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# Collisional Energy Loss of Fast Charged Particles in Relativistic Plasmas

## Abstract

Following an argument by Kirzhnits we rederive an exact expression for the energy loss of a fast charged particle in a relativistic plasma using the quantum field theoretical language. We compare this result to perturbative calculations of the collisional energy loss of an energetic electron or muon in an electron-positron plasma and of an energetic parton in the quark-gluon plasma.

Keywords: Energy loss; Relativistic plasmas; Thermal Field Theory

The energy loss of a fast charged particle in a medium is a well studied subject . Recently the energy loss of energetic particles, such as leptons and partons, in relativistic plasmas has attracted great interest. In relativistic heavy ion collisions the energy loss of a high energy quark or gluon coming from primary hard collisions in the fireball may serve as a signature for the quark-gluon plasma formation . In Supernovae explosions the energy loss of neutrinos, having a weak charge, in the plasma surrounding the stellar core might be an important mechanism for triggering the explosion .

The total energy loss of a particle in a medium can be decomposed into a collisional and a radiative contribution. While the first one originates from the energy transfer to the medium particles, the latter one is caused by radiation from the fast particle. Here we want to consider only the collisional component. Whereas the radiative energy loss dominates in the case of partons or charged leptons , the collisional one is dominant for neutrinos in a Supernova plasma due to the small coupling of the neutrinos to the medium.

In quantum field theory the collisional energy loss per unit length is defined as

$$\frac{dE}{dx}=\frac{1}{v}𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }\omega ,$$
(1)
where $`v`$ is the velocity of the incident particle with energy $`E`$ and $`\omega =EE^{}`$ the energy transfer to the medium. The interaction rate $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ can be calculated either from the matrix element of the process responsible for the energy loss or equivalently from the imaginary part of the self energy of the particle with four momentum $`P=(E,𝐩)`$, and mass $`M`$, ($`p=|𝐩|`$)

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(E)=\frac{1}{2E}[1n_F(E)]tr[(P/+M)Im\mathrm{\Sigma }(E,p)],$$
(2)
where $`n_F(E)=1/[\mathrm{exp}(E/T)+1]`$ is the Fermi distribution in the case of a fermion propagating through a plasma of temperature $`T`$. In the following we restrict ourselves first to electrons or muons with high energies $`ET`$ in an electron-positron plasma. Furthermore we assume first only small momentum and energy transfers, $`\omega `$, $`kT`$. Assuming a one-loop approximation for $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ but allowing for the most general photon propagator, indicated by the blob in Fig.1, we find

$$\left(\frac{dE}{dx}\right)_{soft}=\frac{e^2}{2\pi v^2}_0^k^{}𝑑kk_{vk}^{vk}𝑑\omega [1+n_B(\omega )]\left[\rho _l(\omega ,k)+\left(v^2\frac{\omega ^2}{k^2}\right)\rho _t(\omega ,k)\right],$$
(3)
where $`k^{}T`$ is the separation scale, decomposing the energy loss into a soft and a hard part. $`n_B(\omega )=1/[\mathrm{exp}(\omega /T)1]`$ is the Bose distribution and $`\rho _{l,t}`$ are the spectral functions of the full photon propagator, defined as

$$D_{l,t}(k_0,k)=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\omega \frac{\rho _{l,t}(\omega ,k)}{k_0\omega +i\epsilon }.$$
(4)
At finite temperature the photon propagator has only two independent components , given in Coulomb gauge by the longitudinal and transverse propagators

$`D_l(k_0,k)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{k^2\mathrm{\Pi }_l(k_0,k)+i\epsilon }},`$ (5)
$`D_t(k_0,k)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{k_0^2k^2\mathrm{\Pi }_t(k_0,k)+i\epsilon }},`$ (6)
where $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{l,t}`$ are the longitudinal and transverse components of the polarization tensor. It should be noted that the soft collisional energy loss, discussed here, follows according to (3) only from the exchange of one dressed space-like ($`\omega ^2k^2<0`$) photon from the particle to the medium according to linear response theory. However, the medium particles may undergo further interactions. The physical process corresponding to the imaginary part of the self energy of Fig1. can be found by using cutting rules. An example is shown in Fig.2. There is no diagram, where to or more photons are emitted from the fast particle, as it is the case e.g. for bremsstrahlung. In the case of a neutrino, however, diagrams containing two gauge boson lines are suppressed anyway.

The spectral functions can be expressed by the imaginary part of the photon propagator according to

$$\rho _{l,t}(\omega ,k)=\frac{1}{\pi }ImD_{l,t}(\omega ,k).$$
(7)
For soft energy transfers $`\omega T`$, as we assumed above, the photon distribution can be expanded, leading to

$$1+n_B(\omega )\frac{T}{\omega }+\frac{1}{2}.$$
(8)
Substituting (8) into (3) only the second term in (8) contributes since the spectral functions are odd functions of $`\omega `$ .

Alternatively the soft energy loss can also be derived from classical plasma physics arguments. It follows from the induced electric field of the fast charged particle in the plasma, which reacts on the incident particle by the Lorentz force, causing the energy loss . This process is known as the Fermi density effect . Introducing the dielectric functions of the medium, the soft energy loss can be written as

$$\left(\frac{dE}{dx}\right)_{soft}=\frac{e^2}{4\pi ^2v^2}_0^k^{}𝑑kk_{vk}^{vk}𝑑\omega \omega \left[k^2Imϵ_l(\omega ,k)^1+\left(v^2\frac{\omega ^2}{k^2}\right)Im(\omega ^2ϵ_t(\omega ,k)k^2)^1\right].$$
(9)
This expression is equivalent to (3), since the dielectric functions are related to the polarization tensor via

$`ϵ_l(\omega ,k)`$ $`=`$ $`1{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Pi }_l(\omega ,k)}{k^2}},`$ (10)
$`ϵ_t(\omega ,k)`$ $`=`$ $`1{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Pi }_t(\omega ,k)}{\omega ^2}}`$ (11)
and therefore also to the spectral functions, which are given by the imaginary part of the propagators (6), by

$`Imϵ_l(\omega ,k)^1=\pi k^2\rho _l(\omega ,k),`$ (12)
$`Im(\omega ϵ_t(\omega ,k)k^2)^1=\pi \rho _t(\omega ,k),`$ (13)
where only the discontinuous part of the spectral functions coming from the imaginary part of the polarization tensor contributes.

Now we want to derive an exact result for the soft collisional energy loss using a generalized Kramers-Kronig relation and the asymptotic behavior of the dielectric functions. For this purpose we introduce the response function of the medium $`R(k_0,k)=R_l(k_0,k)+R_t(k_0,k)`$, given by

$`R_l(k_0,k)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{ϵ_l(k_0,k)}},`$ (14)
$`R_t(k_0,k)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{k^2k_0^2}{k^2k_0^2ϵ_t(k_0,k)}}.`$ (15)
Using (6) and (11) we obtain

$$R(k_0,k)=k^2D_l(k_0,k)+(k_0^2k^2)D_t(k_0,k).$$
(16)
Replacing the spectral functions in (3) or the dielectric functions in (9) by the quantity $`R`$, making the substitution $`kq=\sqrt{k^2\omega ^2}`$, i.e. introducing the magnitude of the four momentum of the exchanged photon, and using $`ImR(\omega )=ImR(\omega )`$ we find

$$\left(\frac{dE}{dx}\right)_{soft}=\frac{e^2}{2\pi ^2}_0^q^{}𝑑qq_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\omega \omega \frac{ImR(\omega ,\sqrt{q^2+\omega ^2})}{q^2+\omega ^2}.$$
(17)
Here we restricted ourselves to ultrarelativistic particles, $`v=1`$, and $`q^{}T`$. Eq. (17) agrees with Ref., if we replace there $`Q^2`$ by $`e^2/4\pi `$.

The response function $`R`$ fulfills the following Kramers-Kronig relation

$$R(k_0,k)=\stackrel{~}{R}+\frac{2}{\pi }_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\omega \omega \frac{ImR(\omega ,k)}{\omega ^2k_0^2i\epsilon },$$
(18)
which can be shown to be equivalent to the definition of the spectral functions (4), if we use $`\rho _{l,t}(\omega )=\rho _{l,t}(\omega )`$. Here $`\stackrel{~}{R}=lim_{k_0\mathrm{}}R(k_0,k)lim_{k_0\mathrm{}}1/k_0^2=0`$. The relation (18) can be generalized to the so-called Leontovich relation  exploiting causality, from which one obtains

$$R(k_0,\sqrt{k^2+k_0^2})=R_{\mathrm{}}+\frac{2}{\pi }_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\omega \omega \frac{ImR(\omega ,\sqrt{k^2+\omega ^2})}{\omega ^2k_0^2i\epsilon },$$
(19)
where $`R_{\mathrm{}}=lim_{k_0\mathrm{}}R(k_0,\sqrt{k^2+k_0^2})`$.

The $`\omega `$-integral

$$I=\frac{2}{\pi }_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\omega \omega \frac{ImR(\omega ,\sqrt{q^2+\omega ^2})}{q^2+\omega ^2}$$
(20)
appearing in the energy loss (17) agrees with the integral on the right hand side of the Leontovich relation, if we replace $`\omega `$ by $`iq`$ and $`\sqrt{k^2+\omega ^2}`$ by 0, i.e. $`k^2=q^2`$, in (19). Therefore we can write

$$I=R(iq,0)R_{\mathrm{}}.$$
(21)
Since the longitudinal and the transverse dielectric functions are identical at zero momentum , $`ϵ_l(k_0,0)=ϵ_t(k_0,0)`$, we have $`R(iq,0)=0`$. $`R_{\mathrm{}}`$ is related to the high frequency and momentum limit of the dielectric functions, which agrees with the vacuum result $`ϵ_l=1`$. For the transverse part we have to consider corrections to the vacuum value. From the second equation of (11) we get

$$\underset{k_0\mathrm{}}{lim}ϵ_t(k_0,\sqrt{q^2+k_0^2})=1\frac{\omega _0^2}{k_0^2},$$
(22)
where

$$\omega _0^2\underset{k_0\mathrm{}}{lim}\mathrm{\Pi }_t(k_0,\sqrt{q^2+k_0^2})$$
(23)
Using the Kramers-Kronig relation for the transverse dielectric functions it can be shown , that $`\omega _0`$ is independent of $`q`$. It can be considered as the effective thermal mass of the transverse high frequency plasma excitations, which is given by $`\omega _0^2=e^2n1/\mathrm{\Omega }`$ in the relativistic limit . Here $`n`$ is the number density of the medium and $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ the energy of the plasma particles. In the non-relativistic limit $`\omega _0`$ is identical to the plasma frequency .

Using (15) together with the high frequency and momentum limit of the dielectric functions we get

$$I=R_{\mathrm{}}=\frac{\omega _0^2}{q^2+\omega _0^2}.$$
(24)
Combining this result for $`I`$ with (17) we end up with

$$\left(\frac{dE}{dx}\right)_{soft}=\frac{e^2}{4\pi }\omega _0^2\mathrm{ln}\frac{q^{}}{\omega _0},$$
(25)
where we assumed $`q^{}\omega _0`$.

The unknown parameter $`\omega _0`$ following from the full transverse polarization tensor serves as an infrared cutoff for the photon exchange. Since the total collisional energy loss has to be independent of the arbitrary separation scale $`q^{}`$, the hard part has to assume the form

$$\left(\frac{dE}{dx}\right)_{hard}=\frac{e^2}{4\pi }\omega _0^2\mathrm{ln}\frac{q_{max}}{q^{}},$$
(26)
where $`q_{max}`$ is proportional to the maximum energy transfer, i.e. $`q_{max}\sqrt{ET}`$ in the relativistic limit $`E\mathrm{\Omega }`$ , which we have considered here. Note that the hard contribution to the energy loss contains besides $`t`$-channel diagrams, as the one in Fig.2, also $`s`$\- and $`u`$-channel ones, which, however, do not contribute to the leading logarithm.

Hence we obtained a very simple expression

$$\frac{dE}{dx}=\frac{e^2}{4\pi }\omega _0^2\mathrm{ln}\frac{q_{max}}{\omega _0},$$
(27)
for the exact result of the collisional energy loss, independent of any approximation to the full photon propagator or the dielectric functions of the medium, respectively. To logarithmic accuracy the final result just depends on the parameter $`\omega _0`$.

As an example we consider the high temperature limit of the energy loss. There it can be calculated to leading order perturbation theory using the Hard Thermal Loop (HTL) resummation technique . Computing the soft energy loss using the HTL resummed photon propagator in Fig.1 and calculating the hard part from the tree level scattering matrix elements one finds in the limit $`v=1`$

$$\frac{dE}{dx}=\frac{e^2}{4\pi }\omega _0^2\left(\mathrm{ln}\frac{\sqrt{ET}}{\omega _0}+0.120\right),$$
(28)
where $`\omega _0^2=3m_\gamma ^2/2`$. The thermal photon mass $`m_\gamma `$, which is equivalent to the plasma frequency, is given by $`m_\gamma =eT/3`$. Indeed $`\omega _0`$ is given by the high frequency and momentum limit (23) of the transverse HTL polarization tensor

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_t^{HTL}(k_0,k)=\frac{3}{2}m_\gamma ^2\frac{\omega ^2}{k^2}\left[1\left(1\frac{k^2}{k_0^2}\right)\frac{k_0}{2k}\mathrm{ln}\frac{k_0+k}{k_0k}\right]$$
(29)
confirming the general result (27) in the HTL limit. Also $`\omega _0^2=e^2n1/\mathrm{\Omega }`$ holds for the HTL case, where

$$m_\gamma ^2=\frac{4e^2}{3\pi ^2}_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑kkn_F(k),$$
(30)
because

$$n=4\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}n_F(k),\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Omega }}=\frac{\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\frac{1}{k}n_F(k)}{\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}n_F(k)}.$$
(31)
In the case of the collisional energy loss of quarks or gluons in a quark-gluon plasma we simply have to replace the factor $`e^2`$ in (27) by $`C_Fg^2=4g^2/3`$ for quarks and by $`C_Ag^2=3g^2`$ for gluons, where $`g`$ is the strong coupling constant. Furthermore $`\omega _0^2`$ is now the high frequency and momentum limit of the transverse gluon polarization tensor, which is given by $`3m_g/2`$, where the effective gluon mass reads $`m_g^2=g^2T^2(1+n_f/6)/3`$ in a QGP containing $`n_f`$ thermalized quark flavors. Using the HTL limit for $`\omega _0`$ in (27) we reproduce again the result obtained from an explicit HTL resummed calculation within the logarithmic approximation. Another application of (27) has been discussed in Ref. in connection with the neutrino energy loss in matter.

Summarizing, we have shown that different definitions of the collisional energy loss, based either on quantum field theory or on plasma physics, are equivalent. Translating the arguments, based on a generalized Kramers-Kronig relation, given by Kirzhnits  to a quantum field theoretical language, using self energies, propagators and their spectral functions, we gave an exact result for the collisional energy loss (27). Within the logarithmic approximation it contains the effective mass of the high frequency transverse plasma mode as the only parameter. Assuming that this mass is given approximately by the high temperature result, we obtain an simple estimate for the collisional energy loss for energetic electrons and muons in a QED plasma and for partons in the quark-gluon plasma. Finally we showed that the perturbative result for the collisional energy loss, obtained within the HTL resummation method, is in agreement with the general result found by Kirzhnits.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author is grateful to G. Raffelt for drawing his attention to the paper by D.A. Kirzhnits and for helpful discussions and to the Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut) for their hospitality.


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# Quadratic Poisson algebras for two dimensional classical superintegrable systems and quadratic associative algebras for quantum superintegrable systems.

## I Introduction

In classical mechanics, integrable system is a system possessing more constants of motion in addition to the energy. A comprehensive review of the two-dimensional integrable classical systems is given by Hietarinta , where the space was assumed to be flat. The case of non flat space is under current investigation . An interesting subset of the totality of integrable systems is the set of systems, which possess a maximum number of integrals, these systems are termed as superintegrable ones. The Coulomb and the harmonic oscillator potentials are the most familiar classical superintegrable systems, whose their quantum counterpart has nice symmetry properties, which are described by the $`so(N+1)`$ and $`su(N)`$ Lie algebras respectively.

The Hamiltonian of a classical system is generally a quadratic function of the momenta. In the case of the flat space, all the known two dimensional superintegrable systems with quadratic integrals of motion are simultaneously separable in more than two orthogonal coordinate systems . The integrals of motion of a two dimensional superintegrable system in flat space close in a restrained classical Poisson algebra . The study of the quadratic Poisson algebras is a matter under investigation, related to several branches of physics as: the solution of the classical Yang \- Baxter equation , the two dimensional superintegrable systems in flat space or on the sphere , the statistics  or the case of ”exactly solvable” classical problems .

The quantization of a classical integrable system corresponds generally to a quantum integrable system. The mechanism of quantum deformation of a classical system to a quantum one is not fully understood. Initially the problem of quantization of classical superintegrable system was viewed as a relatively simple and somehow trivial problem , but several authors have proved that this quantization procedure has to add correction terms to the integrals of motion or to the Hamiltonian, these correction terms are of order $`𝒪(\mathrm{}^2)`$ . The result of the quantum deformation of a superintegrable system is realized by the shift of the classical Poisson algebra to some quantum polynomial associative algebra. The same fact is true in the case of quadratic Poisson algebra corresponding to the Yang - Baxter equation , which is turned to a quantum quadratic associative algebra  with four generators. The same idea was discussed in reference , where the classical problems, which are expressed by a quadratic Poisson algebra are mapped to quantum ones described by the corresponding quantum operator quadratic algebra. The same shift is indeed true for the superintegrable systems, where the classical ones correspond to the quantum ones and the classical quadratic Poisson algebra is mapped to a quadratic associative algebra.

In this paper we show that the deformation of the classical Poisson algebra to a quadratic associative algebra implies a deformation of the parameters of the quadratic algebra. The general form of the quadratic algebras, which are encountered in the case of the two dimensional quantum superintegrable systems, is investigated. In references  was conjectured that, the energy eigenvalues correspond to finite dimensional representations of the latent quadratic algebras. Granovskii et al in  studied the representations of the quadratic Askey - Wilson algebras $`QAW(3)`$. Using there the proposed ladder representation, the finite dimensional representations are calculated and this method was applied to several superintegrable systems . Another method  for calculating the finite dimensional representations is the use of the deformed oscillator algebra  and their finite dimensional version which are termed as generalized deformed parafermionic algebras. The main task of this paper is to reduce the calculations of eigenvalues to a system of two algebraic equations with two parameters to be determined. These equations are universal equations, which are valid of all superintegrable systems, with quadratic integrals of motion.

This paper is organized as follows: In section II the general form of the quadratic Poisson algebra for a two dimensional system with quadratic integrals of motion is derived. In section III the special form of the Poisson algebra of the known two dimensional superintegrable systems in flat space is written. In section IV the quantum version of the Poisson quadratic algebra is studied. The deformed parafermionic oscillator algebra is reviewed and the oscillator realization of the quadratic algebras is realized. The finite dimensional representations of the quadratic algebras are generated by using the technique of deformed parafermionic algebras. The problem is reduced to the solution of a system of two algebraic equations in section VI. In section VII the energy eigenvalues of all the known superintegrable systems in the flat two dimensional space are determined by solving the appropriate algebraic equations. Finally in section VIII there is a discussion of the results of this paper.

## II Quadratic Poisson Algebras

Let consider a two dimensional superintegrable system. The general form of the Hamiltonian is:

$$H=a(q_1,q_2)p_1^2+2b(q_1,q_2)p_1p_2+c(q_1,q_2)p_2^2+V(q_1,q_2)$$
(1)
this Hamiltonian is a quadratic form of the momenta. The system is superintegrable, therefore there are two additional integrals of motion $`A`$ and $`B`$. In that section, we consider that, these integrals of motion are quadratic functions of the momenta, i.e. they are given by the general forms:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill A=& A(q_1,q_2,p_1,p_2)=c(q_1,q_2)p_1^2+2d(q_1,q_2)p_1p_2+e(q_1,q_2)p_2^2+\hfill \\ & +f(q_1,q_2)p_1+g(q_1,q_2)p_2+Q(q_1,q_2)\hfill \end{array}$$

The integral of motion $`B`$ is assumed to be indeed a quadratic form, which is analogous to above one.

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill B=& B(q_1,q_2,p_1,p_2)=h(q_1,1_2)p_1^2+2k(q_1,q_2)p_1p_2+l(q_1,q_2)p_2^2+\hfill \\ & +m(q_1,q_2)p_1+n(q_1,q_2)p_2+S(q_1,q_2)\hfill \end{array}$$

By definition the following relations are satisfied:

$$\{H,A\}_P=\{H,B\}_P=0$$
(2)
where $`\{.,.\}_P`$ is the usual Poisson bracket.

From the integrals of motion $`A,B`$, we can construct the integral of motion:

$$C=\{A,B\}_P$$
(3)
The integral of motion $`C`$ is not a new independent integral of motion, which is a cubic function of the momenta. The integral $`C`$ is not independent from the integrals $`H,A`$ and $`B`$ as it will be shown later. The fact that, the integral $`C`$ is a cubic function of momenta, implies the impossibility of expressing $`C`$ as a polynomial function of the other integrals, which are quadratic functions of momenta. Starting from the integral of motion $`C`$, we can construct the (non independent) integrals $`\{A,C\}_P`$ and $`\{B,C\}_P`$. These integrals are quartic functions of the momenta, i.e. functions of fourth order. Therefore these integrals could be expressed as quadratic combinations of the integrals $`H,A`$, and $`B`$. Therefore the following relations are assumed to be valid:

$$\{A,C\}_P=\alpha A^2+\beta B^2+2\gamma AB+\delta A+ϵB+\zeta $$
(4)
and

$$\{B,C\}_P=aA^2+bB^2+2cAB+dA+eB+z$$
(5)
We can take appropriate a linear combination of the integrals $`A`$ and $`B`$ and we can always consider the case $`\beta =0`$.

The Jacobi equality for the Poisson brackets induces the relation

$$\{A,\{B,C\}_P\}_P=\{B,\{A,C\}_P\}_P$$

The following relations

$$b=\gamma ,c=\alpha \text{and}e=\delta $$

must be satisfied.

The integrals $`A,B`$ and $`C`$ satisfy the quadratic Poisson algebra:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \{A,B\}_P& =& C\hfill \\ \hfill \{A,C\}_P& =& \alpha A^2+2\gamma A,B+\delta A+ϵB+\zeta \hfill \\ \hfill \{B,C\}_P& =& aA^2\gamma B^22\alpha AB+dA\delta B+z\hfill \end{array}$$
(6)
where $`\alpha ,\gamma ,a`$ are constants and

$$\begin{array}{c}\delta =\delta (H)=\delta _0+\delta _1H\hfill \\ ϵ=ϵ(H)=ϵ_0+ϵ_1H\hfill \\ \zeta =\zeta (H)=\zeta _0+\zeta _1H+\zeta _2H^2\hfill \\ d=d(H)=d_0+d_1H\hfill \\ z=z(H)=z_0+z_1H+z_2H^2\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`\delta _i,ϵ_i,\zeta _i,d_i`$ and $`z_i`$ are constants. The associative algebra, whose the generators satisfy equations (6), is the general form of the closed Poisson algebra of the integrals of superintegrable systems with integrals quadratic in momenta.

The quadratic Poisson algebra (6) possess a Casimir which is a function of momenta of degree 6 and it is given by:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill K=& C^22\alpha A^2B2\gamma AB^22\delta AB\hfill \\ & ϵB^22\zeta B+\frac{2}{3}aA^3+dA^2+2zA=\hfill \\ \hfill =& k_0+k_1H+k_2H^2+k_3H^3\hfill \end{array}$$
(7)
Obviously

$$\{K,A\}_P=\{K,B\}_P=\{K,C\}_P=0$$

Therefore the integrals of motion of a superintegrable two dimensional system with quadratic integrals of motion close a constrained classical quadratic Poisson algebra (6), corresponding to a Casimir equal at most to a cubic function of the Hamiltonian (7).

In the general case of a superintegrable system the integrals are not necessarily quadratic functions of the momenta, but rather polynomial functions of the momenta. The case of the systems with a quadratic and a cubic integral of motion are recently studied by Tsiganov . The general form of the Poisson algebra of generators $`A,B,`$ and $`C`$ is characterized by a polynomial function $`h(A,B)`$, which satisfy the following equations:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \{A,B\}_P& =& C\hfill \\ \hfill \{A,C\}_P& =& h/B\hfill \\ \hfill \{B,C\}_P& =& h/A\hfill \end{array}$$
(8)
and the Casimir of the algebra is given by

$$K=K(H)=C^22h(A,B),\{K,A\}_P=\{K,B\}_P=0$$
(9)
where $`h(A,B)`$ is a polynomial function of the integrals of motion $`A`$ and $`B`$. In the case of the quadratic Poisson algebra (6) the form of the function $`h(A,B)`$ is given by equation (7):

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill h(A,B)=& \frac{a}{3}A^3+\alpha A^2B+\gamma AB^2\hfill \\ & \frac{d}{2}A^2+\delta AB+\frac{ϵ}{2}B^2\hfill \\ & zA+\zeta B\hfill \end{array}$$

In the general case of a two dimensional superintegrable system, with quadratic Hamiltonian, one integral $`A`$ of order $`m`$ in momenta and one integral $`B`$ of order $`n`$ ($`nm`$), the general form of the function $`h(A,B)`$ can be given by the general form:

$$h(A,B)=h_0(A)+h_1(A)B+h_2(A)B^2$$

where $`h_i(A)`$ are polynomials of the integrals $`A`$ and $`H`$. The proof of this assumption is based on the dependence of the integrals of motion on the momenta. For simplicity reasons, the proof of this proposition will not be given here.

## III Poisson algebras for superintegrable systems

Let consider the superintegrable systems with quadratic integrals of motion, these potentials are given by several authors starting from different but comparable points of view. In references  the integrals of motion are generated by solving the Darboux conditions for integrability of quaratic integrals. In the Hamilton - Jacobi equation is solved by separation of variables nad the two dimensional Hamiltonians which are separable in more than one coordinate system are obtained. The separation of variables is essential for solving the quantum counterpart of the superintegrable system and the solution of the associate Schrödinger equations is given in . Using this method the quantum superintegrable systems have been solved on the sphere and the hyperboloid. From classical point of view the super integrable are given in , while the case of a pseudo Euclidean kinetic term has been studied in . The extension on the systems with a quadratic and a cubic integral of motion is sytematized in .

In this section we consider the case superintegrable systems gin in ref , because in the next sections we study the quantum counterparts of these potentials. In this paper the following superintegrable systems are considered:

Potential i):

$$H=\frac{1}{2}\left(p_x^2+p_y^2+\omega ^2r^2+\frac{\mu _1}{x^2}+\frac{\mu _2}{y^2}\right)$$

This potential has the following independent integrals of motion:

$$A=p_x^2+\omega ^2x^2+\frac{\mu _1}{x^2}$$

and

$$B=\left(xp_yyp_x\right)^2+r^2\left(\frac{\mu _1}{x^2}+\frac{\mu _2}{y^2}\right)$$

The constants, which characterize the corresponding quadratic algebra (6), are given by:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\alpha =8,\hfill & \gamma =0,\hfill & \delta =16H,\hfill \\ ϵ=16\omega ^2,\hfill & \zeta =16(\mu _1+\mu _2)\omega ^2\hfill & \\ a=0,\hfill & d=0,\hfill & z=16(\mu _2\mu _1)\omega ^2\hfill \end{array}$$

the value of the Casimir (7) is:

$$K=16\left((\mu _2\mu _1)^2\omega ^2+4\mu _1H^2\right)$$

Potential ii):

$$H=\frac{1}{2}\left(p_x^2+p_y^2+\omega ^2\left(4x^2+y^2\right)+\frac{\mu }{y^2}\right)$$

This potential has the following independent integrals of motion:

$$A=p_x^2+4\omega ^2x^2$$

and

$$B=\left(xp_yyp_x\right)p_y+\frac{\mu x}{y^2}\omega ^2xy^2$$

The constants, which characterize the corresponding quadratic algebra (6), are given by:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\alpha =0,\hfill & \gamma =0,\hfill & \delta =0,\hfill \\ ϵ=16\omega ^2,\hfill & \zeta =0,\hfill & \\ a=6,\hfill & d=16H,\hfill & z=8\mu _2\omega ^28H^2\hfill \end{array}$$

the value of the Casimir (7) is:

$$K=0$$

Potential iii):

$$H=\frac{1}{2}\left(p_x^2+p_y^2+\frac{k}{r}+\frac{1}{r}\left(\frac{\mu _1}{r+x}+\frac{\mu _2}{rx}\right)\right)$$

This potential has the following independent integrals of motion:

$$A=(xp_yyp_x)^2+r\left(\frac{\mu _1}{r+x}+\frac{\mu _2}{rx}\right)$$

and

$$B=\left(xp_yyp_x\right)p_y\frac{\mu _1}{2r}\frac{rx}{r+x}+\frac{\mu _2}{2r}\frac{r+x}{rx}+\frac{kx}{2r}$$

The constants, which characterize the corresponding quadratic algebra (6), are given by:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\alpha =0,\hfill & \gamma =2,\hfill & \delta =0,\hfill \\ ϵ=0,\hfill & \zeta =k(\mu _1\mu _2),\hfill & \\ a=0,\hfill & d=8H,\hfill & z=4(\mu _1+\mu _2)Hk^2/2\hfill \end{array}$$

the value of the Casimir (7) is:

$$K=2(\mu _1\mu _2)^2Hk^2(\mu _1+\mu _2)$$

Potential iv):

$$H=\frac{1}{2}\left(p_x^2+p_y^2+\frac{k}{r}+\mu _1\frac{\sqrt{r+x}}{r}+\mu _2\frac{\sqrt{rx}}{r}\right)$$

This potential has the following independent integrals of motion:

$$A=(yp_xxp_y)p_y+\frac{\mu _1(rx)\sqrt{r+u}}{2r}\frac{\mu _2(r+x)\sqrt{ru}}{2r}\frac{kx}{2r}$$

and

$$B=\left(xp_yyp_x\right)p_x\frac{\mu _1x\sqrt{ru}}{2r}+\frac{\mu _2x\sqrt{r+u}}{2r}\frac{ky}{2r}$$

The constants, which characterize the corresponding quadratic algebra (6), are given by:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\alpha =0,\hfill & \gamma =0,\hfill & \delta =0,\hfill \\ ϵ=2H,\hfill & \zeta =\mu _1\mu _2/2,\hfill & \\ a=0,\hfill & d=2H,\hfill & z=\frac{\mu _1^2\mu _2^2}{4}\hfill \end{array}$$

the value of the Casimir (7) is:

$$K=k^2H/2k(\mu _1^2+\mu _2^2)/4$$

## IV The quadratic associative algebra

The quantum counterparts of the classical systems, which have been studied in section II, are quantum superintegrable systems. The quadratic classical Poisson algebra (6) possesses a quantum counterpart, which is a quadratic associative algebra of operators. The form of the quadratic algebra is similar to the classical Poisson algebra, the involved constants are generally functions of $`\mathrm{}`$ and they should coincide with the classical constants in the case $`\mathrm{}0`$. Let consider the quadratic associative algebra generated by the generators $`\{A,B,C\}`$, which satisfy the commutation relations

$$\begin{array}{c}[A,B]=C\hfill \\ [A,C]=\alpha A^2+\beta B^2+\gamma \{A,B\}+\delta A+ϵB+\zeta \hfill \\ [B,C]=aA^2+bB^2+c\{A,B\}+dA+eB+z\hfill \end{array}$$
(10)
After rotating the generators $`A`$ and $`B`$, we can always consider the case $`\beta =0`$.

The Jacobi equality for the commutator induces the relation

$$[A,[B,C]]=[B,[A,C]]$$

the following relations

$$b=\gamma ,c=\alpha \text{and}e=\delta $$

must be satisfied, and consequently the general form of the quadratic algebra (10) can be explicitly written as follows:

$$[A,B]=C$$
(11)
$$[A,C]=\alpha A^2+\gamma \{A,B\}+\delta A+ϵB+\zeta $$
(12)
$$[B,C]=aA^2\gamma B^2\alpha \{A,B\}+dA\delta B+z$$
(13)
The Casimir of this algebra is given by:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill K=& C^2\alpha \{A^2,B\}\gamma \{A,B^2\}+(\alpha \gamma \delta )\{A,B\}+\hfill \\ \hfill +& (\gamma ^2ϵ)B^2+(\gamma \delta 2\zeta )B+\hfill \\ \hfill +& \frac{2a}{3}A^3+(d+\frac{a\gamma }{3}+\alpha ^2)A^2+(\frac{aϵ}{3}+\alpha \delta +2z)A\hfill \end{array}$$
(14)
another useful form of the Casimir of the algebra is given by:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill K=& C^2+\frac{2a}{3}A^3\frac{\alpha }{3}\{A,A,B\}\frac{\gamma }{3}\{A,B,B\}+\hfill \\ & +\left(\frac{2\alpha ^2}{3}+d+\frac{2a\gamma }{3}\right)A^2+\left(ϵ+\frac{2\gamma ^2}{3}\right)B^2+\hfill \\ & +\left(\delta +\frac{a\gamma }{3}\right)\{A,B\}+\left(\frac{2\alpha \delta }{3}+\frac{aϵ}{3}+\frac{d\gamma }{3}+2z\right)A+\hfill \\ & +\left(\frac{\alpha ϵ}{3}+\frac{2\delta \gamma }{3}2\zeta \right)B+\frac{\gamma z}{3}\frac{\alpha \zeta }{3}\hfill \end{array}$$
(15)
where

$$\{A,B,C\}=ABC+ACB+BAC+BCA+CAB+CBA$$

This quadratic algebra has many similarities to the Racah algebra $`QR(3)`$, which is a special case of the Askey - Wilson algebra $`QAW(3)`$. The algebra (1113) does not coincide with the Racah algebra $`QR(3)`$, if $`a0`$ in the relation (13). Unless this difference between (10) and $`QR(3)`$ algebra a representation theory can be constructed by following the same procedures as they were described by Granovskii, Lutzenko and Zhedanov in ref. . In this paper we shall give a realization of this algebra using the deformed oscillator techniques. The finite dimensional representations of the algebra (10) will be constructed by constructing a realization of the algebra with the generalized parafermionic algebra introduced by Quesne.

## V Deformed Parafermionic Algebra

Let now consider a realization of the algebra (1113), by using of the deformed oscillator technique, i.e. by using a deformed oscillator algebra $`\{b^{},b,𝒩\}`$, which satisfies the

$$[𝒩,b^{}]=b^{},[𝒩,b]=b,b^{}b=\mathrm{\Phi }\left(𝒩\right),bb^{}=\mathrm{\Phi }\left(𝒩+1\right)$$
(16)
where the function $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ is a ”well behaved” real function which satisfies the boundary condition:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(0)=0,\text{and}\mathrm{\Phi }(x)>0\text{for}x>0$$
(17)
As it is well known this constraint imposes the existence a Fock type representation of the deformed oscillator algebra, which is bounded by bellow, i.e. there is a Fock basis $`|n>,n=0,1,\mathrm{}`$ such that

$$\begin{array}{c}𝒩|n>=n|n>\hfill \\ b^{}|n>=\sqrt{\mathrm{\Phi }\left(n+1\right)}|n+1>,n=0,1,\mathrm{}\hfill \\ b|0>=0\hfill \\ b|n>=\sqrt{\mathrm{\Phi }\left(n\right)}|n1>,n=1,2,\mathrm{}\hfill \end{array}$$
(18)
The Fock representation (18) is bounded by bellow. The generalized deformed algebra given in ref  is equivalent to several deformed oscillator schemes as the Odaka- Kishi - Kamefuchi unification scheme , the Beckers- Debergh unification scheme , The Fibonacci oscillator , for a discussion of deformation schemes see

In the case of nilpotent deformed oscillator algebras, there is a positive integer $`p`$, such that

$$b^{p+1}=0,\left(b^{}\right)^{p+1}=0$$

the above equations imply that

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(p+1)=0,$$
(19)
In that case the deformed oscillator (16) has a finite dimensional representation, with dimension equal to $`p+1`$, this kind of oscillators are called deformed parafermion oscillators of order $`p`$.

An interesting property of the deformed parafermionic algebra is that the existence of a faithful finite dimensional representation of the algebra implies that:

$$𝒩\left(𝒩1\right)\left(𝒩2\right)\mathrm{}\left(𝒩p\right)=0$$
(20)
The above restriction and the constraints (17) and (19) imply that the general form of the structure function $`\mathrm{\Phi }(𝒩)`$ has the general form:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(𝒩)=𝒩(p+1𝒩)(a_0+a_1𝒩+a_2𝒩^2+\mathrm{}a_{p1}𝒩^{p1})$$

A systematic study and applications of the parafermionic oscillator is given in references .

We shall show, that there is a realization of the quadratic algebra , such that

$`A=A\left(𝒩\right)`$ (21)
$`B=b\left(𝒩\right)+b^{}\rho \left(𝒩\right)+\rho \left(𝒩\right)b`$ (22)
where the $`A[x],b[x]`$ and $`\rho (x)`$ are functions, which will be determined. In that case (11) implies:

$$C=[A,B]C=b^{}\mathrm{\Delta }A\left(𝒩\right)\rho \left(𝒩\right)\rho \left(𝒩\right)\mathrm{\Delta }A\left(𝒩\right)b$$
(23)
where

$$\mathrm{\Delta }A\left(𝒩\right)=A\left(𝒩+1\right)A\left(𝒩\right)$$

Using equations (21), (22) and (12) we find:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill [A,C]=& [A\left(𝒩\right),b^{}\mathrm{\Delta }A\left(𝒩\right)\rho \left(𝒩\right)\rho \left(𝒩\right)\mathrm{\Delta }A\left(𝒩\right)b]=\hfill \\ \hfill =& b^{}\left(\mathrm{\Delta }A\left(𝒩\right)\right)^2\rho \left(𝒩\right)+\rho \left(𝒩\right)\left(\mathrm{\Delta }A\left(𝒩\right)\right)^2b=\hfill \\ \hfill =& \alpha A^2+\gamma \{A,B\}+\delta A+ϵB+\zeta =\hfill \\ \hfill =& b^{}\left(\gamma \left(A\left(𝒩+1\right)+A\left(𝒩\right)\right)+ϵ\right)\rho \left(𝒩\right)+\hfill \\ & +\rho \left(𝒩\right)\left(\gamma \left(A\left(𝒩+1\right)+A\left(𝒩\right)\right)+ϵ\right)b+\hfill \\ & +\alpha A\left(𝒩\right)^2+2\gamma A\left(𝒩\right)b\left(𝒩\right)+\delta A\left(𝒩\right)+ϵB\left(𝒩\right)+\zeta \hfill \end{array}$$
(24)
therefore we have the following relations:

$`\left(\mathrm{\Delta }A\left(𝒩\right)\right)^2=\gamma \left(A\left(𝒩+1\right)+A\left(𝒩\right)\right)+ϵ`$ (25)
$`\alpha A\left(𝒩\right)^2+2\gamma A\left(𝒩\right)b\left(𝒩\right)+\delta A\left(𝒩\right)+ϵB\left(𝒩\right)+\zeta =0`$ (26)
while the function $`\rho \left(𝒩\right)`$ can be arbitrarily determined. In fact this function can be fixed, in order to have a polynomial structure function $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ for the deformed oscillator algebra (16).

The solutions of equation (25) depend on the value of the parameter $`\gamma `$, while the function $`b(𝒩)`$ is uniquely determined by equation (26) (provided that almost one among the parameters $`\gamma `$ or $`ϵ`$ is not zero). At this stage, the cases $`\gamma 0`$ or $`\gamma =0`$, should be treated separately. We can see that:

* $`\gamma 0`$
In that case the solutions of equations (25) and (26) are given by:

$$A\left(𝒩\right)=\frac{\gamma }{2}\left((𝒩+u)^21/4\frac{ϵ}{\gamma ^2}\right)$$
(27)
$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill b\left(𝒩\right)=& \frac{\alpha \left((𝒩+u)^21/4\right)}{4}+\frac{\alpha ϵ\delta \gamma }{2\gamma ^2}\hfill \\ & \frac{\alpha ϵ^22\delta ϵ\gamma +4\gamma ^2\zeta }{4\gamma ^4}\frac{1}{\left((𝒩+u)^21/4\right)}\hfill \end{array}$$
(28)
* $`\gamma =0,ϵ0`$
The solutions of equations (25) and (26) are given by:

$$A(𝒩)=\sqrt{ϵ}\left(𝒩+u\right)$$
(29)
$$b(𝒩)=\alpha \left(𝒩+u\right)^2\frac{\delta }{\sqrt{ϵ}}\left(𝒩+u\right)\frac{\zeta }{ϵ}$$
(30)

The constant $`u`$ will be determined later.

Using the above definitions of equations $`A(𝒩)`$ and $`b(𝒩)`$, the left hand side and right hand side of equation (13) gives the following equation:

$$\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{\Phi }(𝒩+1)\left(\mathrm{\Delta }A\left(𝒩\right)+\frac{\gamma }{2}\right)\rho (𝒩)2\mathrm{\Phi }(𝒩)\left(\mathrm{\Delta }A\left(𝒩1\right)\frac{\gamma }{2}\right)\rho (𝒩1)=\hfill \\ =aA^2\left(𝒩\right)\gamma b^2(𝒩)2\alpha A\left(𝒩\right)b(𝒩)+dA\left(𝒩\right)\delta b(𝒩)+z\hfill \end{array}$$
(31)
Equation (14) gives the following relation:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill K=& \\ \hfill =& \mathrm{\Phi }(𝒩+1)\left(\gamma ^2ϵ2\gamma A\left(𝒩\right)\mathrm{\Delta }A^2\left(𝒩\right)\right)\rho (𝒩)+\hfill \\ & +\mathrm{\Phi }(𝒩)\left(\gamma ^2ϵ2\gamma A\left(𝒩\right)\mathrm{\Delta }A^2\left(𝒩1\right)\right)\rho (𝒩1)\hfill \\ & 2\alpha A^2\left(𝒩\right)b(𝒩)+\left(\gamma ^2ϵ2\gamma A\left(𝒩\right)\right)b^2(𝒩)+\hfill \\ & +2\left(\alpha \gamma \delta \right)A\left(𝒩\right)b(𝒩)+\left(\gamma \delta 2\zeta \right)b(𝒩)+\hfill \\ & +\frac{2}{3}aA^3\left(𝒩\right)+\left(d+\frac{1}{3}a\gamma +\alpha ^2\right)A^2\left(𝒩\right)+\hfill \\ & +\left(\frac{1}{3}aϵ+\alpha \delta +2z\right)A\left(𝒩\right)\hfill \end{array}$$
(32)
Equations (31) and (32) are linear functions of the expressions $`\mathrm{\Phi }\left(𝒩\right)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }\left(𝒩+1\right)`$, then the function $`\mathrm{\Phi }\left(𝒩\right)`$ can be determined, if the function $`\rho (𝒩)`$ is given. The solution of this system, i.e. the function $`\mathrm{\Phi }\left(𝒩\right)`$ depends on two parameters $`u`$ and $`K`$ and it is given by the following formulae:

* $`\gamma 0`$

$$\rho (𝒩)=\frac{1}{32^{12}\gamma ^8(𝒩+u)(1+𝒩+u)(1+2(𝒩+u))^2}$$

and

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Phi }(𝒩)=3072\gamma ^6K(1+2(𝒩+u))^2\hfill \\ 48\gamma ^6(\alpha ^2ϵ\alpha \delta \gamma +aϵ\gamma d\gamma ^2)\hfill \\ (3+2(𝒩+u))(1+2(𝒩+u))^4(1+2(𝒩+u))+\hfill \\ +\gamma ^8(3\alpha ^2+4a\gamma )(3+2(𝒩+u))^2(1+2(𝒩+u))^4(1+2(𝒩+u))^2+\hfill \\ +768(\alpha ϵ^22\delta ϵ\gamma +4\gamma ^2\zeta )^2+\hfill \\ +32\gamma ^4(1+2(𝒩+u))^2(112(𝒩+u)+12(𝒩+u)^2)\hfill \\ (3\alpha ^2ϵ^26\alpha \delta ϵ\gamma +2aϵ^2\gamma +2\delta ^2\gamma ^24dϵ\gamma ^2+8\gamma ^3z+4\alpha \gamma ^2\zeta )\hfill \\ 256\gamma ^2(1+2(𝒩+u))^2\hfill \\ (3\alpha ^2ϵ^39\alpha \delta ϵ^2\gamma +aϵ^3\gamma +6\delta ^2ϵ\gamma ^23dϵ^2\gamma ^2+2\delta ^2\gamma ^4+\hfill \\ +2dϵ\gamma ^4+12ϵ\gamma ^3z4\gamma ^5z+12\alpha ϵ\gamma ^2\zeta 12\delta \gamma ^3\zeta +4\alpha \gamma ^4\zeta )\hfill \end{array}$$
(33)
* $`\gamma =0,ϵ0`$

$$\rho (𝒩)=1$$

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Phi }(𝒩)=\hfill \\ =\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{K}{ϵ}\frac{z}{\sqrt{ϵ}}\frac{\delta }{\sqrt{ϵ}}\frac{\zeta }{ϵ}+\frac{\zeta ^2}{ϵ^2}\right)\hfill \\ \frac{1}{12}\left(3da\sqrt{ϵ}3\alpha \frac{\delta }{\sqrt{ϵ}}+3\left(\frac{\delta }{\sqrt{ϵ}}\right)^26\frac{z}{\sqrt{ϵ}}+6\alpha \frac{\zeta }{ϵ}6\frac{\delta }{\sqrt{ϵ}}\frac{\zeta }{ϵ}\right)(𝒩+u)\hfill \\ +\frac{1}{4}\left(\alpha ^2+da\sqrt{ϵ}3\alpha \frac{\delta }{\sqrt{ϵ}}+\left(\frac{\delta }{\sqrt{ϵ}}\right)^2+2\alpha \frac{\zeta }{ϵ}\right)(𝒩+u)^2\hfill \\ \frac{1}{6}\left(3\alpha ^2a\sqrt{ϵ}3\alpha \frac{\delta }{\sqrt{ϵ}}\right)(𝒩+u)^3+\frac{1}{4}\alpha ^2(𝒩+u)^4\hfill \end{array}$$
(34)

The above formula is valid for $`ϵ>0`$.

## VI Finite dimensional representations of quadratic algebras

Let consider a representation of the quadratic algebra , which is diagonal to the generator $`A`$ and the Casimir $`K`$. Using the parafermionic realization defined by equations (21) and (22), we see that this a representation diagonal to the parafermionic number operator $`𝒩`$ and the Casimir $`K`$. The basis of a such representation corresponds to the Fock basis of the parafermionic oscillator, i.e. the vectors $`|k,n>,n=0,1,\mathrm{}`$of the carrier Fock space satisfy the equations

$$𝒩|k,n>=n|k,n>,K|k,n>=k|k,n>$$

The structure function (33) (or respectively (33) ) depend on the eigenvalues of the of the parafermionic number operator $`𝒩`$ and the Casimir $`K`$. The vectors $`|k,n>`$ are also eigenvectors of the generator $`A`$, i.e.

$$A|k,n>=A(k,n)|k,n>$$

In the case $`\gamma 0`$ we find from equation (27)

$$A(k,n)=\frac{\gamma }{2}\left((n+u)^21/4\frac{ϵ}{\gamma ^2}\right)$$

In the case $`\gamma =0,ϵ0`$ we find from equation (29)

$$A(k,n)=\sqrt{ϵ}\left(n+u\right).$$

If the deformed oscillator corresponds to a deformed Parafermionic oscillator of order $`p`$ then the two parameters of the calculation $`k`$ and $`u`$ should satisfy the constrints (17) and (19) the system:

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Phi }(0,u,k)=0\\ \mathrm{\Phi }(p+1,u,k)=0\end{array}$$
(35)
then the parameter $`u=u(k,p)`$ is a solution of the system of equations (35).

Generally there are many solutions of the above system, but a unitary representation of the deformed parafermionic oscillator is restrained by the additional restriction

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(x)>0,\text{for}x=1,2,\mathrm{},p$$

We must point out that the system (35) corresponds to a representation with dimension equal to $`p+1`$.

The proposed method of calculation of the representation of the quadratic algebra is an alternative to the method given by Granovskii et al  and reduces the search of the representations to the solution of a system of polynomial equations (35). Also its is applied to an algebra not included in the cases of the algebras, which are treated in the above references. We must point out, that there are several papers on the representations of quadratic ( or generally polynomial algebras) , these algebras are deformations of the su(2) or osp(1/2) algebras. The general form of the quadratic algebra, which is studied in this paper, is different by definition from the deformed versions of su(2) or osp(1/2).

## VII Quadratic algebras for the quantum superintegrable systems

In this section, we shall give an example of the calculation of eigenvalues of a superintegrable two-dimensional system, by using the methods of the previous section. The calculation by an empirical method was performed in  and the solution of the same problem by using separation of variables was studied in . Here in order to show the effects of the quantization procedure we don’t use $`\mathrm{}=1`$ as it was considered in references  and . That means that the following commutation relations are taken in consideration:

$$[x,p_x]=i\mathrm{},[y,p_y]=i\mathrm{}$$

### VII-a Potential i)

$$H=\frac{1}{2}\left(p_x^2+p_y^2+\omega ^2r^2+\frac{\mu _1}{x^2}+\frac{\mu _2}{y^2}\right)$$

This potential has the following independent integrals of motion:

$$A=p_x^2+\omega ^2x^2+\frac{\mu _1}{x^2}$$

and

$$B=\left(xp_yyp_x\right)^2+r^2\left(\frac{\mu _1}{x^2}+\frac{\mu _2}{y^2}\right)$$

The constants, which characterize the corresponding quadratic algebra (10), are given by:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\alpha =8\mathrm{}^2,\hfill & \gamma =0,\hfill & \delta =16h^2H,\hfill \\ ϵ=16\mathrm{}^2\omega ^2,\hfill & \zeta =16\mathrm{}^2(\mu _1+\mu _2)\omega ^2+8\mathrm{}^4\omega ^2\hfill & \\ a=0,\hfill & d=16\mathrm{}^4,\hfill & z=16\mathrm{}^2(\mu _2\mu _1)\omega ^216\mathrm{}^4H\hfill \end{array}$$

the value of the Casimir (14) is:

$$K=16\mathrm{}^2\left((\mu _2\mu _1)^2\omega ^2+4\mu _1H^2\right)16\mathrm{}^4\left(3H^2+2\mathrm{}^2\omega ^22(\mu _1+\mu _2)\right)$$

For simplicity reasons we introduce the positive parameters $`k_1`$ and $`k_1`$, which are related to the potential parameters $`\mu _1`$ and $`\mu _2`$ by the relations:

$$\mu _1=\left(k_1^2\frac{1}{4}\right)\mathrm{}^2\mu _2=\left(k_2^2\frac{1}{4}\right)\mathrm{}^2$$

This quadratic algebra corresponds to the case $`\gamma =0`$ and $`ϵ>0`$ of the algebra given by equations (1113). In that case, the structure function (34) of the deformed parafermionic algebra of Section V can be given by the simple form:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{\Phi }(x)=& 16\mathrm{}^4(x+u\frac{1}{2}\frac{k_1}{2})(x+u\frac{1}{2}+\frac{k_1}{2})\hfill \\ & \left(x+u\frac{1}{2}\frac{k_2}{2}\frac{E}{2\mathrm{}\omega }\right)\left(x+u\frac{1}{2}+\frac{k_2}{2}\frac{E}{2\mathrm{}\omega }\right)\hfill \end{array}$$

In the above formula $`E`$ is the eigenvalue of the energy. The values of the parameters $`u`$ and $`E`$ corresponding to the a representation of the parafermionic algebra of dimension $`p+1`$ are determined by the restrictions (35), which are transcribed as:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(0)=0,\mathrm{\Phi }(p+1)=0$$

One should notice, that only the solutions which correspond to positive eigenvalues of the integral $`A`$ must be retained. The acceptable solutions are four and correspond to the following values of the parameters $`u`$ and $`E`$:

$$u=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{ϵ_1k_1}{2},E=2\mathrm{}\omega \left(p+1+\frac{ϵ_1k_1+ϵ_2k_2}{2}\right)$$

where $`ϵ_i=\pm 1`$. The corresponding structure function is

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(x)=16\mathrm{}^4x\left(p+1x\right)\left(x+ϵ_1k_1\right)\left(p+1x+ϵ_2k_2\right)$$

The corresponding eigenvalues of the operator $`A`$ are given by:

$$A(m)=4\mathrm{}\omega \left(m+\frac{ϵ_1k_1+ϵ_2k_2}{2}\right),m=0,1,\mathrm{},p$$

The structure function $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ should be a positive function, for $`x=1,2,\mathrm{},p`$ therefore the constants $`k_i`$ are restricted by the relations:

$$ϵ_1k_1>1,ϵ_2k_2>1$$

### VII-b Potential ii)

$$H=\frac{1}{2}\left(p_x^2+p_y^2+\omega ^2\left(4x^2+y^2\right)+\frac{\mu }{y^2}\right)$$

This potential has the following independent integrals of motion:

$$A=p_x^2+4\omega ^2x^2$$

and

$$B=\frac{1}{2}\{xp_yyp_x,p_y\}+\frac{\mu x}{y^2}\omega ^2xy^2$$

The constants, which characterize the corresponding quadratic algebra (10), are given by:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\alpha =0,\hfill & \gamma =0,\hfill & \delta =0,\hfill \\ ϵ=16\mathrm{}^2\omega ^2,\hfill & \zeta =0,\hfill & \\ a=6\mathrm{}^2,\hfill & d=16\mathrm{}^2H,\hfill & z=8\mathrm{}^2(\mu \omega ^2H^2)+6\mathrm{}^4\omega ^2\hfill \end{array}$$

the value of the Casimir (14) is:

$$K=64\mathrm{}^4\omega ^2H$$

For simplicity reasons we introduce the positive parameters $`k`$, which is related to the potential parameter $`\mu `$ by the relation:

$$\mu =\left(k^2\frac{1}{4}\right)\mathrm{}^2$$

This quadratic algebra corresponds to the case $`\gamma =0`$ and $`ϵ>0`$ of the algebra given by equations (1113). In that case, the structure function (34) of the deformed parafermionic algebra of Section V can be given by the simple form:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(x)=8\mathrm{}^3\omega \left(x+u\frac{1}{2}\right)\left(x+u\frac{1}{2}\frac{k}{2}\frac{E}{2\mathrm{}\omega }\right)\left(x+u\frac{1}{2}+\frac{k}{2}\frac{E}{2\mathrm{}\omega }\right)$$

In the above formula $`E`$ is the eigenvalue of the energy. The values of the parameters $`u`$ and $`E`$ corresponding to the a representation of the parafermionic algebra of dimension $`p+1`$ are determined by the restrictions (35), which are transcribed as:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(0)=0,\mathrm{\Phi }(p+1)=0$$

One should notice, that only the solutions which correspond to positive eigenvalues of the integral $`A`$ must be retained. The acceptable solutions are four and correspond to the following values of the parameters $`u`$ and $`E`$:

$$u=\frac{1}{2},E=2\mathrm{}\omega \left(p+1+\frac{ϵk}{2\mathrm{}}\right)$$

where $`ϵ=\pm 1`$. The corresponding structure function is

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(x)=4\mathrm{}^3x\left(p+1x\right)\left(p+1x+ϵk\right)$$

The structure function should be a positive function, therefore the values of the parameter $`k`$ are restrained by

$$ϵk>1$$

The eigenvalues of the operator $`A`$ are given by:

$$A(m)=4\mathrm{}\omega (m+\frac{1}{2}),m=0,1,\mathrm{},p$$

### VII-c Potential iii)

$$H=\frac{1}{2}\left(p_x^2+p_y^2+\frac{k}{r}+\frac{1}{r}\left(\frac{\mu _1}{r+x}+\frac{\mu _2}{rx}\right)\right)$$

In ref  the parabolic coordinates have been used:

$$\begin{array}{cc}x=\frac{1}{2}\left(\xi ^2\eta ^2\right),\hfill & p_x=\frac{\xi }{\xi ^2+\eta ^2}p_\xi \frac{\eta }{\xi ^2+\eta ^2}p_\eta ,\hfill \\ y=\xi \eta ,\hfill & p_y=\frac{\eta }{\xi ^2+\eta ^2}p_\xi +\frac{\xi }{\xi ^2+\eta ^2}p_\eta ,\hfill \\ [\xi ,p_\xi ]=i\mathrm{},\hfill & [\eta ,p_\eta ]=i\mathrm{}\hfill \end{array}$$

For comparison reasons we quote all the relations in both, cartesian and parabolic systems, so

$$H=\frac{1}{\xi ^2+\eta ^2}\left(\frac{1}{2}\left(p_\xi ^2+p_\eta ^2\right)+k+\frac{\mu _1}{\xi ^2}+\frac{\mu _2}{\eta ^2}\right)$$

This potential has the following independent integrals of motion:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill A=& (xp_yyp_x)^2+r\left(\frac{\mu _1}{r+x}+\frac{\mu _1}{rx}\right)=\hfill \\ \hfill =& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}\left(\eta p_\xi \xi p_\eta \right)^2+\left(\xi ^2+\eta ^2\right)\left(\frac{\mu _1}{\xi ^2}+\frac{\mu _2}{\eta ^2}\right)\right)\hfill \end{array}$$

and

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill B=& \frac{1}{2}\left(\{xp_yyp_x,p_y\}\frac{\mu _1}{r}\frac{rx}{r+x}+\frac{\mu _2}{r}\frac{r+x}{rx}+\frac{kx}{r}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill =& \frac{1}{\xi ^2+\eta ^2}\left(\frac{1}{2}\left(\xi ^2p_\eta ^2\eta ^2p_\xi ^2\right)+\mu _2\frac{\xi ^2}{\eta ^2}\mu _1\frac{\eta ^2}{\xi ^2}+\frac{k}{2}\frac{\xi ^2\eta ^2}{\xi ^2+\eta ^2}\right)\hfill \end{array}$$

The constants, which characterize the corresponding quadratic algebra (10), are given by:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\alpha =0,\hfill & \gamma =2\mathrm{}^2,\hfill & \delta =0,\hfill \\ ϵ=\mathrm{}^4,\hfill & \zeta =\mathrm{}^2k(\mu _1\mu _2),\hfill & \\ a=0,\hfill & d=8\mathrm{}^2H,\hfill & z=\mathrm{}^2\left(4(\mu _1+\mu _2)Hk^2/2\right)+\mathrm{}^4H\hfill \end{array}$$

the value of the Casimir (14) is:

$$K=\mathrm{}^2\left(2(\mu _1\mu _2)^2Hk^2(\mu _1+\mu _2)\right)2\mathrm{}^4\left((\mu _1+\mu _2)H\frac{k^2}{4}\right)+\mathrm{}^6H$$

For simplicity reasons we introduce the positive parameters $`k_1`$ and $`k_1`$, which are related to the potential parameters $`\mu _1`$ and $`\mu _2`$ by the relations:

$$\mu _1=\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{2}\left(k_1^2\frac{1}{4}\right)\mu _2=\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{2}\left(k_2^2\frac{1}{4}\right)$$

This quadratic algebra corresponds to the case $`\gamma 0`$ of the algebra given by equations (1113). In that case, the structure function (33) of the deformed parafermionic algebra of Section V can be given by the simple form:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \mathrm{\Phi }(x)=& \hfill 32^{14}\mathrm{}^{16}& (2x1+k_1+k_2)(2x1+k_1k_2)(2x1k_1+k_2)\hfill \\ & \hfill & \left(2x1k_1k_2\right)\left(8\mathrm{}^2Hx^28\mathrm{}^2Hx+2\mathrm{}^2H+k^2\right)\hfill \end{array}$$

In the above formula $`E`$ is the eigenvalue of the energy. The values of the parameters $`u`$ and $`E`$ corresponding to the a representation of the parafermionic algebra of dimension $`p+1`$ are determined by the restrictions (35), which are transcribed as:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(0)=0,\mathrm{\Phi }(p+1)=0$$

One should notice, that only the solutions which correspond to positive eigenvalues of the integral $`A`$ must be retained. The acceptable solutions are four and correspond to the following values of the parameters $`u`$ and $`E`$:

$$u=\frac{1}{2}\left(2+ϵ_1k_1+ϵ_2k_2\right),E=\frac{k^2}{2\mathrm{}^2\left(2(p+1)+ϵ_1k_1+ϵ_2k_2\right)^2}$$

where $`ϵ_i=\pm 1`$. The corresponding structure function is

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \mathrm{\Phi }(x)=& \hfill 32^{20}k^2\mathrm{}^{16}& x(p+1x)(x+ϵ_1k_1)(x+ϵ_2k_2)\hfill \\ & \hfill & \left(x+ϵ_1k_1+ϵ_2k_2\right)\frac{\left(x+p+1+ϵ_1k_1+ϵ_2k_2\right)}{\left(2(p+1)+ϵ_1k_1+ϵ_2k_2\right)^2}\hfill \end{array}$$

The eigenvalues of the operator $`A`$ are given by the formula:

$$A(m)=\mathrm{}^2\left(m+ϵ_1k_1+ϵ_2k_2+\frac{3}{2}\right)^2,m=0,1,\mathrm{},p$$

The positive sign of the structure function for $`x=1,2,\mathrm{},p`$ is obtained when:

$$ϵ_1k_1>1,ϵ_2k_2>1,\text{and}ϵ_1k_1+ϵ_2k_2>1$$

### VII-d Potential iv)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill H=& \frac{1}{2}(p_x^2+p_y^2++\frac{k}{r}+\mu _1\frac{\sqrt{r+x}}{r}+\mu _2\frac{\sqrt{rx}}{r})=\hfill \\ \hfill =& \frac{1}{\xi ^2+\eta ^2}\left(\frac{1}{2}\left(p_\xi ^2+p_\eta ^2\right)+k+\mu _1\xi +\mu _2\eta \right)\hfill \end{array}$$

This potential has the following independent integrals of motion:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill A=& \frac{1}{2}\left(\{(yp_xxp_y),p_y\}+\frac{\mu _1(rx)\sqrt{r+u}}{r}\frac{\mu _2(r+x)\sqrt{ru}}{r}\frac{kx}{r}\right)=\hfill \\ \hfill =& \frac{1}{2\left(\xi ^2+\eta ^2\right)}\left(\eta ^2p_\xi ^2\xi ^2p_\eta ^2+k\left(\eta ^2\xi ^2\right)+2\xi \eta \left(\mu _1\eta \mu _2\xi \right)\right)\hfill \end{array}$$

and

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill B=& \frac{1}{2}\left(\{xp_yyp_x,p_x\}\frac{\mu _1x\sqrt{ru}}{r}+\frac{\mu _2x\sqrt{r+u}}{r}\frac{ky}{r}\right)=\hfill \\ \hfill =& \frac{1}{2\left(\xi ^2+\eta ^2\right)}\left(\xi \eta \left(p_\xi ^2+p_\eta ^2\right)\left(\xi ^2+\eta ^2\right)p_\xi p_\eta +2k\xi \eta +\left(\mu _2\xi \mu _1\eta \right)\left(\eta ^2\xi ^2\right)\right)\hfill \end{array}$$

The constants, which characterize the corresponding quadratic algebra (10), are given by:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\alpha =0,\hfill & \gamma =0,\hfill & \delta =0,\hfill \\ ϵ=2\mathrm{}^2H,\hfill & \zeta =\mathrm{}^2\mu _1\mu _2/2,\hfill & \\ a=0,\hfill & d=2\mathrm{}^2H,\hfill & z=\mathrm{}^2(\mu _1^2\mu _2^2)/4\hfill \end{array}$$

the value of the Casimir (14) is:

$$K=\mathrm{}^2k^2H/2+\mathrm{}^2k(\mu _1^2+\mu _2^2)/4+\mathrm{}^4H^2$$

This quadratic algebra corresponds to the case $`\gamma =0`$ and $`ϵ>0`$ of the algebra given by equations (1113). It is worth noticing that the algebra is extremely simple, which can be reduced to the usual $`su(2)`$. We prefer to treat this algebra with the proposed methods in this paper for pedagogical reasons. The existence of the finite dimensional representations of this algebra implies that, the coefficient $`ϵ`$ in equation (12) should be positive, therefore the energy operator $`H`$ must have energy eigenvalues $`E<0`$. For simplicity reasons we introduce the new parameters:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\epsilon =\sqrt{2E}/\mathrm{},\hfill & \lambda =k/\mathrm{}^2,\hfill & \\ \nu _1=\mu _1/\mathrm{}^2,\hfill & \nu _2=\mu _2/\mathrm{}^2,\hfill & \nu ^2=\nu _1^2+\nu _2^2\hfill \end{array}$$

The structure function (34) of the deformed parafermionic algebra of Section V can be given by the form:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(x)=\frac{\mathrm{}^4}{16\epsilon ^4}\left(\nu _1^2\lambda \epsilon ^2+2(x+u\frac{1}{2})\epsilon ^3\right)\left(\nu _2^2\lambda \epsilon ^22(x+u\frac{1}{2})\epsilon ^3\right)$$

In the above formula the parameter $`\epsilon `$ is related to the the eigenvalue $`E`$ of the energy. The values of the parameters $`u`$ and $`\epsilon `$, corresponding to the a representation of the parafermionic algebra of dimension $`p+1`$, are determined by the restrictions (35), which are transcribed as:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(0)=0,\mathrm{\Phi }(p+1)=0$$

The first condition can be used for determining the acceptable values of the parameter $`u`$. Two possible solutions are found:

$`u=u_1={\displaystyle \frac{\nu _2^2\lambda \epsilon ^2+\epsilon ^3}{2\epsilon ^3}}`$ (36)
$`u=u_2={\displaystyle \frac{\nu _1^2\lambda \epsilon ^2\epsilon ^3}{2\epsilon ^3}}`$ (37)
Using these solutions and the condition $`Phi(p+1)=0`$, we find that the $`\epsilon `$ must satisfy two possible cubic equations:

$`u_1\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}(p+1)\epsilon ^32\lambda \epsilon ^2+\nu ^2=0`$ (38)
$`u_2\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}(p+1)\epsilon ^3+2\lambda \epsilon ^2\nu ^2=0`$ (39)
If $`\epsilon `$ is a solution of equation (38) then $`\epsilon `$ is the solution of the other equation (39), therefore there is almost one solution which is positive. This solution leads to the structure function:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(x)=\frac{\epsilon ^2}{4}x\left(p+1x\right)$$

which is positive for $`x=1,2,\mathrm{},p`$.

## VIII Discussion

If we compare the quadratic associative algebra, introduced in section IV with the corresponding Poisson algebra given in section II, we see that in general the quantum constants are similar to the classical ones up to an factor equal to $`h^2`$, but there are quantum corrections of order $`h^4`$ and $`h^6`$. The knowledge of the classical constants of the Poisson algebra is not sufficient to reproduce the rules of quantum associative operator algebra. Therefore, the passage from the classic Poisson algebra to the non commutative quantum algebra can not be realized by simple replacements of the Poisson brackets by commutators and by a symmetrization procedure.

The energy eigenvalues of section VII corroborate the results of reference  (the differences in the case of the potential iv are due to some misprints in that reference). The calculation of the energy eigenvalues in reference  was achieved by solving the corresponding Schroedinger differential equations, while in this paper the energy eigenvalues are obtained by algebraic methods. The advantage of the proposed method is that, the energy eigenvalues are reduced to simple algebraic calculations of the roots of polynomial equations, whose the form is universally determined by the the structure functions (33), (33) and the system (35). These equations are valid for any two dimensional superintegrable system with integrals of motion, which are quadratic functions of the momenta. The same equations should be valid in the case of two dimensional superintegrable systems in curved space . The superintegrable systems bring up for discussion the open problem of the quantization of a Poisson algebra in a well determined context, because these systems and their quantum counterparts are explicitly known.

From the above discussion several open problems are risen:

* The calculation of the classical Poisson algebras and their quantum counterparts for the totality of the two dimensional problems in curved space. This study will lead to the calculation of the energy eigenvalues by algebraic methods.
* The two dimensional superintegrable systems are classified by the values of the constants of the Darboux conditions . The relation of these constants with the constants of the quadratic Poisson algebra is not yet known.
* The Poisson algebras for the Drach superintegrable systems with a cubic integral of motion were written by using a classical analogue of the deformed parafermionic algebra . Their quantum counterparts and the calculation of their energy eigenvalues are is a topic under investigation.
* The Poisson algebras and the associated quantum counterparts for the three dimensional superintegrable systems are not yet fully studied. Recently  the quantum quadratic algebras have been written down, but a systematic calculation of energy eigenvalues was not yet performed.

The above points show that, the study of non linear Poisson algebras and their quantum counterparts is a topic of interest.


text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

There are great progresses in studying worldsheet instanton corrections by the discovery of the mirror symmetry ,. When we study topological sigma model , physical observables are constructed by combining couplings, correlation functions and metrics of operators. Typical constituent blocks are three-point and two-point functions (metrics). Their behaviors are controlled by moduli parameters and these observables contain information about moduli space of the sigma model -. In this paper, we investigate a Kähler potential of the B-model moduli space from the point of view of the topological sigma model together with results by CFT at Gepner point.

## 2 Calabi-Yau $`d`$-fold

We concentrate on a one-parameter family of Calabi-Yau $`d`$-fold $`M`$ realized as a zero locus of a hypersurface in a projective space $`CP^{d+1}`$

$`W;\widehat{\{p=0\}/𝐙_N^{(N1)}},`$
$`p=X_1^N+X_2^N+\mathrm{}+X_N^NN\psi X_1X_2\mathrm{}X_N=0,`$
where we introduce a number $`N=d+2`$. Hodge numbers $`h^{p,q}`$ of this $`d`$ fold are calculated as

$`h^{p,q}=\delta _{p+q.d},(0pd,0qd,pq),`$
$`h^{p,p}=\delta _{2p,d}+{\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{p}{}}}(1)^m\left(\begin{array}{c}d+2\\ m\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}(p+1m)(d+1)+p\\ d+1\end{array}\right),`$
and deformation of complex structure is parametrized by a complex parameter $`\psi `$.

In order to describe the complex structure moduli space near Gepner point ($`\psi 0`$), we uses a basis of periods

$`\stackrel{~}{\varpi }_k(\psi )=\left[\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\displaystyle \frac{k}{N}}\right)\right]^N{\displaystyle \frac{(N\psi )^k}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(k)}}G_k(\psi ),`$
$`G_k:=1+{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{k}{N}+n\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{k}{N}\right)}}\right]^N{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(k)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(Nn+k)}}(N\psi )^{Nn}.`$
They behave around $`\psi 0`$

$`\stackrel{~}{\varpi }_k(\psi )=\left[\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\displaystyle \frac{k}{N}}\right)\right]^N{\displaystyle \frac{(N\psi )^k}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(k)}}\left[1+𝒪(\psi ^N)\right].`$
This set is a projective coordinate of the B-model moduli space. Also we use a canonical basis $`\{\varpi _k^{(0)}\}`$ of the coordinates at the Gepner point as

$`\stackrel{~}{\varpi }_k=\varpi _k^{(0)}\left[\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\displaystyle \frac{k}{N}}\right)\right]^N,`$
and take ratios to construct normalized coordinates

$`\omega _{k1}:=\varpi _k^{(0)}/\varpi _1^{(0)}={\displaystyle \frac{(N\psi )^{k1}}{(k1)!}}{\displaystyle \frac{G_k}{G_1}}(k=1,2,\mathrm{},N1).`$
Some part of the cohomology classes of $`H^d(W)`$ is associated with the complex structure deformation with Hodge numbers $`h^{\mathrm{},d\mathrm{}}=1`$ $`(\mathrm{}=0,1,2,\mathrm{},d)`$. Then associated operators are represented as

$`𝒪^{(k)}:=(X_1X_2\mathrm{}X_N)^k(k=0,1,2,\mathrm{},N2),`$
and each $`𝒪^{(k)}`$ is related to a canonical period $`\omega _k`$. Also a coupling $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }:=N\psi `$ is associated with an operator $`𝒪^{(1)}=X_1X_2\mathrm{}X_N`$. When we choose a canonical set of periods, these operators are normalized appropriately and fusion couplings $`\kappa _{\mathrm{}}`$ are evaluated at $`\psi =0`$

$`\stackrel{}{\omega }:={}_{}{}^{t}(\begin{array}{cccc}\omega _0& \omega _1& \mathrm{}& \omega _{N2}\end{array}),`$
$`𝐊:=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}0& \kappa _0& & & & \\ & 0& \kappa _1& & & \\ & & 0& \kappa _2& & \\ & & & \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \\ & & & & 0& \kappa _{d1}\\ 0& 0& 0& \mathrm{}& 0& 0\end{array}\right)`$
$`_{\stackrel{~}{\psi }}\stackrel{}{\omega }=𝐊\stackrel{}{\omega },`$
$`𝒪^{(1)}𝒪^{(\mathrm{})}=\kappa _{\mathrm{}}𝒪^{(\mathrm{}+1)}(\mathrm{}=0,1,\mathrm{},d1).`$
$`\kappa _0=1,\kappa _1=\omega _1=1+𝒪(\psi ^N),`$
$`\kappa _{\mathrm{}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\kappa _\mathrm{}1}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\kappa _\mathrm{}2}}\mathrm{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\kappa _0}}\omega _{\mathrm{}}=1+𝒪(\psi ^N),(\mathrm{}2).`$
In this canonical set of periods, the three-point couplings are normalized to units up to terms with order $`𝒪(\psi ^N)`$.

## 3 Kähler potential

Next let us consider a Kähler potential $`K`$ of the moduli space. We can construct $`K`$ as a quadratic form of periods

$`e^K=i^{d^2}{\displaystyle _M}\mathrm{\Omega }\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}={\displaystyle \underset{m,n=1}{\overset{N1}{}}}I_{m,n}\stackrel{~}{\varpi }_m^{}\stackrel{~}{\varpi }_n.`$
The matrix $`I=\{I_{m,n}\}`$ is determined by properties of intersection numbers of homology cycles and does not change under any infinitesimal deformation of continuous moduli parameters. That is, the $`I_{m,n}`$s cannot depend on any moduli parameters and turns out to be constant numbers.

On the other hand, global structures of the moduli space are encoded in monodromies and it is important to see property of $`K`$ under a global monodromy transformation. Our basis $`\{\stackrel{~}{\varpi }_k\}`$ diagonalizes a cyclic $`𝐙_N`$ monodromy $`\psi \alpha \psi `$ ($`\alpha =e^{2\pi i/N}`$) at $`\psi =0`$

$`\stackrel{~}{\varpi }_k(\alpha \psi )=\alpha ^k\stackrel{~}{\varpi }_k(\psi )(k=1,2,\mathrm{},N1).`$
$`\alpha =e^{2\pi i/N}.`$
But this transformation induces a change of the $`I_{m,n}`$

$`I_{m,n}I_{m,n}\alpha ^{m+n}(m,n=1,2,\mathrm{},N1).`$
Because the Kähler potential is physical quantity and should not depend on monodromies, it is invariant under the transformation. Only invariant parts of this transformation are diagonal ones $`I_{m,m}`$ $`(m=1,2,\mathrm{},N1)`$ and we find that the matrix $`I`$ is diagonal one:

$`e^K={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{N1}{}}}I_k\stackrel{~}{\varpi }_k^{}\stackrel{~}{\varpi }_k.`$ (1)
## 4 Determination of $`I_k`$

Next, in order to determine the Kähler potential, all we have to do is to fix the diagonal matrix. We use a method of the $`tt^{}`$ fusion in fixing the $`I_k`$ ($`k=1,2,\mathrm{},N1`$). First note that the Kähler potential is related to a moduli space metric $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\psi }\overline{\stackrel{~}{\psi }}}`$

$`\overline{}K=g_{\stackrel{~}{\psi }\overline{\stackrel{~}{\psi }}},={\displaystyle \frac{}{\stackrel{~}{\psi }}},\overline{}={\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\stackrel{~}{\psi }}}}.`$
When we introduce a set of hermitian two-point functions 111These two-point functions are different from topological metrics $`\eta _\mathrm{}m=𝒪^{(\mathrm{})}𝒪^{(m)}=N\delta _{\mathrm{}+m,d}`$.

$`\overline{𝒪}^{(\mathrm{})}|𝒪^{(\mathrm{})}=e^q_{\mathrm{}}(0\mathrm{}N2),`$ (2)
the Kähler potential and Zamolodchikov metric $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\psi }\overline{\stackrel{~}{\psi }}}`$ are expressed as

$`e^{q_0}=e^K,g_{\stackrel{~}{\psi }\overline{\stackrel{~}{\psi }}}=e^{q_1q_0},`$
$`\overline{}q_0=e^{q_1q_0}.`$ (3)
The equation Eq.(3) is a part of the $`tt^{}`$-fusion equation  of the Calabi-Yau $`d`$-fold with fusion couplings $`\kappa _n`$

$`\overline{}q_0+|\kappa _0|^2e^{q_1q_0}=0,`$
$`\overline{}q_{\mathrm{}}+|\kappa _{\mathrm{}}|^2e^{q_{\mathrm{}+1}q_{\mathrm{}}}|\kappa _\mathrm{}1|^2e^{q_{\mathrm{}}q_\mathrm{}1}=0(1\mathrm{}d1),`$
$`\overline{}q_d|\kappa _{d1}|^2e^{q_dq_{d1}}=0.`$ (4)
This set of equations Eq.(4) represents an $`A_d`$ type Toda system. By introducing new variables

$`\stackrel{~}{q}_0=q_0,`$
$`\stackrel{~}{q}_{\mathrm{}}=q_{\mathrm{}}+{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}1}{}}}\mathrm{log}|\kappa _n|^2(\mathrm{}1),`$
and noting relations $`\overline{}\stackrel{~}{q}_{\mathrm{}}=\overline{}q_{\mathrm{}}`$, we reexpress the Toda system into a formula

$`U_{\mathrm{}}=(\mathrm{}+1)U_0+{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}1}{}}}(\mathrm{}n)D\mathrm{log}(U_n)(1\mathrm{}d1),`$
$`U_0=Dq_0=D\mathrm{log}\left[1+{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}=2}{\overset{N1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{I_{\mathrm{}}}{I_1}}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{\varpi }_{\mathrm{}}}{\stackrel{~}{\varpi }_1}}\right|^2\right],`$
$`U_d=0,`$
$`U_n={\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{n}{}}}Dq_m(1nd),`$
$`D:=\overline{},`$
$`|\kappa _n|^2e^{q_{n+1}q_n}=U_n(0nd1)`$ (5)
The number of diagonal components $`I_k`$ in the Kähler potential is $`(d+1)`$ and the above Toda system with (d+1) equations gives us consistency conditions of the $`I_k`$s. Now recall that the components of the matrix $`I`$ are numerical constants. We may truncate terms of the periods $`\stackrel{~}{\varpi }_k`$s in the series expansions up to order $`𝒪(\psi ^N)`$ for the purpose of determination of $`I`$

$`\stackrel{~}{\varpi }_k(\psi )=f_k(N\psi )^k\left[1+𝒪(\psi ^N)\right](k=1,2,\mathrm{},N1),`$
$`U_0=D\mathrm{log}\left[1+{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}=2}{\overset{N1}{}}}a_{\mathrm{}}(\stackrel{~}{\psi }\overline{\stackrel{~}{\psi }})^\mathrm{}1+\mathrm{}\right].`$
$`f_k:=\left[\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\displaystyle \frac{k}{N}}\right)\right]^N{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(k)}},a_n:={\displaystyle \frac{I_n}{I_1}}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{f_n}{f_1}}\right|^2.`$ (6)
We calculate the $`U_n`$ concretely for $`n10`$, and propose a conjecture for the $`\{U_n\}`$s at the Gepner point $`\psi =0`$

$`U_0=a_2,U_d=0,`$
$`U_n=(n+1)^2{\displaystyle \frac{a_{n+2}}{a_{n+1}}}(1nd1).`$
When we use definitions of $`a_n`$ and $`f_n`$, the $`U_n`$s are expressed as

$`U_0=a_2={\displaystyle \frac{I_2}{I_1}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{2}{N}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{N}\right)}}\right]^{2N},`$
$`U_n=(n+1)^2{\displaystyle \frac{a_{n+2}}{a_{n+1}}}={\displaystyle \frac{I_{n+2}}{I_{n+1}}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{n+2}{N}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{n+1}{N}\right)}}\right]^{2N}(1nd1).`$
Also we can obtain expressions of hermitian two-point functions by remarking that the three-point couplings become constants $`\kappa _n=1`$ $`(n=0,1,\mathrm{},d)`$ at the $`\psi =0`$

$`e^{q_{n+1}q_n}={\displaystyle \frac{I_{n+2}}{I_{n+1}}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{n+2}{N}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{n+1}{N}\right)}}\right]^{2N}(0nd1).`$
Equivalently, normalized two-point functions are represented as

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{𝒪}^{(m)}|𝒪^{(m)}}{\overline{𝒪}^{(0)}|𝒪^{(0)}}}=e^{q_mq_0}=(1)^m{\displaystyle \frac{I_{m+1}}{I_1}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{m+1}{N}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{N}\right)}}\right]^{2N}(0md).`$ (7)
Now let us compare these results with those of CFT calculations  for minimal models associated with the $`d`$-fold $`M`$

$`e^{q_n}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{N^N}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{n+1}{N}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\frac{n+1}{N}\right)}}\right]^N(n=0,1,2,\mathrm{},N2),`$
$`e^{q_nq_0}=\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{n+1}{N}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\frac{1}{N}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{N}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\frac{n+1}{N}\right)}}\right]^N.`$ (8)
By comparing two results Eq.(7) and Eq.(8), we can obtain the components of the matrix $`I`$ up to one numerical constant $`c`$

$`I_m=c(1)^m\left(\mathrm{sin}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi m}{N}}\right)^N(m=1,2,\mathrm{},N1).`$
In this case, the $`e^K`$ in Eq.(1) is given as

$`e^K={\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{N1}{}}}c(1)^m\pi ^N\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{m}{N}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\frac{m}{N}\right)}}\right]^N\times {\displaystyle \frac{(N^2\psi \overline{\psi })^m}{[\mathrm{\Gamma }(m)]^2}}|G_m(\psi )|^2.`$
Because the Kähler potential is not a function but a section of a line bundle, there is an arbitrariness of multiplication of arbitrary (anti-)holomorphic functions. We choose the normalization factor as

$`c={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi ^NN^{N+2}}},`$
then the Kähler potential is written as

$`e^K=(\psi \overline{\psi }){\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{N1}{}}}(1)^{m1}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{m}{N}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\frac{m}{N}\right)}}\right]^N{\displaystyle \frac{(N^2\psi \overline{\psi })^{m1}}{[\mathrm{\Gamma }(m)]^2}}|G_m(\psi )|^2.`$ (9)
In order to confirm the validity of this convention, we restrict ourselves to the 3-fold $`(N=5)`$ case and consider a $`3`$-point function $`\kappa `$ of the operator $`𝒪^{(1)}`$ in the B-model

$`\kappa :=\kappa _{\psi \psi \psi }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{5^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{5\psi ^2}{1\psi ^5}}.`$ (10)
(In considering the $`tt^{}`$ equation, we use normalized periods $`\omega _k`$ by taking ratios. In that case, the $`e^K`$ in Eq.(9) and the three-point function Eq.(10) are divided by a factor $`|\psi |^2`$. ) This coupling is a section of holomorphic line bundle and changes with a normalization of the Kähler potential. But there is an invariant $`3`$-point coupling

$`(g_{\psi \overline{\psi }})^{3/2}e^K|\kappa |,`$
and its value is evaluated at the $`\psi =0`$ in our normalization

$`(g_{\psi \overline{\psi }})^{3/2}e^K|\kappa |=\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{3}{5}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{2}{5}\right)}}\right]^{15/2}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{5}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{4}{5}\right)}}\right]^{5/2}=1.5553189899632389725\mathrm{}.`$
This result coincides with that of the calculation of CFT .

## 5 Metric and Curvature

Now we have an exact formula of the $`K`$ with a moduli parameter $`\psi `$ and can evaluate the corrections in the physical observables by the marginal deformation of the CFT. For simplicity, we will consider leading corrections of the Kähler potential, metric and scalar curvature in the moduli space. When we define a function $`A_m`$

$`A_m=(N^2)^{m1}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{[\mathrm{\Gamma }(m)]^2}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{m}{N}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\frac{m}{N}\right)}}\right]^N(1mN1),`$
we can obtain these formulae

$`{\displaystyle \frac{A_m}{A_n}}=(N^2)^{mn}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(n)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(m)}}\right)^2\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{m}{N}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\frac{n}{N}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\frac{m}{N}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{n}{N}\right)}}\right]^N(m,nN1),`$
$`e^K=\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{N}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\frac{1}{N}\right)}}\right]^N(\psi \overline{\psi })\times \left[1N^2\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{2}{N}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\frac{1}{N}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\frac{2}{N}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{N}\right)}}\right]^N(\psi \overline{\psi })+\mathrm{}\right](N3),`$
$`g_{\psi \overline{\psi }}=N^2\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{2}{N}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\frac{1}{N}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\frac{2}{N}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{N}\right)}}\right]^N+(\psi \overline{\psi })\left[2\left({\displaystyle \frac{A_2}{A_1}}\right)^24\left({\displaystyle \frac{A_3}{A_1}}\right)\right]+\mathrm{}(N4),`$
$`R=4+2\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{N}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{3}{N}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\frac{1}{N}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\frac{3}{N}\right)}}\right]^N\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\frac{2}{N}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{2}{N}\right)}}\right]^{2N}`$
$`+(\psi \overline{\psi })\left[24\left({\displaystyle \frac{A_3}{A_2}}\right)96\left({\displaystyle \frac{A_1}{A_2}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{A_3}{A_2}}\right)^2+72\left({\displaystyle \frac{A_1}{A_2}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{A_4}{A_2}}\right)\right]+\mathrm{}(N5).`$
The Ricci tensor of the moduli space is represented as $`R_{\psi \overline{\psi }}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g_{\psi \overline{\psi }}R`$. For the torus ($`N=3`$) case, its metric is a standard one of the upper-half plane and the scalar curvature is constant $`R=4`$ except for points $`\psi =e^{2\pi i\mathrm{}/3}`$ ($`\mathrm{}=0,1,2`$). Also the K3 ($`N=4`$) metric is given by the above formula and related scalar curvature is a negative constant number $`R=2`$ except for $`\psi =e^{\pi i\mathrm{}/2}`$ ($`\mathrm{}=0,1,2,3`$).

We plot this scalar curvature at the $`\psi =0`$ in Fig.1. It increases monotonically with the dimension $`d`$. But the derivative with respect to $`_\psi _{\overline{\psi }}`$ is negative for $`N11`$ cases at $`\psi =0`$ as shown in Fig.2.

Let us return to the hermitian two-point functions. They are represented as some combinations of these $`K`$, $`g_{\psi \overline{\psi }}`$ and $`R`$

$`e^{\stackrel{~}{q}_0}=e^K,e^{\stackrel{~}{q}_1\stackrel{~}{q}_0}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{N^2}}g_{\psi \overline{\psi }},e^{\stackrel{~}{q}_2\stackrel{~}{q}_1}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{N^2}}g_{\psi \overline{\psi }}\left({\displaystyle \frac{R}{2}}+2\right),`$
$`e^{\stackrel{~}{q}_3\stackrel{~}{q}_2}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{N^2}}g_{\psi \overline{\psi }}\left[3\left({\displaystyle \frac{R}{2}}+1\right)g^{\psi \overline{\psi }}_\psi \overline{}_{\overline{\psi }}\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{R}{2}}+2\right)\right],`$
$`e^{\stackrel{~}{q}_4\stackrel{~}{q}_3}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{N^2}}g_{\psi \overline{\psi }}[4+3R2g^{\psi \overline{\psi }}_\psi \overline{}_{\overline{\psi }}\mathrm{log}({\displaystyle \frac{R}{2}}+2)`$
$`g^{\psi \overline{\psi }}_\psi \overline{}_{\overline{\psi }}\mathrm{log}[3({\displaystyle \frac{R}{2}}+1)g^{\psi \overline{\psi }}_\psi \overline{}_{\overline{\psi }}\mathrm{log}({\displaystyle \frac{R}{2}}+2)]],`$
$`\mathrm{}.`$
Now we know the formula of the $`K`$, $`R`$, and $`g_{\psi \overline{\psi }}`$ and evaluate moduli dependences of these correlators.

In this paper we develop a method to determine the Kähler potential unambiguously by comparing the result of CFT with that of topological sigma model. We calculate the metric and curvature in the neighborhood of the Gepner point, which have dependences of moduli parameter $`\psi `$. The result represents a marginal deformation of the CFT. But the formula of the $`K`$ is exact and we can study it at all points in the moduli space by analytic continuation. The method we developed here is not restricted to the specific model and can be applied to any other Calabi-Yau spaces.

## Acknowledgement

This work is supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture 10740117.


text:
# Level-four approximation to the tachyon potential in superstring field theory

## 1 Introduction

It has been conjectured by Sen that at the stationary point of the tachyon potential for the D-brane-anti-D-brane pair or for the non-BPS D-brane of superstring theories, the negative energy density precisely cancels the brane tensions .

For the D-brane of bosonic string theory, this conjecture has been verified by Sen and Zwiebach  starting from Witten’s open string field theory . Using a level truncation method which was proposed by Kostelecky and Samuel  and including fields up to level 4, they found a contribution of $`99\%`$ of the expected value. Subsequently Taylor and Moeller continued the calculation to level 10 fields and verified the conjecture to $`99,9\%`$ .

In the superstring case the first calculation was done by Berkovits  using his Wess-Zumino-Witten like proposal for the string field theory action . The pure tachyon contribution was found to amount to $`60\%`$ of the conjectured value. This computation was then continued to higher levels by the combined force of Berkovits, Sen and Zwiebach . They included fields up to level $`3/2`$ and got $`85\%`$ of the expected answer.

In this paper we perform a further check on the conjecture: we continue the calculation retaining fields up to level 2 and get $`89\%`$ of the conjectured value.

## 2 Berkovits’ superstring field theory

Using the embedding of the $`N=1`$ superstring into a critical $`N=2`$ theory found in , Berkovits proposed a superstring field theory based on a Wess-Zumino-Witten type action . With slight modifications, this action can be used to describe the NS-sector excitations of a non-BPS brane  (the modification needed to include the R-sector fields is as yet unknown). In this section we briefly review the action and some of its properties. This section summarizes parts of  relevant to the problem at hand with some additional comments.

A string field describing an NS excitation on a non-BPS D-brane can be represented by a vertex operator of the form

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}=\mathrm{\Phi }(I\text{ or }\sigma _1)$$
(1)
where $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is an operator in the conformal field theory of the NS superstring with the superghost system bosonized as $`\beta =\xi e^\varphi `$ and $`\gamma =\eta e^\varphi `$ .111We adopt the convention that $`e^{q\varphi }`$ is a fermion for odd values of $`q`$, i.e. it anticommutes not only with $`e^{q^{}\varphi }`$ for odd $`q^{}`$ but also with the other fermionic fields in the theory. $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is restricted to have ghost number 0, picture number 0 and to live in the ‘large’ Hilbert space which includes the $`\xi `$ zero mode. The string field $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}`$ should include states of both the GSO-projected and GSO-unprojected sectors. Fields in the GSO-unprojected sector are tensored with $`\sigma _1`$ and the fields in the GSO-projected sector are tensored with $`I`$.

One further defines $`\widehat{\eta }_0=\eta _0\sigma _3`$ where $`\eta _0`$ is the zero-mode of the $`\eta `$-field, and $`\widehat{Q}_B=Q_B\sigma _3`$ where $`Q_B`$ is the BRST-charge

$$Q_B=𝑑zj_B(z)=𝑑z\left\{c(T_m+T_{\xi \eta }+T_\varphi )+ccb+\eta e^\varphi G_m\eta \eta e^{2\varphi }b\right\},$$
(2)
and

$$T_{\xi \eta }=\xi \eta ,T_\varphi =\frac{1}{2}\varphi \varphi ^2\varphi ,$$
(3)
$`T_m`$ is the matter stress tensor and $`G_m`$ is the matter supercurrent. The string field action for the non-BPS D-brane then takes the following form:

$$S=\frac{1}{4g^2}(e^{\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}}\widehat{Q}_Be^{\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}})(e^{\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}}\widehat{\eta }_0e^{\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}})_0^1𝑑t(e^{t\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}}_te^{t\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}})\{(e^{t\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}}\widehat{Q}_Be^{t\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}}),(e^{t\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}}\widehat{\eta }_0e^{t\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}})\}.$$
(4)
With the double brackets we mean the following:

$$\widehat{A}_1\mathrm{}\widehat{A}_n=\left(\text{Trace of matrices}\right)f_1^{(n)}A_1(0)\mathrm{}f_n^{(n)}A_n(0).$$
(5)
The $`f_k^{(n)}`$ entering in the correlator on the right hand side denote some appropriate conformal transformations . They are defined by

$$f_k^{(n)}(z)=e^{\frac{2\pi i(k1)}{n}}\left(\frac{1+iz}{1iz}\right)^{2/n},\text{for}n1,$$
(6)
they map the unit circle to wedge-formed pieces of the complex-plane.

One can show that the action (4) is invariant under the gauge transformation

$$\delta e^{\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}}=\left(\widehat{Q}_B\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}\right)e^{\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}}+e^{\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}}\left(\widehat{\eta }_0\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}^{}\right),$$
(7)
where $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}`$ and $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}^{}`$ are independent gauge parameters. This gauge invariance can be fixed222This is a reachable gauge choice (if $`L_00`$) but we have not been able to prove that it fixes the gauge freedom completely. by imposing

$$b_0|\text{State}=0\text{ and }\xi _0|\text{State}=0.$$
(8)
In the calculation of the tachyon potential, we can restrict the string field to lie in a subspace $`_1`$ formed by acting only with modes of the stress-energy tensor, the supercurrent and the ghost fields $`b`$, $`c`$, $`\eta `$, $`\xi `$, $`\varphi `$, since the other excitations can be consistently put to zero. Furthermore, when restricted to fields lying in $`_1`$ the action has a $`Z_2`$ twist invariance under which the fields in the GSO-odd sector carry charge $`()^{h+1}`$ and the fields in the GSO-even sector carry charge $`()^{h+1/2}`$, $`h`$ is the conformal weight. In the computation of the tachyon potential we can therefore further restrict ourselves to the twist even fields.333This restriction projects out the only state with $`L_0=0`$, namely $`\xi \xi cce^{2\varphi }`$.

The non-polynomial action (4) should be formally expanded in the string field $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}`$, and each term should be accompanied by the appropriate conformal transformations. However, because we will only compute the interactions between a finite number of fields, it is easy to see that one does not need all the terms in the action. The conformal field theory correlators in the action (4) are nonvanishing only if the total $`(b,c)`$ number is $`3`$, the $`(\eta ,\xi )`$ number is 1 and the total $`\varphi `$-charge is $`2`$. In the following we will need only the terms in the action involving up to $`6`$ string fields.

Making use of the cyclicity properties derived in the appendix of , the action to this order can be written as

$`S`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2g^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\widehat{Q}_B\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})(\widehat{\eta }_0\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}(\widehat{Q}_B\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(\widehat{\eta }_0\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{12}}(\widehat{Q}_B\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2(\widehat{\eta }_0\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(\widehat{\eta }_0\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{60}}(\widehat{Q}_B\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})\left(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}^3(\widehat{\eta }_0\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})3\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2(\widehat{\eta }_0\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}\right)+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{360}}(\widehat{Q}_B\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}^4(\widehat{\eta }_0\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})4\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}^3(\widehat{\eta }_0\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}+3\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2(\widehat{\eta }_0\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2).`$
## 3 The fields up to level 2

Taking all this together we get the list of contributing fields up to level 2 (table 1). The level of a field is just the conformal weight shifted by 1/2. In this way the tachyon is a level 0 field. We use the notation $`|q`$ for the state corresponding with the operator $`e^{q\varphi }`$.

The level $`0`$ and level $`2`$ fields should be tensored with $`\sigma _1`$ and the level $`3/2`$ fields with $`I`$.

We list the conformal transformations of the fields in appendix A.

## 4 The tachyon potential

We have calculated the tachyon potential involving fields up to level 2, including only the terms up to level 4 (the level of a term in the potential is defined to be the sum of the levels of the fields entering into it). We have performed the actual computation in the following way. The conformal tranformations of the fields were calculated by hand. The computation of all the correlation functions between these transformed fields was done with the help of Mathematica: we have written a program to compute the necessary CFT correlation functions. We have performed an extra check by calculating some of the correlators on the upper half plane instead of the disc. Denoting

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}=t\widehat{T}+a\widehat{A}+e\widehat{E}+f\widehat{F}+k\widehat{K}+l\widehat{L}+m\widehat{M}+n\widehat{N}+p\widehat{P}$$
(9)
we give the result with coefficients evaluated numerically up to 6 significant digits (subscripts refer to the level)

$`V(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})`$ $`=`$ $`S(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})`$
$`=`$ $`V_0+V_{3/2}+V_2+V_3+V_{7/2}+V_4`$
$`V(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})_0`$ $`=`$ $`2\pi ^2M(0.25t^2+0.5t^4)`$
$`V(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})_{3/2}`$ $`=`$ $`2\pi ^2M(at^20.25et^20.518729et^4)`$
$`V(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})_2`$ $`=`$ $`2\pi ^2M\left(0.333333kt^3+1.83333lt^33.75mt^3+2.83333nt^3+0.25pt^3\right)`$
$`V(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})_3`$ $`=`$ $`2\pi ^2M(2ae+5f^2+4.96405aet^20.66544e^2t^2+`$
$`+5.47589eft^2+5.82107f^2t^2+0.277778e^2t^4)`$
$`V(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})_{7/2}`$ $`=`$ $`2\pi ^2M(3.03704akt7.11111alt+2.77778amt1.62963ant`$
$`1.55556apt+0.12963ekt0.296296elt+0.694444emt`$
$`1.2963ent+0.944444ept11.8519flt8.88889fmt`$
$`2.96296fpt2.87299ekt^31.94348elt^3+4.35732emt^3`$
$`4.77364ent^3+0.605194ept^3)`$
$`V(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})_4`$ $`=`$ $`2\pi ^2M(3k^23kl+1.5l^2+5.625m^23n^20.75p^2+10.3958k^2t^2+`$
$`+0.791667klt^21.875kmt^2+5.54167knt^21.4375kpt^2+`$
$`+6.70833l^2t^210.3125lmt^2+11.9167lnt^20.875lpt^2+`$
$`+14.7656m^2t^215.9375mnt^21.40625mpt^2+`$
$`+5.83333n^2t^20.5npt^21.5p^2t^2).`$
Our results for $`V_0`$, $`V_{3/2}`$ and $`V_3`$ agree completely with 444Note that our field $`F`$ is defined with a different sign from the one in .

This potential has extrema at $`(\pm t_0,a_0,e_0,f_0,\pm k_0,\pm l_0,\pm m_0,\pm n_0,\pm p_0)`$ with

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccccc}\hfill t_0& =& 0.602101\hfill & & & & & & & & \\ \hfill a_0& =& 0.0521934,\hfill & & \hfill e_0& =& 0.0430366,\hfill & & \hfill f_0& =& 0.0138164,\hfill \\ \hfill k_0& =& 0.01019,\hfill & & \hfill l_0& =& 0.0450433,\hfill & & \hfill m_0& =& 0.0322127,\hfill \\ \hfill n_0& =& 0.0473113,\hfill & & \hfill p_0& =& 0.021291.\hfill & & & & \end{array}$$

At these extrema

$$V=0.891287M,$$
(10)
so we see that at the level $`4`$ we get $`89\%`$ of the conjectured value $`V=M`$ ($`M`$ is the D-brane mass). In the potential computed to level $`4`$ all the fields but $`t`$ appear only quadratically. They can be integrated out very easily to give the effective potential $`V(t)`$ see figure 1.

## 5 Conclusions and outlook

The last few months have seen an increased confidence in string field theory as a calculational tool for doing off-shell string calculations. In this letter, we have used Berkovits’ superstring field theory to calculate the tachyon potential up to level four. Our result shows a further convergence towards the total vacuum energy conjectured by Sen, albeit less rapid than the contributions of the previous levels. Therefore it would be interesting to persue the calculation to higher levels. At present, not much is known about the general convergence properties of level-truncation calculations in superstring theory. It would be nice to have a deeper understanding of this. Another interesting problem would be to study the interactions of the massless vector using Berkovits’ action and compare with the different proposals for the non-abelian Dirac-Born-Infeld action .

###### Acknowledgments.

This work was supported in part by the European Commission TMR projectERBFMRXCT96-0045. We would like to thank N. Berkovits and W. Taylor for encouragement. We have benefitted from discussions with B. Craps, F. Roose, J. Troost and W. Troost, and from correspondence with Amer Iqbal and Asad Naqvi. P.J.D.S. is aspirant FWO-Vlaanderen.

## Appendix A The conformal transformations of the fields

We now list the conformal transformations of the fields used in the calculation of the tachyon potential. To shorten the notation we denote $`w=f(z)`$.

$`fT(z)`$ $`=`$ $`(f^{}(z))^{1/2}T(w)`$
$`fA(z)`$ $`=`$ $`f^{}(z)A(w){\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime }(z)}{f^{}(z)}}cc\xi \xi e^{2\varphi }(w)`$
$`fE(z)`$ $`=`$ $`f^{}(z)E(w){\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime }(z)}{2f^{}(z)}}`$
$`fF(z)`$ $`=`$ $`f^{}(z)F(w)`$
$`fK(z)`$ $`=`$ $`(f^{}(z))^{3/2}K(w)+2{\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime }(z)}{f^{}(z)}}(f^{}(z))^{1/2}\xi c\left(e^\varphi \right)(w)+`$
$`+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime \prime }}{f^{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime }}{f^{}}}\right)^2\right](f^{}(z))^{1/2}\xi ce^\varphi (w)`$
$`fL(z)`$ $`=`$ $`(f^{}(z))^{3/2}L(w)+{\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime }(z)}{f^{}(z)}}(f^{}(z))^{1/2}\xi c\varphi e^\varphi (w)+`$
$`+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime }}{f^{}}}\right)^2{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime \prime }}{f^{}}}\right](f^{}(z))^{1/2}\xi ce^\varphi (w)`$
$`fM(z)`$ $`=`$ $`(f^{}(z))^{3/2}M(w)+{\displaystyle \frac{15}{12}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime \prime }}{f^{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime }}{f^{}}}\right)^2\right](f^{}(z))^{1/2}\xi ce^\varphi (w)`$
$`fN(z)`$ $`=`$ $`(f^{}(z))^{3/2}N(w){\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime }(z)}{f^{}(z)}}(f^{}(z))^{1/2}\xi ce^\varphi (w)+`$
$`+\left[2\left({\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime }}{f^{}}}\right)^2{\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime \prime }}{f^{}}}\right](f^{}(z))^{1/2}\xi ce^\varphi (w)`$
$`fP(z)`$ $`=`$ $`(f^{}(z))^{3/2}P(w)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime }(z)}{f^{}(z)}}(f^{}(z))^{1/2}\xi ce^\varphi (w)+`$
$`+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime }}{f^{}}}\right)^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}{\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime \prime }}{f^{}}}\right](f^{}(z))^{1/2}\xi ce^\varphi (w)`$