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# Quantum co-adjoint orbits of MD₄-groups.

## 1. Introduction

First of all, we recall the notion of K-action (see \[Ki1\]). Let us denote by $`G`$ a connected and simply connected Lie group, its Lie algebra $`𝔤=T_eG`$ as the tangent space at the neutral element e. It is easy to see that to each element $`gG`$ one can associate a map

$$A(g):GG$$

by conjugacy, in fixing the neutral element $`eG`$. Therefore, there is a corresponding tangent map

$$A(g)_{}:𝔤=T_eG𝔤=T_eG$$

$$X𝔤\frac{d}{dt}g\mathrm{exp}(tX)g^1|_{t=0}𝔤.$$

This defines an action, denoted as usually by $`Ad`$, of group $`G`$ in its Lie algebra $`𝔤`$. We define the co-adjoint action of group $`G`$ in the dual vector space $`𝔤^{}`$ by the formula:

$$K(g)F,X:=F,Ad(g^1)X$$

for all $`F𝔤^{},X𝔤,gG`$. It is easy to check that this defines an action of $`G`$ on $`𝔤^{}.`$ As an easy consequence, the dual space $`𝔤^{}`$ is decomposed into a disconnected sum of the K-orbits. In 1980 Do Ngoc Diep introduced the notion of the $`MD`$-groups, $`MD`$-algebras and then Le Anh Vu gave a complete classification of the $`MD_4`$-groups (see \[D\]). In \[DH1\], \[DH2\] and \[H3\] we obtained the exact formulae of deformation quantization and therefore performed the corresponding quantun coadjoint orbits for the $`\overline{MD}`$-groups (i.e. the groups, every K-orbit of which is of dimension, equal 0 or dim $`G`$) and for the real diamond Lie group. In this article, applying the procedure of deformation quantization we shall obtain quantum co-adjoint orbits of all the $`MD_4`$-groups.

The article is organized as follows. In section 2 we recall the basic definitions, preliminary results. Each adapted chart that carries the Moyal $``$-product from $`^2`$ onto co-adjoint orbits $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ of the exponential $`MD_4`$-groups, in particular, Hamiltonian functions in canonical coordinates, are introduced in section 3. Section 4 is devoted to the following groups

$$G_{4,2,3(\frac{\pi }{2})};G_{4,2,4};G_{4,3,4(\frac{\pi }{2})};G_{4,4,1}.$$

By direct computations and by exponentiating we obtain the corresponding unitary representations of the $`MD_4`$-groups.

## 2. Basic definitions and Preliminary results

###### DEFINITION 2.0.1.

(\[D\]) We say that a solvable Lie group $`G`$ belongs to the class $`MD`$ if and only if every its K-orbit has dimension 0 or maximal. A Lie algebra is of class $`MD`$ if and only if its corresponding Lie group is of the same class.

We also recall the following results for $`MD_4`$-algebras (i.e. $`dim𝔤=4`$ ):

###### Theorem 2.0.2.

Assume $`𝔤`$ is a $`MD_4`$-algebra with generators $`X,Y,Z,T`$, then

* If $`𝔤`$ is decomposable then it is of the form

$$𝔤=^n\stackrel{~}{𝔤}$$

for n=1,2,3,4 and some indecomposable ideal $`\stackrel{~}{𝔤}.`$
* If $`𝔤`$ is indecomposable then $`𝔤`$ is of class $`MD_4`$ if and only if it is generated by the generators $`X,Y,Z,T`$ with only non-trivial commutation relation which is one of following relations defined in each case:

* $`𝔤^1=[𝔤,𝔤]=Z,`$ and

+ $`[T,X]=Z`$ $`(𝔤_{4,1,1})`$
    + $`[T,Z]=Z`$ $`(𝔤_{4,1,2})`$
* $`𝔤^1=[𝔤,𝔤]=Y+Z^2`$, and

+ $`[T,Y]=\lambda Y,[T,Z]=Z;\lambda ^{}=\backslash (0)(𝔤_{4,2,1(\lambda )})`$
    + $`[T,Y]=Y;[T,Z]=Y+Z(𝔤_{4,2,2})`$
    + $`ad_T=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}cos\phi & sin\phi & 0\\ sin\phi & cos\phi & 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)`$, $`(𝔤_{4,2,3(\phi )})`$
    + $`ad_T=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right),`$ $`ad_X=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 1& 0\\ 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)`$ $`(𝔤_{4,2,4})=Lie(Aff())`$
* $`𝔤^1=[𝔤,𝔤]=X+Y+Z`$, and

+ $`ad_T=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\lambda _1& 0& 0\\ 0& \lambda _2& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right)`$, $`\lambda _1,\lambda _2^{}`$ $`(𝔤_{4,3,1(\lambda _1,\lambda _2)})`$
    + $`ad_T=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\lambda & 1& 0\\ 0& \lambda & 0\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right)`$,$`\lambda ^{}`$ $`(𝔤_{4,3,2(\lambda )})`$
    + $`ad_T=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 1& 0\\ 0& 1& 1\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right)`$ $`(𝔤_{4,3,3})`$
    + $`ad_T=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}cos\phi & sin\phi & 0\\ sin\phi & cos\phi & 0\\ 0& 0& \lambda \end{array}\right)`$,$`\lambda ^{},\phi (0,\pi )`$ $`(𝔤_{4,3,4(\lambda )})`$
* $`𝔤^1=[𝔤,𝔤]=X+Y+Z𝔥_3`$ -the 3-dimensional Heisenberg Lie algebra, and

+ $`ad_T=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 1& 0\\ 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)`$, $`[X,Y]=Z`$ $`(𝔤_{4,4,1}=Lie(_j_3))`$
    + $`ad_T=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)`$, $`[X,Y]=Z`$ $`(𝔤_{4,4,2}=Lie(_3))`$

    (In this case the group is called the real diamond Lie group, see\[H3\])

Until now we fix a $`MD_4`$\- algebra $`𝔤`$ with the standard basis X,Y,Z,T. It is isomorphic to $`^4`$ as vector spaces. The coordinates in this standard basis is denoted by (a,b,c,d). We identify its dual vector spase $`𝔤^{}`$ with $`^4`$ with the help of the dual basis $`X^{},Y^{},Z^{},T^{}`$ and with the local coordinates $`(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta )`$. Thus, for all $`U𝔤,U=aX+bY+cZ+dT`$ and for all $`F𝔤^{},F=\alpha X^{}+\beta Y^{}+\gamma Z^{}+\delta T^{}.`$ Finally, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ is the co-adjoint orbit passing through $`F𝔤^{}.`$

###### Theorem 2.0.3.

(The Picture of Co-adjoint Orbit)\[D\]

* Case $`G=G_{4,1,1}`$

+ Each point F with the coordinate $`\gamma =0`$ is a 0-dimensional co-adjoint orbit:

    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\mathrm{\Omega }_{(\alpha ,\beta ,0,\delta )}$$
    + The subset $`\gamma 0`$ is decomposed into a family of 2-dimensional co-adjoint orbits:

    (1)
    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\mathrm{\Omega }_{(\beta ,\gamma 0)}=\{(\alpha +\gamma d,\beta ,\gamma ,\gamma a+\delta )\}=\{(x,\beta ,\gamma ,t)|x,t\},$$

    which are planes.
* Case $`G=G_{4,1,2}`$

+ Each point F with the coordinate $`\gamma =0`$ is a 0-dimensional co-adjoint orbit:

    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\mathrm{\Omega }_{(\alpha ,\beta ,0,\delta )}$$
    + The subset $`\gamma 0`$ is decomposed into a family of 2-dimensional co-adjoint orbits:

    (2)
    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\mathrm{\Omega }_{(\alpha ,\beta )}=\{\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma e^d,\gamma c\underset{1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{d^{n1}}{n!}+\delta \}=\{(\alpha ,\beta ,z,t)|z,t,\gamma z>0\}$$

    which are half-planes, parameterized by the coordinates $`\alpha ,\beta `$
* Case $`G=G_{4,2,1(\lambda )},\lambda ^{}`$

+ Each point on the plane $`\beta =\gamma =0`$ is a 0-dimensional co-adjoint orbit:

    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\mathrm{\Omega }_{(\alpha ,0,0,\delta )}$$
    + The open set $`\beta ^2+\gamma ^20`$ is decomposed into the union of 2-dimensional cylinders

    (3)
    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\{(\alpha ,\beta e^{s\lambda },\gamma e^s,t)|s,t\}$$
* Case $`G=G_{4,2,2}`$

+ Each point on the plane $`\beta =\gamma =0`$ is a 0-dimensional co-adjoint orbit:

    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\mathrm{\Omega }_{(\alpha ,0,0,\delta )}$$
    + The open set $`\beta ^2+\gamma ^20`$ is decomposed into the union of 2-dimensional cylinders:

    (4)
    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\{(\alpha ,\beta e^s,\beta se^s+\gamma e^s,t)|s,t\}$$
* Case $`G=G_{4,2,3(\phi )}`$ with $`\phi (0,\pi ).`$ We identify $`𝔤_{4,2,3(\phi )}^{}`$ with $`\times \times `$ and $`F=(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta )`$ with $`(\alpha ,\beta +i\gamma ,\delta ).`$ Then,

+ Each point $`(\alpha ,0,\delta )`$ is a 0-dimensional co-adjoint orbit:

    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\mathrm{\Omega }_{(\alpha ,0+i0,\delta )}$$
    + The open set $`\beta +i\gamma 0`$ is decomposed into the union of 2-dimensional co-adjoint orbits:

    (5)
    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\{(\alpha ,(\beta +i\gamma )e^{se^{i\phi }},t)|s,t\},$$

    which are also cylinders.
* Case $`G=G_{4,2,4}=\stackrel{~}{Aff}()`$

+ Each point $`(\alpha ,0,0,\delta )`$ is a 0-dimensional co-adjoint orbit:

    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\mathrm{\Omega }_{(\alpha ,0,0,\delta )}$$
    + The open set $`\beta ^2+\gamma ^20`$ is the single 4-dimensional co-adjoint orbit:

    (6)
    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\mathrm{\Omega }_{(\beta ^2+\gamma ^2)0}=\{(x,y,z,t)|y^2+z^20\}=\times (^2)^{}\times $$
* Case $`G`$ is one of the groups $`G_{4,3,1(\lambda _1,\lambda _2)},`$ $`G_{4,3,2(\lambda )}`$ or $`G_{4,3,3}`$

+ Each point $`F=\delta T^{}`$ on the line $`\alpha =\beta =\gamma =0`$ is a 0-dimensional co-adjoint orbit.
    + The open set $`\alpha ^2+\beta ^2+\gamma ^20`$ is decomposed into a family of co-adjoint orbits which are cylinders, coressponding to the groups $`G_{4,3,1(\lambda _1,\lambda _2)}`$,$`G_{4,3,2(\lambda )}`$ or $`G_{4,3,3}`$:

    (7)
    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\{(\alpha e^{s\lambda _1},\beta e^{s\lambda _2},\gamma e^s,t)|s,t\}.$$

    (8)
    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\{(\alpha e^{s\lambda },\alpha se^{s\lambda }+\beta e^{s\lambda },\gamma e^s,t)|s,t\}.$$

    (9)
    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\{(\alpha e^{s\lambda },\alpha se^s+\beta e^s,\frac{1}{2}\alpha s^2e^s+\beta se^s+\gamma e^s,t)|s,t\}.$$
* Case $`G=G_{4,3,4(\lambda ,\phi )}`$ for $`\lambda ^{}`$, $`\phi (0,\pi ).`$ We identify $`𝔤_{4,3,4(\lambda ,\phi )}^{}`$ with $`\times ^2`$ and $`F=(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta )`$ with $`(\alpha +i\beta ,\gamma ,\delta ).`$ Then,

+ Each point of the line defined by the condition $`\alpha =\beta =\gamma =0`$ is a 0-dimensional co-adjoint orbit

    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\mathrm{\Omega }_{(0,0,\delta )}=\{(0+i.0,0,\delta )\}.$$
    + The open set $`|\alpha +i\beta |^2+\gamma ^20`$ is decomposed into an union of co-adjoint orbits, which are cylinders

    (10)
    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\{((\alpha +i\beta )e^{se^{i\phi }},\gamma e^{s\lambda },t)|s,t\}.$$
* Case $`G=G_{4,4,1}=_j𝔥_3`$

+ Each point of the line defined by the conditions $`\alpha =\beta =\gamma =0`$ is a 0-dimensional co-adjoint orbit

    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\mathrm{\Omega }_{(0,0,0,\delta )}=\{(0,0,0,\delta )\}.$$
    + The set $`\alpha ^2+\beta ^20,\gamma =0`$ is the union of 2- dimensional co-adjoint orbits, which are rotation cylinders

    (11)
    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\{(\alpha cos\theta \beta sin\theta ,\alpha sin\theta +\beta cos\theta ,0,t)|\theta ,t\}$$

    i.e

    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\{(x,y,0,t)|x^2+y^2=\alpha ^2+\beta ^2;x,y,t\}.$$
    + The open set $`\gamma 0`$ is decomposed into a union of 2-dimensional co-adjoint orbits

    (12)
    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\{(x,y,\gamma ,t)|x^2+y^22\gamma t=\alpha ^2+\beta ^22\gamma \delta ;x,y,t\},$$

    which are rotation paraboloids
* Case $`G=G_{4,4,2}=_3`$, the real diamond group (see \[H3\])

+ Each point of the line $`\alpha =\beta =\gamma =0`$ is a 0-dimensional co-adjoint orbit

    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\mathrm{\Omega }_{(0,0,0,\delta )}$$
    + The set $`\alpha 0,\beta =\gamma =0`$ is union of 2-dimensional co-adjoint orbits ,which are just half-planes

    (13)
    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\{(x,0,0,t)|x,t,\alpha x>0\}$$
    + The set $`\alpha =\gamma =0,\beta 0`$ is union of 2-dimensional co-adjoint orbits, which are just half-planes

    (14)
    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\{(0,y,0,t)|y,t,\beta y>0\}.$$
    + The set $`\alpha \beta 0,\gamma =0`$ is decomposed into a family of 2-dimensional co-adjoint orbits, which are just hyperbolic-cylinders

    (15)
    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\{(x,y,0,t)|x,y,t\&\alpha x>0,\beta y>0,xy=\alpha \beta \}.$$
    + The open set $`\gamma 0`$ is decomposed into a family of 2-dimensional co-adjoint orbits , which are just hyperbolic- paraboloids

    (16)
    $$\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\{(x,y,\gamma ,t)|x,y,t\&xy\alpha \beta =\gamma (t\delta )\}.$$

Thus, we have 15 family of 2-dimensional co-adjoint orbits and a 4-dimensional co-adjoint orbit $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F\times ^{}`$. They are strictly homogeneous symplectic manifolds with a flat action.

Deformation of Poisson brackets and associative algebras of $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$-functions on symplectic manifold (classical phase spaces) permit an autonomous quantization theory without need for Hilbert space operators. This theory is based on the of $``$-products introduced by Flato and Lichnerowicz (see for instance \[AC1\]). Let us denote by $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ the 2-tensor associated with the Kirillov standard form $`\omega =dpdq`$ in canonical Darboux coordinates. We consider the well-known Moyal $``$-product of two smooth functions $`u,vC^{\mathrm{}}(^2)`$ ( see e.g \[DH1\], \[H3\]), defined by

$$uv=u.v+\underset{r1}{}\frac{1}{r!}(\frac{1}{2i})^rP^r(u,v),$$

where

$$P^1(u,v)=\{u,v\}$$

$$P^r(u,v):=\mathrm{\Lambda }^{i_1j_1}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{i_2j_2}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{i_rj_r}_{i_1i_2\mathrm{}i_r}^ru_{j_1j_2\mathrm{}j_r}^rv,$$

with

$$_{i_1i_2\mathrm{}i_r}^r:=\frac{^r}{x^{i_1}\mathrm{}x^{i_r}};x:=(p,q)=(p_1,\mathrm{},p_n,q^1,\mathrm{},q^n).$$

It is well-known that this series converges in the Schwartz distribution spaces $`𝒮(^n)`$.

Remark that the $`MD_4`$-groups are not all nilpotent or exponential groups. In the most general context, some quantum co-adjoint orbits appeared in \[AC1\]\[AC2\]. However, it is difficult to calculate precisely the $``$-product in concrete cases. In this article we will give explicit formulas for co-adjoint orbits of all $`MD_4`$-groups, even for groups which are neither nilpotent nor exponential.

## 3. Quantum co-adjoint orbits of the exponential $`MD_4`$-groups.

In this all section, we denote by $`G`$ one of the following groups: (with $`\phi \frac{\pi }{2}`$)

$`G_{4,1,1};G_{4,1,2};G_{4,2,1(\lambda )};G_{4,2,2};G_{4,2,3(\phi )};G_{4,3,1(\lambda _1,\lambda _2)};G_{4,3,2(\lambda )};G_{4,3,3};G_{4,3,4(\lambda ,\phi )};G_{4,4,2}.`$

### 3.1. Hamiltonian functions in canonical coordinates of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$

Each element $`A𝔤`$ can be considered as a linear function $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ on co-adjoint orbits $`(𝔤^{})`$: $`\stackrel{~}{A}(F^{}):=F^{},A,F^{}\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$. It is well-known that this function is the Hamiltonian function associated with the Hamiltonian vector field $`\xi _A`$, is defined on $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ by

$$(\xi _Af)(x):=\frac{d}{dt}f(x\mathrm{exp}(tA))|_{t=0},fC^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Omega }_F).$$

The Kirillov form $`\omega _F`$ is defined by the formula

(17)
$$\omega _F(\xi _A,\xi _B)=F,[A,B],A,B𝔤.$$

Denote by $`\psi `$ the indicated symplectomorphism from $`^2`$ onto $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F.`$

$$(p,q)^2\psi (p,q)\mathrm{\Omega }_F.$$

###### Proposition 3.1.1.

Each nontrivial orbit $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F𝔤^{}`$ of the co-adjoint representation of $`G`$, admits a global diffeomorphism $`\psi `$

$$\psi :(p,q)^2\psi (p,q)\mathrm{\Omega }_F$$

such that:

* Hamiltonian function $`\stackrel{~}{A}=F^{},A,(F^{}\mathrm{\Omega }_F;A𝔤)`$ is of the form:

$$\stackrel{~}{A}\psi (p,q)=\mathrm{\Phi }(q).p+\mathrm{\Psi }(q),$$

where $`\mathrm{\Phi }(q),\mathrm{\Psi }(q)`$ are $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ -functions on $``$.
* The Kirillov form (17) is

(18)
$$\omega =dpdq$$

Proof.

* The diffeomorphism $`\psi `$ will be chosen case by case.

1. Case $`G_{4,1,1}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ defined by (1).

    We chose the diffeomorphism:

    $$\psi :^2\mathrm{\Omega }_F;(p,q)(q,\beta ,\gamma ,p).$$

    Then,

    (19)
    $$\stackrel{~}{A}\psi (p,q)=dp+(aq+b\beta +c\gamma ).$$
    2. Case $`G_{4,1,2}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ defined by (2).Then we take

    $$\psi :^2\mathrm{\Omega }_F;(p,q)(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma e^q,p),$$

    (20)
    $$\stackrel{~}{A}\psi (p,q)=dp+(c\gamma e^q+a\alpha +b\beta ).$$
    3. Case $`G_{4,2,1(\lambda )}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ defined by (3).

    $$\psi :^2\mathrm{\Omega }_F;(p,q)(\alpha ,\beta e^{q\lambda },\gamma e^q,p),$$

    (21)
    $$\stackrel{~}{A}\psi (p,q)=dp+(c\gamma e^q+a\alpha +b\beta e^{q\lambda }).$$
    4. Case $`G_{4,2,2}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ defined by (4).

    $$\psi :^2\mathrm{\Omega }_F;(p,q)(\alpha ,\beta e^q,\beta qe^q+\gamma e^q,p),$$

    (22)
    $$\stackrel{~}{A}\psi (p,q)=dp+c\beta qe^q+(b\beta +c\gamma )e^q+a\alpha .$$
    5. Case $`G_{4,2,3(\phi ),\phi \frac{\pi }{2}}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ defined by (5).

    $$\psi :^2\mathrm{\Omega }_F;(p,q)(\alpha ,(\beta +i\gamma )e^{qe^{i\phi }},p),$$

    (23)
    $$\stackrel{~}{A}\psi (p,q)=dp+(b+ic)(\beta +i\gamma )e^{qe^{i\phi }}+a\alpha .$$
    6. Case $`G_{4,3,1(\lambda _1,\lambda _2)}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ defined by (7).

    $$\psi :^2\mathrm{\Omega }_F;(p,q)(\alpha e^{q\lambda _1},\beta e^{q\lambda _2},\gamma e^q,p),$$

    (24)
    $$\stackrel{~}{A}\psi (p,q)=dp+a\alpha e^{q\lambda _1}+b\beta e^{q\lambda _2}+c\gamma e^q.$$
    7. Case $`G_{4,3,2(\lambda )}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ defined by (8).

    $$\psi :^2\mathrm{\Omega }_F;(p,q)(\alpha e^{q\lambda },\alpha qe^{q\lambda }+\beta e^{q\lambda },\gamma e^q,p),$$

    (25)
    $$\stackrel{~}{A}\psi (p,q)=dp+(a\alpha +bq\alpha +b\beta )e^{q\lambda }+c\gamma e^q.$$
    8. Case $`G_{4,3,3}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ defined by (9).

    $$\psi :^2\mathrm{\Omega }_F;(p,q)(\alpha e^q,\alpha qe^q+\beta e^q,\frac{1}{2}\alpha q^2e^q+\beta qe^q+\gamma e^q,p),$$

    (26)
    $$\stackrel{~}{A}\psi (p,q)=dp+(a\alpha +b\alpha +b\beta +\frac{1}{2}c\alpha q^2+c\beta q+c\gamma )e^q.$$
    9. Case $`G_{4,3,4(\lambda ,\phi )},\phi \frac{\pi }{2}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ defined by (10).

    $$\psi :^2\mathrm{\Omega }_F;(p,q)((\alpha +i\beta )e^{qe^{i\phi }},\gamma e^{q\lambda },p),$$

    (27)
    $$\stackrel{~}{A}\psi (p,q)=dp+(a+ib)(\alpha +i\beta )e^{qe^{i\phi }}+c\gamma e^{q\lambda }.$$
    10. Case $`G_{4,4,2}=_3`$ and

    10.1 $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ defined by (13).

    $$(p,q)^2\psi (p,q)=(\alpha e^q,0,0,p)\mathrm{\Omega }_F,$$

    (28)
    $$\stackrel{~}{A}\psi (p,q)=dp+a\alpha e^q.$$

    10.2 $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ defined by (14).

    $$(p,q)^2\psi (p,q)=(0,\beta e^q,0,p)\mathrm{\Omega }_F,$$

    (29)
    $$\stackrel{~}{A}\psi (p,q)=dp+b\beta e^q.$$

    10.3 $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ defined by (15).

    $$(p,q)^2\psi (p,q)=(\alpha e^q,\beta e^q,0,p)\mathrm{\Omega }_F,$$

    (30)
    $$\stackrel{~}{A}\psi (p,q)=dp+a\alpha e^q+b\beta e^q.$$

    10.4 $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ defined by (16) .

    $$(p,q)^2\psi (p,q)=(e^q,(\alpha \beta +\gamma p\gamma \delta )e^q,\gamma ,p)\mathrm{\Omega }_F,$$

    (31)
    $$\stackrel{~}{A}\psi (p,q)=ae^q+b(\alpha \beta +\gamma p\gamma \delta )e^q+c\gamma +dp=$$

    $$=(d+b\gamma e^q)p+ae^q+b(\alpha \beta \gamma \delta )e^q+c\gamma .$$

    (see \[H3\] for more detail ).
* We prove the Kirillov form on $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ is $`\omega =dpdq`$ , namely for the case $`G_{4,2,3(\phi )},\phi \frac{\pi }{2}`$.

From the Hamiltonian function $`\stackrel{~}{A}\psi (p,q)`$ we have

$$\xi _A(f)=\{\stackrel{~}{A},f\}=d\frac{f}{q}(b+ic)(\beta +i\gamma )e^{i\phi }e^{qe^{i\phi }}\frac{f}{p},$$

with $`A=aX+bY+cZ+dT𝔤_{4,2,3(\phi )}`$

$$\xi _B(f)=\{\stackrel{~}{B},f\}=d^{}\frac{f}{q}(b^{}+ic^{})(\beta +i\gamma )e^{i\phi }e^{qe^{i\phi }}\frac{f}{p},$$

with $`B=a^{}X+b^{}Y+c^{}Z+d^{}T𝔤_{4,2,3(\phi )}`$. Thus,

$$\xi _A\xi _B=dd^{}\frac{}{q}\frac{}{q}+(b+ic)(b^{}+ic^{})(\beta +i\gamma )^2e^{2i\phi }e^{2qe^{i\phi }}\frac{}{p}\frac{}{p}+$$

$$+[(db^{}d^{}b)+i(dc^{}d^{}c)](\beta +i\gamma )e^{i\phi }e^{qe^{i\phi }}\frac{}{p}\frac{}{q}$$

On the other hand, $`F^{},[A,B]=[(db^{}d^{}b)+i(dc^{}d^{}c)](\beta +i\gamma )e^{i\phi }e^{qe^{i\phi }}`$.

This implies (18). The other cases are proved similarly.

The proposition is hence completely proved. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### DEFINITION 3.1.2.

Each chart $`(\mathrm{\Omega }_F,\psi ^1)`$ satisfying 1. and 2. of the Proposition $`(\mathrm{3.1.1})`$ is called an adapted chart on $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F.`$

### 3.2. Computation of operators $`\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A`$

Since $`\stackrel{~}{A}\psi (p,q)=\mathrm{\Phi }(q).p+\mathrm{\Psi }(q),`$ for $`A𝔤`$, one can prove that :

$$P^r(\stackrel{~}{A},\stackrel{~}{B})=0r3,A,B𝔤.$$

From this we have the following proposition

###### Proposition 3.2.1.

With $`A,B𝔤`$, the Moyal $``$-product satisfies the relation:

(32)
$$i\stackrel{~}{A}i\stackrel{~}{B}i\stackrel{~}{B}i\stackrel{~}{A}=i\stackrel{~}{[A,B]}$$

For each $`A𝔤`$ and the corresponding Hamiltonian function $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$, we denote by $`\mathrm{}_A`$ the operator acting on dense space $`L^2(^2,\frac{dpdq}{2\pi })`$ of smooth function by left $``$-multiplication by $`i\stackrel{~}{A}`$, i.e $`\mathrm{}_A(f)=i\stackrel{~}{A}f`$. The relation in the Proposition (3.2.1) gives us

###### Corollary 3.2.2.

(33)
$$\mathrm{}_{[A,B]}=\mathrm{}_A\mathrm{}_B\mathrm{}_B\mathrm{}_A:=[\mathrm{}_A,\mathrm{}_B]^{}$$

This implies that the corresponding $`A𝔤\mathrm{}_A=i\stackrel{~}{A}.`$ is a representation of the Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ on the space $`C^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Omega }_F)[[\frac{i}{2}]]`$ of formal power series.

Let us denote by $`_p(f)`$ the partial Fourier transform ( define on $`Ł^2(^2,dpdq/2\pi )`$, for example ) of the function $`f`$ from the variable $`p`$ to the variable $`x`$ (see e.g \[MV\]), i.e

$$_p(f)(x,q):=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }}_{}e^{ipx}f(p,q)𝑑p$$

and $`_p^1(f)(p,q)`$ the inverse Fourier transform.

We have following obvious identities:

###### Lemma 3.2.3.

With $`f,\phi Ł^2(^2,dpdq/2\pi )`$

* $`_p_p^1(f)=i_p^1(x.f)`$
* $`_p(p.\phi )=i_x_p(\phi )`$
* $`P^r(\stackrel{~}{A},_p^1(f))=(1)^r_q^r(\mathrm{\Psi })_p^r_p^1(f)`$$`r2.`$

Now we denote $`\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A:=_p\mathrm{}_A_p^1`$ with $`A𝔤.`$

###### DEFINITION 3.2.4.

Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ be K-orbit of co-adjoint representations of Lie group $`G`$. With $`A`$ running over the Lie algebra $`𝔤=Lie(G),`$ $`(\mathrm{\Omega }_F,\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A)`$ is called quantum co-adjoint orbits of Lie group $`G`$.

###### Theorem 3.2.5.

For each $`A𝔤`$ and for each compactly supported $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$-function $`fC_c^{\mathrm{}}(^2)`$, we have

$$\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A(f)=\mathrm{\Phi }(q\frac{x}{2})(\frac{1}{2}_q_x)f+i\mathrm{\Psi }(q\frac{x}{2})f$$

and setting new variables $`s=q\frac{x}{2},t=q+\frac{x}{2}`$, then

(34)
$$\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A(f)=\mathrm{\Phi }(s)\frac{f}{s}+i\mathrm{\Psi }(s)f|_{(s,t)}\text{i.e:}\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A=[\mathrm{\Phi }(s)\frac{}{s}+i\mathrm{\Psi }(s)]|_{(s,t)}$$

Proof. It is easy to see that:

$$P^0(\stackrel{~}{A},_p^1(f))=[\mathrm{\Phi }(q).p+\mathrm{\Psi }(q)]_p^1(f)$$

$$P^1(\stackrel{~}{A},_p^1(f))=\mathrm{\Phi }(q)_q_p^1(f)[p_q\mathrm{\Phi }(q)+_q\mathrm{\Psi }(q)]_p^1(f)$$

$$P^r(\stackrel{~}{A},_p^1(f))=(1)^r_q^r\mathrm{\Psi }_p^r_p^1(f)r2.$$

From this and lemma (3.2.3), we have:

$$\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A(f)=_p\mathrm{}_A_p^1(f)=i_p(\stackrel{~}{A}_p^1(f))=i_p\left(\underset{r0}{}\left(\frac{1}{2i}\right)^r\frac{1}{r!}P^r(\stackrel{~}{A},_p^1(f))\right)=$$

$$=i_p\{[\mathrm{\Phi }(q).p+\mathrm{\Psi }(q)]_p^1(f)+\frac{1}{1!}\frac{1}{2i}(\mathrm{\Phi }(q)_q_p^1(f)[p_q\mathrm{\Phi }(q)+_q\mathrm{\Psi }(q)]_p^1(f))+\mathrm{}+$$

$$+\frac{1}{r!}(\frac{1}{2i})^r(1)^r_q^r\mathrm{\Psi }_p^r_p^1(f))+\mathrm{}\}=\mathrm{\Phi }(q\frac{x}{2})(\frac{1}{2}_q_x)f+i\mathrm{\Psi }(q\frac{x}{2})f$$

Theorem is proveed. $`\mathrm{}`$

As a direct consequence of symbol $`\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A,`$ we have

###### Corollary 3.2.6.

$`A,B𝔤,`$

$$\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A\widehat{\mathrm{}}_B\widehat{\mathrm{}}_B\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A=\widehat{\mathrm{}}_{[A,B]}$$

From theorems 2.0.3 and 3.2.5 we obtained the quantum half planes ,the quantum planes, the quantum hyperbolic cylinders, quantum hyperbolic paraboloids …of the corresponding groups. At the same time, we have also unitary representations of these groups :

$$T(expA)=\mathrm{exp}(\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A)=\mathrm{exp}\left([\mathrm{\Phi }(s)\frac{}{s}+i\mathrm{\Psi }(s)]|_{(s,t)}\right).$$

## 4. The case of groups $`G_{4,2,3(\frac{\pi }{2})},G_{4,2,4},G_{4,3,4(\frac{\pi }{2})},G_{4,4,1}`$.

### 4.1. The local diffeomorphisms

For the Lie group of affine transformations of the complex straight line $`G_{4,2,4}=Aff()`$ (see \[DH2\]), we replaced the global diffeomorphism $`\psi `$ by a local diffeomorphism and obtained

###### Proposition 4.1.1.

Fixing the local diffeomorphism $`\psi _k(k)`$

$$\psi _k:\times _k\times _k$$

$$(z,w)(z,e^w),$$

we have

1. For any element $`Aaff()`$, the corresponding Hamiltonian function $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ in local coordinates $`(z,w)`$ of the orbit $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ is of the form

$$\stackrel{~}{A}\psi _k(z,w)=\frac{1}{2}[\alpha z+\beta e^w+\overline{\alpha }\overline{z}+\overline{\beta }e^{\overline{w}}]$$
2. In local coordinates $`(z,w)`$ of the orbit $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$, the Kirillov form $`\omega `$ is of the form

$$\omega =\frac{1}{2}[dzdw+d\overline{z}d\overline{w}].$$

Analogously, for the groups $`G_{4,2,3(\phi )},G_{4,3,4(\phi )}`$ with $`\phi =\frac{\pi }{2}`$, we also replace the global diffeomorphism $`\psi `$ by a local diffeomorphism $`\psi _k(k).`$

* For $`G=G_{4,2,3(\frac{\pi }{2})};\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\{(\alpha ,(\beta +i\gamma )e^{is},t)|s,t\}`$,

$$\psi _k:\times (2k\pi ,2\pi +2k\pi )\mathrm{\Omega }_F.$$

$$(p,q)(\alpha ,(\beta +i\gamma )e^{iq},p)$$

Then the corresponding Hamiltonian fuction is $`\stackrel{~}{A}\psi _k(p,q)=dp+(b+ic)(\beta +i\gamma )e^{iq}+a\alpha .`$
* For $`G=G_{4,3,4(\frac{\pi }{2})};\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\{((\alpha +i\beta )e^{is},\gamma e^{\lambda s},t)|s,t\}`$,

$$\psi _k:\times (2k\pi ,2\pi +2k\pi )\mathrm{\Omega }_F.$$

$$(p,q)((\alpha +i\beta )e^{iq},\gamma e^{q\lambda },p)$$

We have $`\stackrel{~}{A}\psi _k(p,q)=dp+(a+ib)(\alpha +i\beta )e^{iq}+c\gamma e^{q\lambda }.`$

At last, for the Lie group $`G_{4,4,1}=_j_3,`$ which is not exponential group, we obtain

###### Proposition 4.1.2.

Let us denote $`𝐈_k=(2k\pi ,2\pi +2k\pi ),k`$. Each non-trivial orbit $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ (in $`𝔤^{}`$) of co-adjoint representation of $`G_{4,4,1}`$ admits local charts $`(\times 𝐈_k,\psi _k^1)`$ or $`(_\pm \times 𝐈_k,\psi _k^1)`$ such that:

1. If $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ is defined by (11) and $`A𝔤_{4,4,1},`$ then

$$\stackrel{~}{A}\psi _k(p,q)=dp+\frac{1}{2}[a(\alpha +i\beta )+b(\beta i\alpha )]e^{iq}+\frac{1}{2}[a(\alpha i\beta )+b(\beta +i\alpha )]e^{iq}$$

(35)
$$=dp+(a\alpha +b\beta )cosq+(b\alpha a\beta )sinq$$

and the Kirillov form then is $`\omega =dpdq.`$
2. If $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ is defined by (12) and $`A𝔤_{4,4,1},`$ then

$$\stackrel{~}{A}\psi _k(p,q)=\frac{d}{2\gamma }p^2+[\frac{a}{2}(e^{iq}+e^{iq})+\frac{b}{2i}(e^{iq}e^{iq})]p+c\gamma +d\delta d\frac{\alpha ^2+\beta ^2}{2\gamma }$$

(36)
$$=\frac{d}{2\gamma }p^2+(acosq+bsinq)p+c\gamma +d\delta d\frac{\alpha ^2+\beta ^2}{2\gamma }$$

and we have the Kirillov form to be $`\omega =\frac{\gamma }{p}dpdq.`$

Proof. 1. We consider the following diffeomorphism:

$$\psi _k:\times 𝐈_k\mathrm{\Omega }_F$$

$$(p,q)(\frac{1}{2}(\alpha +i\beta )e^{iq}+\frac{1}{2}(\alpha i\beta )e^{iq};\frac{1}{2}(\beta i\alpha )e^{iq}+\frac{1}{2}(\beta +i\alpha )e^{iq};0;p)$$

With each $`F^{}\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$,

$$F^{}=[\frac{1}{2}(\alpha +i\beta )e^{iq}+\frac{1}{2}(\alpha i\beta )e^{iq}]X^{}+[\frac{1}{2}(\beta i\alpha )e^{iq}+\frac{1}{2}(\beta +i\alpha )e^{iq}]Y^{}+pT^{}$$

and $`A=aX+bY+cZ+dT𝔤_{4,4,1},`$ we have

$$\stackrel{~}{A}(F^{})=F^{},A=\frac{a}{2}[(\alpha +i\beta )e^{iq}+(\alpha i\beta )e^{iq}]+\frac{b}{2}[(\beta i\alpha )e^{iq}+(\beta +i\alpha )e^{iq}]+dp.$$

It follows that

$$\xi _A(f)=d\frac{f}{q}\frac{i}{2}[a(\alpha +i\beta )+b(\beta i\alpha )]e^{iq}+\frac{i}{2}[a(\alpha i\beta )+b(\beta +i\alpha )]e^{iq}\frac{f}{p}.$$

By analogy,

$$\xi _B(f)=d^{}\frac{f}{q}\frac{i}{2}[a^{}(\alpha +i\beta )+b^{}(\beta i\alpha )]e^{iq}+\frac{i}{2}[a^{}(\alpha i\beta )+b^{}(\beta +i\alpha )]e^{iq}\frac{f}{p}.$$

Thus,

(37)
$$\xi _A\xi _B=dd^{}\frac{}{q}\frac{}{q}\frac{1}{4}\{[a^{}(\alpha +i\beta )+b^{}(\beta i\alpha )]e^{iq}[a^{}(\alpha i\beta )+b^{}(\beta +i\alpha )]e^{iq}\}$$

$$\times \{[a(\alpha +i\beta )+b(\beta i\alpha )]e^{iq}[a(\alpha i\beta )+b(\beta +i\alpha )]e^{iq}\}\frac{}{p}\frac{}{p}+\frac{1}{2}\{[(db^{}d^{}b)(\alpha +i\beta )+$$

$$+(ad^{}a^{}d)(\beta i\alpha )]e^{iq}+[(db^{}d^{}b)(\alpha i\beta )+(ad^{}a^{}d)(\beta +i\alpha )]e^{iq}\}\frac{}{p}\frac{}{q}$$

On the other hand, $`[A,B]=(db^{}d^{}b)X+(ad^{}a^{}d)Y+(ab^{}a^{}b)Z`$ implies

(38)
$$F^{},[A,B]=\frac{1}{2}[(db^{}d^{}b)(\alpha +i\beta )+(ad^{}a^{}d)(\beta i\alpha )]e^{iq}+$$

$$+\frac{1}{2}[(db^{}d^{}b)(\alpha i\beta )+(ad^{}a^{}d)(\beta +i\alpha )]e^{iq}=\frac{1}{2}\{[(db^{}d^{}b)(\alpha +i\beta )+$$

$$+(ad^{}a^{}d)(\beta i\alpha )]e^{iq}+[(db^{}d^{}b)(\alpha i\beta )+(ad^{}a^{}d)(\beta +i\alpha )]e^{iq}$$

(37) and (38) imply that the Kirillov form is $`\omega =dpdq`$.

2.For the case $`\gamma 0`$ we chose

$$\psi _k:(_+\times 𝐈_k)\mathrm{\Omega }_F$$

$$(p,q)(pcosq,psinq,\gamma ,\frac{1}{2\gamma }(p^2+2\gamma \delta \alpha ^2\beta ^2))$$

$$(\text{or}\psi _k:(_{}\times 𝐈_k)\mathrm{\Omega }_F).$$

Then, $`F^{}\mathrm{\Omega }_F,F^{}=pcosqX^{}+psinqY^{}+\gamma Z^{}+\frac{1}{2\gamma }(p^2+2\gamma \delta \alpha ^2\beta ^2)T^{}`$ and $`A=aX+bY+cZ+dT𝔤_{4,4,1}`$, we have

$$\stackrel{~}{A}\psi _{(U,k)}=apcosq+bpsinq+c\gamma +\frac{d}{2\gamma }(p^2+2\gamma \delta \alpha ^2\beta ^2)=$$

$$=\frac{d}{2\gamma }p^2+[\frac{a}{2}(e^{iq}+e^{iq})+\frac{b}{2i}(e^{iq}e^{iq})]p+c\gamma +d\delta d\frac{\alpha ^2+\beta ^2}{2\gamma }.$$

It follows that

$$\xi _A(f)=[\frac{d}{\gamma }p+\frac{1}{2i}((ai+b)e^{iq}+(aib)e^{iq})]\frac{f}{q}\frac{p}{2}[(ai+b)e^{iq}(aib)e^{iq}]\frac{f}{p}.$$

By analogy,

$$\xi _B(f)=[\frac{d^{}}{\gamma }p+\frac{1}{2i}((a^{}i+b^{})e^{iq}+(a^{}ib^{})e^{iq})]\frac{f}{q}\frac{p}{2}[(a^{}i+b^{})e^{iq}(a^{}ib^{})e^{iq}]\frac{f}{p}.$$

Thus,

(39)
$$\xi _A\xi _B=\frac{p}{2}[(ai+b)e^{iq}(aib)e^{iq}\frac{p}{2}[(a^{}i+b^{})e^{iq}(a^{}ib^{})e^{iq}]\frac{}{p}\frac{}{p}+$$

$$+[\frac{d}{\gamma }p+\frac{1}{2i}((ai+b)e^{iq}+(aib)e^{iq})][\frac{d^{}}{\gamma }p+\frac{1}{2i}((a^{}i+b^{})e^{iq}+(a^{}ib^{})e^{iq})]\frac{}{q}\frac{}{q}+$$

$$+\left\{\frac{p^2}{2\gamma }\left[\left((da^{}d^{}a)i+(db^{}d^{}b)\right)e^{iq}\left((da^{}d^{}a)i(db^{}d^{}b)\right)e^{iq}\right]+p(ab^{}a^{}b)\right\}\frac{}{p}\frac{}{q}.$$

On the other hands,

(40)
$$F^{},[A,B]=(db^{}d^{}b)pcosq+(ad^{}a^{}d)psinq+(db^{}d^{}b)\gamma =$$

$$=\frac{p}{2}[((a^{}dd^{}a)i+(db^{}d^{}b))e^{iq}((da^{}d^{}a)i(db^{}d^{}b))e^{iq}]+\gamma (ab^{}a^{}b).$$

From (39) and (40) we see that (17) is of the form $`\omega =\frac{\gamma }{p}dpdq.`$ $`\mathrm{}`$

### 4.2. Computation of operators $`\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A^{(k)}`$

It is easy to prove that,

* If $`G=G_{4,2,3(\frac{\pi }{2})}`$ then

$$\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A^{(k)}=\left(d\frac{}{_s}+i(b+ic)(\beta +i\gamma )e^{is}+a\alpha \right)|_{(s,t)}$$
* If $`G=G_{4,3,4(\frac{\pi }{2})}`$ then

$$\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A^{(k)}=\left(d\frac{}{_s}+i(a+ib)(\alpha +i\beta )e^{is}+c\gamma e^{s\lambda }\right)|_{(s,t)}$$

In \[DH2\], we proved the following result for $`G_{4,2,4}`$

Let $`_z`$(f) denote the partial Fourier transform of the function $`f`$ from the variable $`z=p_1+ip_2`$ to the variable $`\xi =\xi _1+i\xi _2`$, i.e:

$$_z(f)(\xi ,w)=\frac{1}{2\pi }_{R^2}e^{iRe(\xi \overline{z})}f(z,w)𝑑p_1𝑑p_2$$

and

$$_z^1(f)(z,w)=\frac{1}{2\pi }_{R^2}e^{iRe(\xi \overline{z})}f(\xi ,w)𝑑\xi _1𝑑\xi _2$$

the inverse Fourier transform.

###### Theorem 4.2.1.

( see \[DH2\],Proposition 3.4)

For each $`A=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\alpha & \beta \\ 0& 0\end{array}\right)aff()`$ and for each compactly supported $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$-function $`fC_c^{\mathrm{}}(\times _k)`$, we have:

(41)
$$\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A^{(k)}(f):=_z\mathrm{}_A^{(k)}_z^1(f)=$$

$$=[\alpha (\frac{1}{2}_w_{\overline{\xi }})f+\overline{\alpha }(\frac{1}{2}_{\overline{w}}_\xi )f+\frac{i}{2}(\beta e^{w\frac{1}{2}\overline{\xi }}+\overline{\beta }e^{\overline{w}\frac{1}{2}\xi })f]$$

i.e

$$\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A^{(k)}=\alpha \frac{}{u}+\overline{\alpha }\frac{}{\overline{u}}+\frac{i}{2}(\beta e^u+\overline{\beta }e^{\overline{u}});u=w\frac{1}{2}\overline{\xi };v=w+\frac{1}{2}\overline{\xi }.$$

Now we consider group $`G_{4,4,1}`$ :

###### Theorem 4.2.2.

For each $`A𝔤_{4,4,1}`$ and for each compactly supported $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$-function $`fC_0^{\mathrm{}}(\times 𝐈_k)`$, we have:

1. If $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ is defined by (35 ) then

$$\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A^{(k)}(f)=\left(d_sf+i[(a\alpha +b\beta )coss+(b\alpha a\beta )sins]f\right)|_{(s,t)}$$
2. If $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ is defined by (36 ) then

$$\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A^{(k)}(f)=i.([\frac{d}{2\gamma }(i_x+\frac{1}{2\gamma }_x_q)^2]f+\mathrm{\Gamma }.f)|_{(x,q)}$$

$$\frac{1}{2}\left(_x[(abi)\mathrm{\Delta }(f)+(a+bi)\mathrm{\Delta }^1(f)]+\frac{i}{2\gamma }_x[(abi)\mathrm{\Theta }(f)+(a+bi)\mathrm{\Theta }^1(f)]\right)|_{(x,q)}$$

where

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }=c\gamma +d\delta d\frac{\alpha ^2+\beta ^2}{2\gamma }$$

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(f)=\mathrm{exp}[iq+_x((\frac{x}{2\gamma }).f)]=e^{iq}.\underset{r=0}{}\frac{1}{r!}\frac{^r}{_{x^r}}((\frac{x}{2\gamma })^r.f)$$

$$\mathrm{\Theta }(f)=\mathrm{exp}[iq+_x((\frac{x}{2\gamma })._qf)]=e^{iq}.\underset{r=0}{}\frac{1}{r!}\frac{^r}{_{x^r}}((\frac{x}{2\gamma })^r._qf).$$

To prove the theorem, we need the following obvious lemma, which is a direct conseqnence of the definition of $`_p`$ and $`_p^1`$.

###### Lemma 4.2.3.

With $`r1`$

* $`_{p^r}^r\left(_p^1(f)\right)=i^r_p^1(x^r.f)`$
* $`_p\left(p^r_p^1(f)\right)=i^r_{x^r}^r(f)`$
* $`_p\left(p^r_{p^{r1}}^{r1}_p^1(f)\right)=i^{2r1}_{x^r}^r(x^{r1}.f).`$

$`\mathrm{}`$

Proof.

First case is proved like as Theorem 3.2.5. We prove only the second case.

One can write (36) as

$$\stackrel{~}{A}\psi (p,q)=\frac{d}{2\gamma }p^2+\frac{p}{2}[(abi)e^{iq}+(a+bi)e^{iq}]+c\gamma +d\delta d\frac{\alpha ^2+\beta ^2}{2\gamma }$$

and remark that in the coordinates $`(p,q)`$ correspond to the form $`\omega =\frac{\gamma }{p}dpdq`$,

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }^1=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& \frac{p}{\gamma }\\ \frac{p}{\gamma }& 0\end{array}\right).$$

Denoting $`_p^1(f)=v,`$ we have

$$P^0=\left\{\frac{d}{2\gamma }p^2+\frac{p}{2}[(abi)e^{iq}+(a+bi)e^{iq}]+c\gamma +d\delta d\frac{\alpha ^2+\beta ^2}{2\gamma }\right\}v$$

$$P^1=[\frac{dp^2}{\gamma ^2}+\frac{p}{2\gamma }((abi)e^{iq}+(a+bi)e^{iq})]_qv\frac{ip^2}{2\gamma }[(abi)e^{iq}(a+bi)e^{iq}]_pv$$

$$P^2=\frac{1}{2\gamma ^2}\{i^2[(abi)e^{iq}+(a+bi)e^{iq}]p^3_{p^2}^2v2i[(abi)e^{iq}(a+bi)e^{iq}]p^2_{pq}^2v\}+\frac{dp^2}{\gamma ^3}_{q^2}^2v$$

$$P^3=\frac{1}{2\gamma ^3}\{(i)^3[(abi)e^{iq}(a+bi)e^{iq}]p^4_{p^3}^3v+3(i)^2[(abi)e^{iq}+(a+bi)e^{iq}]p^3_{p^2q}^3v\}$$

$$P^4=\frac{1}{2\gamma ^4}\{(i)^4[(abi)e^{iq}+(a+bi)e^{iq}]p^5_{p^4}^4v+4(i)^3[(abi)e^{iq}(a+bi)e^{iq}]p^4_{p^3q}^4v\}$$

By analogy, for $`r4`$ we have

$$P^r=\frac{1}{2\gamma ^r}\left((i)^r[(abi)e^{iq}+(1)^r(a+bi)e^{iq}]p^{r+1}_{p^r}^rv\right)+$$

$$+\frac{r(i)^{r1}}{2\gamma ^r}\left([(abi)e^{iq}+(1)^{r1}(a+bi)e^{iq}]p^r_{p^{r1}q}^rv\right).$$

As $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ is defined by (36), we obtain:

(42)
$$\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A^{(k)}(f):=_p\mathrm{}_A_p^1(f)=_p(i\stackrel{~}{A}_p^1(f))=i\underset{r0}{}\left(\frac{1}{2i}\right)^r_p(P^r(\stackrel{~}{A},_p^1(f))=$$

$$=i(c\gamma +d\delta d\frac{\alpha ^2+\beta ^2}{2\gamma })_pv+i\left[_p(\frac{d}{2\gamma }p^2v)+\frac{1}{1!}\frac{1}{2i}_p(\frac{d}{\gamma ^2}p^2_qv)+\frac{1}{2!}\left(\frac{1}{2i}\right)^2_p(\frac{d}{\gamma ^3}p^2_{q^2}^2v)\right]+$$

$$+\underset{r0}{}\frac{1}{r!}\left(\frac{1}{2i}\right)^r\frac{1}{2\gamma ^r}\{(i)^r[(abi)e^{iq}+(1)^r(a+bi)e^{iq}]_p(p^{r+1}_{p^r}^rv)+r(i)^{r1}[(abi)e^{iq}+$$

$$+(1)^{r1}(a+bi)e^{iq}]_p(p^r_{p^{r1}q}^rv)\}=i(c\gamma +d\delta d\frac{\alpha ^2+\beta ^2}{2\gamma })f+i\frac{d}{2\gamma }(i_x+\frac{1}{2\gamma }_x_q)^2f+$$

$$+\frac{i}{2}\underset{r0}{}\frac{1}{r!}\left(\frac{1}{2\gamma }\right)^r(abi)e^{iq}_p(p^{r+1}_{p^r}^rv)+\frac{i}{2}\underset{r0}{}\frac{1}{r!}\left(\frac{1}{2\gamma }\right)^r(a+bi)e^{iq}_p(p^{r+1}_{p^r}^rv)+$$

$$+\frac{i}{2}\frac{1}{\gamma }\underset{r1}{}\frac{1}{(r1)!}\left(\frac{1}{2\gamma }\right)^{r1}\frac{1}{2i}(abi)e^{iq}_p(p^r_{p^{(r1)q}}^rv)+\frac{i}{2}\frac{1}{\gamma }\underset{r1}{}\frac{1}{(r1)!}\left(\frac{1}{2\gamma }\right)^{r1}\frac{1}{2i}(a+bi)$$

$$\times e^{iq}_p(p^r_{p^{(r1)q}}^rv)=i[c\gamma +d\delta d\frac{\alpha ^2+\beta ^2}{2\gamma }+i\frac{d}{2\gamma }(i_x+\frac{1}{2\gamma }_x_q)^2]f+\frac{i}{2}(abi)e^{iq}$$

$$\times \underset{r0}{}\frac{1}{r!}\left(\frac{1}{2\gamma }\right)^ri^{2r+1}_{x^{r+1}}^{r+1}(x^r.f)+\frac{i}{2}(a+bi)e^{iq}\underset{r0}{}\frac{1}{r!}\left(\frac{1}{2\gamma }\right)^ri^{2r+1}_{x^{r+1}}^{r+1}(x^r.f)+$$

$$+\frac{1}{4\gamma }(abi)e^{iq}\underset{r1}{}\frac{1}{(r1)!}\left(\frac{1}{2\gamma }\right)^{r1}i^{2r1}_{p^{r1}}^{r1}(x^{r1}._qf)+$$

$$+\frac{1}{4\gamma }(a+bi)e^{iq}\underset{r1}{}\frac{1}{(r1)!}\left(\frac{1}{2\gamma }\right)^{r1}i^{2r1}_{p^{r1}}^{r1}(x^{r1}._qf)=$$

$$=i[c\gamma +d\delta d\frac{\alpha ^2+\beta ^2}{2\gamma }+i\frac{d}{2\gamma }(i_x+\frac{1}{2\gamma }_x_q)^2]f\frac{1}{2}_x[(abi)e^{iq}.\underset{r0}{}\frac{1}{r!}\left(\frac{1}{2\gamma }\right)^r_{x^r}^r(x^r.f)+$$

$$+(a+bi)e^{iq}.\underset{r0}{}\frac{1}{r!}\left(\frac{1}{2\gamma }\right)^r_{x^r}^r(x^r.f)+\frac{i}{2\gamma }(abi)e^{iq}.\underset{r1}{}\frac{1}{(r1)!}\left(\frac{1}{2\gamma }\right)^{r1}_{x^{r1}}^{r1}(x^{r1}._qf)+$$

$$+\frac{i}{2\gamma }(a+bi)e^{iq}.\underset{r1}{}\frac{1}{(r1)!}\left(\frac{1}{2\gamma }\right)^{r1}_{x^{r1}}^{r1}(x^{r1}._qf)]=$$

$$=i[c\gamma +d\delta d\frac{\alpha ^2+\beta ^2}{2\gamma }+i\frac{d}{2\gamma }(i_x+\frac{1}{2\gamma }_x_q)^2]f$$

$$\frac{1}{2}_x\left((abi)e^{iq}e^{_x((\frac{x}{2\gamma }).f)}+(a+bi)e^{iq}e^{_x((\frac{x}{2\gamma }).f)}\right)$$

$$\frac{i}{4\gamma }_x\left((abi)e^{iq}e^{_x((\frac{x}{2\gamma })._qf)}+(a+bi)e^{iq}e^{_x((\frac{x}{2\gamma })._qf)}\right)=$$

$$=i[c\gamma +d\delta d\frac{\alpha ^2+\beta ^2}{2\gamma }+\frac{d}{2\gamma }(i_x+\frac{1}{2\gamma }_x_q)^2]f$$

$$\frac{1}{2}_x((abi)\mathrm{exp}[iq+_x((\frac{x}{2\gamma }).f)]+(a+bi)\mathrm{exp}[iq+_x((\frac{x}{2\gamma }).f)])$$

$$\frac{i}{4\gamma }_x((abi)\mathrm{exp}[iq+_x((\frac{x}{2\gamma })._qf)]+(a+bi)\mathrm{exp}[iq+_x((\frac{x}{2\gamma })._qf)])$$

The theorem is therefore completely proved. $`\mathrm{}`$

Thus, we obtained all the operators $`\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A;\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A^k`$, which provides (global or local) representations of the $`MD_4`$-algebras. At last, as $`\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A,\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A^k`$ are representations of the $`MD_4`$-algebras, we have operators : $`\mathrm{exp}(\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A);\mathrm{exp}(\widehat{\mathrm{}}_A^k)`$ are representations of the corresponding connected and simply connected $`MD_4`$-groups. We say that they are the representations of $`MD_4`$-groups arising from the reduction of the procedure of deformation quantization.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author would like to acknowledge the support of Seminar ”Deformation Quantization and Applications” under the supervision by Professor Do Ngoc Diep and would like to thank Dr. Nguyen Viet Dung for his useful comments .


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# Quasi-free Compton Scattering from the Deuteron and Nucleon Polarizabilities

## Abstract

Cross sections for quasi-free Compton scattering from the deuteron were measured for incident energies of Eγ=236–260 MeV at the laboratory angle $`\theta _\gamma ^{}=135^{}`$. The recoil nucleons were detected in a liquid-scintillator array situated at $`\theta _N=20^{}`$. The measured differential cross sections were used, with the calculations of Levchuk et al., to determine the polarizabilities of the bound nucleons. For the bound proton, the extracted values were consistent with the accepted value for the free proton. Combining our results for the bound neutron with those from Rose et al., we obtain one-sigma constraints of $`\overline{\alpha }_n=7.614.0`$ and $`\overline{\beta }_n=1.27.6`$.

The electric $`\overline{\alpha }`$ and magnetic $`\overline{\beta }`$ polarizabilities constitute the first-order responses of the internal structure of a nucleon to externally applied electric and magnetic fields. Compton scattering from the proton has been used extensively to determine the polarizabilities of the proton (see Ref.  and references contained therein). Such measurements are sensitive to the sum (difference) of the polarizabilities for photons scattered at forward (backward) angles. Ref.  reports the experimental status of the proton polarizabilities, in the usual units of $`10^4`$ fm3:

$`(\overline{\alpha }\overline{\beta })_p`$ $`=`$ $`10.0\pm 1.5\pm 0.9,`$ (1)
$`(\overline{\alpha }+\overline{\beta })_p`$ $`=`$ $`15.2\pm 2.6\pm 0.2,`$ (2)
where the first error is the combined statistical and systematic, and the second is due to the model dependence of the dispersion-relation extraction method.

Disperson sum rules relate the sum of the polarizabilities to the nucleon photoabsorption cross section. The generally accepted results  were

$`(\overline{\alpha }+\overline{\beta })_p`$ $`=`$ $`14.2\pm 0.5,`$ (3)
$`(\overline{\alpha }+\overline{\beta })_n`$ $`=`$ $`15.8\pm 0.5.`$ (4)
There have been recent reevaluations of these sum rules which yield $`13.69\pm 0.14`$ ($`14.40\pm 0.66`$)  and $`14.0\pm 0.5`$ ($`15.2\pm 0.5`$)  for the proton (neutron). The proton polarizabilities, obtained from Eqs. 1 and 3, are

$$\overline{\alpha }_p=12.1\pm 0.8\pm 0.5,\overline{\beta }_p=2.10.80.5.$$
(5)
The status of the neutron polarizabilities is much less satisfactory (see Ref.  and references contained therein). Measurements of the electric polarizability of the neutron have been done by low-energy neutron scattering from the Coulomb field of a heavy nucleus. The extracted values fall in the range $`\alpha _n`$=0–19 .

Elastic Compton scattering from the deuteron has also been used to extract information on the nucleon polarizabilities. Using their theoretical model, Levchuk and L’vov  have reported values of

$$(\overline{\alpha }\overline{\beta })_n=2\pm 3,(\overline{\alpha }+\overline{\beta })_n=20\pm 3,$$
(6)
from fitting to the data of Refs. . The large discrepancy between $`(\overline{\alpha }\overline{\beta })_n`$ and $`(\overline{\alpha }\overline{\beta })_p`$ (Eq. 1) may be indicative of shortcomings in the theoretical models used to extract the polarizabilities from the $`d(\gamma ,\gamma )d`$ reaction.

The quasi-free Compton scattering reaction $`d(\gamma ,\gamma ^{}n)p`$, in which the scattered photon is detected in coincidence with the recoil neutron, can be used to minimize the model dependence of the extracted polarizabilities. There has been one measurement reported on this reaction using bremsstrahlung photons with an endpoint of 130 MeV . A most-probable value of $`\overline{\alpha }_n=10.7`$ was obtained with an upper limit of 14.0 but with no constraint on the lower limit. In addition, the model dependence is strong at these lower energies.

Levchuk et al.  have determined that, within the context of their model, the sensitivity to the neutron amplitude is maximized (and model dependence minimized) for Eγ=200–300 MeV and backward angles for the scattered photons. For $`E_\gamma `$=247 MeV and $`\theta _\gamma ^{}`$=$`135^{}`$, the contribution of the spectator nucleon modifies the cross section by only $``$4% at the quasi-free peak. Furthermore, the free-neutron cross section can be related to the cross section in the center of the neutron quasi-free peak via a spectator formula

$$\frac{d\sigma (\gamma n\gamma ^{}n)}{d\mathrm{\Omega }_\gamma ^{}}=\frac{(2\pi )^3}{u^2(0)}\frac{E_\gamma E_\gamma ^{}}{|𝐩_n|mE_\gamma ^{}^{(n)2}}\frac{d^3\sigma (\gamma d\gamma ^{}np)}{d\mathrm{\Omega }_\gamma ^{}d\mathrm{\Omega }_ndE_n},$$
(7)
where $`u(0)`$ is the S-wave amplitude of the deuteron wave function at zero momentum, and $`E_\gamma ^{}^{(n)}`$ is the photon energy in the rest frame of the final neutron. The cross section on the right side of the equation must be corrected for the small contribution of the spectator proton (its pole diagram and final state interactions).

The present measurement was performed at the Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory (SAL). The $`d(\gamma ,\gamma ^{}n)p`$ and $`d(\gamma ,\gamma ^{}p)n`$ cross sections were measured simultaneously, in kinematics that emphasized the quasi-free reaction. Data were also obtained from the free proton, using the same apparatus, for calibration and normalization purposes. An electron beam of 292 MeV and $``$60% duty factor produced bremsstrahlung photons, which were tagged in the energy range 236–260 MeV, with a resolution of 0.4 MeV. The average, integrated tagged flux was $`6\times 10^6`$ photons/s with a tagging efficiency of $``$45%. The total integrated luminosity for the deuterium measurements was $`1.25\times 10^{37}`$ photons/cm2.

The cryogenic target cell was a vertical cylinder (12 cm in diameter), with Mylar walls, containing liquid hydrogen ($`p(\gamma ,\gamma )`$) or liquid deuterium ($`d(\gamma ,\gamma ^{}N`$) and $`d(\gamma ,pn)`$). The quasi-free scattering of 247 MeV photons to $`135^{}`$ from deuterium results in the recoil nucleon being confined to a forward cone centered around 18. These nucleons have a central kinetic energy of $``$77 MeV and were detected in a liquid-scintillator array  situated at 20, subtending a solid angle of approximately 0.11 sr. The array consisted of 85 Lucite-walled cells, filled with BC-505 liquid scintillator. Between the cells and the target were thin plastic scintillators which acted as veto detectors for neutrons or as $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$E detectors for protons.

The neutron efficiency of the array was measured at the beginning of the experiment via the $`d(\gamma ,pn)`$ reaction. A plastic-scintillator $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$E$``$E telescope was placed at 80 to detect the protons while the neutron array was located at $`77^{}`$. The detection efficiency was measured for neutrons with kinetic energies of 50–100 MeV, covering the range of interest for the quasi-free reaction. With the applied threshold of 11 MeV (6 MeVelectron equivalent) the efficiency ranged from 5.2–5.9%.

Photons scattered from the target were detected in the large-volume Boston University NaI (BUNI) gamma-ray spectrometer . BUNI is composed of five optically-isolated segments of NaI, the core and four surrounding quadrants. Plastic-scintillator detectors were used for rejection of cosmic rays as well as charged particles from the target. BUNI was set at $`135^{}`$ and subtended a solid angle of 0.013 sr. Zero-degree calibrations of BUNI were done at the beginning and end of the experiment, in order to obtain both the lineshape of BUNI and an energy calibration for the NaI core. The NaI quadrants were calibrated periodically with a radioactive source (Th-C).

Figure 1 depicts the BUNI energy spectrum (E$`_\gamma ^{}`$), corrected for photon absorption effects ($``$3%), from the free proton. Random coincidences as well as contributions from empty-target backgrounds (36% for $`(\gamma ,\gamma )`$ and 5% for $`(\gamma ,\gamma p)`$) have been subtracted. The spectra are summed over all tagged photon energies and shifted to the maximum incident energy of 260 MeV, with the appropriate kinematic corrections to account for the different scattered photon energy at each incident photon energy.

Figure 1(a) is the energy spectrum from a free proton, without detection of the recoil proton. The Compton scattered events (the peak near 175 MeV) are clearly distinguishable from the large number of events from neutral pion ($`\pi ^0`$) production (below $``$165 MeV). The histogram is the result of a simulation of the experiment. The final yield was determined by integrating the data from 170 to 190 MeV and correcting for the Compton events excluded from this region (18%) and the $`\pi ^0`$ events included in this region (1%). For E$`{}_{\gamma }{}^{}=247`$ MeV and $`\theta _\gamma =135^{}`$, the cross section for elastic Compton scattering from the free proton ($`p(\gamma ,\gamma )p`$) was determined to be

$$\frac{d\sigma }{d\mathrm{\Omega }_\gamma }=94.6\pm 9.0\pm 3.8\mathrm{nb}/\mathrm{sr},$$
(8)
where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic. This is in good agreement with recent measurements . The dispersion calculations of L’vov et al.  predict a somewhat lower value of 78.0 nb/sr using $`(\overline{\alpha }\overline{\beta })_p`$=10.

The efficiency for the detection of protons in the array was determined in situ from the fraction of the $`p(\gamma ,\gamma )p`$ events (Fig. 1(a)) that included a detected proton (Fig. 1(b)). This correction ($`0.58\pm 0.02`$) was accounted for by a combination of the simulation and cuts in the analysis.

For Compton scattering from a bound nucleon, the Fermi motion causes overlap in E$`_\gamma ^{}`$ between the Compton and $`\pi ^0`$ events. In order to obtain better separation, the missing mass ($`\mathrm{M}_\mathrm{X}`$) of the spectator nucleon was calculated. Figure 2 depicts the difference between the missing mass and the spectator mass ($`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{miss}}`$) for the two quasi-free reactions. The yields are corrected for random coincidences, empty-target backgrounds (12–14%), and detection efficiencies. The histograms are from simulations of the experiment. The thin lines are the individual contributions from the $`\pi ^0`$ and Compton reactions while the thick line is the sum. The simulation assumes that the deuteron reactions proceed via quasi-free kinematics. The spectator nucleon is distributed according to its Fermi distribution and the angular distribution of the $`\pi ^0`$ or photon is determined by the theoretical calculations of Levchuk et al. The simulation gives a good fit to the data, and is relatively insensitive to the input angular distribution ($``$2%). The $`\chi ^2/N_{d.o.f.}`$ is 1.4 (proton) and 1.5 (neutron) for $`N_{d.o.f.}`$=63 ($`20`$ to 110 MeV). To extract the yields for the Compton reactions, the data were integrated from $`20`$ to +20 MeV and corrected for the Compton events excluded from this region (10–15%) and the $`\pi ^0`$ events included in this region (7–8%).

In order to compare to theoretical predictions, the measured cross sections were interpolated to the quasi-free kinematic point ($`P_{spectator}=0`$) through use of the simulation. The average and root-mean-square values for $`P_{spectator}`$ were 48 and 55 MeV/c, respectively. For E$`{}_{\gamma }{}^{}=247`$ MeV and $`\theta _\gamma ^{}=135^{}`$, the final differential cross sections, at the quasi-free point, are

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d^3\sigma }{d\mathrm{\Omega }_\gamma d\mathrm{\Omega }_NdE_N}}`$ $`=`$ $`56.5\pm 2.8\pm 4.5(\mathrm{proton}),`$ (9)
$`=`$ $`33.3\pm 7.2\pm 3.0(\mathrm{neutron}),`$ (10)
where the units are nb/sr2/MeV, the first error is statistical, and the second is systematic. The proton result is consistent with the recent results of Wissmann et al. .

Since the back-angle Compton cross section is primarily sensitive to the difference of the polarizabilities, $`(\overline{\alpha }\overline{\beta })_p`$ was used as a fit parameter in matching the theoretical calculation Levchuk et al.  to the bound proton data (Fig. 3(a)). The solid line is the theoretical calculation, the thin line is the central fitted value, and the horizontal dashed lines indicate the combined-error band (the quadratic sum of statistical and systematic). The model dependence of the calculation is small compared to the experimental errors. The fitted value,

$$(\overline{\alpha }\overline{\beta })_p=14.7_{4.0}^{+4.6},$$
(11)
is consistent with the free proton result (Eq. 1), as well as with the quasi-free results of Wissmann et al. . This indicates that the theoretical calculations are adequately describing the nuclear effects.

The theoretical calculations have been carried out using a ‘traditional’ value for the backward-spin polarizability of $`\gamma _\pi `$=$`36.8`$. Using the value $`\gamma _\pi `$=$`27.1`$, suggested by Tonnison et al. , results in a fitted value of

$$(\overline{\alpha }\overline{\beta })_p=26.6_{5.8}^{+7.8},$$
(12)
which is over two standard deviations from the free value. Our data show no evidence for modification of $`\gamma _\pi `$, in agreement with the conclusions of Wissmann et al. .

The ratio of the bound proton to the bound neutron quasi-free cross section is 1.70$`\pm `$0.38$`\pm `$0.13. Using the ratio of the measured cross sections minimizes the effect of systematic errors on the extraction of $`(\overline{\alpha }\overline{\beta })_n`$, and reduces the model dependence inherent in extracting information on the free-neutron from quasi-free results. The ratio for the theoretical calculation was obtained by fixing the proton polarizabilities (Eq. 1) and treating $`(\overline{\alpha }\overline{\beta })_n`$ as a fit parameter (Fig. 3(b)). The best fit was obtained with $`(\overline{\alpha }\overline{\beta })_n=12`$, with a lower limit of $`0`$. No upper limit can be obtained. The model uncertainty in extracting $`(\overline{\alpha }\overline{\beta })_n`$ is expected to be negligible compared to the experimental error. The central value is markedly different from the value extracted from elastic Compton scattering from the deuteron (Eq. 6). However, the two are within errors. Invoking the sum rule , the values for the polarizabilities are $`\overline{\alpha }_n=13.6`$, with a lower limit of 7.6, and $`\overline{\beta }_n`$ = 1.6, with an upper limit of 7.6. The upper (lower) limits on $`\overline{\alpha }_n`$ ($`\overline{\beta }_n`$) are unconstrained by the present measurement. Combining our results with those from Rose et al. , we obtain one-sigma constraints of $`\overline{\alpha }_n=7.614.0`$ and $`\overline{\beta }_n=1.27.6`$. These can be compared with recent Chiral Perturbation Theory (ChPT) predictions at $`O(Q^4)`$

$$\overline{\alpha }_n=13.4\pm 1.5,\overline{\beta }_n=7.8\pm 3.6.$$
(13)
From Eqs. 7 and 9 the effective free-proton cross section at $`\theta _\gamma ^{}=135^{}`$ can be determined from that of the bound proton ($`d(\gamma ,\gamma ^{}p)n`$). The result is

$$\frac{d\sigma (\gamma p\gamma ^{}p)}{d\mathrm{\Omega }_\gamma }=66.8\pm 3.4\pm 5.3\mathrm{nb}/\mathrm{sr},$$
(14)
corresponding to E$`{}_{\gamma }{}^{}=244.6`$ MeV for the free proton. Adjusting Eq. 8 to this lower energy results in a $``$5% drop in the measured cross section to 90.1$`\pm `$8.6$`\pm `$3.6 nb/sr. The ratio of the measured to effective free values is $`1.35\pm 0.18`$, indicating they are not in good agreement. Model-dependence in extracting effective free-neutron values from quasi-free should be minimized by using the ratio of quasi-free cross sections, as discussed above. The dispersion calculations of L’vov et al.  predict a free value of 74.2 nb/sr for $`(\overline{\alpha }\overline{\beta })_p`$=10.

Eqs. 7 and 10 can also be used to determine the effective free cross section for the neutron at $`\theta _\gamma ^{}=135^{}`$:

$$\frac{d\sigma (\gamma n\gamma ^{}n)}{d\mathrm{\Omega }_\gamma }=39.5\pm 8.5\pm 3.6\mathrm{nb}/\mathrm{sr},$$
(15)
corresponding to E$`{}_{\gamma }{}^{}=244.6`$ MeV for the free neutron. This is the first experimental determination of the cross section for Compton scattering from the free neutron. An alternate method for extracting the free-neutron cross section from the measured values is to take the ratio of free to quasi-free cross sections for the proton (Eqs. 8 and 9) and multiply by the quasi-free neutron cross section (Eq. 10), resulting in 55.8$`\pm `$13.5$`\pm `$4.9. The ratio of the extracted free values $`1.41\pm 0.47`$ is consistent with unity, albeit with large errors. The dispersion calculations of L’vov et al.  predict a free value of 45.7 nb/sr (for $`(\overline{\alpha }\overline{\beta })_n`$=10) in agreement with the experimental results.

In summary, the polarizabilities of the bound proton and neutron have, for the first time, been simultaneously extracted from quasi-free Compton scattering measurements. The values for the neutron (Eq. 13) are consistent with those known for the free proton (Eq. 5), as expected from charge-symmetry arguments, and are in accord with recent ChPT predictions.

The authors would like to thank M.I. Levchuk, A.I. L’vov, and V.A. Petrun’kin for supplying the results from their theoretical calculations. N.R.K. would like to thank M.I.L. for many useful discussions.

This work was supported in part by grants from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the National Science Foundation (USA).