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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

D-branes play important roles to describe the solitonic modes in string theory and could make clear dynamics in strong coupling regions. The physical observables of D-brane’s effective theories have dependences on moduli of compactified strings or wrapped D-branes. We expect that properties of compactified internal spaces essentially control non-perturbative effects in low energy theories. In this paper, we focus on the type II superstring compactified on Calabi-Yau manifold and study its topological sector from the point of view of topological sigma models (A- and B-models) to investigate properties of moduli spaces. Because both the A- and B-models are topological theories, they are characterized by their two-point and three point functions that play important roles as the constituent blocks in these models-. Topological metrics are two-point functions and receive no quantum corrections. On the other hand, the three-point functions of the A-model have information about the fusion structure of observables. The remaining fundamental blocks are a Kähler potential $`K`$ and associated hermitian two-point functions. They are hermitian and describe correlations of topological ant anti-topological sectors,,,. Also the $`K`$ has information about intersections of homology cycles with even dimensions in the A-model case.

The aim of this paper is to develop a concrete method to construct Kähler potentials applicable in the large radius regions of Calabi-Yau $`d`$-folds and to investigate their properties in order to understand structures of the moduli spaces. We present formulae of Kähler potentials for $`d`$ dimensional Calabi-Yau manifolds explicitly.

The paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we explain a mirror manifold paired with a Calabi-Yau $`d`$-fold embedded in $`CP^{d+1}`$. We also explain the results in  about a Kähler potential $`K`$ in the small complex structure region of the B-model in order to fix notations. In section 3, we introduce a set of periods valid in the large complex structure region. By relating two sets of periods in the large and small complex structure regions, we construct a formula of the $`K`$ applicable in the large complex structure region of the B-model. In sections 4 and 5, we construct a mirror map and a Kähler potential. The scalar curvature of the Kähler moduli is investigated. The set of correlation functions associated with the Kähler moduli are calculated in the large radius region of the A-model. A concrete application of our result is explained in the quintic case in section 6. Also the result there is generalized to propose a formula of the Kähler potential of a Calabi-Yau $`d`$-fold in the complete intersection type in section 7. Section 8 is devoted to conclusions and comments. In appendix A, we summarize several examples of the expansion coefficients of a function $`\widehat{K}`$ in lower dimensional cases.

## 2 Small Complex Structure Region

We take a one-parameter family of Calabi-Yau $`d`$-fold $`M`$ realized as a zero locus of a hypersurface embedded in a $`CP^{d+1}`$

$`M;p=X_1^N+X_2^N+\mathrm{}+X_N^NN\psi X_1X_2\mathrm{}X_N=0.`$
The $`N`$ is related with the complex dimension $`d`$ of M, $`N=d+2`$. A mirror manifold $`W`$ paired with this $`M`$ is constructed as a orbifold divided by some maximally discrete group $`G=𝐙_N^{(N1)}`$

$`W;\widehat{\{p=0\}/G}.`$
When one thinks about Hodge structure of the $`G`$-invariant parts of the cohomology group $`H^d(W)`$, related Hodge numbers are written as

$`h^{d,0}=h^{d1,1}=\mathrm{}=h^{1,d1}=h^{0,d}=1.`$
In our previous paper, we study the formula of the Kähler potential of the Calabi-Yau $`d`$-fold $`W`$ with a moduli parameter $`\psi `$ of the complex structure.

The $`K`$ is constructed by combining a set of periods $`\stackrel{~}{\varpi }_k`$ quadratically

$`e^K={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{N1}{}}}I_k\stackrel{~}{\varpi }_k^{}\stackrel{~}{\varpi }_k,`$ (1)
$`I_k={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi ^NN^{N+2}}}(1)^{k1}\left(\mathrm{sin}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi k}{N}}\right)^N,`$
$`\stackrel{~}{\varpi }_k(\psi )=\left[\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\displaystyle \frac{k}{N}}\right)\right]^N{\displaystyle \frac{(N\psi )^k}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(k)}}`$
$`\times \left[{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{k}{N}+n\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{k}{N}\right)}}\right]^N{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(k)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(Nn+k)}}(N\psi )^{Nn}\right].`$
We determined the coefficients $`I_k`$ in the  by requiring consistency conditions with the results of the CFT at the Gepner point. This formula is valid in the small $`\psi `$ region because of the convergence of the series expansion.

In the following section, we investigate the large complex structure region of the W. Its formula is important for the large radius analyses of the manifold $`M`$.

## 3 Large Complex Structure Region

We try to rewrite the $`K`$ in a formula that is valid in the large $`\psi `$ by an analytic continuation. First we choose a set of periods $`\{\mathrm{\Omega }_m\}`$ ($`m=0,1,\mathrm{},N2`$) appropriate to describe the large complex structure region of the mirror W. A generating function of the $`\mathrm{\Omega }_m`$ is defined by using a formal parameter $`\rho `$ with $`\rho ^{N1}=0`$

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{N2}{}}}\mathrm{\Omega }_m\rho ^m=\sqrt{\widehat{K}(\rho )}\varpi ({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}};z),`$
$`\varpi (v)=z^v{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{a(n+v)}{a(v)}}z^n,z=(N\psi )^N,`$ (2)
$`a(v)={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(Nv+1)}{[\mathrm{\Gamma }(v+1)]^N}}.`$
Here we introduce a function $`\widehat{K}(\rho )`$.

$`\widehat{K}(\rho ):={\displaystyle \frac{a\left(+{\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)}{a\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)}}=\mathrm{exp}\left[2{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{NN^{2m+1}}{2m+1}}\zeta (2m+1)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^{2m+1}\right]`$
$`=1+2\zeta (3){\displaystyle \frac{c_3}{N}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^3+𝒪(\rho ^5).`$
The leading term in the $`\widehat{K}`$ of the variety W is a 3rd Chern class of the M. Generally the coefficients of $`\widehat{K}`$ contain topological information of M. In fact, Chern classes of $`c_{\mathrm{}}`$ $`(\mathrm{}=1,2,\mathrm{},N2)`$ of the manifold $`M`$ are generated by a function $`c(\rho )`$

$`c(\rho )={\displaystyle \frac{(1+\rho )^N}{1+N\rho }}=1+{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}1}{}}\rho ^{\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{c_{\mathrm{}}}{N}}.`$
Typical coefficients $`X_{\mathrm{}}=NN^{\mathrm{}}`$ in the $`\widehat{K}`$ are some combinations of Chern classes $`c_{\mathrm{}}`$

$`c(\rho )=1+{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}1}{}}\rho ^{\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{c_{\mathrm{}}}{N}}=\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}1}{}}(1)^\mathrm{}1\rho ^{\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{X_{\mathrm{}}}{\mathrm{}}}\right).`$
For examples, we list several $`X_{\mathrm{}}`$ for the Calabi-Yau case

$`X_1=0,X_2={\displaystyle \frac{2}{N}}c_2,X_3={\displaystyle \frac{3}{N}}c_3,`$
$`X_4={\displaystyle \frac{4}{N}}c_4+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{N^2}}c_2^2,X_5={\displaystyle \frac{5}{N}}c_5{\displaystyle \frac{5}{N^2}}c_3c_2.`$
The series expansion Eq.(2) converges around $`z0`$, that is, large complex structure point of the $`W`$. For the purpose of an analytic continuation into the large complex structure region, we find that the two sets of the periods are related by a transformation matrix $`\stackrel{~}{M}`$ with components $`\stackrel{~}{M}_k\mathrm{}`$

$`\stackrel{~}{\varpi }_k={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{N2}{}}}\stackrel{~}{M}_k\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mathrm{}}(k=1,2,\mathrm{},N1),`$
$`\stackrel{~}{M}_k\mathrm{}=(N)(2\pi i)^{N1}\times \left[\sqrt{\widehat{A}(\rho )}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^k}{e^\rho \alpha ^k}}(\rho )^{\mathrm{}}\right]|_{\rho ^{N2}}`$
$`=(N)(2\pi i)^{N1}{\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{N2}{}}}G_{k,m}V_{m,\mathrm{}},`$
$`G_{k,m}={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^k}{(\alpha ^k1)^{m+1}}}(1kN1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}0}mN2),`$
$`\alpha =e^{\frac{2\pi i}{N}},`$
$`V_{m,\mathrm{}}=[\sqrt{\widehat{A}(\rho )}(e^\rho 1)^m(\rho )^{\mathrm{}}]|_{\rho ^{N2}}(0mN2,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}0}\mathrm{}N2).`$
Here the transformation matrix $`V`$ contains a square root of a topological invariant “A-roof” of the Calabi-Yau space $`M`$

$`\widehat{A}(\rho )=\left({\displaystyle \frac{{\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2}}}{\mathrm{sinh}{\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2}}}}\right)^N\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}{\displaystyle \frac{N\rho }{2}}}{{\displaystyle \frac{N\rho }{2}}}}\right)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{a({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}})a(+{\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}})}}`$
$`=\mathrm{exp}\left[+{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^mB_m}{(2m)!}}{\displaystyle \frac{NN^{2m}}{2m}}\rho ^{2m}\right]`$
$`=1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{12}}{\displaystyle \frac{c_2}{N}}\rho ^2+𝒪(\rho ^4).`$
The $`B_m`$s are Bernoulli numbers and are defined in our convention as

$`{\displaystyle \frac{x}{e^x1}}=1{\displaystyle \frac{x}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^nB_n}{(2n)!}}x^{2n},`$
$`B_1={\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}},B_2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{30}},B_3={\displaystyle \frac{1}{42}},B_4={\displaystyle \frac{1}{30}},\mathrm{}.`$
Now we return to the Kähler potential $`K`$. By performing the analytic continuation of the Eq.(1), we can obtain a formula of the $`K`$ applicable in the large $`\psi `$ region.

$`e^K=(1)^N\left({\displaystyle \frac{2\pi i}{N}}\right)^{N2}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{},\mathrm{}^{}=0}{\overset{N2}{}}}\left(V^{}V\right)_\mathrm{},\mathrm{}^{}(1)^\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}^{}\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mathrm{}^{}},`$
Here the $``$ is a triangular matrix that combines $`\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ quadratically

$`_{m,m^{}}=2^Ni^N{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{N1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^k\left(\mathrm{sin}\frac{\pi k}{N}\right)^N}{(\alpha ^k1)^{m+1}(\alpha ^k1)^{m^{}+1}}}=(1)^m\delta _{m+m^{},N2}+\mathrm{}.`$
The $`_{m,m^{}}`$ has non-vanishing components only at $`m+m^{}N2`$ ($`m,m^{}=0,1,\mathrm{},N2`$) and we find an expression for the matrix $`V^{}V`$

$`\left(V^{}V\right)_\mathrm{},\mathrm{}^{}=(1)^{\mathrm{}^{}}\delta _{\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}^{},N2}.`$ (3)
We check validity of this equation Eq.(3) concretely for $`N27`$ and propose this formula for arbitrary $`N(3)`$ cases as a conjecture.

Finally we obtain a formula of the $`K`$ of $`W`$ with this equation

$`e^K=(1)^d\left({\displaystyle \frac{2\pi i}{N}}\right)^d{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N^2}}\left(\mathrm{\Omega }^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{\Omega }\right),`$
$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{},\mathrm{}^{}=(1)^{\mathrm{}}\delta _{\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}^{},N2}.`$
The $`e^K`$ is constructed by combining a holomorphic $`d`$ form and an anti-holomorphic one quadratically. Both parts are decomposed by a dual basis of (real) homology cycles and their coefficients are realized as periods. Then we can understand that a matrix which combines the periods and their complex conjugates is an intersection matrix of the cycles. In our case, the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is an intersection matrix of homology cycles associated with the set of periods $`\mathrm{\Omega }_m`$ of $`W`$. The result means that the cycles we used here are combined into a symplectic $`\text{USp}(d+1)`$ or an $`\text{SO}(\frac{d}{2}+1,\frac{d}{2})`$ invariant bases for respectively $`d=`$odd or $`d=`$even cases. But the basis is not an integral one and we have to perform an appropriate linear transformation with fractional rational numbers to construct a canonical basis of a central charge. More details will appear in our next paper.

Let us study behaviors of a metric, a curvature in the large $`\psi `$ region of $`W`$. Powers of logarithm of $`\psi `$ appear in the Kähler potential $`K`$ in the leading expansion

$`e^K={\displaystyle \frac{1}{d!N^2}}\{2\mathrm{log}(N|\psi |)\}^d\times \left[1+{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{d}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d!}{(dn)!}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^n\widehat{K}_n}{\{2N\mathrm{log}(N|\psi |)\}^n}}\right]+\mathrm{}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{d!N^2}}\{2\mathrm{log}(N|\psi |)\}^d\times [1+4\left(\begin{array}{c}d\\ 3\end{array}\right)(N^3N)\zeta (3)\{2N\mathrm{log}(N|\psi |)\}^3`$
$`+48\left(\begin{array}{c}d\\ 5\end{array}\right)(N^5N)\zeta (5)\{2N\mathrm{log}(N|\psi |)\}^5+\mathrm{}].`$
Here the $`\widehat{K}_n`$s are coefficients of the series expansion of the $`\widehat{K}`$

$`\widehat{K}(\rho )=1+{\displaystyle \underset{n=3}{}}\widehat{K}_n\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^n,`$
$`\widehat{K}_3={\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}(N^3N)\zeta (3)={\displaystyle \frac{2}{N}}c_3\zeta (3),`$
$`\widehat{K}_5={\displaystyle \frac{2}{5}}(N^5N)\zeta (5)={\displaystyle \frac{2}{N}}(c_5{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}c_3c_2)\zeta (5),`$
They are related to the Chern classes of the $`d`$-fold $`M`$. Also there appear $`\zeta (2m+1)`$s ($`m=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ with $`2m+1d`$) , which might be transcendental numbers, in this formula. We summarize several concrete examples of the $`\widehat{K}_n`$ in the appendix. The exponent of power of the logarithm is at most $`d`$ for the $`d`$-fold. In addition, there are parts of infinite series with respect to the $`\psi `$ in the $`e^K`$. They are omitted as an abbreviated symbol “$`\mathrm{}`$”.

Next we calculate the Kähler metric of this B-model associated with $`W`$

$`g_{\psi \overline{\psi }}={\displaystyle \frac{d}{\{2|\psi |\mathrm{log}(N|\psi |)\}^2}}\times [116\left(\begin{array}{c}d1\\ 2\end{array}\right)(N^3N)\zeta (3)\{2N\mathrm{log}(N|\psi |)\}^3`$
$`288\left(\begin{array}{c}d1\\ 4\end{array}\right)(N^5N)\zeta (5)\{2N\mathrm{log}(N|\psi |)\}^5+\mathrm{}].`$
Also we obtain the scalar curvature in this large $`\psi `$ region

$`R={\displaystyle \frac{4}{d}}\times [180\left(\begin{array}{c}d1\\ 2\end{array}\right)(N^3N)\zeta (3)\{2N\mathrm{log}(N|\psi |)\}^3`$
$`4032\left(\begin{array}{c}d1\\ 4\end{array}\right)(N^5N)\zeta (5)\{2N\mathrm{log}(N|\psi |)\}^5+\mathrm{}].`$
In the $`|\psi |=\mathrm{}`$ limit, the curvature is a negative constant and its absolute value is inversely proportional to the dimension $`d`$. The $`|R|`$ decreases apart from the point $`|\psi |=\mathrm{}`$ for $`N5`$ cases. The leading term of the corrections in the brackets is inversely proportional to the $`\{\mathrm{log}(N\psi )\}^3`$ and contains $`\zeta (3)`$ as its coefficient. For the $`N=3,4`$ cases, the associated curvatures $`R`$s are constants except for points in the $`\psi `$-plane with $`\psi ^N=1`$.

Next we discuss an invariant coupling. The Kähler potential is not a function but a section of a line bundle and there is an arbitrariness of multiplications by holomorphic and anti-holomorphic functions. Also a $`d`$-point correlation function in the B-model is a section with a weight $`2`$

$`\kappa _{\underset{d\text{times}}{\underset{}{\psi \psi \mathrm{}\psi }}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{N^d}}{\displaystyle \frac{N\psi ^2}{1\psi ^N}}.`$
But there is an invariant $`d`$-point function $`\kappa `$ that is constructed by combining the metric, the $`K`$ and $`\kappa _{\psi \mathrm{}\psi }`$

$`\kappa =(g_{\psi \overline{\psi }})^{d/2}e^K|\kappa _{\psi \psi \mathrm{}\psi }|.`$
In our normalization, it is expressed in the large $`|\psi |`$ limit as

$`\kappa ={\displaystyle \frac{d!}{d^{d/2}N^{d3}}}\times [1+20\left(\begin{array}{c}d\\ 3\end{array}\right)(N^3N)\zeta (3)\{2N\mathrm{log}(N|\psi |)\}^3`$
$`+672\left(\begin{array}{c}d\\ 5\end{array}\right)(N^5N)\zeta (5)\{2N\mathrm{log}(N|\psi |)\}^5+\mathrm{}].`$
Up to coefficients, the corrections have the same structures for the metric, the $`R`$ and the $`\kappa `$. In the small complex structure limit (at $`\psi =0`$), this invariant coupling is evaluated as

$`\kappa =\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}\right)}}\right]^{\frac{1}{2}N(d2)}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{2}{N}}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\displaystyle \frac{2}{N}}\right)}}\right]^{\frac{1}{2}Nd}\times {\displaystyle \frac{1}{N^{d3}}}.`$
For an example, we write down the result in the $`d=3`$ case

$`\kappa ={\displaystyle \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}}\left[112c_3\zeta (3)\{10\mathrm{log}(5|\psi |)\}^3+\mathrm{}\right],c_3=200.`$
This shows that the coupling increases apart from the $`|\psi |=\mathrm{}`$.

Also we compare the leading value of this $`\kappa `$ in the small $`|\psi |`$ with that in the large $`|\psi |`$ limits

$`\text{small }\psi ;\kappa =\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{1}{5})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{4}{5})}}\right)^{5/2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{3}{5})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{2}{5})}}\right)^{15/2}`$
$`=1.55531898996323897249994495854237822\mathrm{}`$
$`\text{large }\psi ;\kappa ={\displaystyle \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}}`$
$`=1.154700538379251529018297561003914911\mathrm{}.`$
The $`\kappa `$ in the small $`\psi `$ case can be analyzed by using our previous result in . The coupling in the small $`\psi `$ region is stronger than that in the large $`\psi `$ region in an amount of 34.7%.

## 4 Large Radius Region

In the previous section, we study properties of physical quantities in the large complex structure point of the $`d`$-fold $`W`$. It is known that the large complex structure point is related to the large radius point of the partner $`M`$. It is possible to translate the results of $`W`$ to those of the $`M`$. For the purpose of this program, we introduce a mirror map $`t`$

$`2\pi it=\mathrm{log}z+{\displaystyle \frac{{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(Nn)!}{(n!)^N}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{m=n+1}{\overset{Nn}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{N}{m}}\right)z^n}{{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(Nn)!}{(n!)^N}}z^n}},q=e^{2\pi it},`$
$`x_n={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi i)^n}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n!}}_\rho ^n\mathrm{log}\left[{\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(N(m+\rho )+1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(N\rho +1)}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\rho +1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(m+\rho +1)}}\right)^Nz^m\right]|_{\rho =0}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}a_{n,m}q^m(n2),`$
$`a_{n,1}=N!S_n(\beta _1(1),\mathrm{},\beta _n(1)),`$
$`a_{n,2}={\displaystyle \frac{(2N)!}{2^N}}S_n(\beta _1(2),\mathrm{},\beta _n(2))`$
$`(N!)^2\left({\displaystyle \underset{m=2}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{N}{m}}\right)S_n(\beta _1(1),\mathrm{},\beta _n(1))`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(N!)^2S_n(2\beta _1(1),\mathrm{},2\beta _n(1)),`$
$`\beta _m(n)=N^m{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{Nn}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^{k1}(k1)!}{k^m}}N{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^{k1}(k1)!}{k^m}}.`$
This $`t`$ is a coordinate of the Kähler moduli space or the coefficient of the complexified Kähler form

$`B+iJ=t[D],[D]\text{H}^2(M).`$
The $`[D]`$ is a Poincaré dual of a divisor “$`D`$” of the $`M`$. The $`S_n(x_1,x_2,\mathrm{},x_n)`$s are Schur polynomials and are defined as

$`\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{}}x_mu^m\right)={\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{}}S_n(x_1,x_2,\mathrm{},x_n)u^n.`$
Next we rewrite the $`K`$ in this coordinate

$`e^K=(1)^d\left({\displaystyle \frac{2\pi i}{N}}\right)^d{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N^2}}(\mathrm{\Omega }^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{\Omega }),`$
$`\left(\mathrm{\Omega }^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{\Omega }\right)={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{N2}{}}}\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}_{\mathrm{}}(1)^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Omega }_{N2\mathrm{}}=\left[\widehat{K}(\rho )\overline{\varpi ({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}};z)}\varpi (+{\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}};z)\right]|_{\rho ^{N2}}`$
$`=|\varpi _0|^2\times \left[\widehat{K}(\rho )e^{\rho (t\overline{t})}\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{n2}{}}\rho ^n(x_n+(1)^n\overline{x}_n)\right)\right]|_{\rho ^{N2}}.`$ (4)
Here the first term in the brackets contains characteristic classes of the $`M`$. Its coefficients in the series expansion are represented as some combinations of Chern classes of the $`M`$. Also there appear Riemann’s zeta functions evaluated at positive odd integers. These are irrational numbers and might be transcendental numbers. It implies some arithmetic properties of this model. Next the second term is associated to the imaginary part of the $`t`$. When we translate the formal parameter $`\rho `$ into a divisor “$`D`$” of the hyperplane, the $`\rho (t\overline{t})`$ is identified with the Kähler form $`J`$ of $`M`$

$`\rho (t\overline{t})=2i\rho \text{Im}(t)2i\text{Im}(t)[D]=2iJ.`$
This second term contains only imaginary part of $`t`$ and is invariant under an arbitrary shift of $`\text{Re}(t)\text{Re}(t)+𝐚`$ for $`{}_{}{}^{}𝐚𝐑`$. This symmetry is a classical one and is broken at the quantum level. In fact, the third term in Eq.(4) in not invariant under this arbitrary shift because the $`x_n`$s are expressed as series expansions of the variable $`q=e^{2\pi it}`$. This 3rd term is invariant under only integral shifts of $`tt+n`$ with $`n𝐙`$. This term contains information about non-perturbative effects of the worldsheet instantons. They break the Peccei-Quinn symmetry into a symmetry under the integral shift of the $`\text{Re}(t)`$. The real part of the $`t`$ is related to the 2nd rank antisymmetric field $`B`$ in the NS-NS sector

$`\text{Re}(t)[D]=B,`$
and the shift of the $`\text{Re}(t)\text{Re}(t)+n`$ is equivalent to a shift of the $`B`$ field, $`BB+[D]`$.

Finally we will write down our result for the $`K`$

$`e^K=(1)^d\left({\displaystyle \frac{2\pi i}{N}}\right)^d{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N^2}}|\varpi _0|^2S_d(\stackrel{~}{y}_1,\stackrel{~}{y}_2,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{y}_d)`$
$`=(1)^d\left({\displaystyle \frac{2\pi i}{N}}\right)^d{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N^2}}|\varpi _0|^2{\displaystyle \frac{(t\overline{t})^d}{d!}}\times \left[1+{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}=2}{\overset{d}{}}}\left(\begin{array}{c}d\\ \mathrm{}\end{array}\right){\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}!S_{\mathrm{}}(0,\stackrel{~}{y}_2,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{y}_{\mathrm{}})}{(t\overline{t})^{\mathrm{}}}}\right],`$
$`\widehat{k}_{2n+1}:=2{\displaystyle \frac{NN^{2n+1}}{2n+1}}{\displaystyle \frac{\zeta (2n+1)}{(2\pi i)^{2n+1}}}(n1),`$
$`\widehat{K}(\rho )=\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{m1}{}}\widehat{k}_{2m+1}\rho ^{2m+1}\right)=1+{\displaystyle \underset{n1}{}}\widehat{K}_n\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^n,`$
$`y_n:=x_n+(1)^n\overline{x}_n(n2),`$
$`\stackrel{~}{y}_n=\{\begin{array}{cc}t\overline{t}& (n=1)\\ y_{2m}& (n=2m;m1)\\ y_{2m+1}+\widehat{k}_{2m+1}& (n=2m+1;m1)\end{array}.`$
The Schur functions contain “loop”<sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1The $`\frac{c_3\zeta (3)}{(2\pi i)^3}`$ is interpreted as an effect of loop corrections at the 4-loop perturbative calculation of the sigma model with 3 dimensional Calabi-Yau target spaces. We do not know that the other terms $`\widehat{K}_n`$s in the $`\widehat{K}`$ can be interpreted directly as perturbative loop corrections of the sigma model at higher loop calculations. and non-perturbative effects of the model

$`S_2=2\text{Re}(x_2),S_3=2i\text{Im}(x_3)+\widehat{k}_3,`$
$`S_4=2[\text{Re}(x_4)+(\text{Re}(x_2))^2],`$
$`S_5=2i\text{Im}(y_5)+4i\text{Re}(x_2)\text{Im}(x_3)+\widehat{k}_5+2\text{Re}(x_2)\widehat{k}_3.`$
Especially we obtain an asymptotic formula of the $`y_n`$s in the range of the large radius volume

$`\{\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{~}{y}_{2m}0& (m1)\\ \stackrel{~}{y}_{2m+1}\widehat{k}_{2m+1}& (m1)\end{array}`$
$`S_{\mathrm{}}(0,\stackrel{~}{y}_2,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{y}_{\mathrm{}})\widehat{K}_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{}2).`$
In this limit, we can neglect non-perturbative corrections and write down the $`K`$, a metric and a scalar curvature of the moduli space of $`M`$ as power series of the $`(t\overline{t})`$

$`e^K=(1)^d\left({\displaystyle \frac{2\pi i}{N}}\right)^d{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{d!}}(t\overline{t})^d\left[1+{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}=3}{\overset{d}{}}}\left(\begin{array}{c}d\\ \mathrm{}\end{array}\right){\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}!\widehat{K}_{\mathrm{}}}{(2\pi i)^{\mathrm{}}(t\overline{t})^{\mathrm{}}}}\right],`$
$`g_{t\overline{t}}={\displaystyle \frac{d}{(t\overline{t})^2}}\left[1{\displaystyle \frac{72\left(\begin{array}{c}d\\ 3\end{array}\right)\widehat{K}_3}{(2\pi i)^3d\left(t\overline{t}\right)^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{3600\left(\begin{array}{c}d\\ 5\end{array}\right)\widehat{K}_5}{(2\pi i)^5d\left(t\overline{t}\right)^5}}+\mathrm{}\right],`$
$`R_{t\overline{t}}=_t_{\overline{t}}\mathrm{log}g_{t\overline{t}}={\displaystyle \frac{2}{(t\overline{t})^2}}\left[1{\displaystyle \frac{432\left(\begin{array}{c}d\\ 3\end{array}\right)\widehat{K}_3}{(2\pi i)^3d\left(t\overline{t}\right)^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{54000\left(\begin{array}{c}d\\ 5\end{array}\right)\widehat{K}_5}{(2\pi i)^5d\left(t\overline{t}\right)^5}}+\mathrm{}\right],`$
$`R=2g^{t\overline{t}}R_{t\overline{t}}={\displaystyle \frac{4}{d}}\left[1{\displaystyle \frac{360\left(\begin{array}{c}d\\ 3\end{array}\right)\widehat{K}_3}{(2\pi i)^3d\left(t\overline{t}\right)^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{50400\left(\begin{array}{c}d\\ 5\end{array}\right)\widehat{K}_5}{(2\pi i)^5d\left(t\overline{t}\right)^5}}+\mathrm{}\right].`$
The line element of the A-model moduli space is given as $`ds^2=g_{t\overline{t}}dtd\overline{t}`$. The large $`\text{Im}(t)`$ limit, the metric and the Ricci tensor are inversely proportional to the $`(t\overline{t})`$. But apart from the point $`\text{Im}(t)=\mathrm{}`$, there appear terms $`\text{Im}(t)^n`$ ($`n>2`$) and also non-perturbative corrections with $`e^{2\pi int}`$ or $`e^{2\pi in\overline{t}}`$ ($`n1`$) for $`d3`$ cases. The large $`\text{Im}(t)`$ point corresponds to the large $`\psi `$ point. On the other hand, a related value of the “$`t`$” at the $`\psi =0`$ point does not vanish, but it is finite

$`t(\psi =0)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2\mathrm{tan}\frac{\pi }{N}}}.`$
At the $`\psi =0`$ point, the $`R`$, $`R_{t\overline{t}}`$ and $`g_{t\overline{t}}`$ do not vanish and are evaluated as

$`g_{t\overline{t}}=\left(2\mathrm{sin}{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi }{N}}\right)^2\left(2\mathrm{cos}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{N}}\right)^{N+2},`$
$`R=4+2\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{N}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{3}{N}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\frac{1}{N}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\frac{3}{N}\right)}}\right]^N\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\frac{2}{N}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{2}{N}\right)}}\right]^{2N},`$
$`R_{t\overline{t}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g_{t\overline{t}}R.`$
The scalar curvature is positive around the Gepner point for $`d3`$. When we increase the $`\psi `$ from zero to one, the $`R`$ increases monotonically with the $`\psi `$ for each $`N`$. The point $`\psi =1`$ is a singular point where associated scalar curvatures blow up. When one passes through the $`\psi =1`$ and increases the value of the $`\psi `$, the associated $`R`$ decreases monotonically and vanishes at some point $`\psi =\psi _0`$ for each $`N`$. In the range $`\psi >\psi _0`$, the $`R`$ is negative and its asymptotic value is $`4/d`$. That is to say, it is negative in the large $`\psi `$ region for $`d3`$. The behaviors of the curvatures for $`N=5,6,7`$ are shown in Fig.1

For the torus case, the curvature is $`R=4`$ both in the small $`\psi `$ and in the large $`\psi `$ regions. Similarly, for the K3 case, the $`R`$ is $`(2)`$ in the two limits. Associated Ricci tensors at the $`\psi =0`$ are obtained for $`N=3,4`$ respectively

$`R_{\psi \overline{\psi }}=18\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}\right]^6=0.30021677774546778674\mathrm{},(N=3\text{ case}),`$
$`R_{\psi \overline{\psi }}=16\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{3}{4}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)}}\right]^4=0.20880017792822456419\mathrm{},(N=4\text{ case}).`$
When we increase the $`\psi `$ from zero to one, the $`R_{\psi \overline{\psi }}`$ decreases monotonically with the $`\psi `$ for each $`N`$. The point $`\psi =1`$ is a singular point where the $`R_{\psi \overline{\psi }}`$s blow up. When one passes through the $`\psi =1`$ and increases the value of the $`\psi `$, the associated $`R_{\psi \overline{\psi }}`$ decreases monotonically for each $`N`$ as shown in Fig.2. But the scalar curvatures are constants except for a point $`\psi =1`$.

## 5 Two-Point Functions

The other constituent blocks of the topological model are three-point couplings $`\{\kappa _{\mathrm{}}\}`$ and two-point functions. Each A-model operator $`𝒪^{(\mathrm{})}`$ is associated with a cohomology element $`e_{\mathrm{}}\text{H}^2\mathrm{}`$(M). The $`\kappa _{\mathrm{}}`$ is a fusion coupling of $`𝒪^{(1)}`$ and $`𝒪^{(\mathrm{})}`$

$`𝒪^{(1)}𝒪^{(\mathrm{})}=\kappa _{\mathrm{}}𝒪^{(\mathrm{}+1)}(\mathrm{}=0,1,\mathrm{},d1).`$
$`𝒪^{(1)}𝒪^{(d)}=0,`$
$`\kappa _0=1,`$
$`\kappa _{\mathrm{}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\kappa _\mathrm{}1}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\kappa _\mathrm{}2}}\mathrm{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\kappa _1}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\kappa _0}}S_{\mathrm{}+1}(t,x_2,x_3,\mathrm{},x_{\mathrm{}+1})`$
$`=1+𝒪(q),(1\mathrm{}d1).`$
Also the topological metric $`\eta _{\mathrm{},m}`$ is given as

$`\eta _{\mathrm{},m}=𝒪^{(\mathrm{})}𝒪^{(m)}=N\delta _{\mathrm{}+m,d}.`$
On the other hand, the hermitian two-point functions $`\overline{𝒪}^{(\mathrm{})}|𝒪^{(m)}`$ are calculated by using a method of the $`tt^{}`$-fusion. In our case, the correlators have diagonal forms and are given as

$`\overline{𝒪}^{(\mathrm{})}|𝒪^{(m)}=e^q_{\mathrm{}}\delta _{\mathrm{},m}(0\mathrm{}d,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}mm),`$
$`\stackrel{~}{q}_0=q_0,`$
$`\stackrel{~}{q}_{\mathrm{}}=q_{\mathrm{}}+{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}1}{}}}\mathrm{log}|\kappa _n|^2(\mathrm{}1),`$
$`\overline{}\stackrel{~}{q}_0+e^{\stackrel{~}{q}_1\stackrel{~}{q}_0}=0,`$
$`\overline{}\stackrel{~}{q}_{\mathrm{}}+e^{\stackrel{~}{q}_{\mathrm{}+1}\stackrel{~}{q}_{\mathrm{}}}e^{\stackrel{~}{q}_{\mathrm{}}\stackrel{~}{q}_\mathrm{}1}=0(1\mathrm{}d1),`$
$`\overline{}\stackrel{~}{q}_de^{\stackrel{~}{q}_d\stackrel{~}{q}_{d1}}=0.`$
In the large radius limit, the $`\stackrel{~}{q}_{\mathrm{}}`$s behave as

$`e^{\stackrel{~}{q}_0}=e^K=(1)^d\left({\displaystyle \frac{2\pi i}{N}}\right)^d{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(t\overline{t})^d}{d!}}+\mathrm{},`$
$`e^{\stackrel{~}{q}_{\mathrm{}+1}\stackrel{~}{q}_{\mathrm{}}}={\displaystyle \frac{(\mathrm{}+1)(d\mathrm{})}{(t\overline{t})^2}}+\mathrm{}(0\mathrm{}d1).`$
In this case, any corrections are suppressed and normalized two-point functions are inversely proportional to the $`\text{Im}(t)^2\mathrm{}`$ ($`\mathrm{}=0,1,2,\mathrm{},d`$)

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{𝒪}^{(\mathrm{})}|𝒪^{(\mathrm{})}}{\overline{𝒪}^{(0)}|𝒪^{(0)}}}=e^{\stackrel{~}{q}_{\mathrm{}}\stackrel{~}{q}_0}=(1)^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{}!)^2\left(\begin{array}{c}d\\ \mathrm{}\end{array}\right){\displaystyle \frac{1}{(t\overline{t})^2\mathrm{}}}+\mathrm{}(0\mathrm{}d).`$
In the finite $`\text{Im}(t)`$ case, there appear corrections in power series and non-perturbative corrections of exponential types. Those are abbreviated as a symbol “$`\mathrm{}`$” in the above formula. Even in that generic case, these $`q_{\mathrm{}}`$s are described by combining the curvature $`R`$, the metric $`g_{t\overline{t}}`$ and the $`K`$

$`e^{\stackrel{~}{q}_0}=e^K,e^{\stackrel{~}{q}_1\stackrel{~}{q}_0}=g_{t\overline{t}},e^{\stackrel{~}{q}_2\stackrel{~}{q}_1}=g_{t\overline{t}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{R}{2}}+2\right),`$
$`e^{\stackrel{~}{q}_3\stackrel{~}{q}_2}=g_{t\overline{t}}\left[3\left({\displaystyle \frac{R}{2}}+1\right)g^{t\overline{t}}_t\overline{}_{\overline{t}}\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{R}{2}}+2\right)\right],`$
$`e^{\stackrel{~}{q}_4\stackrel{~}{q}_3}=g_{t\overline{t}}[4+3R2g^{t\overline{t}}_t\overline{}_{\overline{t}}\mathrm{log}({\displaystyle \frac{R}{2}}+2)`$
$`g^{t\overline{t}}_t\overline{}_{\overline{t}}\mathrm{log}[3({\displaystyle \frac{R}{2}}+1)g^{t\overline{t}}_t\overline{}_{\overline{t}}\mathrm{log}({\displaystyle \frac{R}{2}}+2)]],`$
$`\mathrm{}.`$
We know the formula of the $`K`$, $`R`$, and $`g_{t\overline{t}}`$ and can evaluate moduli dependences of these correlators.

## 6 Quintic

In this section, we investigate the $`K`$ for a quintic $`M`$ case and compare our results with those by Candelas et al. The set of periods $`\{\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mathrm{}}\}`$ of an associated mirror $`W`$ is expressed by using the $`\varpi `$

$`\varpi \left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)\sqrt{\widehat{K}(\rho )}=:{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}0}{}}\rho ^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mathrm{}},`$
$`\sqrt{\widehat{A}(\rho )}=1+{\displaystyle \frac{5}{12}}\rho ^2,\sqrt{\widehat{K}(\rho )}=1{\displaystyle \frac{40}{(2\pi i)^3}}\zeta (3)\rho ^3,`$
$`\widehat{c}={\displaystyle \frac{40}{(2\pi i)^3}}\zeta (3),`$
$`\mathrm{\Omega }=\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Omega }_0\\ \mathrm{\Omega }_1\\ \mathrm{\Omega }_2\\ \mathrm{\Omega }_3\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ t\\ \frac{1}{2}t^2+S_2(0,x_2)\\ \frac{1}{6}t^3\widehat{c}+tS_2(0,x_2)+S_3(0,x_2,x_3)\end{array}\right).`$ (5)
The prepotential $`F`$ of $`M`$ is expressed as a sum of a polynomial part of $`t`$ and a non-perturbative part $`f`$

$`F={\displaystyle \frac{\kappa }{6}}t^3+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}at^2+bt+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}c+f,`$
$`a={\displaystyle \frac{11}{2}},b={\displaystyle \frac{25}{12}},c={\displaystyle \frac{c_3\zeta (3)}{(2\pi i)^3}}=5\widehat{c},c_3=200.`$
The effects of the instantons are encoded in this function $`f`$. The $`F`$ leads to a a canonical set of basis $`\{\mathrm{\Pi }_{\mathrm{}}\}`$. The $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{\mathrm{}}`$s are represented as some linear combinations of periods

$`\mathrm{\Pi }=\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Pi }_0\\ \mathrm{\Pi }_1\\ \mathrm{\Pi }_2\\ \mathrm{\Pi }_4\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ t\\ _tF\\ t_tF2F\end{array}\right)=𝒩\mathrm{\Omega },`$ (6)
$`𝒩=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0\\ b& a& \kappa & 0\\ 0& b& 0& \kappa \end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0\\ \frac{25}{12}& \frac{11}{2}& 5& 0\\ 0& \frac{25}{12}& 0& 5\end{array}\right),`$
$`\kappa =5,a=11/2,b=25/12.`$
By comparing these two approaches Eqs.(5),(6), we obtain relations for the $`c`$ and the $`f`$

$`c=\kappa \widehat{c}={\displaystyle \frac{c_3\zeta (3)}{(2\pi i)^3}},`$
$`f={\displaystyle \frac{\kappa }{2}}S_3(0,x_2,x_3),`$
$`_tf=\kappa S_2(0,x_2).`$
Then the Kähler potential $`K`$ in the A-model is evaluated by using the $`F`$ up to a overall normalization factor with a suitable choice of a section of an associated line bundle

$`e^K=(t\overline{t})(F+\overline{}\overline{F})2(F\overline{F})`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{\kappa }{6}}(t\overline{t})^3+(\overline{a}a)t\overline{t}(b\overline{b})(t\overline{t})(c\overline{c})+(t\overline{t})(f+\overline{}\overline{f})2(f\overline{f})`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{\kappa }{6}}(t\overline{t})^32c+(t\overline{t})(f+\overline{}\overline{f})2(f\overline{f}),`$
$`=\kappa \left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}(t\overline{t})^32\widehat{c}+(t\overline{t})(S_2+\overline{S}_2)+(S_3\overline{S}_3)\right]`$
$`=(1)^3{\displaystyle _{\text{CY}_3}}\left[\widehat{K}(\rho )\overline{\varpi ({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}})}\varpi (+{\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}})\right]|_{\rho =[D]},`$
$`{\displaystyle _{\text{CY}_3}}[D][D][D]=\kappa .`$
Here we used the facts the $`a`$ and $`b`$ are real numbers and the $`c`$ is a pure imaginary number. This formula coincides with our formula Eq.(4). Now we make a remark here: The basis $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ does not coincide with the $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$, but it is related to the $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ by a kind of a symplectic transformation, that is represented as a matrix $`𝒩`$

$`\mathrm{\Pi }=𝒩\mathrm{\Omega },𝒩^t\mathrm{\Sigma }𝒩=(5)\mathrm{\Sigma }.`$
It leads to the same $`K`$ up to a multiplicative factor because the following relation is satisfied

$`e^K\mathrm{\Pi }^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{\Pi }=\mathrm{\Omega }^{}𝒩^t\mathrm{\Sigma }𝒩\mathrm{\Omega }=(5)\mathrm{\Omega }^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{\Omega }.`$
## 7 Generalization

In this section, we propose a formula of the $`K`$ by generalizing the previous result of the Fermat type. We consider complete intersections $`M`$ of $`\mathrm{}`$ hypersurfaces $`\{p_j=0\}`$ in products of $`k`$ projective spaces $``$

$`M:=\left(\begin{array}{c}𝐏^{n_1}(w_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},w_{n_1+1}^{(1)})\\ \mathrm{}\\ 𝐏^{n_k}(w_1^{(k)},\mathrm{},w_{n_1+1}^{(k)})\end{array}|\right|\begin{array}{c}d_1^{(1)}\mathrm{}d_{\mathrm{}}^{(1)}\\ \mathrm{}\\ d_1^{(k)}\mathrm{}d_{\mathrm{}}^{(k)}\end{array}).`$
The $`d_j^{(i)}`$ are degrees of the coordinates of $`𝐏^{n_i}(w_1^{(i)},\mathrm{},w_{n_1+1}^{(i)})`$ in the $`j`$-th polynomial $`p_j`$ ($`i=1,2,\mathrm{},k;j=1,2,\mathrm{},\mathrm{}`$). We propose a formula of the Kähler potential of the A-model up to some overall normalization factors

$`e^K=(1)^d{\displaystyle _M}\left[\widehat{K}(\lambda )\overline{\varpi ({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda [D_i]}{2\pi i}};z_k)}\varpi (+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda [D_i]}{2\pi i}};z_k)\right]_{\lambda ^d}\times |\varpi _0|^2`$
$`=(1)^d{\displaystyle _{}}\left[\widehat{K}(\lambda )\overline{\varpi ({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda [D_i]}{2\pi i}};z_k)}\varpi (+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda [D_i]}{2\pi i}};z_k)\right]_{\lambda ^d}[H]\times |\varpi _0|^2,`$
$`\varpi (v;z):={\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{a(n+v)}{a(v)}}z^{n+v},z^{n+v}:={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{p}{}}}z_k^{n_k+v_k},`$
$`a(n+v):={\displaystyle \frac{{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}d_j^{(i)}(n_i+v_i)\right)}{{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j^{}=1}{\overset{n_i+1}{}}}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1+w_j^{}^{(i)}(n_i+v_i)\right)}},`$
$`\widehat{K}(\lambda ):={\displaystyle \frac{a\left(+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda [D]}{2\pi i}}\right)}{a\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda [D]}{2\pi i}}\right)}}=\mathrm{exp}\left[+2{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\zeta (2m+1)}{2m+1}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{2\pi i}}\right)^{2m+1}X_{2m+1}\right],`$
$`X_n:={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j^{}=1}{\overset{n_i+1}{}}}(w_j^{}^{(i)}[D_i])^n{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}d_j^{(i)}[D_i]\right)^n,[H]={\displaystyle \frac{{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}d_j^{(i)}[D_i]\right)}{{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j^{}=1}{\overset{n_i+1}{}}}w_j^{}^{(i)}}},`$
$`d=\mathrm{}+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}n_i,(\text{dimension}).`$
The $`[D_i]`$s ($`i=1,2,\mathrm{},k`$) are Poincaré duals of divisors “$`D_i`$” of the model. We will rewrite these in order to interpret them in the A-model language. First mirror maps are given as

$`2\pi it^i=\mathrm{log}z^i+_{v_i}\mathrm{log}\widehat{\varpi },`$
$`\widehat{\varpi }={\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{a(n+v)}{a(v)}}z^n.`$
Then the normalized $`\varpi `$ is expressed as

$`\varpi _0^1\varpi \left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda [D_i]}{2\pi i}}\right)=\mathrm{exp}\left(\lambda [D_i]t^i+{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}=2}{}}\lambda ^{\mathrm{}}x_{\mathrm{}}\right),`$
$`x_{\mathrm{}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi i)^{\mathrm{}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}!}}([D])^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{log}\widehat{\varpi },`$
$`[D]:={\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}[D_i]{\displaystyle \frac{}{v_i}},`$
$`\widehat{K}(\lambda )=\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{}}\lambda ^{2m+1}\widehat{k}_{2m+1}\right),`$
$`\widehat{k}_{2m+1}=2{\displaystyle \frac{X_{2m+1}}{2m+1}}{\displaystyle \frac{\zeta (2m+1)}{(2\pi i)^{2m+1}}}.`$
By using the above relations, we can express the Kähler potential in a compact form

$`e^K=(1)^d{\displaystyle _{}}S_d(\stackrel{~}{y}_1,\stackrel{~}{y}_2,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{y}_d)[H],`$ (7)
$`\stackrel{~}{y}_1={\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}[D_i](t^i\overline{t}^i),`$
$`\stackrel{~}{y}_{2n}=x_{2n}+\overline{x}_{2n},(n1),`$
$`\stackrel{~}{y}_{2n+1}=x_{2n+1}\overline{x}_{2n+1}+\widehat{k}_{2n+1},(n1).`$
To confirm the validity of this formula, we restrict ourselves to the $`3`$-fold case and consider the $`K`$. First let us consider a general type of Calabi-Yau $`3`$-fold $`M`$ with Kähler parameters $`t^i`$ ($`i=1,2,\mathrm{},h^{1,1}`$). Its prepotential $`F`$ is described as

$`F={\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}\kappa _{ijk}t^it^jt^k+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}a_{ij}t^it^j+b_it^i+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}c+f,`$
$`e^K=(t^i\overline{t}^i)(_iF+\overline{}_i\overline{F})2(F\overline{F})`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}\kappa _{ijk}(t^i\overline{t}^i)(t^j\overline{t}^j)(t^k\overline{t}^k)(a_{ij}\overline{a}_{ji})t^i\overline{t}^j`$
$`(b_i\overline{b}_i)(t^i\overline{t}^i)(c\overline{c})+(t^i\overline{t}^i)(_if+\overline{}_i\overline{f})2(f\overline{f}).`$
When we impose a condition that the $`e^K`$ is invariant under a constant shift of $`t^it^i+1`$ for an arbitrary $`i`$, the term $`(a_{ij}\overline{a}_{ji})t^i\overline{t}^j`$ must vanish. It means that the $`a_{ij}`$s must be hermitian as components of a matrix

$`\overline{a}_{ij}=a_{ji}.`$
Also the $`b_i`$s are related to a second Chern class $`c_2`$ of the $`M`$

$`b_i={\displaystyle \frac{1}{24}}{\displaystyle _M}c_2J_i={\displaystyle _M}\sqrt{\widehat{A}}J_i,`$
and they are real numbers. On the other hand, the $`c`$ is a pure imaginary number and is associated with a 3rd Chern class

$`c={\displaystyle \frac{c_3\zeta (3)}{(2\pi i)^3}}.`$
Collecting all these facts, we can rewrite the $`K`$

$`e^K={\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}\kappa _{ijk}(t^i\overline{t}^i)(t^j\overline{t}^j)(t^k\overline{t}^k)2c`$
$`+(t^i\overline{t}^i)(_if+\overline{}_i\overline{f})2(f\overline{f}).`$ (8)
The Eq.(8) is obtained by using a prepotential $`F`$ for a $`3`$-fold. In contrast, we can obtain our result for the formula $`K`$ without requiring an existence of the prepotential. Let us write down our result Eq.(7) in the 3 dimensional case. All we have to do is to evaluate the $`S_3`$ in this case

$`S_3={\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}[D_i][D_j][D_k](t\overline{t})^i(t\overline{t})^j(t\overline{t})^k`$
$`+[D_i](t\overline{t})^i(x_2+\overline{x}_2)+(x_3\overline{x}_3)+\widehat{k}_3.`$
Then the $`K`$ is obtained

$`e^K={\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}\kappa _{ijk}(t\overline{t})^i(t\overline{t})^j(t\overline{t})^k`$
$`+(t\overline{t})^i(_{t^i}f+_{\overline{t}^i}\overline{f})2(f\overline{f})2{\displaystyle \frac{c_3\zeta (3)}{(2\pi i)^3}},`$ (9)
$`\kappa _{ijk}={\displaystyle _{}}[D_i][D_j][D_k][H],`$
$`_{t^i}f={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi i)^2}}\kappa _{ijk}{\displaystyle \frac{}{v_j}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{v_k}}\mathrm{log}\widehat{\varpi },`$
$`f={\displaystyle \frac{1}{12}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi i)^3}}\kappa _{ijk}{\displaystyle \frac{}{v_i}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{v_j}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{v_k}}\mathrm{log}\widehat{\varpi },`$
$`c_3={\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\left[{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j^{}}{}}(w_j^{}^{(i)})^3\kappa _{iii}{\displaystyle \underset{i,j,k}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j^{}}{}}d_j^{}^{(i)}d_j^{}^{(j)}d_j^{}^{(k)}\kappa _{ijk}\right].`$
This formula Eq.(9) coincides with that of the $`3`$-fold case, Eq.(8). But Eq.(7) is not restricted to this 3 dimensional case. In fact, Eq.(7) is applicable to smooth $`d`$-folds cases because the periods $`\sqrt{\widehat{K}}\varpi `$ have appropriate intersection forms

$`\widehat{K}(\lambda )\overline{\varpi \left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda [D_i]}{(2\pi i)}}\right)}\varpi \left(+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda [D_i]}{(2\pi i)}}\right)|_{\lambda ^d}={\displaystyle \underset{n,n^{}=0}{\overset{d}{}}}\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}_n\mathrm{\Sigma }_{n,n^{}}\mathrm{\Omega }_n^{},`$
$`\mathrm{\Omega }_m={\displaystyle \frac{1}{m!}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi i)^m}}([D])^m\left[\sqrt{\widehat{K}}\varpi \right],\mathrm{\Sigma }_{n,n^{}}=(1)^n\delta _{n+n^{},d}.`$
For singular $`d`$-fold case, we might have to modify some parts which have information about intersection numbers associated with the divisors.

## 8 Conclusions and Discussions

In this article, we develop a method to calculate the Kähler potential in the topological A-model. Generally the Kähler potential $`K`$ is represented as $`(t\overline{t})^d`$ when no quantum corrections exist. But it is known that there are loop corrections in the two dimensional $`N=2`$ non-linear sigma models with Calabi-Yau target spaces. A term $`(t\overline{t})^{d3}\times {\displaystyle \frac{c_3\zeta (3)}{(2\pi i)^3}}`$ in the $`K`$ reflects a perturbative correction at the four loop calculation. The $`c_3`$ is the 3rd Chern class of the CY. In our case, the $`\widehat{K}`$ seems to describe loop corrections to the sigma model. In general, there might be more corrections and they could be controlled by one function $`\widehat{K}`$. It is interesting to give a field theoretical interpretation to these $`\widehat{K}_n`$s from the point of view of direct higher loop calculations.

The basis we pick here is a symplectic (or an SO-invariant) basis with intersection matrix $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. But it is not integrable but rational basis. In order to obtain a set of canonical basis, we have to do some linear transformation on the $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. It is needed to discuss the D-branes charges or central charges in BPS mass formulae. We will study these topics in the next paper.

## Acknowledgment

This work is supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture 10740117.

## Appendix A Examples of $`\widehat{K}`$

We write down several concrete examples of the $`\widehat{K}_n`$ for the $`d`$-fold $`M`$. First the generating function $`\widehat{K}(\rho )`$ is defined by using Riemann’s zeta functions

$`\widehat{K}(\rho )=\mathrm{exp}\left(2{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{NN^{2m+1}}{2m+1}}\zeta (2m+1)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^{2m+1}\right)`$
$`=1+{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{d}{}}}\widehat{K}_n\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^n,N=d+2.`$
The coefficients in the series expansion are represented as some combinations of Chern classes of the $`M`$

$`\widehat{K}_1=\widehat{K}_2=0,\widehat{K}_3={\displaystyle \frac{2}{N}}c_3\zeta (3),\widehat{K}_4=0,`$
$`\widehat{K}_5=\left({\displaystyle \frac{2}{N}}c_5{\displaystyle \frac{2}{N^2}}c_3c_2\right)\zeta (5),\widehat{K}_6={\displaystyle \frac{2}{N^2}}c_3^2\zeta (3)^2,`$
$`\widehat{K}_7=\left({\displaystyle \frac{2}{N}}c_7{\displaystyle \frac{2}{N^2}}c_5c_2{\displaystyle \frac{2}{N^2}}c_4c_3+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{N^3}}c_3c_2^2\right)\zeta (7),`$
$`\widehat{K}_8=\left({\displaystyle \frac{4}{N^2}}c_5c_3{\displaystyle \frac{4}{N^3}}c_3^2c_2\right)\zeta (3)\zeta (5).`$
A finite number of $`\widehat{K}_n`$s ($`nd`$) appear for the $`d`$-fold case. The $`\widehat{K}_1`$ and $`\widehat{K}_2`$ always vanish and the $`\widehat{K}(\rho )`$ is identity for the torus and K3 cases ($`N=3,4`$ respectively). We will summarize several examples for lower dimensional cases

$`\widehat{K}(N=3)=1,\widehat{K}(N=4)=1,`$
$`\widehat{K}(N=5)=180\zeta (3)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^3,\widehat{K}(N=6)=1140\zeta (3)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^3,`$
$`\widehat{K}(N=7)=1224\zeta (3)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^36720\zeta (5)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^5,`$
$`\widehat{K}(N=8)=1336\zeta (3)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^313104\zeta (5)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^5+56448\zeta (3)^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^6,`$
$`\widehat{K}(N=9)=1480\zeta (3)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^323616\zeta (5)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^5`$
$`+115200\zeta (3)^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^61366560\zeta (7)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^7,`$
$`\widehat{K}(N=10)=1660\zeta (3)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^339996\zeta (5)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^5`$
$`+217800\zeta (3)^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^62857140\zeta (7)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^7+26397360\zeta (3)\zeta (5)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2\pi i}}\right)^8.`$


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# Boost-rotation symmetric type D radiative metrics in Bondi coordinates.

## 1 Introduction

Boost-rotation symmetric spacetimes describe “uniformly accelerated particles” that approach the speed of light asymptotically. The smoothness of the solution requires the spacetimes to be reflection symmetric; therefore at least two particles with opposite acceleration are present, and thus future null infinity contains at least two singular points. Furthermore, these solutions are found to be time symmetric, thus the puncturing of null infinity is present at both $`I^+`$ and $`I^{}`$. The null infinity of a boost-rotation symmetric spacetime can be global, in the sense that it admits spherical cuts, but the generators are not complete .

This family of spacetimes possess an Abelian $`G_2`$ of isometries, in which one of the Killing vector fields has closed orbits, and the other symmetry is the curved spacetime generalization of the boost rotations of Minkowski spacetime that leave invariant the null cone with vertex at the origin . The boost-rotation symmetry is of special interest because it is the only other continuous isometry an axially symmetric spacetime can have that does not exclude the possibility of radiation . Bičák, Hoenselaers & Schmidt have shown how to systematically construct an infinite number of these spacetimes by prescribing the multipolar structure of the particles undergoing the hyperbolic motion .

One of the most well known representatives of the family of boost-rotation symmetric spacetimes is the C-metric, a type D spacetime with hypersurface orthogonal Killing vectors which has been interpreted as describing a pair of black holes receding from one another, and joined by a singular axis . The C-metric can be generalized to include Maxwell field with principal null directions aligned with the pairs of repeated principal null directions of the Weyl tensor. Early works on boost-rotation symmetric spacetimes demanded the Killing vector fields to be hypersurface orthogonal, but as discussed by Bičák and Pravdová , this hypothesis can be set aside. Thus, another possible generalization is the twisting C-metric . In the charged version it is found that the two accelerated black holes have opposite charge so that the overall spacetime is electrically neutral . Ashtekar & Dray  have shown that the C-metric admits a conformal completion such that the cuts of $`I`$ are isomorphic to the 2-sphere, and therefore it can be regarded as asymptotically flat at null infinity. Subsequent work by Dray showed that the charged C-metric is also asymptotically flat at spatial infinity . He also showed that the symmetries of the spacetime give rise to a vanishing ADM mass.

The boost-rotation symmetric spacetimes with hypersurface orthogonal Killing vectors are usually given in a coordinate system that clearly exhibits their symmetries . In these symmetry-adapted coordinates, the metric of the spacetime contains only two functions. The different particular examples can be obtained from boost-rotation symmetric solutions of the flat spacetime wave equation with sources. Once one of these is prescribed, the metric functions can be obtained by quadratures. If one wants to study the radiative properties of these spacetimes (radiation patterns, mass loss, Newman-Penrose constants), then one has to rewrite the spacetime in terms of Bondi coordinates like the ones discussed in chapter 3. The transformation between the symmetry adapted coordinate system and the Bondi coordinates used in the asymptotic expansions of the gravitational field has to be given in terms of series . These expansions are extremely messy, and usually only the leading terms can be calculated explicitly . To add to the problem, the coefficients in terms of which some quantities of interest like the Newman-Penrose constants are defined are found deep into the series expansions. One is bound to look for better methods to calculate the quantities of physical interest.

Bičák and Pravdová  have obtained a series of constraint equations for the news function and the mass aspect of electrovacuum boost-rotation symmetric spacetimes. The constraint equations can be solved so that the news and the mass aspect depend on arbitrary functions of the ratio $`w=\mathrm{sin}\theta /u`$. These functions have, of course, to satisfy the field equations. Therefore, if one makes some extra assumptions about the spacetime one can obtain a closed system of ordinary differential equations for the mass aspect, the gravitational and electromagnetic news function.

Taking the C-metric as paradigm, our attention will be restricted to type D spacetimes. For electrovacuum spacetimes it will be necessary to make a further assumption about the principal null directions of the electromagnetic field; it will be taken to be algebraically general, but with null principal directions parallel to the pairs of null principal directions of the Weyl tensor. In order to be able to make some discussion on the polarization of the gravitational and electromagnetic radiation fields, the Killing vector fields will not be assumed hypersurface orthogonal. The family of boost-rotation spacetimes that will come out of these assumptions will clearly contain the C-metric as a particular case: hypersurface orthogonal Killing vectors, and no electromagnetic field.

Some analysis of the radiative properties of the spinning, charged C-metric of Plebanski & Demianski  was done by Farhoosh & Zimmerman . They wrote the spacetime in terms of Bondi coordinates and evaluated some radiative properties of the spacetime (the news function and the mass aspect) in the linear regime. However, they failed to notice the global character of the solution, and thus for example they did not find that the overall electromagnetic charge of the spacetime vanishes. More recently, there has been some work on the spinning C-metric by Bičák & Pravda  in which they discuss briefly the radiative character of this spacetime, and show how it indeed describes two uniformly accelerated, spinning black holes connected by a conical singularity, or with conical singularities extending from each horizon to infinity.

At this point it is worth making a note about the radiative character of the C-metric in particular, and the boost-rotation symmetric spacetimes as a whole. A boost-rotation symmetric spacetime can be divided in three regions depending on whether the Killing vector is timelike, null or spacelike. The region where the Killing field is null is known as the *roof*, and it intersects $`I`$ at the cuts where the particles in hyperbolic motion puncture null infinity. Below the roof, the Killing vector is timelike, and thus the spacetime is stationary in this region. Above the roof, the Killing vector field is timelike, so that the spacetime can be radiative. In this region, the boost-rotation symmetric spacetimes can be shown to be locally isometric to cylindrical waves (Einstein-Rosen waves) . It is also important to note that these solutions have a time reflexion symmetry. Thus, what is true for $`I^+`$ is also true for $`I^{}`$. Hence, the particles come from past null infinity, leaving a puncture on it. They approach to each other, and then they recede again. Finally, they again puncture null infinity (but now at $`I^+`$).

Previous attempts at addressing the radiative properties of boost-rotation symmetric spacetime proved to be unfruitful, mainly because they relied on finding a transformation between the symmetry adapted coordinates and the Bondi coordinates. Unfortunately, it is not possible in general to express the coordinate transformation in a closed form. This difficulties have motivated us to adopt a rather different approach here, as we construct the solutions by using series expansions. Here we take advantage of the series of constraint equations for the news function and the mass aspect of electrovacuum boost-rotation symmetric spacetimes found elsewhere . These equations are the tools which will help us gain some insight in the structure and properties of the Newman-Penrose constants of the mentioned class of radiative spacetimes. Only those solutions to the constraint equations can be solved such that the news and the mass aspect depend on an arbitrary function of the ratio $`w=\mathrm{sin}\theta /u`$ are considered here. Needless to say that these functions will have to satisfy the field equations. Under the assumptions made, we obtain a closed system of ordinary differential equations for the mass aspect, the gravitational and electromagnetic news function. With these at hand we are able to describe and interpreting the asymptotic and radiative properties of the spacetimes under consideration, in what their late time limit is regarded. We give expressions for the total charge, Bondi and NUT masses and the Newman-Penrose constants and with these at hand we succeed in attaching a physical meaning to the main parameters defining the solutions. We also give some additional arguments which provide an independent backup to our interpretation. Then, we carry out a counting of the degrees of freedom of both the gravitational and electromagnetic field. Finally, we outline our main conclusions.

## 2 Constraints

### 2.1 Asymptotic flatness and Bondi coordinates.

To begin with, consider a foliation of an asymptotically flat spacetime by —say— future oriented null hypersurfaces. Let this foliation be parametrized by a retarded time coordinate $`u`$. On each null hypersurface one takes a generic geodesic generator as a null curve parametrized by an affine parameter $`r`$. At a particular cut of $`I`$ (the intersection of the null hypersurfaces with null infinity), coordinates $`x^\alpha `$ are introduced, where $`\alpha =2,3`$. These will be taken to be the usual angular coordinates $`(\theta ,\phi )`$, although a complex stereographic coordinate $`\zeta `$ could be used as well. In addition, these coordinates can be propagated along $`I`$ and into the interior of the spacetime by requiring them to remain constant along the generators of $`I`$ and the outgoing null geodesics respectively. This coordinate construction will be referred as to *Bondi coordinates*.

In order to construct a null tetrad, one takes as its first vector $`l^a`$ the vector tangent the null hypersurfaces giving the foliation. The scaling in the affine parameter $`r`$ is then chosen so that the null vector coincides with $`_r`$. Now, by looking at the 2-surfaces $`u=const.`$, $`r=const.`$ ($`S_{u,r}`$) it can be seen that, at each point on these, there is another null vector $`n^a`$ which is future pointing and orthogonal to the 2-surface. Then, $`n^a`$ will be chosen as the second vector of the tetrad. Finally, the vectors $`m^a`$ and $`\overline{m}^a`$ are chosen so that they span the tangent space of $`S_{u,r}`$. From the previous construction it can be seen that:

$`l^a=_r,`$ (1)
$`n^a=_u+Q_r+C^\alpha _\alpha ,`$ (2)
$`m^a=\xi ^a_\alpha ,`$ (3)
with $`\alpha =\theta `$, $`\phi `$. The remaining freedom in the tetrad construction consists on a boost ($`lAl`$, $`nA^1n`$), which can be used to rescale $`r`$; and a spin ($`me^{i\theta }m`$), which in turn can be used in to make the spin coefficient $`ϵ`$ vanish. It can be also shown that $`\kappa =0`$, $`\tau =\overline{\pi }=\overline{\alpha }+\beta `$, and $`\rho `$ and $`\mu `$ are real.

The spacetimes under consideration will be assumed to be asymptotically flat with smooth sections of $`I`$, which is equivalent to say that the Weyl tensor of the spacetime peels off. Similarly, we will assume that the electromagnetic field also peels off. Thus,

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_n=𝒪(r^{n5}),`$ (4)
$`\varphi _m=𝒪(r^{m3}),`$ (5)
with $`n=0\mathrm{}4`$, $`m=0\mathrm{}2`$. The asymptotic expansions in powers of $`1/r`$ for peeling-off asymptotically flat Einstein-Maxwell systems are well known, and can be found in several places in the literature . Here Stewart’s version  will be used 111It has to be pointed out that these expansions differ slightly from those appearing in Penrose & Rindler , as the tetrads used there are also different.. Explicitly, from the peeling-off theorem one has:

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_n=\mathrm{\Psi }_n^{n5}r^{n6}+\mathrm{\Psi }_n^{n6}r^{n6}+𝒪(r^{n7}),`$ (6)
$`\varphi _m=\varphi _m^{m3}r^{m3}+\varphi _m^{m4}r^{m4}+𝒪(r^{m5})`$ (7)
with $`n=0\mathrm{}4`$, $`m=0\mathrm{}2`$. It also follows $`\sigma =\sigma _2r^2+𝒪(r^3)`$. In general, the coefficients in the expansions (6)-(7) will depend on $`(u,\theta ,\phi )`$. The coefficients in $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0`$ ($`\mathrm{\Psi }_0^5`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0^6,\mathrm{}`$) are the initial data quantities over a null hypersurface $`𝒩_0`$ in a characteristic initial value problem, whereas $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1^4`$ and $`\text{Re}\mathrm{\Psi }_2^3`$ (the Coulomb part of the gravitational field) are data that have to be supplied at $`𝒩_0I^+`$. A similar thing happens with the Maxwell field: $`\varphi _0`$ ($`\varphi _0^3`$, $`\varphi _0^4,\mathrm{}`$) being data at $`𝒩_0`$ and $`\varphi _1^2`$ (the Coulomb part of the Maxwell field) being data at $`𝒩_0I^+`$. The remaining data is set by supplying $`\varphi _2^1`$ and the leading term of $`\sigma `$. The coefficient $`\sigma _2`$ determines the radiative part of the gravitational field via:

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_4^1=\ddot{\overline{\sigma }}_2,`$ (8)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_3^2=ð\dot{\overline{\sigma }}_2.`$ (9)
The imaginary part of $`\mathrm{\Psi }_2^3`$ is related to $`\sigma _2`$ through:

$$2\text{Im}(\mathrm{\Psi }_2^3)=\overline{ð}^2\sigma _2ð^2\overline{\sigma }_2+\overline{\sigma }_2\dot{\sigma }_2\dot{\overline{\sigma }}_2\sigma _2.$$
(10)
In addition, the following relations will be required later:

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_1^5=6\overline{\varphi }_1^2\varphi _0^3\overline{ð}\mathrm{\Psi }_0^5,`$ (11)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_2^4=4\varphi _1^2\overline{\varphi }_1^2\overline{ð}\mathrm{\Psi }_1^4,`$ (12)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_3^3=2\overline{\varphi }_1^2\varphi _2^1\overline{ð}\mathrm{\Psi }_2^3,`$ (13)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_4^2=\overline{ð}\mathrm{\Psi }_3^2,`$ (14)
together with,

$`\varphi _1^3=\overline{ð}\varphi _0^3,`$ (15)
$`\varphi _2^2=\overline{ð}\varphi _1^2.`$ (16)
These relation are obtained from the expansions of the $`D`$-Bianchi identities and Maxwell equations. Similarly, from the $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$-Bianchi identities one obtains the evolution equations (i.e. the equations with derivatives with respect to $`u`$):

$`\dot{\mathrm{\Psi }}_0^5=ð\mathrm{\Psi }_1^4+3\sigma _2\mathrm{\Psi }_2^3+6\varphi _0^3\overline{\varphi }_2^1,`$ (17)
$`\dot{\mathrm{\Psi }}_0^6=4\overline{ð}(\sigma _2\mathrm{\Psi }_1^4)\overline{ð}ð\mathrm{\Psi }_0^5+8\overline{\varphi }_1^2ð\varphi _0^316\sigma _2\varphi _1^2\overline{\varphi }_1^2+8\varphi _0^4\overline{\varphi }_2^2,`$ (18)
$`\dot{\mathrm{\Psi }}_1^4=ð\mathrm{\Psi }_2^3+2\sigma _2\mathrm{\Psi }_3^2+4\varphi _1^2\overline{\varphi }_2^1,`$ (19)
$`\dot{\mathrm{\Psi }}_2^3=ð\mathrm{\Psi }_3^2+\sigma _2\mathrm{\Psi }_4^1+2\varphi _2^1\overline{\varphi }_2^1,`$ (20)
and

$`\dot{\varphi }_0^3=ð\varphi _1^2+\sigma _2\varphi _2^1,`$ (21)
$`\dot{\varphi }_0^4=\overline{ð}ð\varphi _0^32\overline{ð}(\sigma _2\varphi _1^2),`$ (22)
$`\dot{\varphi }_1^2=ð\varphi _2^1.`$ (23)
### 2.2 The algebraic type of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields

As remarked in the introduction, we make extra assumptions are required in order to obtain a closed system of ordinary differential equations. Our analysis will be restricted to type D spacetimes (i.e. spacetimes with two pairs of repeated null principal directions). A type D spacetime is obtained by demanding the quartic

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_04c_w\mathrm{\Psi }_1+6c_w^2\mathrm{\Psi }_24c_w^3\mathrm{\Psi }_3+c_w^4\mathrm{\Psi }_4=0,$$
(24)
to have two different pairs of repeated roots. This is the case if:

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_0=(\mathrm{\Psi }_4)^3\left[\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}3}\mathrm{\Psi }_2\mathrm{\Psi }_42(\mathrm{\Psi }_3)^2\right]^2,`$ (25)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_1=\mathrm{\Psi }_3(\mathrm{\Psi }_4)^2\left[3\mathrm{\Psi }_2\mathrm{\Psi }_42(\mathrm{\Psi }_3)^2\right],`$ (26)
provided that $`(\mathrm{\Psi }_3)^2\mathrm{\Psi }_2\mathrm{\Psi }_4`$, otherwise one gets a type N spacetime. From these two relations one obtains expressions for the coefficients in the expansions of $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1`$ (i.e. $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0^5`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0^6`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1^4`$). The relations are:

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_0^5=`$ $`(\mathrm{\Psi }_4^1)^3\left[\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}3}\mathrm{\Psi }_2^3\mathrm{\Psi }_4^12(\mathrm{\Psi }_3^2)^2\right]^2,`$ (27)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_0^6=`$ $`(\mathrm{\Psi }_4^1)^4[2(\mathrm{\Psi }_3^2)^23\mathrm{\Psi }_4^1\mathrm{\Psi }_2^3)(3\mathrm{\Psi }_4^2(\mathrm{\Psi }_4^1\mathrm{\Psi }_2^32(\mathrm{\Psi }_3^2)^2)6\mathrm{\Psi }_2^4(\mathrm{\Psi }_4^1)^2+8\mathrm{\Psi }_4^1\mathrm{\Psi }_3^2\mathrm{\Psi }_3^3],`$ (28)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_1^4=`$ $`(\mathrm{\Psi }_4^1)^2\mathrm{\Psi }_3^2\left[3\mathrm{\Psi }_2^3\mathrm{\Psi }_4^12(\mathrm{\Psi }_3^2)^2\right](\mathrm{\Psi }_4^1)^2.`$ (29)
The class of electromagnetic fields to be considered are such that their principal null directions are aligned with the two pairs of repeated principal null directions of the Weyl tensor. This requirement can be implemented as follows. The condition for a null rotation (about $`n^a`$) to give $`l^a`$ pointing in a principal null direction is given by equation (24). If the spacetime is of type D (i.e. equations (25) and (26) hold), then the double repeated solutions of this quartic equation are:

$$c_w=\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }_3\pm \sqrt{3\left((\mathrm{\Psi }_3)^2\mathrm{\Psi }_2\mathrm{\Psi }_4\right)}}{\mathrm{\Psi }_4}.$$
(30)
The analogous condition for the Maxwell field is given in terms of a quadratic equation,

$$\varphi _02c_m\varphi _1+c_m^2\varphi _2=0,$$
(31)
the roots of which are given by

$$c_m=\frac{\varphi _1\pm \sqrt{(\varphi _1)^2\varphi _0\varphi _2}}{\varphi _2}.$$
(32)
Demanding the roots of the quartic and quadratic equations to be equal by pairs, so that the principal null directions of the Maxwell field are aligned with the pairs of repeated principal null directions of the Weyl tensor, one arrives at the condition:

$`\varphi _0=\varphi _2\left(3\mathrm{\Psi }_2\mathrm{\Psi }_{4}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}2(\mathrm{\Psi }_3)^2(\mathrm{\Psi }_4)^2\right),`$ (33)
from which it can be seen that:

$`\varphi _0^3=\varphi _2^1\left(3\mathrm{\Psi }_2^3\mathrm{\Psi }_{4}^{1}{}_{}{}^{1}2(\mathrm{\Psi }_3^2)^2(\mathrm{\Psi }_4^1)^2\right),`$ (34)
$`\varphi _0^4=2(\mathrm{\Psi }_4^1)^3\varphi _3^2\left(\varphi _3^2\left(2\varphi _4^2\mathrm{\Psi }_2^1\varphi _4^1\mathrm{\Psi }_2^2\right)2\varphi _3^3\varphi _4^1\mathrm{\Psi }_2^1\right)+3\varphi _4^1\left(\varphi _2^4\varphi _4^1\mathrm{\Psi }_2^1\varphi _2^3\left(\left(\varphi _4^2\mathrm{\Psi }_2^1\right)\varphi _4^1\mathrm{\Psi }_2^2\right)\right),`$ (35)
### 2.3 The Killing vector fields

The spacetimes under consideration will be assumed to have two Killing vector fields ($`\xi _1^a`$ and $`\xi _2^a`$). The Killing vector $`\xi _1^a`$ will be taken to be an axial vector field (closed orbits). The Bondi coordinates can be chosen so that $`\xi _1^a=_\phi `$. Because of the closed orbits of $`\xi _1^a`$, the $`G_2`$ will be necessarily Abelian .

It was shown elsewhere  that the asymptotic form of the most general Killing vector field compatible with asymptotic flatness is given by:

$$\xi ^a=(a_1u+𝒪(1/r),a_1r+𝒪(1),\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\overline{c}_1+c_1)+𝒪(1/r),\frac{\text{i}\mathrm{csc}\theta }{\sqrt{2}}(\overline{c}_1c_1)+𝒪(1/r)),$$
(36)
where

$`a_1={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{1}{}}}\{\overline{A}_m+(1)^mA_m\}(_0Y_{1,m}),`$ (37)
$`c_1={\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{1}{}}}(1)^{m+1}A_m\left({}_{1}{}^{}Y_{1,m}^{}\right),`$ (38)
$`\overline{c}_1={\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{1}{}}}\overline{A}_m\left({}_{1}{}^{}Y_{1,m}^{}\right),`$ (39)
and the $`A_m`$ are arbitrary complex numbers. In the case of axial symmetry, one has

$`a_1=0,`$ (40)
$`c_1={\displaystyle \frac{\text{i}\mathrm{sin}\theta }{\sqrt{2}}}.`$ (41)
The other Killing vector compatible with a radiative gravitational field is well known to be the *boost-rotation Killing vector* . Asymptotically, it reads:

$$\xi _2^\mu =(u\mathrm{cos}\theta ,r\mathrm{cos}\theta ,\mathrm{sin}\theta ,0).$$
(42)
Hence, in this case:

$`c_1=\mathrm{sin}\theta ,`$ (43)
$`a_1=\sqrt{2}\mathrm{cos}\theta .`$ (44)
Using these two Killing vectors, constraints on the diverse quantities of physical interest can be deduced . The relevant results for us are the following:

$`\sigma _2=\mathrm{csc}(\theta )\left(K_1(w)+iK_2(w)\right),`$ (45)
$`\text{Re}\mathrm{\Psi }_2^3={\displaystyle \frac{L(w)}{u^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2u}}\left(wK_1^{\prime \prime }(w)+2K_1^{}(w)\right),`$ (46)
$`\varphi _2^1={\displaystyle \frac{1}{u^2}}\left(H_1(w)+iH_2(w)\right),`$ (47)
$`\varphi _1^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{u^2}}\left(G_1(w)+iG_2(w)\right){\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}u}}\mathrm{cot}\theta \left(H_1(w)+iH_2(w)\right),`$ (48)
where $`w=\mathrm{sin}\theta /u`$, and $`K_1`$, $`K_2`$, $`L`$, $`H_1`$, $`H_2`$, $`G_1`$, $`G_2`$ are arbitrary functions of the argument. Regularity at the poles requires $`G_1=G_2=0`$ .

## 3 The equations for $`K_1`$, $`K_2`$, $`L`$, $`H_1`$ and $`H_2`$

As mentioned previously, we will only consider peeling gravitational and electromagnetic fields, as polyhomogeneous boost-rotation symmetric fields happen to be singular at the “North” and “South” poles . Combining the evolution equations for the different leading coefficients of the Maxwell and Weyl fields together with the conditions of Petrov type D, the axial symmetry and the boost-rotation symmetry one arrives to a system of 5 *ordinary* differential equations for the functions $`K_1`$, $`K_2`$, $`L`$, $`H_1`$ and $`H_2`$. These differential equations are highly coupled and non-linear, and far too lengthy to be displayed here. In order to get around the difficulty to extract some relevant physical information out of them, we adopt the approach of solving the equations using formal expansions in $`w=\mathrm{sin}\theta /u`$. One might expect these expansions to hold for $`w`$ close to $`0`$, i.e. for very late times ($`u>>1`$).

### 3.1 The simplest case: the C-metric

How far one can go if one tries when trying an exact approach to the equations for $`K_1`$, $`K_2`$, $`L`$, $`H_1`$, $`H_2`$? In order to answer this, let us consider the easiest possible case in our analysis, that of a type D, boost-rotation symmetric spacetime with hypersurface orthogonal Killing vectors and no electromagnetic field. Under these assumptions one obtains the following system of ordinary differential equations for $`K=K_1`$ and $`L`$ which describe the news and mass aspect of the C-metric:

$$3K^{\prime \prime }+4KK^{}+2wKK^{\prime \prime }+wK^{\prime \prime \prime }2w^2L^{}6wL=0$$
(49)
and

$`32(K^{})^38w^2(K^{})^2K^{\prime \prime \prime }+16w^2(K^{})^2L+16w^4KK^{}K^{\prime \prime }L72w^4K^{}L^22w^4K^{\prime \prime }K^{\prime \prime \prime }+`$
$`24wK^2K^{\prime \prime }+4w^4K^{\prime \prime }L+10w^5K^{\prime \prime }L^{}48w^5K^{}LL^{}+4w^5KK^{\prime \prime }L+40w^3(K^{})^2L^{}+`$
$`40w^4K^{}K^{\prime \prime }L^{}+16w^3K^{}K^{\prime \prime }L8w^3K^{}K^{\prime \prime }K^{\prime \prime \prime }+16w^3K(K^{})^2L2w^3(K^{\prime \prime })^3`$
$`24w^6K^{\prime \prime }LL^{}+12w^6K^{\prime \prime \prime }L=0.`$ (50)
These equations can be decoupled yielding a quadrature for $`L`$ and the following fourth order differential equation for $`K`$:

$`10w^5K^{}K^{\prime \prime }K^{\prime \prime \prime }10w^5KK^{\prime \prime }K^{(iv)}+14w^5K(K^{\prime \prime \prime })^2+60w^4K^{}(K^{\prime \prime })^2+48w^4KK^{\prime \prime }K^{\prime \prime \prime }+`$
$`5w^4K^{\prime \prime }K^{(iv)}7w^4(K^{\prime \prime \prime })^220w^4KK^{}K^{(iv)}+20w^4(K^{})^2K^{\prime \prime \prime }+144w^3K(K^{\prime \prime })^219w^3K^{\prime \prime }K^{\prime \prime \prime }+`$
$`180w^3(K^{})^2K^{\prime \prime }+10w^3K^{}K^{(iv)}72w^3KK^{}K^{\prime \prime \prime }42w^2(K^{\prime \prime })^2+48w^2KK^{}K^{\prime \prime }+120w^2(K^{})^3+`$
$`46w^2K^{}K^{\prime \prime \prime }+66wK^{}K^{\prime \prime }+24wK(K^{})^2+48(K^{})^2=0,`$ (51)
which can be shown to have 3 three Lie point symmetries , and therefore can be reduced to the following Abel ordinary differential equation:

$$y^{}=\frac{2}{5}(224x^4+160x^3+22x^2x)y^3+\frac{1}{5}(4x+7)y^2\frac{60x+8}{20x^2+5x}y.$$
(52)
To the best of our knowledge this equation does not fall in any of the known solvable categories of Abelian equations . It is indeed somehow frustrating having gone so far, and not being able to perform the last step in the program! One may require a qualitative study of equation (51). This as well, is not an easy task due to the highly nonlinear character of the fourth order differential equation, which makes it very difficult to analyze the behavior of the phase space close to critical points.

### 3.2 The series solutions

As discussed previously, we will attempt to extract some physical information of the spacetimes using series expansions for $`|w|<<1`$, which describe the behavior of the system for late retarded times. It is always possible to choose the size of this region so that it will be completely contained in the radiative region of the spacetime (the region above the “roof”). The use of series carries some natural several drawbacks. In particular, it will not be possible to make any statement regarding the long term behavior and existence of the spacetime. The exceedingly complicated structure of the differential equations makes things worse, not allowing us to make estimates of the convergence radius or obtain the form of the general term in the expansion. Moreover, the coordinates $`(u,\theta )`$ are not well behaved at $`u=0`$ (see the discussion in ).

If the regularity of the the solutions at the poles is demanded then the leading behavior of the series is given by:

$`K_1=a_0+𝒪(w),`$ (53)
$`K_2=b_0+𝒪(w),`$ (54)
$`H_1=c_0+𝒪(w),`$ (55)
$`H_2=d_0+𝒪(w),`$ (56)
$`L=e_0+𝒪(w),`$ (57)
where $`a_i`$, $`b_i`$, $`c_i`$, $`d_i`$ and $`e_i`$ ($`i0`$) are constants. The constant $`a_0`$ can be removed using a super-translation, so that in fact $`K_1=𝒪(w)`$. The asymptotic shear transforms under super-translations according to :

$$\stackrel{~}{\sigma }_{2,0}(\stackrel{~}{u},x^\alpha )=\sigma _{2,0}(\stackrel{~}{u}\alpha ,x^\alpha )+ð^2\alpha (\theta ,\varphi ),$$
(58)
and this being so if initially one has $`\sigma _2=a_0\mathrm{csc}\theta +𝒪(w)`$, then in order to get $`\stackrel{~}{\sigma }_2=𝒪(w)`$ it is necessary to find a function $`\alpha (\theta ,\phi )`$ such that $`ð^2\alpha =a_0\mathrm{csc}\theta `$. This is given by,

$$\alpha (\theta ,\phi )=2a_0\mathrm{sin}\theta ,$$
(59)
that despite its apparent simplicity defines a true super-translation222This transformation is not just a translation because the spherical harmonics expansion of the sine function consists of an infinite number of terms of the form $`Y_{2n,0}`$, $`n=0,1,\mathrm{}.`$. This choice of cuts of $`I^+`$ leads to the following series solutions:

$`K_1(w)`$ $`=a_3w^3+a_5w^5+𝒪(w^7),`$ (60)
$`K_2(w)`$ $`=b_3w^3+b_5w^5+𝒪(w^7),`$ (61)
$`H_1(w)`$ $`=c_1w+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{10\left(a_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+b_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\right)}}(5(b_5(b_3c_1+a_3d_1)+a_5(a_3c_1b_3d_1))`$ (62)
$`(a_3c_1b_3d_1)(c_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+d_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}))w^3+𝒪(w^4),`$
$`H_2(w)`$ $`=wd_1+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{10\left(a_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+b_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\right)}}(5(a_5(b_3c_1+a_3d_1)b_5(a_3c_1b_3d_1))`$ (63)
$`(b_3c_1+a_3d_1)(c_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+d_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}))w^3+𝒪(w^4),`$
$`L(w)`$ $`=4a_3+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{5}}\left(30a_5(c_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+d_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})\right)w^2+𝒪(w^4).`$ (64)
The coefficients $`a_3`$, $`b_3`$, $`a_5`$, $`b_5`$ are free parameters of the gravitational field, whereas $`c_1`$, $`d_1`$ play the same role for the electromagnetic field . In order to shorten the expressions of the components of the Weyl and Maxwell spinors, the following complex parameters will be introduced:

$`q_1=c_1+id_1,`$ (65)
$`p_3=a_3+ib_3,`$ (66)
$`p_5=a_5+ib_5.`$ (67)
With this new notation, the leading terms of the components of the Weyl spinor are found to be

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_4^1=`$ $`6\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \left(2\overline{p}_3u^5+5\overline{p}_5\mathrm{sin}^2\theta u^7\right)+𝒪(u^9),`$ (68)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_3^2=`$ $`3\sqrt{2}\mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{sin}\theta \left(2\overline{p}_3u^4+5\overline{p}_5\mathrm{sin}^2\theta u^6\right)+𝒪(u^8),`$ (69)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_2^3=`$ $`2\overline{p}_3\left(23\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \right)u^3+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \left(3\overline{p}_5\left(45\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \right){\displaystyle \frac{2q_1\overline{q}_1}{5}}\right)u^5+𝒪(u^7),`$ (70)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_1^4=`$ $`3\sqrt{2}\mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{sin}\theta \left(\overline{p}_3u^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{20}}\left(5\overline{p}_5\left(15\mathrm{cos}2\theta \right)+4q_1\overline{q}_1\right)u^4\right)+𝒪(u^6),`$ (71)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_0^5=`$ $`3\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \left(\overline{p}_3u^1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{20}}\left(5\overline{p}_5\left(3+5\mathrm{cos}2\theta \right)8q_1\overline{q}_1\right)u^3\right)+\text{O}(u^5),`$ (72)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_0^6=`$ $`\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \left({\displaystyle \frac{15}{2}}\overline{p}_3{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8}}\left(5\overline{p}_5\left(5+7\mathrm{cos}2\theta \right)8q_1\overline{q}_1\right)u^2\right)+\text{O}(u^4);`$ (73)
whereas the relevant terms of the components of the Maxwell spinor are

$`\varphi _2^1=`$ $`q_1\mathrm{sin}\theta \left(u^3+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{10\overline{p}_3}}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \left(5p_5q_1\overline{q}_1\right)u^5\right)+𝒪(u^7),`$ (74)
$`\varphi _1^2=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q_1\mathrm{cos}\theta }{\sqrt{2}}}\left(u^2{\displaystyle \frac{3}{10\overline{p}_3}}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \left(5\overline{p}_5q_1\overline{q}_1\right)u^4\right)+𝒪(u^6),`$ (75)
$`\varphi _0^3=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q_1\mathrm{sin}\theta }{2}}\left(u^1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{10\overline{p}_3}}\left(23\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \right)\left(5\overline{p}_5q_1\overline{q}_1\right)u^3\right)+𝒪(u^5),`$ (76)
$`\varphi _0^4=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3q_1\mathrm{sin}\theta }{4}}\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{10\overline{p}_3}}\left(45\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \right)\left(5\overline{p}_5q_1\overline{q}_1\right)u^2\right)+𝒪(u^4).`$ (77)
It is worth noting the existence of a peeling off property of the $`u`$ dependence of these coefficients:

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_n^{5n}=\text{O}(u^{1n}),`$ (78)
$`\varphi _m^{3m}=\text{O}(u^{1m}),`$ (79)
with $`n=0,\mathrm{},4`$ and $`m=0,\mathrm{},2`$. This behavior can be understood in the following way: one can perform a construction equivalent to the one we presented, but for past-oriented light cones, parametrized by an advanced time $`v`$ coordinate. The components of the Weyl and Maxwell spinors will peel off with respect to the affine parameters of the null generators of these past-oriented cones (recall that boost-rotation symmetric spacetimes are time symmetric!). Now, close to $`I^+`$, one can show that $`r_v=u+\text{O}(u^1)`$, where $`r_v`$ is the affine parameter in the past-oriented system. Similarly, $`vr`$ in a neighbourhood of $`I`$, and $`l^a`$ and $`n^a`$ are “almost” parallel to $`n_v^a`$ and $`l_v^a`$ respectively. Thus, the leading coefficients should peel off with respect to $`r_v`$. Whence, they also have to peel off with $`u`$.

## 4 Asymptotic and radiative properties

We have already gathered enough information so as to study some the spacetime’s physical properties at $`I^+`$ in the late-time regime.

### 4.1 The electromagnetic charge

The total charge in the spacetime is given by

$`e={\displaystyle _{S^2}}\varphi _1^2(_0Y_{0,0})\text{d}S=\sqrt{\pi }{\displaystyle _{S^2}}\varphi _1^2\mathrm{sin}\theta \text{d}\theta =O(u^5),`$ (80)
i.e. it vanishes up to $`O(u^5)`$. Moreover, since the total electromagnetic charge in the spacetime is a conserved quantity, it should not contain any $`u`$ dependence. Therefore one can affirm that for our spacetimes

$$e=0.$$
(81)
This is in agreement with the interpretation put forward by Cornish & Utteley , who interpreted the charged C-metric as two charged black holes of opposite charges in hyperbolic motion.

### 4.2 The Bondi mass and the NUT mass

Of great physical relevance is the study of the mass loss of the system due to radiative processes. This can be done by evaluating the *Bondi mass*, which is given by:

$$M_B=\frac{1}{2}_{S^2}\text{Re }(\mathrm{\Psi }_2^3+\sigma _2\dot{\overline{\sigma }}_2)(_0,Y_{0,0})\text{d}S,$$
(82)
and can be shown to be non-increasing. Another related quantity, the NUT mass  will also be of some interest due to the generic existence of nodal singularities in the interior of boost-rotation symmetric spacetimes . The NUT mass is essentially an imaginary version of the Bondi mass:

$$M_{NUT}=\frac{1}{2}_{S^2}\text{Im }(\mathrm{\Psi }_2^3+\sigma _2\dot{\overline{\sigma }}_2)(_0,Y_{0,0})\text{d}S,$$
(83)
The evaluation of these integrals for our solutions yields:

$`M_B=4\sqrt{\pi }\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{15}}q_1\overline{q}_1u^5+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{5}}p_3\overline{p}_3u^7{\displaystyle \frac{16}{35}}\left(p_5\overline{p}_3+p_3\overline{p}_5\right)u^9+{\displaystyle \frac{32}{63}}p_5\overline{p}_5u^{11}\right)+𝒪(u^{13})`$ (84)
$`M_{NUT}={\displaystyle \frac{16\sqrt{\pi }}{35}}\left(p_3\overline{p}_5\overline{p}_3p_5\right)u^9+\text{O}(u^{13}).`$ (85)
If the electromagnetic field is absent then,

$$M_B=\frac{8\sqrt{\pi }}{5}p_3\overline{p}_3u^7+\text{O}(u^9),$$
(86)
thus $`m=p_3\overline{p}_3=|p_3|^2`$ can be interpreted as the mass of the system at a fiduciary retarded time (say $`u=1`$). Note as well that if $`u\mathrm{}`$ then $`M_B0`$, i.e. all the mass in the spacetime is carried away. This is consistent with the standard interpretation of boost-rotation symmetric as spacetimes describing particles in hyperbolic motion. These particles eventually pierce null infinity, thus leaving the (unphysical) spacetime. Consistent with these results, Dray has shown  that the ADM mass of the C-metric is zero. His analysis shows that the reason for this is the particular kind of isometries this spacetime has. Therefore, it is very likely that this result also holds for the whole class of boost-rotation-symmetric spacetimes.

A similar discussion can be done with the NUT mass. The constant $`g=p_3\overline{p}_5\overline{p}_3p_5`$ can be interpreted as the measure of the “strength” of the nodal singularities joining the particles in hyperbolic motion at a fiduciary time, $`u=1`$.

### 4.3 The Newman-Penrose constants

Further insight on the physical meaning of the parameters $`q_1`$ and $`p_3`$ can be achieved by looking at the Newman-Penrose constants of the gravitational and electromagnetic field.

As shown by Exton et al. , there will be two sets of conserved quantities for the Einstein-Maxwell system under consideration: one for the electromagnetic field only, and one for the combined electromagnetic-gravitational system. The electromagnetic NP constants are given by:

$$_m=_{S^2}\varphi _0^4(_1\overline{Y}_{1,m})\text{d}S.$$
(87)
Note that due to the axial symmetry, all the constants, except for the one corresponding to $`m=0`$, will vanish identically (the $`m=0`$ spherical harmonic has no $`\phi `$ dependence).

The NP constants for the combined gravitational-electromagnetic system are somewhat more complicated as they involve the inverse operator $`ð^1`$:

$$𝒢_m=_{S^2}\{\mathrm{\Psi }_0^6+4\varphi _0^1\overline{ð}^1(\overline{\varphi }_1^2\overline{E})4\overline{E}\overline{ð}^1(\varphi _0^4F)\}(_2\overline{Y}_{2,m})\text{d}S,$$
(88)
where

$`E=e(_0Y_{0,0}),`$ (89)
$`F={\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{1}{}}}_m(_1Y_{1,m}),`$ (90)
and

$`\overline{ð}^1(\overline{\varphi }_1^2\overline{E})={\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{m=l}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(_1Y_{l,m})}{\sqrt{l(l+1)}}}{\displaystyle }\overline{\varphi }_1^2(_0\overline{Y}_{l,m})\text{d}S,`$ (91)
$`\overline{ð}^1(\overline{\varphi }_0^4\overline{F})={\displaystyle \underset{l=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{m=l}{\overset{l}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(_2Y_{l,m})}{\sqrt{(l1)(l+2)}}}{\displaystyle }\overline{\varphi }_0^4(_1\overline{Y}_{l,m})\text{d}S.`$ (92)
The spacetimes under discussion are axially symmetric, and thus they only have one nonzero complex electromagnetic and one complex gravitational NP constants (those corresponding to the $`m=0`$ spherical harmonics). In the region below the “roof”, the spacetime is stationary, and therefore its electromagnetic Newman-Penrose constants will be of the form (mass monopole)$`\times `$(electric dipole)$``$(electric charge)$`\times `$(mass dipole), while the gravitational constants will be of the form (mass dipole)$`{}_{}{}^{2}`$(mass monopole)$`\times `$(mass quadrupole) .

Using equation (87) one finds that the electromagnetic NP constant is given by:

$$_0=\sqrt{\frac{3}{8\pi }}q_1.$$
(93)
Therefore $`q_1`$ is a product of a mass monopole and electric dipole, for there is no electromagnetic charge in the spacetime. Similarly, using equation (88) the evaluation of the gravitational NP constants yield:

$$𝒢_0=6\sqrt{\frac{5}{\pi }}\overline{p}_3.$$
(94)
Thus, $`p_3`$ has to be interpreted as a quantity of quadrupolar nature, even if strictly speaking the spacetime does not has a mass monopolar moment for the particle undergoing hyperbolic motion in a boost-rotation symmetric spacetime does not always are present in pairs.

Furthermore, let us recall the formulae for radiated power for the electromagnetic and the linearized gravitational field, the so called *dipole and Einstein’s quadrupole formulae* :

$`I_{elect}\ddot{\text{d}}^2,`$ (95)
$`I_{grav}\stackrel{2}{\stackrel{\mathrm{}}{\text{D}}},`$ (96)
where d is the dipolar moment of the charge distribution giving rise to the radiation field, and D is the quadrupolar moment of the mass distribution (a 3-dimensional tensor). ¿From the Bondi mass one can obtain by differentiation the flux of energy through null infinity. This is,

$$\dot{M}_B=4\sqrt{\pi }\left(\frac{1}{3}q_1\overline{q}_1u^6+\frac{14}{5}p_3\overline{p}_3u^8\right)+\text{O}(u^{10}).$$
(97)
Therefore the spacetimes under discussion radiate according to the dipole and Einstein’s quadrupole formula up to the leading terms. Higher order corrections are due to the damping of the electromagnetic field by the gravitational field, some other nonlinear effects like gravitational wave backscattering. Note as well how the flux of energy due to the gravitational field decays much faster than the flux due to the electromagnetic field. Thus at late times the main contribution to mass loss is electromagnetic in origin (Poynting vector).

### 4.4 Polarization states of the electromagnetic and gravitational waves

The discussion along this paper has focused on peeling electromagnetic and gravitational fields, and consequently the fields at null infinity are well defined. If one wishes to study the states of polarization of the electromagnetic or the gravitational fields, it is only necessary to consider the behavior of the type N part of the fields, that is, the leading coefficients of $`\varphi _2`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }_4`$ (i.e. $`\varphi _2^1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }_4^1`$). The spinorial electromagnetic field is related to the components of the Maxwell field tensor via:

$`E_1iB_1=\varphi _0\varphi _2`$ (98)
$`E_2iB_2=i(\varphi _0+\varphi _2)`$ (99)
$`E_3iB_3=2\varphi _1`$ (100)
In the case here the electromagnetic field can be seen to have two polarization states, associated with the real part and imaginary parts of $`\varphi _2^1`$ respectively. One way to see this is to realize that if $`d_1`$ is set to zero then there will still be non vanishing components of the electromagnetic field. A similar phenomenon happens if $`c_1`$ is set to zero. This is nothing but a consequence of the existence of two different polarization states. If $`\varphi _2^1`$ is real, then the electric and magnetic fields —see equations (98)-(100)— lie along the $`e_1`$ and $`e_2`$ directions respectively. Note that $`e_1`$ and $`e_2`$ are orthonormal vectors transverse to the null generators of outgoing light cones, explicitly:

$`e_2^a={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}i(m^a\overline{m}^a),`$ (101)
$`e_3^a={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(l^an^a).`$ (102)
Both 3-vectors are orthogonal, and have the same norm, as it should be expected from a plane wave. Let us call this polarization state $`P_x`$ (the polarization vector lies on the $`e_1`$ direction —x axis— ). When $`\varphi _2^1`$ is purely imaginary ($`P_y`$ polarization), the situation gets reversed and the electric field and magnetic lie along the $`e_2`$ and $`e_1`$ directions respectively (see figure 6.3).

By calculating the Poynting vectors for each state it can be checked that each configuration carries energy independently from the other, supporting again the assertion made on the existence of two independent degrees of freedom for the electromagnetic field.

For the gravitational field, the situation is fairly similar to that of the electromagnetic field. Again, there are two set of parameters: $`\{a_3,a_5\}`$ (the real parts of $`p_3`$ and $`p_5`$), and $`\{b_3,b_5\}`$ (the imaginary parts of $`p_3`$ and $`p_5`$). Both of them play an equivalent role in the expression for the Bondi mass. Hence both states of the gravitational field carry energy independently, i.e. they are true degrees of freedom (polarization states) of the gravitational field. The one associated to the real part of the Weyl tensor, which is given by the $`a`$-parameters, describes a $`(+)`$ polarization state. This can be seen by considering the geodesic deviation equation :

$$\delta \ddot{x}^a=\frac{1}{2}\text{Re }\mathrm{\Psi }_4^1\left(e_2^ae_{2c}e_1^ae_{1c}\right)\delta x^c,$$
(103)
therefore there will be tidal forces along the $`e_1`$ and $`e_2`$ directions. Similarly, if one considers the polarization state associated to the imaginary part of the Weyl tensor, one can perform a spin boost so that $`\mathrm{\Psi }_4`$ becomes real, so that one can use again equation (103). This polarization state will be a $`(\times )`$ one, with tidal forces rotated $`\pi /4`$ with respect to the $`e_1`$ and $`e_2`$ directions.

Note that if the Killing vectors are hypersurface orthogonal, then there is only one polarization state of the gravitational field ($`+`$). By contrast, the electromagnetic field can always have two polarizations states, as long as $`q_1`$ is complex (a magnetic dipole moment is then present!).

### 4.5 Conclusions

The main objective of this paper was to construct spacetimes that could be used as examples and test bench of different techniques and ideas used in the description of on asymptotic and radiative properties of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields.

Boost-rotation symmetric spacetimes are regarded as the best suited candidates for such a test bench since they contain the only examples known up to date of asymptotically flat radiative exact solutions. Perhaps the most remarkable result was that of showing how the Newman-Penrose constants allow one to consider, at least up to quadrupoles, multipolar moments of non-stationary spacetimes without having to resort to the linearized theory (cfr. the results on the mass loss). As seen, the complexity of the equations involved precludes the obtention of nice closed expressions; however, the asymptotic expressions for late times have allowed to extract most of physical properties of interest; this regardless of the natural limitations that this approach carries.