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# PHYSICAL MODEL OF LEPTONS: MASSIVE ELECTRONS, MUONS, TAUONS AND THEIR MASSLESS NEUTRINOUS

## Abstract

The physical model (PhsMdl) of the leptons is offered by means of the PhsMdls of the vacuum and electron,described in our recent works. It is assumed that the vacuum is consistent by dynamides, streamlined in junctions of some tight crystalline lattice. Every dynamide contains a neutral pair of massless point-like (PntLk) contrary elementary electric charges (ElmElcChrgs): electrino $`()`$ and positrino $`(+)`$. The PntLk ElmElcChrgs of the massless electrino and positrino of some dynamide in the fluctuated vacuum may been excited or deviated by means of some energy, introduced by some photon or other micro particles (MicrPrts). The massless leptons (neutrinos) are neutral long-living solitary spherical vortical oscillation excitations of the uncharged fluctuating vacuum. The massive leptons are charged long-living solitary spherical vortical excitations of its fine spread (FnSpr) elementary electric charge (ElmElcChrg). So-called zitterbewegung is self-consistent strong-correlated vortical harmonic oscillation motion of the FnSpr ElmElcChrg of massive leptons. Different leptons have different self-consistent strong-correlated vortical harmonic oscillation motion of different sizes of their FnSpr ElmElcChrg, which is determined by their Kompton length $`\lambda =\frac{h}{mC}`$, where $`m`$ is the mass of the massive leptons. At mutual transition of one massive lepton into another massive lepton its PntLk ElmElcChrg move up by dint of weak interaction in the form of the charged intermediate vector meson $`W`$ from one self-consistent strong-correlated vortical harmonic oscillation motion of one size into another self-consistent strong-correlated vortical harmonic oscillation motion of another size.

Although up to the present nobody of scientists distinctly knows are there some elementary micro particles (ElmMicrPrts) as a stone of the micro world and what the elementary micro particle (ElmMicrPrt) means, there exists an essential possibility for clear and obvious scientific consideration of the uncommon quantum behaviour and unusual relativistic dynamical parameters of all the relativistic quantized micro particle (QntMicrPrt) by means of our transparent surveyed PhsMdl. It is well known that the physical model (PhsMdl) presents at us as an actual ingradient of every good physical theory (PhsThr). It may be used as for an obvious visual teaching the unknown occurred physical processes within the investigated phenomena, It turned out that all leptons are elementary micro particles (ElmMicrPrt) of two kinds: a charged massive and uncharged massless. The massless leptons (neutrinos) are neutral long-living solitary isotropic three dimensional relativistic quantized (SltIstThrDmnRltQnt) spherical vortex harmonic oscillation (SphrVrtNrmOsc) excitations of the neutral fluctuated vacuum (FlcVcm) without a self-energy at a rest. The massive leptons are charged long-living solitary isotropic three dimensional relativistic quantized (SltIstThrDmnRltQnt) spherical vortical harmonic oscillation (SphrVrtHrmOsc) motion of its fine spread (FnSpr) elementary electric charge (ElmElcChrg). The PhsMdl of the charged massive lepton will be presented by the PhsMdl of one of them, the DrEl. Therefore so-called zitterbewegung by Schrodinger,which is self-consistent strong-correlated vortical harmonic oscillation (VrtHrmOscs) motion of the FnSpr ElmElcChrg of one of massive leptons, electron, is generalized for all charged massive leptons. Therefore different charged massive leptons have different self-consistent strong-correlated vortical harmonic oscillation motion of different sizes of their FnSpr ElmElcChrg, which is determined by their Kompton length $`\lambda =\frac{h}{mC}`$, where $`m`$ is the mass of the massive leptons. At mutual transition of one massive lepton into another massive lepton its PntLk ElmElcChrg move up by means of weak interaction in the form of the charged intermediate vector meson $`W`$ from one self-consistent strong-correlated (VrtHrmOscs) motion of one size into another self-consistent strong-correlated (VrtHrmOscs) motion of another size.

The PhsMdl of the DrEl have offered in all my work in resent nineteen years for bring of light to the physical interpretation of physical cause of the uncommon quantum behaviour of the Schrodinger electron (SchEl) and the relativistic behaviour of the DrEl and give the thru physical interpretation and sense of all its dynamical parameters. Our PhsMdl of the DrEl explain as the physical causes for its unusual stochastic classical dual wave-corpuscular behaviour and so give a new cleared picturesque physical interpretation with mother wit of the physical means of its relativistic dynamical parameters. In our transparent surveyed PhsMdl of the DrEl one will be regarded as some point like (PntLk) ElmElcChrg, taking simultaneously part in four different motions:

A) The isotropic three-dimensional relativistic quantized (IstThrDmnRltQnt) Einstein’s stochastic (EinStch) boson harmonic shudders(BsnHrmShdrs) as a result of momentum recoils (impulse kicks), forcing the charged QntMicrPrt at its continuously stochastical emissions and absorptions of own high energy (HghEnr) virtual photons (StchVrtPhtns) by its PntLk ElmElcChrg. This jerky motion display almost Brownian classical stochastic behaviour (BrnClsStchBhv) with a light velocity C during a small time interval $`\tau _1`$, much less then the period $`T`$ of the IstThrDmnRltQnt Schrodinger fermion (SchFrm) vortical harmonic oscillation (VrtHrmOsc) motion and more larger then the time interval $`\tau _o`$ of the stochastically emission or absorption of the Hgh-Enr StchVrtPhtn by its PntLk ElmElcChrg. The display of the IstThrDmnRltQnt EinStch BsnHrmShds can be observed at the light (RlPhtn) scattering of free DrEl. Indeed, in a consequence of the above investigation we may really consider the IstThrDmnRltQnt FrthStch VrtHrmOscMtn’s ”trajectory” of the DrEl turns into cylindrically fine spread path, which has a form of the distorted figure of eight. The participate the FnSpr ElmElcChrg of DrEl in IstThrDmnRltQnt FrthStch VrtHrmOscMtn well spread (WllSpr) the ElmElcChrg of the SchEl. Further the behaviour of the DrEl’s FnSpr ElmElcChrg may be treated as a nearly Brownian classical stochastic behaviour (BrnClsStchBhv) of the ClsMicrPrt, taking part in the relativistic random trembling motion (RltRndTrmMtn), during the time intervals $`\tau _1`$, much less then the period $`T`$ of the SchFrm VrtHrmOscs and more larger then the time interval $`\tau `$ of the emission and absorption of the Hgh-Enr StchVrtPhtn, the QntElcMgnFld of which form the RslSlfCnsVls of own RslQntElcMgmFld of the DrEl’s FnSpr ElmElcChrg. In a consequence of this the product $`2C\tau `$ may be considered as the space parth values of the DrEl’s PntLk ElmElcChrg, which is passed in the time interval $`2\tau `$ of its absorption and emission (or scattering) of some RlPhtn. In a consequence of this we can easily understand by our felicitous PhsMdl why the classical radius of the LrEl entirely coincides with the size $`\sqrt{\xi ^2}`$ of a spherical fine spread spot with an effective scattering surface $`\pi \xi ^2`$. Therefore the IstThrDmnRltQnt SchFrm VrtHrmOscMtn’s trajectory turns into fine spread path of a cylindrical shape with different radii. Therefore the size of this smallest IstThrDmnRltQnt EinStch BznHrmShd’s motion of the DrEl’s PntLk ElmElcChrg could be determined by the Thompson total cross section. Indeed the averaged cross section of the cylindrical spread path of the IstThrDmnRltQnt StchBsnHrmOscMtn can be determined by the effective total cross section of Thompson of RlPhtn’s scattering from the free DrEl’s, which has a space distribution with a spherical symmetry may be easily obtained by means of the following simple relations, well-known by us from the classical StchMch :

$$\sigma =\pi \xi ^2=\frac{3\pi }{2}\left[\frac{4e^2}{3mC^2}\right]^2=\frac{8\pi }{3}\left[\frac{e^2}{mC^2}\right]^2$$
(1)
It is very important to make here, that this EinStchBznHrmShds have the smallest size and the fastest velocity and therefore the described smallest cross section may be represented as a described roughly by the space distribution of the DrEl’s FnSpt ElmElcChrg :

$$|\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_o(\varrho )|^2=\left[(\frac{3}{5\sqrt{\pi }})^3(\frac{mC^2}{e^2})^3\right]\mathrm{exp}(\frac{\varrho ^2}{\kappa _o^2})$$
(2)
where $`\kappa _o`$ is parameter of the EinStch BsnHrmShds $`(\kappa _o=(5/3)\frac{e^2}{mc^2}`$. The space distribution (2) of the DrEl’s FnSpt ElmElcChrg is described roughly by an OrbWvFnc $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$, having the following form :

$$\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_o(\varrho )=(\sqrt{\pi }\kappa _o)^{}\frac{3}{2}\mathrm{exp}(\frac{\varrho ^2}{2\kappa _o^2})$$
(3)
B) The isotropic three-dimensional relativistic quantized (IstThrDmnRltQnt) Schrodinger fermion vortical harmonic oscillation motion (SchFrmVrtHrmOscMtn). In a consequence of such jerks of the PntLk ElmElcChrg along the IstThrDmnRltQnt EinStchHrmOscShdMtn ”trajectory” the ”trajectory” of the DrEl’s FnSpt ElmElcChrg, participating in the IstThrDmnRltQnt SchFrm VrtHrmOscMtn takes a strongly broken shape. Only after the correspondent averaging over the ”trajectory” of the IstThrDmnRltQnt EinStch BznHrmShdMtn we may obtain the fine spread ”trajectory” of the IstThrDmnRltQnt SchFrm VrtHrmOscs’ one, having got the form of the distorted figure of an eight. Only such a motion along a spread uncommon ”trajectory” of the DrEl’s FnSpt ElmElcChrg could through a new light over the SchEl’s well spread (WllSpr) ElmElcChrg’s space distribution and over the spherical symmetry of the SchEl’s WllSpr ElmElcChrg. It turns up that all relativistic dynamical properties of the DrEl are results of the participation of its fine spread (FnSpr) ElmElcChrg in the Schrodinger’s self-consistent fermion strongly correlated harmonic oscillations motion. This self-consistent strongly correlated IstThrDmnRltQnt SchFrm VrtHrmOsc’s motion may be described mathematically correctly by means of the four components of its total wave function (TtlWvFnc) $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ and four Dirac’s matrices ; $`\alpha _j(\gamma _j)`$ and $`\beta (\gamma _o)`$.

It turned out that all the massive leptons are sums of the corresponding massless lepton (neutrino) and the FnSpr ElmElcChrg, which participates in some kind of a badly known but powerfully correlated self-consistent fermion motion, called zitterbewegung. The different massive leptons are distinguished between them-self by the amplitude size and frequency of its IstThrDmnRltQnt SchFrm VrtHrmOscs, called zitterbewegung. Hence the different aroma of the leptons are different self-consistent spherical excitations of its fine spread (FnSpr) elementary electric charge (ElmElcChrg), which participates in isotropic three dimensional relativistic quantized (IstThrDmnRltQnt) Schrodinger’s fermion (SchrFrm) vortical harmonic oscillations (VrtHrmOscs) of different sizes and frequency, which are determined by their Kompton length $`\lambda =\frac{h}{mC}`$,where $`m`$ is the mass of the massive leptons, at different energies, which are determined by their mass $`m`$.

In such a way the deviated FnSpr ElmElcChrg can creates own self-consistent resultant quantized electromagnetic fields (QntElcMgnFlds) by dint of own high energy stochastic virtual photons (StchVrtPhtns), emitted by itself at different points of its zitterbewegung trajectory and in different moments in positions of the self-consistent powerfully correlated SchrFrm VrtHrmOscs motion. Therefore the rest self-energy of the ElmMicrPrt $`E_o=mc^2`$ is created in a results of the electromagnetic interaction (ElcMgnIntAct) between its PntLk ElmElcChrg and MgnDplMm with the electric intensity (ElcInt) and magnetic intensity (MgnInt) of their own QntElcMgnFld. The own resultant QntElcMgnFld of the PntLk ElmElcChrg of the charged ElmMicrPrt is a result of the sum of the QntElcMgnFlds of constantly emitted stochastic VrtPhtns by same PntLk ElmElcChrg from its different positions of the space in the zitterbewegung trajectory at different moments of a time at its self-consistently powerfully correlated SchrFrm VrtHrmOsc motion. Therefore the different ElmMicrPrts, which are different aromas of the leptons, may be considered as stable excitations of different energy in the uncharged fluctuating vacuum (FlcVcm).

C)The isotropic three-dimensional nonrelativistic quantized (IstThrDmnNrlQnt) Furthian stochastic boson (FrthStchBsn) circular harmonic oscillation motion (CrcHrmOscMtn) of the SchEl as a result of the permanent ElcIntAct of the electric intensity (ElcInt) of the resultant QntElcMgnFld of all the low energetic (LwEmr) StchVrtPhtns, existing within the FlcVcm and generated by dint of the VrtPhtn’s stochastic exchange between them. The SchEl’s motion and its unusual quantized behaviour, described in the NrlQntMch may be easily understood by assuming it as a forced random trembling motion (RndTrmMtn) upon a stochastic joggle influence of the StchVrtPhtns scattering from some FrthQntPrt. Therefore the RndTrmMtn can be approximately described through some determining calculations by means of both the laws of the Maxwell ClsElcDnm and the probabilistic laws of the classical stochastic theory (ClsStchThr). But in a principle the exact description of the SchEl’s uncommon behaviour can be carry into a practice by means only of the laws of NrlQntMch and ClsElcDnm.

Since then it is easily to understand by means of upper account that if the ClsMicrPrt’s motion is going along the clear definitived smooth thin trajectory in accordance with the NrlClsMch, then the QntMicrPrt’s motion is perform in the form of a roughly cylindrical spread path of a cylindrical shape with different radii with centers on a strongly broken line with quite unordered in its direction small straight lines of the RndTrbMtn near the classical one of any NtnClsPrt within the NrlClsMch. As a result of that we can suppose that the unusual dualistic behaviour of QntMicrPrt can be described by dint of

$$r_j=\overline{r}_j+\delta r_j;p_j=\overline{p}_j+\delta p_j;$$
(4)
It turns up that all the quantized dynamical properties of the SchEl are results of the participation of its WllSpt ElmElcChrg in the isotropic three dimensional nonrelativistic quantized (IstThrDmnNrlQnt) Furth’s stochastic (FrthStch) boson harmonic oscillations(BsnHrmOscs). It is used as for a visual teaching the occurred physical processes within the investigated phenomena, so for doing them equal with the capacity of its mathematical correct description by the mathematical apparatus of the both the quantum mechanics : the nonrelativistic (NrlQntMch) and relativistic (RltQntMch).

D) The classical motion of the LrEl along an well contoured smooth and thin trajectory realized in a consequence of some classical interaction (ClsIntAct) of its over spread (OvrSpr) ElmElcChrg, bare mass or magnetic dipole moment (MgnDplMm) with some external classical fields (ClsFlds), described by well known laws of the Newton nonrelativistic classical mechanics (NrlClsMch). This motion may be finically described by virtue of the laws of both the NrlClsMch and the classical electrodynamics (ClsElcDnm);

We must draw attention here that two massive leptons of same aroma may been distinguished also by direction of its twirl. But if only massless leptons have primary twirl the massive leptons may have both twirls. We must draw attention also here that the neutral spherical vortex excitations may been distinguished only by direction of its twirl. As there are possibility for two opportunity twirls then neutrino has left-handed twirl and therefore the spin direction of the neutrino is antiparallel of its impulses direction while the antineutrino has right-handed twirl and therefore the spin direction of the antineutrino is parallel of its impulses direction. For knowing this it is very interesting why many theoretical physicists debate frequently why there are as left-handed photons so there are and right-handed photons, but nobody speaks about photons and antiphotons. However as because massless leptons (neurtinos) participate in the weak interactions therefore the primary twirl may been observanted in the weak interaction. Therefore many of them assert that there is asymmetry between weak interaction and electromagnetic interaction. Indeed if somebody of them call the left-handed photon a photon and call the right-handed photon an antiphoton, then both interactions, weak and electromagnetic should been semantically.

In is easily to perceive that at the attentive analysis of the decay formulas of the different lepton aromas :

$$\tau ^+\mu ^++\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\tau +\nu _\mu ,\tau ^+e^++\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\tau +\nu _e,\mu ^+e^++\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\mu +\nu _e,$$
(5)
$$\tau ^{}\mu ^{}+\nu _\tau +\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\mu ,\tau ^{}e^{}+\nu _\tau +\stackrel{~}{\nu }_e,\mu ^{}e^{}+\nu _\mu +\stackrel{~}{\nu }_e,$$
(6)
It is seen by means of these formulas that we are ability to write the follow equations:

$$\tau ^+=W^++\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\tau ,\mu ^+=W^++\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\mu ,e^+=W^++\stackrel{~}{\nu }_e,$$
(7)
$$\tau ^{}=W^{}+\nu _\tau ,\mu ^{}=W^{}+\nu _\mu ,e^{}=W^{}+\nu _e,$$
(8)
It is easily to understand from upper that from both group decay formulas we are ability to assume the existence of the follow decay reactions:

$$W^+\tau ^++\nu _\tau ,W^+\mu ^++\nu _\mu ,W^+e^++\nu _e,$$
(9)
$$W^{}\tau ^{}+\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\tau ,W^{}\mu ^{}+\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\mu ,W^{}e^{}+\stackrel{~}{\nu }_e,$$
(10)
The upper decay reaction remain us about the emmiting of a real photon (RlPht) by stimulated atom. Really as we well know the Rlpht is no found within stimulated atom before its radiation.Therefore we can speak only about the electrino,positrino and neutrinos.That is why we can use the following formal registration:

$$\tau ^+=(+)+\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\tau ,\mu ^+=(+)+\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\mu ,e^+=(+)+\stackrel{~}{\nu }_e,$$
(11)
$$\tau ^{}=()+\nu _\tau ,\mu ^{}=()+\nu _\mu ,e^{}=()+\nu _e$$
(12)
But the upper decay reaction have no means that the charged intermediate vector bosons $`W`$ are composed from some aroma lepton and its neutrino, as in reality the charged intermediate vector bosons $`W`$ are created only in the time of transfer beginning od the PntLk ElmElcChrg from one ElmPrt to other ElmPrt and are existed only during the time interval of same transfer. We can distinctly see this from the following equation:

$$Z^o=\nu _e+\stackrel{~}{\nu }_e,Z^o=\nu _\mu +\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\mu ,Z^o=\nu _\tau +\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\tau ,$$
(13)
The equation (13) shows that the neutral intermediate vector boson $`Z^o`$ contains two opposite PntLk ElmElcChrgs (electrino and positrino). During the time interval of the decay of the neutral intermediate vector boson $`Z^o`$ both its opposite PntLk ElmElcChrgs reconstruct own self-consistent motions and annihilate, formating one dynamide, while its flat motions decay in two parallel neutral spherical vortical excitations: neutrino and antineutrino of same aroma.

But the upper decay reaction have no means that the some massive charged lepton is composed from same aroma neutrino and the PntLk ElmElcChrg of the negative charged intermediate vector bosons $`W^{}`$ and every massive antilepton is sum of its antineutrino and positive charged intermediate vectorial boson $`W^+`$. Indeed, although the decay of one lepton from another lepton is accompanied with leaping its negative PntLk ElmElcChrgthe in a state of the negative charged intermediate vectorial boson $`W^{}`$ from one neutrino to another neutrino. But this decay don’t means that every massive lepton is sum of its neutrino and negative charged intermediate vectorial boson $`W^{}`$ Really we can think that some massive lepton receives energy from fluctuating vacuum (FlcVcm) by dint of some virtual photon (VrtPhtn) or virtual gluon (VrtGln) and therefore it generate neutrino of its aroma in time moment of its transition in state of the negative charged intermediate vectorial boson $`W^{}`$ In such the way the unstable negative charged intermediate vectorial boson $`W^{}`$ gives back of FlcVcm borrowing from it energy in form of the VrtPhtn or VrtGln and after that its negative PntLk ElmElcChrg emits the antineutrino of same aroma, which aroma has the lepton massive state, which it occupy, without disintegrating itself of the negative charged intermediate vectorial boson $`W^{}`$ and massless neutrino.

However there is possibility to understand by means of upper decay relation why exist lepton and antilepton numbers and weak charges, satisfying the conservation laws and why absent the electric charge from symmetry law. Indeed, if negative charged intermediate vectorial boson $`W^{}`$ has spin minus $`\mathrm{}`$, then in order to some lepton with spin a minus half $`\mathrm{}`$, we must add only the antineutrino with spin a half $`\mathrm{}`$. If we wish to make some antilepton, then to neutrino with a spin minus half $`\mathrm{}`$ we must accompanied with leaping the positive charged intermediate vectorial boson $`W^+`$ with a spin $`\mathrm{}`$.

The upper decay group formulas teach us that the PntLk ElmElcchrg of different leptons participates in some IstThrDmnRltQnt self-consistent and powerful correlated SchrFrnHrmOsc motion (zitterbewegung) of different sizes and at different energies. Therefore at the mutual transitions between them there give birth of pair neutrino $`\nu _l`$ and antineutrino $`\stackrel{~}{\nu _l}`$ of the same aroma and the PntLk ElmElcChrd pass from own neutrino (antineutrino) to the new birthed neutrino (antineutrino) in the form of the charged intermediate vectorial boson $`W`$. This is a natural way from which we can see the unity of the field neutral excitations in the FlcVcm and its substantial charged excitations, offered by modernity relativistic quantum mechanics (RltQntMch), quantum electrodynamics (QntElcDnm) and quantum theory of field (QntThrFld). The electric interaction (ElcIntAct) of the resultant QntElcMgnFld of all the StchVrtPhtns, exchanged from the FlcVcm with the ElmMicrPrt’s PntLk ElmElcChrg creates their diverse oscillations along its classical well contoured smooth and thin trajectory, spread and turned it into wide path, described by its OrbWvFnc $`(\mathrm{\Psi })`$ within the nonrelativistic quantum mechanics (NrlQntMch) .

It turns out that we describe only three aroma massive and massless leptons. In approximation of a mathematical correct substitution of the three one-dimensional powerful correlated fermion harmonic oscillations with three one-dimensional independent boson harmonic oscillations the size of each aroma of leptons is determined by length of its Kompton wave $`\lambda =\frac{h}{mC}`$. As the masses of three massive lepton aromas have very big different values $`(1,207,1785)m_eC^2`$, then and the size of each lepton aroma must very strong differ one from other. Here I wish to show one very interesting coincidence. Indeed, if the total energy of each charged massive leptons is a sum of its self-energy of rest $`m.C^2`$ and of the potential energy of its PntLk ElmElcChrg in own averaged QntElcMfnFld $`(2/3)\frac{e^2}{C\mathrm{}}m.C^2`$, then the total energy of the muon $`\mu `$ $`m_\mu .C^2`$ is equal of the sum of its self-energy of rest $`m_\mu .C^2`$ and of the energy of the electron $`m_e.C^2`$, which is the potential energy of its PntLk ElmElcChrg in own averaged QntElcMgnFld $`\frac{2}{3}\frac{e^2}{C\mathrm{}}m_\mu .C^2`$. Indeed :

$$m_e\left\{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}+(3/2)\frac{C\mathrm{}}{e^2}\right\}m_\mu \mathrm{or}\left(\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}+\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}205.54}\right)\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}206.7}$$
(14)
Really by means of upper equation (14) we can assert that the total energy $`m_e.C^2`$ of the electron is an equal of the potential energy of the PntLk ElmElcChrg of muon in own averaged QntElcMgnFld. From research of the upper decay formulas we can understand that the weak interaction is result of the charged (or neutral) intermediate vector bosons $`W`$ (or $`Z`$) mutually interchange between leptons and others elementary micro particles (ElmMicrPrt). The formation of the lepton with a spin of the half of $`\mathrm{}`$ from charged intermediate vector boson $`W`$ with a spin of one $`\mathrm{}`$ and another lepton with a spin of the half of $`\mathrm{}`$ determines the choice rule of the participating the lepton in this interaction.

The relation $`E^2=p^2c^2+m^2c^4`$ between the energy, impulse and mass of the ClsMacrPrt may be obtained through the use of the Maxwell’s equations of the classical electrodynamics (ClsElcDnm),as a result of the relation between the harmonic oscillations of the impulse of a charged ClsMacrPrt and the vector-potential of its ClsElcMgnFld. The parameters of own resultant QntElcMgnFld in the point of the moment positions of the QntMicrPrt’s PntLk ElmElcChrg and value of its rest-self energy may be determined by the agency of the mathematical apparatus of the RltQntMch, QntThrFld and QntElcDnm. The created by this way own resultant QntElcMgnFld have zero values of the electric intensity (ElcInt) of own resultant QntElcFld in the point of the moment position of a MicrPrt’s PntLk ElmElcChrg and doubled value of the magnetic intensity (MgnInt) of own resultant QntMgnFld in this point in a respect of the MgnInt of the ClsMgnFld, created by the small spread (SmlSpr) ElmElcChrg, participating in isotropic three dimensional relativistic classical (IstThrDmnRltCls) Debay boson harmonic oscillations (DbBsnHrmOscs) with same the energy.

The electric interaction (ElcIntAct) of the resultant QntElcMgnFld of the StchVrtPhtns from the fluctuating vacuum (FlcVcm) with a ElmMicrPrt’s WllSpr ElmElcChrg creates their diverse oscillations along its classical trajectory, spread and turned into an wide path within the nonrelativistic quantum mechanics (NrlQunMch). Such IstThrDmnRltQnt Furthian stochastic boson circular harmonic oscillation motion (FrthStchBsnCrcHrmOscMtn) secures the existence of an additional mechanical moment (MchMm) of the QntMicrPrt, as and anomalous part of its MgnDplMm. The energy of the StchVrtPhtns exchanged between QntMicrPrt’s WllSpr ElmElcChrg and the FlcVcm gives a possibility of the QntMicrPrts to make tunneling through potential barriers, which are impassable in a classical way. The QntMicrPrt gathers from the FlcVcm at its IstThrMrnRltQnt BrnStchBsnCrcHrmOscMtn for potential energies of an averaged ElcFld of its WllSpr ElmElcChrg. Therefore the potential energies of this field don’t take part in equations between an inserted energy in the beginning of the birth of the ElmMicrPrts and obtained after its end.

These isotropic three dimensional relativistic quantized (IstThrDmnRltQnt) Schrodinger fermion vortical harmonic oscillation (SchFrmVrtHrmOsc) motion (zitterbewegung) of the ElmMicrPrt’s FnSpr ElmElcChrg correspond to its inner harmonical motion, introduced by Louis de Broglier. The Schrodinger’s zitterbewegung is some powerful correlation fermion self-consistent motion, who minimizes the rest self-energy of the ElmMicrPrt and secures the continuous stability of the Schrodinger’s wave package (SchWvPck) in the space inanalogous of the Debay wave package (DbWvPck). In such a way we understand that the energetical advantage of the self-consistent strong correlated zitterbewegung, which minimizes the energy of ElcMgnSlfAct between the FnSpr ElmElcChrg and its own resultant QntElcMgnFld secures the stability of the SchrWvPck in the space and time.

The emission and absorption of high energy StchVrtPhtns by the PntLk ElmElcChrg of the charged ElmMicrPrt forces itself to make a isotropic three-dimensional relativistic quantized (IstThrDmnRltQnt) Einstein stochastic (EinStch) boson harmonic oscillation motion (BsnHrmOscMtn), which makes the smooth trajectory of the SchrFrm VrtHrmOscMtn a thickly and strongly broken line with shortest and very disordered straight lines. The fine spread (FnSpr) of the SchrFrm VrtHrmOscMtn’s trajectory by very rapid jerk EinStch BsnHrmOscMtn may be observed at the scattering of the light (RlPhtns) on the free Dirac electrons (DrEl). Indeed, the IstThrDmnRltQnt SchrFrm VrtHrmOscMtn’s trajectory turns into roughly spread path of a cylindrical shape with different radii. The averaged cross section of the cylindrical spread path of the IstThrDmnRltQnt StchBsn VrtHrmOscMtn can be determined by Thompson total cross section $`\sigma =\frac{8\pi }{3}\left[\frac{e^2}{mC^2}\right]^2`$ of the of the light (RlPhtns) at the free DrEl ,which determines the classical radius $`r_o=\frac{2e^2}{mC^2}\sqrt{2/3}`$ of the LrEl.

Although till now nobody knows what the ElmmICRpRT means, there exists a possibility for a consideration of the unusual behaviour of the quantized micro particles (QntMicrPrts), of such as leptons and adrons by dint of an analogy with the transparent surveyed PhsMdl of the DrEl. By our PhsMdl of the leptons at transition of the PntLk ElmElkChrg from one massless leptons (its neutrino) to another massless leptons (its neutrino) it takes form of a charged intermediate vector meson $`W`$. In such a way the weak interaction between two leptons may be realized by a transition of one PntLk ElmElcChrg from one neutrino (anti neutrino) to another neutrino (antineutrino) in the form of a charged intermediate vector meson $`W`$.

It seems to me the existance of two very interesting facts,having common physical cause.The first is concurrence of the energy of one degree of freedom in charged lepton $`\mu `$-meson and in charged admeson $`\pi `$-meson. Indeed, if in isotropic three dimensional solitary vortical harmonic ocsillations of FnSpr ElmElcChrg of $`\mu `$-meson have three degrees of freedom and therefore $`3\mathrm{}\omega =2mC^2=213.2`$Mev. Hence the energy of one degree of freedom can be determined $`\frac{\mathrm{}\omega }{2}=35.5`$Mev. If we take into consideration that the FnSpr ElmElcChrg of $`\pi `$-meson takes participation in two quasi-plane circular harmonic oscillations with opportunity orientations and therefore has energy 2$`\mathrm{}\omega =139.6`$Mev. Hence the energy of one degree of freedom can be determined $`\frac{\mathrm{}\omega }{2}=34.9`$Mev. As we can see by comparision of two results this coincidence is very accurate. On this reason we can assume that the areas of their oscillations must also coincidence and therefore the OrbWvFnc of both FnSpr ElmElcChrg. May be therefore the decay of the positive (negative) charged $`\pi `$-meson in $`100\%`$ occurs through the positive (negative) $`\mu `$-meson and $`\mu `$-neutrino (antineutrino). This second coincidence gives us many correct answer of the question for inner structure of the elementary micro particles (ElmMicrPrts).

I think that is very interesting to wtite the equations of the incomprehencible decay down:

$`\pi ^+W^+\mu ^++\nu _\mu ,\pi ^{}W^{}\mu ^{}+\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\mu ,`$ (15)
$`\pi ^+W^+e^++\nu _e,\pi ^{}W^{}e^{}+\stackrel{~}{\nu }_e,`$ (16)
As for the radiation of the spontaneous real photon (RlPhtn) from the excitative atom it is necessary the presence of the virtual photon (VrtPhtn) for the creation of the electric dipole moment (ElcDplMm), so for the decay of a charged $`\pi `$-meson it is necessary the presence of a virtual gluon for an overturning of the spin of one of its quarks, by which charged $`\pi `$-meson turns into charged virtual $`\rho `$-meson, which can immediately decay into charged intermediate vector boson $`W`$. At the subsequent transfer of the charged intermediate vector bozon $`W`$ in a pair of massive and massless leptons of equal aroma the participating in the decay gluon go back in the FlcVcm. Therefore instead of upper decays we must used the following equations :

$`\pi ^++\delta W^+\mu ^++\nu _\mu ,\pi ^{}+\delta W^{}\mu ^{}+\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\mu ,`$ (17)
$`\pi ^++\delta W^+e^++\nu _e,\pi ^{}+\delta W^{}e^{}+\stackrel{~}{\nu }_e,`$ (18)
For the first time in a hundred-years history of an electron, common known as the smallest stable ElmMicrPrt, there exist a posibility for a consideration of its unusual behaviour by means of a transparent PhsMdl realized in a natural way without any irreconcilable contradictions. I cherish hope that our consideration from quit new point of view of my PhsMdl of all leptons by means of the PhsMdl of the electron will be of great interes for all scientists. Our PhsMdl explain as the structure of leptons and adrons and the nature of their interaction so the existence of a possibility for joint description of a field and substantial form of the matter as unity whole in the physical science, which are submitted to an united, fundamental and invariable laws of nature.


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# The Structure of a Vortex in the t-J Model

## Abstract

We study the single-vortex solution of the t-J model within resonating-valence-bond (RVB) mean-field theory. We find two types of vortex cores, insulating and metallic, depending on the parameters of the model. The pairing order parameter near both cores have $`d_{x^2y^2}+i\eta d_{xy}`$ symmetry. For some range of $`t/J`$ the calculated tunneling spectrum of the metallic vortex core agrees qualitatively with the STM tunneling data for BSCCO.

Recent STM experiments on vortex states in high $`T_c`$ cuprates have revealed many interesting properties that are not adequately described on theoretical grounds. Most of the existing literature relies on conventional Bogoliubov-de Gennes (BdG) aproach with a $`d`$-wave order parameter. In the mean time it is widely appreciated that the high temperature superconductors are doped Mott insulators, and there is no a priori reason for the conventional BdG description to be applicable there.

In the present paper we report the first unrestricted (see below) mean-field theory study for the vortex states in the t-J model with Coulomb interaction. The main results are as follows. 1) Depending on parameters of the model there exists two types of vortices, one with insulating core and the other with metallic core. At a fixed $`t/J`$ and Coulomb interaction strength, the insulating core is favored by low doping while the metallic core is favored by high doping. 2) Near the core of the vortex the pairing order parameter has $`d_{x^2y^2}+i\eta d_{xy}`$ symmetry (see later discussions). The value of $`\eta `$ tends to increase with doping. 3) The total integrated single-electron spectral weight is proportional to the local concentration of holes. (In reality the lost spectral weight will appear at energies above the charge gap which is taken to be infinite in the t-J model.) 4) The details of the tunneling spectrum inside a metallic vortex core, such as the existence of zero-bias peak, depends sensitively on the parameter choices for $`t/J`$, Coulomb strength, and doping. However the gross feature that the coherence peak tends to be suppressed in exchange for low-lying spectral weight is observed in all cases. For the insulating core, the spectral weight is zero due to the Mott constraint. For both cores the background $`d`$-wave behavior is recovered within a few lattice spacings from the center of the core.

In standard notation, the Hamiltonian of the t-J model is given by

$$H=t\underset{ij}{}(c_{j\sigma }^{}c_{i\sigma }+h.c.)+J\underset{ij}{}(𝐒_i𝐒_j\frac{1}{4}n_in_j).$$
(1)
In addition, due to the strong on-site repulsion the low-energy Hilbert space is constrained to have no more than one electron per site.

So far this Hamiltonian has evaded exact solution in space dimensions greater than one. Limited exact diagonalization results are often too small in system size to make a statement about complex experimental situations. Meanwhile quite a lot is known about the various mean-field states of this model. In particular the qualitative prediction of the phase diagram by the “RVB” mean-field theory agrees with the experimental findings. Recently one of us showed that in the superconducting state the gross prediction of the mean-field theory survives the low-energy gauge fluctuations .

In this paper we extend the mean-field treatment of Ref. to study a single superconducting vortex. Since the presence of a vortex breaks the translational symmetry, we allow all the mean-field order parameters to be site/bond-dependent. We call such calculation an “unrestricted” mean-field theory. A similar approach has been used recently to study the stripe phase of the t-J model. We believe that this mean-field theory should be adequate to describe the relatively high-energy and short-distance physics of the vortex core.

Our starting point is the boson-fermion Lagrangian

$`L`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\{\overline{b}_i(_ti\lambda _i\mu )b_i+\overline{f}_{i\sigma }(_ti\lambda _i)f_{i\sigma }\}t{\displaystyle \underset{ij}{}}(b_i\overline{b}_j\overline{f}_{i\sigma }f_{j\sigma }+h.c.)+{\displaystyle \frac{V_c}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{ij}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_{ij}}}\overline{b}_ib_i\overline{b}_jb_j`$ (3)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{J}{4}}{\displaystyle \underset{ij}{}}\{\overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{ij}\mathrm{\Delta }_{ij}+\overline{K}_{ij}K_{ij}(\overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{ij}P_{ij}+h.c.)(\overline{K}_{ij}H_{ij}+h.c.)n_in_j\}.`$
In the above $`P_{ij}=ϵ_{\sigma \sigma ^{}}f_{i\sigma }f_{j\sigma ^{}}`$, $`H_{ij}=\overline{f}_{j\sigma }f_{i\sigma }`$ (summed over spin), $`\lambda _i`$ is the Lagrange multiplier that ensures the occupancy constraint, and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{ij}`$ and $`K_{ij}`$ are Hubbard-Stratonovich fields. In the mean-field approximation $`b_i,\lambda _i,K_{ij},\mathrm{\Delta }_{ij}`$ are all treated as time-independent classical fields that minimize the action. Note that we have also included the long-ranged Coulomb interaction in the model. Since we are treating $`b_i`$’s as classical fields, the Coulomb interaction is in effect incorporated in the Hartree approximation. Making use of the invariance of the action under local gauge transformation $`b_je^{i\varphi _j}b_j`$ and $`f_je^{i\varphi _j}f_j`$, we will restrict $`b_i`$ to be real and positive. The values of $`t/J`$ and $`V_c/J`$ appropriate for the cuprate superconductors are not known exactly. In this paper we study a range of values for such parameters and several doping concentrations.

The homogeneous mean-field ground state of the above action is the $`d`$-wave superconducting phase first worked out by Kotliar and Liu. In our notation, such ground state corresponds to $`\lambda _i=\lambda `$, and $`b_i=\sqrt{x}`$ at every site ($`x=`$hole doping). To test our calculation we first study the homogeneous system using the unrestricted mean-field theory. We find that for doping concentration $`x`$ that is neither too small nor too large the solution is the uniform $`d`$-wave superconducting phase. As a typical example, the electron density in the central $`12\times 12`$ region is shown for $`t/J=1.25`$, $`V_c/J=1.25`$ and $`x=30/256`$ in figure 1(a). Due to the open boundary condition used, the electrons tend to accumulate at the edge (not shown), leaving a somewhat higher hole density in the interior. We note that the electron density actually drops before it increases. When the same unrestricted mean-field theory is applied to the insulating limit, $`x=0`$, we find the plaquette-valence-bond state first discussed by Affleck and Marston. The fact that we do not get the Néel state for zero doping is a well-known artifact of the RVB mean-field theory. At large enough doping ($`x>x_c`$) we find $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{ij}=0`$ and the solution describes a Fermi liquid.

We now turn to the case of a $`hc/2e`$ vortex in the superconducting state. In the following we shall only present our $`16\times 16`$ results for $`t/J=1.25`$. We single out $`t/J=1.25`$ in our study because in its neighborhood the calculated tunneling spectrum agrees qualitatively with the experimental findings. For considerably larger $`t/J`$ the calculated tunneling spectrum deviates from the experimental measured one. For example for $`t/J=3`$ and $`x=30/256`$ we find a zero-bias peak in the tunneling spectrum. It is clear that we are more interested in results that are independent of the parameter choice. The rest of the parameters we use are $`0.125V_c/J1.25`$, and $`16/256x38/256`$.

The vorticity is imposed via the initial parameters

$$K_{ij}=K_0,\mathrm{\Delta }_{ij}=\mathrm{\Delta }_{ij}^0e^{i\theta _{ij}},b_i=\sqrt{x},\lambda _i=\mu _0$$
(4)
where $`K_0,\mathrm{\Delta }_{ij}^0,\mu _0`$ are the bulk mean-field parameters ($`\mathrm{\Delta }_{ij}^0`$ has $`d_{x^2y^2}`$ symmetry), and $`\theta _{ij}`$ measures the angle made by the position vector of the center of the $`ij`$ bond and a fixed axis. We subsequently update the above parameters self-consistently. Upon reaching self-consistency we find that $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{ij}=\mathrm{\Delta }_{ij}^{^{}}e^{i\theta _{ij}}`$, with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{ij}^{^{}}`$ having $`d_{x^2y^2}+i\eta d_{xy}`$ symmetry.

One important feature of our mean-field solution is that it obeys

$`\overline{b}_ib_i+\overline{f}_{i\sigma }f_{i\sigma }=1,i`$ (5)
$`(K_{ij}+t\overline{b}_jb_i)\overline{f}_{i\sigma }f_{j\sigma }+tK_{ij}\overline{b}_ib_jc.c.=0,ij.`$ (6)
These equations imply that, on average, the total boson and fermion 3-currents do not fluctuate. This is a direct consequence of the strong correlation physics inherent in the t-J model. In the field-theoretic treatment, a space-time local version of the above constraints arises as a consequence of integrating out the gauge fluctuation.

A main conclusion of our work is the existence of two types of vortex cores \- one with an insulating and the other with a metallic core. Small $`V_c`$ and low doping density favors the insulating core, and otherwise the metallic core is favored.

In Table I we summarize our findings for a number of different parameter choices. Based on this study we propose that at a fixed Coulomb interaction strength, the vortex core changes its nature from metallic to insulating as the system is progressively underdoped.

Vortex with Metallic Core: In figure 1(b) we show a typical example of a metallic-core vortex. We plot the electron density profile near the center of a vortex for $`V_c/J=1.25`$ and $`x=30/256`$. First we note a slight increase of electron density in the vortex core. In figure 2(b) we show the local density of states (DOS) associated with a site on the central plaquette of the same vortex. Compared with the bulk DOS (black curve) there seems to be more states at low energies in the vortex core (red curve). As we step away from the central plaquette the two curves become indistinguishable beyond 4-5 lattice spacings. As mentioned earlier the self-consistent order parameter $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{ij}`$ near the vortex core shows $`d_{x^2y^2}+i\eta d_{xy}`$ symmetry. For $`x=30/256`$ and $`38/256`$, $`\eta `$ is about $`30\%`$ in the immediate vicinity of the core center. For $`x=24/256`$ and $`x=16/256`$, we find $`\eta 20\%`$ and $`3\%`$ respectively. Presumably a larger circulating current associated with higher doping is responsible for this change in $`\eta `$. The appearance of the $`id_{xy}`$ component inside the vortex and its consequence on the tunneling spectra were considered by several authors.

Inside the metallic vortex core, the low-lying DOS depends sensitively on the doping level. This is illustrated in figure 2 where we fix $`V_c/J`$ at 1.25 and vary the doping level among $`x=16/256,30/256`$, and $`38/256`$. For $`x=16/256`$, some of the spectral weights for $`|E|J`$ is lost, while the lower energy portion is nearly unchanged. The integrated DOS is clearly reduced by the vortex. For $`x=30/256`$, much of the lost spectral weight under the peaks at $`E=\pm J`$ has re-emerged at lower energies. For $`x=38/256`$, the peaks at $`E=\pm J`$ are entirely gone, and the DOS near $`E=0`$ is considerably higher. We believe that the low-lying DOS profile is determined by the following two factors. 1)The presence of the $`id_{xy}`$ component opens up a gap and hence pushes the states away from $`E=0`$. 2)The circulating current Doppler-shifts the quasiparticle energy levels and increases the DOS at $`E=0`$. The dependence of the detailed shape of DOS on the choice of $`t/J,V_c/J,x`$ simply reflects the variation of the above two factors with the parameters.

When comparing the local DOS in the vortex core and far away, it is important to bear in mind that in the present description the total integrated electron local DOS is proportional to $`|b_i|^2`$. Since the vortex core has a higher electron density compared with the bulk, the corresponding $`|b_i|^2`$ is smaller. As a result it will appear that some electron spectral weight has simply disappeared in the vortex core. In reality, the lost spectral weight should appear at energies greater than the Hubbard gap, which is treated as infinity in the present model.

The extra low-energy DOS induced by the vortex diminishes with distance from the core. Experimentally Pan et al. have measured the excess conductance at a fixed bias voltage in BSCCO and found that it decays exponentially. For the system with $`x=30/256`$ and $`V_c/J=1.25`$ (Fig. 2(b)), we have calculated the extra DOS at a fixed energy, $`E=0.3J`$. Figure 3(a) shows such “excess conductance” for the center $`10\times 10`$ sites. We have also plotted the conductance along the diagonal (nodal) direction with distance in Fig. 3(b), where the straight line is a pure exponential behavior. The fall-off distance deduced from this plot is approximately three lattice spacings. The excess conductance shows considerable amount of angular variation, with the maximum occurring along the nodal directions. Such anisotropy was not seen within the experimental resolution.

Clearly we do not intend to compare our results quantitatively with the measured ones. It is however significant that there is a range of (reasonable) parameter choice that yields results in qualitative agreement with the experimental findings. For this reason we believe that the model we study does capture the essence of the vortex physics in the cuprates.

Vortex with Insulating Core: In figure 1(c) we show a typical example of an insulating-core vortex, found for $`V_c/J=0.125`$ and $`x=16/256`$. In this case the electron density in the central $`4\times 4`$ plaquette nearly reached one. The coupling of the central insulating region and the surrounding is very weak, i.e. the links connecting any of the core sites with the non-core sites have $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{ij}0`$, $`K_{ij}0`$. Since $`|b_i|^20`$ in the core there is negligible single-electron spectral weight there. The spin excitation spectrum in the vortex core is almost the same as that of the plaquette-valence-bond state of the insulating limit, i.e. a spin gap approximately equal to $`2J`$ separates the ground state singlet from the first excited state. It is possible that this feature is an artifact of the inadequacy of the RVB mean-field theory to correctly describe the N(́e)el state. Outside the vortex core $`|b_i|^2>0`$ and the electron local DOS gradually recovers its bulk value. As in the metallic case the integrated spectral weight suffers a factor of $`|b_i|^2/x`$ suppression compared with the bulk. In the vicinity of the core we observe $`d_{x^2y^2}+i\eta d_{xy}`$ order parameter. For underdoped materials, the evolution of DOS in the above-mentioned manner as the tunneling tip moves away from the center of the vortex will be an indication of the existence of insulating core. The possibility that for low doping the vortices can have insulating cores has been discussed in several earlier works. The existence of this type of vortex will be a clear manifestation of the proximity of the superconducting system to the Mott insulator. We believe that the insulating vortex core and the appearance of charge stripes in the underdoped cuprates have a common origin – at a particular doping density the system is on the brim of phase separation.

We conclude by noting that, since low-energy-integrated spectral weight is directly proportional to the local hole density, a careful measurement of its variation can, in principle, reveal the local charge distribution. This suggests an interesting possibility of determining the presence of a vortex or a charge stripe by direct imaging in STM experiments.

We are grateful to G. Baskaran, Seamus Davis, Eric Hudson, Steve Kivelson, S.-H. Pan, Subir Sachdev, Matthias Vojta, and Ziqiang Wang for valuable discussions, and to Marcel Franz for sending his manuscripts prior to publication. We are particularly grateful to Ned Wingreen for numerous insightful remarks and questions. We also wish to thank NEC research for the use of their computing facility. DHL is supported by NSF grant DMR 99-71503.


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# 1 Introduction and conclusions

## 1 Introduction and conclusions

M-theory compactified on $`O_7X_6\times S^1/𝐙_2`$, where $`X_6`$ is a Calabi-Yau (CY) three-fold, leads to a four-dimensional theory with $`N=1`$ local supersymmetry. In the low-energy limit, M-theory information can be organized as an expansion in powers of the eleven-dimensional gravitational constant $`\kappa _{11}`$ . The lowest order $`\kappa _{11}^2`$ is eleven-dimensional supergravity . In a compactification on $`S^1/𝐙_2`$ only, the next orders are known to include orbifold plane contributions as well as gauge and gravitational anomaly-cancelling terms . Similarly, the effective four-dimensional supergravity can be formulated as an expansion in the four-dimensional gravitational constant $`\kappa `$, even if string theory rather suggests to use the dilaton as expansion parameter. The lowest order $`\kappa ^2`$ is the $`S^1/𝐙_2`$ truncation of eleven-dimensional supergravity on a CY three-fold. The next order includes super-Yang-Mills (SYM) and charged matter kinetic and superpotential contributions. Sigma-model anomaly-cancelling terms modifying in particular the gauge thresholds are then also involved. These first corrections to the low-energy limit of M-theory compactifications on $`O_7`$ are identical to those obtained from heterotic compactifications on CY. The literature gives a detailed description of these results, with particular attention paid to the ‘strong-coupling heterotic limit’ in which the size of the CY space is smaller than the orbifold length, supersymmetry breaking by gaugino condensation and non-standard embeddings .

In this note, we give the structure of the four-dimensional $`N=1`$ wilsonnian effective supergravity describing the universal massless sector of M-theory compactified on $`O_7`$. We begin by writing the theory corresponding to the reduction of the bulk eleven-dimensional supergravity directly in terms of four-dimensional ‘M-theory supermultiplets’. The supersymmetrized Bianchi identities for the components of the M-theory tensor field strength are promoted to equations of motion using ‘Lagrange multiplets’. Within this ‘off-shell’ approach, we can then introduce ‘source multiplets’ to take into account the contributions of the $`S^1/𝐙_2`$ planes which appear as modifications of the Bianchi identities. This formulation is also particularly appropriate for the inclusion of non-perturbative states (M-theory five-branes, condensates, etc.).

The material presented here is detailed in ref.  and a forthcoming publication  will contain a direct application of our approach (the coupling of five-brane moduli to the background).

## 2 The bulk Lagrangian

In this section, we establish our basic procedure by considering the well-known ‘bulk dynamics’, which follows from $`O_7`$ compactification of eleven-dimensional supergravity. The resulting Lagrangian is the lowest order in the $`\kappa `$-expansion and describes Kaluza-Klein (KK) massless modes of eleven-dimensional supergravity.

We will precisely describe two aspects which may be of importance in M-theory compactifications. Firstly, we will introduce chiral, linear or vector supermultiplets with constraints in order to obtain a supersymmetric version of the Bianchi identities satisfied by antisymmetric tensors. Secondly, we will use superconformal supergravity in which we can keep open the choice of gravity frame.

### 2.1 Superconformal formalism

We use the superconformal formulation of $`N=1`$ supergravity with a chiral compensating multiplet $`S_0`$ (with conformal and chiral weights $`w=1`$ and $`n=1`$) to generate Poincaré theories by gauge fixing. In this formalism, a change of frame corresponds to a different Poincaré gauge condition applied on the modulus of the scalar compensator $`z_0`$, which fixes dilatation symmetry. Up to terms with more than two derivatives and up to terms which would contribute to kinetic terms in a fermionic background only , the most general supergravity Lagrangian reads111 Except otherwise mentioned, our notations for superconformal expressions are as in refs. , from where the original literature can also be traced back. The appendix of ref.  displays the conventions we follow through this note.

$$=\left[S_0\overline{S}_0\mathrm{\Phi }\right]_D+\left[S_0^3W\right]_F+\frac{1}{4}\left[f_{ab}𝒲^a𝒲^b\right]_F.$$
(2.1)
The symbols $`[\mathrm{}]_D`$ and $`[\mathrm{}]_F`$ denote the invariant $`D`$\- and $`F`$-density formulas given by (all fermion contributions are omitted)

$$[𝒱]_D=e(d+\frac{1}{3}cR)\text{ and }[𝒮]_F=e(f+\overline{f}),$$
(2.2)
where $`𝒱`$ is a vector multiplet with components $`(c,\chi ,m,n,b_\mu ,\lambda ,d)`$ and $`𝒮`$ a chiral multiplet with components $`(z,\psi ,f)`$. The real vector multiplet $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ (zero weights) is a function (in the sense of tensor calculus) of the multiplets present in the theory, including in general the compensating multiplet. The holomorphic function $`W`$ of the chiral multiplets is the superpotential. The chiral multiplet $`𝒲`$ is the gauge field strength for the gauge multiplets and $`f_{ab}`$ is the holomorphic gauge kinetic function of the chiral multiplets. Besides $`S_0`$ and $`𝒲`$, we will use chiral multiplets with zero weights and neither $`W`$ nor $`f_{ab}`$ will depend on the compensator.

Using a $`U(1)`$/Kähler gauge fixing the supergravity Lagrangian (2.1) can also take the form

$$=\left[S_0\overline{S}_0\mathrm{\Phi }\right]_D+c\left[S_0^3\right]_F+\frac{1}{4}\left[f_{ab}𝒲^a𝒲^b\right]_F,$$
(2.3)
with an arbitrary constant $`c`$ as superpotential and two arbitrary functions $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ and $`f_{ab}`$.

### 2.2 Supermultiplets with constraints

The Lagrangian of eleven-dimensional supergravity can be written as

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill e^1_{\mathrm{CJS}}& =& \frac{1}{2\kappa _{11}^2}R\frac{1}{4\kappa _{11}^2}\frac{1}{4!}G_{M_1M_2M_3M_4}G^{M_1M_2M_3M_4}\hfill \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ & & \frac{1}{12\kappa _{11}^2}\frac{1}{4!4!3!}e^1ϵ^{M_1\mathrm{}M_{11}}G_{M_1M_2M_3M_4}G_{M_5M_6M_7M_8}C_{M_9M_{10}M_{11}}\hfill \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ & & +\mathrm{fermionic}\mathrm{terms}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.4)
Omitting all fields related to the detailed geometry of the CY manifold, the particle content of the four-dimensional theory is the $`N=1`$ supergravity multiplet, with metric tensor $`g_{\mu \nu }`$, and matter multiplets including on-shell four bosons and four fermions. Two bosons are scalars and correspond to the dilaton and the ‘universal modulus’ of the CY space, the massless volume mode. Two bosons are KK modes of the field strength $`G`$, with Bianchi identity $`dG=0`$. Explicitly, these two last fields and their Bianchi identities read222 In our notations, $`x^4`$ is the orbifold coordinate.

$$\begin{array}{ccc}G_{\mu \nu \rho 4},\hfill & & _{[\mu }G_{\nu \rho \sigma 4]}=0,\hfill \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ G_{\mu j\overline{k}4}=iT_\mu \delta _{j\overline{k}},\hfill & & _{[\mu }T_{\nu ]}=0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.5)
It will prove useful to identify these fields with the vector components of two real vector multiplets $`V`$ ($`w=2`$, $`n=0`$) and $`V_T`$ ($`w=n=0`$), and to impose the Bianchi identities as field equations using a chiral multiplet $`S`$ ($`w=n=0`$) and a real linear multiplet $`L_T`$ ($`w=2`$, $`n=0`$) as Lagrange multipliers. The bulk supergravity Lagrangian takes then the form

$$_\mathrm{B}=\left[(S_0\overline{S}_0V_T)^{3/2}(2V)^{1/2}(S+\overline{S})V+L_TV_T\right]_D.$$
(2.6)
The various superconformal multiplets appearing in this Lagrangian have the following components expressions333 We only explicitly consider the bosonic sector of the theory and omit all fermions in the $`N=1`$ supermultiplets. We gauge-fix the superconformal symmetries not contained in $`N=1`$ Poincaré supersymmetry, except dilatation symmetry. Notice also that our component expansion of vector multiplets differs in its highest component from refs. .

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill V& =& (C,0,H,K,v_\mu ,0,d\mathrm{}C\frac{1}{3}CR),\hfill \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ \hfill V_T& =& (C_T,0,H_T,K_T,T_\mu ,0,d_T\mathrm{}C_T),\hfill \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ \hfill S& =& (s,0,f,if,i_\mu s,0,0),\hfill \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ \hfill L_T& =& (\mathrm{}_T,0,0,0,t_\mu ,0,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}_T\frac{1}{3}\mathrm{}_TR),\hfill \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ \hfill S_0& =& (z_0,0,f_0,if_0,iD_\mu ^cz_0,0,0).\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.7)
The role of the Lagrange multipliers $`S`$ and $`L_T`$ follows from the two relations

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill e^1[(S+\overline{S})V]_D& =& 2Ims^\mu v_\mu +2dResf(HiK)\overline{f}(H+iK)\hfill \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ & & +\mathrm{derivative},\hfill \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ \hfill e^1[L_TV_T]_D& =& \mathrm{}_T(d_T\mathrm{}C_T)\frac{e}{2}ϵ_{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }(^\mu T^\nu )t^{\rho \sigma }+\mathrm{derivative}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.8)
In the last equality, we have used the constraint imposed to the linear multiplet $`L_T`$, $`^\mu t_\mu =0`$, to write $`t_\mu =\frac{e}{2}ϵ_{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }^\nu t^{\rho \sigma }`$. Solving for the components of $`S`$ leads to $`^\mu v_\mu =d=H=K=0`$, and $`V`$ is a linear multiplet $`L`$ ($`w=2`$, $`n=0`$). Solving for the components of $`L_T`$ leads to $`d_T\mathrm{}C_T=_{[\mu }T_{\nu ]}=0`$, and $`V_T`$ can be written as $`T+\overline{T}`$, with a chiral weightless multiplet $`T`$444 With components: $`C_T=2ReT`$, $`T_\mu =2_\mu ImT`$, $`H_T=2Ref_T`$, $`K_T=2Imf_T`$.. Since one can always write $`v_\mu =\frac{e}{6}ϵ_{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }v^{\nu \rho \sigma }`$, we have generated with $`Ims`$ and $`t_{\mu \nu }`$ the Bianchi identities $`_{[\mu }v_{\nu \rho \sigma ]}=_{[\mu }T_{\nu ]}=0`$. A modification of these Bianchi identities, as induced by $`S^1/𝐙_2`$ compactification or by five-brane couplings will then be phrased as a modification of the supermultiplets appearing multiplied by $`S+\overline{S}`$ or $`L_T`$ in Eqs. (2.8).

The structure of the Lagrangian (2.6) reflects the familiar duality relating scalars and antisymmetric tensors or, for superfields, chiral and linear multiplets.

Solving in Eq. (2.6) for the Lagrange multipliers $`S`$ and $`L_T`$ leads to the ‘standard form’ of the bulk four-dimensional Lagrangian

$$_{\mathrm{B},\mathrm{l}}=\left[\left(S_0\overline{S}_0e^{\widehat{K}/3}\right)^{3/2}(2L)^{1/2}\right]_D,$$
(2.9)
with the Kähler potential $`\widehat{K}=3\mathrm{log}(T+\overline{T})`$ for the volume modulus $`T`$. We will see again below that this standard form is naturally obtained by direct reduction of the Cremmer, Julia and Scherk version of eleven-dimensional supergravity on $`O_7`$. Clearly, theory (2.9) is also the CY truncation of ten-dimensional $`N=1`$ pure supergravity .

Solving for $`V`$ and $`L_T`$ in Eq. (2.6) leads to the familiar chiral form

$$_{\mathrm{B},\mathrm{c}}=\frac{3}{2}\left[S_0\overline{S}_0e^{K/3}\right]_D,$$
(2.10)
with $`K=\mathrm{log}(S+\overline{S})+\widehat{K}`$.

#### 2.2.1 Choice of Poincaré frame

According to the component expression for the $`D`$-density and the tensor calculus of superconformal multiplets , the Einstein term included in the bulk Lagrangian (2.6) is

$$_\mathrm{E}=\frac{1}{2}eR\left[\left(z_0\overline{z}_0C_T\right)^{3/2}\left(2C\right)^{1/2}\right].$$
(2.11)
As they should, the terms introduced to impose Bianchi identities do not contribute. We then select the Einstein frame, in which the gravitational Lagrangian is $`\frac{1}{2\kappa ^2}eR`$, by the dilatation gauge condition

$$\kappa ^2=(z_0\overline{z}_0C_T)^{3/2}(2C)^{1/2}.$$
(2.12)
It will be convenient to introduce the (composite) real vector multiplet

$$\mathrm{{\rm Y}}=(S_0\overline{S}_0V_T)^{3/2}(2V)^{1/2},$$
(2.13)
with conformal weight two. In the Poincaré theory and in the Einstein frame, its lowest component is equal to $`\kappa ^2`$.

#### 2.2.2 Identification of the components

Choosing the Einstein frame, $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}=\kappa ^2`$, and solving for the components of $`S`$ and $`L_T`$, the complete bosonic expansion of the four-dimensional supergravity (2.6) is

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill e^1_\mathrm{B}& =& \frac{1}{2\kappa ^2}R\frac{1}{4\kappa ^2}C^2[(_\mu C)(^\mu C)v_\mu v^\mu ]\hfill \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ & & \frac{3}{4\kappa ^2}C_T^2[(_\mu C_T)(^\mu C_T)+T_\mu T^\mu ],\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.14)
with $`v_\mu =\frac{e}{2}ϵ_{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }^\nu b^{\rho \sigma }`$ since $`V`$ is a linear multiplet, $`C_T=2ReT`$ and $`T_\mu =2_\mu ImT`$ since $`V_T=T+\overline{T}`$.

This Lagrangian is to be compared with the one we obtain from the reduction of eleven-dimensional supergravity (2.4). The $`𝐙_2`$ orbifold projection eliminates all states which are odd under $`x^4x^4`$, and the reduction of the eleven-dimensional space-time metric is

$$g_{MN}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}e^\gamma e^{2\sigma }g_{\mu \nu }& 0& 0\\ 0& e^{2\gamma }e^{2\sigma }& 0\\ 0& 0& e^\sigma \delta _{i\overline{j}}\end{array}\right).$$
(2.15)
The surviving components of the field strength $`G_{MNPQ}`$ are only $`G_{\mu \nu \rho 4}`$ and $`G_{\mu i\overline{j}4}`$, with

$$G_{\mu \nu \rho 4}=3_{[\mu }C_{\nu \rho ]4},G_{\mu i\overline{j}4}=_\mu C_{i\overline{j}4},C_{i\overline{j}4}=ia(x)\delta _{i\overline{j}}.$$
(2.16)
The resulting four-dimensional Lagrangian is

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill e^1_{\mathrm{CJS}}& =& \frac{1}{2\kappa ^2}R\frac{1}{4\kappa ^2}\left[9(_\mu \sigma )(^\mu \sigma )+\frac{1}{6}e^{6\sigma }G_{\mu \nu \rho 4}G^{\mu \nu \rho 4}\right]\hfill \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ & & \frac{3}{4\kappa ^2}\left[(_\mu \gamma )(^\mu \gamma )+e^{2\gamma }(_\mu a)(^\mu a)\right].\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.17)
In this expression, $`\kappa `$ is the four-dimensional gravitational coupling with $`\kappa ^2=\kappa _{11}^2/V_7`$, $`V_7=V_1V_6`$ being the volume of the compact space $`S^1\times X_6`$.

At this stage, the identification of the bosonic components $`C`$, $`b_{\mu \nu }`$, $`C_T`$ and $`T_\mu `$ with the bulk fields $`\sigma `$, $`C_{\mu \nu 4}`$, $`\gamma `$ and $`a`$ can only be determined up to two proportionality constants (one for each ‘M-theory multiplet’ $`V`$ and $`V_T`$). These constants can however be determined from the couplings of $`C`$ and $`C_T`$ to charged matter and gauge fields . The result is

$$\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 4\kappa ^2C& =& \frac{\lambda ^2}{V_6}e^{3\sigma },\hfill & \hfill 4\kappa ^2b_{\mu \nu }& =& \frac{\lambda ^2}{V_6}C_{\mu \nu 4},\hfill \\ \multicolumn{6}{c}{}\\ \hfill C_T& =& 2\frac{\lambda ^2}{V_6}e^\gamma ,\hfill & \hfill T_\mu & =& 2\frac{\lambda ^2}{V_6}_\mu a.\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.18)
The quantity $`\lambda `$ is the gauge coupling constant on the $`𝐙_2`$ fixed planes. The dimensionless number $`\lambda ^2/V_6`$ actually never appears in the four-dimensional effective theory.

#### 2.2.3 Addition of a superpotential

The standard reduction of eleven-dimensional supergravity with unbroken $`N=1`$ supersymmetry does not generate a superpotential. This fact is however not a direct consequence of the eleven-dimensional Bianchi identity or of the CY and $`S^1/𝐙_2`$ symmetries. In principle, the Bianchi identity $`_{[M}G_{NPQR]}=0`$ allows a solution

$$G_{ijk4}=2i\kappa ^1hϵ_{ijk},G_{\overline{ijk}4}=2i\kappa ^1hϵ_{\overline{ijk}},$$
(2.19)
where $`h`$ is a real constant and $`ϵ_{ijk}`$ is the $`SU(3)`$-invariant CY tensor. The second term in the Lagrangian (2.4) generates then an extra contribution in the effective supergravity which corresponds to the addition of a superpotential term $`[ihS_0^3]_F`$ to the bulk Lagrangian. This contribution however breaks supersymmetry . Since we have insisted in writing Lagrangians in which all Bianchi identities are field equations, we prefer to consider

$$[U(W+\overline{W})]_D+[S_0^3W]_F.$$
(2.20)
In this way, the fact that the chiral multiplet $`W`$ ($`w=n=0`$) is an arbitrary imaginary constant is imposed by the field equation of the vector multiplet $`U`$ ($`w=2`$, $`n=0`$).

With the addition of a superpotential, the bulk Lagrangian takes its final ‘off-shell’ form

$$_\mathrm{B}=\left[\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(S+\overline{S})V+L_TV_T+U(W+\overline{W})\right]_D+[S_0^3W]_F,$$
(2.21)
in which the Bianchi identities of eleven-dimensional supergravity are translated into field equations of the Lagrange multipliers $`S`$, $`L_T`$ and $`U`$.

### 2.3 Modified Bianchi identities and $`\kappa `$-expansion

Compactification of M-theory on $`S^1/𝐙_2`$ is usually discussed in an expansion in powers of $`\kappa _{11}`$. Compactification on $`O_7`$ can similarly be formulated with $`\kappa `$ as expansion parameter. In the upstairs version, Bianchi identities are modified at the ten-dimensional planes fixed by $`S^1/𝐙_2`$. Suppose now that we modify the four-dimensional supersymmetric Bianchi identities of the bulk Lagrangian in the following way (we set $`h=0`$):

$$_\mathrm{B}=\left[\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(S+\overline{S})(V+\mathrm{\Delta }_V)+L_T(V_T+\mathrm{\Delta }_T)\right]_D,$$
(2.22)
with two composite vector multiplets $`\mathrm{\Delta }_V`$ ($`w=2`$, $`n=0`$) and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_T`$ ($`w=n=0`$). Solving for the Lagrange multipliers now leads to

$$V=L\mathrm{\Delta }_V,V_T=T+\overline{T}\mathrm{\Delta }_T.$$

The Lagrangian to first order in these modifications is then

$$=_\mathrm{B}\left[\frac{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}{2V}\mathrm{\Delta }_V\frac{3}{2V_T}(\mathrm{{\rm Y}}\mathrm{\Delta }_T)\right]_D,$$
(2.23)
with $`V`$ and $`V_T`$ respectively replaced by $`L`$ and $`T+\overline{T}`$. The multiplets $`\mathrm{\Delta }_V`$ and $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}\mathrm{\Delta }_T`$, with ‘canonical’ dimension $`w=2`$, appear at order $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}^0\kappa ^0`$, in comparison with bulk terms of order $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}\kappa ^2`$. This is the relation with the expansion in powers of $`\kappa _{11}`$ of M-theory in the low-energy limit. In M-theory compactification, the multiplets $`\mathrm{\Delta }_V`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_T`$ can thus be obtained either by considering the modified Bianchi identities on $`O_7`$, formulated as in Eq. (2.22), or from corrections to the Lagrangian of eleven-dimensional supergravity on $`O_7`$, as in expression (2.23).

## 3 Gauge and matter contributions from the two $`𝐙_2`$ fixed planes

In this section, we show that the introduction of the next to lowest order corrections (gauge multiplets and charged matter contributions) is controlled by a simple modification of the four-dimensional Bianchi identities, in analogy with the appearance of $`𝐙_2`$ fixed planes contributions in the M-theory Bianchi identities.

We start by considering the well-known dependence on charged matter (in chiral multiplets collectively denoted by $`M`$, with $`w=n=0`$) and gauge multiplets (vector multiplet $`A`$, in the adjoint representation, with $`w=n=0`$) of the effective $`N=1`$ four-dimensional supergravity for CY compactifications of heterotic strings . The Lagrangian in the chiral formulation (2.10) becomes

$$_\mathrm{c}=\frac{3}{2}\left[S_0\overline{S}_0e^{K/3}\right]_D+\left[S_0^3W\right]_F+\frac{1}{4}\left[S𝒲𝒲\right]_F,$$
(3.1)
with

$$K=\mathrm{log}(S+\overline{S})3\mathrm{log}(T+\overline{T}2\overline{M}e^AM)$$
(3.2)
and $`W=\alpha M^3`$. The superpotential should be understood as a gauge invariant trilinear interaction with coupling constant $`\alpha `$ defined as an integral over the CY space. The chiral multiplet $`𝒲`$ ($`w=n=3/2`$) is the gauge field-strength for $`A`$. The gauge group is in general not simple, and

$$𝒲𝒲=\underset{a}{}c^a𝒲^a𝒲^a,$$
(3.3)
with a real coefficient $`c^a`$ for each simple or abelian factor. In the linear equivalent version of the theory, the Lagrangian (2.9) reads now

$$_\mathrm{l}=\left[(S_0\overline{S}_0e^{\widehat{K}/3})^{3/2}(2\widehat{L})^{1/2}\right]_D+[\alpha S_0^3M^3]_F,$$
(3.4)
where the new modulus and matter Kähler potential is

$$\widehat{K}=3\mathrm{log}(T+\overline{T}2\overline{M}e^AM).$$
(3.5)
The linear multiplet $`L`$ is replaced by

$$\widehat{L}=L2\mathrm{\Omega },$$
(3.6)
with the Chern-Simons vector multiplet $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ ($`w=2`$, $`n=0`$) defined by555 In global Poincaré supersymmetry, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Omega })=\frac{1}{4}\overline{DD}\mathrm{\Omega }`$.

$$\mathrm{\Omega }=\underset{a}{}c^a\mathrm{\Omega }^a,\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Omega }^a)=\frac{1}{16}𝒲^a𝒲^a.$$
(3.7)
Insisting as before on Bianchi identities, both forms (3.1) and (3.4) are equivalent to

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill & =& \left[\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(S+\overline{S})(V+2\mathrm{\Omega })+L_T(V_T+2\overline{M}e^AM)\right]_D\hfill \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ & & +[U(W\alpha M^3)+\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{c}.]_D+\left[S_0^3W\right]_F\hfill \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ & =& \left[\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(S+\overline{S})(V+2\mathrm{\Omega })+L_T(V_T+2\overline{M}e^AM)\right]_D\hfill \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ & & +\left[S_0^3(ih+\alpha M^3)\right]_F.\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.8)
Supersymmetric vacua have $`h=0`$. As before, solving for $`S`$ and $`L_T`$ imposes respectively $`V=L2\mathrm{\Omega }=\widehat{L}`$ and $`V_T=T+\overline{T}2\overline{M}e^AM`$, leading to Eq. (3.4). Alternatively, with the tensor calculus identity (and up to an irrelevant total derivative)

$$2[(S+\overline{S})\mathrm{\Omega }]_D=\frac{1}{4}\underset{a}{}c^a[S𝒲^a𝒲^a]_F,$$
(3.9)
the resolution for $`V`$ and $`L_T`$ leads back to the chiral form (3.1).

This reformulation of the gauge invariant Lagrangian suggests some remarks. Firstly, it enhances the importance of gauge and matter Chern-Simons multiplets in superstring effective actions. Secondly, the Chern-Simons vector multiplet $`\mathrm{\Omega }(A)`$ is not gauge invariant: its variation is a linear multiplet. The variation of $`[(S+\overline{S})2\mathrm{\Omega }]_D`$ is then a derivative and $`V`$ remains gauge invariant. When solving for $`S`$, it simply follows that $`\widehat{L}`$ is gauge invariant and that the linear multiplet transforms as $`\delta L=2\delta \mathrm{\Omega }`$. Finally, expression (3.8) shows that all gauge and chiral matter contributions can be viewed as the supersymmetrization of modified Bianchi identities imposed by $`S`$, $`L_T`$ and $`U`$. This observation provides the link to the approach based on M-theory on $`O_7`$, in which the $`𝐙_2`$ fixed planes carrying the Yang-Mills fields induce because of supersymmetry modifications to the Bianchi identity of the four-form field strength of eleven-dimensional supergravity.

In the effective supergravity of M-theory on $`O_7`$ (‘upstairs formulation’), the various components of the Lagrangian (3.8) have the following origin. The first term is the bulk supergravity contribution. The second term, $`[(S+\overline{S})(V+2\mathrm{\Omega })]_D`$, is the supersymmetrization of the Bianchi identity verified by the component $`G_{\mu \nu \rho 4}`$ of the field $`G`$, modified by gauge contributions on the fixed planes. Similarly, the two last terms, $`[L_T(V_T+2\overline{M}e^AM)]_D`$ and $`[U(W\alpha M^3)+\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{c}.]_D`$, are respectively the supersymmetric extensions of the Bianchi identities of $`G_{\mu j\overline{k}4}`$ and $`G_{ijk4}`$. All the fixed plane contributions are then given at this order by the supersymmetrization of Bianchi identities, as obtained by direct $`O_7`$ truncation of the eleven-dimensional identities .

At this point, the gauge coupling constant for each simple or abelian factor $`a`$ in the gauge group appears to be

$$\frac{1}{g_a^2}=c^aRes.$$
(3.10)
At this order, $`g_a`$ is the tree-level wilsonnian and physical666The coefficient of $`\frac{1}{4}F_{\mu \nu }^aF^{a\mu \nu }`$ in the generating functional of one-particle irreducible Green’s functions. gauge coupling.

It is clear, as already observed , that as far as the structure of the four-dimensional effective supergravity is concerned, the same information follows from $`O_7`$ compactification of M-theory at the next to lowest order in the $`\kappa `$-expansion and from CY compactifications of the heterotic strings, at zero string loop order.

## 4 Anomaly-cancelling terms

In the ten-dimensional heterotic string, cancellation of gauge and gravitational anomalies is a one-loop effect in string or effective supergravity perturbation theory. In four space-time dimensions, the nature of the cancelled anomalies is known from studies of $`(2,2)`$ compactifications of heterotic strings in the Yang-Mills sector : target-space duality of the modulus $`T`$ has a one-loop anomaly which is cancelled by a counterterm in the one-loop Wilson Lagrangian $`_W^{(1)}`$777 The expressions given in the previous sections were for $`_W^{(0)}`$, or for the tree-level standard effective Lagrangian $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$., in a generalization to sigma-model anomalies of the Green-Schwarz mechanism . The derivation of the complete counterterm requires a calculation to all orders in the modulus $`T`$ . However, at the present stage of understanding, the M-theory approach should be regarded as a large-$`T`$ limit in which T-duality reduces to a shift symmetry in the imaginary part of $`T`$.

In the large-$`T`$ limit, the $`T`$-dependent corrections to gauge kinetic terms are of the form (see ref.  and citations therein)

$$\frac{1}{4}\underset{a}{}\beta ^a\left[T𝒲^a𝒲^a\right]_F,$$
(4.1)
where the coefficients $`\beta ^a`$ are in principle calculable in heterotic strings. Taking also into account the $`D`$-density $`\left[L_T(V_T+2\overline{M}e^AM)\right]_D`$ present in Lagrangian (3.8), we can rewrite expression (4.1) in terms of the ‘M-theory multiplets’:

$$\left[(L_T2\underset{a}{}\beta ^a\mathrm{\Omega }^a)(V_T+2\overline{M}e^AM)\right]_D.$$
(4.2)
The correction (4.1) to the SYM Lagrangian is independent of the matter fields and can be seen as a correction to the holomorphic gauge kinetic function $`f_{ab}`$. A possible matter-dependent contribution to gauge kinetic terms is the gauge invariant real density888 For simplicity, we consider the standard embedding with a gauge group $`E_6\times E_8`$, with the notation $`\mathrm{\Omega }=\mathrm{\Omega }^1+\mathrm{\Omega }^2`$, and with a matter multiplet $`M`$ transforming as (27,1) of $`E_6\times E_8`$. :

$$2\delta \left[\overline{M}e^AM(L2\underset{a=1}{\overset{2}{}}\mathrm{\Omega }^a)\right]_D,$$
(4.3)
or

$$2\delta \left[\overline{M}e^AMV\right]_D,$$
(4.4)
using the ‘M-theory multiplet’ $`V`$.

The M-theory anomaly-cancelling terms generate a further contribution of the form

$$ϵ\left[V|\alpha M^3|^2\right]_D.$$
(4.5)
In summary, the Wilson Lagrangian up to string one-loop order is expected to become

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill & =& \left[\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(S+\overline{S})(V+2\mathrm{\Omega })+(L_T2_{a=1}^2\beta ^a\mathrm{\Omega }^a)(V_T+2\overline{M}e^AM)\right]_D\hfill \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ & & +[U(W\alpha M^3)+\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{c}.]_D+\left[S_0^3W\right]_F\hfill \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ & & +\left[V(ϵ|\alpha M^3|^22\delta \overline{M}e^AM)\right]_D.\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.6)
Each of the one-loop corrections, with coefficients $`\beta ^1`$, $`\beta ^2`$, $`ϵ`$ and $`\delta `$ is related to a well-defined counterterm which can be easily identified in the KK reduction of the ten-dimensional Green-Schwarz counterterms arising from M-theory on $`S^1/𝐙_2`$ . An explicit computation predicts in particular the relations $`\beta ^1=\beta ^2=\delta `$ .

From the general expression (4.6), we can derive various equivalent forms. For instance, solving for $`S`$, $`L_T`$ and $`U`$ gives the version of the effective supergravity in which the dilaton is described by a linear multiplet:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill _\mathrm{l}& =& \left[(S_0\overline{S}_0)^{3/2}\left(T+\overline{T}2\overline{M}e^AM\right)^{3/2}(2\widehat{L})^{1/2}\right]_D+\left[S_0^3(ih+\alpha M^3)\right]_F\hfill \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ & & +\frac{1}{4}\left[T_{a=1}^2\beta ^a𝒲^a𝒲^a\right]_F+\left[\widehat{L}\left(ϵ|\alpha M^3|^22\delta \overline{M}e^AM\right)\right]_D.\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.7)
The threshold corrections are the holomorphic $`T`$-dependent terms controlled by $`\beta ^1`$ and $`\beta ^2`$.

We can also solve for $`V`$, $`L_T`$ and $`U`$ in Eq. (4.6) to get the version with a chiral dilaton multiplet:

$$_\mathrm{c}=\frac{3}{2}\left[S_0\overline{S}_0e^{K/3}\right]_D+\left[S_0^3(ih+\alpha M^3)\right]_F+\frac{1}{4}\underset{a=1}{\overset{2}{}}\left[(S+\beta ^aT)𝒲^a𝒲^a\right]_F,$$
(4.8)
with the Kähler potential

$$K=\mathrm{log}\left(S+\overline{S}+2\delta \overline{M}e^AMϵ|\alpha M^3|^2\right)3\mathrm{log}\left(T+\overline{T}2\overline{M}e^AM\right),$$
(4.9)
and the gauge kinetic functions $`f^a=S+\beta ^aT`$. The term with coefficient $`\delta `$ has been obtained in direct CY reductions of M-theory on $`S^1/𝐙_2`$ (see for instance ). The charged matter contribution with coefficient $`ϵ`$ was not included in these analyses. Observe however that an ambiguity exists because of the possibility to perform a holomorphic redefinition of the two chiral multiplets $`S`$ and $`T`$. To remove this ambiguity, we can use information from M-theory compactification , or choose the unequivocal linear version.

The gauge contributions appearing in Eq. (4.6) read

$$2\underset{a=1}{\overset{2}{}}\left[\left(S+\overline{S}+\beta ^a(V_T+2\overline{M}e^AM)\right)\mathrm{\Omega }^a\right]_D,$$

so that the gauge coupling constants are given by

$$\frac{1}{g_a^2}=Res+\frac{1}{2}\beta ^a\left(C_T+2\overline{M}M\right).$$
(4.10)
This expression becomes harmonic once the Bianchi identity imposing $`C_T+2\overline{M}M=2ReT`$ has been used.

Acknowledgments

This research has been supported in part by the European Union under the TMR contract ERBFMRX-CT96-0045, the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Swiss Office for Education and Science.