because $`X`$ is rational, and it is known that $`X`$ is self-linked by a quadric cone and a cubic surface, but $`X`$ is, of course, not a complete intersection, nor even subcanonical.

To split the normal bundle, we’ll use the Gherardelli linkage theorem (2.5). It asserts that, when two hypersurfaces $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$ of $`𝐏^n`$ intersect partially in an $`X`$, then $`X`$ is subcanonical if and only if its residual scheme $`Y`$ is, scheme-theoretically, of the form $`Y=F_1F_2F_3`$ where $`F_3`$ is a suitable hypersurface. (Such a $`Y`$ is called a quasi-complete intersection.) In particular, if $`X`$ is subcanonical, and is self-linked by $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$, then $`X=F_1F_2F_3`$. In this case, we’ll form the conormal bundles of $`X`$ in $`F_3`$ and in $`𝐏^n`$, and we’ll split the natural map from the latter bundle onto the former.

We’ll then conclude that some multiple of $`X`$ is numerically equivalent to a hypersurface section of $`F_3`$, at least after we’ve replaced $`F_3`$ by an integral component; we’ll simply apply Braun’s main theorem \[4, p. 403\]. (Braun followed the lines of Ellingsrud, Gruson, Peskine, and Strømme’s remarkable proof of the theorem in the case of a curve on a smooth connected surface. This case had been treated earlier, in a very different fashion, by Griffiths, Harris, and Hulek. See Braun’s paper \[4, p. 411\] for all the references.) Finally, to conclude that $`X`$ is a complete intersection, Beorchia and Ellia used Gruson and Peskine’s work on space curves. Instead, we’ll make a direct geometric argument, and obtain our more refined statement of Theorem (3.2).

If $`n6`$ and $`X`$ is smooth, then, since $`X`$ is a quasi-complete intersection, it is, in fact, a complete intersection by Faltings’ Korollar of Satz 3 \[7, p. 398\]. This line of proof is significant because it is valid in any characteristic, whereas Basili and Peskine work in characteristic 0, and we must too although only to apply Braun’s theorem. Beorchia and Ellia \[3, p. 556\] suggested that there might be a problem in characteristic 2 by pointing out the following result, due in part to Rao \[15, p.272\] and in part to Migliore \[12, p. 185\]: a double line in $`𝐏^3`$ of arithmetic genus $`2`$ or less is self-linked if and only if the characteristic is 2. We’ll pursue this suggestion in Example (3.4). On the other hand, it would be nice to know whether Theorem (3.2) is valid except for certain $`X`$ of small dimension in characteristic 2.

The Gherardelli linkage theorem holds in greater generality than that stated above. In Theorem (2.5), we’ll replace $`𝐏^n`$ by any Gorenstein projective scheme $`P`$ having pure dimension 2 or more and satisfying this vanishing condition: $`H^q(𝒪_P(m))=0`$ for three specific values of the pair $`(q,m)`$. For example, $`P`$ can be a complete intersection in $`𝐏^n`$. Thus we’ll recover Theorem 2(i) of Fiorentini and Lascu \[10, p. 170\], where, in addition, $`X`$ and $`Y`$ are assumed to have no common components; in fact, our proof was inspired by theirs. Beorchia and Ellia \[3, p. 556\] proved the existence of the hypersurface $`F_3`$ directly in the case at hand by using the mapping cone. Earlier, Rao \[14, pp. 209–10\] proved (burying it among other things) a version of the Gherardelli linkage theorem, in which the condition that $`X`$ be subcanonical is replaced by the condition that $`X`$ be the zero scheme of a section of a rank-2 vector bundle on $`𝐏^n`$; these two conditions are equivalent by a famous theorem of Serre’s (see \[8, Prop. 3, p. 346\]). On the other hand, our Theorem (3.2) does not hold even if $`𝐏^n`$ is replaced by a smooth hypersurface $`P`$, as we’ll see in Example (3.3).

To prove the Gherardelli linkage theorem (2.5), we’ll use the Noether linkage sequence (2.3.1), which presents the dualizing sheaf of a partial intersection in any Gorenstein ambient scheme $`P`$ having pure dimension 2 or more. The case where $`P`$ is a complete intersection in $`𝐏^n`$ was treated in \[10, Lem. 1\] and in \[13, 1.6\] and was used in \[15, p. 253\]. The general case is, as we’ll see, no more difficult to prove.

In short, in Section 2, we’ll review some basic linkage theory, including the Peskine–Szpiro linkage theorem (compare with \[13, 1.3, p. 274\] and \[5, 21.23, p. 541\]), the Noether linkage sequence, and the Gherardelli linkage theorem. This theory is all more or less well known, but has not always been developed exactly as here, and it is all essential for our work in Section 3. In Section 3, we’ll prove our main theorem, our characterization of complete intersections of codimension 2 in $`𝐏^n`$. Finally, we’ll discuss two examples; the first shows that the ambient projective space cannot be replaced even by a smooth hypersurface, and the second shows that our characterization fails in characteristic 2.

2. Gherardelli linkage

Proposition (2.1) (Peskine–Szpiro linkage theorem) Let $`Z`$ be a Gorenstein scheme, $`XZ`$ be a proper closed subscheme, and $`Y`$ the residual scheme of $`X`$. If $`X`$ is Cohen–Macaulay of pure codimension $`0`$, then so is $`Y`$; furthermore, then $`X`$ is also the residual scheme of $`Y`$.

Proof. Let $`_{X/Z}`$ and $`_{Y/Z}`$ denote the ideals. Then we have

$$_{Y/Z}:=𝐴𝑛𝑛_{𝒪_Z}_{X/Z}\stackrel{}{}𝐻𝑜𝑚_{𝒪_Z}(𝒪_X,𝒪_Z),$$
$`(\mathrm{2.1.1})`$
where the equation holds by definition and the isomorphism is given by evaluation at 1.

It is a basic fact (see \[5, 21.21, p. 538\]) that, on the category of maximal (dimensional) Cohen–Macaulay $`𝒪_Z`$-modules $``$, the functor,

$$𝒟():=𝐻𝑜𝑚_{𝒪_Z}(,𝒪_Z),$$

is dualizing. Now, $`𝒟`$ interchanges the two basic exact sequences,

$$0_{X/Z}𝒪_Z𝒪_X0\text{ and }0_{Y/Z}𝒪_Z𝒪_Y0;$$

indeed, $`𝒟`$ carries the first sequence to the second thanks to (2.1.1), and so, as $`𝒟`$ is dualizing, $`𝒟`$ carries the second sequence back to the first. Thus, $`𝒪_Y=𝒟(_{X/Z})`$ and $`_{X/Z}=𝒟(𝒪_Y)`$. The latter equation implies that $`X`$ is the residual scheme of $`Y`$. The former equation implies that $`𝒪_Y`$ is maximal Cohen–Macaulay, because $`_{X/Z}`$ is so since, at any $`xX`$,

$$depth_{X/Z,x}\mathrm{min}(depth𝒪_{Z,x},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}+depth𝒪_{X,x})$$

(see \[5, 18.6b, p. 451\]). The proof is now complete.

Setup (2.2) Let $`P`$ be a complete scheme defined over an algebraically closed field of arbitrary characteristic. Assume that $`P`$ is Gorenstein of pure dimension at least 2, and equip $`P`$ with an invertible sheaf $`𝒪_P(1)`$, which is not necessarily ample. For $`i=1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}`$ let $`f_iH^0(𝒪_P(m_i))`$ be a section, and $`F_i:f_i=0`$ its scheme of zeros. Set

$$Z:=F_1F_2,$$

and assume that $`Z`$ has pure codimension 2.

Let $`XZ`$ be a proper closed subscheme, and assume that $`X`$ is Cohen–Macaulay of pure codimension 2 in $`P`$. Let $`YZ`$ be the residual scheme of $`X`$. By the Peskine–Szpiro linkage theorem (2.1), also $`Y`$ is Cohen–Macaulay of pure codimension 2 in $`P`$, and $`X`$ is also the residual scheme of $`Y`$.

Proposition (2.3) (Noether linkage sequence) In the setup of (2.2), the dualizing sheaves and the ideals in $`P`$ are related by the following short exact sequence:

$$0_{Z/P}𝜔_P(m_1+m_2)_{Y/P}𝜔_P(m_1+m_2)𝜔_X0.$$
$`(\mathrm{2.3.1})`$
Proof. First, note the following two equations:

$$𝜔_Z=𝜔_P(m_1+m_2)|_Z\text{ and }𝜔_X=_{Y/Z}𝜔_Z.$$
$`(\mathrm{2.3.2})`$
The first equation is standard, and results from basic duality theory (see \[1, Ch. 1\] for example):

$$𝜔_Z=𝐸𝑥𝑡_P^2(𝒪_Z,𝜔_P)=𝐻𝑜𝑚_Z(det(_{Z/P}/_{Z/P}^2),𝜔_P|Z).$$

The second equation in (2.3.2) results from a series of three other equations:

$$𝜔_X=𝐻𝑜𝑚(𝒪_X,𝜔_Z)=𝐻𝑜𝑚(𝒪_X,𝒪_Z)𝜔_Z=_{Y/Z}𝜔_Z.$$

These hold by elementary duality theory, by the invertiblity of $`𝜔_Z`$, and by (2.1.1) above.

Finally, the Noether linkage sequence (2.3.1) results from the basic sequence,

$$0_{Z/P}_{Y/P}_{Y/Z}0,$$

by tensoring it with $`𝜔_P(m_1+m_2)`$ and then using the two equations in (2.3.2).

Remark (2.4) According to Enriques \[6, vol. 3, p. 534\], Noether obtained the preceding proposition in the special case where $`P`$ is the projective 3-space, Noether having stated it virtually as follows:

If the curve $`X`$ is the partial intersection of two surfaces $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$ of degrees $`m_1`$ and $`m_2`$, meeting further in a curve $`Y`$, then the surfaces of degree $`m_1+m_24`$ passing through $`Y`$ cut on $`X`$ the complete canonical series.

To derive this statement, take (2.3.1), replace $`𝜔_P`$ by $`𝒪_P(4)`$, and extract cohomology, obtaining the following exact sequence:

$$H^0(_{Y/P}(m_1+m_24))H^0(𝜔_X)H^1(_{Z/P}(m_1+m_24)).$$

The third term vanishes as $`Z`$ is a complete intersection, and Noether’s statement follows.

Theorem (2.5) (Gherardelli linkage) Preserve the setup of (2.2). Let $`m_3>0`$. If an $`f_3H^0(𝒪_P(m_3))`$ exists such that $`Y=F_1F_2F_3`$ where $`F_3:f_3=0`$, then

$$𝜔_X=𝜔_P(m_1+m_2m_3)|_X.$$

The converse holds if, in addition,

$$H^1(𝒪_P(m_3m_1))=0,H^1(𝒪_P(m_3m_2))=0,\text{ and }H^2(𝒪_P(m_3m_1m_2))=0.$$

Proof. Assume an $`f_3`$ exists. Then $`Y=ZF_3`$. Hence, multiplication by $`f_3`$ gives a surjection $`\mu :𝒪_Z(m_3)_{Y/Z}`$. Its kernel $`𝐴𝑛𝑛_{Y/Z}(m_3)`$ is equal to $`_{X/Z}(m_3)`$ because $`X`$ is also the residual scheme of $`Y`$ thanks to (2.1). So $`\mu `$ induces an isomorphism $`𝒪_X(m_3)\stackrel{}{}_{Y/Z}`$. Hence $`𝜔_X`$ has the asserted form thanks to (2.3.2).

Conversely, assume $`𝜔_X=𝜔_P(m_1+m_2m_3)|_X`$. Then twisting the Noether linkage sequence (2.3.1) yields the following exact sequence:

$$0_{Z/P}(m_3)_{Y/P}(m_3)𝒪_X0.$$
$`(\mathrm{2.4.1})`$
Extracting cohomology yields the next exact sequence:

$$H^0(_{Y/P}(m_3))H^0(𝒪_X)H^1(_{Z/P}(m_3)).$$

Assume the additional vanishing conditions. Then $`H^1(_{Z/P}(m_3))=0`$ thanks to the twisted Koszul resolution,

$$0𝒪_P(m_3m_1m_2)𝒪_P(m_3m_1)𝒪_P(m_3m_2)_{Z/P}(m_3)0.$$

Hence, we may lift $`1H^0(𝒪_X)`$ to an $`f_3H^0(_{Y/P}(m_3))`$. Set $`F_3:f_3=0`$.

In (2.4.1), we may replace $`𝒪_X`$ by $`_{Y/Z}(m_3)`$. Hence $`_{Y/Z}(m_3)`$ is generated by the image of $`f_3`$ in $`H^0(_{Y/Z}(m_3))`$. Therefore, $`Y=ZF_3`$, and the proof is complete.

3. Complete intersections

Definition (3.1) Let $`P`$ be a Gorenstein scheme, $`X`$ a closed Cohen–Macaulay subscheme. We’ll say that $`X`$ is subcanonical in $`P`$ if $`P`$ is equipped with an invertible sheaf $`𝒪_X(1)`$, and if, for some integer $`\alpha `$, we have

$$𝜔_X=𝜔_P(\alpha )|_X.$$

Assume $`P`$ has pure dimension at least 3, and $`X`$ has pure codimension 2. We’ll say that $`X`$ is self-linked in $`P`$ by two effective Cartier divisors $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$ if they meet properly in a subscheme $`Z`$ containing $`X`$, and if $`X`$ is equal to the residual scheme $`Y`$ of $`X`$ in $`Z`$.

Theorem (3.2)Let $`P`$ be a projective space of dimension $`n3`$ over an algebraically closed field of characteristic $`0`$. Let $`XP`$ be a closed subscheme that is Cohen–Macaulay of pure codimension $`2`$. Assume $`X`$ subcanonical and self-linked. Then $`X`$ is a complete intersection.

In fact, say $`X`$ is self-linked by hypersurfaces $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$ of degrees $`m_1`$ and $`m_2`$. Then, after $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$ are switched if need be, $`m_2`$ is even, and there is a hypersurface $`F_3`$ of degree $`m_2/2`$ such that $`X=F_1F_3\text{ and }Z=F_12F_3\text{ where }Z:=F_1F_2`$.

Proof. Since $`P`$ is smooth and $`X`$ is subcanonical, $`X`$ is Gorenstein. Hence, since $`X`$ has pure codimension $`2`$, it is locally a complete intersection in $`P`$ by one of Serre’s results \[5, 21.10, p. 537\]. Hence, on $`X`$, the conormal sheaf $`_{X/P}/_{X/P}^2`$ is locally free of rank 2.

By another celebrated theorem of Serre’s, $`H^i(𝒪_P(j))=0`$ for $`i=1,2`$ and for any $`j`$ since $`n3`$. Hence, by the Gherardelli linkage theorem (2.5), there is a hypersurface $`F_3`$ such that $`X=ZF_3`$.

Let $`xX`$. For $`i=1,2,3`$ let $`\phi _i𝒪_{P,x}`$ generate the ideal of $`F_i`$. Then $`_{X/P,x}`$ is generated by $`\phi _1`$, $`\phi _2`$, and $`\phi _3`$, but not by $`\phi _1`$ and $`\phi _2`$, since $`X=ZF_3`$, but $`XZ`$. Since $`_{X/P,x}`$ is generated by two elements, it must be generated either by $`\phi _1`$ and $`\phi _3`$ or by $`\phi _2`$ and $`\phi _3`$. Hence $`X`$ is a Cartier divisor on $`F_3`$.

For $`i=1,2`$ set $`Z_i:=F_iF_3`$. Let $`xX`$. Then, by the preceding paragraph, $`_{X/P,x}`$ is equal either to $`_{Z_1/P,x}`$ or to $`_{Z_2/P,x}`$. Put geometrically, $`X`$ is equal, in a neighborhood of $`x`$ in $`P`$, either to $`Z_1`$ or to $`Z_2`$.

For $`i=1,2,3`$ say $`F_i:f_i=0`$. For $`i=1,2`$ form the greatest common divisor $`g_i`$ of $`f_i`$ and $`f_3`$, and set $`G_i:g_i=0`$.

First, suppose both $`G_1`$ and $`G_2`$ are nonempty, and let $`x`$ be a common point. Since $`G_1`$ is a component of both $`F_1`$ and $`F_3`$, their intersection $`Z_1`$ is not equal to $`X`$ in a neighborhood of $`x`$. Similarly, $`Z_2`$ is not equal to $`X`$ in a neighborhood of $`x`$. This conclusion stands in contradiction to our conclusion above, that $`X`$ is equal, in a neighborhood of $`x`$ in $`P`$, either to $`Z_1`$ or to $`Z_2`$. Therefore, not both $`G_1`$ and $`G_2`$ are nonempty; say $`G_2`$ is empty.

Then $`Z_2`$ has pure codimension 2 in $`P`$, and $`Z_2X`$. If $`Z_2=X`$, then $`X=F_2F_3`$. So suppose not, and we’ll prove that $`X=F_1F_3`$. Form the residual scheme $`X_2`$ of $`X`$ in $`Z_2`$. By general principles, $`X_2`$ is a Cartier divisor on $`F_3`$ because $`X`$ and $`Z_2`$ are so; moreover, $`Z_2=X+X_2`$.

Suppose $`G_1`$ is nonempty. Set $`C:=G_1F_2`$. Then $`C`$ is a hypersurface section of $`F_2`$. So $`C`$ has a point $`x`$ in common with $`X_2`$, which also lies on $`F_2`$. Then $`xX`$, because $`CZ`$ and $`Z`$ has the same support as $`X`$. Since $`G_1`$ is a component of both $`F_1`$ and $`F_3`$, their intersection $`Z_1`$ is not equal to $`X`$ in a neighborhood of $`x`$. Since $`x`$ lies on both $`X_2`$ and $`X`$, also $`Z_2`$ is not equal to $`X`$ in a neighborhood of $`x`$. As before, there is a contradiction. Therefore, $`G_1`$ is empty.

Then $`Z_1`$ has pure codimension 2 in $`P`$, and $`Z_1X`$. If $`Z_1=X`$, then $`X=F_1F_3`$ as claimed. So suppose not, and form the residual scheme $`X_1`$ of $`X`$ in $`Z_1`$. By general principles, $`X_1`$ too is a Cartier divisor on $`F_3`$. After a bit of work, we’ll achieve a contradiction.

First, we’ll construct a natural splitting of the natural surjection,

$$_{X/P}/_{X/P}^2_{X/F_3}/_{X/F_3}^2.$$
$`(\mathrm{3.2.1})`$
To do so, in $`_{X/P}/_{X/P}^2`$ , form the image $``$ of $`_{Z/P}`$; we are going to show that $``$ maps isomorphically onto $`_{X/F_3}/_{X/F_3}^2`$. Since $``$ maps surjectively, and since $`_{X/F_3}/_{X/F_3}^2`$ is invertible as $`X`$ is a Cartier divisor on $`F_3`$, we need only show that $``$ is invertible.

Let $`xX`$. Say, as above, that $`_{X/P,x}=_{Z_1/P,x}`$. Set $`W:=F_12F_3`$. Then $`WZ`$; indeed, $`_{F_3/P}^2_{Z/P}`$ because $`_{X/Z}=𝐴𝑛𝑛_{X/Z}`$ since $`X`$ is self-linked. Since also $`WZ_1`$, there is a natural commutative diagram,

$`0_{Z_1/W}𝒪_W𝒪_{Z_1}0`$ $`.`$$`u`$$`v`$$`w`$ $`0_{X/Z}𝒪_Z𝒪_X0`$
Clearly, $`_{Z_1/W}=𝒪_P(F_3)|_{Z_1}`$. Moreover, $`_{X/Z}=𝜔_X𝜔_P(m_1+m_2)^1`$ thanks to (2.3.2) with $`Y:=X`$. Thus the source of $`u`$ is invertible on $`Z_1`$, and the target is invertible on $`X`$. Now, $`_{X/P,x}=_{Z_1/P,x}`$. Hence, $`w`$ is an isomorphism at $`x`$; in other words, $`X`$ and $`Z`$ are the same scheme in a neighborhood of $`x`$. Also, $`u`$ is surjective at $`x`$, and its source and target are invertible sheaves on the same scheme in a neighborhood of $`x`$; hence, $`u`$ is an isomorphism at $`x`$. So $`v`$ is an isomorphism at $`x`$. Hence, $`_{W/P,x}=_{Z/P,x}`$.

So, in $`_{X/P}/_{X/P}^2`$, the images of $`_{W/P}`$ and $`_{Z/P}`$ are equal at $`x`$. The image of $`_{W/P}`$ is equal to $`𝒪_P(F_1)|_X`$ at $`x`$; indeed, the latter sheaf maps naturally into the former, and this map is surjective since $`XF_3`$, and injective at $`x`$ since its natural image is a direct summand of $`_{X/P}/_{X/P}^2`$ at $`x`$, as $`_{X/P,x}=_{Z_1/P,x}`$. The image of $`_{Z/P}`$ is $``$ by definition. Thus $``$ is invertible at $`x`$. Since $`xX`$ is arbitrary, $``$ is invertible. Thus $`\stackrel{}{}_{X/F_3}/_{X/F_3}^2`$, and (3.2.1) splits.

Let $`F`$ be any irreducible component of $`F_3`$, and equip $`F`$ with its reduced structure. Since $`F`$ is a hypersurface, $`F`$ meets $`X`$. Set $`V:=XF`$. Then $`V`$ is a Cartier divisor on $`F`$, and hence $`V`$ is locally a complete intersection in $`P`$. Consider the natural commutative diagram of sheaves on $`V`$,

$`|V\left(_{X/F_3}/_{X/F_3}^2\right)|V`$ $``$$``$ $`_{V/P}/_{V/P}^2_{V/F}/_{V/F}^2`$
The top horizontal map is an isomorphism because it is the restriction of an isomorphism. The right vertical map is an isomorphism because it is surjective and its source and target are invertible. Therefore, the lower horizontal map splits.

Since the lower map splits, since $`V`$ is a Cartier divisor on $`F`$ and is locally a complete intersection in $`P`$, since $`F`$ is reduced, irreducible, and closed, and since $`P`$ is a projective space of dimension $`n3`$ over an algebraically closed field of characteristic $`0`$, Braun’s main theorem \[4, p. 26\] implies that some multiple of $`V`$ is numerically equivalent to a hypersurface section of $`F`$.

Since $`F`$ is a hypersurface, $`F`$ meets both $`X_1`$ and $`X_2`$, which are supposedly nonempty. For $`i=1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}`$ set $`V_i:=X_iF`$. Then $`V_i`$ is a Cartier divisor on $`F`$, and $`V+V_i=F_iF`$. Hence, some multiple of $`V_i`$ too is numerically equivalent to a hypersurface section of $`F`$. Therefore, $`V_1`$ and $`V_2`$ have a common point $`x`$. Then $`x`$ lies on both $`Z_1`$ and $`Z_2`$, so on their intersection, which is $`X`$. However, there is no neighborhood of $`x`$ in which either $`Z_1`$ or $`Z_2`$ is equal to $`X`$ because $`x`$ lies on both $`X_1`$ and $`X_2`$. Thus, we’ve achieved the desired contradiction. Therefore, $`X=F_1F_3`$.

Then $`W=Z`$ everywhere, by the reasoning above; in other words, $`Z=F_12F_3`$. Finally, set $`m_3:=\mathrm{deg}F_3`$. Then $`\mathrm{deg}Z=2m_1m_3`$. Now, $`Z:=F_1F_2`$, so $`\mathrm{deg}Z=m_1m_2`$. Hence $`2m_3=m_2`$. The proof is now complete.

Example (3.3) Most of the proof of Theorem (3.2) works without change in the relative case where $`P`$ is a smooth projectively Cohen–Macaulay variety of pure dimension at least 3. However, to apply Braun’s theorem, we must know that the surjection (3.2.1) splits when $`P`$ is replaced by the ambient projective space; the proof shows that (3.2.1) itself splits, but this splitting is insufficient. The theorem does not hold even when $`P`$ is replaced by a smooth hypersurface, as the following example shows.

Let $`P`$ be a smooth quadric hypersurface in $`𝐏^4`$. Let $`F_1`$ be the section of $`P`$ by a hyperplane $`H_1`$ that is tangent to $`P`$ at a point $`x`$. Then $`F_1`$ is a cone in $`H_1`$ with vertex at $`x`$ and with base a smooth (plane) conic $`C`$. Fix $`yC`$. Then $`y`$ determines a generator $`X`$ of the cone $`F_1`$. Let $`H_2`$ be a hyperplane in $`𝐏^4`$ that cuts $`H_1`$ in the plane spanned by $`x`$ and by the tangent line to $`C`$ at $`y`$. Then $`X`$ is a line, so subcanonical in $`P`$. Moreover, $`X`$ is self-linked in $`P`$ by $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$ with $`F_2:=H_2P`$. However, $`X`$ is not the complete intersection of two hypersurface sections of $`P`$ since any such complete intersection has even degree in $`𝐏^4`$.

Example (3.4) Theorem (3.2) is not valid in positive characteristic without some further restriction on $`X`$. Indeed, we are going to see that, in characteristic 2, there exists an example of an irreducible, but nonreduced, Cohen–Macaulay space curve $`X`$, which is subcanonical and self-linked, yet is not a complete intersection.

Ferrand \[8, p. 345\] explained how to put a subcanonical double structure on a line (indeed, on any complete curve that is locally a complete intersection) in $`𝐏^3`$ in any characteristic; moreover, the double curve can have arbitrarily negative arithmetic genus. Now, Migliore \[12, p. 185\] proved that, in characteristic 2, a double line $`X`$ is self-linked if its arithmetic genus is $`2`$ or less. Such an $`X`$ is not a complete intersection, because every complete intersection $`Z`$ has nonnegative arithmetic genus by (2.3.2).

References

AK A. Altman and S. Kleiman, “Introduction to Grothendieck duality theory,” Lecture Notes in Math. 146, Springer-Verlag, 1970.

BP B. Basili and C. Peskine, Décomposition du fibré normal des surfaces lisses de $`𝐏_4`$ et structures doubles sur les solides de $`𝐏_5`$, Duke Math. J. 69 (1993), 87–95.

BE V. Beorchia and Ph. Ellia, Normal bundle and complete intersections, Rend. Sem. Univ. Pol. Torino 48 (1990), 553–62.

B R. Braun, On the normal bundle of Cartier divisors on projective varieties, Arch. Math. 59 (1992), 403–11.

E D. Eisenbud, “Commutative Algebra,” GTM 150, Springer-Verlag 1994.

EC F. Enriques and O. Chisini, “Lezioni sulla teoria geometrica delle equazioni e delle funzioni algebriche,” Zanichelli, Bologna, 1915.

Fa G. Faltings, Ein Kriterium for vollständige Durchshnitte, Inventiones math. 62 (1980), 393–401.

F D. Ferrand, Courbes gauches et fibrés de rang $`2`$, C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris 281 (1975), 345–7.

FL81 M. Fiorentini and A. T. Lascu, Una formula di geometria numerativa, Ann. Univ. Ferrara 27 (1981), 201–27.

FL87 M. Fiorentini and A. T. Lascu, Projective embeddings and linkage, Rend. Sem. Mat. Fis. Milano LXVII (1987), 161–82.

Gh G. Gherardelli, Sulle curve sghembe algebriche intersezioni complete di tre superficie, Rend. Acc. d’Italia IV (1943), 460–62.

M J. Migliore, On linking double lines, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 294 (1986), 177–85.

PS C. Peskine and L. Szpiro, Liaison des variétés algébriques. I, Inventiones math. 26 (1974), 271–302.

R79 P. Rao, Liaison among curves in $`𝐏^3`$, Inventiones math. 50 (1979), 205–17.

R82 P. Rao, On self-linked curves, Duke Math. J. 49 (1982), 251–73.


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# L1551NE - Discovery of a Binary Companion

## 1 Introduction

Young T Tauri stars in Taurus have been found to have a high incidence of multiplicity, with the fraction of close ($``$100A.U.) companions found to be 0.40 $`\pm `$ 0.08 (Ghez et al. 1993; Leinert et al. 1993; Simon et al. 1995; Patience et al. 1998), using speckle and occultation techniques. Similar surveys of the Hyades cluster found a smaller fraction of 0.30 $`\pm `$ 0.06, and a still lower fraction of 0.14 $`\pm `$ 0.03 for G dwarfs in the solar neighborhood (Patience et al. 1998), suggesting an evolutionary effect and/or environmental effects during formation. Deeply embedded class I and class 0 protostars cannot be surveyed using similar techniques, since they are not visible at optical wavelengths and are generally too deeply embedded even at infrared wavelengths. Millimeter/sub-millimeter-wavelength interferometry at sub-arcsecond resolution can resolve close companions if they have circumstellar disks. For example, L1551 IRS5 was recently shown to be a binary based on 7mm interferometric observations at the VLA (Rodríguez et al. 1998). We present here evidence that L1551 NE also has a binary companion.

L1551NE (B1950 $`4^h28^m50.5^s`$ +$`18^{}02^{}10\mathrm{"}`$ (Draper, Warren-Smith & Scarrott 1985)) is a young stellar object in the L1551 molecular cloud, at a distance of 160 pc (Snell 1981). Discovered by Emerson et al. (1984) from IRAS data, it is the second brightest embedded source in the Taurus complex after L1551 IRS5, with L$`{}_{bol}{}^{}6L_{}`$. It has a molecular outflow (Moriarty-Schieven, Butner & Wannier 1995). The radial density distribution of L1551NE has been modeled by Barsony & Chandler (1993) from 800$`\mu m`$ images, and by Butner et al. (1995) from 100$`\mu m`$ and 200$`\mu m`$ observations. Both found that the density distribution implied by the radial intensity profile was much shallower than the $`n(r)r^{1.5}`$ predicted by the “inside-out” collapse model of Terebey, Shu & Cassen (1984). Moriarty-Schieven, Butner & Wannier (1995) have suggested that L1551 NE may be a class 0 source.

## 2 Observations

The observations were taken with the Owens Valley Radio Observatory millimeter-wave array 1994 November 12 and 1997 January 17, at a wavelength of 1.3mm (230.65 GHz). The 1994 observations were taken with the array (consisting at the time of six 10m antennae) in the compact “$`l`$” configuration (maximum baseline 115m, minimum baseline 30m), and in 1997 the data were taken using the extended “$`h`$” configuration (maximum baseline 241.7m, minimum baseline 35m). The effective resolution of the synthesized beam was $``$2” and $``$1” for the two configurations.

The observations were made in “snapshot” mode, with a series of ten minute integrations interspersed with observations of other sources and the phase calibrators (0528+134 and 3C84), to yield a total integration time of $``$1 hour in the “$`l`$” configuration and $``$2 hours in the “$`h`$” configuration. The system temperatures were $``$1200K and $``$1600K respectively. Neptune was used as the primary flux calibrator. The continuum bandwidth is 1GHz.

The data were reduced using the standard reduction package “mma”, and then exported to AIPS which was used to generate and clean images (using the ‘IMAGR’ task and uniform weighting). The clean box included only a small area covering the main source and the apparent binary companion. The angular resolution of the cleaned image was 1.29” $`\times `$ 1.07” at position angle -74.

## 3 Data

Figure 1 presents a contour image of L1551NE. Clearly seen are the primary source (henceforth source A) at (B1950) 04h28m50.552s 1802’09.85”, and another weaker source 1.43” to the southeast (source B). Emission also appears to extend to the north and to the east of the primary source, and surrounding source B.

To verify that we are seeing real sources and not phase instabilities, we generated images using the same techniques of another source, IRAS 04169+2702, which was observed during the same two days and interspersed with L1551NE. Phase errors would be manifested as “anomalous” sources or structures. No such anomalous sources are seen in the image of IRAS 04169+2702. In addition, we cleaned the “$`l`$” configuration data separately from the “$`h`$” configuration data. The high-resolution data clearly had two peaks, while the low-resolution data showed an extended disk-like structure with long axis through the line joining the two sources. Thus we believe that the structure seen here in L1551NE is real.

In Table 1 we present the positions, sizes and flux densities of the sources. The single-dish flux density at 1.35mm is also shown.

## 4 Discussion

There are three distinct components apparent in the image shown in Figure 1; a brighter, possibly extended source at the field center (source A), a weaker, probably point-like source (B) 1.43” south-east of A, and diffuse, low-level emission which appears to surround both sources and extend $``$2” to the northwest and east of A.

Sources A and B were fit with elliptical gaussians using the AIPS task JMFIT. The primary source A was found to have a size 1.53”x1.28” (i.e. it may have been slightly resolved with a size $`2\sigma `$ larger than the beamsize), peak intensity $``$ 0.33 Jy and integrated intensity $``$ 0.47 Jy (i.e. $``$40% ($`3\sigma `$) larger than the peak intensity). If it is slightly resolved (deconvolved size $``$ 0.82”x0.70”), then its size is $``$131x112 A.U. at a distance of 160pc. Source B is located 1.43” (229 A.U. at 160pc) south-east of A, and its size and intensity are consistent with it being unresolved, i.e. $`<`$100 A.U. We estimate the mass within each source using $`M_D=\frac{S_\nu D^2}{B_\nu (T)}\frac{4}{3}\frac{a\rho }{Q_\nu }`$, and display these in Table 1. We used the integrated flux densities, assumed a distance of 160 pc (Snell 1981), used dust temperature of 42K (Moriarty-Schieven et al. 1994), and dust emissivities from Hildebrand (1983) $`\frac{4}{3}\frac{a\rho }{Q_\nu }=0.1(\lambda /250)^\beta `$ g cm-2, assuming $`\beta `$ = 1 (Moriarty-Schieven et al. 1994), and have assumed a gas to dust mass ratio of 100. The derived masses are approximately 0.044 and 0.014 M for the emission from source A and B respectively, and 0.022M for the envelope. The total mass for the two sources plus envelope is $``$0.078 M.

Rodríguez, Anglada & Raga (1995) imaged the L1551NE region at $`\lambda `$3.5c m and found a continuum source located within 1.5$`\sigma `$ of our source A. Rodríguez et al attribute the $`\lambda `$3.5cm emission to shocks associated with the outflow (Moriarty-Schieven, Butner & Wannier 1995). Thus source A is the likely origin of the L1551NE outflow. Rodrǵuez et al. found a possible second source located $``$0.6” east of A, which is not coincident with our source B, for which no $`\lambda `$3.5cm emission was detected. If their source 0.6” east of A is real, this would suggest that L1551NE is at least a triple star system. However, another protostar capable of generating an outflow jet should have had a circumstellar disk large enough to be detected by our observations. Possibly the eastern $`\lambda `$3.5cm source is due to a jet from A but offset from the source, or is a background object.

The single-dish flux density (Butner et al. 2000) found using the 14m JCMT telescope (FWHM 20”)) is not significantly different from the total intensity found in our image of L1551NE (primary beam FWHM 28”). Thus only a small amount, if any, of the single-dish flux can have been resolved out by the interferometer. However, considerable extended emission was seen at $``$850 $`\mu `$m by Barsony & Chandler (1993) and Moriarty-Schieven et al. (1999), and at 200 $`\mu `$m by Butner et al. (1995). Barsony & Chandler and Butner et al. modeled this extended emission as an envelope whose radial density distribution decreases very slowly with distance from the protostar.

Weak, low-level emission can be seen extending $``$1-2” to the north and east of source A, and perhaps encompassing source B. This extended structure has a disk-like appearance, of dimension $`5^{\prime \prime }\times 2^{\prime \prime }`$ ($``$800x300pc with long axis at position angle $``$-12. This is roughly perpendicular to the axis of the conical reflection nebula emanating from L1551NE (Draper et al. 1985; Hodapp 1995), and hence of the molecular outflow (Moriarty-Schieven et al. 1995). This disk-like structure may represent a circum-binary disk.

###### Acknowledgements.

JAP was supported by a Hawai’i Space Grant College Fellowship which is funded by the NASA Undergraduate Space Grant Fellowship program. The Owens Valley millimeter-wave array is supported by NSF grant AST-96-13717.


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# Detection of new sources of methanol emission at 95 GHz with the Mopra telescope

## 1 Introduction

Methanol, OH and H2O masers are all frequently associated with massive star formation regions, however, methanol masers offer more possibilities for the study of star forming regions than either OH or H2O, because there are numerous transitions in the microwave region of spectrum. One of the most widespread methanol masers is the $`7_06_1A^+`$ transition at 44 GHz. About 50 masers from this transition have been detected in the northern hemisphere (Morimoto, Ohishi & Kanzawa 1985, Haschick, Menten & Baan 1990, Bachiller et al. 1990, Kalenskii et al. 1992, Kalenskii et al. 1994) and a similar number have been found in the southern hemisphere (Slysh et al. 1994). According to the empirical scheme of Menten (1991), the 44 GHz $`7_06_1A^+`$ transition is a class I methanol maser. Class I methanol masers differ from class II methanol masers in that they are not directly associated with compact Hii regions and OH masers, and the two classes also emit in different transitions.

The $`8_07_1A^+`$ transition at 95 GHz is an analogue of the 44-GHz masing transition (see Fig. 1 of Val’tts et al. (1999)). The upper ($`8_0`$) energy level of the 95-GHz transition is 18.5K higher than the upper ($`7_0`$) energy level of the 44-GHz transition and modelling (Cragg et al. 1992) shows that strong maser emission is also expected from this transition. Val’tts et al. (1995) carried out a search for 95-GHz methanol masers with the Onsala radiotelescope which detected a large number, mostly at the position of 44-GHz masers and with spectra similar to the spectra of the 44-GHz masers. The intensity of 95-GHz masers was found to correlate with intensity of 44-GHz masers, and was on average about 0.5 of the intensity 44-GHz masers. In this paper we present the results of the first search for 95-GHz methanol masers in the southern hemisphere, carried out with the ATNF Mopra telescope in Australia. This search completes a whole sky survey of class I methanol masers source in two transitions, at 44 and 95 GHz.

## 2 Observations

The observations were carried out in the period from July 1 to 17, 1997, using the Mopra 22-m millimeter-wave telescope of the ATNF. The assumed rest frequency of the $`8_07_1A^+`$ transition of methanol was 95.169489 GHz (De Lucia et al. 1989). At this frequency only the inner 15 metres of the Mopra antenna is illuminated and the aperture efficiency is 41%, which implies that one Kelvin of antenna temperature corresponds to 40 Jy. The half-power beamwidth of the Mopra antenna at 95 GHz is 52′′. The observations were performed in a position switching mode with reference positions offset 30 in declination. The antenna pointing was checked and corrected every 12 hours by making observations of 86-GHz SiO masers, the nominal pointing accuracy when this procedure is followed is 10′′ rms. For the majority of sources observations were only made at the nominal position, as time limitations did not permit the observation of grids at offset positions (to accurately determine the position) to be made. A grid of observations were observed toward a number of interesting sources, and for some cases where the 95-GHz emission was anomalously low. A number of these grids found the strongest emission to be offset from the nominal position and in some cases this will be due to antenna pointing errors. However, many of the sources have only been observed in lower frequency class I transitions and the offset may be due to limited accuracy to which the source position has been previously determined.

A cryogenically cooled low-noise SIS mixer was used in the receiver. The single side-band receiver noise temperature was 110 K and the system temperature varied between 220 K and 320 K depending on weather conditions and the elevation of the telescope. An ambient temperature load (assumed to have a temperature of 290 K) was regularly placed in front of the receiver to enable calibration using the method of Kutner & Ulich (1981). This corrects the observed flux density for the effects of atmospheric absorption, ohmic losses and rear-ward spillover. Variations in the ambient temperature of a few percent occurred during the observations, and the estimated uncertainty of the absolute flux density scale is 10%.

For the majority of the observations the back-end was a 64 MHz wide 1024-channel autocorrelator with a frequency resolution of 62.5 kHz. This yields a velocity resolution at 95 GHz of 0.236 km s-1with uniform weighting and 0.394 km s-1with Hanning smoothing. Some sources were reobserved with the correlator configured to a 32 MHz bandwidth, also with 1024 spectral channels. This yields a velocity resolution of 0.118 km s-1with uniform weighting and 0.197 km s-1with Hanning smoothing. For each source a uniformly weighted spectrum was produced with a velocity width of approximately 80 km s-1centred on the velocity of the previously detected class I or II methanol maser emission. The spectrum was then Hanning smoothed to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of weak sources. For the Mopra observations, the spectra in all figures and Gaussian parameters (peak flux density, velocity and full width half maximum) in all tables are Hanning smoothed data collected with the 64-MHz correlator configuration, unless otherwise noted in Table 1.

The source list was compiled primarilty from 44-GHz class I methanol masers detected in the southern hemisphere by Slysh et al. (1994) and Haschick et al. (1990). The observing list also included 12 class I methanol masers detected at 36 GHz at Puschino (Kalenskii, private communication), 55 class II methanol sources which had not previously been searched for class I maser emission (Caswell et al. 1995, Ellingsen et al. 1996, Ellingsen et al. 1999, Walsh et al. 1997) and 12 Hii regions for which no 44-GHz emission was detected by Slysh et al. (1994).

## 3 Results

A total 153 sites were searched for 95-GHz methanol emission, with detections observed toward 85. Table 1 contains a list of all detected sources along with the Gaussian parameters of their spectral features. Their spectra are shown in Fig. 1. The sources toward which no 95-GHz emission was detected are listed in Table 5, along with the 3$`\sigma `$ limit (typically less than 5 Jy). The kinematic distance to each source was estimated using the rotation curve of Brand & Blitz (1993). For many of the sources the model yields two distance estimates, The majority are likely to be at the nearer distance, but we have not attempted to resolve the ambiguity and where it occurs both distances are listed in Table 1 & 5. 86 known 44- or 36-GHz class I methanol sources were observed, with 95-GHz emission being detected toward 71 (83%). A total of 54 class II methanol maser sites which had not previously been searched for class I methanol emission were also observed, yielding a total of 13 detections (24%).

Seventy nine of the 85 sources in Table 1 are new detections, the other 6 were discovered previously by Val’tts et al. (1995) at Onsala. In Table 7 we compare the Gaussian parameters of the strongest features of 6 sources observed at both Onsala and Mopra. The radial velocities agree within 0.4 km s-1in all cases, which is approximately half the spectral resolution of the Onsala observations. The flux densities agree to within a factor of 2, which is reasonable, taking into account differences in the spectral resolution, absolute calibration and possible pointing errors. Examination of Table 7 shows that some of the masers (e.g. OMC-2 and NGC2264) have very narrow lines of 0.2 km s-1, which were completely unresolved with the 0.7 km s-1spectral resolution of the Onsala observations. The Onsala results have not been corrected for spectral smoothing, and for this reason, very narrow features in OMC-2, NGC2264 and W51Met2 will have lower peak flux density than that observed at Mopra. Below we give comments for some of the more interesting sources.

### 3.1 Comments on individual sources

OMC-2. The 95-GHz methanol maser in this source consists of a very intense narrow line similar to that observed at 44 GHz (Haschick et al. 1990). The peak flux densities at both frequencies are almost equal, as are the line widths.

NGC2264. This source shows an intense narrow line at 95 GHz with a shoulder on the positive velocity side. The spectrum of the 95-GHz methanol maser is very similar to that at 44-GHz, but the peak flux density is a factor of two lower.

305.21+0.21. The spectra of the 95- and 44-GHz masers are very similar, showing a single intense narrow line with the 95-GHz flux density only 25% lower than the 44-GHz flux density.

333.13-0.43. The spectrum of this source in Fig.1 shows a weak broad line. Comparing this spectrum with the 44-GHz spectrum we suspected that 95-GHz flux density was too low, possibly because of a pointing error. To check this we made a five-point map consisting of an observations at the central position and offset by $`\pm 20^{\prime \prime }`$ in both right ascension and declination. Fig. 7 contains the spectra from this map, which shows that the strongest emission is offset to the south-west of the nominal position and that there are at least two rather strong narrow lines confirming that this is a maser.

333.23-0.05. This source (Fig.1) has an intense isolated spectral feature, which is best fitted by two Gaussians. A five-point map (Fig. 8) shows that the source is in fact offset from the nominal position by approximately $``$20′′ in right ascension. The 95-GHz maser spectrum is similar to that at 44 GHz, where it is a factor of 3 stronger.

335.59-0.29. The 95-GHz spectrum of this source is best fitted with 4 Gaussian components, while at 44 GHz only one intense component is present at the same radial velocity as the strongest 95-GHz component.

337.91-0.47. The 95-GHz methanol maser spectrum is essentially identical to the 44-GHz spectrum, but the peak flux density at 44 GHz is a factor of four higher.

338.92+0.56. The 95-GHz spectrum of this source has two narrow features, at radial velocities $``$62.9 km s-1and $``$60.1 km s-1, the same as the 44-GHz spectrum (Slysh et al. 1994). However, a five-point map centred on the nominal position of the source (Fig. 9) shows that the strongest emission is to the north, where the flux density is at least a factor of two higher. From the spectrum of the offset (0, 20′′) one can see also a third detail, at the radial velocity $``$65.2 km s-1, which is not present in the 44-GHz spectrum. The five-point map also shows that the position of the spectral feature at $``$60.1 km s-1is shifted in right ascension relative to the spectral feature at $``$62.9 km s-1by about 20′′.

343.12-0.06. The 95-GHz spectrum of this source has been fitted with four Gaussian components, all of which have counterparts in the 44-GHz spectrum (Slysh et al. 1994), although the relative intensities are different at the two frequencies. A five-point map of the source (Fig. 10) shows that the emission in the source is spread over an area of at least 20′′, so the difference in relative intensities is most likely due to the different telescope beamwidths and pointing errors between the 44- and 95-GHz observations.

345.01+1.79 The 95-GHz spectrum of this source has been fitted by two Gaussians separated by 1.2 km s-1. A 9-point map of this source (Val’tts 1998) was used to determined position of both components. The stronger component at -13.1 km s-1has a position which coincides within the errors with the position of the southern 6.7-GHz methanol maser (Norris et al. 1993). The weaker component at $``$14.3 km s-1is displaced from the stronger one by $``$6.6 $`\pm `$7.9′′ in right ascension and 10.2$`\pm `$5.3′′ in declination, and coincides within the errors with the position of the northern 6.7-GHz methanol maser. Thus 95-GHz methanol masers are present in both regions of methanol maser emission in this source.

345.00-0.22. The 95-GHz methanol maser spectrum is similar to that at 44 GHz, except for the presence of an additional feature at $``$24 km s-1, which is absent from the 44-GHz spectrum.

351.16+0.70 (NGC6334B). The 95-GHz spectrum is similar to 44-GHz spectrum, although due to blending of spectral features the number of Gaussian components we are able to fit is different, 4 at 95 GHz compared to 7 at 44 GHz.

351.24+0.67 (NGC6334C). The 95-GHz emission from this source is anomalously low compared to 44-GHz emission (Slysh et al. 1994), possibly due to poor pointing, or variable weather conditions.

351.41+0.64 (NGC6334F) A broad line with some weaker narrow features is present in the 95-GHz spectrum; we have fitted the profile with two broad components and one narrow at the radial velocity $``$6.4 km s-1. It is probably the counterpart of the -6.32 km s-1component in the 44-GHz spectrum (Slysh et al. 1994), but other narrow 44-GHz features are not present in the 95-GHz spectrum.

NGC6334I(N). This is one of the strongest methanol masers at both 95- and 44-GHz (Haschick et al. 1990). The spectra are similar at the two frequencies, considering likely differences in pointing, since the maser is known to be spread over an area more than 30′′ in extent as can be seen from our map (Fig. 11). The relative positions of the four strongest spectral features were determined from this map and are given in Table 9. A comparison with the map of the source at 44 GHz (Kogan & Slysh 1998) shows that there is a general agreement between the two maps if larger position errors of 95-GHz map are taken into account. All four spectral features are point-like within the Mopra beamwidth of 52′′.

351.64$``$1.26. A five-point map of this source shows that the single weak feature becomes stronger at offsets of ($``$20′′,0) and (0,$``$20′′) (Fig. 12), which implies that the true source position is to the south-east of the the nominal position.

351.78-0.54. The 95-GHz spectrum consists of four narrow components, all of which are present in the 44-GHz spectrum, and in addition there is a broad component about 8 km s-1wide, which is absent at 44 GHz.

354.61+0.47. At least three Gaussian components can be fitted to the 95-GHz spectrum of this source, and two of them are present in the 44-GHz spectrum. The component at $``$21.4 km s-1is relatively stronger at 95 GHz and the component at $``$20.5 km s-1is present only at 95 GHz.

Sgr A-A. The 95-GHz spectrum of this source consists of a very broad component and possibly a weak narrow component at a velocity of 47 km s-1. It is almost identical to the 44-GHz spectrum (Haschick et al. 1990), with the narrow component relatively stronger at 44 GHz. A 9-point map (Fig. 13) of the source does not show the narrow component, probably because of the shorter integration time of map spectra. The broad component is extended in declination with an angular size of 150′′, and is unresolved (less than 30′′) in right ascension. This is one of the rare strong thermal sources in our sample.

M8E. A single very strong narrow line is present in the 95-GHz spectrum, which is similar to that at 44 GHz. This is one of the strongest masers in both the 44- and 95-GHz transitions, and its angular extent is known to be less than 0.2′′ (Kogan & Slysh 1998, Slysh et al. 1999). A thorough discussion of the methanol emission from this source is given in Val’tts (1999a).

W33MetC. A single feature near 32.5 km s-1is present in 95-GHz spectrum. At 44 GHz there is also a weaker component at 36.28 km s-1which is not visible in 95-GHz spectrum. The 95-GHz emission in this source has been mapped by Pratap & Menten (1992), and the corresponding 44-GHz maser has been shown to coincide with its position (Slysh et al. 1999). A full discussion of the methanol emission from this source is given by Val’tts (1999b).

14.33-0.64. This intense class I methanol maser was discovered at 44 GHz at Parkes (Slysh et al. 1994). At 95-GHz the maser is also strong and its spectrum consists of four peaks, similar to the 44-GHz spectrum. A 44-GHz map of this maser is discussed in Slysh et al. (1999).

GGD27. 44-GHz class I methanol maser emission in this source was discovered by Kalenskii et al. (1992), and a VLA map of it is presented in Slysh et al. (1999). At both 95 and 44 GHz the spectrum is dominated by a strong narrow feature. A 9-point map of the 95-GHz emission (Fig. 14) shows that it is strongest at a position offset in right ascension by $``$23′′$`\pm `$8′′ and in declination by $``$8′′$`\pm `$5′′ from the nominal position.

L379IRS3. The 44-GHz methanol maser associated with this source was also discovered by Kalenskii et al. (1992) and mapped with the VLA by Kogan & Slysh (1998) and Slysh et al. (1999). The 95-GHz spectrum is very similar to that at 44 GHz and a map (Fig. 15) of the 95-GHz emission shows that the four spectral features are spread over an area of approximately 30′′, similar to the 44-GHz emission.

23.43-0.19. Two Gaussian components have been fitted to the detection at 95 GHz of this source, both are present in the 44-GHz spectrum (Slysh et al. 1994). In addition there are several components near 103 km s-1in the 44-GHz spectrum that are not present at 95 GHz.

IRAS18537+0749 (S76E). This rather strong source was discovered to be a class I methanol maser during observations of the $`4_13_0E`$ transition at 36 GHz at Puschino (Val’tts, private communication). In both transitions it appears that a blend of several narrow lines is producing a spectrum resembling a wide band of emission.

W51e1/e2. Only a broad component is present in our 95-GHz spectrum. The narrow spectral feature at 48.88 km s-1detected by Haschick et al. (1990) at 44 GHz is not visible in the 95-GHz spectrum, because it is shifted from W51e1/e2 by about 70′′ and was outside the main beam of Mopra telescope (Pratap & Menten 1992).

## 4 Discussion

The spectra of the 95-GHz $`8_07_1A^+`$ methanol emission sources found in this survey are in general similar to the spectra of the corresponding 44-GHz $`7_06_1A^+`$ sources. The emission in the two transitions typically covers the same velocity range, has approximately the same number of spectral features with very similar radial velocities, and in some cases even the same relative intensities of the components. In Table 8 we list the single strongest feature in each spectrum at 95 GHz and the corresponding spectral features at 44 GHz of the sources detected by Slysh et al. (1994). One can see that there is always a corresponding spectral feature at 44 GHz to every 95 GHz spectral feature from Table 9, and their radial velocities agree in general to within 0.1 km s-1. The line width of the 95-GHz components is in general somewhat larger than the line width of the corresponding 44-GHz features, partly due to a lower spectral resolution in the 95 GHz observations, but nevertheless there are many very narrow 95-GHz features with a line width less than 1 km s-1. The peak flux density of the 95-GHz components is generally lower than the flux density of the 44-GHz features. Fig. 16 shows a comparison between the flux densities of spectral features with the same radial velocities from the two transitions. In constructing this plot data on all available sources were used, including the results of this work and of the observations at Onsala (Val’tts et al. 1995). The straight line (with a correlation coefficient $`r`$=0.73) shows the best fit linear dependence which was found to be :

$$S(95)=(0.32\pm 0.08)\times S(44)(8.1\pm 2.7)$$
(1)
Although the scatter is quite large, on average the 95-GHz methanol masers are a factor of 3 weaker than the 44-GHz masers. This result is consistent with the findings of Val’tts et al. (1995) who found a linear dependence between integrated fluxes at two frequencies. We have used peak flux densities rather than luminosities since our survey is flux density limited by the sensitivity of the instrument, and luminosities would give a spurious correlation due to the multiplication of the flux densities at the two frequencies by the same distance squared. The slope of the dependence between integrated flux densities found by Val’tts et al. (1995) is $`0.52\pm 0.05`$, which is larger than the slope $`0.32\pm 0.08`$ found in this paper for the peak flux densities. This difference may be due to the larger average line width of 95-GHz masers mentioned above. The correlation between the peak flux density and the observed similarity in the spectra of the two transitions is strong evidence in favour of the suggestion that the emission from both transitions arises from the same spatial location. A comparison of published high resolution maps of the 44- and 95-GHz class I methanol masers in DR21(OH) and W33MetC shows that their images are very alike and consist of the same number of isolated maser spots (Plambeck & Menten 1990, Pratap & Menten 1992, Kogan & Slysh 1998, Slysh et al. 1999), consistent with this hypothesis.

The two transitions belong to the class I methanol masers (Menten 1991), which are thought to be pumped through collisional excitation. The difference between the two transitions is that the upper level of the 95-GHz $`8_07_1A^+`$ transition is 18.5 K above the upper level of the 44-GHz $`7_06_1A^+`$ transition. Therefore the population of the former is expected to be lower than the population of the latter, resulting in the lower intensity of 95-GHz emission compared to the intensity of the 44-GHz transition, although it is difficult to estimate the difference without any knowledge of the kinetic temperature and particle density in the source.

We used LVG code to calculated the intensity ratios of the $`7_06_1A^+`$ and $`8_07_1A^+`$ transitions in a collisional excitation model for four different parameter sets. The model parameters and the intensity ratios are presented in Table 10. The collisional selection rules are based on the paper by Lees & Haque (1974) and imply that $`\mathrm{\Delta }K=0`$ collisions are preferred by a factor of four. For model 1 with a gas temperature 20 K and density $`0.56\times 10^5`$ cm-3, the ratio of the 44- and 95-GHz intensities is 3.3, i.e., close to the mean observed ratio. The 95 GHz intensity is lower due to the lower population of the $`8_0A^+`$ level relative to that of the $`7_0A^+`$ level and due to a weaker inversion at 95 GHz. Increasing either the gas temperature or the density decreased the model ratio below the observed value. Thus, our results favour class I maser model with gas temperature about 20 K and density less than 106 cm-3.

## 5 Summary

1. As a result of a survey in the southern hemisphere 85 methanol emission sources were detected in the $`8_07_1A^+`$ transition at 95 GHz. This survey together with a similar Onsala survey (Val’tts et al. 1995) completes a whole sky survey of methanol emission at 95 GHz.
2. Most of the detected sources are class I methanol masers, and the majority of them have counterparts in other class I methanol transitions, such as the $`7_06_1A^+`$ at 44 GHz.
3. The previously found correlation between the methanol maser emission intensity at 44 and 95 GHz is confirmed here, using a larger sample of sources.
4. A maser model with collisional excitation based on LVG calculations can explain the observed intensity ratio at 44 and 95 GHz and gives constraints on the temperature and particle density.

## 6 Acknowledgements

I.E.V. is grateful to the ATNF for the hospitality, and to the staff of Mopra observatory for the help with the observations. The Australia Telescope is funded by the Commonwealth of Australia for operation as a National Facility managed by CSIRO. Travel to Australia for I.E.V. was aided by grant 96/1990 from the Australian Department of Industry, Science and Tourism. The work of I.E.V., V.I.S., S.V.K. and G.M.L. was partly supported by the grants 95-02-05826 and 98-02-16916 from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and by the Federal Program ”Astronomiya” (Project N 1.3.4.2). S.P.E thanks the Queen’s trust for the computing system used to process the data from these observations. The authors would like to thank Ms V. Oakley and Mr J. Saab for their assistance during the observations and initial data processing.


text:
# 1 Introduction.

## 1 Introduction.

In the framework of charge transport in semiconductors, a technique widely used in order to find approximate solutions of the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) is based on a spherical harmonics expansion (SHE) of the distribution function (Rahmat, White and Antoniadis, 1996; Vecchi and Rudan, 1998; Ventura, Gnudi and Baccarani, 1995; Liotta and Struchtrup, 2000). Recently an asymptotic solution of the SHE equations was found (Liotta and Majorana, 1999) in the case of a homogeneous (bulk) device with a simple parabolic band structure. Despite the very simple situation in which this solution was obtained, it has revealed to be very useful in order to develop new asymptotic hydrodynamical models describing the hot electron population in silicon devices (both in the homogeneous and non-homogeneous case). In particular see Anile and Mascali (2000) and Anile, Liotta and Mascali (2000), where this asymptotic solution was used in order to close the set of moment equations.
The aim of this work is to show the possibility of finding a new asymptotic solution generalizing that derived in Liotta and Majorana (1999) to the case of a non-parabolic band structure (Kane model). this solution reduces to the old one when the non-parabolicity parameter goes to zero. The importance is due to the fact that the Kane equation fits better the real band structure in the high field regime. Therefore this solution can be very useful in order to develop improved high field hydrodynamical models which could describe better the hot electron population. This solution is also interesting by itself in the framework of SHE models.

## 2 Basic equations.

We consider the case of unipolar semiconductor devices in which the current is essentially due to electrons (but the results can be generalized to holes). The semiclassical description of the electron transport is based on the BTE (Markowich et al., 1990; Ferry, 1991; Cercignani, 1987), which writes

$$\frac{f}{t}+𝐯(𝐤)_𝐱f\frac{\text{e}}{\mathrm{}}𝐄_𝐤f=Q(f),$$
(1)
here $`f(t,𝐱,𝐤)`$ is the electron distribution function, generally depending on time $`t`$, position $`𝐱`$ and wave vector $`𝐤`$ (belonging to the first Brillouin zone $`B`$). e is the absolute value of the electron charge, $`\mathrm{}`$ the reduced Planck constant, $`𝐄`$ the electric field. $`_𝐱`$ and $`_𝐤`$ denote the gradient with respect to $`𝐱`$ and $`𝐤`$ respectively. The group velocity $`𝐯(𝐤)`$ is determined by the conduction band structure: $`𝐯(𝐤)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}_𝐤\epsilon (𝐤)`$, where $`\epsilon (𝐤)`$ is the electron energy which depends on the wave vector. $`Q`$ is the collision operator which in the non-degenerate case has the form

$$Q(f)=W(𝐤,\stackrel{~}{𝐤})f(t,𝐱,\stackrel{~}{𝐤})𝑑\stackrel{~}{𝐤}f(t,𝐱,𝐤)W(\stackrel{~}{𝐤},𝐤)𝑑\stackrel{~}{𝐤},$$
(2)
$`W(𝐤,\stackrel{~}{𝐤})`$ representing the electron scattering rate from a state with wave vector $`\stackrel{~}{𝐤}`$ to one with wave vector $`𝐤`$.
We will consider a stationary and homogeneous situation (bulk device), neglecting the Poisson equation and taking into account only a constant externally applied electric field, then it will be $`f=f(𝐤)`$. Moreover, we will suppose that the electric field is directed along the $`𝐱`$-axis so to have a cylindrical symmetry around this axis and represent the two-dimensional momentum space by means of the polar coordinates $`k=|𝐤|\left(=\xi (\epsilon )\right)`$ and $`\theta =\mathrm{arccos}(𝐤𝐤_x/|𝐤||𝐤_x|)`$, where $`𝐤_x`$ is the projection of $`𝐤`$ along $`x`$. Therefore the distribution function can be expanded in Legendre polynomials of the angle $`\theta `$ (Rahamat et al., 1996; Liotta and Struchtrup, 2000)

$$f(𝐤)=\underset{n}{}f_n(\epsilon )P_n(\mathrm{cos}\theta ),$$
(3)
where $`P_n`$ is the $`n`$th order Legendre polynomial. This expansion will be computationally viable only if few spherical harmonics are enough to accurately represent the momentum space distribution. We will assume that the first two terms of the previous expression give a good approximation

$$f(𝐤)f_0(\epsilon )+f_1(\epsilon )\mathrm{cos}\theta .$$
(4)
The lowest order harmonic coefficient furnishes information about the isotropic part of the distribution function and $`f_0𝑑𝐤`$ yields the electron concentration. The first order harmonic coefficient describes the asymmetry of the distribution function in the direction of the applied electric field, and $`f_1\mathrm{cos}\theta 𝐯(𝐤)𝑑𝐤/f_0𝑑𝐤`$ gives the hydrodynamical velocity of the electron gas.
We will assume a spherically symmetric band structure of the Kane form (Ferry, 1991, Jacoboni and Lugli, 1989; Tomizawa, 1993)

$$\gamma (\epsilon ):=\epsilon (1+\alpha \epsilon )=\frac{\mathrm{}^2k^2}{2m^{}},$$
(5)
where $`m^{}`$ is the electron effective mass and $`\alpha `$ the constant non-parabolicity parameter. By putting $`\alpha =0`$ one obtains the usual parabolic band approximation. With this choice we can assume for the first Brillouin zone $`B\text{}^3`$ and we have $`𝐯(𝐤)=\frac{\mathrm{}𝐤}{m^{}(2\alpha \epsilon +1)}`$.
As regards collisions, we will take into account the interaction between electrons and non-polar optical phonons and that between electrons and acoustical phonons, the latter in the elastic approximation, valid when the thermal energy is much greater than that of the phonon involved in the scattering. We consider the electron scatterings with ionized impurities to be negligible, i.e. we assume the doping density to be low. Then the transition rate of the collision operator reads (Jacoboni and Lugli, 1989; Tomizawa, 1993)

$$W(𝐤,\stackrel{~}{𝐤})=\text{K}_{op}\left[n_{op}\delta (\epsilon \stackrel{~}{\epsilon }\mathrm{}\omega _{op})+(n_{op}+1)\delta (\epsilon \stackrel{~}{\epsilon }+\mathrm{}\omega _{op})\right]+\text{K}_{ac}\delta (\epsilon \stackrel{~}{\epsilon }),$$
(6)
where $`\epsilon =\epsilon (𝐤)`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }=\epsilon (\stackrel{~}{𝐤})`$, $`n_{op}=\left(\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{\mathrm{}\omega _{op}}{k_BT_L}\right)1\right)^1`$ is the thermal equilibrium optical phonon number and $`\text{K}_{op}`$ and $`\text{K}_{ac}`$ are respectively the non-polar optical and acoustical kernel coefficients (constant at a first approximation). $`\mathrm{}\omega _{op}`$ is the optical phonon energy, $`k_B`$ the Boltzmann constant and $`T_L`$ the lattice temperature. These choices are appropriate for silicon devices.
The SHE equations are easily obtained by inserting the expansion (3) into the BTE (1) and balancing the terms of the same order in $`P_n(\mathrm{cos}\theta )`$. To generate a closed set of equations, all coefficients of order higher than the first are set to be zero, see Rahmat et al. (1996) (a closure inspired by the Grad moment method, see Grad, 1958).
But for the aims of this paper it is preferable to perform a change of variables and write down a set of two coupled equations in the unknowns

$`N(\epsilon )=\sigma (\epsilon )f_0(\epsilon ),`$ (7)
$`P(\epsilon )={\displaystyle \frac{8}{3}}\pi {\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{m^{}}}{\mathrm{}^3}}\gamma (\epsilon )f_1(\epsilon ),`$ (8)
where

$$\sigma (\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }):=_\text{}^3\delta (\epsilon (𝐤)\stackrel{~}{\epsilon })𝑑𝐤=4\sqrt{2}\pi \left(\frac{\sqrt{m^{}}}{\mathrm{}}\right)^3H(\stackrel{~}{\epsilon })(\gamma (\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }))^{\frac{1}{2}}\gamma ^{}(\stackrel{~}{\epsilon })$$

is the density of states . $`H(\epsilon )`$ is the Heaviside step function and $`\gamma ^{}(\epsilon )\frac{d\gamma }{d\epsilon }=(1+2\alpha \epsilon )`$. So doing, the expansion (4) writes

$$f(𝐤)\frac{N(\epsilon )}{\sigma (\epsilon )}+\left(\frac{8}{3}\pi \frac{\sqrt{m^{}}}{\mathrm{}^3}\gamma (\epsilon )\right)^1P(\epsilon )\mathrm{cos}\theta .$$

These new variables have also a direct physical interpretation:

$$_0^+\mathrm{}N(\epsilon )𝑑\epsilon =_\text{}^3f_0(\epsilon )𝑑𝐤,_0^+\mathrm{}P(\epsilon )𝑑\epsilon =_\text{}^3v(\epsilon )f_1(\epsilon )𝑑𝐤,$$
(9)
($`v(\epsilon )=|𝐯_x|`$) and are very suitable for our problem.
With these choices the equations of our SHE model, in the stationary homogeneous case, write:

$`\text{e}E{\displaystyle \frac{dP}{d\epsilon }}=G_1(N)`$ (10)
$`\text{e}E{\displaystyle \frac{d(g(\epsilon )N)}{d\epsilon }}+\text{e}Eh(\epsilon )N=G_2(P)`$ (11)
where

$`G_1(N)`$ $`=`$ $`\text{K}_{op}\sigma (\epsilon )\left[(n_{op}+1)N(\epsilon +\mathrm{}\omega _{op})+n_{op}N(\epsilon \mathrm{}\omega _{op})\right]`$
$`\text{K}_{op}\left[n_{op}\sigma (\epsilon +\mathrm{}\omega _{op})(n_{op}+1)\sigma (\epsilon \mathrm{}\omega _{op})\right]N(\epsilon ),`$
$`G_2(P)`$ $`=`$ $`\left[n_{op}\text{K}_{op}\sigma (\epsilon +\mathrm{}\omega _{op})+(n_{op}+1)\text{K}_{op}\sigma (\epsilon \mathrm{}\omega _{op})+\text{K}_{ac}\sigma (\epsilon )\right]P(\epsilon )`$
and

$$g(\epsilon ):=\frac{2}{3}\frac{\gamma (\epsilon )}{m^{}(\gamma ^{}(\epsilon ))^2},h(\epsilon ):=\frac{1}{m^{}\gamma ^{}(\epsilon )}\frac{4}{3}\frac{\alpha }{m^{}}\frac{\gamma (\epsilon )}{(\gamma ^{}(\epsilon ))^3}.$$

We would like to underline that equations (10)-(11) can be obtained directly from the BTE by using a new alternative procedure. It consists in multiplying both sides of equation (1) respectively by $`\delta (\epsilon (𝐤)\stackrel{~}{\epsilon })`$ and by $`𝐯(𝐤)\delta (\epsilon (𝐤)\stackrel{~}{\epsilon })`$ and then formally integrating with respect to $`𝐤`$ over the whole space $`\text{}^3`$. Some suitable closure relations are needed: in particular by assuming that $`f`$ depends on $`𝐤`$ only through the variable $`\epsilon `$ one obtains equations (10)-(11) in the general non-homogeneous, non-stationary case (Liotta and Majorana, 1999; Majorana, 1998). This method is similar to the method of frequency dependent moments of radiation hydrodynamics (Thorne, 1981).

## 3 Dimensionless equations and physical parameters.

It is useful to introduce dimensionless variables: let

$$t_{}:=\left[4\sqrt{2}\pi \left(\frac{\sqrt{m^{}}}{\mathrm{}}\right)^3\sqrt{k_BT_L}\text{K}_{op}n_{op}\right]^1,\mathrm{}_{}:=\left(\frac{k_BT_L}{m^{}}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}t_{},\epsilon _{}:=k_BT_L,$$

$$w:=\frac{\epsilon }{\epsilon _{}},n(w):=u_{}\mathrm{}_{}^3N(\epsilon ),p(w):=u_{}\mathrm{}_{}^2t_{}P(\epsilon ),$$

$$\lambda :=\frac{\mathrm{}\omega _{op}}{k_BT_L},a:=\frac{n_{op}+1}{n_{op}}=e^\lambda ,\kappa :=\frac{\text{K}_{ac}}{n_{op}\text{K}_{op}},\zeta :=\text{e}E\frac{\mathrm{}_{}}{u_{}},\beta :=\alpha \epsilon _{}.$$

Moreover in the following we put $`\chi (w):=w(1+\beta w)`$ and $`\chi ^{}(w)\frac{d\chi }{dw}=(1+2\beta w)`$. By using these new variables, equations (10)-(11) become

$`\zeta {\displaystyle \frac{dp}{dw}}=\mu (w)\left[an(w+\lambda )+n(w\lambda )\right]\left[\mu (w+\lambda )+a\mu (w\lambda )\right]n(w)`$ (12)
$`\zeta \left[{\displaystyle \frac{d(r(w)n)}{dw}}+q(w)n\right]=\left[\mu (w+\lambda )+a\mu (w\lambda )+\kappa \mu (w)\right]p(w)`$ (13)
where

$`\mu (w)`$ $`:=`$ $`H(w)\left[\chi (w)\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}\chi ^{}(w)`$
$`r(w)`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{\chi (w)}{\left[\chi ^{}(w)\right]^2}}`$
$`q(w)`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\chi ^{}(w)}}{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}\beta {\displaystyle \frac{\chi (w)}{\left[\chi ^{}(w)\right]^3}}.`$
We associate the following conditions to equations (12)-(13)

$`n(0)=0(p(0)=0),\underset{w+\mathrm{}}{lim}p(w)=0`$
$`n(w)0w0,{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}n(w)𝑑w>0and<+\mathrm{}.`$
Since equations (12)-(13) are linear and homogeneous, if a solution $`(n(w),p(w))`$, satisfying the above conditions exists, then, for every $`c>0`$, also $`(cn(w),cp(w))`$ is a solution.
The appropriate values of the physical parameters, in the case of a silicon device, are given in table I, were $`m_e`$ denotes the electron rest mass.

| $`m^{}=0.32m_e`$ | $`T_L=300`$ K | $`\mathrm{}\omega _{op}=0.063`$ eV |
| --- | --- | --- |
| $`\text{K}_{op}={\displaystyle \frac{\left(D_tK\right)^2}{8\pi ^2\rho \omega _{op}}}`$ | $`D_tK=11.4`$ eV $`\stackrel{}{\text{A}}`$-1 | $`\rho =2330`$ Kg m-3 |
| $`\text{K}_{ac}={\displaystyle \frac{k_BT_L}{4\pi ^2\mathrm{}v_0^2\rho }}\mathrm{\Xi }_d^2`$ | $`\mathrm{\Xi }_d=9`$ eV | $`v_0=9040`$ m sec-1. |
| $`\alpha =0.5eV^1`$ |  |  |

Table I. Values of the physical parameters used in this paper.

Using these parameters, we get $`\lambda 2.437`$, $`\kappa 5.986`$ and $`\beta 0.012926`$.

## 4 Asymptotic equations.

Now we want to show that it is possible to find an approximate solution of the equations (12)-(13) valid for high values of the electron energy.
It is useful to introduce a new variable $`\psi (w)`$ defined by

$$n(w)=\mu (w)\psi (w).$$
(14)
Equations (12)-(13) become

$`\zeta {\displaystyle \frac{dp}{dw}}`$ $`=`$ $`\mu (w)\left[a\mu (w+\lambda )\psi (w+\lambda )+\mu (w\lambda )\psi (w\lambda )\right]`$ (15)
$`\mu (w)\left[\mu (w+\lambda )+a\mu (w\lambda )\right]\psi (w)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\zeta {\displaystyle \frac{\left[\chi (w)\right]^{\frac{3}{2}}}{\chi ^{}(w)}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\psi }{dw}}`$ $`=`$ $`\left[\mu (w+\lambda )+a\mu (w\lambda )+\kappa \mu (w)\right]p(w).`$ (16)
Because we look for an asymptotic form of the equations (15)-(16) for large values of the energy $`w`$, we expand the coefficients of the equations up to the zeroth order in $`\lambda `$: $`\mu (w\pm \lambda )\mu (w)`$. In this way we obtain a new set of equations

$`\zeta {\displaystyle \frac{dp_A}{dw}}`$ $`=`$ $`\mu ^2(w)\left[a\psi _A(w+\lambda )+\psi _A(w\lambda )(a+1)\psi _A(w)\right]`$ (17)
$`p_A(w)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\zeta {\displaystyle \frac{\left[\chi (w)\right]^{\frac{3}{2}}}{\chi ^{}(w)\mu (w)\left[1+a+\kappa \right]}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\psi _A}{dw}},`$ (18)
where the subscript $`A`$ label the new unknowns. Substituting (18) into (17), it follows

$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{\zeta ^2}{(1+a+\kappa )}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\chi (w)}{\left[\chi ^{}(w)\right]^2}}\psi _A^{\prime \prime }+\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\chi ^{}(w)}}{\displaystyle \frac{4\beta \chi (w)}{\left[\chi ^{}(w)\right]^3}}\right)\psi _A^{}\right]=`$
$`\chi (w)\left[\chi ^{}(w)\right]^2\left(a\psi _A\left(w+\lambda \right)+\psi _A\left(w\lambda \right)(a+1)\psi _A\left(w\right)\right),`$ (19)
where the primes denote derivatives with respect to $`w`$.

## 5 Approximate solution.

In order to find an approximate solution of equation (19) we expand the coefficients up to the first order in the non-parabolicity parameter $`\beta `$.

$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{\zeta ^2}{(1+a+\kappa )}}\left[\left(w3\beta w^2\right)\psi _A^{\prime \prime }+\left(16\beta w\right)\psi _A^{}\right]=`$
$`\left(w+5\beta w^2\right)\left(a\psi _A\left(w+\lambda \right)+\psi _A\left(w\lambda \right)(a+1)\psi _A\left(w\right)\right).`$ (20)
This choice is justified by the smallness of $`\beta `$ and by the Kane equation itself, which is of the first order in the non-parabolicity parameter.
We will search for solutions of equation (20) having the form

$$\psi _A(w)=e^{f(w)},withf(w):=\eta _0w+\eta _1\beta w^2,$$
(21)
where $`\eta _0`$ and $`\eta _1`$ are functions of the applied electric force $`\zeta `$.
It is useful to observe that $`f(w\pm \lambda )=f(w)+f(\pm \lambda )\pm 2\eta _1\beta \lambda w`$. Expanding the following quantities up to the first order in $`\beta `$ :

$`e^{\pm 2\eta _1\beta \lambda w}`$ $``$ $`1\pm 2\eta _1\beta \lambda w,`$
$`e^{f(\pm \lambda )}`$ $``$ $`e^{\pm \eta _0\lambda }\left(1+\eta _1\lambda ^2\beta \right),`$
substituting (21) into (20) and retaining only terms up to first order in $`\beta `$, we obtain, after dropping the common factor $`e^{f(w)}`$, the equation

$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{\zeta ^2}{(1+a+\kappa )}}\left[\eta _0+\left(\eta _0^2+4\beta \eta _16\beta \eta _0\right)w+\left(3\beta \eta _0^2+4\beta \eta _0\eta _1\right)w^2\right]=`$
$`\left[\left(ae^{\eta _0\lambda }+e^{\eta _0\lambda }\right)\left(1+\beta \eta _1\lambda ^2\right)(a+1)\right]w+`$
$`\left[ae^{\eta _0\lambda }\left(2\eta _1\beta \lambda +5\beta \right)+e^{\eta _0\lambda }\left(2\eta _1\beta \lambda +5\beta \right)5\beta (a+1)\right]w^2.`$ (22)
If we divide both sides of equation (22) by $`w^2`$, and neglect the terms in $`\frac{1}{w^2}`$, but not those in $`\frac{1}{w}`$ (in some sense we are serching for a ”weakly asymptotic” solution), we obtain the following system of two transcendent equations in the unknowns $`\eta _0`$ and $`\eta _1`$

$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{\zeta ^2}{(1+a+\kappa )}}\left(\eta _0^26\beta \eta _0+4\beta \eta _1\right)=\left(ae^{\eta _0\lambda }+e^{\eta _0\lambda }\right)\left(1+\beta \eta _1\lambda ^2\right)(a+1)`$ (23)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{\zeta ^2}{(1+a+\kappa )}}\left(4\eta _0\eta _13\eta _0^2\right)=ae^{\eta _0\lambda }\left(5+2\eta _1\lambda \right)+e^{\eta _0\lambda }\left(52\eta _1\lambda \right)5(a+1),`$ (24)
where in the second equation we have dropped the common factor $`\beta `$. If we are able to solve the previous system, it is possible to obtain $`\eta _0`$ and $`\eta _1`$ as functions of the applied electric force $`\zeta `$, and then $`\psi _A(w)`$. Moreover, by using equation (18), one can find $`p_A(w)`$.
Henceforth we will indicate as asymptotic solution of the SHE equations the expressions of $`n_A`$ anp $`p_A`$ which can be obtained by means of the approximate solution of (17)-(18) which have been found.

## 6 Discussion of the solution and comparison with numerical results.

An analytical solution of the equations (23)-(24) has turned out to be impossible. Therefore we have limited ourselves to a graphical and numerical analysis. Given a value of the applied electric force $`\zeta `$, the requirement that the functions be integrable in $`[0,+\mathrm{}[`$ tells us that both $`\eta _0`$ and $`\eta _1`$ have to assume negative values. In fact, we found a negative solution of the system (23)-(24) in the domain $`[1,0]\times [1,0]`$ of the $`(\eta _0,\eta _1)`$ plane, for all the values of the electric field in the explored range. We used a simple MapleV algorithm in order to find the solutions. In table II we give some of the values we found.

| $`E`$ (V/cm) | $`\eta _0`$ | $`\eta _1`$ |
| --- | --- | --- |
| $`0.0`$ | $`1.0`$ | $`0.0`$ |
| $`1.0\times 10^2`$ | $`0.9999636274`$ | $`0.0001493648`$ |
| $`1.0\times 10^3`$ | $`0.9963693066`$ | $`0.0148712049`$ |
| $`5.0\times 10^3`$ | $`0.9136708716`$ | $`0.3294754506`$ |
| $`1.0\times 10^4`$ | $`0.7162321385`$ | $`0.8333494338`$ |
| $`3.0\times 10^4`$ | $`0.2511364699`$ | $`0.5681222515`$ |
| $`5.0\times 10^4`$ | $`0.1270766899`$ | $`0.2772663271`$ |
| $`7.0\times 10^4`$ | $`0.0780599266`$ | $`0.1591756496`$ |
| $`1.0\times 10^5`$ | $`0.0452815087`$ | $`0.0850850173`$ |

Table II. Some values of $`\eta _0`$ and $`\eta _1`$ as functions of the electric field.

In figures 1, 2 and 3, we compare the asymptotic solution $`(n_A,p_A)`$ and the numerical solution $`(n_N,p_N)`$ of equations (12)-(13), the latter obtained by a suitable numerical technique (Liotta and Majorana, 1999), for some values of the applied electric field.

As is possible to see, the agreement between the numerical and asymptotic solutions is good in all the energy range, despite the obtained asymptotic solution should be good only for high enough energy values (the agreement is obviously very good in this region). We want to observe that for low values of the electric field ($`|𝐄|10^3`$ V/cm), instead of formula (18), we use the following expression for $`p_A`$:

$$p_A(w)=\frac{1}{\mu (w+\lambda )+a\mu (w\lambda )+\kappa \mu (w)}\frac{2}{3}\zeta \frac{\left[\chi (w)\right]^{\frac{3}{2}}}{\chi ^{}(w)}\frac{d\psi _A}{dw}.$$
(25)
This choice is not coherent with the expansion, but allows a better agreement with the numerical solution and puts in evidence a discontinuity in the derivatives at the point $`w=\lambda `$ (in dimensional variables $`\epsilon =\mathrm{}\omega _{op}`$) due to the term $`\mu (w\lambda )`$, that is zero for $`0w\lambda `$. This term is also present in the original set of equations (12)-(13). Then, such discontinuity is also expected in the solutions.
As a measure of the difference between the numerical and asymptotic solution we can also compute $`V_{as}=p_A𝑑\epsilon /n_A𝑑\epsilon `$ and $`V_{num}=p_N𝑑\epsilon /n_N𝑑\epsilon `$, which give, in dimensional units, the electron hydrodynamical velocity. In table III we compare the values we found.

| $`E`$ (V/cm) | $`V_{as}(m/sec)`$ | $`V_{num}(m/sec)`$ |
| --- | --- | --- |
| $`1.0\times 10^2`$ | $`1.4879\times 10^3`$ | $`1.4537\times 10^3`$ |
| $`1.0\times 10^3`$ | $`1.4831\times 10^4`$ | $`1.3858\times 10^4`$ |
| $`5.0\times 10^3`$ | $`7.0223\times 10^4`$ | $`5.1060\times 10^4`$ |
| $`1.0\times 10^4`$ | $`6.0652\times 10^4`$ | $`7.3611\times 10^4`$ |
| $`3.0\times 10^4`$ | $`9.8325\times 10^4`$ | $`9.7714\times 10^4`$ |
| $`5.0\times 10^4`$ | $`1.0106\times 10^5`$ | $`9.9872\times 10^4`$ |
| $`7.0\times 10^4`$ | $`9.5124\times 10^4`$ | $`9.8395\times 10^4`$ |
| $`1.0\times 10^5`$ | $`8.2528\times 10^4`$ | $`9.5101\times 10^4`$ |

Table III. Comparison between the electron hydrodynamical velocities calculated by using respectively the asymptotic and numerical solutions.

The behaviour of the hydrodynamical velocity is the typical one when the Kane equation is used (see Tomizawa, 1993, p. 100, fig. 3.11). We do not consider higher values of the electric field because in this case also the Kane equation becomes inadequate to describe the conduction band, and a full band structure should be used (Vecchi and Rudan, 1998).

## 7 Conclusions and acknowledgments.

We have shown that it is possible to find an ”asymptotic solution” of the SHE equation (12)-(13) in which the dependence on the applied electric field is given implicitly through the system of transcendent equations (23)-(24). The solution of the system (23)-(24) can be obtained by using standard numerical techniques. The agreement with the numerical solution is good in all the explored range of applied electric fields.
If we put $`\beta =0`$, we recover the parabolic band case and the asymptotic solution reduces to the asymptotic one already found by Liotta and Majorana (1999) (L-M solution). The L-M solution was used by Anile and Mascali (2000) to obtain a two fluid hydrodynamical model, where the electron population is splitted in two sub-populations: low-energy and high-energy electrons, separated by a threshold energy. In order to close the moment equations relatively to the hot electrons they used a distribution function whose form is directly suggested by the L-M solution, whereas relatively to cold electrons a a standard maximum-entropy distribution function is utilized. A detailed study of the resulting high-energy hydrodynamical model is given in Anile, Liotta and Mascali (2000). Some works about the extension of this model to the case of Kane band, using the asymptotic solution found in this paper, are in progress. A better description of the hot electron population is expected.
The author acknowledges support from Italian CNR (Prog. N.96.03855.CT01), from TMR (Progr. n. ERBFMRXCT970157), from Italian MURST (Prot. n. 9801169828-005) and from ”Convenzione quadro Università di Catania-ST Microelectronics”.
The author wish also to thank prof. A. M. Anile, prof. A. Majorana and dr. G. Mascali for useful discussions and precious suggestions.