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# Notes for a Quantum Index Theorem

## 0 Introduction.

These notes are a natural outgrowth of our previous work on a local holomorphic formula for the dimension of a superselection sector  and were motivated by the purpose to give a geometrical picture to aspects of local quantum physics related to the superselection structure. They may be read from different points of view, in particular, guided by a similarity of the statistical dimension with the Fredholm index and a possible index theorem, already suggested in , we shall regard the DHR localized endomorphisms  as quantum analogs of elliptic differential operators.

A heuristic preamble. We begin to give a heuristic, but elementary, motivation for our dimension formula, postponing for the moment the specification of the underlying structure. Let the selfadjoint operator $`H_0`$ be a reference Hamiltonian for a Quantum Statistical Mechanics system, generating the evolution on an operator algebra $`𝔄`$. $`H_0`$ may be thought to correspond to the Laplacian $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ on a compact Riemann manifold. We write any other Hamiltonian $`H`$ as a perturbation $`H=H_0+P`$ of $`H_0`$. We assume a supersymmetric structure, essentially the existence of a Dirac operator $`D`$ (an odd square root of $`H`$) that implements an odd derivation of $`𝔄`$.

The McKean–Singer lemma then shows that

$$\text{Tr}_s(e^{\beta H})=\text{Fredholm index of }D$$
(1)
for any $`\beta >0`$, where $`\text{Tr}_s`$ denotes the super-trace. In particular $`\text{Tr}_s(e^{\beta H})`$ (the Witten index) is an integer.

Now $`\omega ^{(\beta )}=\text{Tr}_s(e^{\beta H_0})/\text{Tr}_s(e^{\beta H_0})`$ is the normalized super-Gibbs functional at inverse temperature $`\beta `$ for the dynamics generated by $`H_0`$ and if we consider the unitary cocycle

$$u_P(t)e^{itH}e^{itH_0}$$
(2)
relating the two evolutions, and that belongs to $`𝔄`$ if $`P𝔄`$, we may write the following formula in terms of $`\omega ^{(\beta )}`$ and $`u_P`$:

$$\underset{ti\beta }{\text{anal.cont. }}\omega ^{(\beta )}(u_P(t))=\frac{\text{Tr}_s(e^{\beta H})}{\text{Tr}_s(e^{\beta H_0})},$$
(3)
provided the latter makes sense. We will thus regard the above expression as a multiplicative relative index between $`H_0`$ and $`H`$.111As a counterpart, an additive relative index generalizing $`\text{Tr}_s(e^{\beta H}e^{\beta H_0})`$ appeared in .

As shown in  this index is invariant under deformations, in particular $`\text{Index}(u_P)=\text{Index}(u_I)`$ if $`P`$ is an odd element of $`𝔄`$ in the domain of the superderivation and may be obtained by evaluating at the identity the JLO Chern character associated with $`\omega ^{(\beta )}`$.

At infinite volume however, the integrality of the index is not evident.

In the case of infinite volume systems, likewise for the Laplacian on a non-compact manifolds, the Hamiltonian has not any longer discrete spectrum and may exist only as a derivation. What survives after the thermodynamical limit is the time evolution, a one-parameter automorphism group $`\alpha `$ of a C-algebra $`𝔄`$. The equilibrium states $`\omega ^{(\beta )}`$ are characterized by the KMS condition . However the cocycle (2) may well exist and belong to $`𝔄`$, so that formula (3) may be generalized to define the index of a cocycle, if the analytic continuation exists.

In this paper we shall consider the case of Relativistic Quantum Statistical Mechanics, by which we mean the consideration of KMS functionals for the time evolution in Quantum Field Theory. The basic relativistic property, locality or finite propagation of speed of light, will select the appropriate class of cocycles and will imply the integrality of the index as will be explained. For reasons that will partly be clarified, the supersymmetric structure will not play a direct role in our formulae for the dimension.

Ingredients for QFT analysis. Let us discuss now some fundamental aspects of Physics and Analysis. Quantum Field Theory can be considered at the same time as a generalization of two Physical theories of very different nature: Classical (Lagrangian) Field Theory and Quantum Mechanics. Both of them extend Classical Mechanics, but point in apparently divergent directions. In the first case one goes from finitely many to infinitely many degrees of freedom, but remains in the classical framework. In the second case one replaces classical variables by quantum variables (operators), but remains within finitely many degree of freedoms. Quantum Field Theory inherits the richness of the two theories by treating infinitely many quantum variables and enhances them further, in particular by interaction, particle creation/annihilation, special relativity.

There are thus two paths from the finite-dimensional classical calculus to QFT according to the following diagram:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\text{Classical, finite dim.}& & \text{Variational calculus}\\ & & & & \\ \text{Quantum, finite dim.}& & \text{Quantum Field Theory}\end{array}$$
(4)
Note now that the passage from ordinary manifolds to variational calculus did not require a new calculus; for example the notion of derivative still make sense replacing points by functions.

On the other hand, the passage from classical to quantum mechanics does require a new structure (non-commutativity) a new calculus. The standard quantization procedure replaces functions by selfadjoint operators and Poisson brackets by commutators. In this correspondence $`x_hP_h`$ and $`i\frac{}{x_h}Q_h`$ give position and momentum operators that satisfy the Heisenberg commutation relations $`[P_h,Q_k]=i\delta _{hk}I`$.

A quantized, finite-dimensional, calculus has been developed in recent times by A. Connes (see ); a sample dictionary is here below:

| CLASSICAL | QUANTUM |
| --- | --- |
| Variable | Operator |
| Differential | $`[F,]`$ |
| Integral | $``$ (Dixmier trace) |
| Infinitesimal | Compact operator |
| $`\mathrm{}`$ | $`\mathrm{}`$ |

Concerning Quantum Field Theory, more or less implicit suggestions concerning a “second quantized” or QFT calculus can be found in . In particular we consider Jones subfactors and endomorphisms or Connes correspondences to be basic objects  in this setting. The underlying structure at each level is illustrated in the following table:

| CLASSICAL | Classical variables Differential forms Chern classes | Variational calculus Infinite dimensional manifolds Functions spaces  Wiener measure |
| --- | --- | --- |
| QUANTUM | Quantum geometry Fredholm operators Index  Cyclic cohomology | Subfactors Correspondences, Endomorphisms Multiplicative index Supersymmetric QFT, $`(𝔄,,Q)`$ |

Note that there is a non-trivial map from

$$\overline{)\text{points}}\overline{)\text{fields}},$$

horizontally in the diagram (4), that further enriches the structure. At the quantum level this is the second quantization functor; this is partly at the basis of the multiplicative structure of the index (cf.  for an example).

We mention a first result, due to Connes , that may be read within the context of QFT analysis: the index map

$$\text{Ind}_Q:K_0(A(𝒪))$$

is not polynomial and the K-theory group $`K_0(A(𝒪))`$ is of infinite rank. Here $`A(𝒪)`$ is a “smooth” local Bosonic algebra associated with a free massive supersymmetric field on the cylinder.

After these premises, let us discuss the basic objects of our analysis, superselection sectors.

Superselection sectors as QFT analogs of elliptic operator. The celebrated Atiyah–Singer index theorem equates the analytic index of an elliptic operator to a geometric–topological index. The analytic index is the Fredholm index, which is manifestly an integer. The geometric index is intrinsically invariant under deformations. A major consequence of the index theorem is then the integrality of the geometical index.

As discussed, Operator Algebras provide the proper quantization (non commutative setting) for measure theory, topology and geometry. In particular, extensions of the index theorem by means of noncommutative K-theory and cyclic cohomology occur naturally in Noncommutative Geometry . These results pertain to Connes quantized calculus.

Here we shall deal with a quantum field theory analog of the index theorem. The role of the Fredholm linear operators is now played by the endomorphisms of an infinite factor with finite Jones index . In Quantum Field Theory the index-statistics theorem  equates the DHR statistical dimension with the square root of the Jones index or, more precisely, with the minimal dimension, whence the integrality of the index is immediate by the integrality of the statistical dimension . We then look for possible geometric counterparts of the statistical dimension.

Our framework is Quantum Field Theory and its superselection structure , in the Doplicher-Haag-Roberts framework . The local observable algebra $`𝔄(𝒪)`$ associated with region $`𝒪`$ of the spacetime provides a noncommutative version of the algebra of functions with support in $`𝒪`$, and the localized endomorphisms with finite statistics are analog to the elliptic differential operators, as suggested by S. Doplicher . Note indeed that an endomorphism $`\rho `$ localized in the double cone $`𝒪_0`$ is local in the sense that

$$\rho (𝔄(𝒪))𝔄(𝒪),𝒪𝒪_0,$$

similarly to the locality property that characterizes the differential operators in the classical setting . More is true, the correspondence $`𝒪𝔄(𝒪)`$ is endowed with a natural, but not manifest, sheaf structure with respect to which covariant localized endomorphisms are sheaf maps, a fact that will be used only implicitly (it gives the automatic covariance used in Sect. 3.2).

It is now clear that, in our context, geometric information may be contained in the classical geometry of the spacetime and in the net

$$𝒪𝔄(𝒪).$$

A geometrical description of the superselection structure of $`𝔄`$ as been given by Roberts , who defined a non-abelian cohomology ring $`H_R^1(𝔄)`$ whose elements correspond to the superselection sectors of $`𝔄`$. In his formalism, however, it is unclear how to integrate a cohomological class to obtain an invariant, the dimension.

A conceptually different cohomological structure appears in  by considering unitary cocycles associated with a dynamics. As we shall see in Sect. 4, if we consider only localized unitary cocycles associated with translations, we obtain a cohomology ring $`H_\tau ^1(𝔄)`$ which describes the covariant superselection sectors. Denoting by $`𝔖_{KMS}`$ the set of extremal KMS states for the time evolution, at inverse temperature $`\beta `$, satisfying Haag duality, we have indeed a pairing

$$𝔖_{KMS}\times H_\tau ^1(𝔄)\phi \times [u]\phi ,[u]=u(i\beta )\text{d}\phi $$
(5)
that we shall below describe in equations (6,7). We have used, only here, the notation $`u\text{d}\phi \phi (u)`$ in order to provide resemblance with the classical context.

It is now useful to compare in a table the context in the Atyiah-Singer theorem and in Quantum Field Theory, including the role possibly played by supersymmetry (see below).

Atiyah-Singer context QFT context    sheaf structure functions on manifold $`𝒱`$ net (sheaf) of C-algebras on $`𝒱`$  smooth structure smooth functions net of dense -algebras  differential operator sheaf map localized endomorphism  elliptic operator Fredholm opearator finite index endomorphism  analitical index Fredholm index minimal dimension  intergrality Fredholm index $``$ statistical dimension $``$  geometric index associated with $`(D,𝒱)`$ associated with $`(\rho ,𝔄,𝒱)`$  cohomology De Rham Roberts; cyclic  deformation invariance intrinsic perturbation invariance  Chern character Chern character pairing (5); JLO cyclic cocycle  Hamiltonian Laplacian Killing Hamiltonian  grading Dirac operator supersymmetry  spectral formula heat kernel (super)-Gibbs state
In this table we have considered finite volume spaces, although we will deal with non-compact spacetimes. As is known, Gibbs states becomes KMS states at infinite volume . The analogue replacement of super-Gibbs functionals by super-KMS functionals is far less obvious, see the outlook. However, as mentioned, for many purposes concerning the index, one may work with ordinary KMS states.

Black holes, conformal symmetries and holography. There is a first important setting where the above programme may be implemented, with a formula for the geometric index involving (classical) spacetime geometry, namely the analysis of charge addition for a quantum black hole in a thermal state.

We introduce here another piece of structure, namely we consider Quantum Field Theory on a curved spacetime. This physical theory combines General Relativity and Quantum Field Theory, but treats the gravitational field as a background field and therefore disregards effects occurring at the Planck length. Yet important effects, as the Hawking effect , pertain to this context.

We start with a black hole described by a globally hyperbolic spacetime with bifurcate Killing horizon, for example the Schwarzschild-Kruskal spacetime, and we consider quantum effects on this gravitational background. We then consider the incremental entropy due to the addition of a localized charge. The case of the Rindler spacetime has been previously described by means of a local analogue of a Kac-Wakimoto formula .

Here however we use a different point of view and conceptual scheme. The first basic point is that the restriction of the net $`𝔄`$ to each of the two horizon components $`𝔥_+`$ and $`𝔥_{}`$ gives a conformal net on $`S^1`$, a general fact that is obtained by applying Wiesbrock’s characterization of conformal nets , a structure already discussed in . It may appear analogous to the holography on the anti-de Sitter spacetime that independently appeared in the Maldacena-Witten conjecture222We thank M. Konsevich for pointing out this similarity to us. , proved by Rehren . Yet their context differs inasmuch as the anti-de Sitter spacetime is not globally hyperbolic and the holography there is a peculiarity of that spacetime, rather than a general phenomenal.

With these conformal nets at one hand, and assuming the due duality properties, we may consider endomorphisms $`\rho `$ and $`\sigma `$ of $`𝔄`$ that are localizable on $`𝔥_+`$ or $`𝔥_{}`$. In particular, we will have the formula for the difference of the logarithm of dimensions:

$$\mathrm{log}d(\rho )\mathrm{log}d(\sigma )=\frac{2\pi }{\kappa (𝒱)}(F(\phi _\rho |\phi _\sigma )+F(\phi _{\overline{\rho }}|\phi _{\overline{\sigma }})),$$

where $`F`$-terms represent the incremental free energy between the thermal equilibrium states with the charges $`\rho `$ and $`\sigma `$ or the conjugate charges $`\overline{\rho }`$ and $`\overline{\sigma }`$. Here $`\phi `$ is the Hartle-Hawking state and $`\phi _\rho `$ is the corresponding equilibrium state in presence of the charge $`\rho `$. The geometry appears here in the surface gravity $`\kappa (𝒱)`$ associated to the spacetime manifold $`𝒱`$, see . As a consequence the right hand side is the difference of the logarithm of two integers.

We will consider also different temperature states. For a finer analysis of this context we refer to our Sect. 5. We shall need to study the chemical potential, as we are going to explain.

Chemical potential. Relativistic case. The chemical potential is a label that each charge sets on different equilibrium states at the same temperature. Its structure in Quantum Statistical Mechanics has been explained in the work of Araki, Haag, Kastler and Takesaki , see also . The labels appear by considering the extensions of these states from the observable algebra to KMS states of the field algebra (with the time evolution modified by one-parameter subgroups of the gauge group).

Our aim is to consider temperature states in Quantum Field Theory. This may be motivated by wish to study extreme physical contexts such as the early universe (not discussed in this paper) or black holes.

In the context of Quantum Field Theory on the $`d+1`$-dimensional Minkowski spacetime with $`d2`$, Doplicher and Roberts  have constructed the field algebra associated with local observables and short range interaction charges.

It is not difficult to apply the AHKT analysis, originally made in the context of C-dynamics, to the case of Quantum Field Theory on the Minkowski spacetime as above. It turns out the every covariant irreducible localized endomorphism $`\rho `$ with finite dimension extends to the weak closure in the GNS representation $`\pi _\phi `$ associated with a KMS state $`\phi `$, a fact that should be expected on physical grounds because the addition of a single charge should not lead to an inequivalent representation for an infinite system.

If $`\phi `$ is extremal KMS, we are then led to the context of endomorphisms of factors with finite index. Assuming $`\pi _\phi `$ to satisfy Haag duality, the extension of $`\rho `$ to the weak closure is still irreducible. If $`u`$ is the time covariance cocycle for $`\rho `$, then $`u`$ is a Connes Radon-Nikodym cocycle  up to phase, hence it satisfies certain holomorphic properties. We have the formula, that generalizes ,

$$\mathrm{log}d_\phi (u)=\mathrm{log}d(\rho )+\beta \mu _\rho (\phi ),$$
(6)
where the holomorphic dimension is defined by

$$d_\phi (u)\underset{ti\beta }{\text{anal.cont. }}\phi (u(t)).$$
(7)
If there is a canonical choice for $`u`$, for example if the $`\rho `$ is Poincaré covariant in the vacuum sector, then the above formulae define the chemical potential $`\mu _\rho (\phi )`$ of $`\phi `$ corresponding to the charge $`\rho `$. This extends an analogous expression in the AHKT work in the case of abelian charges ($`d(\rho )=1`$). In general only the difference $`\mu _\rho (\phi )\mu _\rho (\psi )`$ is intrinsic.

Now the localized endomorphisms form a C-tensor category  and in a C-tensor category there exists a natural anti-linear conjugation on the arrows between finite-dimensional objects :

$$T(\rho ,\sigma )T^{}(\overline{\rho },\overline{\sigma }).$$

Therefore, even if in general $`u`$ is defined only up to phase, $`u^{}`$ is a covariance cocycle for the conjugate charge $`\overline{\rho }`$ with opposite chemical potential

$$\mu _{\overline{\rho }}(\phi )=\mu _\rho (\phi )$$
(8)
and we obtain an expression for the intrinsic dimension $`d(\rho )`$ as the geometric mean

$$d(\rho )=\sqrt{d_\phi (u)d_\phi (u^{})},$$

which is independent of the phase fixing. We regard the right hand side of this expression as a geometric dimension, according to what was explained before, being candidate for geometric interpretation.

The quantity $`\beta ^1\mathrm{log}d_\phi (u)`$ represents the incremental free energy (adding the charge $`\rho `$). It has then a canonical decomposition as a sum of an intrinsic part $`\beta ^1\mathrm{log}d(\rho )`$, which is independent of $`\phi `$, where $`\mathrm{log}d(\rho )`$ is half the incremental entropy associated with $`\rho `$ (cf. ), and the chemical potential part $`\mu _\rho (\phi )`$ characterized by the asymmetry with respect to charge conjugation in (8).

Chemical potential. Low dimensional case. Motivated by black hole thermodynamics and the associated conformal nets on the black hole horizon, among other considerations, one is led to the analysis of the chemical potential in one-dimensional Quantum Field Theory. In this context the field algebra does not any longer exist and the AHKT work is not applicable.

The notion of holomorphic dimension still makes sense and is the basis of our analysis. The crucial point however is to show that localized endomorphisms are normal in the representation $`\pi _\phi `$ associated to a thermal state $`\phi `$. Based on Wiesbrock characterization of conformal nets on $`S^1`$ , we shall see that there is a conformal net associated with $`\phi `$, the conformal thermal completion. If $`\pi _\phi `$ satisfies duality for half-lines, we prove that the thermal completion automatically satisfies Haag duality, namely it is strongly additive .

Then, a localized endomorphism $`\rho `$ with finite dimension of the original net gives rise to a transportable localized endomorphism of the thermal completion. By a result in  $`\rho `$ is automatically conformally covariant. We finally use this conformal covariance to show the normality of $`\rho `$ in the representation $`\pi _\phi `$.

For completeness, we extend the work of AHKT also in regard to describing the chemical potential in terms of extensions of KMS states. This will be achieved by considering extensions to the quantum double, a C-algebraic version of a construction in , that is a substitute for the non-existing field algebra.

At this point the analysis of the chemical potential goes through as in the higher dimensional case with the corresponding formulae for the incremental free energy. In the case of globally hyperbolic spacetimes with bifurcate Killing horizon, these results allow one to treat thermal states for the Killing evolution and charges localizable on the horizon, as explained.

The expected role of supersymmetry. Connes cyclic cohomology enters in Supersymmetric Quantum Field Theory via the work of Jaffe, Lesnieski and Osterwalder , see also . There is a noncommutative Chern character associated with a thermal equilibrium state, i.e. an entire cyclic cocycle associated to a supersymmetric KMS functional for the time evolution. In this context an index formula appears, which essentially coincides with our previous formula (7). There, however, the index formula acquires the geometric meaning of evaluating JLO cycle at the identity. Indeed such a formula was used to show the deformation invariance of the index.

On the other hand, in our context, our formula for the dimension is independent of an underlying supersymmetric structure. When we consider unitary cocycles associated with charges localizable in a bounded region, the dimension varies, but remains an integer.

If we consider localized endomorphisms and super-KMS functional, namely if we consider the index associated with a covariance cocycle and a super-KMS functional, we should expect our index formula to be read geometrically by the JLO cyclic cocycle. We will explain this point at the end of this paper, as it can certainly give further insight. But the present picture is too primitive to be directly applicable because super-KMS functionals fail to exist when the spacetime is non-compact in the most natural situation when the functional is translation invariant and space translations act in an asymptotically abelian fashion . This drawback is entirely caused by the assumption that the super-KMS functional is bounded. The structure associated with unbounded super-KMS functional is presently under investigation.

## 1 First properties of holomorphic cocycles.

In this section we begin to study holomorphic cocycles and give first formulae for the dimension.

### 1.1 Index formulae. Factor case.

Here we recall and extend results in , Section 1. We shall show how to obtain a holomorphic formula for the dimension of a sector that assumes neither a perfect symmetry group nor a PCT anti-automorphism. The reader is however assumed to have read the above quoted reference.

Let $``$ be an infinite factor and denote by End$`()`$ the (injective, normal, unital)333The ‘index’ or ‘dimension’ terminology is here interchangeable; analogously, the Fredholm index of an isometry is the dimension of its cokernel. endomorphisms of $``$ with finite Jones index and Sect$`()`$ the sectors of $``$, namely the equivalence classes of End$`()`$ modulo inner automorphisms of $``$. End$`()`$ is a tensor category where the tensor product is the composition, cf. . The intertwiner space $`(\rho ,\sigma )`$ between objects $`\rho ,\sigma \mathrm{End}()`$ is defined as

$$(\rho ,\sigma )\{T:T\rho (X)=\sigma (X)T,X\}.$$

Sect$`()`$ is endowed with a natural conjugation. $`\overline{\rho }\mathrm{End}()`$ is a conjugate of $`\rho `$ iff the conjugate equation holds true: there exist multiples of isometries $`R(\iota ,\overline{\rho }\rho )`$ and $`\overline{R}(\iota ,\rho \overline{\rho })`$, that we normalize with $`R=\overline{R}`$, such that

$$R^{}\overline{\rho }(\overline{R})=1,\overline{R}^{}\rho (R)=1.$$
(9)
The minimum

$$d(\rho )\mathrm{min}R\overline{R}$$

over all possible choices of $`R`$ and $`\overline{R}`$ is the intrinsic dimension of $`\rho `$. A pair $`R_\rho `$, $`\overline{R}_\rho `$ where the minimum is attained exists and coincides with a standard solution as discussed in . It turns out that $`d(\rho )=d_{an}(\rho )`$, the analytical dimension defined as $`d_{an}(\rho )=\sqrt{[:\rho ()]}`$, the square root of the minimal index $`[:\rho ()]`$ (Jones-Kosaki index with respect to the minimal expectation) .

For each $`T(\rho _1,\rho _2)`$, the conjugate arrow $`T^{}(\overline{\rho }_1,\overline{\rho }_2)`$ is defined by

$$T^{}=\overline{\rho }_2(\overline{R}_{\rho _1}^{}T^{})R_{\rho _2}$$

where $`R_{\rho _i}`$ and $`\overline{R}_{\rho _i}`$ give a standard solution for the conjugate equation defining the conjugate $`\overline{\rho }_i`$. The map $`TT^{}`$ is anti-linear and satisfies natural properties, see .

Fix a normal faithful state $`\phi `$ of $``$ and let $`\sigma ^\phi `$ be the modular group of $`\phi `$. As is well known, $`\sigma ^\phi `$ satisfies the KMS condition with respect to $`\phi `$ at inverse temperature $`1`$, namely, setting $`\alpha _t=\sigma _t^\phi `$, the relation (12) holds with $`\beta =1`$. For a fixed $`\rho `$, let $`u(\rho ,)`$ be a unitary $`\sigma ^\phi `$-cocycle (i.e. $`u(\rho ,t)`$ is a unitary in $``$ and $`u(\rho ,t+s)=u(\rho ,t)\sigma _t^\phi (u(\rho ,s))`$, $`t,s`$ ) such that

$$\mathrm{Ad}u(\rho ,t)\sigma _t^\phi \rho =\rho \sigma _t^\phi ,$$

that is $`u(\rho ,t)(\rho _t,\rho )`$, where $`\rho _t\sigma _t^\phi \rho \sigma _t^\phi `$. Note that $`u(\rho ,)`$ is not not assumed to be continuous. Once standard $`R_\rho `$ and $`\overline{R}_\rho `$ are given, we assume the corresponding operators for the conjugate equation for $`\rho _t`$ and $`\overline{\rho }_t\sigma _t^\phi \overline{\rho }\sigma _t^\phi `$ to be given by $`R_{\rho _t}=\sigma _t^\phi (R_\rho )`$ and $`\overline{R}_{\rho _t}=\sigma _t^\phi (\overline{R}_\rho )`$.

Then $`u(\rho ,t)^{}(\overline{\rho }_t,\overline{\rho })`$ is given by

$$u(\rho ,t)^{}=\overline{\rho }(\overline{R}_{\rho _t}^{}u(\rho ,t)^{})R_\rho =\overline{\rho }(\sigma _t^\phi (\overline{R}_\rho ^{})u(\rho ,t)^{})R_\rho .$$

If $`\rho `$ is irreducible, the choice of $`R_\rho `$ and $`\overline{R}_\rho `$ is unique up to a phase, therefore $`u(\rho ,t)^{}`$ is uniquely defined. This holds in more generality, if $`\rho `$ is reducible.

###### Proposition 1.1.

$`u(\rho ,t)^{}`$ is well defined, namely it does not depend on the choice of $`R_\rho `$ and $`\overline{R}_\rho `$ giving a solution for the conjugate equation for $`\rho `$ and $`\overline{\rho }`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`R_\rho `$ and $`\overline{R}_\rho `$ be a standard solution. If $`R_\rho ^{}`$ and $`\overline{R}_\rho ^{}`$ is another solution of the conjugate equation, then $`R_\rho ^{}=\overline{\rho }(v)R_\rho `$ and $`\overline{R}_\rho ^{}=v^1\overline{R}_\rho `$ for some invertible $`v(\rho ,\rho )`$ , hence the conjugate of $`u(\rho ,t)`$ with respect to $`R_\rho ^{}`$ and $`\overline{R}_\rho ^{}`$ is given by

$$\begin{array}{c}\overline{\rho }(\sigma _{}^{\phi }{}_{t}{}^{}(\overline{R}_\rho ^{})\sigma _t^\phi (v^1)u(\rho ,t)^{})\overline{\rho }(v)R_\rho =\overline{\rho }(\sigma _t^\phi (R_\rho ^{})u(\rho ,t)^{}\sigma _t^{\phi _\rho }(v^1))\overline{\rho }(v)R_\rho \hfill \\ \hfill =\overline{\rho }(\sigma _t^\phi (R_\rho ^{})u(\rho ,t)^{}v^1)\overline{\rho }(v)R_\rho =\overline{\rho }(\sigma _t^\phi (\overline{R}_\rho {}_{}{}^{}))u(\rho ,t)^{})R_\rho =u(\rho ,t)^{},\end{array}$$
(10)
where $`\sigma ^{\phi _\rho }`$ is the modular group of $`\phi \mathrm{\Phi }_\rho `$ , so that $`\sigma _t^{\phi _\rho }(v)=v`$ because the minimal left inverse $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\rho `$ of $`\rho `$ is tracial on $`(\overline{\rho },\overline{\rho })`$.  $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 1.2.

Let $`\rho `$ be irreducible. We have

$$d(\rho )^2=\underset{ti}{\text{anal.cont. }}\phi (u(\rho ,t))\phi (u(\rho ,t)^{}).$$

If $`u(\rho ,)`$ is weakly continuous, then $`u(\rho ,)`$ and $`u(\rho ,)^{}`$ are holomorphic (see below) in the state $`\phi `$, and

$$d(\rho )^2=\underset{ti}{\text{anal.cont. }}\phi (u(\rho ,t))\underset{ti}{\text{anal.cont. }}\phi (u(\rho ,t)^{}).$$

###### Proof.

We may suppose that $`d(\rho )<\mathrm{}`$. Set $`\phi _\rho \phi \mathrm{\Phi }_\rho `$, where $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\rho `$ is the minimal left inverse of $`\rho `$ as before. Since the Connes Radon-Nikodym cocycle $`(D\phi _\rho :D\phi )`$ is a covariance cocycle for $`\rho `$ , there exists a one-dimensional character $`\chi `$ of $``$ such that

$$u(\rho ,t)=\chi (t)d(\rho )^{it}(D\phi _\rho :D\phi )_t,$$

(both cocycles intertwine $`\sigma ^\phi `$ and $`\sigma ^{\phi _\rho }`$). As shown in , $`(d(\rho )^{it}(D\phi _\rho :D\phi )_t)^{}=d(\rho )^{it}(D\phi _{\overline{\rho }}:D\phi )_t`$

$$u(\rho ,t)^{}=\overline{\chi (t)}(d(\rho )^{it}(D\phi _\rho :D\phi )_t)^{}=\overline{\chi (t)}d(\rho )^{it}(D\phi _{\overline{\rho }}:D\phi )_t,$$

Moreover the Connes cocycle is holomorphic and $`\underset{ti}{\text{anal.cont. }}\phi ((D\phi _\rho :D\phi )_t)=\phi _\rho (1)=1`$ , therefore

$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{ti}{\text{anal.cont. }}\phi (u(\rho ,t))\phi (u(\rho ,t)^{})\hfill \\ \hfill =\underset{ti}{\text{anal.cont. }}d(\rho )^{2it}\phi ((D\phi _\rho :D\phi )_t)\phi ((D\phi _{\overline{\rho }}:D\phi )_t)=d(\rho )^2.\end{array}$$
(11)
If $`u(\rho ,)`$ is continuous, then $`\chi `$ is continuous. So $`\chi `$ extends to an entire function, hence $`u(\rho ,)`$ is holomorphic, and the second formula in the statement follows from the first one.  $`\mathrm{}`$

Remark. Let $`𝒯\text{End}()`$ be a C tensor category as before, and $`u(\rho ,t)`$ a two-variable cocycle. Setting $`d_\phi (\rho )=d(u_\rho )\underset{ti}{\text{anal.cont. }}\phi (u_\rho (t))`$ (see below) the arguments in  show that

$`d_\phi (\rho _1\rho _2)`$ $`=d_\phi (\rho _1)+d_\phi (\rho _2),`$
$`d_\phi (\rho _1\rho _2)`$ $`=d_\phi (\rho _1)d_\phi (\rho _2),\rho _1,\rho _2𝒯.`$
In particular, if $`𝒯`$ is rational, namely there are only finitely many inequivalent irreducible objects, the usual application of the Perron-Frobenious theorem entails $`d(\rho )=d_\phi (\rho )`$ for all objects of $`𝒯`$ (no chemical potential, see Sect. 2).

#### 1.1.1 Case of a non-full C tensor sub-category.

Now let $`𝒯`$ be a C tensor category with conjugates contained in End$`()`$, thus the objects of $`𝒯`$ are finite-index endomorphisms of $``$, but we do not assume that $`𝒯`$ is a full sub-category of End$`()`$, namely the intertwiner spaces $`(\rho ,\sigma )`$ in $`𝒯`$ can be strictly contained in the corresponding intertwiner spaces in End$`()`$.

Assume that the modular group $`\sigma ^\phi `$ gives an action of $``$ on $`𝒯`$, that is $`\rho _t𝒯`$, for all $`t`$, $`\rho 𝒯`$, and $`\sigma _t^\phi ((\rho ,\rho ^{}))=(\rho _t,\rho _t^{})`$ if $`\rho ,\rho ^{}𝒯`$ are objects of $`𝒯`$.

Recall that $`u`$ is a two-variable unitary cocycle for the above action if, for each fixed object $`\rho 𝒯`$, $`u(\rho ,)`$ is a unitary $`\sigma ^\phi `$-cocycle as above and, for each fixed $`t`$, $`u(\rho ,)^{}`$ is cocycle with respect to $`\sigma _t^\phi `$, namely

$$u(\rho \sigma ,t)=\rho (u(\sigma ,t))u(\rho ,t),\rho ,\sigma 𝒯,$$

and

$$Tu(\rho ,t)=u(\sigma ,t)\sigma _t^\phi (T),\rho ,\sigma 𝒯,T(\rho ,\sigma ).$$

Note that if $`u`$ is a two variable cocycle also for the full tensor subcategory of End$`()`$ with the same objects of $`𝒯`$, then $`u(\rho ,t)^{}`$ defined there coincides with $`u(\rho ,t)^{}`$ defined in $`𝒯`$ cf. , Propositions 1.5 and A.2.

###### Corollary 1.3.

With the above notations, if $`u(\rho ,t)`$ is a weakly continuous unitary two-variable cocycle for the action of $``$ on $`𝒯`$ given by $`\sigma ^\phi `$, then

$$d(\rho )\sqrt{\underset{ti}{\text{anal.cont. }}\phi (u(\rho ,t))\phi (u(\overline{\rho },t))}$$

for all irreducible $`\rho 𝒯`$ . Here $`d(\rho )`$ is the intrinsic dimension of $`\rho `$ as an object of $`𝒯`$.

###### Proof.

We have $`u(\rho ,t)^{}=u(\overline{\rho },t)`$  (the conjugate map is the one associated with $`𝒯`$), hence the above Proposition 1.1 applies, provided $`\rho `$ is irreducible in End$`()`$. If $`\rho `$ is reducible in End$`()`$ we have $`u(\rho ,t)=z(t)d_{an}(\rho )^{it}(D\phi _\rho :D\phi )_t`$ with $`z(t)(\rho ,\rho )`$. By using the tracial property of $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\rho `$ it is easy to check that $`z`$ is a one-parameter group of unitaries in the finite-dimensional algebra $`(\rho ,\rho )`$, and therefore can be diagonalized. If $`\rho =_i\rho _i`$ is a decomposition of $`\rho `$ into irreducibles (with eigen-projections of $`z`$) in End$`()`$, we have a corresponding decomposition of $`d_{an}(\rho )^{it}(D\phi _\rho :D\phi )_t`$ as direct sum of the $`d_{an}(\rho _i)^{it}(D\phi _{\rho _i}:D\phi )_t`$ thus $`d_\phi (u(\rho _i,))=\mathrm{}_id_{an}(\rho _i)`$ with $`\mathrm{}_i>0`$, hence

$$d_\phi (u_\rho )d_\phi (u_{\overline{\rho }})=\underset{i,j}{}\mathrm{}_id_{an}(\rho _i)\mathrm{}_jd_{an}(\rho _j)\underset{i,j}{}d_{an}(\rho _i)d_{an}(\rho _j)=d_{an}(\rho )^2d(\rho )^2.$$

$`\mathrm{}`$

We now recall that the following holds.

###### Proposition 1.4.

. In the setting of Prop. 1.1, if there exists an $`\phi `$-preserving anti-automorphism $`j`$ of $``$ inducing an anti-automorphism of $`𝒯`$ such that $`j\rho j=\overline{\rho }`$ and $`j(u(\rho ,t))=u(\overline{\rho },t)`$, then $`d(\rho )=\underset{ti}{\text{anal.cont. }}\phi (u(\rho ,t))`$ for all objects $`\rho 𝒯`$.

###### Proof.

See , Prop.1.7.  $`\mathrm{}`$

### 1.2 The holomorphic dimension in the C-case.

In this section we give a first look at the structure that emerges in the C context, in analogy to what studied in the previous section in the setting of factors. Here we assume from the start that a holomorphic dimension is definable, postponing the more relevant derivation of the holomorphic property and the analysis of the chemical potential to subsequent sections.

Let $`𝔄`$ be a unital C-algebra and $`\alpha `$ a one-parameter automorphism group of $`𝔄`$. A linear functional $`\phi 𝔄^{}`$ is said to be a KMS functional with respect to $`\alpha `$ at inverse temperature $`\beta >0`$ if for any given $`a,b𝔄`$ there exists a function $`F_{a,b}A(S_\beta )`$ such that

$`F_{a,b}(t)`$ $`=\phi (\alpha _t(a)b)`$ (12)
$`F_{a,b}(t+i\beta )`$ $`=\phi (b\alpha _t(a))`$ (13)
Here $`S_\beta `$ is the strip $`\{0<\text{Im}z<\beta \}`$ and $`A(S_\beta )`$ is the algebra of functions analytic in $`S_\beta `$, bounded and continuous on the closure of $`S_\beta `$. We do not assume $`\alpha `$ to be pointwise norm continuous, nonetheless a weaker continuity property follows from the KMS condition. Note that a KMS functional $`\phi `$ is $`\alpha `$-invariant.

Let now $`u𝔄`$ be a unitary cocycle with respect to $`\alpha `$, namely $`tu(t)𝔄`$ is a map taking values in the unitaries of $`𝔄`$ satisfying the equation

$$u(t+s)=u(t)\alpha _t(u(s)).$$

We shall say that the cocycle $`u`$ is holomorphic, in the functional $`\phi `$, if the function $`t\phi (u(t))`$ is the boundary value of a function in $`A(S_\beta )`$.

If $`u`$ is holomorphic in the state $`\phi `$, we define the holomorphic dimension of the cocycle $`u`$ (with respect to $`\phi `$) by

$$d_\phi (u)=\underset{ti\beta }{\text{anal.cont. }}\phi (u(t)).$$

As we shall see, in our context $`d_\phi (u)`$ will be a positive number related to a (noncommutative) relative index.

Clearly, for a given dynamics $`\alpha `$, $`d_\phi (u)`$ may depend on the KMS state $`\phi `$. We shall sometimes rescale the “time parameter” to make the inverse temperature $`\beta =1`$. If $`u`$ is not holomorphic we write $`d_\phi (u)=+\mathrm{}`$.

Let $`\rho `$ be an endomorphism of $`𝔄`$. We shall say that $`\rho `$ is covariant if there exists a $`\alpha `$-cocycle of unitaries $`u(\rho ,t)𝔄`$ such that

$$\alpha _t\rho \alpha _t=\text{Ad}u(\rho ,t)^{}\rho .$$
(14)
We shall say that $`\rho `$ has finite holomorphic dimension (with respect to the KMS state $`\phi `$) if it is covariant and there exists a covariance cocycle $`u(\rho ,)`$ as above with finite holomorphic dimension. Note that, if $`𝔄`$ has trivial centre and $`\rho `$ is irreducible, $`u(\rho ,)`$ is unique up to a phase, that doesn’t alter the finite-dimensional property of $`u(\rho ,)`$, provided such a phase is chosen to be a continuous character of $``$.

In the rest of this section we study whether endomorphisms of $`𝔄`$ with finite holomorphic dimension extend to $`\pi _\phi (𝔄)^{\prime \prime }`$.

In the following we identify $`𝔄`$ with its image $`\pi _\phi (𝔄)`$ and suppress the suffix $`\phi `$.

###### Lemma 1.5.

Let $`𝔄`$ be a C-algebra acting on a Hilbert space $``$ and $`\rho `$ an endomorphism of $`𝔄`$. Let $`\xi `$ be a cyclic separating vector for $`=𝔄^{\prime \prime }`$ and $`\phi =(\xi ,\xi )`$. If $`\phi \rho `$ extends to a normal faithful positive functional of $``$, then $`\rho `$ extends to a normal endomorphism of $``$.

###### Proof.

Let $`\eta `$ be a cyclic separating vector such that $`(\rho (a)\xi ,\xi )=(a\eta ,\eta )`$, $`a𝔄`$, and let $`V`$ be the isometry of $``$ given by

$$Va\eta =\rho (a)\xi ,a𝔄.$$
(15)
The final projection of $`V`$ is given by

$$e=VV^{}=\overline{\rho (𝔄)\xi }\rho (𝔄)^{}$$
(16)
thus $`xVxV^{}`$ is a homomorphism of $``$ onto $`\rho (𝔄)^{\prime \prime }e`$ and

$$VaV^{}=\rho (a)e,a𝔄.$$
(17)
Now the central support of $`e`$ in $`\rho (𝔄)^{\prime \prime }`$ is $`1`$ as $`\overline{\rho (𝔄)^{}\xi }\overline{^{}\xi }=`$, hence if $`x`$ there exists a unique $`\rho (x)\rho (𝔄)^{\prime \prime }`$ such that $`\rho (x)e=VxV^{}`$, providing an extension of $`\rho `$ to $``$. As $`\eta `$ is separating, $`\rho `$ is an isomorphism.  $`\mathrm{}`$

Now, as in the factor case, End$`(𝔄)`$ is the tensor category whose objects $`\rho ,\sigma ,\mathrm{}`$ are the endomorphisms of $`𝔄`$: the monoidal product $`\rho \sigma =\rho \sigma `$ is given by the composition of maps, while the intertwiner space $`(\rho ,\sigma )`$ is given by $`\{T𝔄:T\rho (a)=\sigma (a)T,a𝔄\}`$. The tensor product of intertwiners is also defined in a natural fashion, see e.g. . The conjugate equation is defined as in the previous section. The *intrinsic dimension* $`d(\rho )`$, and the conjugation on arrows are defined as well, in fact all these notions make sense for a a general tensor C-category, . The following proposition is a special case of results in . We state it in the particular case needed for our applications.

###### Proposition 1.6.

(). Let $`𝔄`$ be a unital C-algebra, acting on a Hilbert space, with $`=𝔄^{\prime \prime }`$ a factor. Let $`𝒯`$ be a tensor category with conjugates and subobjects of endomorphisms of $`𝔄`$ admitting a unitary braid group symmetry. Suppose that every endomorphism $`\rho 𝒯`$ extends to a normal endomorphism of $`\widehat{\rho }`$. Then

$$d(\widehat{\rho })=d(\rho )$$

where $`d(\widehat{\rho })=d_{an}(\widehat{\rho })`$, i.e. $`d(\widehat{\rho })^2`$ is the minimal index $`[:\widehat{\rho }()]`$, and $`d(\rho )`$ is the intrinsic dimension of $`\rho `$ in $`𝒯`$.

###### Proof.

The map $`\rho \widehat{\rho }`$ is a functor of C tensor categories from $`𝒯`$ to a sub-tensor category of End$`()`$, hence $`d(\widehat{\rho })d(\rho )`$. As $`𝒯`$ has a unitary braiding, every real object $`\sigma 𝒯`$ is amenable  Th. 5.31, thus $`d(\sigma )=m^\sigma `$, where $`m^\sigma `$ is the $`\mathrm{}^2`$ norm of the fusion matrix $`m^\sigma `$ associated with $`\sigma `$, therefore $`d(\sigma )=m^\sigma m^{\widehat{\sigma }}d(\widehat{\sigma })d(\sigma )`$, thus $`d(\widehat{\sigma })=d(\sigma )`$. For any $`\rho 𝒯`$, the object $`\sigma =\rho \overline{\rho }`$ is real hence, by the multiplicativity of the dimension, $`d(\widehat{\rho })=d(\rho )`$.  $`\mathrm{}`$

#### 1.2.1 Case of a unique KMS state.

We now restrict our attention to the case of a unique KMS functional. This is done more with an illustrative intent, rather than for later applications, where we shall treat a more general context.

###### Proposition 1.7.

Suppose $`\phi `$ is the unique KMS functional for $`\alpha `$. Then a covariant endomorphism $`\rho `$ of $`𝔄`$ with finite holomorphic dimension has a normal extension to $`𝔄^{\prime \prime }`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`u=u(\rho ,)`$ a holomorphic unitary covariance $`\alpha `$-cocycle. As $`t\phi (u(t))`$ is continuous, the map $`tu(t)`$ is strongly continuous. To check this, note that by cocycle property it is enough to verify the continuity at $`t=0`$ because then the strong limit

$$u(s+t)=u(s)\alpha _s(u(t))0,\text{as}t0$$
(18)
due to the normality of $`\alpha _s`$.

Let then $`x`$ be a weak limit point of $`u(t)`$ as $`t0`$. Then $`x1`$ and

$$(x\xi _\phi ,\xi _\phi )=\underset{i\mathrm{}}{lim}(u(t_i)\xi _\phi ,\xi _\phi )=\underset{i\mathrm{}}{lim}\phi (u(t_i))=\phi (1)=(\xi _\phi ,\xi _\phi )$$
(19)
for some sequence $`t_i0`$. Thus $`x\xi _\phi =\xi _\phi `$ by the limit case of the Schwartz inequality, thus $`x=1`$ because $`\xi _\phi `$ is separating.

Therefore by Connes’ theorem  there exists a normal faithful semifinite weight $`\phi _\rho `$ on $``$ with $`(D\phi _\rho ,D\phi )_t=u(t)`$ and, by the finite holomorphic dimension assumption, $`\phi _\rho (1)=d_\phi (u)\mathrm{}`$ so that $`\phi `$ is indeed a positive linear functional. Then $`\phi _\rho `$ is a KMS functional for its modular group $`\alpha _t^\rho =\text{Ad}u(t)\alpha _t`$ (we are setting $`\beta =1`$ here).

The functional on $`𝔄`$

$$\phi ^{}(a)=\phi _\rho (\rho (a)),a𝔄$$
(20)
is KMS with respect to $`\alpha `$

$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{ti}{\text{anal.cont. }}\phi ^{}(a\alpha _t(b))=\underset{ti}{\text{anal.cont. }}\phi _\rho (\rho (a)\rho (\alpha _t(b)))\hfill \\ \hfill =\underset{ti}{\text{anal.cont. }}\phi _\rho (\rho (a)\alpha _t^\rho (\rho (b)))=\phi _\rho (\rho (b)\rho (a))=\phi ^{}(ba).\end{array}$$
(21)
Hence, by the uniqueness of the KMS state,

$$\phi ^{}=\lambda \phi $$
(22)
on $`𝔄`$, for some $`\lambda >0`$. Thus $`\phi _\rho `$ is a normal faithful functional and $`\phi _\rho \rho `$ is normal too. Therefore the proof is completed by Lemma 1.5.  $`\mathrm{}`$

To shorten notation, we shall often set

$$u_\rho =u(\rho ,).$$

###### Proposition 1.8.

Let $`\phi `$ be the unique KMS state as in Proposition 1.7. If $`\rho `$ and $`\overline{\rho }`$ are conjugate and $`d_\phi (u_\rho )<\mathrm{}`$, $`d_\phi (u_{\overline{\rho }})<\mathrm{}`$, then the extension of $`\rho `$ to $``$ has finite Jones index.

###### Proof.

By assumption and Proposition 1.7 both $`\rho `$ and $`\overline{\rho }`$ extend to $``$. As $`R_\rho `$ and $`\overline{R}_\rho `$ are also intertwiners on $``$ by weak continuity and the conjugate equation for $`\rho `$ and $`\overline{\rho }`$ is obviously satisfied on $``$, the extension of $`\rho `$ to $``$ has finite index.  $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 1.9.

Suppose that $`\phi `$ is faithful and the unique KMS state for $`\alpha `$, as in Prop. 1.8. Let $`𝒯`$ be a tensor category with conjugates of endomorphisms of $`𝔄`$ and $`u(\rho ,t)𝔄`$ a unitary two-variable cocycle. If $`u_\rho `$ has finite holomorphic dimension for all irreducible objects $`\rho `$, then the intrinsic dimension $`d(\rho )`$ of $`\rho `$ is bounded by

$$d(\rho )\sqrt{d_\phi (u_\rho )d_\phi (u_{\overline{\rho }})}.$$
(23)
and equality holds if $`\rho `$ is irreducible and extending to $``$ is a full functor (thus $`\rho `$ is irreducible on $``$).

###### Proof.

By Lemma 1.8 $`\rho `$ extends to $``$ and has finite index. We are then in the case covered by Prop. 1.2 and Corollary 1.3.  $`\mathrm{}`$

Motivated by the above Proposition, we define the geometric dimension $`d_{geo}(\rho )`$ as

$$d_{geo}(\rho )\sqrt{d_\phi (u_\rho )d_\phi (u_\rho ^{})}.$$

If $`\rho `$ is irreducible, $`d_{geo}(\rho )`$ does not depend on the choice of the covariance cocycle $`u(\rho ,t)`$, because, if we multiply $`u(\rho ,t)`$ by a phase $`\chi (t)`$, then $`u(\rho ,t)^{}`$ has to be replaced by $`\overline{\chi (t)}u(\rho ,t)^{}`$. Of course, since for a two-variable cocycle $`u(\rho ,t)`$ we have

$$u(\rho ,t)^{}=u(\overline{\rho },t),$$

in this case we also have

$$d_{geo}(\rho )=\sqrt{d_\phi (u_\rho )d_\phi (u_{\overline{\rho }})}.$$

Also, since $`u(\rho \overline{\rho },t)=\rho (u(\overline{\rho },t))u(\rho ,t)`$, we have

$$d_{geo}(\rho )=\sqrt{d_\phi (u_{\rho \overline{\rho }})}$$

if $`\rho `$ and $`\overline{\rho }`$ extend to $``$.

A priori $`d_{geo}(\rho )`$ might depend on the KMS functional $`\phi `$, but, as we shall see, in most interesting cases it will actually be independent of $`\phi `$.

#### 1.2.2 Graded KMS functionals: reduction to ordinary KMS states.

The above results extend to graded KMS functionals. Indeed the analysis of these functionals can be reduced to the case of ordinary KMS states.

Let $`𝔄`$ be a $`_2`$-graded unital C-algebra, namely $`𝔄`$ is a unital C-algebra equipped with an involutive automorphism $`\gamma `$ 444In this paper morphisms always commute with the -mapping and preserve the unit..

Given a graded one-parameter automorphism group $`\alpha `$ of $`𝔄`$ (i.e. one commuting with $`\gamma `$), a linear functional $`\phi 𝔄^{}`$ is said to be a graded KMS functional with respect to $`\alpha `$ at inverse temperature $`\beta >0`$ if for any given $`a,b𝔄`$ there exists a function $`F_{a,b}A(S_\beta )`$ such that

$`F_{a,b}(t)`$ $`=\phi (\alpha _t(a)b)`$ (24)
$`F_{a,b}(t+i\beta )`$ $`=\phi (\gamma (b)\alpha _t(a))`$ (25)
Note that a graded KMS functional $`\phi `$ is $`\gamma `$-invariant.

We recall the following.

###### Proposition 1.10.

() Let $`\phi `$ be a graded KMS functional of $`𝔄`$ for $`\alpha `$ and let $`\omega =|\phi |`$ be the modulus of $`\phi `$. Then $`\omega `$ is an ordinary KMS positive functional and $`\pi _\omega \gamma `$ extends to an inner automorphism of $`\pi _\omega (𝔄)^{\prime \prime }`$, implemented by a selfadjoint unitary $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in the centralizer $`_\omega `$ of $`\omega `$. Moreover $`\phi `$ is proportional to $`\omega (\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

###### Corollary 1.11.

If $`\phi `$ is the unique non-zero graded KMS functional (up to a phase) of $`𝔄`$, then $`\omega =|\phi |`$ is extremal KMS, i.e. $`=\pi _\omega (𝔄)^{\prime \prime }`$ is a factor.

###### Proof.

As usual $`𝔄`$ is identified with $`\pi _\omega (𝔄)`$. If $`Z()`$, there exist two non-zero projections $`z_1,z_2Z()`$ with sum $`1`$. Thus $`\phi (z_1),\phi (z_2)`$ are different graded KMS functionals on $`𝔄`$. This can be checked since both the extensions of $`\alpha `$ and $`\gamma `$ act trivially on $`Z()`$, and by usual approximation arguments. By the uniqueness assumption there exists a constant $`\lambda `$ with $`\phi (z_1a)=\lambda \phi (z_2a),a𝔄`$, then by continuity the same equality holds for $`a`$, thus $`\phi (z_1a)=\phi (z_1z_1a)=\lambda \phi (z_2z_1a)=0`$. Analogously $`\phi (z_2)=0`$, thus $`\phi =0`$.  $`\mathrm{}`$

For our purposes Proposition 1.10 allows us to consider ordinary KMS states instead of general graded KMS functionals.

Let $`\rho `$ be a graded endomorphism of $`𝔄`$, namely an endomorphism of $`𝔄`$ commuting with $`\gamma `$. In this graded context, we shall say that $`\rho `$ is covariant if there exists a covariance $`\alpha `$-cocycle of unitaries $`u(t)𝔄`$ such that $`\gamma (u(t))=u(t)`$.

In the following we again identify $`𝔄`$ with its image $`\pi _\omega (𝔄)`$.

###### Lemma 1.12.

Let $`\phi `$ be a graded KMS functional for $`\alpha `$ and $`\rho `$ a graded covariant endomorphism of $`𝔄`$ as above. If $``$ is a factor and $`\rho `$ extends to a finite index irreducible endomorphism of $``$, then $`\rho `$ has finite holomorphic dimension, both with respect to $`\omega `$ and $`\phi `$. Indeed, if $`\omega (u())`$ is continuous,

$$d_\phi (u_\rho )=\pm d_\omega (u_\rho ),$$

namely $`\phi (1)d_\omega (u)=\pm \underset{ti\beta }{\text{anal.cont. }}\phi (u(t))`$.

###### Proof.

The holomorphic property of $`u`$ is a direct consequence of the holomorphic property of the Connes cocycle because $`u`$ is indeed a Connes Radon-Nikodym cocycle, up to phase, with respect to two bounded positive normal functionals of $``$ (see  and the previous section).

Note now that, since the extension of $`\rho `$ to $``$ (still denoted by $`\rho `$) commutes with $`\gamma =\mathrm{Ad}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, we have $`\rho (\mathrm{\Gamma })\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}\rho ()^{}=`$, thus $`\rho (\mathrm{\Gamma })=\pm \mathrm{\Gamma }`$ because $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is self-adjoint, hence $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\rho (\mathrm{\Gamma })=\pm \mathrm{\Gamma }`$, where $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\rho `$ is the (unique) left inverse of $`\rho `$.

To check eq. (1.12), recall that, by the holomorphic properties of Connes cocycles, we have (see ):

$$\underset{ti\beta }{\text{anal.cont. }}\omega (Xu(t))=d_\omega (u)\omega \mathrm{\Phi }_\rho (X),X.$$
(26)
As above we have the polar decomposition $`\phi =\omega (\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. Then

$$\underset{ti\beta }{\text{anal.cont. }}\phi (u(t))=\underset{ti\beta }{\text{anal.cont. }}\omega (\mathrm{\Gamma }u(t))=d_\omega (u)\omega \mathrm{\Phi }_\rho (\mathrm{\Gamma })=\pm d_\omega (u)\omega (\mathrm{\Gamma })=\pm \phi (1)d_\omega (u),$$

namely the holomorphic dimension with respect to $`\phi `$ coincides with the holomorphic dimension with respect to $`\omega `$, up to a sign.  $`\mathrm{}`$

Because of the above Lemma 1.12, it is more convenient to define the holomorphic dimension $`d_\phi (u)`$ directly with respect to the modulus $`\omega `$ of $`\phi `$.

Before concluding this section, we recall that the interest in (bounded) graded KMS functionals is limited by the following no-go theorem.

###### Proposition 1.13.

*()* Let $`\phi `$ be a graded KMS functional of $`𝔄`$ with respect to $`\alpha `$ as above. If there exists a $`\phi `$-asymptotically abelian sequence $`\beta _n\mathrm{Aut}(𝔄)`$, then $`\gamma =\iota `$ and $`\phi `$ is an ordinary KMS functional.

Here the $`\beta _n`$’s commute with the grading and the $`\phi `$-asymptotically abelianness means that $`\phi \beta _n=\phi `$ and $`\phi (c[\beta _n(a),b])0`$ for all $`a,b,c𝔄`$, where the commutator is a graded commutator.

#### 1.2.3 Table of dimensions.

Before concluding this section we display the following table that summarizes the various notions of dimension we are dealing with.

| Dimension | Definition | Context |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Intrinsic | $`d\left(\rho \right)=\sqrt{R_\rho \overline{R}_\rho }`$, (standard $`R_\rho ,\overline{R}_\rho `$) | Tensor C-categories |
| Analytical | $`d_{an}\left(\rho \right)=\sqrt{\left[:\rho \left(\right)\right]}`$ | Subfactors |
| Statistical | $`d_{DHR}\left(\rho \right)=\left|\mathrm{\Phi }_\rho \left(\epsilon _\rho \right)\right|^1`$, ($`\epsilon _\rho `$ stat. operator) | QFT, localized endomorphisms |
| Holomorphic | $`d_\phi \left(u\right)=\underset{ti\beta }{\text{anal.cont. }}\phi \left(u\left(t\right)\right)`$ | Unitary cocycles |
| Geometric | $`d_{geo}\left(\rho \right)=\sqrt{d_\phi \left(u_\rho \right)d_\phi \left(u_{\overline{\rho }}\right)}`$ | Covariant endomorphisms |

Here $`[:\rho ()]`$ denotes the minimal index, namely the Jones index with respect to the minimal expectation. We have omitted the notion of minimal dimension $`d_{min}(\rho )\text{min}\sqrt{R_\rho \overline{R}_\rho }`$, in the context of C-tensor categories, as it turns out to coincide with the intrinsic dimension .

## 2 The chemical potential in Quantum Field Theory.

In this section we examine certain aspects of the chemical potential for thermal states in Quantum Field Theory. Our discussion will rely on basic results as the description of the chemical potential in terms of extensions of KMS states  and the construction of the field net and the gauge group . Together with certain results for tensor categories , our analysis will show a splitting of the incremental free energy into an absolute part, that depends only on the charge and not on the state, and a part which is asymmetric with respect to the charge conjugation; this indeed represents the chemical potential that labels the equilibrium states.

Let $`𝕄`$ be the Minkowski spacetime $`^{d+1}`$, with $`d2`$, and $`𝔄`$ a net of local observable von Neumann algebras on $`𝕄`$, namely we have an inclusion preserving map

$$𝒪𝔄(𝒪)$$

from the set $`𝒦`$ of (open, non-empty) double cones of $`𝕄`$ to von Neumann algebras $`𝔄(𝒪)`$ on a Hilbert space $``$. If $`E𝕄`$ is arbitrary, we set $`𝔄(E)`$ for the C-algebra generated by the von Neumann algebras $`𝔄(𝒪)`$ as $`𝒪𝒦`$ varies $`𝒪E`$ ($`𝔄(E)=`$ if the interior of $`E`$ is empty) and denote by $`𝔄𝔄(𝕄)`$ the quasi-local C-algebra. We denote the quasi-local C-algebra and the net itself by the same symbol, but this should not create confusion. We shall also denote by $`𝒜(E)=𝔄(E)^{\prime \prime }`$ the von Neumann algebra generated by $`𝔄(E)`$ (of course $`𝔄(𝒪)=𝒜(𝒪)`$ if $`𝒪𝒦`$).

We assume the following properties555These properties automatically hold, in particular, in a Wightman theory . Here we will also consider the case of a reducible net.:

Additivity: If $`𝒪,𝒪_1,\mathrm{},𝒪_n`$ are double cones and $`𝒪_1\mathrm{}𝒪_n𝒪`$, then $`𝔄(𝒪_1)\mathrm{}𝔄(𝒪_n)𝔄(𝒪)`$.

Here and in the following, the lattice symbol $``$ denotes the von Neumann algebra generated.

Wedge duality (or essential duality): If $`W𝕄`$ is a wedge region (namely a Poincaré translate of the region $`\{x𝕄:x_1>x_0\}`$), then

$$𝒜(W^{})=𝒜(W)^c.$$

Here $`𝒩^c`$ denotes the relative commutant in the von Neumann algebra $`𝔄^{\prime \prime }`$, namely $`𝒩^c𝒩^{}`$, and $`W^{}`$ denotes the spacelike complement of $`W`$.

In particular the net $`𝔄`$ is local, namely $`𝔄(𝒪_1)`$ and $`𝔄(𝒪_2)`$ commute if the double cones $`𝒪_1`$ and $`𝒪_2`$ are space-like separated. As in the case of irreducible nets, one may consider the dual net, here defined as

$$𝔄^d(𝒪)𝔄(𝒪^{})^c,𝒪𝒦,$$

and show the following, :

###### Proposition 2.1.

$`𝔄^d`$ satisfies Haag duality, by which we mean here that

$$𝔄^d(𝒪)=𝔄^d(𝒪^{})^c,𝒪𝒦,$$

where $`𝔄^d(𝒪^{})`$ is the C-algebra associated to $`𝒪^{}`$ in the net $`𝔄^d`$. In particular $`𝔄^d`$ is local.

Moreover $`𝔄`$ and $`𝔄^d`$ have the same weak closure:

$$𝔄^{\prime \prime }=(𝔄^d)^{\prime \prime }=.$$

###### Proof.

Because of additivity and wedge duality one can write

$$𝔄^d(𝒪)=\underset{W𝒪}{}𝒜(W)$$
(27)
(intersection over all wedges containing $`𝒪`$).

If $`𝒪_1𝒦`$ is spacelike separated from $`𝒪𝒦`$ there is a wedge $`W`$ with $`W𝒪`$ and $`W^{}𝒪_1`$, hence $`𝔄^d`$ is local. As $`𝔄^d`$ extends $`𝔄`$ and is local, wedge duality must hold for $`𝔄^d`$ too, therefore $`𝔄^d(W)=𝔄(W)`$ for all wedges $`W`$. In particular the global von Neumann algebra associated with $`𝔄^d`$ coincides with the one associated with $`𝔄`$:

$$(\underset{𝒪}{}𝔄^d(𝒪))^{\prime \prime }=(\underset{W}{}𝔄^d(W))^{\prime \prime }=(\underset{W}{}𝔄(W))^{\prime \prime }=.$$

Analogously, it follows from formula 27 that $`𝔄(𝒪^{})^{\prime \prime }=𝔄^d(𝒪^{})^{\prime \prime }`$, namely $`𝔄^d(𝒪)=𝔄^d(𝒪^{})^c`$, that is to say Haag duality holds for $`𝔄^d`$.  $`\mathrm{}`$

Note however that, since $``$ is not a type I factor in general, $`𝔄(𝒪^{})^{\prime \prime }`$ may be non-normal in $``$, namely

$$𝔄^d(𝒪)^c=𝔄(𝒪^{})^{cc}$$

may be strictly larger than $`𝔄(𝒪^{})^{\prime \prime }`$ if $`𝒪𝒦`$.

Translation covariance: There exists a unitary representation $`U`$ of $`^{d+1}`$ making $`𝔄`$ covariant:

$$\tau _x(𝔄(𝒪))=𝔄(𝒪+x),x^{d+1},𝒪𝒦,$$

where we have set $`\tau _x\mathrm{Ad}U(x).`$

Properly infiniteness and Borchers property B 666In the vacuum representation these properties follows by positivity of the energy, see .: If $`𝒪𝒦`$, then $`𝔄(𝒪)`$ is a properly infinite von Neumann algebra. If $`𝒪,\stackrel{~}{𝒪}`$ are double cones and $`𝒪+x\stackrel{~}{𝒪}`$ for $`x`$ in a neighborhood of $`0`$ in $`^{d+1}`$, then every non-zero projection $`E𝔄(𝒪)`$ is equivalent to $`1`$ in $`𝔄(\stackrel{~}{𝒪})`$.

Factoriality: $`𝔄^{\prime \prime }`$ is a factor.

A localized endomorphism $`\rho `$ of $`𝔄`$ is an endomorphism of $`𝔄`$ such that $`\rho |_{𝔄(𝒪^{})}=\mathrm{id}|_{𝔄(𝒪^{})}`$ for some $`𝒪𝒦`$. Two localized endomorphisms $`\rho ,\rho ^{}`$ are equivalent ($`\rho \rho ^{}`$) if there is a unitary $`u`$ such that $`\rho ^{}=\mathrm{Ad}u\rho `$. In the DHR theory  $`=B()`$, namely $`𝔄`$ is irreducible, but most of what we are saying holds in the reducible case as well.

A localized endomorphism $`\rho `$ is translation covariant if there exists a $`\tau `$-cocycle of unitaries $`u(\rho ,x)`$ such that

$$\mathrm{Ad}u(\rho ,x)\rho _x=\rho ,x^{d+1},$$
(28)
where $`\rho _x\tau _x\rho \tau _x`$.

The equivalence classes of irreducible, translation covariant, localized endomorphisms are the superselection sectors of $`𝔄`$.

The translation covariant endomorphisms of $`𝔄`$ form a tensor category. If $`T(\rho ,\rho ^{})`$ is an intertwiner between $`\rho `$, $`\rho ^{}`$, namely $`T`$ and $`T\rho (X)=\rho ^{}(X)T`$ for all $`X𝔄`$, then, as an immediate consequence of the Haag duality property for $`𝔄^d`$, we have $`T𝔄^d(𝒪)`$ if $`𝒪𝒦`$ contains the localization regions of both $`\rho `$ and $`\rho ^{}`$. Now the unitary intertwiners changing the localization region of $`\rho `$ (in particular the unitaries $`u(\rho ,x)`$ above) are used to define Roberts cohomology . In particular the endomorphism $`\rho `$ can be reconstructed from these charge transfers; as they are local operators in $`𝔄^d`$, they also provide an extension of $`\rho `$ to $`𝔄^d`$ with the same localization (only in the case $`d2`$). The superselection structure for $`𝔄`$ and $`𝔄^d`$ coincide (the extension map is a full functor) and, replacing $`𝔄`$ by $`𝔄^d`$, we may thus assume that $`𝔄`$ satisfies Haag duality (in the original representation of $`𝔄`$).

As shown in , attached with any localized endomorphism $`\rho `$ there is a unitary representation of the permutation group $`_{\mathrm{}}`$, the statistics of $`\rho `$, that is classified by a statistics parameter $`\lambda _\rho `$ whose possible values are $`\lambda _\rho =0,\pm 1,\pm \frac{1}{2},\pm \frac{1}{3}\mathrm{}`$. Thus the statistical dimension $`d_{DHR}(\rho )=|\lambda _\rho |^1`$ takes integral values

$$d_{DHR}(\rho )=1,2,3,\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}.$$

By the index-statistics theorem , $`d_{DHR}(\rho )`$ coincides with an analytic dimension, the square root of the Jones index

$$d_{DHR}(\rho )=[𝔄:\rho (𝔄)]^{\frac{1}{2}},$$

(one way to read $`[𝔄:\rho (𝔄)]`$ is $`[𝔄(W):\rho (𝔄(W))]`$, with $`W`$ a wedge region).

We shall denote by $``$ be the tensor category of translation covariant localized endomorphisms of $`𝔄`$ with finite statistics (i.e. with finite dimension). For an object $`\rho `$ of $``$, the intrinsic dimension coincides with the statistical dimension :

$$d(\rho )=d_{DHR}(\rho ).$$

###### Theorem 2.2.

Let $`𝔄`$ be as above, $`\alpha _t=\tau _{x(t)}`$ a one-parameter automorphism group of translations of $`𝔄`$ and $`\phi `$ a translation invariant state which is extremal KMS for $`\alpha `$.

If $`u(\rho ,t)`$ is a $`\alpha `$-covariance cocycle for the irreducible localized endomorphism $`\rho `$ (i.e. eq. (14) holds), then $`u_\rho `$ is holomorphic $`d(\rho )d_{geo}(\rho )`$.

If moreover $`\pi _\phi `$ satisfies Haag duality, then

$$d(\rho )=d_{geo}(\rho ).$$
(29)
In particular the right hand side in the above formula is independent of the KMS state $`\phi `$.

As is known the cyclic vector $`\xi _\phi `$ in the GNS representation of a KMS state $`\phi `$ is separating for $`\pi _\phi (𝔄)^{\prime \prime }`$, namely $`\phi `$ is a separating state. This is crucial for the following theorem of Takesaki and Winnink.

###### Theorem 2.3.

(). A KMS state $`\phi `$ is locally normal, namely $`\phi |_{𝔄(𝒪)}`$ is normal for any double cone $`𝒪𝒦`$.

Note that if $`𝔄`$ is a Poincaré covariant net and $`\rho `$ a Poincaré covariant localized endomorphism, then the covariance cocycle $`u(\rho ,L)(\rho ,L𝒫_+^{})`$ is uniquely fixed because $`𝒫_+^{}`$ has no non-trivial finite-dimensional unitary representation, hence it is a two-variable cocycle. In particular, if $`\rho `$ extends to an irreducible endomorphism of the weak closure, then $`d(\rho )=d_{geo}(\rho )`$ by Prop. 1.3. We shall return on this point in the next section.

If moreover there is a PCT symmetry $`j`$ for $`𝔄`$, or an anti-automorphism $`j`$ of $`𝔄`$ such that $`j^1\rho j=\overline{\rho }`$, and $`\phi j=\phi `$, then $`d(\rho )=d_\phi (u_\rho )`$ by Prop. 1.4.

We have essentially mentioned that the tensor category $``$ has a permutation symmetry (if dim($`𝕄)3)`$, as shown in . Then, by  there exists a field net $`𝔉`$ of von Neumann algebras $`𝔉(𝒪)𝔄(𝒪)`$, with normal commutation relations, with $`𝔄=𝔉^G`$ the fixed point of $`𝔉`$ under the action $`\gamma `$ of a compact group $`G`$ of internal symmetries of $`𝔉`$. One has $`𝔄^{}𝔉=`$, where $`𝔉`$ is the quasi-local field C-algebra $`𝔉(𝕄)`$. Every endomorphism $`\rho `$ is implemented by a Hilbert space of isometries in $`𝔉`$.

We now relax the pointwise continuity condition in . We denote by $`\stackrel{~}{\tau }`$ the translation automorphism group on $`𝔉`$ extending $`\tau `$ and by $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }=\stackrel{~}{\tau }_{x()}`$ the one-parameter automorphism group extending $`\alpha `$.

###### Lemma 2.4.

Let $`\phi `$ be an extremal KMS state of $`𝔄`$ with respect to $`\alpha `$. There exists a locally normal state $`\psi `$ of $`𝔉`$ that extends $`\phi `$ and is extremal KMS with respect to $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_t\gamma _{g(t)}`$, with $`tg(t)`$ a one-parameter subgroup of $`G`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`𝔉_c𝔉`$ denote the sub-C-algebra of all elements with pointwise norm continuous orbit under the action of $`\stackrel{~}{\tau }\gamma `$ of $`^{d+1}\times G`$, and set $`𝔉_c(𝒪)𝔉_c𝔉(𝒪)`$. We have

$$𝔉_c(𝒪)^{}𝔉(𝒪_0),𝒪_0𝒦,\overline{𝒪}_0𝒪,$$

where $`𝔉_c(𝒪)^{}`$ is the $`\sigma `$-weak closure of $`𝔉(𝒪)`$. Indeed if $`X𝔉(𝒪_0)`$ and $`j_n`$ is an approximation of the identity in $`^{d+1}`$ by continuous functions with support in a ball of radius $`\frac{1}{n}`$, then

$$X_nj_n(X)\stackrel{~}{\tau }_x(X)dxX$$

($`\sigma `$-weak convergence) and $`X_n`$ has pointwise $`\stackrel{~}{\tau }`$-orbit and, for large $`n`$, belongs to $`(𝒪)`$ (the $`\gamma `$-continuity is checked similarly).

Set $`\phi _c\phi |_{𝔄_c}`$, where $`𝔄_c𝔉_c𝔄`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }=\phi \epsilon `$, where $`\epsilon =_G\gamma _gdg`$ is the expectation of $`𝔉`$ onto $`𝔄`$ as above. Clearly $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }`$ is a $`\stackrel{~}{\tau }`$-invariant locally normal state of $`𝔉`$ and so is its restriction $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }_c`$ to $`𝔉_c`$. Let $`\psi _c\stackrel{~}{\phi }_c`$ be an extremal $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$-invariant state of $`𝔉_c`$ extending $`\phi _c`$. By the AHKT theorem  $`\psi _c`$ is KMS with respect to a one-parameter automorphism group $`t\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_t\gamma _{g(t)}`$ of $`𝔉_c`$. Since $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }_c`$ is locally normal and dominates $`\psi _c`$, also $`\psi _c`$ is locally normal, thus it extends to a locally normal state $`\psi `$ of $`𝔉`$. By usual arguments, $`\psi `$ is a KMS state on $`𝔉`$ with respect to $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$.  $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 2.5.

*( Prop. III.3.2)* Let $`𝔄𝔉`$ be C-algebras, $`\phi `$ a state of $`𝔄`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }`$ an extension to $`𝔉`$. If $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }`$ is separating, then $`\pi _{\stackrel{~}{\phi }}|_𝔄`$ is quasi-equivalent to $`\pi _\phi `$.

###### Corollary 2.6.

Let $`𝔉`$ be a C-algebra and $`\rho `$ an inner endomorphism of $`𝔉`$. If $`\phi `$ is a separating state of $`𝔉`$, the GNS representations $`\pi _\phi `$ and $`\pi _{\phi \rho }`$ are quasi-equivalent.

###### Proof.

Let $`H𝔉`$ be a Hilbert space of isometries implementing $`\rho `$ on $`𝔉`$ and let $`\{v_i,i=1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ be an orthonormal basis of $`H`$, thus the $`v_i`$’s are isometries in $`𝔉`$ with orthogonal final projections summing up to the identity and $`\rho (X)=_iv_iXv_i^{}`$, $`X𝔉`$. Then

$$\begin{array}{c}(\pi _{\phi \rho }(X)\xi _{\phi \rho },\xi _{\phi \rho })=\phi (\rho (X))=(\pi _\phi (\rho (X))\xi _\phi ,\xi _\phi )\hfill \\ \hfill =(\pi _\phi (X)\xi _i,\xi _i)=(\pi _\phi (X)\mathrm{}\pi _\phi (X)\overline{\xi },\overline{\xi }),X𝔉,\end{array}$$

where $`\xi _i=\pi _\phi (v_i^{})\xi _\phi `$ and $`\overline{\xi }=\xi _i`$. Therefore $`\pi _{\phi \rho }\pi _\phi \mathrm{}\pi _\phi `$. On the other hand $`\overline{\xi }`$ is a separating vector for $`\pi _\phi \mathrm{}\pi _\phi (𝔉)^{\prime \prime }`$; indeed elements of $`\pi _\phi \mathrm{}\pi _\phi (𝔉)^{\prime \prime }`$ have the form $`Y=X\mathrm{}X`$, $`X\pi _\phi (𝔉)^{\prime \prime }`$, thus $`Y\overline{\xi }=0`$ iff $`X\pi _\phi (v_i^{})\xi _\phi =X\xi _i=0,i`$, thus iff $`X\pi _\phi (v_i^{})=0`$ because $`\xi _\phi `$ is separating, which is equivalent to $`X=0`$ because $`v_i^{}v_i=0`$.  $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 2.7.

Let $`\phi `$ be an extremal KMS state of $`𝔄`$. The GNS representations $`\pi _\phi `$ and $`\pi _{\phi \rho }`$ are quasi-equivalent.

###### Proof.

Let $`\psi `$ a KMS state of $`𝔉`$ extending $`\phi `$. As $`\psi `$ is a separating state of $`𝔉`$, also $`\psi \rho _H`$ is also separating as in the proof of Prop. 2.6, where $`\rho _H`$ is the inner endomorphism of $`𝔉`$ implemented by $`H`$. As $`\psi \rho _H`$ extends $`\phi \rho `$ we have by Lemma 2.6 that $`\pi _\phi \pi _\psi |_𝔄\pi _{\psi \rho _H}|_𝔄\pi _{\phi \rho }`$, where the symbol “$``$” denotes quasi-equivalence.  $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Corollary 2.8.

Every localized endomorphism $`\rho `$ is normal with respect to $`\phi `$.

###### Proof.

The proof now follows by Lemma 2.7 and Lemma 1.5.  $`\mathrm{}`$

Proof of Theorem 2.2 As $`\phi `$ is extremal KMS, $`\pi _\phi (𝔄)^{\prime \prime }`$ is a factor. If $`\rho `$ is a localized endomorphism, by Corollary 2.8 both $`\rho `$ and its conjugate extend to $``$. The conjugate equation then holds on $``$ showing that the extension $`\widehat{\rho }`$ of $`\rho `$ to $``$ has finite dimension. We have $`d_{an}(\widehat{\rho })=d(\rho )`$ (a priori we only have $`d_{an}(\widehat{\rho })d(\rho )`$). Indeed Proposition 1.6 applies.

If Haag duality holds in the representation $`\pi _\phi `$, then by the following Lemma 2.9 $`\widehat{\rho }`$ is irreducible if $`\rho `$ is irreducible, therefore the last part of the statement follows by Prop. 1.9. The rest now follows from the analysis in the previous section.  $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 2.9.

With the above notation, if $`\pi _\phi `$ satisfies Haag duality, then the extension map $`\rho \widehat{\rho }\mathrm{End}()`$ is a full functor.

###### Proof.

With $`\rho `$ irreducible, we have to show that $`\widehat{\rho }`$ is irreducible too. Let $`T(\widehat{\rho },\widehat{\rho })`$, namely $`T`$ and $`T\widehat{\rho }(X)=\widehat{\rho }(X)T`$ for all $`X`$ in $``$. As $`\rho `$ is localized in a double cone $`𝒪`$, $`\rho `$ acts identically on $`𝔄(𝒪^{})`$, hence $`T𝔄(𝒪^{})^{}=𝔄(𝒪)`$, thus $`T(\rho ,\rho )=`$ as desired.  $`\mathrm{}`$

### 2.1 The absolute and the relative part of the incremental free energy.

Beside the description of the chemical potential in terms of extensions of KMS states, the AHKT work provides an intrinsic description of the chemical potential within the observable algebra , see also , that was made explicit only in the case of abelian charges (automorphisms).

Let’s recall this point. Let $`𝔄`$ be a unital C-algebra with trivial centre and $`\alpha `$ a one-parameter automorphism group as before and $`\rho `$ a covariant automorphism of $`𝔄`$, thus $`\rho \alpha _t\rho ^1=\text{Ad}u(t)\alpha _t`$ for some $`\alpha `$-cocycle of unitaries $`u(t)𝔄`$. Notice that $`u`$ is unique up to multiplication by a one dimensional character of $``$, that one fixes once for all.

If now $`\phi `$ is an extremal KMS state for $`\alpha `$ such that $`\phi \rho ^1`$ and $`\phi `$ are quasi-equivalent, thus $`\rho `$ extends to the factor $`\pi _\phi (𝔄)^{\prime \prime }`$, then

$$u(t)=e^{i\mu _\rho (\phi )t}(D\phi \rho ^1:D\phi )_{\beta ^1t}$$
(30)
for some $`\mu _\rho (\phi )`$, called the chemical potential of $`\phi `$ (we are assuming that $`\phi (u())`$ is continuous). A relevant observation is that, although $`\mu _\rho (\phi )`$ depends on the initial phase fixing for $`u`$,

$$\mu _\rho (\phi ^{}|\phi )\mu _\rho (\phi ^{})\mu _\rho (\phi )$$

is independent of that and is therefore an intrinsic quantity associated with a pair $`\phi `$, $`\phi ^{}`$ of extremal KMS states. In other words the chemical potential is a label for the different extremal KMS states.

Now the above argument goes true in more generality if $`\rho `$ is an endomorphism of $`𝔄`$ that extends to a finite-index irreducible endomorphism $``$, once we replace $`\phi \rho ^1`$ with $`\phi _\rho \phi \mathrm{\Phi }_\rho `$, where $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\rho `$ is the minimal left inverse of the extension of $`\rho `$. In general, for a given charge $`\rho `$, the chemical potential is only defined with respect to the two thermal states

$$\mu _\rho (\phi ^{}|\phi )\beta ^1\mathrm{log}d_\phi (u)\beta ^1\mathrm{log}d_\phi ^{}(u)=\beta ^1\mathrm{log}d_\phi ^{}((D\phi _\rho :D\phi )).$$

Moreover, if there is a canonical way to choose the cocycle $`u`$, independently of the state $`\phi `$, then

$$\mu _\rho (\phi )\beta ^1\mathrm{log}d_\phi (u)\beta ^1\mathrm{log}d(u).$$
(31)
defines an absolute chemical potential in the state $`\phi `$, associated with the charge $`\rho `$.

The above discussion relies of course on the normality of the endomorphism $`\rho `$ in a thermal state, a deep fact, proved in  when the endomorphisms $`\rho `$ are associated to the dual of a compact gauge group, with certain asympotically abelian and cluster properties for the dynamics.

We now apply the above discussion to the case of quantum relativistic statistical mechanics, namely we consider thermal states for the time evolution in a quantum field theory on Minkowski spacetime. In this situation, there is a two variable cocycle for the Poincaré covariant endomorphisms with finite dimension, which is unique because the Poincaré has no non trivial finite dimensional unitary representation. Hence $`\mu _\rho (\phi )`$ can be defined intrinsically by eq. (31).

To be more explicit, let $`𝔄`$ be a net of von Neumann algebras on the Minkowski space, as in the previous section. We further assume that $`𝔄`$ is Poincaré covariant, namely there is a unitary representation $`U`$ of $`𝒫_+^{}`$ on $``$ that acts covariantly on $`𝔄`$ and extends the translation unitary group.

Our endomorphisms $`\rho `$ are assumed to be covariant with respect to the action of $`𝒫_+^{}`$, namely there exists an $`\alpha `$ cocycle of unitaries $`u(\rho ,L)𝔄`$ such that

$$\text{Ad}u(\rho ,L)\rho =\alpha _L\rho \alpha _L^1,L𝒫_+^{}.$$
(32)
where $`\alpha _L=\mathrm{Ad}U(L)`$. This is indeed a two-variable cocycle.

Restricting this cocycle to the subgroup of time translation, we obtain a canonical choice for the unitary cocycle $`u(\rho ,t),t`$, for the one parameter group $`\alpha `$, which is indeed a two-variable cocycle in $`\times `$.

###### Theorem 2.10.

Let $`𝔄`$ be the quasi-local observable C-algebra and $`\alpha `$ a one-parameter (time) translation automorphism group as in the previous section. If $`\rho `$ is a Poincaré covariant irreducible localized endomorphism with finite dimension, we have:

* If $`\phi `$ is an extremal KMS state for $`\alpha `$ satisfying Haag duality, there exists a chemical potential $`\mu _\rho (\phi )`$ associated with $`\rho `$ defined by the canonical splitting

$$\mathrm{log}d_\phi (u_\rho )=\mathrm{log}d(\rho )+\beta \mu _\rho (\phi )$$

and satisfies

$$\mu _\rho (\phi )=\mu _{\overline{\rho }}(\phi ).$$

The intrinsic dimension is thus given by

$$\mathrm{log}d(\rho )=\frac{1}{2}(\mathrm{log}d_\phi (u_\rho )+\mathrm{log}d_\phi (u_{\overline{\rho }}))$$

independently of $`\phi `$.
* If there is a time reversal symmetry as in Prop. 1.4 and $`\phi j=\phi `$, then $`\mu _\rho (\phi )=0`$, namely

$$d_\phi (u_\rho )=\mathrm{log}d(\rho ),$$

independently of $`\phi `$.

###### Proof.

As above noticed, $`u(\rho ,L)`$ is a two-variable cocycle for the action of $`_0\times 𝒫_+^{}`$ on $`𝔄`$, where $`_0`$ is the tensor category with conjugates generated by $`\rho `$ (see ). Hence by

$$u(\rho ,L)^{}=u(\overline{\rho },L).$$

On the other hand, by the results in the previous section, we may extend $`\rho `$ to the weak closure of $`𝔄`$ in the GNS representation of $`\phi `$, and if then compare with the Connes cocycle, we have

$$u(\rho ,t)=e^{i\mu _\rho (\phi )t}d(\rho )^{i\beta ^1t}(D\phi _\rho :D\phi )_{\beta ^1t}.$$

But $`(d(\rho )^{it}(D\phi _\rho :D\phi )_t)^{}=(d(\rho )^{it}(D\phi _{\overline{\rho }}:D\phi )_t)`$, hence

$$u(\overline{\rho },t)=e^{i\mu _\rho (\phi )t}d(\rho )^{i\beta ^1t}(D\phi _{\overline{\rho }}:D\phi )_{\beta ^1t}$$

namely $`\mu _{\overline{\rho }}(\phi )=\mu _\rho (\phi )`$.

The last point is a consequence of Proposition 1.4.  $`\mathrm{}`$

Note in particular that by the point $`(ii)`$ in the above theorem the chemical potential vanishes if there is a time-reversal symmetry, therefore a non-trivial chemical potential sets an arrow of time, in accordance with the second principle of thermodynamics.

Now we make contact with the analysis in . Since the covariance cocycle $`u=u_\rho `$ is canonically defined in the above context, once we choose the thermal state $`\phi `$, the Hamiltonian in the state $`\phi _\rho `$ is canonically defined as

$$H_\rho i\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}u(\rho ,t)e^{itH}|_{t=0},$$

where $`H=\beta ^1\mathrm{log}\mathrm{\Delta }_\xi `$ is the Hamiltonian in state $`\phi `$. Here $`\xi `$ is the GNS vector associated with $`\phi `$. The increment of the free energy between the states $`\phi `$ and $`\phi _\rho `$ is then defined (cf. ) as

$$F(\phi |\phi _\rho )\phi _\rho (H_\rho )\beta ^1S(\phi |\phi _\rho )=\beta ^1\mathrm{log}(e^{\beta H_\rho }\xi ,\xi ),$$

where $`S(\phi |\phi _\rho )`$ is Araki’s relative entropy. It is immediate from the last expression that

$$F(\phi |\phi _\rho )=\beta ^1\mathrm{log}d_\phi (u_\rho )=\beta ^1\mathrm{log}d(\rho )\mu _\rho (\phi ).$$

If $`\phi ^{}`$ is another extremal KMS state as above, so that $`\rho `$ is normal with respect to $`\phi ^{}`$, we may now define the increment of the free energy $`F(\phi ^{}|\phi _\rho ^{})=\beta ^1\mathrm{log}d_\phi ^{}(u_\rho )`$, where $`\phi _\rho ^{}=\phi ^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_\rho `$, so we have:

$$F(\phi ^{}|\phi _\rho ^{})F(\phi |\phi _\rho )=\mu _\rho (\phi )\mu _\rho (\phi ^{})=\mu (\phi ^{}|\phi ),$$

moreover

$$S_c(\rho )=\mathrm{log}d(\rho )^2=\beta (F(\phi |\phi _\rho )+F(\phi |\phi _{\overline{\rho }}))$$

is an integer independent of $`\phi `$. Here $`S_c(\rho )`$ is the conditional entropy of $`\rho `$, see .

According to the thermodynamical formula “$`\mathrm{d}F=\mathrm{d}ET\mathrm{d}S`$”, we have obtained the following relation:

$$F(\phi |\phi _\rho )=\mu _\rho (\phi )\frac{1}{2}\beta ^1S_c(\rho ).$$

The quantity $`\mu _\rho (\phi )`$ may be interpreted as part of the energy increment obtained by adding the the charge $`\rho `$ to the identical charge, more specifically the part which is asymmetric with respect to charge conjugation. The total increment of the free energy contains also a part which is symmetric under charge conjugation and independent of the thermal equilibrium state, namely the intrinsic increment of the entropy $`\frac{1}{2}S_c(\rho )`$ multiplied by the temperature $`\beta ^1`$.

The above analysis simply goes through when we consider the increment of the free energy between two thermal states $`\phi _\rho `$ and $`\phi _\sigma `$ (cf. ). We shall make this explicitly in the context of Section 5.

## 3 Chemical potential. Low dimensional case.

We now study the chemical potential structure in the low dimensional case. The higher dimensional methods  cannot be applied to this context, but we shall see that an analysis is possible by using Wiesbrock’s characterizations of conformal nets on $`S^1`$ .

### 3.1 KMS states and the generation of conformal nets.

Let $``$ denote the set of all bounded open non-empty intervals of $``$. We shall consider a net $`𝔄`$ of von Neumann algebras on $``$, namely an inclusion preserving map

$$I𝔄(I)$$

from $``$ to von Neumann algebras $`𝔄(I)`$, not necessarily acting on the same Hilbert space. We denote by the same symbol the quasi-local observable C-algebra $`𝔄=_I𝔄(I)^{}`$ (norm closure).

We shall assume the following properties of $`𝔄`$:

a) Translation covariance: There exists a one-parameter automorphism group $`\tau `$ of $`𝔄`$ that corresponds to the translations on $``$,

$$\tau _s(𝔄(I))=𝔄(I+s),I,s.$$

b) Properly infiniteness: For each $`I`$, the von Neumann algebra $`𝔄(I)`$ is properly infinite.777This assumption is needed only for the the local normality of the KMS states (above Th. 2.3 from ) and can alternatively be replaced by the factoriality of $`𝔄(I)`$.

Let now $`\phi `$ be a KMS state on $`𝔄`$ with respect to $`\tau `$; for simplicity we set $`\beta =1`$. Let $`(_\phi ,\pi _\phi ,\xi _\phi )`$ be the associated GNS triple and $`V`$ the one-parameter unitary group implementing $`\tau `$:

$$V(s)\pi _\phi (a)\xi _\phi =\pi _\phi (\tau _s(a))\xi _\phi .$$

Note that by the KMS condition $`s\phi (a\tau _s(b))`$ is a continuous map for all $`a,b𝔄`$, hence $`V`$ is strongly continuous.

Recall now that $`𝔄`$ is additive (resp. strongly additive) if

$$𝔄(I)𝔄(I_1)𝔄(I_2),$$

whenever $`I,I_1,I_2`$ and $`II_1I_2`$ (resp. $`I\overline{I}_1\overline{I}_2`$), where the bar denotes the closure.

We now set $`𝒜(I)=\pi _\phi (𝔄(I))`$, $`I`$, which is a von Neumann algebra by Th. 2.3, and $`𝒜(E)\{𝒜(I):I,IE\}`$ for any set $`E`$ (the von Neumann algebras generated). Again we now assume $`\pi _\phi `$ to be one-to-one and identify $`𝔄(I)`$ with $`𝒜(I)`$, namely we consider the net already in its GNS representation.

The following KMS version of the Reeh-Schlieder theorem is known to experts.

###### Proposition 3.1.

$`\xi `$ is cyclic and separating for $`𝒜(I)`$, if $`I`$ is a half-line. If $`𝔄`$ is additive, then $`\xi `$ is cyclic and separating for all $`𝒜(I)`$, $`I`$.

###### Proof.

Assume first that $`I`$ is a half-line and let $`\eta `$ be orthogonal to $`𝒜(I)\xi `$; we have to show that $`\eta =0`$. Indeed if $`I_0`$ is a half-line and $`\overline{I}_0I`$, then for all $`a𝒜(I_0)`$

$$(\eta ,V(s)a\xi )=0,$$

for all $`s`$ such that $`I_0+sI`$. But, because of the KMS property, the function $`s(\eta ,V(s)a\xi )`$ is the boundary value of a function analytic in the strip $`0<\text{Im}z<\frac{1}{2}`$ (as $`V(\frac{i}{2})=\mathrm{\Delta }^{\frac{1}{2}}`$ and Dom$`(\mathrm{\Delta }^{\frac{1}{2}}𝒜(I_0)\xi `$), hence it must vanish everywhere. It follows that $`\eta `$ is orthogonal to $`𝒜(I_0+s)\xi `$ for all $`s`$, hence $`\eta `$ is orthogonal to $`\overline{_s𝒜(I_0+s)\xi }\overline{𝔄\xi }=`$.

Assume now that $`I`$ and $`𝒜`$ is additive. Set $`𝒜_0(I)=\{𝒜(I_0):I_0,\overline{I}_0I\}`$. We shall show that $`\xi `$ is cyclic for $`𝒜_0(I)`$, hence for $`𝒜(I)`$.

By the same argument as above

$$\eta 𝒜_0(I)\xi \eta 𝒜(I_0+s)\xi ,s,\overline{I}_0I,$$

namely the orthogonal projection $`P`$ onto $`\overline{𝒜_0(I+s)\xi }`$ is independent of $`s`$ and thus belongs to $`_s𝒜_0(I+s)^{}=(_s𝒜_0(I+s))^{}=𝔄^{}`$ (by additivity). As $`\xi `$ is separating for $`𝔄^{}`$ and $`P\xi =\xi `$ it follows that $`P=1`$, namely $`\overline{𝒜_0(I)\xi }=`$.  $`\mathrm{}`$

Now $`\tau `$ extends to the rescaled modular group of $`𝒜()`$ with respect to $`\phi `$ and $`\tau _s(𝒩)=𝒜(s,\mathrm{})𝒩,s>0`$, where $`𝒩(0,\mathrm{})`$, namely $`(𝒩,\xi )`$ is a half-sided modular inclusion of von Neumann algebras and by Wiesbrock’s theorem  there exists a $`\xi `$-fixing one-parameter unitary group $`U`$ on $``$ with positive generator such that

$$V(s)U(t)V(s)=U(e^st)$$
(33)
$$U(1)U(1)=𝒩$$
(34)
Setting $`(a,b)𝒜(\mathrm{log}a,\mathrm{log}b),b>a>0`$, we have a net $``$ on the intervals of $`(0,\mathrm{})`$ whose closure is contained in $`(0,\mathrm{})`$. We have the following, compare with .

###### Proposition 3.2.

Let $`𝔄`$ be an additive net as above and $`\phi `$ a KMS state. There exists a net $``$ on the intervals of $`(0,\mathrm{})`$ such that $`(a,b)=\pi _\phi (𝔄(\mathrm{log}a,\mathrm{log}b))`$ if $`b>a>0`$. $``$ is dilation covariant and $`V`$ is the dilation one parameter group. $``$ is also translation covariant with positive energy on half-lines, namely there is a one-parameter $`\xi `$-fixing unitary group $`U`$ with positive generator such that $`\text{Ad}U(t)(a,\mathrm{})=(a+t,\mathrm{})`$, where $`(a,\mathrm{})=_{b>a}(a,b)`$.

###### Proof.

Clearly $`V(s)(a,b)V(s)=(e^sa,e^sb)`$ for positive $`a,b`$. Setting $`\overline{}(a,\mathrm{})\text{Ad}U(a)`$ we have

$$\text{Ad}U(t)\overline{}(a,\mathrm{})=\overline{}(t+a,\mathrm{}),$$

therefore, by using the relation $`V(s)U(t)V(s)=U(e^st)`$, it follows that

$$\text{Ad}V(s)\overline{}(a,\mathrm{})=\overline{}(e^sa,\mathrm{}).$$

On the other hand $`\overline{}(1,\mathrm{})=\text{Ad}U(1)=𝒩=(1,\mathrm{})`$ hence

$$(e^s,\mathrm{})=\text{Ad}V(s)(1,\mathrm{})=\text{Ad}V(s)U(1)=\text{Ad}U(e^s)=\overline{}(e^s,\mathrm{}),$$

showing the last part of the statement.  $`\mathrm{}`$

We shall call the net $``$ the thermal completion of $`𝔄`$ with respect to $`\phi `$. Note that the translation unitary group $`V`$ for $`𝒜`$ becomes the dilation unitary group for $``$.

Proposition 3.2 does not give the translation covariance of the net $``$ on the bounded intervals ($`(a,b)`$ is not even defined if $`a<0`$).

Further insight in the structure of the thermal completion net may be obtained by considering a local net $`𝔄`$, namely assuming the locality condition

$$[𝔄(I_1),𝔄(I_2)]=\{0\}\text{if}I_1I_2=\mathrm{}.$$

To construct a translation covariant net we define the following von Neumann algebras:

$$\stackrel{~}{}(0,1)=\underset{s0}{}\text{Ad}V_1(s)(0,1),$$
(35)
$$\stackrel{~}{}(0,a)=\text{Ad}V(a)\stackrel{~}{}(0,1),a,$$
(36)
$$\stackrel{~}{}(a,b)=\text{Ad}U(a)\stackrel{~}{}(0,ba),a,b.$$
(37)
Here we have set $`V_1(s)U(1)V(s)U(1)`$, the one-parameter unitary group associated with the dilations with respect to the point $`1`$.

From now on the net $`𝔄`$ will be assumed to be local.

###### Theorem 3.3.

Let the net $`𝔄`$ on the intervals of $``$ be translation covariant, local, and additive and $`\phi `$ a KMS state. With the above notations, $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ defines a conformal net, indeed $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ has a conformal extension to $`S^1`$.

As a consequence the dual net of $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ on $``$ is strongly additive and conformal.

We shall see that

$$\stackrel{~}{}(a,\mathrm{})=(a,\mathrm{}),a,$$

hence $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ is an extension of $``$ on the positive half-lines and is conformal. We shall call $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ the conformal thermal completion of $`𝔄`$ with respect to $`\phi `$.

###### Proof.

We first show that the triple $`\{(0,\mathrm{})^{},\stackrel{~}{}(0,1),(1,\mathrm{}),\xi \}`$ is a +hsm factorization with respect to $`\xi `$ in the sense of , namely these three algebras mutually commute and $`(\stackrel{~}{}(0,1)(0,\mathrm{}),\xi )`$, $`((1,\mathrm{})\stackrel{~}{}(0,1)^{},\xi )`$ and $`((0,\mathrm{})^{}(1,\mathrm{})^{},\xi )`$ are +half-sided modular inclusions.

Now $`(0,\mathrm{})^{}`$ and $`(1,\mathrm{})`$ commute by the isotony of $`𝒜`$; for the same reason $`(1,\mathrm{})`$ commute with $`\stackrel{~}{}(0,1)`$, indeed $`(1,\mathrm{})`$ is $`\text{Ad}V_1`$-invariant where, as above, $`V_1(s)=U(1)V(s)U(1)`$. Again $`(0,\mathrm{})(0,1)`$, hence $`(0,\mathrm{})\stackrel{~}{}(0,1)`$ because $`V_1(s)(0,\mathrm{})V_1(s)(0,\mathrm{})`$ if $`s0`$ by translation-dilation covariance of $``$ on positive half-lines (Prop. 3.2).

Concerning the hsm properties, the only non-trivial verification is that $`(\stackrel{~}{}(0,1)(0,\mathrm{}),\xi )`$ is a +hsm inclusion, namely that

$$\text{Ad}V(s)\stackrel{~}{}(0,1)\stackrel{~}{}(0,1),s<0.$$

We thus need to show that for any fixed $`t<0`$ we have

$$\text{Ad}V(s)V_1(t)(0,1)\stackrel{~}{}(0,1),s<0.$$

Indeed if $`s<0`$ and $`t<0`$, there exist $`s^{}<0`$ and $`t^{}<0`$ such that $`V(s)V_1(t)=V_1(t^{})V(s^{})`$, as follows immediately by the corresponding relation in the “$`ax+b`$” group. Therefore

$$\text{Ad}V(s)V_1(t)(0,1)=\text{Ad}V_1(t^{})V(s^{})(0,1)\text{Ad}V_1(t^{})(0,1)\stackrel{~}{}(0,1)$$

as desired.

By a result in  there exists a conformal net $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ on $``$ such that the local von Neumann algebras associated to $`(\mathrm{},0)`$, $`(0,1)`$ and $`(1,\mathrm{})`$ are respectively $`(0,\mathrm{})^{}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{}(0,1)`$ and $`(1,\mathrm{})`$ and having $`U`$ and $`V`$ as translation and dilation unitary groups.

By translation-dilation covariance, $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ is then conformal thermal completion of $`𝒜`$.  $`\mathrm{}`$

We may also directly define the dual net $`^d`$ of $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ as the one associated with the half-sided modular factorization $`((0,\mathrm{})^{},(1,\mathrm{})^{}(0,\mathrm{}),(1,\mathrm{}),\xi )`$. This net is conformal, strongly additive and

$$^d(a,b)=(a,\mathrm{})(b,\mathrm{})^{}.$$

This is due to the equivalence between strong additivity and Haag duality on the real line for a conformal net, see . Clearly we have

$$(a,b)\stackrel{~}{}(a,b)^d(a,b).$$

thus $`^d`$ is the dual net of $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ and

$$^d=\stackrel{~}{}\stackrel{~}{}\text{ is strongly additive,}$$

###### Corollary 3.4.

If $`𝒜`$ is strongly additive

$$(1,\mathrm{})^{}(0,\mathrm{})=\underset{s<0}{}V(s)(0,1)V(s).$$

###### Proof.

If $`𝒜`$ is strongly additive, then $``$ is strongly additive (on the intervals of $`(0,\mathrm{})`$), hence $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ is strongly additive and the above comment applies.  $`\mathrm{}`$

More directly, Corollary 3.4 states that the relative commutant $`𝒜(0,\mathrm{})^{}`$ is the smallest von Neumann algebra containing $`𝒜(\mathrm{},0)`$ which is mapped into itself by $`\text{Ad}\mathrm{\Delta }^{it}`$, $`t>0`$, where $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is the modular operator associated with $`(𝒜(0,\mathrm{}),\xi )`$.

We shall say that the state $`\phi `$ of $`𝔄`$ satisfies essential duality if

$$𝒜(0,\mathrm{})^{}=𝒜(\mathrm{},0).$$

We have:

###### Proposition 3.5.

The following are equivalent:

* $`\phi `$ satisfies essential duality,
* For some (hence for all) $`0<a<b`$ we have $`𝒜(b,\mathrm{})^{}𝒜(a,\mathrm{})=𝒜(a,b)`$,
* $`𝒜`$ is strongly additive and $`\text{Ad}\mathrm{\Delta }^{it}𝒜(\mathrm{},0)𝒜(\mathrm{},0)`$ for all $`t>0`$, where $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is the modular operator of $`(𝒜(0,\mathrm{}),\xi )`$.

###### Proof.

$`(i)(iii)`$ follows by the above comments. On the other hand $`(i)(ii)`$ because they are equivalent to the relative commutant property $`(a,b)=(b,\mathrm{})^{}(a,\mathrm{})`$ for $`b>a`$ and either $`a=0`$ or $`a>0`$, which are indeed equivalent conditions in the conformal case .  $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Corollary 3.6.

If $`\phi `$ satisfies essential duality, then $`\phi `$ satisfies Haag duality, namely

$$𝒜(a,b)=(𝒜(\mathrm{},a)𝒜(b,\mathrm{}))^c,a<b,$$

where $`^c`$ denotes the relative commutant in $``$.

###### Proof.

If $`\phi `$ satisfies essential duality then, since $`𝒜(b,\mathrm{})^{}𝒜(a,\mathrm{})`$ by $`(ii)`$ of the above proposition, we have

$$𝒜(a,b)=𝒜(b,\mathrm{})^{}𝒜(a,\mathrm{})=𝒜(b,\mathrm{})^c𝒜(a,\mathrm{})$$

for $`b>a>0`$. On the other hand, by essential duality, we have $`𝒜(a,\mathrm{})=𝒜(\mathrm{},a)^c`$, hence

$$𝒜(a,b)=𝒜(\mathrm{},a)^c𝒜(b,\mathrm{})^c=(𝒜(\mathrm{},a)𝒜(b,\mathrm{}))^c$$

as desired. The case of arbitrary $`a<b`$ is obtained by translation covariance.  $`\mathrm{}`$

Hence essential duality in a thermal state can occur only if the original net is strongly additive. It would interesting to see if the converse holds true, namely if all KMS states on a strongly additive net satisfy essential duality.

Note also the, in contrast to the situation occurring in the vacuum representation, the equality $`𝒜(a,b)^{}=𝒜(\mathrm{},a)𝒜(b,\mathrm{})`$ cannot hold in any thermal state, unless the superselection structure is trivial  (this would be equivalent to the triviality of the 2-interval inclusion for the net $``$).

### 3.2 Normality of superselection sectors in temperature states.

In this section $`𝔄`$ will denote a local net of von Neumann algebras on the intervals $``$ of $``$ satisfying the properties $`a)`$ and $`b)`$ in the previous section.

With $`\tau `$ the translation automorphism group of $`𝔄`$, we shall say that an endomorphism $`\rho `$ of the quasi-local C-algebra $`𝔄`$ is a localized in the interval $`I`$ if $`\rho `$ acts identically on $`𝔄(I^{})`$, where $`I^{}I`$ and, for any open set $`E`$, $`𝔄(E)`$ denotes as before the C-algebra generated by the $`\{𝔄(I):I,IE\}`$. We have also set $`𝒜(E)\pi _\phi (𝔄(E))^{\prime \prime }`$.

As above, $`\rho `$ is translation covariant if there exists a unitary $`\tau `$-cocycle of unitaries $`u(s)𝔄`$ such that $`\text{Ad}u(s)\tau _s\rho \tau _s=\rho `$.

Let $`\phi `$ be a KMS state of $`𝔄`$ with respect to the translation group. In the following $`\rho `$ is a translation covariant endomorphism of $`𝔄`$ localized in an interval $`I`$. By translation covariance we may assume that $`I(0,\mathrm{})`$. Our main result in this section is the following.

###### Theorem 3.7.

Let $`𝔄`$ be a translation covariant net on $``$ and $`\phi `$ a KMS state of $`𝔄`$ satisfying essential duality. If $`\rho `$ is a translation covariant localized endomorphism of $`𝔄`$ with finite dimension $`d(\rho )`$, then $`\rho `$ is normal with respect to $`\phi `$, namely $`\rho `$ extends to a normal endomorphism of $`=\pi _\phi (𝔄)^{\prime \prime }`$.

If $`\phi `$ is an extremal KMS state, i.e. $``$ is a factor, then the extension of $`\rho `$ to $``$ has the same dimension $`d(\rho )`$.

Assuming that $`𝔄`$ acts on $`_\phi `$, as above, we have:

###### Lemma 3.8.

$`\rho |_{𝔄(a,\mathrm{})}`$ extends to a normal endomorphism of $`𝒜(a,\mathrm{})`$ for any $`a0`$.

###### Proof.

By translation covariance there exists a unitary $`u`$ such that $`\rho ^{}\text{Ad}u\rho `$ is localized in an interval contained in $`(\mathrm{},a)`$, thus $`\rho =\text{Ad}u^{}\rho ^{}=\text{Ad}u^{}`$ on $`𝒜(I)`$ for all $`I(a,\mathrm{})`$, $`I`$. It follows that $`\text{Ad}u^{}`$ is a normal extension of $`\rho `$ to $`𝒜(a,\mathrm{})`$.  $`\mathrm{}`$

If the endomorphism $`\rho `$ of $`𝒜`$ is localized in the interval $`I`$ then $`\rho (𝒜(I_1))𝒜(I_1)`$ for all intervals $`I_1`$ containing $`I`$ by Haag duality. We shall say that $`\rho `$ has finite dimension if the index $`[𝒜(I_1):\rho (𝒜(I_1))]`$ is finite and independent of $`I_1`$ (the index is here defined for example by the Pimsner-Popa inequality ).

###### Lemma 3.9.

If the endomorphism $`\rho `$ has finite dimension, then the corresponding endomorphism of $`𝒜(0,\mathrm{})`$ given by Lemma 3.8 has finite dimension (i.e. finite index).

###### Proof.

Setting $`_n𝒜(0,n)`$, $`n`$, we have $`\rho (_n)_n`$ for large $`n`$. Moreover $`_n`$ and $`\rho (_n)`$ converge increasingly respectively to $`𝒜(0,\mathrm{})`$ and $`\rho (𝒜(0,\mathrm{}))`$. Thus Prop. 4 of  applies and gives

$$[𝒜(0,\mathrm{}):\rho (𝒜(0,\mathrm{}))]\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim\; inf}[_n:\rho (_n)].$$

$`\mathrm{}`$

Proof of Theorem 3.7. Let $``$ be the thermal completion of $`𝔄`$, thus in particular

$$(a,\mathrm{})=𝒜(\mathrm{log}a,\mathrm{}),a>0,$$

and denote by $`U`$ and $`V`$ the translation and dilation with respect to $``$ as above. We set $`\alpha _s=\text{Ad}V(s)`$ and $`\alpha _s^{(1)}=\text{Ad}U(1)V(s)U(1)`$. By Proposition 3.2 then $`\alpha _s^{(1)}`$ acts on $``$ as a dilation with respect to the point $`1`$, namely

$$\alpha _s^{(1)}((a,\mathrm{}))=(e^sa+1e^s,\mathrm{}),a,s,$$

and $`\alpha ^{(1)}|_{(1,\mathrm{})}`$ is the (rescaled) modular group associated with $`((1,\mathrm{}),\xi )`$.

As $`\rho `$ gives rise to a finite index endomorphism of $`(1,\mathrm{})`$ (Lemma 3.8 and 3.9) there exists a unitary $`\alpha ^{(1)}`$-cocycle $`u^{(1)}(s)(1,\mathrm{})`$ such that

$$\text{Ad}u^{(1)}(s)\alpha _s^{(1)}\rho \alpha _s^{(1)}(X)=\rho (X),X(1,\mathrm{}),s.$$
(38)
Indeed we may take $`u^{(1)}`$ as the Connes Radon-Nikodym cocycle

$$u^{(1)}(s)=(D\phi \mathrm{\Phi }:D\phi )_s,$$

where $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is a normal faithful left inverse of $`\rho `$ on $`𝒜(0,\mathrm{})`$ and $`\phi `$ is considered as a state on $`𝒜(0,\mathrm{})`$ .

Now, if $`\epsilon (0,1)`$, $`\rho `$ acts trivially on $`(\epsilon ,1)=\pi _\phi (𝒜(\mathrm{log}\epsilon ,0))`$ and, since $`\phi `$ satisfies essential duality, the conformal thermal completion is strongly additive and

$$(\epsilon ,\mathrm{})=(\epsilon ,1)(1,\mathrm{}).$$

As $`\alpha _s^{(1)}(X)(\epsilon ,1)`$ if $`X(\epsilon ,1)`$ and $`s>0`$, it follows that equation (38) holds true for all $`X(\epsilon ,\mathrm{})`$, $`s>0`$ .

Setting then for a fixed $`s>0`$

$$\rho (X)\text{Ad}u^{(1)}(s)\alpha _s^{(1)}\rho \alpha _s^{(1)}(X),X,$$

this formula does not depend on the choice of $`s>0`$ and provides an extension of $`\rho `$ to $``$ because of formula (38).

Now $``$ is a strongly additive local conformal net on $``$ and (the extension of) $`\rho `$ is a localized endomorphism of $``$ with finite dimension, hence $`\rho `$ is Möbius covariant , therefore the index of $`\rho ((I))(I)`$ is independent of the interval $`I`$, provided $`\rho `$ is localized within $`I`$ . This clearly implies the last part of the statement.  $`\mathrm{}`$

Our results then give here a version of Theorem 2.10.

###### Corollary 3.10.

Let $`𝔄`$ be a net on $``$ as above, $`\tau `$ the translation automorphism group and $`\rho `$ a translation covariant localized endomorphism with finite dimension.

Then $`\rho `$ has finite holomorphic dimension in each extremal KMS state $`\phi `$ fulfilling essential duality.

The chemical potential associated with $`\rho `$ is defined by the canonical splitting

$$\beta ^1\mathrm{log}d_\phi (u_\rho )=\beta ^1\mathrm{log}d(\rho )+\mu _\rho (\phi ),$$

and satisfies $`\mu _{\overline{\rho }}(\phi )=\mu _\rho (\phi )`$. In particular

$$d_{geo}(\rho )=d(\rho )$$

for all irreducible $`\rho `$, independently of $`\phi `$.

### 3.3 Extension of KMS states to the quantum double.

The purpose of this subsection is to provide a description of the chemical potential, in a low dimensional theory, in terms of extensions of KMS states, in analogy to what described in  in the higher dimensional case. As in our cases charges are not any longer associated to the dual of a compact gauge group, we shall replace the field algebras by a quantum double construction , that we will perform in the C-case in Appendix A.2 for our purposes: the reader is referred to this appendix for the necessary notations and background.

Let then $`𝔄`$ be a unital C-algebra with trivial centre and $`𝒯\mathrm{End}(𝔄)`$ a tensor category of endomorphisms with conjugates and sub-objects. Let $`\alpha `$ be a one-parameter group of automorphisms of $`𝔄`$ and $`u(\rho ,t)`$ unitary covariance cocycle (eq. (14)) which is a two-variable cocycle. We consider $`𝒯^{op}𝔄`$ by setting $`\rho ^{op}=\overline{\rho }`$ and $`(\rho ^{op},\sigma ^{op})=(\rho ,\sigma )^{}`$. Let $`I`$ be an index set so that $`\rho _i,iI`$ is a family of inequivalent irreducible objects of $`𝒯`$, one for each equivalence class. Then $`\stackrel{~}{u}(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i,t)u(\rho _i,t)u(\rho _i,t)^{}`$, where $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }=\rho \rho `$, extends to a two-variable cocycle for $`\alpha _t\alpha _t`$ and $`𝒯\times 𝒯^{op}`$. Indeed $`\stackrel{~}{u}(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i,t)`$ is independent of its choice (phase fixing) due to the anti-linearity of the Frobenious map $`TT^{}`$.

We may extend $`\alpha _t\alpha _t`$ to a one-parameter automorphism group $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$ of $`𝔅`$ by setting

$$\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_t(a)=\alpha _t\alpha _t(a),a\stackrel{~}{𝔄}$$
(39)
$$\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_t(R_i)=\stackrel{~}{u}(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i,t)^{}R_i,$$
(40)
(cf. ). If $`\phi `$ is a KMS state for $`\alpha _t`$ on $`𝔄`$, then $`\phi \phi `$ is a KMS state for $`\alpha _t\alpha _t`$ on $`\stackrel{~}{𝔄}𝔄𝔄`$.

###### Proposition 3.11.

Let $`\phi `$ be an extremal KMS state for $`\alpha _t`$. Then $`\phi \phi \epsilon `$ extends to a KMS state of $`\pi _{\stackrel{~}{\phi }}(𝔅)^{\prime \prime }`$ with respect to $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_t\theta _t`$ for some one-parameter automorphism group of $`\pi _{\stackrel{~}{\phi }}(𝔅)^{\prime \prime }`$ leaving $`\stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$ pointwise fixed, if and only if each $`\rho 𝒯`$ is normal with respect to $`\phi `$.

###### Proof.

If $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }\phi \phi \epsilon `$ is KMS state, then $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }`$ is a separating state. If $`R𝔅`$ is a non-zero multiple of an isometry, then also $`\psi =\stackrel{~}{\phi }(RR^{})`$ is a separating positive functional, which is quasi-equivalent to $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }`$ because $`R^{}\xi _{\stackrel{~}{\phi }}`$ is a separating vector for $`\pi _{\stackrel{~}{\phi }}(𝔅)^{\prime \prime }`$.

Take $`R=R_i`$, the element of $`𝔅`$ that implements $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i`$. If $`x\stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$ we have

$$\psi (x)=\stackrel{~}{\phi }(R_ixR_i^{})=\stackrel{~}{\phi }(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i(x)E_i)=\phi \phi (\epsilon (\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i(x)E_i)=\phi \phi \stackrel{~}{\rho }_i(x)$$

where $`E_i=R_iR_i^{}`$, thus $`\epsilon (E_i)=1`$. Thus $`\psi =\phi \phi \rho _i`$, hence

$$\pi _{\phi \phi \stackrel{~}{\rho }_i}\pi _\psi |_{\stackrel{~}{𝔄}}\pi _{\stackrel{~}{\phi }}|_{\stackrel{~}{𝔄}}\pi _{\phi \phi },$$

and this implies that $`\rho _i`$ is normal with respect to $`\phi `$.

Conversely, let us assume that each $`\rho _i`$ is normal with respect to $`\phi `$ and still denote by $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i`$ the extension of $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i`$ to the von Neumann algebra $`\stackrel{~}{}\pi _{\phi \phi }(\stackrel{~}{𝔄})^{\prime \prime }`$. By rescaling the parameter we may set the inverse temperature $`\beta `$ equal to $`1`$. We may then define the \*-algebra $`𝔅_0`$ as in the appendix with $`𝔄`$ replaced by its weak closure $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ (but the $`C_{ij}^k`$ are still defined with respect to $`\stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$).

Let $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i}=C_{\overline{i}i}^0\overline{\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i}()C_{\overline{i}i}^0`$, thus $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i}`$ is a (not necessarily standard) non normalized left inverse of $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i`$. With $`V(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i,t)=(D\phi \phi \mathrm{\Psi }_{\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i}:D\phi \phi )_t`$, define a one-parameter automorphism group $`\gamma `$ of $`𝔅_0`$ extending $`\alpha \alpha `$ as was done for $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$, but using $`V`$ instead of $`U`$, thus, with obvious notations, $`\gamma _t(R_i)=V(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i,t)^{}R_i`$. By using the holomorphic properties of the Connes cocycles and the corresponding two-variable cocycle property (that can be checked similarly as in ), it can be seen by elementary calculations that $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }`$ is KMS with respect to $`\gamma `$. Clearly both $`\gamma `$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$ extend to $`𝒩=\pi _{\stackrel{~}{\phi }}(𝔅_0)^{\prime \prime }`$, indeed the extension of $`\gamma `$ is the modular group with respect to $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }`$, thus $`\gamma `$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$ commute and $`\theta _t=\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_t\gamma _t`$ is a one-parameter group of $`𝒩`$ leaving $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ pointwise fixed.  $`\mathrm{}`$

Let $`G`$ be the “gauge group”, namely the group of all automorphisms of $`𝔅`$ that leave $`\stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$ pointwise invariant, and $`Z(G)`$ the centre of $`G`$. Any extension $`\widehat{\alpha }_t`$ of $`\alpha _t\alpha _t`$ to a one parameter automorphism group of $`𝔅`$ is clearly given by $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_t=\widehat{\alpha }_t\theta _t`$ where $`\theta _tG`$. Reasoning as in the above proof one has the following.

###### Corollary 3.12.

Let $`\phi `$ and $`\psi `$ be extremal KMS states for $`\alpha `$. Assume that all $`\rho 𝒯`$ are normal with respect to both $`\phi `$ and $`\psi `$ and that if $`\rho `$ is irreducible the normal extensions of $`\rho `$ with respect to $`\phi `$ and $`\psi `$ are still irreducible. Then $`\phi \psi \epsilon `$ is a KMS state of $`𝔅`$ with respect to $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\theta `$, with $`\theta `$ a one-parameter subgroup of $`Z(G)`$.

In particular this is the case if $`\phi `$ and $`\psi `$ are extremal KMS states with respect to translations of a net of local von Neumann algebras as in Section 3, satisfying essential duality.

The one-parameter group $`\theta `$ is related to the chemical potential associated with the charge $`\rho _i`$ by

$$\theta _t(R_i)=e^{i\mu _{\rho _i}(\phi |\psi )t}R_i.$$

## 4 Roberts and Connes-Takesaki cohomologies.

Roberts  has obtained a geometrical description of the theory of superselection sectors by considering a non-abelian local cohomology naturally associated with a net $`𝔄`$. Rather than stating here his formal definitions, that can be obtained from different geometrical pictures, we will recall here the main idea underlying the construction of the first cohomology semiring $`H_R^1(𝔄)`$. Here $`𝔄`$ is a net of von Neumann algebras on the Minkowski spacetime $`𝕄`$, fulfilling the properties stated in Section 2, but the construction may be extented to more general globally hyperbolic spacetimes, see .

Given a representation $`\pi `$ of $`𝔄`$ localizable in all double cones we may, as usual, fix a double cone $`𝒪𝒦`$ and choose an endomorphism $`\rho _𝒪`$ of $`𝔄`$ localized in $`𝒪`$ and equivalent to $`\pi `$. For each $`𝒪_1𝒦`$ we choose a unitary intertwiner $`u_{𝒪,𝒪_1}`$ between $`\rho _𝒪`$ and $`\rho _{𝒪_1}`$ and set

$$z_{𝒪_2,𝒪_1}u_{𝒪_2,𝒪}^{}u_{𝒪,𝒪_1}𝒪_1,𝒪_2𝒦.$$

By duality, $`z_{𝒪_2,𝒪_1}`$ belongs to $`𝔄^d(𝒪_1𝒪_2)`$, in particular $`z_{𝒪_2,𝒪_1}𝔄(\stackrel{~}{𝒪})`$ if $`\stackrel{~}{𝒪}`$ is a double cone containing $`𝒪_1𝒪_2`$, and satisfies the cocycle condition

$$z_{𝒪_3,𝒪_1}=z_{𝒪_3,𝒪_2}z_{𝒪_2,𝒪_1}.$$

The choice of $`\rho _𝒪`$ and $`u_{𝒪,𝒪_1}`$ is not unique, yet different choices gives cohomologous cocycles under a natural equivalence relation.

One can then formalize the definition of $`H_R^1(𝔄)`$. The relevant point is that the map

$$\text{Superselection sectors}H_R^1(𝔄)$$

is invertible, namely each localized cocycle $`z`$ arises from a localized endomorphism $`\rho `$ localized in a given $`𝒪𝒦`$, which is well-defined by the formula

$$\rho (X)=z_{𝒪_1,𝒪}Xz_{𝒪_1,𝒪}^{},X𝔄(\stackrel{~}{𝒪}),$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{𝒪}`$ is a double cone containing $`𝒪`$ and $`𝒪_1`$ is any double cone contained in $`\stackrel{~}{𝒪}^{}`$.

As $`H_R^1(𝔄)`$ is in one-to-one correspondence with the superselection sectors, it is endowed with a ring structure, that can be expressed more directly. Analogusly $`Z_R^1(𝔄)`$ is a tensor C-category.

Let’s now recall the cohomology considered by Connes and Takesaki . This concerns an automorphism group action $`\tau `$ on a C-algebra $`𝔄`$, in our case the translation automorphism group on the quasi-local C-algebra $`𝔄`$. Restricting to unitary cocycles, a map $`z:^4𝔄`$, taking values in the unitaries $`𝔄`$, is a cocycle if satisfies the cocycle equation

$$z(x+y)=z(x)\tau _x(z(y)),x,y^4;$$
(41)
two cocycles $`z`$ and $`z^{}`$ are cohomologous if there exists a unitary $`u𝔄`$ such that

$$z^{}(x)=uz(x)\tau _x(u^{}),x^4.$$
(42)
A cocycle $`z`$ gives rise to a perturbed automorphism group $`\tau ^z`$ defined by $`\tau _x^zz(x)\tau _x()z(x)^{}`$. We are interested in the case $`\tau ^z`$ is a local perturbation, in the sense that, if $`x`$ varies in a bounded set, there exists a double cone $`𝒪𝒦`$ such that

$$\tau _x^z|_{𝔄(𝒪^{})}=\tau _x|_{𝔄(𝒪^{})}.$$

This amounts to define a (unitary) localized cocycle as a unitary map $`z:^4𝔄`$ satisfying the cocycle condition (41) and the locality condition:

$$\delta >0\&𝒪𝒦\text{such that}z(x)𝔄(𝒪),x^4,|x|<\delta .$$

Here $`|x|`$ is the Euclidean modulus of $`x`$. By iterating the cocycle equation (41) it follows immediatly from the locality condition that all the $`z(x)`$ lives in a common double cone as $`x`$ varies in a bounded set. Indeed the following holds.

###### Lemma 4.1.

Let $`z`$ be a localized cocycle. There exists $`r>0`$ such that

$$z(x)𝔄(𝒪_{r+|x|}),x^4,$$

where $`𝒪_r`$ denotes the double cone with basis the ball of radius $`r>0`$, centered at $`0`$, in $`^3`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`\delta ,r>0`$ be such that $`z(x)𝔄(𝒪_r)`$ if $`|x|<\delta `$. If $`(n1)r|x|<nr`$, write $`x=x_1+x_2+\mathrm{}+x_n`$ with $`|x_i|<r`$. By the cocycle equation

$$z(x)=z(x_1)\tau _{x_1}(z(x_2))\tau _{x_1+x_2}(z(x_3))\mathrm{}\tau _{x_1+x_2+\mathrm{}x_{n1}}(z(x_n))$$

we see that $`z(x)_{i=1}^{n1}𝔄(x_1+\mathrm{}+x_i+𝒪_r)𝔄(𝒪_{(n1)r})𝔄(𝒪_{r+|x|})`$.  $`\mathrm{}`$

We denote by $`Z_\tau ^1(𝔄)`$ the set of unitary localized cocycles, and by $`H_\tau ^1(𝔄)`$ the quotient of $`Z_\tau ^1(𝔄)`$ modulo the equivalence relation (42), with the further restriction that the unitary $`u`$ is local, namely $`u`$ belongs to $`𝔄(𝒪)`$ for some $`𝒪𝒦`$.

Now a covariant localized endomorphism gives rise to a localized cocycle (formula (28), hence a covariant sectors to an element of $`H_\tau ^1(𝔄)`$. As for the Roberts cohomology, the converse is true.

###### Proposition 4.2.

There is a natural map

$$H_\tau ^1(𝔄)\text{Covariant superselection sectors}.$$

###### Proof.

We shall associate a covariant localized endomorphism $`\rho `$ to a given $`zZ_\tau ^1(𝔄)`$. Similarly as in eq. (4), we set

$$\rho (X)z(x)Xz(x)^{},X𝔄(𝒪_R),|x|>2R,$$

where $`x`$ is a vector in the time-zero hyperplane and $`R>r`$, with $`r`$ the radius of the double cone in Lemma 4.1. We have to show that, for a fixed $`R`$, the above definition is independent of the choice of $`x`$, namely $`z(x)Xz(x)^{}=z(x^{})Xz(x^{})^{}`$ if also $`|x^{}|>2R`$. As $`𝒪_{2R}^{}`$ is connected, by iterating the procedure, it is enough to check this if $`x^{}=x+y`$ with $`|y|<\delta `$. Then, by local commutativity,

$$z(x^{})Xz(x^{})^{}=z(x)\tau _x(z(y))X\tau _x(z(y))^{}z(x)^{}=z(x)Xz(x)^{}$$

because $`\tau _x(z(y))`$ belongs to $`𝔄(𝒪_r+x)`$ and $`𝒪_r+x𝒪_R^{}`$.  $`\mathrm{}`$

The map given by Prop. 4.2 is not invertible: two cocycles that differ by multiplication by a one dimensional character give rise to the same localized endomorphism; in the irreducible case this is the only ambiguity, that could be eliminated by considering inner automorphisms rather than unitary operators. Apart from this point, $`H_\tau ^1(𝔄)`$ describes faithfully the covariant superselection sectors. Note also that, if a certain strong additivity assumption holds, all sectors with finite dimension are covariant .

Although the Roberts cohomology describes the superselection sectors, the definition of the statistical dimension is not manifest within $`H_R^1(𝔄)`$. But, passing to $`H_\tau ^1(𝔄)`$, we discover a pairing between factor KMS states $`\phi `$ for the time evolution satisfying duality and $`H_\tau ^1(𝔄)`$

$$\mathrm{log}\phi ,[z]\mathrm{log}d_\phi (z)=\mathrm{log}d(\rho )+\beta \mu _\rho (\phi )$$

hence we have the geometrical description of the holomorphic dimension by the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\text{Covariant sectors}& & H^1(𝔄)\\ & & & & \\ H_\tau ^1(𝔄)& & \{\mathrm{}\}\end{array}$$

Of course, by considering the involution  as before, we obtain an expression for $`d(\rho )`$ as well.

## 5 Increment of black hole entropy as an index.

This section is devoted to the illustration of a physical context where the dimension is expressed by a quantity that includes also classical geometric data of the underlying spacetime. The results here below have been announced in .

We shall consider the increment of the entropy of a quantum black hole which is represented by a globally hyperbolic spacetime with bifurcate Killing horizon.

The case of a Rindler black hole has been studied in , the reader can find the basic ideas and motivations in this reference. The main points here are the following. Firstly we perform our analysis in the case of more realistic black holes spacetimes, in particular we consider Schwarzschild black holes. Secondly we shall consider charges localizable on the horizon, obtaining in this way quantum numbers for the increment of the entropy of the black hole itself, rather than of the outside region as done in the Rindler spacetime.

Indeed the restriction of quantum fields to the horizon will define a conformal quantum field theory on $`S^1`$. This key point has been discussed in  with small variations. We shall return on this with further comments. Finally, we shall deal with general KMS states, besides the Hartle-Hawking temperature state. In this context, a non-zero chemical potential can appear.

The extension of the DHR analysis of the superselection structure  to a quantum field theory on a curved globally hyperbolic spacetime has been given in  and we refer to this paper the necessary background material. We however recall here the construction of conformal symmetries for the observable algebras on the horizon of the black hole.

To be more explicit let $`𝒱`$ be a $`d+1`$ dimensional globally hyperbolic spacetime with a bifurcate Killing horizon. A typical example is given by the Schwarzschild-Kruskal manifold that, by Birkoff theorem, is the only spherically symmetric solution of the Einstein-Hilbert equation; one might first focus on this specific example, as the more general case is treated similarly. We denote by $`𝔥_+`$ and $`𝔥_{}`$ the two codimension 2 submanifolds that constitute the horizon $`𝔥=𝔥_+𝔥_{}`$. We assume that the horizon splits $`𝒱`$ in four connected components, the future, the past and the “left and right wedges” that we denote by $``$ and $``$ (the reader may visualize this also in the analogous case of the Minkowski spacetime, where the Killing flow is a one-parameter group of pure Lorentz transformations).

Let $`\kappa =\kappa (𝒱)`$ be the surface gravity, namely, denoting by $`\chi `$ the Killing vector field, the equation on $`𝔥`$

$$g(\chi ,\chi )=2\kappa \chi ,$$
(43)
with $`g`$ the metric tensor, defines a function $`\kappa `$ on $`𝔥`$, that is actually constant on $`𝔥`$, as can be checked by taking the Lie derivative of both sides of eq. (43) with respect to $`\chi `$ . If $`𝒱`$ is the Schwarzschild-Kruskal manifold, then

$$\kappa (𝒱)=\frac{1}{4M},$$

where $`M`$ is the mass of the black hole. In this case $``$ is the exterior of the Schwarzschild black hole.

Our spacetime is $``$ and we regard $`𝒱`$ as a completion of $``$.

Let $`𝔄(𝒪)`$ be the von Neumann algebra on a Hilbert space $``$ of the observables localized in the bounded diamond $`𝒪`$. We make the assumptions of Haag duality, properly infiniteness of $`𝔄(𝒪)`$, Borchers property B. The Killing flow $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_t`$ of $`𝒱`$ gives rise to a one parameter group of automorphisms $`\alpha `$ of the C-algebra $`𝔄=𝔄()`$ since $`𝒱`$ is a $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-invariant region. Here, as before, the C-algebra associated with an unbounded region is the C-algebra generated by the von Neumann algebras associated with bounded diamonds contained in the region.

### 5.1 The conformal structure on the black hole horizon.

We now consider a locally normal $`\alpha `$-invariant state $`\phi `$ on $`𝔄()`$, that restricts to a KMS at inverse temperature $`\beta >0`$ on the horizon algebra, as we will explain. This will be the case in particular if $`\phi `$ is a KMS state on all $`𝔄()`$.

For convenience, we shall assume that the net $`𝔄`$ is already in the GNS representation of $`\phi `$, hence $`\phi `$ is represented by a cyclic vector $`\xi `$. Denote by $`_a`$ the wedge $``$ “shifted by” $`a`$ along, say, $`𝔥_+`$ (see ). If $`I=(a,b)`$ is a bounded interval of $`_+`$, we set

$$𝒞(I)=𝔄(_a)^{\prime \prime }𝔄(_b)^{},0<a<b.$$

We denote by $`(I)`$ ($`I(0,\mathrm{})`$) the C-algebra generated by all $`𝒞(a,b),b>a>0`$, with $`(a,b)I`$. We shall also set $`𝒞(I)=(I)^{\prime \prime }`$.

We obtain in this way a net of von Neumann algebras on the intervals of $`(0,\mathrm{})`$, where the Killing automorphism group $`\alpha `$ acts covariantly by rescaled dilations. (With the due assumptions on duality, $`𝒞(I)`$ turns out to be the intersection of the von Neumann algebras associated with all diamonds containing the “interval $`I`$” of the horizon $`𝔥_+`$ .)

We can now state our assumption: $`\phi |_{(0,\mathrm{})}`$ is a KMS state with respect to $`\alpha `$ at inverse temperature $`\beta >0`$.

The net $`(a,b)𝒞(e^a,e^b)`$ is obviously a net on $``$ where $`\alpha `$ is the translation automorphism group. We are therefore in the setting treated in Section 3, whose results may be now applied.

In particular, by using Wiesbrock theorem , we now show that the restriction of the net to the black hole horizon $`𝔥_+`$ has many more symmetries than the original net.

###### Theorem 5.1.

(). The Hilbert space $`_0=\overline{𝒞(I)\xi }`$ is independent of the bounded open interval $`I`$.

The net $`𝒞`$ extends to a conformal net $``$ of von Neumann algebras acting on $`_0`$, where the Killing flow corresponds to the rescaled dilations.

###### Proof.

Setting $`𝔄(a,b)𝒞(e^a,e^b)`$, $`b>a`$, we trivially obtain a local net on $``$ and $`\phi `$ is a KMS with respect to translations. The conformal extension of $`𝒞`$ is then the conformal completion of $`𝔄`$ given by Th. 3.3; the additivity assumption is here unnecessary since $`_0=\overline{𝒞(I)\xi }`$ is independent of $`I`$. A detailed proof can be found in Prop. 4A.2 of .  $`\mathrm{}`$

This theorem says in particular that we may compactify $``$ to the circle $`S^1`$, extend the definition of $`𝒞(I)`$ for all proper intervals $`IS^1`$, find a unitary positive energy representation of the Möbius group $`\text{PSL}(2,)`$ acting covariantly on $`𝒞`$, so that the rescaled dilation subgroup is the Killing automorphism group.

If $`\xi `$ is cyclic for $``$ on $``$, namely $`_0=`$ (as is true in Rindler case for a free field, see ), then the net $`𝒞`$ automatically satisfies Haag duality on $``$. Otherwise one would pass to the dual net $`𝒞^d`$ of $`𝒞`$, which is is automatically conformal and strongly additive . The following proposition gives a condition for $`𝒞`$ itself to be strongly additive.

###### Proposition 5.2.

If $`\phi `$ is KMS on $`𝔄()`$ and the strong additivity for $`𝔄`$ holds in the sense that

$$𝒞(0,1)𝔄(_1)^{\prime \prime }=𝔄()^{\prime \prime },$$

then $`𝒞`$ satisfies Haag duality on $``$.

###### Proof.

Note first that there is a conditional expectation $`\epsilon :𝔄(_a)^{\prime \prime }𝒞(a,\mathrm{})`$, $`a`$, given by $`\epsilon (X)\xi =EX\xi `$, $`X𝔄(_a)^{\prime \prime }`$, where $`E`$ is the orthogonal projection onto $`_0`$.

The case $`a=0`$ is clearly a consequence of Takesaki’s theorem since $`𝒞(0,\mathrm{})`$ is globally invariant under the modular group of $`𝔄()^{\prime \prime }`$. Now the translations on $`𝔄`$ (constructed as in Prop. 3.2) restrict to the translations on $`𝒞`$ and commute with $`\epsilon `$ due to the cyclicity of $`\xi `$ for $`(a,\mathrm{})`$ on $`_0`$. Hence $`\epsilon `$ maps $`𝔄(_a)^{\prime \prime }`$ onto $`𝒞(a,\mathrm{})`$, $`a`$.

We then have

$$\begin{array}{c}𝒞(0,1)𝒞(1,\mathrm{})=𝒞(0,1)\epsilon (𝔄(_1)^{\prime \prime })\hfill \\ \hfill =\epsilon (𝒞(0,1)𝔄(_1)^{\prime \prime })=\epsilon (𝔄()^{\prime \prime })=𝒞(0,\mathrm{}),\end{array}$$
(44)
hence $`𝒞`$ is strongly additive, thus it satisfies Haag duality on $``$ because $`𝒞`$ is conformal.  $`\mathrm{}`$

In the following we assume that $`𝔄`$ is strongly additive.

### 5.2 Charges localizable on the horizon.

We now consider an irreducible endomorphism $`\rho `$ with finite dimension of $`𝔄()`$ that is localizable in an interval $`(a,b)`$ of $`𝔥_+`$, $`a>0`$, namely $`\rho `$ acts trivially on $`𝔄(_b)`$ and on $`(0,a)`$, thus it restricts to a localized endomorphism of $`𝒞`$.

This last requirement is necessary to extend $`\rho `$ to a normal endomorphism of $`\pi _\phi (𝔄())^{\prime \prime }`$, with $`\phi `$ as above or a different extremal KMS state.

Remark. If we assume that the net $`𝔄`$ is defined on all $`𝒱`$ and that $`\rho `$ is a transportable localized endomorphism of $`𝔄(𝒱)`$, then $`\rho `$ has a normal extension to the von Neumann algebra of $`𝔄()^{\prime \prime }`$ exists by transportability, cf. , and the strong additivity assumption is unnecessary. This case may be treated just as the case of the Rindler spacetime , the only difference being the possible appearance a non-trivial chemical potential. We omit the detailed discussion of this context.

By a result in , a transportable localized endomorphism with finite dimension $`\rho `$ of $`𝒞`$ is Möbius covariant. In particular we may choose the covariance cocycle so that it verifies the two-variable cocycle property with respect to the the action of the Möbius group, and this uniquely fixes it. Let $`\sigma `$ be another irreducible endomorphism of $`𝔄`$ localized in $`(a,b)𝔥_+`$ and denote by $`\phi _\rho `$ and $`\phi _\sigma `$ the thermal states for the Killing automorphism group in the representation $`\rho `$. As shown in , $`\phi _\rho =\phi \mathrm{\Phi }_\rho `$, where $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\rho `$ is the left inverse of $`\rho `$, and similarly for $`\sigma `$.

We now show that the dimension of $`\rho `$ and of its restriction to $`𝒞`$ coincide. In fact the following is true.

###### Lemma 5.3.

With the above assumptions, if $`\rho `$ is localized in an interval of $`𝔥_+`$, then $`d(\rho |_{(0,\mathrm{})})`$ has a normal extension to the weak closure $`𝒞(0,\mathrm{})`$ with dimension $`d(\rho )`$.

###### Proof.

If $`\rho `$ is localized in the interval $`(a,b)`$ ($`b>a>0`$) of $`𝔥_+`$, then clearly $`\rho `$ restricts to the von Neumann algebra $`𝒞(c,d)`$ for all $`d>b>a>c`$ as it acts trivially on $`𝔄(_c)`$ and by duality for $`𝒞`$. Hence $`\rho `$ restricts to the C-algebra $`(0,\mathrm{})`$, and then it extends to $`𝒞(0,\mathrm{})`$ by Theorem 3.7.

Let $`\overline{\rho }`$ be also localized in the interval $`(a,b)`$. If $`R,\overline{R}`$ are a standard solutions for the conjugate equation of $`\rho `$ and $`\overline{\rho }`$, then $`R,\overline{R}𝔄(_b)^{}𝔄()^{\prime \prime }=𝒞(0,b)`$ and commute with $`𝒞(0,a)`$, hence they belong to $`𝒞(a,b)`$ by strong additivity . Conversely, if $`R,\overline{R}`$ are a standard solution for the conjugate equation of the restriction of $`\rho `$ and $`\overline{\rho }`$, then $`R`$ and $`\overline{R}`$ belongs to $`𝒞(a,b)`$ by the Haag duality for $`𝒞`$, hence the conjugate equation is valid for all elements of $`𝒞(0,b)𝔄(_b)^{\prime \prime }=𝔄()`$. This implies the dimension is the same for $`\rho `$ and its restriction to $`𝒞`$.  $`\mathrm{}`$

The increment of the free energy between the thermal equilibrium states $`\phi _\rho `$ and $`\phi _\sigma `$ is expressed as in  by

$$F(\phi _\rho |\phi _\sigma )=\phi _\rho (H_{\rho \overline{\sigma }})\beta ^1S(\phi _\rho |\phi _\sigma )$$

Here $`S`$ is the Araki relative entropy and $`H_{\rho \overline{\sigma }}`$ is the Hamiltonian on $`_0`$ corresponding to the composition of the charge $`\rho `$ and the charge conjugate to $`\sigma `$ in $`𝒞(\mathrm{},0)`$ as in ; it is well defined as $`e^{itH_{\rho \overline{\sigma }}}e^{itH_\iota }`$ is the two-variable cocycle. In particular, if $`\sigma `$ is the identity representation, then $`H_{\rho \overline{\sigma }}=H_\rho `$ is the Killing Hamiltonian in the representation $`\rho `$.

The analysis made in Section 2.1 works also in this context, and in fact the formulae there can be written in the case of two different KMS states $`\phi _\rho `$ and $`\phi _\sigma `$. In particular

$$F(\phi _\sigma |\phi _\rho )=\frac{1}{2}\beta ^1(S_c(\sigma )S_c(\rho ))+\mu (\phi _\sigma |\phi _\rho ),$$
(45)
where $`\mu (\phi _\sigma |\phi _\rho )=\beta ^1\mathrm{log}d_\phi (u_\sigma )\beta ^1\mathrm{log}d_\phi (u_\rho )`$. Here $`S_c(\rho )=\mathrm{log}d(\rho )^2`$ is the conditional entropy associated with $`\rho `$ (see ) and the above formula gives a canonical splitting for the incremental free energy.

### 5.3 An index formula.

We now consider the Hartle-Hawking state $`\phi `$, see . In several cases this is the unique KMS state for the Killing evolution. The corresponding Hawking temperature is is related to the surface gravity of $``$:

$$\beta ^1=\frac{\kappa ()}{2\pi }.$$

###### Theorem 5.4.

With $`\phi `$ the Hartle-Hawking state, if $`\rho `$ and $`\sigma `$ are localizable as above, then

$$\mathrm{log}d(\rho )\mathrm{log}d(\sigma )=\frac{\pi }{\kappa ()}(F(\phi _\rho |\phi _\sigma )+F(\phi _{\overline{\rho }}|\phi _{\overline{\sigma }})),$$

in particular, once we fix $`\rho `$, the exponential of the right hand side of the above equation is proportional to an integer.

###### Proof.

Formula (45) states that

$$\mathrm{log}d(\rho )\mathrm{log}d(\sigma )=\beta F(\phi _\rho |\phi _\sigma )\beta \mu (\phi _\sigma |\phi _\rho ).$$
(46)
By the asymmetry of the chemical potential $`\mu (\phi _\sigma |\phi _\rho )+\mu (\phi _{\overline{\sigma }}|\phi _{\overline{\rho }})=0`$, thus

$$\mathrm{log}d(\rho )\mathrm{log}d(\sigma )=\beta F(\phi _{\overline{\rho }}|\phi _{\overline{\sigma }})+\beta \mu (\phi _\sigma |\phi _\rho ).$$
(47)
Summing up equations (46) and (47) and setting $`\beta /2=\pi /\kappa ()`$ we obtain

$$\mathrm{log}d(\rho )\mathrm{log}d(\sigma )=\mathrm{log}d_{geo}(\rho )\mathrm{log}d_{geo}(\sigma )=\frac{\pi }{\kappa ()}(F(\phi _\rho |\phi _\sigma )+F(\phi _{\overline{\rho }}|\phi _{\overline{\sigma }})).$$

$`\mathrm{}`$

We have thus expressed the analytical index $`\mathrm{log}d(\rho )\mathrm{log}d(\sigma )`$ in terms of a physical quantity, the incremental free energy, and the quantity $`\kappa ()`$ associated with the geometry of the spacetime.

###### Corollary 5.5.

$$F(\phi _\sigma |\phi _\rho )+F(\phi _{\overline{\sigma }}|\phi _{\overline{\rho }})=\beta ^1(S_c(\sigma )S_c(\rho ))$$

where $`S_c(\rho )`$ denotes the conditional entropy of the sector $`\rho `$.

###### Proof.

Immediate.  $`\mathrm{}`$

The above corollory shows that the part of the incremental free energy which is independent of charge conjugation is proportional to the increment of the conditional entropy.

## 6 On the index of the supercharge operator.

The purpose of this section is to make a few remarks to interpret the statistical dimension of a superselection sector as the Fredholm index of an operator associated with the supercharge operator in a supersymmetric theory.

Let $`𝔉(𝒪)`$ be the von Neumann algebra on a Hilbert space $``$ generated by the fields localized in the region $`𝒪𝒦`$ of a spacetime $`𝕄`$, say the Minkowski spacetime, in a Quantum Field Theory, as in Section 2, in the vacuum representation. Let $`𝔉=_{𝒪𝒦}𝔉(𝒪)^{}`$ be the quasi-local C-algebra and $`\gamma :gG\gamma _g\text{Aut}(𝔉)`$ an action of a compact group of internal symmetries with $`g_0`$ an involutive element of the center of $`G`$ providing a grading automorphism $`\gamma _0=\gamma _{g_0}`$ with normal commutation relations:

$$F_1F_2\pm F_2F_1=0,F_i𝔉(𝒪_i),𝒪_1𝒪_2^{},$$

where $`F_1,F_2𝔉_\pm \{F:\gamma _0(F)=\pm F\}`$, and the $`+`$ sign occurs iff both $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$ belong to $`𝔉_{}`$.

With $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ the canonical selfadjoint unitary on $``$ implementing $`\gamma _0`$, the Hilbert space decomposes according to the eigenvalues of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$

$$=_+_{}.$$
(48)
As is known , each irreducible representation $`\pi \widehat{G}`$ gives rise to a superselection sector $`\rho _\pi `$ of the observable algebra $`𝔄𝔉^G`$: given a Hilbert space of isometries $`H_\pi 𝔉(𝒪)`$ carrying the representation $`\pi `$, one has a covariant endomorphism $`\rho _\pi `$ of $`𝔄`$

$$\rho _\pi (X)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{d}{}}v_iXv_i^{},X𝔉,$$
(49)
where $`\{v_1,v_2,\mathrm{}v_d\}`$ is an orthonormal basis of $`_\pi `$ and

$$d=\text{dim}(\pi )=d_{DHR}(\rho _\pi ).$$

The unitary representation of $`G`$ implementing $`\gamma `$ gives raise to a decomposition of $``$

$$=\underset{\pi \widehat{G}}{}_\pi $$

and, denoting by $`\pi _0`$ the identity representation of $`𝔄`$ on $``$, one has the unitary equivalence

$$\pi _0|__\pi \text{dim}(\pi )\pi _0\rho _\pi |__\iota .$$

Let $`H`$ be the Hamiltonian of $`𝔉`$, namely the generator of the time evolution on $``$. We now assume the existence of a supersymmetric structure on $`𝔉`$, namely there exists a supercharge operator $`Q`$, an odd selfadjoint operator with $`Q^2=H`$; corresponding to the decomposition (48) of $``$, $`Q`$ can be written as

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& Q_+\\ Q_{}& 0\end{array}\right)$$

with $`Q_{}=Q_+^{}`$, where $`Q_\pm :_\pm _{}`$. In case (not assumed here) that $`e^{\beta H}`$ is a trace class operator, $`\beta >0`$, one has the well-known formula

$$\text{Index}(Q_+)=\text{Tr}(\mathrm{\Gamma }e^{\beta H}),\beta >0,$$

with $`\text{Index}(Q_+)`$ the Fredholm index of $`Q_+`$, that turns out to coincide with the dimension of the kernel of $`H`$, thus $`\text{Index}(Q_+)=1`$ if there exists a unique vacuum vector.

Now fix an irreducible localized endomorphism $`\rho =\rho _\pi `$ of $`𝔄`$ as above and let $`H_\rho `$ be the Hamiltonian in the representation $`\rho `$, namely the generator of the unitary time evolution in the representation $`\rho `$. The Hamiltonian $`H_\rho `$ is not supersymmetric, in the sense that there exists no odd square root of $`H_\rho `$, as such an operator would interchange Bose and Fermi sectors and cannot map the Hilbert space of $`\rho `$ (which is either contained in $`_+`$ or in $`_{}`$) into itself. Yet, we may define a supercharge operator $`Q_\rho `$ on the global Hilbert space $``$ by setting

$$Q_\rho =\underset{i}{}v_iQv_i^{},$$

with the $`v_i`$’s forming a basis of $`H_\pi `$ as above.

###### Lemma 6.1.

$`Q_\rho ^2|__0=H_\rho `$.

###### Proof.

Indeed

$$Q_\rho ^2=(\underset{i}{}v_iQv_i^{})^2=\underset{i}{}v_iQ^2v_i^{}=\underset{i}{}v_iHv_i^{}.$$
(50)
Because of the expression (49), one checks easily that $`U(t)\rho (X)U(t)=\rho (\alpha _t(X))`$, $`X𝔄`$, where $`U(t)=_iv_ie^{itH}v_i^{}`$ and $`\alpha `$ is the one-parameter automorphism group. Since $`H`$ commutes with $`\gamma _G`$, it follows that $`_0`$ is an invariant subspace for $`_iv_iHv_i^{}`$, thus the latter restricts to $`H_\rho `$ on $`_0`$ and formula (50) implies the statement.  $`\mathrm{}`$

We now assume that $`\rho `$ is a Bose sector, thus $`H_\pi 𝔉_+`$, namely each $`v_i`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and thus preserves the decomposition (48) of the Hilbert space so that

$$Q_\rho =\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& Q_{\rho +}\\ Q_\rho & 0\end{array}\right)$$

where in particular $`Q_{\rho +}=_iv_iQ_+v_i^{}`$. Since the restriction of $`v_iQ_+v_i^{}`$ to $`v_iv_i^{}_+`$ is unitarily equivalent to $`Q_+`$, clearly $`Q_{\rho +}`$ is unitarily equivalent to $`Q_+\mathrm{}Q_+`$ ($`d`$ times) and therefore

$$\text{Index}(Q_{\rho +})=d(\rho )\text{Index}(Q_+).$$

If $`\sigma `$ is another sector as above, we thus have the formula

$$\frac{d(\rho )}{d(\sigma )}=\frac{\text{Index}(Q_{\rho +})}{\text{Index}(Q_{\sigma +})}$$

showing an interpretation of the (statistical) dimension as a multiplicative relative Fredholm index.

It remains to provide a model where the above structure can be realized. To this end let $`𝔄_b`$ and $`𝔄_f`$ be the nets of local algebras associated with the free scalar Bose field and the free Fermi-Dirac field on the Minkowski spacetime, or on the cylinder spacetime. Then $`𝔉=𝔄_b𝔄_f`$ is equipped with a supersymmetric structure (see e.g. ), where the grading unitary is $`1(1)^N`$, with $`(1)^N`$ the even-odd symmetry. We fix a positive integer $`n2`$ and consider

$$\stackrel{~}{𝔉}𝔉𝔉\mathrm{}𝔉,(n\text{factors}),$$
(51)
as our field algebra, with the gauge group $`G=_n`$ acting by permuting the order of the bosonic algebra $`𝔄_b\mathrm{}𝔄_b`$ in (51). The only thing to check is the the existence of a supersymmetric structure, which is given by the following lemma.

###### Lemma 6.2.

The tensor product of two supersymmetric QFT nets is supersymmetric.

###### Proof.

To simplify notations we shall consider the tensor product $`\stackrel{~}{𝔉}=𝔉𝔉`$ of the same net $`𝔉`$ by itself. The decomposition (48) of the Hilbert space $``$ of $`𝔉`$ gives a decomposition of $`\stackrel{~}{}=`$

$`\stackrel{~}{}_+`$ $`=(_+_+)(_{}_{})`$ (52)
$`\stackrel{~}{}_{}`$ $`=(_+_{})(_{}_+),`$ (53)
and we can define the operators $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_\pm :\stackrel{~}{}_\pm _{}`$

$`\stackrel{~}{Q}_+`$ $`=(Q_+1+1Q_+)(Q_{}11Q_{})`$ (54)
$`\stackrel{~}{Q}_{}`$ $`=(Q_+1+1Q_{})(Q_{}11Q_+).`$ (55)
The tensor product Hamiltonian $`\stackrel{~}{H}=(H1)(1H)`$ is equal to $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_{}\stackrel{~}{Q}_+\stackrel{~}{Q}_+\stackrel{~}{Q}_{}`$.  $`\mathrm{}`$

It should be noticed that the choice of the tensor product supercharge $`\stackrel{~}{Q}`$ is not canonical: having chosen $`\stackrel{~}{Q}`$ we get another supercharge $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_g`$ by permuting the order of the tensor product factors with a permutation $`g`$.

Remark. If we apply the above procedure to chiral conformal field theory, with $`G`$ a finite group of internal symmetries, the observable algebra $`𝔄=𝔉^G`$ has an extra family of sectors $`\{\sigma _i\}_i`$, beside the above ones $`\{\rho _\pi \}_{\pi \widehat{G}}`$ ; indeed $`_\pi d(\rho _\pi )^2=|G|`$, while

$$\underset{\pi \widehat{G}}{}d(\rho _\pi )^2+\underset{i}{}d(\sigma _i)^2=|G|^2.$$

The dimension $`d(\sigma _i)`$ is not necessarily integral and therefore cannot be related to a Fredholm index. Our formulae, nevertheless, still make sense.

## 7 Outlook. Comparison with the JLO theory.

This section contains a tentative proposal to analyze the superselection sectors by noncommutative geometry. Although it is in a primitive form, we hope it will provide an insight to the structure.

### 7.1 Induction of cyclic cocycles.

Let $`𝔄`$ be a $`_2`$-graded unital pre-C-algebra, with C completion $`\overline{𝔄}`$. Morphisms of $`𝔄`$ will be assumed to be bounded, i.e. to extend to $`\overline{𝔄}`$. We assume that $`𝔄`$ is a Banach -algebra with respect to a norm $`||||||`$ preserved by the grading $`\gamma `$, so that $`𝔄`$ is a graded Banach -algebra.

We briefly recall some basic definitions about Connes  entire cyclic cohomology. Let $`𝒞^n(𝔄)`$ be the Banach space of the $`(n+1)`$-linear functionals of $`𝔄`$ with finite norm

$$|f_n|=\underset{|a_i|1}{sup}|f_n(a_0,a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)|$$

and let $`𝒞(𝔄)`$ be the space of the entire cochains, namely the elements of $`𝒞(𝔄)`$ are the sequences $`f=(f_0,f_1,f_2,\mathrm{})`$, $`f_n𝒞^n(𝔄)`$, such that

$$f=\underset{n0}{}\sqrt{n!}|f_n|z^n$$
(56)
is an entire function of $`z`$.

The grading $`\gamma `$ lifts to $`𝒞(𝔄)`$, and let $`𝒞_\pm (𝔄)`$ denote the corresponding splitting of the entire cochains.

Denoting by $`𝒞^e`$ and $`𝒞^o`$ the spaces of the even and odd entire cochains $`(f_0,f_2,f_4,\mathrm{})`$ and $`(f_1,f_3,f_5,\mathrm{})`$, the entire cohomology groups $`H_+^e(𝔄)`$ and $`H_+^o(𝔄)`$ are the ones associated with the complex

$$\mathrm{}𝒞_+^e\stackrel{}{}𝒞_+^o\stackrel{}{}𝒞_+^e\mathrm{}$$
(57)
where the coboundary operator is $`=b+B`$

$$\begin{array}{c}(Bf)_{n1}(a_0,a_1,\mathrm{},a_{n1})=\underset{j=0}{\overset{n1}{}}(1)^{(n1)j}f_n(1,a_{nj}^\gamma ,\mathrm{},a_{n1}^\gamma ,a_0\mathrm{},a_{nj1})\hfill \\ \hfill +(1)^{n1}f_n(a_{nj}^\gamma ,\mathrm{},a_{nj1},1)\end{array}$$

$$(bf)_{n+1}=\underset{j=0}{\overset{n}{}}f_n(a_0,\mathrm{},a_ja_{j+1},\mathrm{},a_{n+1})+(1)^{n+1}f_n(a_{n+1}^\gamma a_0,a_1,\mathrm{},a_n).$$

If $`𝔅`$ is another -Banach algebra, and graded pre-C-algebra, and $`\rho :𝔄𝔅`$ a homomorphism of $`𝔄`$ into $`𝔅`$, any cyclic cocycle $`\tau `$ of $`𝔅`$ has a pull-back to a cyclic cocycle $`(\tau \rho )`$ of $`𝔄`$

$$(\tau \rho )_n(a_0,a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)=\tau _n(\rho (a_0),\rho (a_1),\mathrm{},\rho (a_n)).$$

In particular, let $`𝔅`$ be contained in $`𝔄`$, where both $`\overline{𝔄}`$ and $`\overline{𝔅}`$ are unital with trivial center, and let $`\lambda `$ be a canonical endomorphism of $`𝔄`$ with respect to a $`𝔅`$, namely eq. (61) holds with $`T𝔄`$ and $`S𝔅`$, see the appendix. In this case, if $`(\tau _n)`$ is a cyclic cocycle of $`𝔅`$, its pull-back to $`𝔄`$ via $`\lambda `$ will be called the induction of $`(\tau _n)`$ to $`𝔄`$.

###### Proposition 7.1.

The induction gives rise to a well-defined map from $`H^1(𝔅)`$ to $`H^1(𝔄)`$, independently of the choice of $`\lambda `$.

###### Proof.

Immediate by the Proposition A.2 and the fact that inner automorphisms give the identity map in cyclic cohomology .  $`\mathrm{}`$

Let $`𝒯`$ be a tensor category, with conjugates and subobjects, of bounded endomorphisms of $`𝔄`$ and let $`\rho `$ be an object of $`𝒯`$. If $`(\tau _n)`$ is a cyclic cocycle of $`𝔄`$, then we obtain a cyclic cocycle $`(\tau _n^\rho )(\tau _n\rho ^1)`$ on $`𝔅=\rho (𝔄)`$ as pull back by $`\rho ^1`$, hence a cyclic cocycle of $`𝔄`$ by inducting it up to $`𝔄`$.

###### Proposition 7.2.

The induction of $`(\tau _n\rho ^1)`$ from $`\rho (𝔄)`$ to $`𝔄`$ is equivalent to $`(\tau _n\overline{\rho })`$, namely to the pull-back of $`(\tau _n)`$ via the conjugate charge $`\overline{\rho }`$.

###### Proof.

Since $`\lambda =\rho \overline{\rho }`$ is the canonical endomorphism of $`𝔄`$ into $`\rho (𝔄)`$ (see the appendix), the result is immediate.  $`\mathrm{}`$

Remark. There is a product on the localized cyclic cocycles (i.e. cocycles of the form $`\tau \rho `$, for some localized endomorphism $`\rho `$), by setting $`(\tau \rho )(\tau \sigma )\tau \rho \sigma `$. This product passes to equivalence classes and gives a well defined product in cohomology. The interest in this point relies on the fact that in the passage from the commutative to the noncommutative case the ring structure in cohomology is usually lost (viewed on the K-theoretical side, there is no noncommutative version of the tensor product of fiber bundles).

### 7.2 Index and super-KMS functionals.

Let $`𝔄_b`$, $`𝔄_f`$ be pre-C-algebras with C-completions $`\overline{𝔄}_b`$, $`\overline{𝔄}_f`$, and let $`𝔄𝔄_b𝔄_f`$ be their tensor product. We assume that $`\overline{𝔄}_f`$ is $`_2`$-graded, while the grading on $`𝔄_b`$ is trivial. Let $`\gamma `$ the involutive automorphism of $`𝔄`$ giving the grading on $`𝔄`$, trivial on $`𝔄_b`$. Let $`\alpha \alpha ^{(b)}\alpha ^{(f)}`$ be a one-parameter group of automorphisms of $`\overline{𝔄}`$ leaving invariant $`𝔄`$ and $`\delta `$ be an unbounded odd derivation of $`\overline{𝔄}`$, with a dense -algebra $`𝔄_\alpha =𝔄_{\alpha ,b}𝔄_{\alpha ,f}𝔄`$ contained in the domain of $`\delta `$, so that $`\delta `$ is a square root of the generator $`D`$ of $`\alpha `$

$$\delta ^2=D\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\alpha _t|_{t=0}\mathrm{on}𝔄_\alpha ,$$

cf. . We consider now a super-KMS functional $`\phi `$ at inverse temperature $`\beta =1`$, namely $`\phi `$ is a linear functional on $`𝔄`$ that satisfies equation (24) for all $`a,b𝔄`$ and

$$\phi (\delta a)=0,a𝔄_\alpha .$$

We assume that $`\phi `$ is bounded, as is the case for quantum field theory on a compact space, where $`\phi `$ is a super-Gibbs functionals. At the end of this section we shall add comments on the case $`\phi `$ unbounded. Associated with $`\phi `$ there is an entire cyclic cocycle, the JLO cocycle , on the algebra $`𝔄_\alpha `$ normed with the norm $`|a|a+\delta a`$. For $`n`$ even, it is defined as

$$\begin{array}{c}\tau _n(a_0,a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)\hfill \\ \hfill (1)^{\frac{n}{2}}_{0t_1\mathrm{}t_n1}\phi (a_0\alpha _{it_1}(\delta a_1^\gamma )\alpha _{it_2}(\delta a_2)\mathrm{}\alpha _{it_n}(\delta a_n^{\gamma ^n}))dt_1dt_2\mathrm{}dt_n.\end{array}$$
(58)
There is a special class of unitary $`\alpha `$-cocycles with finite holomorphic dimension that correspond to bounded perturbations of the dynamics . If $`q𝔄`$ is even there is a perturbed structure $`(𝔄,\alpha ^q,\delta _q)`$, with $`\delta _q=\delta +[,q]`$ and $`\alpha ^q=\text{Ad}u^q\alpha `$, where $`u^q`$ is unitary cocycle in $`𝔄`$ given by the solution of

$$i\frac{d}{dt}u^q(t)=u^q(t)\alpha _t(h),h=\delta q+q^2;$$

the functional

$$\phi ^q(a)=\underset{ti}{\text{anal.cont. }}\phi (au^q(t))$$

is super-KMS with respect to $`\alpha ^q`$ and the topological index of $`u^q`$ is given by the Chern character, the JLO cocycle $`\tau ^q`$ associated with $`\phi ^q`$ evaluated at the identity

$$d_\phi (u^q)=\phi ^q(1)\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(1)^n\frac{(2n)!}{n!}\tau _{2n}^q(1,1,\mathrm{},1).$$

Of course, the second equality is trivially true as $`\delta 1=0`$, thus only the first term in the series may be non-zero.

We state the result on the deformation invariance if the topological index in :

###### Theorem 7.3.

(). If $`q𝔄_{}`$ then $`\phi ^q(1)=d_\phi (u^q)=d_\phi (1)=\phi (1)`$.

In the case of Th. 7.3, $`(\tau _n^q)`$ is indeed cohomologous to $`(\tau _n)`$.

We consider now a different class of unitary cocycles. We specialize to the case where $`𝔄_b𝔄_f`$ is dense in the quasi-local C-algebra associated with a supersymmetric quantum field theory (cf. Sect. 6). Let $`𝒯`$ be a tensor category, with conjugate and subobjects, of localized endomorphisms contained in End$`(𝔄_{\alpha ,b})`$. We keep the same symbol for the endomorphism $`\rho `$ of $`𝔄_b`$ to denote the endomorphism $`\rho \iota `$ of $`\overline{𝔄}`$ and assume each $`\rho `$ to be $`\alpha `$-covariant, in the sense that there is a $`\alpha `$-cocycle of unitaries $`u(\rho ,t)𝔄_{\alpha ,b}`$ such that is a eq. (14) holds.

Suppose first that $`\rho `$ is an automorphism. Then, setting $`\delta ^\rho \rho \delta \rho ^1`$, we see that $`\delta ^\rho \delta `$ acts identically where $`\rho `$ acts identically, that is, by Haag duality, $`\delta ^\rho `$ is a perturbation of $`\delta `$ by a derivation localized in a double cone.

In general, when $`\rho `$ is an endomorphism, $`\delta ^\rho `$ is defined on $`\rho (𝔄_\alpha )`$. We shall then define the multilinear form $`\tau _n^\rho `$ on $`\rho (𝔄_\alpha )`$

$$\begin{array}{c}\tau _n^\rho (a_0,a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)(1)^{\frac{n}{2}}_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_n}\phi (a_0u(is_1)\alpha _{is_1}(\delta ^\rho (a_1^\gamma )u(is_2))\alpha _{i(s_1+s_2)}(\delta ^\rho (a_2)u(is_3))\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{}u(is_n)\alpha _{i(s_1+\mathrm{}+s_n)}(\delta ^\rho (a_n^{\gamma ^n})u(is_{n+1})))\mathrm{d}s_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{d}s_{n+1}\end{array}$$
(59)
where $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_n\{(s_1,\mathrm{},s_{n+1}):s_i0,s_1+\mathrm{}+s_{n+1}=1\}`$ and $`u(t)u_\rho (t)`$. We now assume that $`\phi `$ is of the form $`\phi _b\phi _f`$, which is automatically the case if $`\phi `$ is factorial with a cluster property, and that $`\phi _b`$ satisfies Haag duality, so that we can apply the results in Sect. 2.

As an irreducible object $`\rho `$ of $`𝒯`$ extends to irreducible endomorphisms of the weak closure on the of $`𝔄_{\alpha ,b}`$ in the state $`\phi `$ (Cor. 2.8), then

###### Proposition 7.4.

$$\tau _n^\rho =d_\phi (u_\rho )\tau _n\rho ^1$$

on $`\rho (𝔄_{\alpha ,b})`$.

###### Proof.

Setting

$$\phi _\rho =\underset{ti}{\text{anal.cont. }}\phi (u(t)),$$

we have (see Sect. 1.1 and ) $`\phi _\rho =d_\phi (u_\rho )\phi \mathrm{\Phi }_\rho `$, thus

$$\phi _\rho |_{\rho (𝔄)}=d_\phi (u_\rho )\phi \rho ^1,$$

which is a super-KMS functional with respect to the evolution Ad$`u(t)\alpha _t=\rho \alpha _t\rho ^1`$ and the superderivation $`\delta ^\rho =\rho \delta \rho ^1`$.

A direct verification shows that $`(\tau _n^\rho )`$ is the JLO cocycle on $`\rho (𝔄_\alpha )`$ associated with $`\phi _\rho |_{\rho (𝔄_\alpha )}`$.  $`\mathrm{}`$

Thus the above expression is well defined, if $`(\tau _n)`$ is well defined. In order to have a cocycle on all $`𝔄_{\alpha ,b}`$ we consider the induction $`(\stackrel{~}{\tau }_n^\rho )`$ of $`(\tau _n^\rho )`$ to $`𝔄_\alpha `$.

By the previous discussion and Prop. 7.4 we then have

$$\stackrel{~}{\tau }_n^\rho =d_\phi (u_\rho )\tau _n\overline{\rho }.$$

We summarize our discussion in the following corollary.

###### Corollary 7.5.

Consider the supersymmetric structure as above on $`𝔄=𝔄_b𝔄_f`$ with $`\overline{𝔄}_b`$ the quasi-local C-algebra as in Section 2.

If $`\phi =\phi _b\phi _f`$ is a supersymmetric KMS functional satisfying Haag duality and $`\rho `$ is a translation covariant localized endomorphism of $`𝔄_b`$ mapping $`𝔄_{\alpha ,b}`$ into itself, then

$$d_\phi (\rho )=\stackrel{~}{\tau }_0^\rho (1)\left(\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(1)^n\frac{(2n)!}{n!}\stackrel{~}{\tau }_{2n}^\rho (1,1,\mathrm{},1)\right)$$

and

$$d_{geo}(\rho )=\sqrt{d_\phi (u_\rho )d_\phi (u_{\overline{\rho }})}=d_{DHR}(\rho ).$$

Remark. The discussion in this section is incomplete in two respects. On one hand if we consider a Quantum Field Theory on a compact non-simply connected low dimensional spacetime, as a chiral conformal net on $`S^1`$, then the quasi-local C-algebra has non-trivial center with a non-trivial action of the superselection structure ; our results then need to be extended to this context with a further study, possibly with a connection with the low dimensional QFT topology. On the other hand, when dealing with quantum field theory on the Minkowski spacetime, as in Section 2, the boundedness requirement for the graded KMS functional $`\phi `$ should be omitted because of Prop. 1.10. Thus the construction of $`(\stackrel{~}{\tau }_n^\rho )`$, in its actual form, is not satisfactory except, perhaps, for QFT on a contractible curved spacetime. This difficulty vanishes if we drop the boundedness requirement for $`\phi `$, but only demand the restriction $`\phi _b\phi |_{𝔄_b}`$ to be bounded. It is then natural to deal only with the restricion of the JLO cocycle $`(\tau _n)`$ to the Bosonic algebra $`𝔄_{\alpha ,b}`$ . An example of such an unbounded super-KMS functionals seems to occur naturally . However a general study unbounded super-KMS functional does not presently exist, in particular it should be check that the JLO formula still gives a well defined and entire cyclic cocycle $`(\tau _n)`$.

## Appendix A Appendix. Some properties of sectors in the C-case.

For the convenience of the reader we describe here a few facts concerning endomorphisms of C-algebras, which are natural counterparts of the corresponding results in the context of factors.

### A.1 The canonical endomorphism.

Let $`𝔄`$ be a unital C-algebra with trivial centre. An endomorphism $`\lambda `$ of $`𝔄`$ is called *canonical* (with finite index) if there exist isometries $`T(\iota ,\lambda )`$ and $`S(\lambda ,\lambda ^2)`$ such that

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \lambda (S)S=& S^2\hfill \\ \hfill S^{}\lambda (T)\backslash \{0\},& T^{}S\backslash \{0\}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(60)
If $`𝔅𝔄`$ is a unital C-subalgebra and $`\lambda `$ is an endomorphism of $`𝔄`$ with $`\lambda (𝔄)𝔅`$ we shall say that $`\lambda `$ is a canonical endomorphism of $`𝔄`$ with respect to $`𝔅`$ (or into $`𝔅`$) if there exist intertwiners $`T(\iota ,\lambda )`$, $`S(\iota |_𝔅,\lambda |_𝔅)`$ such that

$$S^{}\lambda (T)\backslash \{0\},T^{}S\backslash \{0\}.$$
(61)
In this case $`\lambda `$ is clearly canonical, in the sense that equation (60) holds, since $`S𝔅`$. The converse is also true.

###### Proposition A.1.

If $`\lambda `$ is canonical (eq. 60), then it is canonical with respect to a natural C-subalgebra $`𝔅𝔄`$ (eq. 61).

The proof is the same as in the factor case : one defines $`𝔅`$ as the range of $`S^{}\lambda ()S`$ and checks by eq. (60) that $`𝔅`$ is a C-subalgebra and that $`S^{}\lambda ()S`$ is a conditional expectation of $`𝔄`$ onto $`𝔅`$. The above definitions extend to the case of pre-C-algebras, in this case we assume that endomorphisms are bounded and the intertwiners are assumed to live in the -algebras.

Note now that if $`\rho `$ is an endomorphism of $`𝔄`$, a conjugate $`\overline{\rho }`$ of $`\rho `$, if exists, is unique as sector, i.e. up to inner automorphisms of $`𝔄`$, in fact a more general result holds in the context of tensor categories . This implies the following.

###### Proposition A.2.

Let $`𝔅𝔄`$ be unital pre-C-algebras with trivial centre and $`\lambda _1,\lambda _2`$ canonical endomorphisms of $`𝔄`$ into $`𝔅`$ (namely eq. (61) hold). There exists a unitary $`u𝔅`$ such that $`\lambda _2=\text{Ad}u\lambda _1`$.

###### Proof.

The proof could be given similarly to the one given in , Propositions 4.1 and 4.2. However, it is easier to observe that one can consider sectors and conjugate sectors between different C-algebras. Then the canonical endomorphism $`\lambda `$, as a map of $`𝔄`$ into $`𝔅`$, is just the conjugate sector for the embedding $`\iota `$ of $`𝔅`$ into $`𝔄`$ and thus the uniqueness of $`\lambda `$ modulo inner automorphisms of $`𝔅`$ is just a consequence of the uniqueness of the conjugate in a tensor 2-C-category, see .  $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition A.3.

If $`\rho `$ and $`\overline{\rho }`$ are conjugate as above, then $`\lambda =\rho \overline{\rho }`$ is the canonical endomorphism of $`𝔄`$ with respect to the subalgebra $`\rho (𝔄)`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`R,\overline{R}`$ be the operators in the conjugate equation for $`\rho ,\overline{\rho }`$; setting $`T=\overline{R}`$ and $`S=\rho (R)`$ equation (61) holds true.  $`\mathrm{}`$

### A.2 The quantum double in the C setting.

We consider now a construction in the C context, that corresponds to the one given in  in the context of factors, see also .

Let $`𝔄`$ be a unital C-algebra with trivial centre and $`𝒯\mathrm{End}(𝔄)`$ a tensor category of endomorphisms with conjugates and sub-objects. We shall denote by $`𝔄^{op}`$ the opposite C-algebra and by $`\stackrel{~}{𝔄}𝔄𝔄^{op}`$ the tensor product with respect to the maximal C tensor norm.

Let $`I`$ be an index set and choose $`\{\rho _i\}_{iI}`$ a family all irreducible objects of $`𝒯`$, one for each equivalence class, with $`\rho _0=\iota `$ and $`\rho _{\overline{i}}=\overline{\rho }_i`$ and set $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i\rho _i\rho _i^{op}`$, where $`\rho ^{op}j\rho j`$ with $`j:𝔄𝔄^{op}`$ the canonical anti-linear isomorphism.

Let $`𝔅_0`$ be the linear space of functions $`X:I\stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$ with finite support. We consider the following product and -operation on $`𝔅_0`$:

$$XY(k)\underset{i,j}{}X(i)\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i(Y(j))C_{ij}^k,$$
(62)
$$X^{}(k)C_{k\overline{k}}^0\stackrel{~}{\rho }_k(X(\overline{k})^{}).$$
(63)
Here $`C_{ij}^k(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_k,\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i\stackrel{~}{\rho }_j)`$ is the canonical intertwiner $`C_{ij}^k=\sqrt{\frac{d(\rho _i)d(\rho _j)}{d(\rho _k)}}_{\mathrm{}}v_{\mathrm{}}j(v_{\mathrm{}})`$ with $`\{v_{\mathrm{}}\}_{\mathrm{}}`$ any orthonormal bases in $`(\rho _k,\rho _i\rho _j)`$. Clearly $`\stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$ can be identified with the subalgebra of $`𝔅_0`$ of functions with support in $`0`$.

Setting $`R_i(k)\delta _{ik}`$, the $`R_i\stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$ satisfy the relations

$$\{\begin{array}{c}R_iX=\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i(X)R_i,X\stackrel{~}{𝔄},\hfill \\ R_i^{}R_i=d(\rho _i)^2,\hfill \\ R_iR_j=_kC_{ij}^kR_k,\hfill \\ R_i^{}=C_{\overline{i}i}^0R_{\overline{i}},\hfill \end{array}$$
(64)
where we have omitted the $``$ in the product. $`𝔅_0`$ is the a -algebra and every $`X𝔅_0`$ as a unique expansion

$$X=\underset{i}{}X(i)R_i$$

where the coefficients are uniquely determined by $`X(i)=\epsilon (XR_i^{})`$. Here $`\epsilon :𝔅_0\stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$ is the conditional expectation given by $`\epsilon (X)=X(0)`$, that can be shown to be faithful as in , App. A.

Extending states from $`\stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$ to $`𝔅_0`$ via $`\epsilon `$ we obtain a faithful family of states, hence $`𝔅_0`$ has a maximal C-norm, the completion under which is a C-algebra $`𝔅`$. Now

$$X^{}X\underset{\psi }{sup}\psi (X^{}X)\underset{\phi _1\phi _2}{sup}\phi _1\phi _2\epsilon (X^{}X)=\epsilon (X^{}X)$$

where $`\psi `$ ranges over the states of $`𝔅_0`$ and $`\phi _1\phi _2`$ over the product states of $`\stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$, namely $`\epsilon `$ is bounded and extends to a conditional expectation $`\epsilon :𝔅\stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$.

To each $`X𝔅`$ we may associate the formal expansion

$$X=\underset{i}{}X(i)R_i$$

where $`X(i)\epsilon (XR_i^{})`$ and one has $`X=0X(i)=0iI`$.

We have $`\stackrel{~}{𝔄}^{}𝔅=`$. Indeed if $`X\stackrel{~}{𝔄}^{}𝔅`$, then for every $`a\stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$

$$\underset{i}{}aX(i)R_i=aX=Xa=\underset{i}{}X(i)R_ia=\underset{i}{}X(i)\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i(a)R_i,$$

thus $`X(i)(\iota ,\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i)`$, thus it follows by the irreducibility of $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i`$ that $`X=X(0)𝔄^{}𝔄=`$.

The contact with the construction in  is visible by the following proposition.

###### Proposition A.4.

If $`𝒯`$ is rational (namely $`I`$ is a finite set), then

$$\lambda =\underset{iI}{}\rho _i\rho _i^{op}$$

is the restriction to $`\stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$ of the canonical endomorphism of $`𝔅`$ to $`\stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$.

Although the chemical potential can be described via extension of KMS state from $`\stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$ to $`𝔅`$, in Section 3.3 we prefer to deal with a slight variation of the above construction.

Indeed the definition of $`𝔅`$ can be modified by replacing $`\stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$ with $`𝔄`$, where $``$ is any C-algebra with trivial centre where $`𝒯`$ acts faithfully, namely $`𝒯\mathrm{End}()`$. Accordingly one puts in this case $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }_i\rho _i\overline{\rho }_i`$ and $`C_{ij}^k=_{\mathrm{}}\sqrt{\frac{d(\rho _i)d(\rho _j)}{d(\rho _k)}}v_{\mathrm{}}v_{\mathrm{}}^{}`$. In particular we may take $`=𝔄`$ and indeed we specialize to this case in section 3.3. It is rather obvious how to formulate in the above setting the structure and the results obtained for the quantum double case.

Acknowledgments. Among others, we wish to thank in particular S. Doplicher for early motivational comments, and A. Connes, K. Fredenhagen and A. Jaffe for inspiring conversations and invitations respectively at the IHES, Hamburg University and Harvard University, while this work was at different stages.