text:
# Interacting six-dimensional topological field theories

## 1 Introduction

Recently, L. Baulieu and P. West introduced a six-dimensional topological model of Witten-type involving $`2`$-form potentials . In the sequel, the gauge-fixing procedure and twist in this model have been studied in more detail in reference ; these authors also determined vector supersymmetry (VSUSY-) transformations which represent an additional symmetry of the model.

The goal of the present paper is to discuss two different generalizations of the free Abelian model  to interacting models. The first consists of coupling the Abelian $`2`$-form potentials to a non-Abelian Yang-Mills field by virtue of a Chern-Simons term, as suggested in reference . The corresponding action represents a six-dimensional topological version of the Chapline-Manton term appearing in the action for ten-dimensional supergravity coupled to super Yang-Mills theory . The second generalization consists of considering non-Abelian (charged) $`2`$-form potentials which are coupled to a Yang-Mills connection, following the lines of reference .

Before discussing these generalizations, we summarize the free Abelian model  while using differential forms to simplify the notation (section 2). Our paper concludes with some comments concerning possible extensions of these six-dimensional topological models. We note that all of our considerations concern the classical theory (tree-level).

## 2 Free Abelian model

The arena is a compact pseudo-Riemannian $`6`$-manifold $`_6`$ and the basic fields are Abelian $`2`$-form potentials $`B_2`$ and $`B_2^c`$ which are independent of each other. From the associated curvature $`3`$-forms $`G_3=dB_2`$ and $`G_3^c=dB_2^c`$, one can construct the classical action

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_{cl}=G_3G_3^c.$$
(1)
Here and in the following, the integrals are understood as integrals of $`6`$-forms over $`_6`$ and the wedge product symbol is always omitted.

### 2.1 Symmetries

The action (1) is invariant under the ordinary gauge transformations

$$\delta _{\lambda _1}B_2=d\lambda _1,\delta _{\lambda _1}B_2^c=0,$$
(2)
which represent a reducible symmetry in the present case, and it is invariant under the shift- (or topological Q-) symmetry

$$\delta _{\lambda _2}B_2=\lambda _2,\delta _{\lambda _2}B_2^c=0,$$
(3)
which also represents a reducible symmetry. In equations (2),(3) and in the following, it is understood that the “$`c`$-conjugated” equations also hold, e.g. $`c`$-conjugation of equation (2) gives $`\delta _{\lambda _1^c}B_2^c=d\lambda _1^c,\delta _{\lambda _1^c}B_2=0`$.

In the sequel, we will describe the infinitesimal symmetries in a BRST-framework and we will derive the BRST-transformations from a horizontality condition (Russian formula) . Thus, we introduce a series of ghost fields associated with the reducible gauge transformations (2) and we collect them in a generalized $`2`$-form,

$$\stackrel{~}{B}_2=B_2+V_1^1+m^2.$$
(4)
Here, the upper and lower indices denote the ghost-number and form degree, respectively. The total degree of a field is the sum of its ghost-number and form degree, and all commutators $`[,]`$ are graded with respect to this total degree. The BRST-differential $`s`$, which describes both the ordinary gauge transformations and the shift-transformations, is combined with the exterior derivative $`d`$ in a single operator,

$`\stackrel{~}{d}=d+s,`$ (5)
which is nilpotent by virtue of the relations $`d^2=s^2=[s,d]=0`$. Thus, the generalized field strength

$$\stackrel{~}{G}_3\stackrel{~}{d}\stackrel{~}{B}_2$$
(6)
satisfies the generalized Bianchi identity

$$\stackrel{~}{d}\stackrel{~}{G}_3=0.$$
(7)
The BRST-transformations of the classical and ghost fields111Here, “classical” fields are not opposed to quantum fields, but simply refer to the fields appearing in the classical action. are now obtained from the horizontality condition

$$\stackrel{~}{G}_3=G_3+\psi _2^1+\phi _1^2+\varphi ^3,$$
(8)
which involves a series of ghosts associated with the shift-symmetry. By inserting the field expansions (4) and (8) into relations (6) and (7), we obtain the $`s`$-variations

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}\hfill sB_2& =& \psi _2^1dV_1^1\hfill & ,& \hfill s\psi _2^1& =& d\phi _1^2\hfill \\ \hfill sV_1^1& =& \phi _1^2dm^2\hfill & ,& \hfill s\phi _1^2& =& d\varphi ^3\hfill \\ \hfill sm^2& =& \varphi ^3\hfill & ,& \hfill s\varphi ^3& =& 0\hfill \end{array}$$

and $`sG_3=d\psi _2^1`$. Since the field expansions (4) and (8) have not been truncated, the obtained BRST-transformations are nilpotent by construction .

### 2.2 Gauge-fixing

Let us briefly review the gauge-fixing procedure  while using differential forms. To start with, we consider the shift degrees of freedom for the fields $`B_2`$ and $`B_2^c`$. These are fixed by imposing a self-duality condition relating the corresponding field strengths:

$$G_3=G_3^c.$$
(9)
This relation is equivalent to imposing a self-duality condition on $`G_{}d(B_2B_2^c)`$ and an anti-self-duality condition on $`G_+d(B_2+B_2^c)`$. Henceforth, relation (9) is analogous to the self-duality condition for the curvature $`2`$-form $`F`$ in four-dimensional topological Yang-Mills theory .

With the help of a BRST-doublet $`(\chi _3^1,H_3)`$, i.e.

$$s\chi _3^1=H_3,sH_3=0,$$
(10)
the constraint (9) can be implemented in the gauge-fixing action:

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_{sd}=s\{\chi _3^1(G_3+G_3^c)\}.$$
(11)
Since the shift-symmetry represents a reducible symmetry, it is necessary to re-iterate the gauge-fixing procedure for the action $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{cl}+\mathrm{\Sigma }_{sd}`$: this leads to the introduction of the anti-ghosts and Lagrange multipliers of tables 2 and 2, all of which have been arranged in Batalin-Vilkovisky pyramids. These fields again represent BRST-doublets:

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}\hfill s\varphi ^3& =& \eta ^2\hfill & ,& \hfill s\eta ^2& =& 0\hfill \\ \hfill s\phi _1^2& =& \eta _1^1\hfill & ,& \hfill s\eta _1^1& =& 0\hfill \\ \hfill s\chi ^1& =& \eta ^2\hfill & ,& \hfill s\eta ^2& =& 0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(12)
In summary, the shift-invariance of the classical action is fixed by virtue of the gauge-fixing action

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_Q=\mathrm{\Sigma }_{sd}+s\left\{\phi _1^2d\psi _2^1+\varphi ^3d\phi _1^2+\chi ^1d\phi _1^2CC\right\},$$
(13)
where $`CC`$ stands for the $`c`$-conjugated expressions.

The reducible gauge symmetry (2) is fixed in a similar way: one considers the usual gauge condition $`dB_2=0`$ and re-iterates the gauge-fixing procedure. This leads to the introduction of the series of anti-ghosts and multipliers presented in tables 4 and 4, the $`s`$-variations being given by

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}\hfill sm^2& =& \beta ^1\hfill & ,& \hfill s\beta ^1& =& 0\hfill \\ \hfill sV_1^1& =& b_1\hfill & ,& \hfill sb_1& =& 0\hfill \\ \hfill sn& =& \beta ^1\hfill & ,& \hfill s\beta ^1& =& 0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(14)
Thus, the ordinary gauge degrees of freedom of $`B_2`$ are fixed by the functional

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_{og}=s\{V_1^1dB_2+m^2dV_1^1+ndV_1^1CC\}$$
(15)
and the complete gauge-fixed action of the model reads

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }=\mathrm{\Sigma }_{cl}+\mathrm{\Sigma }_Q+\mathrm{\Sigma }_{og}.$$
(16)
### 2.3 Vector supersymmetry

Due to the fact that we are considering a topological model of Witten-type, one expects the complete gauge-fixed action to admit a VSUSY. At the infinitesimal level, the VSUSY-transformations are described by the operator $`\delta _\tau `$ where $`\tau \tau ^\mu _\mu `$ is a constant, $`s`$-invariant vector field of ghost-number zero222In order to avoid technical complications related to the global geometry, we limit the considerations of this section to flat space-time.. The variation $`\delta _\tau `$ acts as an antiderivation which lowers the ghost-number by one unit and which anticommutes with $`d`$. The operators $`s`$ and $`\delta _\tau `$ satisfy a graded algebra of Wess-Zumino type,

$$[s,\delta _\tau ]=_\tau ,$$
(17)
where $`_\tau [i_\tau ,d]`$ denotes the Lie derivative along the vector field $`\tau `$ and $`i_\tau `$ the interior product by $`\tau `$. We will simply refer to the relation (17) as the SUSY-algebra.

The $`\delta _\tau `$-variations of all fields can be determined by applying the general procedure introduced in reference . To start with, we derive the VSUSY-transformations of the classical and ghost fields by expanding the so-called $`0`$-type symmetry conditions

$$\delta _\tau \stackrel{~}{B}_2=0,\delta _\tau \stackrel{~}{G}_3=_\tau \stackrel{~}{B}_2.$$
(18)
with respect to the ghost-number. We thus obtain

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}\hfill \delta _\tau B_2& =& 0\hfill & ,& \hfill \delta _\tau \psi _2^1& =& _\tau B_2\hfill \\ \hfill \delta _\tau V_1^1& =& 0\hfill & ,& \hfill \delta _\tau \phi _1^2& =& _\tau V_1^1\hfill \\ \hfill \delta _\tau m^2& =& 0\hfill & ,& \hfill \delta _\tau \varphi ^3& =& _\tau m^2.\hfill \end{array}$$
(19)
The $`\delta _\tau `$-variations of the anti-ghosts are found by requiring the $`\delta _\tau `$-invariance of the total action (16) and by applying the commutation relations (17). Finally, the VSUSY-transformations of all multipliers follow from the ones of the corresponding anti-ghosts by imposing the algebra (17) for all of them:

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}\hfill \delta _\tau \chi _3^1& =& 0\hfill & ,& \hfill \delta _\tau H_3& =& _\tau \chi _3^1\hfill \\ \hfill \delta _\tau \varphi ^3& =& 0\hfill & ,& \hfill \delta _\tau \eta ^2& =& _\tau \varphi ^3\hfill \\ \hfill \delta _\tau \phi _1^2& =& 0\hfill & ,& \hfill \delta _\tau \eta _1^1& =& _\tau \phi _1^2\hfill \\ \hfill \delta _\tau \chi ^1& =& _\tau n\hfill & ,& \hfill \delta _\tau \eta ^2& =& _\tau \chi ^1+_\tau \beta ^1\hfill \\ \hfill \delta _\tau m^2& =& _\tau \varphi ^3\hfill & ,& \hfill \delta _\tau \beta ^1& =& _\tau m^2_\tau \eta ^2\hfill \\ \hfill \delta _\tau V_1^1& =& _\tau \phi _1^2\hfill & ,& \hfill \delta _\tau b_1& =& _\tau V_1^1_\tau \eta _1^1\hfill \\ \hfill \delta _\tau n& =& 0\hfill & ,& \hfill \delta _\tau \beta ^1& =& _\tau n.\hfill \end{array}$$
(20)
Thus, it is by construction that the total action is $`\delta _\tau `$-invariant and that the SUSY-algebra is fulfilled off-shell for all fields of the model. Our results coincide with those found in reference  by other methods. We refer to the latter work for the relation of VSUSY to a twist of a supersymmetric field theory.

## 3 Abelian model with Chern-Simons term

The authors of reference  considered the interaction of the Abelian $`2`$-forms $`B_2`$ and $`B_2^c`$ with a non-Abelian Yang-Mills (YM) connection $`A`$ by virtue of a Chern-Simons term with coupling constant $`\lambda `$,

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_3(A)=\lambda \mathrm{tr}(AdA+\frac{2}{3}AAA).$$
(21)
The proposed action reads333We do not include the ordinary YM-action $`\mathrm{tr}(FF)`$ as in reference  since it depends on the metric and therefore destroys the topological nature of the model.

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_{cl}=\left(G_3\mathrm{\Omega }_3\right)\left(G_3^c\mathrm{\Omega }_3\right).$$
(22)
This functional represents a six-dimensional topological version of the expression $`\mathrm{tr}(G_3\mathrm{\Omega }_3)(G_3\mathrm{\Omega }_3)`$ which appears in the action for ten-dimensional supergravity coupled to super YM .

The equations of motion for $`A`$ and $`B_2`$ (or $`B_2^c`$) have the form

$$F(G_3G_3^c)=0\mathrm{and}\mathrm{tr}(FF)=0,$$

where $`F=dA+\frac{1}{2}[A,A]`$ denotes the curvature $`2`$-form associated to $`A`$. The latter equations imply $`F=0`$ (i.e. the same equation of motion as in the three-dimensional Chern-Simons theory).

### 3.1 Symmetries

The action (22) is not anymore invariant under the shift $`\delta B_2=\psi _2^1`$. However, it is invariant under the YM-gauge transformations

$`\delta A`$ $`=`$ $`Dc(dc+[A,c])`$
$`\delta B_2`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda \mathrm{tr}(cdA)=\delta B_2^c,`$ (23)
which leave $`G_3\mathrm{\Omega }_3`$ and $`G_3^c\mathrm{\Omega }_3`$ invariant.

The BRST-transformations of $`A`$ and of the YM-ghost read

$$sA=Dc,sc=\frac{1}{2}[c,c].$$
(24)
They follow from the horizontality condition $`\stackrel{~}{F}=F`$, where

$$\stackrel{~}{F}=\stackrel{~}{d}\stackrel{~}{A}+\frac{1}{2}[\stackrel{~}{A},\stackrel{~}{A}],\stackrel{~}{A}=A+c.$$
(25)
The generalized Chern-Simons form

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_3=\lambda \mathrm{tr}(\stackrel{~}{A}\stackrel{~}{d}\stackrel{~}{A}+\frac{2}{3}\stackrel{~}{A}\stackrel{~}{A}\stackrel{~}{A})$$

can be expanded with respect to the ghost-number,

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_3=\mathrm{\Omega }_3+\mathrm{\Omega }_2^1+\mathrm{\Omega }_1^2+\mathrm{\Omega }^3,$$
(26)
which provides the well-known solution of the descent equations (e.g. see )

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}\hfill \mathrm{\Omega }_3& =& \lambda \mathrm{tr}(AdA+\frac{2}{3}AAA)\hfill & ,& \hfill s\mathrm{\Omega }_3+d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^1& =& 0\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Omega }_2^1& =& \lambda \mathrm{tr}(cdA)\hfill & ,& \hfill s\mathrm{\Omega }_2^1+d\mathrm{\Omega }_1^2& =& 0\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Omega }_1^2& =& \lambda \mathrm{tr}(ccA)\hfill & ,& \hfill s\mathrm{\Omega }_1^2+d\mathrm{\Omega }^3& =& 0\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Omega }^3& =& \lambda \mathrm{tr}(\frac{1}{3}ccc)\hfill & ,& \hfill s\mathrm{\Omega }^3& =& 0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(27)
We now use this result to discuss the $`B`$-field sector. The generalized field strength of $`B_2`$ is defined as before (i.e. $`\stackrel{~}{G}_3=\stackrel{~}{d}\stackrel{~}{B}_2`$ with $`\stackrel{~}{B}_2=B_2+V_1^1+m^2`$), but the horizontality condition (8) of the free model is now replaced by the horizontality condition

$$\stackrel{~}{G}_3=G_3+\mathrm{\Omega }_2^1+\mathrm{\Omega }_1^2+\mathrm{\Omega }^3.$$
(28)
Expansion with respect to the ghost-number yields the $`s`$-variations

$`sB_2`$ $`=`$ $`dV_1^1+\mathrm{\Omega }_2^1`$
$`sV_1^1`$ $`=`$ $`dm^2+\mathrm{\Omega }_1^2`$
$`sm^2`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }^3,`$ (29)
where the explicit expressions for the $`\mathrm{\Omega }_p^q(A,c)`$ were given in equations (27). Furthermore, substitution of (28) in $`\stackrel{~}{d}\stackrel{~}{G}_3=0`$ leads to $`sG_3=d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^1`$ (and reproduces some of the descent equations (27)).

The BRST-transformations (24) and (29) leave the classical action (22) invariant.

### 3.2 Gauge-fixing

In the YM-sector, the gauge symmetry is fixed in the standard way,

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_{gf}^A=s\mathrm{tr}\left\{\overline{c}dA\right\}=\mathrm{tr}\left\{bdA\overline{c}dDc\right\},$$
(30)
where we made use of a BRST-doublet $`(s\overline{c}=b,sb=0)`$.

In the $`B`$-sector, the local symmetry $`\delta B_2=dV_1^1`$ is fixed as for the free model, i.e. by introducing the gauge-fixing functional $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{gf}^B\mathrm{\Sigma }_{og}`$ given by equation (15).

In summary, the complete action of the interacting model reads $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{int}=\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_{cl}+\mathrm{\Sigma }_{gf}^B+\mathrm{\Sigma }_{gf}^A`$.

### 3.3 VSUSY

Due to the absence of shift-symmetries in the present model, the only possible choice for VSUSY-transformations is given by the so-called $`\mathrm{}`$-type symmetry conditions . However, the derivation of $`\delta _\tau `$-variations for all fields is substantially more complicated in the present case since the SUSY-algebra only closes on-shell. Therefore, we will not further elaborate on this point here .

## 4 Non-Abelian model

Consider a YM-connection $`A`$ and a $`2`$-form potential $`B_2`$, both with values in a given Lie algebra. The field strength of $`B_2`$ is now defined by

$$G_3=DB_2dB_2+[A,B_2]$$
(31)
and it satisfies the second Bianchi identity $`DG_3=[F,B_2]`$, where $`F=dA+\frac{1}{2}[A,A]`$ denotes the YM-curvature.

A natural generalization of the action (1) for the Abelian potentials is given by

$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{cl}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \mathrm{tr}\left\{G_3G_3^cF[B_2,B_2^c]\right\}}.`$ (32)
Neither $`B_2`$ nor $`A`$ propagate in this model (very much like $`A`$ in four-dimensional topological YM-theory).

### 4.1 Symmetries

Following reference , we now spell out all local symmetries of the functional (32). As in the previously discussed models, one considers the generalized gauge fields

$$\stackrel{~}{A}=A+c,\stackrel{~}{B}_2=B_2+V_1^1+m^2$$
(33)
and the associated generalized field strengths

$$\stackrel{~}{F}=\stackrel{~}{d}\stackrel{~}{A}+\frac{1}{2}[\stackrel{~}{A},\stackrel{~}{A}],\stackrel{~}{G}_3=\stackrel{~}{D}\stackrel{~}{B}_2\stackrel{~}{d}\stackrel{~}{B}_2+[\stackrel{~}{A},\stackrel{~}{B}_2].$$
(34)
The BRST-transformations in the YM-sector can be summarized by the following horizontality condition which involves ghost fields for the shifts of $`A`$:

$$\stackrel{~}{F}=F+\psi _1^1+\phi ^2.$$
(35)
From this relation and the generalized Bianchi identity $`\stackrel{~}{D}\stackrel{~}{F}=0`$, we obtain

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}\hfill sA& =& \psi _1^1Dc\hfill & ,& \hfill s\psi _1^1& =& D\phi ^2[c,\psi _1^1]\hfill \\ \hfill sc& =& \phi ^2\frac{1}{2}[c,c]\hfill & ,& \hfill s\phi ^2& =& [c,\phi ^2]\hfill \end{array}$$

and $`sF=D\psi _1^1[c,F]`$.

In the $`B`$-sector, the $`s`$-variations follow from the horizontality condition

$$\stackrel{~}{G}_3=G_3+\psi _2^1+\phi _1^2+\varphi ^3$$
(36)
and the generalized Bianchi identity $`\stackrel{~}{D}\stackrel{~}{G}_3=[\stackrel{~}{F},\stackrel{~}{B}_2]`$: they read

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}\hfill sB_2& =& \psi _2^1DV_1^1[c,B_2]\hfill & ,& \hfill s\psi _2^1& =& D\phi _1^2[c,\psi _2^1]+[F,m^2]+[\psi _1^1,V_1^1]+[\phi ^2,B_2]\hfill \\ \hfill sV_1^1& =& \phi _1^2Dm^2[c,V_1^1]\hfill & ,& \hfill s\phi _1^2& =& D\varphi ^3[c,\phi _1^2]+[\psi _1^1,m^2]+[\phi ^2,V_1^1]\hfill \\ \hfill sm^2& =& \varphi ^3[c,m^2]\hfill & ,& \hfill s\varphi ^3& =& [c,\varphi ^3]+[\phi ^2,m^2]\hfill \end{array}$$

and $`sG_3=D\psi _2^1[c,G_3]+[F,V_1^1]+[\psi _1^1,B_2]`$. The action (32) is inert under the BRST-transformations (4.1),(4.1) which are nilpotent by construction.

### 4.2 Gauge-fixing

The shift- and ordinary gauge symmetry in the $`B`$-sector are fixed as in the free Abelian model, except that all fields are now Lie algebra-valued. Thus, the total gauge-fixing action in the $`B`$-sector is given by

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }^B=\mathrm{\Sigma }_Q^B+\mathrm{\Sigma }_{og}^B,$$
(37)
with

$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_Q^B`$ $`=`$ $`s{\displaystyle }\mathrm{tr}\{\chi _3^1(G_3+G_3^c)+[\phi _1^2d\psi _2^1+\varphi ^3d\phi _1^2+\chi ^1d\phi _1^2CC]\}`$ (38)
$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{og}^B`$ $`=`$ $`s{\displaystyle \mathrm{tr}\left\{V_1^1dB_2+m^2dV_1^1+ndV_1^1CC\right\}},`$
The BRST-transformations of the anti-ghost and multiplier fields are given by equations (10),(12) and (14).

In the YM-sector, the gauge-fixing can be done along the lines of four-dimensional topological YM-theory. However, the familiar four-dimensional self-duality condition for the curvature form $`F`$ does not make sense in six dimensions and it has to be generalized by introducing a $`4`$-form $`T_4`$ which is invariant under some maximal subgroup of $`SO(6)`$ : the self-duality condition can then be written as

$$F=\mathrm{\Omega }_2F\mathrm{with}\mathrm{\Omega }_2T_4.$$
(39)
This constraint is implemented by the gauge-fixing action

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_{sd}^A=s\mathrm{tr}\left\{\chi _4^1(F\mathrm{\Omega }_2F)\right\},$$
(40)
where $`\chi _4^1`$ belongs to a BRST-doublet $`(s\chi _4^1=H_4,sH_4=0)`$. The residual gauge symmetries can then be fixed as in topological YM-theory by using a linear gauge-fixing term ,

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }^A=\mathrm{\Sigma }_{sd}^A+s\mathrm{tr}\left\{\overline{\varphi }^2d\psi _1^1+\overline{c}dA\right\},$$
(41)
which involves the BRST-doublets $`(\overline{\varphi }^2,\eta ^1)`$ and $`(\overline{c},b)`$. In summary, the total gauge-fixed action is given by $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\mathrm{\Sigma }_{cl}+\mathrm{\Sigma }^B+\mathrm{\Sigma }^A`$.

### 4.3 VSUSY

In order to derive the VSUSY-transformations, one considers $`0`$-type symmetry conditions in the $`A`$\- and $`B`$-sectors:

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}\hfill \delta _\tau \stackrel{~}{A}& =& 0\hfill & ,& \hfill \delta _\tau \stackrel{~}{F}& =& _\tau \stackrel{~}{A}\hfill \\ \hfill \delta _\tau \stackrel{~}{B}_2& =& 0\hfill & ,& \hfill \delta _\tau \stackrel{~}{G}_3& =& _\tau \stackrel{~}{B}_2.\hfill \end{array}$$
(42)
By expanding with respect to the ghost-number and substituting the horizontality conditions (35),(36), one finds

$$\delta _\tau (A,c)=0,\delta _\tau (B_2,V_1^1,m^2)=0.$$
(43)
and

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}\hfill \delta _\tau \psi _1^1& =& _\tau A\hfill & ,& \hfill \delta _\tau \psi _2^1& =& _\tau B_2\hfill \\ \hfill \delta _\tau \phi ^2& =& _\tau c\hfill & ,& \hfill \delta _\tau \phi _1^2& =& _\tau V_1^1\hfill \\ & & & & \hfill \delta _\tau \varphi ^3& =& _\tau m^2.\hfill \end{array}$$
(44)
The $`\delta _\tau `$-variations for the BRST-doublets occurring in the gauge-fixing action of the $`B`$-sector are given by equations (20) and those in the YM-sector read

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}\hfill \delta _\tau \overline{c}& =& _\tau \overline{\varphi }^2\hfill & ,& \hfill \delta _\tau b& =& _\tau \overline{c}+_\tau \eta ^1\hfill \\ \hfill \delta _\tau \chi _4^1& =& 0\hfill & ,& \hfill \delta _\tau H_4& =& _\tau \chi _4^1\hfill \\ \hfill \delta _\tau \overline{\varphi }^2& =& 0\hfill & ,& \hfill \delta _\tau \eta ^1& =& _\tau \overline{\varphi }^2.\hfill \end{array}$$

The total action is invariant under the given VSUSY-transformations which satisfy the VSUSY-algebra off-shell.

## 5 Concluding remarks

A possible generalization of the non-Abelian model consists of the addition of a $`BF`$-term $`\mathrm{tr}(B_4F)`$ (see  and references therein for such models in arbitrary dimensions): such a term breaks the invariance under shifts of $`A`$. Other possible extensions  are the inclusion of the topological invariant $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2\mathrm{tr}(FF)`$ (where $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ is a closed $`2`$-form), which leads to “nearly topological” field theories , or the addition of a term $`\mathrm{tr}(FDZ_3)`$ involving a $`3`$-form $`Z_3`$. The resulting models can be discussed along the lines of the present paper .


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# PM/00-12 TTP00-04 hep-ph/0003151 March 2000 Light Hybrid Mesons in QCD

## 1 INTRODUCTION

Since the discovery of QCD, it has been emphasized  that exotic mesons beyond the standard octet, exist as a consequence of the non-perturbative aspects of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Since the understanding of the nature of the $`\eta ^{}`$ , a large amount of theoretical efforts have been furnished in the past and pursued at present for predicting the spectra of the exotics using different QCD-like models  such as the flux tube  , the bags , the quark  and constituent gluon  models. In this paper, we present new developments of the analysis of the hybrid mesons using QCD spectral sum rules (QSSR)  à la SVZ  (for a review, see e.g. ) by including the radiative perturbative corrections and the short distance tachyonic gluon mass effects which mimic the ones of UV renormalons . In this sense our results are an update of earlier results. Our predictions for the masses will be compared with the lattice results  and the recent experimental candidates .

## 2 QCD SPECTRAL SUM RULES (QSSR)

### Description of the method

Since its discovery in 1979, QSSR has proved to be a powerful method for understanding the hadronic properties in terms of the fundamental QCD parameters such as the QCD coupling $`\alpha _s`$, the (running) quark masses and the quark and/or gluon QCD vacuum condensates. The description of the method has been often discussed in the literature, where a pedagogical introduction can be, for instance, found in the book . In practice (like also the lattice), one starts the analysis from the two-point correlator (standard notations):

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{V/A}^{\mu \nu }(q^2)id^4xe^{iqx}0|𝒯𝒪_{V/A}^\mu (x)\left(𝒪_{V/A}^\nu (0)\right)^{}|0=\left(g^{\mu \nu }q^2q^\mu q^\nu \right)\mathrm{\Pi }_{V/A}^{(1)}(q^2)+q^\mu q^\nu \mathrm{\Pi }_{V/A}^{(0)}(q^2),$$
(1)
built from the hadronic local currents $`𝒪_\mu ^{V/A}(x)`$:

$$𝒪_V^\mu (x):g\overline{\psi }_i\lambda _a\gamma _\nu \psi _jG_a^{\mu \nu }:,𝒪_A^\mu (x):g\overline{\psi }_i\lambda _a\gamma _\nu \gamma _5\psi _jG_a^{\mu \nu }:$$
(2)
which select the specific quantum numbers of the hybrid mesons; A and V refer respectively to the vector and axial-vector currents. The invariant $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{(1)}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{(0)}`$ refer to the spin one and zero mesons. One exploits, in the sum rule approaches, the analyticity property of the correlator which obeys the well-known Källen–Lehmann dispersion relation:

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{V/A}^{(1,0)}(q^2)=_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dt}{tq^2iϵ}\frac{1}{\pi }\text{Im}\mathrm{\Pi }_{V/A}^{(1,0)}+\mathrm{}$$
(3)
where … represent subtraction terms which are polynomials in the $`q^2`$-variable. In this way, the $`sumrule`$ expresses in a clear way the duality between the integral involving the spectral function Im$`\mathrm{\Pi }_{V/A}^{(1,0)}(t)`$ (which can be measured experimentally), and the full correlator $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{V/A}^{(1,0)}(q^2)`$. The latter can be calculated directly in the QCD in the Euclidean space-time using perturbation theory (provided that $`q^2+m^2`$ ($`m`$ being the quark mass) is much greater than $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^2`$), and the Wilson expansion in terms of the increasing dimensions of the quark and/or gluon condensates which simulate the non-perturbative effects of QCD.

### Beyond the usual SVZ expansion

Using the Operator Product Expansion (OPE) , the two-point correlator reads for $`m=0`$:

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{V/A}^{(1,0)}(q^2)\underset{D=0,2,\mathrm{}}{}\frac{1}{\left(q^2\right)^{D/2}}\underset{dimO=D}{}C(q^2,\nu )𝒪(\nu ),$$

where $`\nu `$ is an arbitrary scale that separates the long- and short-distance dynamics; $`C`$ are the Wilson coefficients calculable in perturbative QCD by means of Feynman diagrams techniques; $`𝒪(\nu )`$ are the quark and/or gluon condensates of dimension $`D`$. In the massless quark limit, one may expect the absence of the terms of dimension 2 due to gauge invariance. However, it has been emphasized recently  that the resummation of the large order terms of the perturbative series, and the effects of the higher dimension condensates due e.g. to instantons, can be mimiced by the effect of a tachyonic gluon mass $`\lambda `$ which generates an extra $`D=2`$ term not present in the original OPE. Its presence might be understood from the analogy with the short distance linear part of the QCD potential 222Some evidence of this term is found from the lattice analysis of the static quark potential , though the extraction of the continuum result needs to be clarified.. The strength of this short distance mass has been estimated from the $`e^+e^{}`$ data to be :

$$\frac{\alpha _s}{\pi }\lambda ^2(0.060.07)\mathrm{GeV}^2,$$
(4)
which leads to the value of the square of the (short distance) string tension: $`\sigma \frac{2}{3}\alpha _s\lambda ^2[(400\pm 20)\mathrm{MeV}]^2`$ in an (unexpected) good agreement with the lattice result  of about $`[(440\pm 38)\mathrm{MeV}]^2`$. In addition to Eq. (4), the strengths of the vacuum condensates having dimensions $`D6`$ are also under good control, namely:

* $`\overline{s}s/\overline{d}d0.7\pm 0.2`$ from the meson  and baryon systems ;
* $`\alpha _sG^2(0.07\pm 0.01)\mathrm{GeV}^4`$ from sum rules of $`e^+e^{}I=1\mathrm{hadrons}`$  and heavy quarkonia , and from the lattice ;
* $`g\overline{\psi }\lambda _a/2\sigma ^{\mu \nu }G_{\mu \nu }^a\psi (0.8\pm 0.1)\mathrm{GeV}^2\overline{\psi }\psi ,`$ from the baryons , light mesons  and the heavy-light mesons ;
* $`\alpha _s\overline{u}u^25.8\times 10^4\mathrm{GeV}^6`$ from $`e^+e^{}I=1\mathrm{hadrons}`$ ;
* $`g^3G^31.2\mathrm{GeV}^2\alpha _\mathrm{s}\mathrm{G}^2`$ from dilute gaz instantons .

### Spectral function

In the absence of the complete data, the spectral function is often parametrized using the “naïve” duality ansatz:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi }}\text{Im}\mathrm{\Pi }_{V/A}^{(1,0)}(t)2M_H^4f_H^2\delta (tM_H^2)+\mathrm{`}\mathrm{`}\mathrm{QCD}\mathrm{continuum}\mathrm{"}\times \theta (\mathrm{t}\mathrm{t}_\mathrm{c}),`$ (5)
which has been tested  using $`e^+e^{}`$ and $`\tau `$-decay data, to give a good description of the spectral integral in the sum rule analysis; $`f_H`$ (an analogue to $`f_\pi `$) is the hadron’s coupling to the current; $`2n`$ is the dimension of the correlator; while $`t_c`$ is the QCD continuum’s threshold.

### Form of the sum rules and optimization procedure

Among the different sum rules discussed in the literature , we shall be concerned with the following Laplace sum rule (LSR) and its ratio  333FESR or $`\tau `$-like sum rules are complement to the Laplace sum rules and will be used if necessary, though the final results are independent on the form of the sum rules used.:

$$_n^{(1,0)}(\tau )=_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑tt^n\text{exp}(t\tau )\frac{1}{\pi }\text{Im}\mathrm{\Pi }_{V/A}^{(1,0)}(t),_n\frac{d}{d\tau }\mathrm{log}_n,(n0).$$
(6)
The advantage of the Laplace sum rules with respect to the previous dispersion relation is the presence of the exponential weight factor which enhances the contribution of the lowest resonance and low-energy region accessible experimentally. For the QCD side, this procedure has eliminated the ambiguity carried by subtraction constants, arbitrary polynomial in $`q^2`$, and has improved the convergence of the OPE by the presence of the factorial dumping factor for each condensates of given dimensions. The ratio of the sum rules is a useful quantity to work with, in the determination of the resonance mass, as it is equal to the meson mass squared, in the usual duality ansatz parametrization. As one can notice, there are “a priori” two free external parameters $`(\tau ,t_c)`$ in the analysis. The optimized result will be (in principle) insensitive to their variations. In some cases, the $`t_c`$-stability is not reached due to the too naïve parametrization of the spectral function. In order to restore the $`t_c`$-stability of the results one can either fix the $`t_c`$-values by the help of FESR (local duality)  or improve the parametrization of the spectral function by introducing threshold effects with the help of chiral perturbation theory The results discussed below satisfy these stability criteria.

## 3 QCD EXPRESSION OF THE TWO-POINT FUNCTION

A QCD analysis of the two-point function have been done in the past by different groups , where (unfortunately) the non-trivial QCD expressions were wrong leading to some controversial predictions . The final correct QCD expression is given in . In this paper, we extend the analysis by taking into account the non-trivial $`\alpha _s`$ correction and the effect of the new $`1/q^2`$ term not taken into account into the SVZ expansion. The corrected QCD expressions of the correlator are given in  to lowest order of perturbative QCD but including the contributions of the condensates of dimensions lower or equal than six. The new terms appearing in the OPE are presented in the following 444 The results described below \[Eqs. (7) to (9)\] have been obtained with the help of program packages GEFICOM (see, e.g. ) and MINCER  written in FORM . More details on the derivation of these results will be published elsewhere. Note that the results for the NLO radiative corrections are derived in neglecting some possible mixings of our operators with those containing more $`\gamma `$-matrixes like $`g\overline{\psi }_i\lambda _a\gamma _\mu \sigma _{\nu \lambda }\psi _jG_a^{\nu \lambda }`$ which could in principle mix with $`𝒪_V^\mu `$. We expect that effects due to the mixings will be small. :

* The perturbative QCD expression including the NLO radiative corrections reads:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi }}\text{Im}\mathrm{\Pi }_{V/A}^{(1)}(t)_{pert}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{60\pi ^3}}t^2\left\{1+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{\pi }}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{121}{16}}{\displaystyle \frac{257}{360}}n_f+\left({\displaystyle \frac{35}{36}}{\displaystyle \frac{n_f}{6}}\right)\mathrm{log}{\displaystyle \frac{\nu ^2}{t}}\right]\right\}`$ (7)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi }}\text{Im}\mathrm{\Pi }_{V/A}^{(0)}(t)_{pert}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{120\pi ^3}}t^2\left\{1+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{\pi }}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1997}{432}}{\displaystyle \frac{167}{360}}n_f+\left({\displaystyle \frac{35}{36}}{\displaystyle \frac{n_f}{6}}\right)\mathrm{log}{\displaystyle \frac{\nu ^2}{t}}\right]\right\}`$
* The anomalous dimension of the current can be easily deduced to be:

$$\nu \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}\nu }𝒪_V^\mu =\frac{16}{9}\frac{\alpha _s}{\pi }𝒪_V^\mu .$$
(8)
* The lowest order correction due to the (short distance) tachyonic gluon mass reads:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi }}\text{Im}\mathrm{\Pi }_{V/A}^{(1)}(t)_\lambda `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{60\pi ^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{35}{4}}\lambda ^2t`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi }}\text{Im}\mathrm{\Pi }_{V/A}^{(0)}(t)_\lambda `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{120\pi ^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{15}{2}}\lambda ^2t`$ (9)
* The (corrected) contributions of the dimension-four and -six terms reads in the limit $`m^2=0`$ :

$`\mathrm{\Pi }_V^{(1)}(q^2)_{NP}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{9\pi }}\left[\alpha _sG^2+8\alpha _sm\overline{\psi }\psi \right]\mathrm{log}{\displaystyle \frac{q^2}{\nu ^2}}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{q^2}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{16\pi }{9}}\alpha _s\overline{\psi }\psi ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{48\pi ^2}}g^3G^3{\displaystyle \frac{83}{432}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{\pi }}mg\overline{\psi }G\psi \right]`$
$`\mathrm{\Pi }_A^{(0)}(q^2)_{NP}`$ $`=`$ $`\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6\pi }}\left[\alpha _sG^2+8\alpha _sm\overline{\psi }\psi \right]+{\displaystyle \frac{11}{18}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{q^2}}mg\overline{\psi }G\psi +𝒪\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{q^2}}\right)\right]\mathrm{log}{\displaystyle \frac{q^2}{\nu ^2}},`$ (10)
where one can notice the miraculous cancellation of the $`\mathrm{log}`$-coefficient of the dimension-six condensates for $`\mathrm{\Pi }_V^{(1)}`$.

## 4 PROPERTIES OF LIGHT HYBRIDS

### The $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }(1^+)`$

The experimental (resp. theoretical) situation has been reviewed in  (resp. ). The sum rule analysis of the spectrum is based on the 2-point correlator $`\mathrm{\Pi }(q^2)_{V/A}`$ associated to the hybrid currents.

* One expects, from different QCD-like approaches, that the lightest exotic state is the one with the quantum numbers $`1^+`$ 555From QCD spectral sum rules, we also expect to a good approximation that the $`1^{}`$ is almost degenerate with the $`1^+`$.. From the analysis of the moments $`_{0,1}`$, we notice that the effect of the perturbative corrections (slightly decrease) and of the new dimension-two contribution (slightly increase) are almost negligible. This means that perturbation theory expansion in $`\alpha _s`$ converges well. The main uncertainties come from the value of $`t_c`$ because the result does not show $`t_c`$ stability. The $`\tau `$-stability of $`_0`$ also disappears if one considers the value of the subtraction constant proposed in :

$$q^2\mathrm{\Pi }_V^{(1)}|_{q^2=0}\frac{16\pi }{9}\alpha _s\overline{\psi }\psi ^2,$$
(11)
as it would cancel the effect of $`\overline{\psi }\psi ^2`$ appearing in the OPE. However, we shall check “a posteriori” that by approximating it with the sum rule estimated quantity 2$`M_{\stackrel{~}{\rho }}^4f_{\stackrel{~}{\rho }}^2`$ from the following Eq. (13), this result is inaccurate and, therefore, we shall not include this term in our analysis. An independent measurement of this quantity, e.g. on the lattice is required.
* Using the different QCD input parameters given previously and the value $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=(0.35\pm 0.05)`$ GeV, the positivity ($`t_c\mathrm{}`$) of the $`_0`$ moment leads to the rigorous upper bound:

$$M_{\stackrel{~}{\rho }}1.9\text{GeV},$$
(12)
which excludes some of range spanned by the quenched lattice estimates of $`(1.9\pm 0.2)`$ GeV .
* For reasonnable finite values of $`t_c3.5`$ GeV2 (beginning of $`\tau `$-stability) to 4.5 GeV2 as also fixed by the Finite Energy Sum Rule constraints , we obtain at the stability point $`\tau (0.50.6)`$ GeV-2 of $`_0`$, the common solution of $`_0`$ and $`_1`$:

$$M_{\stackrel{~}{\rho }}(1.61.7)\text{GeV},f_{\stackrel{~}{\rho }}(2550)\text{MeV},(M_{\stackrel{~}{\rho }^{}}\sqrt{t_c})M_{\stackrel{~}{\rho }}200\mathrm{MeV},$$
(13)
where the $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }^{}`$ is the radial excitation. One can consider this result as an improvement of the available sum rule results ranging from 1.4 to 2.1 GeV, . Though, we cannot absolutely exclude the presence of the $`1.41.6`$ GeV experimental candidates , we expect from your analysis that this observed state is a hybrid which can have a small $`\overline{q}q\overline{q}q`$ component through mixing.
* $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }^{}`$-$`\stackrel{~}{\rho }`$ mass-splitting is much smaller than $`M_\rho ^{}M_\rho 700`$ MeV, and can signal a rich population of $`1^+`$ states above 1.6 GeV.
* The hadronic widths have been computed in . Given our new values of the mass and decay constant, the updated values are:

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{\rho }\rho \pi )`$ $``$ $`274\text{MeV},\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{\rho }\gamma \pi )3\text{MeV},`$
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{\rho }\eta ^{}\pi )`$ $``$ $`3\text{MeV},\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{\rho }\pi \pi ,\overline{K}K,\eta _8\eta _8)𝒪(m_q^2).`$ (14)
* One can measure the $`SU(3)`$ breakings and the mass of the $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }(\overline{s}s)`$ from the difference of the ratio of moments, which gives :

$$M_{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}^2M_{\stackrel{~}{\rho }}^2\frac{20}{3}\overline{m}_s^2\frac{160\pi ^2}{9}m_s\overline{s}s\tau 0.3\text{GeV}^2M_{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}(1.71.8)\text{GeV}.$$
(15)
The quenched lattice results are in the range of ($`2.0\pm 0.2`$) GeV , which is slightly higher than our result.

### The $`\stackrel{~}{\eta }(0^{})`$

Similar analysis can be done for the pseudoscalar channel. In this case, the most convenient sum rule to work with is $`_1`$, which presents both $`\tau `$ and $`t_c`$ stabilities. Using the previous QCD input parameters, stabilities are reached for $`\tau 0.12`$ GeV-2 and $`t_c7.8`$ GeV2 showing again that the mass-splitting between the radial excitation and the ground state is tiny. At these values one obtains 666 In the case $`\lambda =0`$, i.e. of the ordinary SVZ expansion, the stability is obtained for $`\tau 0.15`$ GeV-2 at which, one can deduce $`M_{\stackrel{~}{\eta }}3.2`$ GeV$`\sqrt{t_c}`$.:

$$M_{\stackrel{~}{\eta }}2.8\mathrm{GeV}\sqrt{t_c},$$
(16)
which we consider as an update of the previous results in . Again the effects of the correction terms are small. The relatively higher value of the mass of the $`0^{}`$ meson than the one of the $`1^+`$, is mainly due to the relative strength of the perturbative and non-perturbative terms.

## 5 CONCLUSIONS

There are some progresses in the long run study and experimental search for the exotics. Before some definite conclusions, one still needs improvments of the present data, and some improved lattice unquenched estimates which should complement the QCD spectral sum rule (QSSR) results. In this paper we have updated previous sum rule analysis of the light hybrids  by including the perturbative radiative corrections and the new effect due to the (short distance) tachyonic gluon mass not included in the original SVZ expansion. However, these effects are negligible which are reassuring for the validity of the approximation used. Our result which is $`M_{\stackrel{~}{\rho }}(1.61.7)\text{GeV}`$ can be renconciled with the existence of the $`1^+`$ states at $`(1.41.6)`$ GeV seen recently in hadronic machines (BNL and Crystal Barrel) , but in the same time predicts the existence of a $`1^{}`$ hybrid almost degenerate with the $`1^+`$, and which could manifest in $`e^+e^{}`$ hadrons by mixing with the radial excitations of the $`\rho `$ and $`\omega `$ mesons. In addition, the relatively low value of the continuum threshold indicates that we expect a rich population of (axial-) vector hybrids in the region above 1.8 GeV.
In our analysis, the $`0^{}`$ mass is about 2.8 GeV, which is in the range of the different charmonium states, such that it could mix with these charmonium states as well. Moreover, the small splitting between the continuum threshold and the lowest ground state indicates that rich population of pseudoscalar hybrids is expected in the 3 GeV mass range.
Light hybrid mesons ($`1^{}`$ and $`0^+`$) might be (partly) responsible of the anomalous behaviour of the $`e^+e^{}`$ hadrons cross section observed in the region below 4 GeV.

## Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Alexei Pivovarov for his collaboration on early stage of the present work as well as for numerous discussions and a good advice. K. Ch. would like to thank Matthias Steinhauser for his help with prgramming Feynman rules for hybrid currents; his work was supported by DFG under Contract Ku 502/8-1. S.N. thanks the KEK Theory Group and K. Hagiwara for their hospitality.


text:
# Static and dynamic spin correlations in the spin-glass phase of slightly-doped La2-xSrxCuO4

## I Introduction

The phase diagram of La2-xSrxCuO4 shows that the magnetic state changes dramatically with Sr doping. The parent material La2CuO4 exhibits three-dimensional (3D) long-range antiferromagnetic (AF) order below $``$325 K.  When a small fraction of La is replaced by Sr, which corresponds to hole-doping, the 3D AF order disappears and the low temperature magnetic phase is replaced by a disordered magnetic phase in which commensurate two-dimensional (2D) short-range AF fluctuations are observed.  In crucible-grown samples the commensurate fluctuations develop a static component at low temperatures, signalling the onset of spin-glass order.

In superconducting samples, an essential feature is that the magnetic correlations become incommensurate (IC).  Detailed studies on the hole concentration dependence of the low energy magnetic excitations have been performed by Yamada $`et`$ $`al.`$  They find that the incommensurability ($`\delta `$) is almost linear with hole concentration ($`x`$) with $`\delta x`$ below $`x`$0.12. Recently, static magnetic ordering has been observed in superconducting La1.88Sr0.12CuO4  with the magnetic onset temperature near $`T_c`$. The elastic magnetic peaks are observed at the same IC positions as those of the magnetic inelastic peaks. A model that describes this behavior is that of stripe ordering of spin and charge (hole) density waves as observed in La2-y-xNdySrxCuO4.  In this case the charge and, concomitantly, spin stripes run approximately along the $`a_{\mathrm{tetra}}`$ or $`b_{\mathrm{tetra}}`$ axis; we label this the collinear stripe phase.

Thus, the magnetism and the transport properties in the doped La2CuO4 system are intimately related.  In the insulating phase at low hole concentrations, spin-glass behavior is observed and there are strong quasi-elastic commensurate spin fluctuations; dynamic IC spin fluctuations persist in the superconducting phase. It has been known for some time that in La2-xSrxCuO4 the instantaneous magnetic correlations change from being commensurate to IC at the insulator-to-superconductor boundary. Recently, Wakimoto $`et`$ $`al.`$ have found that in a sample grown with the crucible-free traveling solvent floating zone technique which results in purer crystals the static magnetic correlations at low temperature are also IC in the insulating spin-glass La1.95Sr0.05CuO4.  They have examined the intensity profiles and have shown that there are only 2 satellite peaks along $`b_{\mathrm{ortho}}`$  while in superconducting compounds the IC peaks are located parallel to both the $`a_{\mathrm{tetra}}`$ and $`b_{\mathrm{tetra}}`$ axes. These magnetic correlations in La1.95Sr0.05CuO4 are consistent with diagonal charge stripes, in which the stripes run along the $`a_{\mathrm{ortho}}`$ axis. Actually, such diagonal stripes have been predicted theoretically.  Diagonal stripes are also reported experimentally in insulating La2-xSrxNiO4.  We emphasize, however, that only a one-dimensional spin modulation has been observed in La2-xSrxCuO4 to-date; any associated charge ordering has not yet been detected. These results lead to the important conclusion that the static magnetic spin modulation changes from diagonal to collinear at $`x=0.055\pm 0.005`$, coincident with the insulator-to-superconductor transition.

A fundamental question is whether or not the diagonal one-dimensional IC magnetic correlations persist throughout the spin-glass phase down to the critical concentration of $`x`$=0.02 for 3D Néel ordering. The present neutron scattering study clarifies this point and yields important new information on the concentration dependence of the incommensurability. Especially, we find that at the lowest concentration within the context of the stripe model the inferred charge density is $``$1 hole/Cu as in La2-xSrxNiO4.

Another important point is to clarify the nature of the magnetic excitations in the diagonal IC state. Intensive studies of the inelastic magnetic spectra in insulating La2-xSrxCuO4 were performed by Keimer $`et`$ $`al.`$  They studied the energy and temperature dependences of the $`Q`$-integrated susceptibility. However, the $`Q`$-dependence of the excitation spectra was not discussed since the detailed peak profile was not known. Matsuda $`et`$ $`al.`$ also studied the inelastic magnetic spectra in La1.98Sr0.02CuO4,  in which the energy and temperature dependences of the excitation spectra were measured. They only discussed the results qualitatively since the detailed peak profile could not be clarified. Now that the static magnetic correlations have been elucidated, the excitation spectra can be analyzed qualitatively. Specifically, we found that the magnetic correlations change from being incommensurate to commensurate at $`\omega `$7 meV and $`T`$70 K, indicating a characteristic energy for the IC structure of 6-7 meV.

## II Experimental details

The single crystal of La1.976Sr0.024CuO4 was grown by the traveling solvent floating zone (TSFZ) method. The crystal was annealed in an Ar atmosphere at 900 C for 24 h. The dimensions of the rod shaped crystal were $``$5$`\mathrm{\Phi }\times `$25 mm3. The lattice constants were $`a_{\mathrm{ortho}}`$=5.349 Å, $`b_{\mathrm{ortho}}`$=5.430 Å ($`b/a`$1.015), and $`c`$=13.151 Å at 10 K. From the universal relation for the spin-glass transition temperature, the tetragonal-to-orthorhombic structural transition temperature, and the orthorombicity $`b/a`$, the effective hole concentration was estimated to be 0.024$`\pm `$0.003.

The neutron scattering experiments were carried out on the cold neutron three-axis spectrometer HER and the thermal neutron three-axis spectrometer TOPAN installed at JRR-3M at the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI). The horizontal collimator sequences were guide-open-S-80-80 with the fixed incident neutron energy $`E_\mathrm{i}`$=5 meV at HER and 30-30-S-60-60 with the fixed final neutron energy $`E_\mathrm{f}`$=14.7 meV at TOPAN. Contamination from higher-order beams was effectively eliminated using Be filters at HER and PG filters at TOPAN. The single crystal, which was oriented in the $`(HK0)_{\mathrm{ortho}}`$ or $`(H0L)_{\mathrm{ortho}}`$ scattering plane, was mounted in a closed cycle refrigerator. In this paper, we use the low temperature orthorhombic phase ($`Bmab`$) notation $`(h,k,l)_{\mathrm{ortho}}`$ to express Miller indices.

The crystal has a twin structure and there exist two domains. The two domains are estimated to be equally distributed from the ratio of the nuclear Bragg peak intensities from both domains. Figure 1A shows the scattering geometry in the $`(HK0)`$ scattering plane. The filled triangles correspond to the (1,0,0) and (0,1,0) Bragg points from domain A while the open triangles denote the (1,0,0) and (0,1,0) Bragg points from domain B.

## III Results and Discussion

### A Static properties

Below $``$40 K elastic magnetic peaks develop and at low temperatures the peaks are clearly resolved at the IC positions (1, $`\pm ϵ`$, 0) and (0, 1$`\pm ϵ`$, 0) with $`ϵ`$0.023. This corresponds to the same diagonal one-dimensional spin modulation observed in La1.95Sr0.05CuO4 which has $`ϵ`$0.064.  The open and filled circles in Fig. 1A correspond to the IC magnetic peaks from the two domains in the $`(HK0)`$ zone, respectively.

Figures 1B-1D show transverse and longitudinal elastic scans around (1,0,0) and (0,1,0). Two peaks are observed in the transverse scan A while one intense peak together with a weak shoulder on the low-$`h`$ side is observed in the longitudinal scans B and C. The instrumental resolution at (1,0,0) can be estimated from higher-order reflections, which in turn are measured by removing the Be filters. As illustrated in Figs. 1B and 1C, the magnetic peaks are much broader than the resolution along both $`h`$ and $`k`$. It should be noted that, by contrast, the magnetic peaks in the superconducting state of La1.88Sr0.12CuO4 are all resolution limited,  indicating that the magnetic correlation length in that system is quite large in the CuO2 plane.

Figure 2 shows the $`L`$-dependence of the magnetic elastic peaks at (1,0,$`L`$) and (0,0.975,$`L`$), respectively, at 10 K. The background estimated from the high temperature data (100 K) has been subtracted so that the remaining signal is purely magnetic. These scans probe the magnetic correlations along the $`c`$ axis between neighboring 2D antiferromagnetically correlated planes. Broad peaks are observed at $`(1,0,even)`$ and (0,$``$1,$`odd`$) which coincide with the magnetic Bragg peak positions in pure La2CuO4.  However, the magnetic intensity at $`(1,0,even)`$ initially increases with increasing $`L`$, implying a cluster spin-glass model as in La1.98Sr0.02CuO4:  the spin system forms antiferromagnetically correlated clusters which have randomly different spin directions in the CuO2 plane although the propagation vector of the AF order is along $`a_{\mathrm{ortho}}`$ in each cluster.

The solid lines in Figs. 1B-1D are the results of fits to a convolution of the resolution function with 3D squared Lorentzians. The two intense peaks in Fig. 1B originate primarily from the magnetic signals at (1,$`\pm ϵ`$,0) in domain A while the weak shoulder in Fig. 1C originates from magnetic signals at (0,1$`ϵ`$,$`\pm `$1) in domain B. The relatively intense peaks at (0,1$`\pm ϵ`$,0) occur because of the short correlation length along the $`c`$ axis, which in turn makes the (0,1$`\pm ϵ`$,$`L`$), with $`L`$ odd, magnetic peaks broad along the $`c`$ axis as shown in Fig. 2. The instrumental resolution function is also elongated along the $`c`$ axis so that the magnetic signals are effectively integrated. The observed data are fitted with $`\xi _a^{}`$=94.9$`\pm `$4.0 Å, $`\xi _b^{}`$=39.9$`\pm `$1.3 Å, $`\xi _c^{}`$=3.15$`\pm `$0.08 Å, and $`ϵ`$=0.0232$`\pm `$0.0004 r.l.u., where $`\xi _a^{}`$, $`\xi _b^{}`$, and $`\xi _c^{}`$ represent the inverse of the half width at half maxima of the elastic peak widths in $`Q`$ along the $`a`$, $`b`$, and $`c`$ axes, respectively. The calculation reproduces the observed profiles quite well. The error bars represent one standard deviation statistical error limits for the assumed lineshape. The true error limits, indicating possible systematic errors are much larger. The static correlation length perpendicular to the CuO2 plane is 3.15 Å, which is much less than the distance between nearest-neighbor CuO2 planes ($`c/2`$6.5 Å), indicating that the static magnetic correlations are almost two-dimensional. The between-plane correlation length is shorter than those in La1.48Nd0.4Sr0.12CuO4 ($`\xi _c0.55c`$ at 1.38 K)  and La1.775Sr0.225NiO4 ($`\xi _c1.06c`$ at 10 K).

The solid lines in Fig. 2 show the calculated profiles using 3D squared Lorentzian profiles convoluted with the instrumental resolution function. The parameters determined above are held fixed and only the overall scale factor has been adjusted. In order to reproduce the $`L`$-dependence of the $`(1,0,even)`$ intensity, the cluster spin-glass model,  as described above, has been used in the calculation. The calculation describes the observed profiles reasonably well. The slight deviation at large $`L`$ in both the $`(1,0,L)`$ and $`(0,0.975,L)`$ scans probably reflects a decrease at large $`L`$ of the magnetic form factor, which has been assumed to be constant in the calculation.

The diagonal magnetic stripe model thus provides a good description of the data; this is one of the most significant results of this study. The incommensurability $`ϵ`$ corresponds to the inverse modulation period of the spin density wave. Here, $`ϵ`$ is defined in orthorhombic notation so that $`ϵ=\sqrt{2}\times \delta `$ where $`\delta `$ is defined in tetragonal units. As shown in Fig. 3, $`\delta `$ follows the linear relation $`\delta =x`$ reasonably well over the range 0.03$`x`$0.12 which spans the insulator-superconductor transition. In a charge stripe model this corresponds to a constant charge per unit length in both the diagonal and collinear stripe phases, or equivalently, 0.7 and 0.5 holes per Cu respectively because of the $`\sqrt{2}`$ difference in Cu spacings in the diagonal and collinear geometries. Our value for $`x`$=0.024 definitely deviates from the $`\delta =x`$ line and instead appears to be close to $``$1 hole/Cu as in La2-xSrxNiO4 where there is $``$1 hole/Ni  along the diagonal stripes. This suggests that as the hole concentration is decreased, in the context of the stripe model, the hole concentration evolves progressively from $``$0.5 hole/Cu at $`x`$=0.12 to 1 hole/Cu at $`x`$=0.024. This behavior is very different from that in La2-xSrxNiO4, where the hole density is $``$1 hole/Ni over a wide range of hole concentrations in the insulating phase albeit at rather larger hole densities.  We note that Machida and Ichioka predict 1 hole/Cu throughout the diagonal stripe phase.

The static spin correlation lengths, which are derived from the inverse peak widths in $`Q`$, in La2-xSrxCuO4 ($`x`$=0.02, 0.024, and 0.05) are summarized in Table 1. With increasing hole concentration, the peak widths both parallel and perpendicular to the CuO2 plane rapidly broaden. In La1.95Sr0.05CuO4, an $`L`$-scan shows that the peak width along $`L`$ is much broader than that in La1.976Sr0.024CuO4, indicating that the magnetic correlations are more two-dimensional.

There are at least two possible origins of the finite correlation lengths in the CuO2 plane for the static order in the spin-glass La2-xSrxCuO4. The first is that the lengths simply measure the spin decoherence distance of the AF spin clusters. The second is that the disorder originates primarily from a random distribution of stripe spacings and orientations as discussed by Tranquada $`et`$ $`al`$ It is noted that a rotation of the stripe orientation away from the $`a_{\mathrm{tetra}}`$ and $`b_{\mathrm{tetra}}`$ axes is observed in La2CuO4+y (Ref. ) and La1.88Sr0.12CuO4 (Ref. ). Further experiments and theoretical calculations will be required to choose between these possibilities.

### B Magnetic excitations

As mentioned in the previous section, static magnetic correlations in the spin-glass phase has been revealed. We now consider how the inelastic magnetic correlations behave in the spin-glass phase of La2-xSrxCuO4. Neutron inelastic scattering measurements were performed in La1.976Sr0.024CuO4. The measurements were performed in the ($`H0L`$) scattering plane. We first carried out the measurements in the ($`HK0`$) scattering plane, in which the elastic IC magnetic peaks can be resolved reasonably well since the instrumental resolution is narrower than the intrinsic peak widths as shown in Fig. 4(a). However, with increasing transfer energy, the resolution becomes worse and the magnetic intensity decreases due to the structure factor. Because of these two effects, it is very difficult to follow the energy dependence of the excitation spectra. In the ($`H0L`$) scattering plane, since the resolution is elongated perpendicular to $`H`$, as shown in Fig. 4(b), the IC peak cannot be well resolved. However, as we will show later, the intrinsic peak configuration can be estimated by fitting to model functions. The advantage of the measurements in the ($`H0L`$) scattering plane is that the measurements can be performed with increased scattering intensity.

First, we performed constant-$`Q`$ scans around ($`\pi ,\pi `$) in order to study the magnetic anisotropy in La1.976Sr0.024CuO4. Figure 5(a) shows the result of constant-$`Q`$ scans at (0.992,0,0.7), which corresponds to just the midpoint between (1,0,0.7) and (0,1,0.7). The background intensities are measured at (1.15,0,0.7). The magnetic intensity decreases gradually with increasing energy, indicating that the magnetic excitation spectrum is gapless in La1.976Sr0.024CuO4. For comparison, constant-$`Q`$ scans in pure La2CuO4 with the same spectrometer condition are shown in Fig. 5(b). An excitation gap due to the out-of-plane anisotropy is found at $``$5 meV, which is consistent with that observed previously.

Figure 6 shows constant-$`\omega `$ scans in the ($`H0L`$) scattering plane at various energies and temperatures. A sharp excitation peak is centered at $`H`$=1 at $`\omega `$=3 meV and $`T`$=10 K. On the other hand, the peak position shifts progressively to lower $`H`$ at higher energies and temperatures.

We speculate that this behavior may be explained as follows. At 3 meV, the magnetic peaks exist at IC positions as observed in the elastic scans in the ($`HK0`$) scattering zone as shown in Fig. 4(a). Since the instrumental resolution elongated vertically integrates the magnetic signal around $`H`$=1 very effectively in the $`(H0L)`$ scattering plane, as shown in Fig. 4(b), a sharp and intense peak centered at $`H`$=1 is observed while a weak tail is found at lower $`H`$. The solid line in the Fig. 6(a) is the result of a calculation assuming that the magnetic peaks are located at exactly the same positions as those determined from the elastic measurements in the ($`HK0`$) scattering plane. As excitation energy is increased, the peak separation appears to to become smaller. The excitation spectrum at 6 meV is fitted to 3D Lorentzians. The fitting parameters are the peak separation $`ϵ`$, the isotropic inverse inelastic peak width in the CuO2 plane $`\xi _{ab}^{\prime \prime }`$, and the amplitude. The inverse inelastic peak width along the c-axis $`\xi _c^{\prime \prime }`$ is fixed at 3.15 Å, which is the same as $`\xi _c^{}`$. The solid line in the Fig. 6(b) is the result of a fit to the 3D Lorentzians with $`ϵ`$= 0.0096$`\pm `$0.0068 r.l.u. and $`\xi _{ab}^{\prime \prime }`$=48$`\pm `$12 Å. Finally, the magnetic correlations appears to become commensurate and isotropic at 9 meV as shown in Fig. 4(c). In this case, there exist two equi-intense peaks at (0,1,-0.6) ($`H`$=0.985) and (1,0,-0.6) ($`H`$=1) resulting in one broad peak located at $`H`$0.99. The solid line in Fig. 6(c) is the result of a fit to the 3D Lorentzians with $`\xi _c^{\prime \prime }`$=3.15 Å (fixed) and $`\xi _{ab}^{\prime \prime }`$=42$`\pm `$13 Å. $`ϵ`$ is fixed at 0 r.l.u. since it becomes very close to 0 r.l.u. even when fitted. From these results, we conclude that magnetic correlations change from being incommensurate to commensurate between $``$6 and $``$7.5 meV.

The commensurate magnetic correlations at higher energies are similar to those observed in pure La2CuO4 above the gap energy $``$5 meV as shown above. The excitation spectrum in pure La2CuO4 at 6 meV is shown in Fig. 6(f). The spectrum is consistent with the peak configuration as shown in Fig. 4(c) since the magnetic correlations are commensurate and isotropic. The peak width is resolution-limited, indicating that the correlation length is very long in the CuO2 plane. This is in striking contrast to the situation in La1.976Sr0.024CuO4. The solid line in Fig. 6(f) is the result of a calculation assuming the 3D Lorentzians with $`\xi _{ab}^{\prime \prime }`$=700 Å (fixed), $`\xi _c^{\prime \prime }`$=1 Å (fixed), and $`ϵ`$= 0 r.l.u. (fixed).

The temperature dependence of the excitation spectra in La1.976Sr0.024CuO4 is quite similar to the energy dependence. A sharp excitation peak centered at $`H`$=1 at low temperatures shifts to lower $`H`$ with increasing temperature. The solid line in the Fig. 6(d) is the result of a fit to an assumed 3D Lorentzian line-shape with $`ϵ`$= 0.0113$`\pm `$0.0068 r.l.u. and $`\xi _{ab}^{\prime \prime }`$=60$`\pm `$11 Å. $`\xi _c^{\prime \prime }`$ is fixed at 1 Å since the system becomes magnetically 2D above $``$40 K. $`ϵ`$ and $`\xi _{ab}^{\prime \prime }`$ do not change sensitively with changes in $`\xi _c^{\prime \prime }`$ in the fitting. The solid line in Fig. 6(e) is the result of a fit to a 3D Lorentzian with $`\xi _{ab}^{\prime \prime }`$=62$`\pm `$10 Å and $`\xi _c^{\prime \prime }`$=1 Å (fixed). $`ϵ`$ is fixed at 0 r.l.u. since it becomes very close to 0 r.l.u. even when fitted. From these results, we conclude that the magnetic correlations change from being incommensurate to commensurate between 55 and 70 K.

Figure 7 represents a summary of the neutron inelastic measurements in La1.976Sr0.024CuO4. The open and filled circles signify that the magnetic correlations are diagonal IC and commensurate, respectively. The diagonal IC phase exists below $`\omega `$7 meV and $`T`$70 K ($``$6 meV). This result indicates that the characteristic energy for the diagonal IC structure is 6-7 meV.

## IV Summary

In brief, we find that a short range static one-dimensional diagonal spin modulation exists at low temperatures across the entire insulating spin-glass region in La2-xSrxCuO4. Further, within the context of a spin and charge stripe model the charge density per unit length is almost constant for all values of $`x`$, but shows a significant deviation near the spin-glass 3D Néel boundary suggesting stability of diagonal stripes with 1 hole/Cu at low $`x`$.

The magnetic excitation spectra suggest that magnetic correlations change from diagonal incommensurate to commensurate at $`\omega `$7 meV and $`T`$70 K. Above these energy and temperature the magnetic correlations are similar to those in pure La2CuO4 although the range of order in the CuO2 plane is much shorter in La1.976Sr0.024CuO4.

## Acknowledgments

We would like to thank A. Aharony, K. Katsumata, and K. Machida for stimulating discussions. This study was supported in part by the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Program on Neutron Scattering, by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, by a Grant for the Promotion of Science from the Science and Technology Agency, and by CREST. Work at Brookhaven National Laboratory was carried out under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886, Division of Material Science, U.S. Department of Energy. The research at MIT was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DMR97-04532 and by the MRSEC Program of the National Science Foundation under Award No. DMR98-08941.