format: text

text:
# Poincaré invariance in the ADM Hamiltonian approach to the general relativistic two-body problem

## Acknowledgments

We thank L. Blanchet for informing us, before completion of our and his work, that he and G. Faye had succeeded in determining $`\omega _{\text{kinetic}}`$. He communicated to us the numerical value $`\omega _{\text{kinetic}}1.71`$. P.J. gratefully acknowledges useful discussions with Piotr Bizoń and Prof. Andrzej Staruszkiewicz. P.J. and G.S. thank the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques for hospitality during the realization of this work. This work was supported in part by the KBN Grant No. 2 P03B 094 17 (to P.J.) and the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Grant No. 02160-361-TG74 (to G.S.).


text:
# Asymptotic singular behavior of Gowdy spacetimes in string theory

## I Introduction

The singularity theorem gives us some sufficient conditions for the existence of spacetime singularities (a spacetime with incomplete geodesics) . These conditions fall into four categories : (1) the strong energy condition; (2) the generic condition; (3) the chronology condition and (4) the existence of trapped regions. In addition, after the discovery of the singularity theorem, various generalization by replacing these conditions have been suggested by some authors (see e.g. Refs.). So, although, we have new many variations of the singularity theorem, none of them gives information on the nature of the singularity.

To the best of our knowledge, the first research about the nature of the singularity was done by Belinskii, Khalatnikov and Lifshitz (BKL) . They investigated how the spacetime evolves into the singularity and conjectured that the dynamics of nearby observers would decouple near singularities. (the BKL conjecture.) BKL described a vacuum and spatially homogeneous (mainly Bianchi IX) spacetime singularity as an infinite sequence of Kasner epochs (“oscillatory approach to the singularity”). Independently, Misner showed the same behavior in terms of exponentially growing “potential” terms constructed by the spatial curvature. The spacetime is bounced by the potentials a infinite number of times. Such behavior is called the Mixmaster dynamics . Then, BKL further speculated that a generic singularity should be locally behaved like a Mixmaster type. To date, the BKL conjecture has neither been validated nor invalidated in general by rigorous arguments although Ringström has recently have a result which supports the validity of the BKL conjecture, that is, he has shown rigorously that the Bianchi type IX solutions converge to an attractor consisting of the closure of the vacuum type II orbits.

There is a special case of the BKL conjecture called the asymptotically velocity-term dominated (AVTD) singularity. It is not described by a infinite sequence of Kasner epochs but by only one epoch (i.e., “no oscillatory approach to the singularity”) . In brief, the characteristic feature of the AVTD singular behavior is that all spatial derivative terms of the field equations are negligible sufficiently close to the singularity. Hence, Kasner spacetimes are necessarily (A)VTD. It is possible to make rigorous arguments on the nature of the AVTD singularity since the AVTD solutions are simpler than the Mixmaster solutions in the sense that there is no complicated oscillation. Our interest is to verify BKL conjecture and clarify whether spacetimes is AVTD or not in non-vacuum and/or spatially inhomogeneous cases.

In order to attack the above issue, we will consider Gowdy spacetimes . They are spatially compact spacetimes which have $`U(1)\times U(1)`$ symmetry and vanishing twist. Gowdy spacetimes are adopted in various investigations because they are one of the most manageable inhomogeneous spacetimes and can give essential features of inhomogeneity in spite of its simpleness. The behavior near the singularity in Gowdy spacetime have also been discussed in various situations. In the vacuum case, Isenberg and Moncrief have shown that polarized Gowdy spacetimes are AVTD . Grubišić and Moncrief  and Kichenassamy and Rendall  have shown that non-polarized $`T^3`$ Gowdy spacetimes have AVTD singularities in generic in the sense that the AVTD singular solutions to Einstein’s equations depend on the maximal number of arbitrary functions if the low velocity condition is satisfied. When one of these functions is constant (i.e. non-generic), it was also shown without the low velocity condition that non-polarized $`T^3`$ Gowdy spacetimes are AVTD . Using numerical method, Berger, Garfinkle and Moncrief found that non-polarized $`T^3`$ Gowdy spacetimes have AVTD singularities even in the situation that the low velocity condition is broken initially . Recently, Garfinkle has shown that $`S^2\times S^1`$ Gowdy spacetimes have AVTD singularities numerically .

AVTD solutions with matter fields present have been found. Such examples include polarized Gowdy spacetimes admitting scalar fields minimally coupled with the Maxwell field  and the Einstein-dilaton-axion (EDA) system in polarized Gowdy spacetimes . It has been shown numerically, however, that magnetic Gowdy spacetimes are not AVTD but Mixmaster . Hence, it is nontrivial to determine whether the spacetime is Mixmaster or AVTD type. Because of these facts, we shall study the non-vacuum and spatially inhomogeneous case.

There is an another point which needs to be clarified. Belinskii and Khalatnikov have suggested that the existence of massless scalar fields suppresses Mixmaster behavior by examining the Bianchi I spacetimes . It is due to the fact that the scalar field is algebraically equivalent to the stiff matter in some cases. Recently, Berger found some confirmation for this suggestion by numerical analysis . In both papers, however, it was suggested that exponential coupling of the scalar field to the Maxwell field restores Mixmaster behavior which was suppressed initially by the scalar field . It is important to note that such matter fields arises naturally from low energy effective superstring theory , i.e. the Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton-axion (EMDA) system. The EMDA system has been discussed actively in the context of the black hole solutions and singularities, and gives characteristic features different from the Einstein-Maxwell (EM) system .

Our purpose in this paper is to explore the nature of singularities in the EMDA system with Gowdy spacetimes on $`T^3\times 𝐑`$. We make use of the Fuchsian algorithm developed by Kichenassamy and Rendall . Although the system treated here is very complicated, the Fuchsian algorithm is powerful enough for the system since this algorithm is independent of non-linearity, number of functions and dimension of space. We will show that there exist families of AVTD singular solutions of the EMDA field equations, which are generic in the sense that they depend on the maximal number of arbitrary functions. Hence, our result shows that exponential coupling of the scalar field to the Maxwell field does not necessarily lead the Mixmaster behavior.

Organization of this paper is as follows. In Sec. II, an appropriate definition of AVTD is given. In Sec. III, we discuss the importance of studying the EMDA system. Sec. IV is devoted to introducing $`T^3`$ Gowdy spacetimes in the EMDA system. Sec. V presents a brief review of the Fuchsian algorithm. Our main results are given in Sec. VI. Finally, Sec. VII is a summary.

## II Asymptotically velocity-term dominated (AVTD) singularity

In this section, we give precise definition of AVTD. In contrast to the Mixmaster singularity which is complicated, the AVTD singularity is called simple or quiescent . An essential difference between Mixmaster and AVTD singularities is whether spatial curvature terms in Einstein’s equations becomes dominant or not as the system approaches the singularities. As mentioned in the previous section, the “potential” terms constructed by the spatial curvatures grow exponentially in the Mixmaster case. These “potential” terms give rise to a infinite number of reflection and the spacetime will approach an oscillating state, i.e. Mixmaster singularities described as an infinite sequence of Kasner epochs. On the other hand, such a “potential” term does not exist in the AVTD case. Therefore, reflection by the potential does not occur and the spacetime will approach a single Kasner epoch.

Now, let us define AVTD. Suppose that a four-dimensional spacetime $`(M,g)`$ with the signature $`(+++)`$ satisfies Einstein’s equations, $`G_{\mu \nu }=T_{\mu \nu }`$, where $`G_{\mu \nu }^{(4)}R_{\mu \nu }\frac{1}{2}^{(4)}Rg_{\mu \nu }`$ is the Einstein tensor and $`T_{\mu \nu }`$ is the energy-momentum tensor. For any $`3+1`$ decomposition, we can obtain the constraint equations,

$${}_{}{}^{(3)}RK^{ab}K_{ab}+(trK)^2=2T_0^0,$$
(1)
$${}_{}{}^{(3)}_{a}^{}K_b^a^{(3)}_b(trK)=T_b^0,$$
(2)
and the evolution equations,

$$_th_{ab}=2NK_{ab}+_𝐍h_{ab},$$
(3)
$$_tK_b^a=N\left[{}_{}{}^{(3)}R_{b}^{a}+(trK)K_b^a\right]^{(3)}_b^{(3)}^aN+_𝐍K_b^a+2N\left[T_b^a+\frac{1}{2}h_b^a(T_0^0T_c^c)\right],$$
(4)
where $`h_{ab}`$, $`K_{ab}`$ and $`(trK)`$ are the first and second fundamental form and mean curvature of the $`3`$-dimensional spacelike hypersurface, respectively. Also, $`{}_{}{}^{(3)}`$, $`{}_{}{}^{(3)}R_{ab}^{}`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{(3)}R`$ are the spatial covariant derivative, spatial Ricci and scalar curvature, respectively. $`N`$ and $`𝐍`$ are the lapse function and shift vector. $`_𝐍`$ is the Lie derivative along the vector field $`𝐍`$. From the full Einstein equations, we define the velocity term dominated (VTD) equations as follows:

$$K^{ab}K_{ab}+(trK)^2=2\stackrel{~}{T}_0^0,$$
(5)
$${}_{}{}^{(3)}_{a}^{}K_b^a^{(3)}_b(trK)=\stackrel{~}{T}_b^0,$$
(6)
$$_th_{ab}=2NK_{ab},$$
(7)
$$_tK_b^a=N\left[(trK)K_b^a\right]+2N\left[\stackrel{~}{T}_b^a+\frac{1}{2}h_b^a(\stackrel{~}{T}_0^0\stackrel{~}{T}_c^c)\right],$$
(8)
where $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ is modification of $``$. (Generally, the spatial derivatives are removed.)

In this setting we can give a definition of an AVTD spacetime and its singularity.

###### Definition 1 (Isenberg and Moncrief )

A spacetime $`(M,g)`$ is AVTD if

1. it is a solution to Einstein’s equations;
2. there exists another $`(M,\stackrel{~}{g})`$ and there exists a foliation $`i_t:\mathrm{\Sigma }^3M`$ such that

1. $`(M,\stackrel{~}{g})`$ obeys the VTD equations relative to $`i_t`$;
    2. metric $`g`$ asymptotically approaches $`\stackrel{~}{g}`$ as $`t0`$ in the sense that, for an appropriate norm $``$ on the space of $`3+1`$ quantities $``$, for any $`ϵ>0`$ there exists $`T>0`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{}<ϵ`$ for all $`t<T`$.

Furthermore, a spacetime $`(M,g)`$ has the AVTD singularity if

1. it contains a spacelike singularity at $`t0`$;
2. it is AVTD.

To sum up, a singularity is called AVTD if all spatial curvature and spatial derivative terms in Einstein’s equations can be neglected near the singularity $`t0`$. Then, near the AVTD singularity, AVTD solutions can be interpreted as a different spatially homogeneous cosmology at each point in space.

In order to see an example of the AVTD singularity, let us consider vacuum Bianchi I (Kasner) spacetimes. Since these spacetimes are spatially homogeneous, there is no spatial derivative terms. Furthermore, they are spatially flat, i.e. $`{}_{}{}^{(3)}R=0`$. Therefore, the singularity is necessarily AVTD. On the other hand, Bianchi IX spacetimes are not AVTD but Mixmaster  since the spatial curvature does not vanish and the “potential” term constructed by the spatial curvature cannot be neglected as approaching to the singularity (See Sec. III).

## III Influence of matter fields

BKL assumed the vacuum spacetimes originally in the investigation of the singularity. The reason for putting such assumption is illustrated as follows. Consider class A Bianchi spacetimes with the metric

$$ds^2=dt^2+e^{2\mathrm{\Omega }}(e^{2\beta })_{ij}\sigma ^i\sigma ^j,$$

where $`e^\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is the averaged scale factor, $`\beta =`$ diag$`(2\beta _+`$, $`\beta _++\sqrt{3}\beta _{}`$, $`\beta _+\sqrt{3}\beta _{})`$ is a traceless matrix that determines the anisotropy and $`d\sigma ^i=ϵ_{}^{i}{}_{ik}{}^{}\sigma ^j\sigma ^k`$. For simplicity, take $`\sigma ^i=dx^i`$, i.e. Bianchi I spacetimes. Then, $`e^{3\mathrm{\Omega }}=t`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }^2=\beta _+^2+\beta _{}^2`$. The spacetimes have singularities at $`\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{}`$. The square of shear $`\sigma `$ is estimated as $`\sigma ^2t^2e^{6\mathrm{\Omega }}.`$ Further, consider a perfect fluid whose equation of state is $`p=(\gamma 1)\rho `$, where $`\rho `$ and $`p`$ are the energy density and the pressure, respectively. The contribution from the shear is more dominant than that of the energy density $`\rho e^{3\mathrm{\Omega }\gamma }`$ near singularities ($`\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{}`$) if $`1\gamma <2`$ for natural matters such as a dust ($`\gamma =1`$) and a radiation ($`\gamma =4/3`$). Thus, the effect of the matter field is negligible for the behavior of the spacetime near singularities, and we have only to consider the vacuum case. Indeed, the known Bianchi perfect fluid solutions have similar behavior as the vacuum solutions near the singularities .

We must, however, look more carefully into the influence of the energy density in the case $`\gamma =2`$, where time dependence of the energy density and shear are contribute equally. The matter with $`\gamma =2`$ is a stiff matter , and is not realistic matter in the relativistic sense. However, it is known that a scalar field $`\varphi `$ is algebraically equivalent to a stiff matter if $`\varphi `$ is timelike , where $``$ is covariant derivative with respect to $`g`$. Therefore, the existence of scalar fields will give strong influence on the nature of singularities.

Actually, Belinskii and Khalatnikov found that a massless scalar field can suppress Mixmaster oscillations . The result obtained by Belinskii and Khalatnikov is that all of Kasner exponents can be positive in Bianchi I spacetimes if the scalar field exists. Therefore, complicated permutation in the direction of anisotropic contraction toward singularities does not appear. Numerically, Berger confirmed Belinskii and Khalatnikov’s result in Bianchi IX spacetimes and furthermore, she showed that Mixmaster oscillations are suppressed in non-polarized $`U(1)`$-symmetric and magnetic Gowdy spacetimes which are Mixmaster if there exist no scalar fields .

On the contrary, there is a possibility that the existence of exponential potentials of scalar fields drastically changes the behavior of singularities, i.e. the Mixmaster dynamics may come back. Recall the mechanism of the Mixmaster dynamics. The Hamiltonian $`_{IX}`$ for Bianchi IX spacetimes  is

$$2_{IX}=p_\mathrm{\Omega }^2+p_+^2+p_{}^2+V(\mathrm{\Omega },\beta _\pm ),$$

where $`p_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`p_\pm `$ are conjugate momenta of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`\beta _\pm `$, respectively. The “potential” term $`V(\mathrm{\Omega },\beta _\pm )`$ is given by

$$V(\mathrm{\Omega },\beta _\pm )=e^{4\mathrm{\Omega }}\left[e^{8\beta _+}+e^{4\beta _++4\sqrt{3}\beta _{}}+e^{4\beta _+4\sqrt{3}\beta _{}}2\left(e^{4\beta _+}+e^{2\beta _+2\sqrt{3}\beta _{}}+e^{2\beta _++2\sqrt{3}\beta _{}}\right)\right].$$

In the Bianchi I spacetimes there is no such “potential” term. It is known that Bianchi IX spacetimes have a singularity as $`\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{}`$. If the spacetimes are AVTD, the “potential” term must vanish as $`\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{}`$. When $`V(\mathrm{\Omega },\beta _\pm )=0`$, we have $`\beta _\pm =\beta _\pm ^0+v_\pm |\mathrm{\Omega }|`$, $`p_\mathrm{\Omega }=`$const. and $`p_\pm =`$const. by varying the Hamiltonian $`_{IX}`$, where $`v_\pm p_\pm /|p_\mathrm{\Omega }|`$ and $`\beta _\pm ^0`$ are constant. The Hamiltonian constraint $`_{IX}=0`$ is $`v_+^2+v_{}^2=1`$. Then,

$$Ve^{4|\mathrm{\Omega }|(1+2\mathrm{cos}\theta )}+e^{4|\mathrm{\Omega }|(1\mathrm{cos}\theta \sqrt{3}\mathrm{sin}\theta )}+e^{4|\mathrm{\Omega }|(1\mathrm{cos}\theta +\sqrt{3}\mathrm{sin}\theta )},$$

where we parameterize $`v_+=\mathrm{cos}\theta `$ and $`v_{}=\mathrm{sin}\theta `$. For generic $`\theta `$ (except for $`\theta =0,2\pi /3,4\pi /3`$), the term $`V`$ exponentially grows as $`\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{}`$. This is a contradiction to vanish the “potential” term as $`\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{}`$. Thus, Bianchi IX spacetimes are not AVTD since the “potential” term becomes dominant near the singularity. As a result, reflections by the potential cause the Mixmaster dynamics.

As we have seen in the above discussion, the essential point is the existence of exponentially growing “potential” terms. Then, Belinskii and Khalatnikov have claimed that a scalar field $`\varphi `$ exponentially coupled with the Maxwell field restores Mixmaster oscillations in homogeneous spacetimes . Berger also suggested that if there exists a “potential”

$$V(\varphi )=𝒜^2e^{\alpha \varphi }+^2e^{\beta \varphi },\alpha ,\beta >0,$$
(9)
where $`𝒜`$ and $``$ are functions, then Mixmaster oscillations can be retained in both homogeneous and inhomogeneous spacetimes .

We wish to explore how “potential” terms such as those in Eq. (9) produced by matter fields might change the nature of the approach to the singularity. As a first example we consider matter coupled to the Gowdy spacetime. It has been shown mathematically and numerically that vacuum Gowdy spacetimes are AVTD . It is known numerically that certain types of magnetic fields can ruin this behavior . While heuristically one would not expect this to happen for the matter fields we study here, no rigorous demonstration that Gowdy coupled to matter fields including exponential potentials remains AVTD has been possible until now.

It should be noted that this form of potential arises from the low energy effective superstring theory. It contains the dilaton which is non-minimally coupled with the Maxwell and axion field. From the unified theoretical point of view, it is believed that the distinction between gravity and matter fields cannot be maintained near spacetime singularities and the superstring theory is the most promising candidate of such unified theories . Also, it is pointed out that the EMD system with a positive cosmological constant has new mechanism forming singularities . Hence, it is important to investigate the behavior around the singularity in the EMDA system.

## IV Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton-Axion system in Gowdy spacetimes on $`T^3\times R`$

In this section, we introduce a standard model with additional assumptions. First, we adopt Gowdy spacetimes. Gowdy proposed spatially compact and inhomogeneous spacetimes with the following metric ;

$$ds^2=e^{\lambda (t,\theta )/2}t^{1/2}(dt^2+d\theta ^2)+R(t,\theta )\left[e^{Z(t,\theta )}\left(dy+X(t,\theta )dz\right)^2+e^{Z(t,\theta )}dz^2\right].$$
(10)
Gowdy spacetimes have two twist free spacelike Killing vectors $`/y`$ and $`/z`$. The spatial topology of the spacetimes is classified into three types, $`T^3`$, $`S^2\times S^1`$ and $`S^3`$. We will consider only the simplest case, $`T^3`$, since the isometry group action has no degenerate orbits and therefore Einstein’s equations have no corresponding singularities . Gowdy spacetimes are called polarized if $`X0`$, and non-polarized if this condition is not meet.

Properties of the metric (10) depend on whether $`R`$ is timelike, spacelike or null. When the metric Eq. (10) describes a cosmological model, i.e. $`R`$ is globally timelike and the spatial topology is $`T^3`$ (periodic in $`\theta `$), one can take the function $`R(t,\theta )=t`$ without loss of generality by Gowdy’s corner theorem if the spacetime is vacuum . This fact be seen from Einstein’s equations,

$$G_{tt}G_{\theta \theta }=\ddot{R}R^{\prime \prime }=0,$$
(11)
where dot and prime denote $`t`$ and $`\theta `$ derivatives, respectively. Also in the EDA system, Eq. (11) holds . In the EM system, Eq. (11) is not satisfied generically. However in the case that the field strength $`F_{\mu \nu }=_\mu A_\nu _\nu A_\mu `$ has only the following components ;

$$F_{ty}=\dot{\omega },F_{\theta y}=\omega ^{},F_{tz}=\dot{\chi },F_{\theta z}=\chi ^{},$$

Eq. (11) is satisfied. This situation does not change even if the dilaton field is exponentially coupled with the Maxwell field. Thus, in the EMDA system, we can put $`R(t,\theta )=t`$. Hereafter, we will choose this gauge. In this case, Gowdy spacetimes have spacelike singularities at $`t=0`$ .

The action of the EMDA theory is

$`S`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^4x\sqrt{g}\left[^{(4)}R+e^{2a\varphi }F^2+2\left(\varphi \right)^2+\frac{1}{3}e^{4a\varphi }H^2\right]}`$ (12)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}t\left[\ddot{\lambda }\lambda ^{\prime \prime }+\dot{Z}^2Z^2+e^{2Z}\left(\dot{X}^2X^2\right)\right]`$ (15)
$`2e^{2a\varphi }\left[\left(e^ZX^2+e^Z\right)\left(\dot{\omega }^2\omega ^2\right)+e^Z\left(\dot{\chi }^2\chi ^2\right)2Xe^Z\left(\dot{\omega }\dot{\chi }\omega ^{}\chi ^{}\right)\right]`$
$`2t\left(\dot{\varphi }^2\varphi ^2\right){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}e^{4a\varphi }t\left(\dot{\kappa }^2\kappa ^2\right),`$
where $`\varphi =\varphi (t,\theta )`$ is the dilaton field, $`H=dB\frac{1}{2}e^{4a\varphi }d\kappa (t,\theta )`$ is the three-index antisymmetric tensor field dual to the axion field $`\kappa `$, and $`a`$ is a coupling constant . The functions are periodic in $`\theta `$ ($`0\theta 2\pi `$) because the spatial topology is $`T^3`$. \[However, the spatial compactness is not relevant to our analysis.\] In the case of the effective superstring theory, $`a=1`$. If we neglect the axion field, $`a=\sqrt{3}`$ gives Kaluza-Klein theory. If $`a=0`$, the dilaton and axion fields are decoupled with the gravity.

Note that the metric function $`\lambda `$ is decoupled with other functions, and that $`\lambda `$ appears only in the Hamiltonian and momentum constraints. This is the primary advantage of Gowdy spacetimes. Now, let us focus on evolution equations. We can calculate the metric function $`\lambda `$ by evaluating the integral of $`\lambda ^{}`$ from $`0`$ to $`2\pi `$ after obtaining other functions.

## V Review of the Fuchsian algorithm

The above system is very complicated and gives rise to highly nonlinear partial differential equations which are nontrivially coupled with the matter fields. We would like to construct AVTD singular solutions of such complicated equations which are parametrized by as many arbitrary functions as possible. In order to do this, we adopt the Fuchsian algorithm developed by Kichenassamy and Rendall . One of the advantages of this algorithm is applicable to general (nonlinear and/or singular) partial differential equations (PDEs). Another advantage of the Fuchsian algorithm is applicable to arbitrary spatial dimension. \[Spatial dimension in Gowdy spacetimes is one since these spacetimes have two spacelike Killing vector fields.\] This fact suggests that the Fuchsian algorithm is applicable to spacetimes with fewer or no symmetry .

In this section, we briefly review the Fuchsian algorithm . Let us consider a PDE system

$$F\left[u(t,x^\alpha )\right]=0.$$
(16)
Generically, $`u`$ can have any number of components. Here, we will assume that the PDE is singular with respect to the argument $`t`$. The Fuchsian algorithm consists of three steps as follows:

Step 1 Identify the leading (singular) terms $`u_0(t,x)`$ which are parts of the desired expansion for $`u`$. This means that the most singular terms cancel each other when $`u_0(t,x)`$ is substituted in Eq. (16).

Step 2 Introduce a renormalized unknown function $`v(t,x)`$, which is given by

$$u=u_0+t^mv.$$
(17)
If $`u_0t^k`$, we should set $`m=k+\epsilon `$, where $`\epsilon >0`$. Thus, $`v`$ is a regular part of the desired expansion for $`u`$.

Step 3 Obtain a Fuchsian system for $`v`$ by substituting Eq. (17) in Eq. (16). That is,

$$(D+A)v=t^ϵf(t,x,v,_xv),$$
(18)
where $`Dt_t`$ and $`A`$ is a matrix which is independent of $`t`$ and $`ϵ>0`$. $`f`$ can be assumed to be analytic in all of arguments except $`t`$ and continuous in $`t`$. Note that Eq. (18) is a (singular) PDE system for the regular function $`v`$.

Roughly speaking, the Fuchsian algorithm is a transformation from finding singular solutions of the original equations (16) into finding regular solutions of the Fuchsian equations (18) which may be singular even if the original equations are regular. Once we have the Fuchsian system, we can show the existence of a unique solution for prescribed singular part $`u_0`$ by the following theorem.

###### Theorem 1 (Theorem 3 of Ref. )

Let us consider a system Eq. (18), where $`A`$ is an analytic matrix near $`x=0`$, such that $`\sigma ^AC`$ for $`0<\sigma <1`$ (boundedness condition) and $`f`$ is analytic in space $`x`$ and continuous in time $`t`$. Then the system (18) has exactly one solution which is defined near $`x=0`$ and $`t=0`$, and which is analytic in space and continuous in time, and tend to zero as $`t0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Applying the Fuchsian algorithm to our problem of Gowdy spacetimes in the EMDA system, the procedure is summarized as follows:

1. Solve VTD equations as ordinary differential equations with respect to $`t`$. Solutions obtained such a way are the leading (singular) terms of the desired formal solutions.
2. Substitute the formal solutions into full field equations. Here, make integral constants arbitrary functions of spatial arguments $`x`$.
3. Obtain a Fuchsian system for unknown functions and evaluate every eigenvalues of $`A`$.
4. Apply Theorem 1 to the system.

If every eigenvalues of $`A`$ are non-negative, the boundedness condition in Theorem 1 holds. Then, renormalized unknown functions must vanish as $`t0`$ by Theorem 1. Therefore, the only singular terms which are solutions to VTD equations remain and they are solutions to full field equations at $`t=0`$. Thus, we have AVTD singular solutions. Essentially, the above argument is a singular version of the Cauchy-Kowalevskaya theorem .

## VI Asymptotic behavior in Gowdy spacetimes

We are now ready to examine the singularity in the EMDA system. The EMDA system with Gowdy symmetry, however, has six functions ($`Z`$, $`X`$, $`\omega `$, $`\chi `$, $`\varphi `$, $`\kappa `$), and it is very complicated to treat all of them at the same time. Hence, we will reduce the system by selecting four functions from them for simplicity. As a selection rule, it is important to leave exponential coupling between the dilaton and other fields since, as mentioned in Sec.III, an essential part of our analysis is whether or not “potential” terms in Einstein’s equations exponentially grow as $`t0`$ . Therefore, we will consider three cases, which are the non-polarized EMD, the non-polarized EDA and the polarized EMDA.

### A non-polarized EMD ($`\chi =0`$, $`\kappa =0`$)

First, let us consider the case that the dilaton field is exponentially coupled with the Maxwell field. Varying the action (12) with respect to ($`Z`$, $`X`$, $`\omega `$, $`\chi `$), we obtain evolution equations,

$`D^2Zt^2Z^{\prime \prime }+t^2e^{2Z}(\dot{X}^2X^2)+2te^{2a\varphi }(e^ZX^2e^Z)(\dot{\omega }^2\omega ^2)=0,`$ (19)
$`D^2Xt^2X^{\prime \prime }2t^2(\dot{X}\dot{Z}X^{}Z^{})4te^{2a\varphi +Z}X(\dot{\omega }^2\omega ^2)=0,`$ (20)
$`D^2\omega t^2\omega ^{\prime \prime }t^2\left[2a\dot{\varphi }+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{t}}{\displaystyle \frac{(2\dot{X}\dot{Z}X)Xe^Z+\dot{Z}e^Z}{e^ZX^2+e^Z}}\right]\dot{\omega }`$ (21)
$`+t^2\left[2a\varphi ^{}{\displaystyle \frac{(2X^{}Z^{}X)Xe^Z+Z^{}e^Z}{e^ZX^2+e^Z}}\right]\omega ^{}=0,`$ (22)
$`D^2\varphi t^2\varphi ^{\prime \prime }+ate^{2a\varphi }\left(e^ZX^2+e^Z\right)(\dot{\omega }^2\omega ^2)=0.`$ (23)
Following the procedure explained in the previous section, we have VTD equations by dropping spatial derivative terms from Eqs.(19)-(23).

$`D^2Z+t^2e^{2Z}\dot{X}^2+2te^{2a\varphi }(e^ZX^2e^Z)\dot{\omega }^2=0,`$ (24)
$`D^2X2t^2\dot{X}\dot{Z}4te^{2a\varphi +Z}X\dot{\omega }^2=0,`$ (25)
$`D^2\omega t^2\left\{2a\dot{\varphi }+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{t}}{\displaystyle \frac{(2\dot{X}\dot{Z}X)Xe^Z+\dot{Z}e^Z}{e^ZX^2+e^Z}}\right\}\dot{\omega }=0,`$ (26)
$`D^2\varphi +ate^{2a\varphi }(e^ZX^2+e^Z)\dot{\omega }^2=0.`$ (27)
According to Definition 1, solutions to these equations are AVTD if they exist and are also solutions to full Einstein’s equations as $`t0`$.

Since we expect Kasner-like solutions, $`ZZ_0\mathrm{ln}t`$, $`XX_0`$ and $`\varphi \varphi _0\mathrm{ln}t`$ are chosen as the leading terms for $`Z`$, $`X`$ and $`\varphi `$, respectively. Substituting them into Eq. (26), we have a leading term of $`\omega `$. Thus, we can construct a family of formal solutions to full Einstein’s equations as,

$`Z=Z_0(\theta )\mathrm{ln}t+Z_1(\theta )+t^ϵ\alpha (t,\theta ),`$ (28)
$`X=X_0(\theta )+t^{2Z_0}\left(X_1(\theta )+\beta (t,\theta )\right),`$ (29)
$`\omega =\omega _0(\theta )+t^{Z_0+2a\varphi _0+1}\left(\omega _1(\theta )+\gamma (t,\theta )\right),`$ (30)
$`\varphi =\varphi _0(\theta )\mathrm{ln}t+\varphi _1(\theta )+t^ϵ\delta (t,\theta ),`$ (31)
where $`Z_0>0`$, $`Z_0+2a\varphi _0+1>0`$, $`ϵ>0`$. The first and second inequalities are given by Eqs. (25) and (26). $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$, $`\gamma `$ and $`\delta `$ are renormalized unknown functions. Note that when we put $`\alpha =\beta =\gamma =\delta =0`$, Eqs. (28)-(31) are exact solutions to VTD equations as $`t0`$. Substituting the formal solutions (28)-(31) into full Einstein’s equations (19)-(23), we can obtain the following system,

$$(D+A)\stackrel{}{u}=\stackrel{}{f}(t,\theta ,\stackrel{}{u},\stackrel{}{u}^{}),$$
(32)
where

$`\stackrel{}{u}`$ $`=`$ $`(\alpha ,D\alpha ,t\alpha ^{},\beta ,D\beta ,t\beta ^{},\gamma ,D\gamma ,t\gamma ^{},\delta ,D\delta ,t\delta ^{})^T.`$ (33)
The matrix $`A`$ has the $`12\times 12`$ components,

$$A=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}A_Z& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& A_X& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& A_\omega & 0\\ 0& 0& 0& A_\varphi \end{array}\right),$$

where,

$$A_Z=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 1& 0\\ ϵ^2& 2ϵ& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right),A_X=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 1& 0\\ 0& 2Z_0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right),$$

$$A_\omega =\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 1& 0\\ 0& Z_0+2a\varphi _0+1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right),A_\varphi =\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 1& 0\\ ϵ^2& 2ϵ& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right).$$

We can easily verify that eigenvalues of $`A`$ are $`0`$, $`2Z_0`$, $`Z_0+2a\varphi _0+1`$ and $`ϵ`$, which are non-negative. Then, we conclude that the boundedness condition of Theorem 1 holds. Next, we examine the leading parts in components of the vector $`\stackrel{}{f}`$.

$$\stackrel{}{f}=\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ X_0^2e^{2(Z_1+t^ϵ\alpha )}t^{22Z_0ϵ}+2X_0^2\omega _0^2e^{(2a(\varphi _1+t^ϵ\delta )+Z_1+t^ϵ\alpha )}t^{1Z_02a\varphi _0ϵ}+\mathrm{}\\ t(\alpha +D\alpha )^{}\\ 0\\ 2X_0^{}(Z_0^{}\mathrm{ln}t+Z_1^{}+t^ϵ\alpha )t^{22Z_0}4X_0\omega _0^2e^{2a(\varphi _1+t^ϵ\delta )+Z_1+t^ϵ\alpha }t^{1Z_02a\varphi _0}+\mathrm{}\\ t(\beta +D\beta )^{}\\ 0\\ X_0^2e^{Z_1+t^ϵ\alpha }\{\omega _0^{\prime \prime }[2a(\varphi _0^{}\mathrm{ln}t+\varphi _1^{}+t^ϵ\delta ^{})+1]\omega _0^{}\}t^{1Z_02a\varphi _0}+\mathrm{}\\ t(\gamma +D\gamma )^{}\\ 0\\ aX_0^2\omega _0^2e^{(2a(\varphi _1+t^ϵ\delta )+Z_1+t^ϵ\alpha )}t^{1Z_02a\varphi _0ϵ}+\mathrm{}\\ t(\delta +D\delta )^{}\end{array}\right).$$

The dots represent the terms which are lower order with respect to $`t`$ and are not important for our discussion since the power of these terms is necessarily positive if conditions $`Z_0>0`$ and $`Z_0+2a\varphi _0+1>0`$ hold. Positivity of the power of $`t`$ in components of the vector $`\stackrel{}{f}`$ gives us sufficient conditions to obtain the AVTD solutions. Finally, we apply Theorem 1 to this system and then, we obtain the following theorem.

###### Theorem 2

Let $`Z_i(\theta )`$, $`X_i(\theta )`$, $`\omega _i(\theta )`$, $`\varphi _i(\theta )`$, where $`i=0`$, $`1`$, be real analytic functions and $`0<Z_0<1`$ and $`1<Z_0+2a\varphi _0<1`$ for $`0\theta 2\pi `$. Then, for field equations (19)-(23) in the EMD system, there exists a unique solution with the form (28)-(31), where $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$, $`\gamma `$ and $`\delta `$ tend to zero as $`t0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Theorem 2 means that $`T^3`$ Gowdy spacetimes in the EMD system have AVTD singularities in “general” in the sense that the singular solutions have maximal number (i.e. eight) of arbitrary functions ($`Z_0`$, $`X_0`$, $`\omega _0`$, $`\varphi _0`$, $`Z_1`$, $`X_1`$, $`\omega _1`$, $`\varphi _1`$).

In components of the vector $`\stackrel{}{f}`$, terms $`t^{1Z_02a\varphi _0}`$ and $`t^{22Z_0}`$ give us upper bound for $`Z_0`$ and $`Z_0+2a\varphi _0`$ in Theorem 2. However, since these terms are always multiplied by $`X_0^{}`$ and $`\omega _0^{}`$, the upper bound can be removed if $`X_0^{}=0`$ and $`\omega _0^{}=0`$. Hence, we obtain the following corollary:

###### Corollary 1

Let $`Z_i(\theta )`$, $`X_i(\theta )`$, $`\omega _i(\theta )`$, $`\varphi _i(\theta )`$, where $`i=0`$, $`1`$, be real analytic functions, and assume $`0<Z_0`$, $`1<Z_0+2a\varphi _0`$ and $`X_0^{}=\omega _0^{}=0`$ for $`0\theta 2\pi `$. Then, for field equations (19)-(23) in the EMD system, there exists a unique solution with the form (28)-(31), where $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$, $`\gamma `$ and $`\delta `$ tend to zero as $`t0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Note that this is a “non-generic” case in the sense that two of arbitrary eight functions are constant in $`\theta `$.

### B non-polarized EDA ($`\omega =0`$, $`\chi =0`$)

Now, we will consider the case that the axion field is exponentially coupled with the dilaton field. In the similar way to Sec.VI A, we have evolution equations by varying the action (12) with respect to $`(Z,X,\varphi ,\kappa )`$.

$`D^2Zt^2Z^{\prime \prime }+t^2e^{2Z}(\dot{X}^2X^2)=0,`$ (34)
$`D^2Xt^2X^{\prime \prime }2t^2(\dot{X}\dot{Z}X^{}Z^{})=0,`$ (35)
$`D^2\varphi t^2\varphi ^{\prime \prime }{\displaystyle \frac{a}{2}}t^2e^{4a\varphi }(\dot{\kappa }^2\kappa ^2)=0,`$ (36)
$`D^2\kappa t^2\kappa ^{\prime \prime }+4at^2(\dot{\varphi }\dot{\kappa }\varphi ^{}\kappa ^{})=0.`$ (37)
Note that a pair of PDEs for gravity (34) and (35) is decoupled with those for scalar fields (36) and (37). Furthermore, Eqs. (34) and (35) have equivalent form to Eqs. (36) and (37) as simultaneous PDEs. These facts are known as “mirror images” in string cosmologies and used to construct new nontrivial solutions .

Dropping the spatial derivative terms from Eqs. (34)-(37), VTD equations are obtained as follows:

$`D^2Z+t^2e^{2Z}\dot{X}^2=0,`$ (38)
$`D^2X2t^2\dot{X}\dot{Z}=0,`$ (39)
$`D^2\varphi {\displaystyle \frac{a}{2}}t^2e^{4a\varphi }\dot{\kappa }^2=0,`$ (40)
$`D^2\kappa +4at^2\dot{\varphi }\dot{\kappa }=0.`$ (41)
We can easily solve these equations as $`t0`$ and find formal solutions to full Einstein’s equations.

$`Z=Z_0(\theta )\mathrm{ln}t+Z_1(\theta )+t^ϵ\alpha (t,\theta ),`$ (42)
$`X=X_0(\theta )+t^{2Z_0}(X_1(\theta )+\beta (t,\theta )),`$ (43)
$`\varphi =\varphi _0(\theta )\mathrm{ln}t+\varphi _1(\theta )+t^ϵ\gamma (t,\theta ),`$ (44)
$`\kappa =\kappa _0(\theta )+t^{4a\varphi _0}(\kappa _1(\theta )+\delta (t,\theta )),`$ (45)
where $`Z_0>0`$, $`2a\varphi _0>0`$ and $`ϵ>0`$. These restrictions for $`Z_0`$ and $`\varphi _0`$ given by Eqs. (39) and (41), respectively.

The system for regular functions $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$, $`\gamma `$ and $`\delta `$ in the EDA system is given by Eqs. (32) and (33) by replacing the $`12\times 12`$ matrix $`A`$ by

$$A=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}A_Z& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& A_X& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& A_\varphi & 0\\ 0& 0& 0& A_\kappa \end{array}\right),$$

where

$$A_\kappa =\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 1& 0\\ 16a^2\varphi _0^2& 4a\varphi _0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right).$$

Eigenvalues of $`A`$ are $`0`$, $`2Z_0,4a\varphi _0`$ and $`ϵ`$, and all of them are non-negative. These facts imply that the boundedness condition in Theorem 1 holds. After long calculation, the leading parts in components of the vector $`\stackrel{}{f}`$ is obtained as follows.

$$\stackrel{}{f}=\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ X_0^2e^{2(Z_1+t^ϵ\alpha )}t^{22Z_0ϵ}+\mathrm{}\\ t(\alpha +D\alpha )^{}\\ 0\\ \left[X_0^{\prime \prime }2X_0^{}(Z_0^{}\mathrm{ln}t+Z_1^{}+t^ϵ\alpha ^{})\right]t^{22Z_0}+\mathrm{}\\ t(\beta +D\beta )^{}\\ 0\\ \frac{a}{2}\kappa _0^2e^{4a(\varphi _1+t^ϵ\gamma )}t^{2+4a\varphi _0ϵ}+\mathrm{}\\ t(\gamma +D\gamma )^{}\\ 0\\ \left[\kappa _0^{\prime \prime }+4a\kappa _0^{}(\varphi _0^{}\mathrm{ln}t+\varphi _1^{}+t^ϵ\gamma ^{})\right]t^{2+4a\varphi _0}+\mathrm{}\\ t(\delta +D\delta )^{}\end{array}\right).$$

Since the power of $`t`$ of other terms in $`\stackrel{}{f}`$ is positive under conditions $`Z_0>0`$ and $`2a\varphi _0>0`$, and then they are not needed here. The AVTD behavior requires that the power of the leading parts of $`t`$ is positive. Thus, we have the following theorem which states that non-polarized Gowdy spacetimes in the EDA system are AVTD in general.

###### Theorem 3

Let $`Z_i(\theta )`$, $`X_i(\theta )`$, $`\varphi _i(\theta )`$, $`\kappa _i(\theta )`$, where $`i=0`$, $`1`$, be real analytic and $`0<Z_0<1`$ and $`0<2a\varphi _0<1`$ for $`0\theta 2\pi `$. Then, for field equations (34)-(37) in the EDA system, there exists a unique solution of the form (42)- (45), where $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$, $`\gamma `$ and $`\delta `$ tend to zero as $`t0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

As seen from the vector $`\stackrel{}{f}`$, the upper bound for $`Z_0`$ and $`\varphi _0`$ in Theorem 3 are derived from terms multiplied by $`X_0^{}`$ and $`\kappa _0^{}`$. Thus, we obtain the following corollary in the “non-generic” case.

###### Corollary 2

Let $`Z_i(\theta )`$, $`X_i(\theta )`$, $`\varphi _i(\theta )`$, $`\kappa _i(\theta )`$, where $`i=0`$, $`1`$, be real analytic, and assume $`0<Z_0`$, $`0<2a\varphi _0`$ and $`X_0^{}=\kappa _0^{}=0`$, for $`0\theta 2\pi `$. Then, for field equations (34)-(37) in the EDA system, there exists a unique solution of the form (42)-(45), where $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$, $`\gamma `$ and $`\delta `$ tend to zero as $`t0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

### C polarized EMDA ($`X=0`$, $`\chi =0`$)

Finally, we will study the case of polarized Gowdy spacetimes in the EMDA system. As mentioned in Sec. III, the existence of “potential” like Eq. (9) might lead to Mixmaster oscillations. Such a potential appears in the EMDA system \[See Eq. 48\]. On the other hand, it has been shown that vacuum polarized $`T^3`$ Gowdy spacetimes are AVTD . Which behavior is realized in the EMDA system, AVTD or Mixmaster?

Varying the action (12) with respect to four functions $`(Z,\omega ,\varphi ,\kappa )`$, we have evolution equations as follows:

$`D^2Zt^2Z^{\prime \prime }2te^{2a\varphi +Z}(\dot{\omega }^2\omega ^2)=0,`$ (46)
$`D^2\omega +t^2\left(\dot{Z}2a\dot{\varphi }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{t}}\right)\dot{\omega }t^2\omega ^{\prime \prime }t^2(2a\varphi ^{}+Z^{})\omega ^{}=0,`$ (47)
$`D^2\varphi t^2\varphi ^{\prime \prime }+ate^{2a\varphi +Z}(\dot{\omega }^2\omega ^2)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}at^2e^{4a\varphi }(\dot{\kappa }^2\kappa ^2)=0,`$ (48)
$`D^2\kappa t^2\kappa ^{\prime \prime }+4at^2(\dot{\kappa }\dot{\varphi }\kappa ^{}\varphi ^{})=0.`$ (49)
Dropping the spatial derivative terms from Eqs. (46)-(49), following VTD equations are obtained as follows:

$`D^2Z2te^{2a\varphi +Z}\dot{\omega }^2=0,`$ (50)
$`D^2\omega +t^2\left(\dot{Z}2a\dot{\varphi }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{t}}\right)\dot{\omega }=0,`$ (51)
$`D^2\varphi +ate^{2a\varphi +Z}\dot{\omega }^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}at^2e^{4a\varphi }\dot{\kappa }^2=0,`$ (52)
$`D^2\kappa +4at^2\dot{\kappa }\dot{\varphi }=0.`$ (53)
Similarly to the case of the non-polarized EDA system, we can solve these equations as $`t0`$. Thus, a family of formal solutions of this system can be obtained as follows:

$`Z=Z_0(\theta )\mathrm{ln}t+Z_1(\theta )+t^ϵ\alpha (t,\theta ),`$ (54)
$`\omega =\omega _0(\theta )+t^{2a\varphi _0Z_0+1}(\omega _1(\theta )+\beta (t,\theta )),`$ (55)
$`\varphi =\varphi _0(\theta )\mathrm{ln}t+\varphi _1(\theta )+t^ϵ\gamma (t,\theta ),`$ (56)
$`\kappa =\kappa _0(\theta )+t^{4a\varphi _0}(\kappa _1(\theta )+\delta (t,\theta )),`$ (57)
where $`2a\varphi _0Z_0+1>0`$, $`4a\varphi _0>0`$ and $`ϵ>0`$. Eqs. (51) and (53) restrict the values of $`Z_0`$ and $`\varphi _0`$. By substituting Eqs. (54)-(57) into Eqs. (46)-(49), the system in the polarized EMDA system is given by Eqs. (32) and (33) with $`A`$ given by

$$A=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}A_Z& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& A_\omega & 0& 0\\ 0& 0& A_\varphi & 0\\ 0& 0& 0& A_\kappa \end{array}\right),$$

where

$$A_\omega =\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 1& 0\\ 0& 2a\varphi _0Z_0+1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right),A_\kappa =\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 1& 0\\ 0& 4a\varphi _0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right).$$

We can easily evaluate the eigenvalues of the matrix $`A`$ as $`0`$, $`2a\varphi _0Z_0+1`$, $`4a\varphi _0`$ and $`ϵ`$. Since they are all non-negative, the boundedness condition in Theorem 1 hold. The leading parts in components of the vector $`\stackrel{}{f}`$ are as follows:

$$\stackrel{}{f}=\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ 2\omega _0^2e^{2a(\varphi _1+t^ϵ\gamma )+Z_1+t^ϵ\alpha }t^{12a\varphi _0+Z_0ϵ}+\mathrm{}\\ t(\alpha +D\alpha )^{}\\ 0\\ \{\omega _0^{\prime \prime }+\omega _0^{}[2a(\varphi _0^{}\mathrm{ln}t+\varphi _1^{}+t^ϵ\gamma ^{})+Z_0^{}\mathrm{ln}t+Z_1^{}+t^ϵ\alpha ^{}]\}t^{12a\varphi _0+Z_0}+\mathrm{}\\ t(\beta +D\beta )^{}\\ 0\\ a\omega _0^2e^{2a(\varphi _1+t^ϵ\gamma )+Z_1+t^ϵ\alpha }t^{12a\varphi _0+Z_0ϵ}+\frac{a}{2}\kappa _0^2e^{4a(\varphi _1+t^ϵ)}t^{2+4a\varphi _0ϵ}+\mathrm{}\\ t(\gamma +D\gamma )^{}\\ 0\\ \left[\kappa _0^{\prime \prime }+4a\kappa _0^{}(\varphi _0^{}\mathrm{ln}t+\varphi _1^{}+t^ϵ\gamma ^{})\right]t^{2+4a\varphi _0}+\mathrm{}\\ t(\delta +D\delta )^{}\end{array}\right).$$

We do not need other terms since their power is positive under the conditions $`2a\varphi _0Z_0+1>0`$ and $`4a\varphi _0>0`$. Thus, we have again the theorem which states that polarized Gowdy spacetimes in the EMDA system are AVTD in general even if there exists a “potential” as Eq. (9) in the system. This result is a negative answer of the question in Sec. III.

###### Theorem 4

Let $`Z_i(\theta )`$, $`\omega _i(\theta )`$, $`\varphi _i(\theta )`$, $`\kappa _i(\theta )`$, where $`i=0`$, $`1`$, be real analytic, and $`1<2a\varphi _0Z_0<1`$ and $`1<2a\varphi _0<0`$ for $`0\theta 2\pi `$. Then, for field equations (46)-(49) in the EMDA system, there exists a unique solution of the form (54)-(57), where $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$, $`\gamma `$ and $`\delta `$ tend to zero as $`t0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

The leading terms in components of the vector $`\stackrel{}{f}`$ always include factors $`\omega _0^{}`$ and/or $`\kappa _0^{}`$. Then, we can be weaken the conditions for $`Z_0`$ and $`\varphi _0`$ as similar to the cases of the EMD and the EDA systems if we put $`\omega _0^{}=\kappa _0^{}=0`$.

###### Corollary 3

Let $`Z_i(\theta )`$, $`\omega _i(\theta )`$, $`\varphi _i(\theta )`$, $`\kappa _i(\theta )`$, where $`i=0`$, $`1`$, be real analytic, and assume $`\omega _0^{}=\kappa _0^{}=0`$, $`1<2a\varphi _0Z_0`$ and $`2a\varphi _0<0`$ for $`0\theta 2\pi `$. Then, for field equations (46)-(49) in the EMDA system, there exists a unique solution of the form (54)- (57), where $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$, $`\gamma `$ and $`\delta `$ tend to zero as $`t0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

## VII Summary

Theorem 2, 3 and 4 state that $`T^3`$ Gowdy spacetimes in the EMDA system have AVTD singularities in “general” in the sense that these AVTD singular solutions depend on the maximal number of singular data. In the “non-generic” cases where some functions in the singular data are constant in $`\theta `$, we have obtained corollary 1, 2 and 3. These results support BKL conjecture, that is, the dynamics of spatially different points effectively are decoupled from each other. However the spacetimes in our system do not show an oscillation of the Mixmaster spacetime near cosmological singularities for some parameter regions. In this sense, our system is a special case.

When we take the matter fields into account, Theorem 4 and corollary 3 give an answer, “NO”, to the question in Sec. III, i.e. the existence of a “potential” Eq. (9) does not necessarily restore the Mixmaster behavior. We must, however, impose another condition on the initial matter field in addition to the low-velocity condition to realize the AVTD behavior by the effect of the “potential”. Thus, we can say that the AVTD behavior is controlled by the “potential”.

We can verify that the Kretschemann invariant $`R^{\mu \nu \lambda \sigma }R_{\mu \nu \lambda \sigma }`$ of all of our AVTD solutions blows up as $`t^{(Z_0^2+2\varphi _0^2+3)}`$. Thus, the AVTD singularity in the EMDA system is the curvature singularity. This supports the validity of the strong cosmic censorship for $`T^3`$ Gowdy spacetimes in the EMDA system since the spacetimes cannot be extended beyond the singularity similar to the vacuum case .

Let us compare our results with those obtained by Grubišić-Moncrief and Kichenassamy-Rendall in the (non-) polarized and vacuum case . The low-velocity condition derived by Grubišić-Moncrief and Kichenassamy-Rendall are equivalent to our condition $`0<Z_0<1`$. If spacetimes are vacuum, then non-polarized $`T^3`$ Gowdy spacetimes are AVTD under this condition. Also, when $`X0`$ (polarized), the spacetimes are AVTD without the low-velocity condition. In any case, our results clearly include Grubišić-Moncrief and Kichenassamy-Rendall’s when the matter fields vanish.

We should mention about some recent works related to our analysis. Weaver, Isenberg and Berger have shown numerically that a Gowdy spacetime in the EM system (a magnetic Gowdy spacetime) has the Mixmaster behavior . The magnetic field they considered couples the metric function $`\lambda `$ through its amplitude. Our Maxwell fields, however, do not have such character (cf. ), so Gowdy spacetimes in our EM system are able to show the AVTD behavior. It is expected that if Gowdy spacetimes in the EM system such as Weaver’s model have Mixmaster behavior, they cannot show the AVTD even if we put the dilaton and the axion fields.

Andersson and Rendall have shown by using the Fuchsian algorithm that a generic cosmological spacetime in the Einstein-scalar field system has AVTD property . They have imposed the Gaussian coordinate conditions, $`g_{00}=1`$ and $`g_{0a}=0`$ on the spacetime. As it is understood from its definition, AVTD is defined under a coordinate condition. Then, choice of gauge or coordinate conditions is important. Clearly, our gauge conditions (see Sec IV) are different from Andersson-Rendall’s. Furthermore, the equations of matter fields used in Ref.  are linear PDEs. Contrary, our field equations in the EMDA system are nonlinear. These nonlinear PDEs cannot be came to linear ones. Thus, their and our results can be complements each of the other.

Damour and Henneaux have shown under the Gaussian coordinate conditions that a generic cosmological singularity of low energy effective superstring theory is the Mixmaster . Their model is closely related to our model in the sense that it contains the matter fields with exponential potentials. However, there are some different points beside the gauge conditions : (i) the spacetime dimension (it is 11 or 10 in Ref. ), (ii) an assumption to find formal solutions, and (iii) components of $`p`$-forms (i.e. Maxwell and axion) fields. It is known that the existence of the Mixmaster behavior strongly depends on the spacetime dimension. Also, the contributions of the $`p`$-form fields are neglected in the field equations when formal solutions, i.e. VTD solutions, are constructed. Then, these formal solutions are different from ours since the velocity terms of any fields are not neglected in our analysis. Furthermore, thanks to Gowdy symmetry in our analysis, components of $`p`$-form fields are restricted, that is, the Maxwell field strength can have only four components (see Sec. IV), although there is no such restrictions in Ref. .

To avoid complicated calculation we focused only on four functions among the six functions ($`Z`$, $`X`$, $`\omega `$, $`\chi `$, $`\varphi `$ and $`\kappa `$) in the present paper. For a next step, we would like to investigate the full system where that all of six functions do not vanish. Another subject to consider is asymptotic behavior of $`U(1)`$-symmetric spacetimes  which have only one spacelike Killing vector. Although Einstein’s equations for $`U(1)`$-symmetric spacetimes are more complicated than those of $`T^3`$ Gowdy spacetime, the Fuchsian algorithm is applicable to such system since this algorithm is independent on dimension of space. Recently, the Fuchsian algorithm is used for vacuum polarized $`U(1)`$-symmetric spacetimes . Our interest is to know whether non-polarized $`U(1)`$-symmetric and generic cosmological spacetimes in the EMDA system are AVTD or not. Although the procedure of the Fuchsian algorithm is routine, finding out plausible formal solutions to VTD equations and obtaining the Fuchsian system are algebraically complicated, and not so easy. Therefore, these subjects are devoted to the future investigation.

Acknowledgment

We are grateful to Akio Hosoya, Hideki Ishihara, Hideo Kodama, Kei-ichi Maeda and Shigeaki Yahikozawa for useful discussions. We also thank Michael Ashworth for his careful reading of our manuscript. This work is partially supported by Scientific Research Fund of the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture, by the Grant-in-Aid for JSPS (No. 199704162 (T. T.) and No. 199906147 (K. M.)).


text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

A characteristic prediction of QCD in the non-perturbative sector concerns the existence of mesons with gluons as valence constituents, either purely gluonic mesons, “glueballs”, or “hybrids”, the bound states of quark, antiquark and gluon.

The search for glueballs is an important issue since the early days of QCD  but their very existence has not been definitely established until today. Whereas there is general agreement that the lightest glueball should have quantum numbers $`J^{PC}=0^{++}`$ its mass remains controversial. Moreover, as $`q\overline{q}`$ mesons exist with the same quantum numbers the identification is difficult, in particular, as there could be mixing between the different states as well.

The important way to distinguish between the possibilities is the study of production rates and decay branching ratios which are expected to be sensitive to the constituent structure. Glueballs are expected to be produced preferentially in a gluon rich environment such as $`J/\psi \gamma +X`$, central production in hadron hadron collisions by double Pomeron exchange and $`p\overline{p}`$ annihilation into mesons near threshold. On the other hand, glueball production should be suppressed in $`\gamma \gamma `$ collisions (see  for survey). All these reactions have been explored with increasing accuracy in the past.

Here we want to discuss another pair of reactions where glueball or hybrid production could be enhanced or suppressed, respectively. In the fragmentation region of the quark jet the usual $`q\overline{q}`$ hadrons which carry the initial quark as valence quark are enhanced, gluonic mesons are expected to be suppressed. In analogy, one might expect gluonic mesons to be enhanced in the fragmentation region of gluon jets and $`q\overline{q}`$ states to be suppressed. Correspondingly, one may study the relevant particle systems ($`\pi \pi ,K\overline{K},4\pi \mathrm{})`$ either at large momentum fraction (Feynman $`x`$), or with some advantages, in the head of the jet beyond a large rapidity gap (length $`\mathrm{\Delta }y`$). Of advantage are the similar kinematic conditions for both kinds of jets and often the possibility of a measurement in the same experiment. The own identity of gluon jets produced in hard collisions has been established in various details according to the expectations from perturbative QCD calculations (for review, see ). There are plenty of gluon jets in the $`e^+e^{}q\overline{q}g`$ final states and in hard $`pp`$ collisions which makes this type of studies promising.

Experimental studies along this line have not been carried out so far although there is some history to the idea to look for gluonic mesons in gluon jets. Peterson and Walsh  suggested a non-perturbative model with a leading isoscalar cluster in the gluon jet which could be composed of ordinary $`q\overline{q}`$mesons like $`\eta ,\eta ^{},\omega ,\varphi `$ or glueballs. An enhanced production of $`\eta ^{}`$ in gluon jets because of its intrinsic $`gg`$ component has been suggested by Fritzsch  in the explanation of the large decay rate of $`B`$ into $`\eta ^{}`$. More recently, Roy and Sridhar  suggested the search for glueballs in gluon jets at large $`x`$ and considered a model with the $`ggb`$ fragmentation being similar to $`q\pi `$ fragmentation.

Whereas an earlier study at LEP  presented evidence for an enhanced $`\eta `$ production in gluon jets at large $`x`$ the more recent studies of $`\eta ,\eta ^{}`$ mesons  did not indicate any enhanced production of isoscalar mesons in gluon jets. No study has been published yet for glueball or hybrid candidates.

Whether the suggested systematics is realized in nature depends on the (nonperturbative) colour neutralization mechanism and could be quite different for ordinary $`q\overline{q}`$mesons, hybrids and glueballs. We distinguish the colour triplet and colour octet neutralization and suggest studies which should reveal the relative importance of both mechanisms independently of the existence of glueballs. In any case, we expect the enhanced production of hybrids in gluon jets – if they really exist (see also ).

## 2 Status of glueballs and hybrids

Lattice calculations in quenched approximation (without sea quarks) put the lightest glueball with quantum numbers $`J^{PC}=0^{++}`$ near a mass of 1600 MeV  (for a review, see ). First results from unquenched calculations  are not yet conclusive but may indicate a decrease of the glueball mass with decreasing quark mass.

On the other hand, within the QCD sum rule approach, a lighter gluonic component in the $`0^{++}`$ spectrum is required near 1000 MeV  (earlier results in ). Also the early calculations in the MIT bag model  prefer the low mass glueball around 1000 MeV.

In a recent phenomenological analysis  it has been proposed that the lightest $`0^{++}`$ glueball should be identified with the very broad state

$$gb(0^{++}):M=1000\mathrm{MeV},\mathrm{\Gamma }=5001000\mathrm{MeV}$$
(1)
which corresponds to both states $`f_0(4001200)`$ and $`f_0(1370)`$ listed in the particle data table . Whereas in some experimental mass spectra there is a separate peak near 1370 MeV the phase shift analyses of elastic and inelastic $`\pi \pi `$ scattering do not indicate the phase movement corresponding to an ordinary Breit Wigner resonance centered at this mass value. Rather – after removal of the narrow $`f_0(980)`$ – the $`\pi \pi `$ elastic scattering phase shifts below 1500 MeV are slowly rising and pass through $`90^\mathrm{o}`$ near 1000 MeV; there is no indication of a second resonance – neither in the elastic  nor in the inelastic channels .

Recent data on central production of particle pairs by the WA102 and GAMS collaborations  show again peaks in the mass spectra near $`f_0(1370)`$; the measured angular distribution moments should now allow a judgement in favour of the Breit-Wigner resonance phase movement or against it from the interference with $`f_2(1270)`$; the same applies also to peripheral $`\pi ^0\pi ^0`$ production in $`\pi p`$ production by the E852 collaboration . Relative phases may also be obtained in the $`4\pi `$ final states measured by WA102 . Such analyses have the potential to further clarify whether $`f_0(1370)`$ is a reasonably narrow ($`\mathrm{\Gamma }200300`$ MeV) Breit-Wigner resonance or – as we suggested  – a component of a yet broader object.

The broad state $`gb(1000)`$ in (1) is found consistent with most expectations for production and decay of a glueball and is therefore a respectable candidate. The main decay mode is $`\pi \pi `$, but also $`K\overline{K}`$ and $`\eta \eta `$ above the respective thresholds and possibly $`\pi \pi e^+e^{}`$ . The identification of $`f_0(1500)`$ as lightest glueball is not supported by the finding of opposite signs for the decay amplitude into $`K\overline{K}`$ and $`\eta \eta `$ .

There is even less experimental information about $`0^+`$ and $`2^{++}`$ glueballs. Possible candidates according to the analysis of ref.  are $`\eta (1440)`$ and $`f_J(1710)`$ with $`J=2`$.

In the sector of hybrid mesons the spin-exotic state $`1^+`$ is of particular interest. Lattice results yield mass values around 1900 MeV for this hybrid composed of light quarks and gluon in quenched approximation and also in the first attempt including sea quarks .

There is experimental evidence for resonances with exotic $`1^+`$ quantum numbers in the $`\eta \pi `$ system at masses around 1400 and 1600 MeV (for a recent summary, see Chung ). This result is lower than the lattice expectation by around 500 MeV. This discrepency could be due to an incomplete calculation or the observed states are not hybrid but other exotic states, for example $`q\overline{q}q\overline{q}`$ states.

## 3 Hadron production and colour neutralization

An energetic quark or gluon emerging from a hard collision process will generate a parton cascade by subsequent gluon bremsstrahlung and quark pair production. The extension of such a cascade for a 100 GeV jet in space can be rather large and exceed 100 f (see, for example ). The formation of colour singlet systems should proceed during the evolution whenever the separation of colour charges exceeds the confinement length $`R_c1`$f. Two types of neutralization processes are possible (see Fig. 1).

1. Colour triplet neutralization.
Consider the production of a massive $`q\overline{q}`$ pair in a colour singlet state in its restframe corresponding to separating colour triplet charges (possibly accompanied by secondary partons from bremsstrahlung). The colour field between the primary quarks can be neutralized eventually by the (nonperturbative) production of a soft quark antiquark pair. This process of triplet neutralization may repeat itself for the various branchings inside the quark gluon cascade until the total energy is carried by $`q\overline{q}`$ hadrons. Also possible is the formation of hybrid mesons from the gluons at the end of the perturbative cascade and the soft $`q\overline{q}`$. An example for a quantitative description of soft nonperturbative $`q\overline{q}`$ production is given by the chromoelectric flux tube model  which considers pair production in a static field. A systematic treatment for relativistic particles connecting to perturbation theory has not yet been achieved.

2. Colour octet neutralization.
In case of a primary colour singlet $`gg`$ pair the field between the separating colour octet charges can be neutralized at the confinement distance either by the production of a gluon pair or by the subsequent production of two quark pairs. Only the mechanism with gluon pair production could yield pure gluonic bound states at the end.

We introduce the relative probability of triplet and octet neutralization by a phenomenological parameter

$$R_3=P_3/P_8.$$
(2)
In the flux tube model of ref.  the octet process was considered negligible assuming a large effective gluon mass $`>1`$ GeV in expectation of a heavy glueball. We consider here the possibility of a light glueball and also of a non-negligable soft $`gg`$ production rate.

It is not obvious to what extent the two types of neutralization mechanisms are realized in a particular process. Common collision processes at particle accelerators are initiated by quarks either as constituents of external hadrons or after production through electromagnetic or weak gauge bosons. A successive triplet neutralization by quark pairs is then always possible even in a gluon dominated final state. The octet neutralization could be an overall rare process enhanced for particular kinematic configurations.

Here we suggest such a configuration: consider the production of a hard gluon which travels without gluon radiation for a while forming a jet with a large rapidity gap empty of hadrons. The probability for such events decreases exponentially with the rapidity gap according to the Sudakov formfactor . In this case the hard isolated gluon builds up an octet field to the remaining partons which is not distorted by multiple gluon emissions and related colour neutralization processes of smaller rapidity range, so the $`gg`$ octet mechanism may be enhanced and will become clearly visible if it exists.

The experimental test can be carried out independently of the existence of glueballs. In case of $`gg`$ neutralization the total charge of the head particles beyond the gap should be $`Q=0`$; on the other hand, the charge distribution in case of double triplet neutralization should have a component with charges $`Q=\pm 1`$, a situation which is also met for an equal mixture of quark and antiquark jets with a gap. Therefore, if the colour octet mechanism exists, the charge distribution for the gluon gap events should be a mixture of both components according to the probability $`R_3`$ in (2).

In this test the gap $`\mathrm{\Delta }y`$ should be large enough so that the leading charges have approached a limiting distribution; only the charges which correspond to the combination of the leading parton and the soft neutralizing parton (or partons) are present. In this limit multiple exchanges through the gap and leading charges $`|Q|2`$ should be absent.

If the enhanced neutral component from octet neutralization is not observed we would not expect a preferred source of glueballs in gluon jets either. In this case glueballs would be produced through their mixing with quarkonium states in any collision process and not preferentially through their valence glue component.

## 4 Limiting charge distribution beyond the gap

For illustration we give an estimate of the limiting charge distribution for sufficiently large $`\mathrm{\Delta }y`$ in the head of the jet beyond the gap for the case of triplet neutralization. We assume that the charge is determined in the quark jet by the charge of the leading quark and an average soft antiquark and in case of gluon jet by the average charge of the soft quarks and antiquarks. In our estimate we assume that soft $`u,d,s`$ quarks are produced with relative probabilities $`\gamma ,\gamma ,\gamma _s`$ and we take $`\gamma =0.4,\gamma _s=12\gamma =0.2`$ as in ref.  in the example (i.e. the production ratio $`s/u=0.5`$). More generally, $`\gamma `$ could depend on the energy scale of the separating partons and we compare also with the extreme cases $`\gamma =1/2(s/u=0)`$ and $`\gamma =1/3(s/u=1)`$.

The charge distribution in the head of the gluon jet is then given by

$$p_g(Q)=P_3p_3^g(Q)+P_8p_8^g(Q)$$
(3)
where the charge distributions for triplet and octet neutralization $`p_3^g(Q)`$ and $`p_8^g(Q)`$ are given in Table 1. As seen from the table, the probabilities vary within 10% for the different assumptions on the strange quark ratio $`s/u`$. From the measurement of the charge distribution (3) one can determine the ratio $`R_3`$ in (2), given the parameter $`\gamma `$.

The corresponding analysis can be done as well in quark jets with a gap to check the overall picture and study the parameter $`\gamma `$. The charge distribution in the head of the jet for different quarks and the quark-antiquark average relevant to $`e^+e^{}`$ events is given in Table 2. For a superposition of different quark (anti-quark) jets with probabilities $`\widehat{P}_q`$ the charge distribution is given by

$$\widehat{P}_{<q>}(Q)=\underset{q}{}\widehat{P}_qp_3^q(Q).$$
(4)
There are some differences between the gluon jet with triplet neutralization and the $`q\overline{q}`$ average jet, but both are clearly separated from the octet case which can therefore easily be identified with this method.

## 5 Fragmentation Region of Gluon and Quark Jets

The inclusive spectra of hadrons and other observables are well described by the corresponding quantities at the parton level provided the perturbative evolution is continued down to small values of the $`k_T`$ cutoff in the cascade $`Q_0\mathrm{\Lambda }_{QCD}`$ (this phenomenological approach is called “local parton hadron duality”, for reviews, see ). In this picture the $`x`$-distribution of hadrons in the gluon jet is steeper than in the quark jet because of the stronger semi-soft gluon radiation in the gluon jet.

As to the fragmentation region of the quark jet it is by now well established that the hadrons which carry the primary quark as a valence quark dominate at large momentum fraction $`x`$ as expected in the parton model . The leading hadron follows the distribution of the primary quark if it is color-neutralized by a soft anti-quark.

In the gluon jet, in case of triplet neutralization, the leading particles are the hadrons formed by the primary gluon and the soft $`q\overline{q}`$ pairs. If there are hybrid mesons they may be formed in the fast colour singlet $`q\overline{q}g`$ system, alternatively, the fast hadrons are ordinary $`q\overline{q}`$ mesons formed at the end of the parton cascade after having absorbed all gluon energy. If the octet mechanism is at work the leading gluon may also form a glueball. On the other hand, in the quark jet neither the hybrid nor the glueball will be leading if – as we assume – the leading quark is only neutralized in colour by a soft antiquark. These properties are summarized in Table 3.

The constituent nature of a particular particle or resonance according to Table 3 can best be studied by comparing its production rate in the fragmentation region of quark and gluon jets. One possibility is the study of the respective mass spectra at large $`x`$ (see also ); there may be considerable non-resonant background. Another possibility is the study of particles beyond the rapidity gap. For large gaps when the limiting charge distribution is reached the background should be small. As argued above the rapidity cut may enhance the possibility for the octet mechanism.

The comparison between quark and gluon jet is best carried out for similar kinematic configuration: the same length $`\delta y`$ for the head of the jet beyond the gap in a frame with the nearest jets in angle $`90^\mathrm{o}`$.

For the gluon jet in $`e^+e^{}3`$ jets such a preferred frame is reached after transforming first into the restframe of $`q\overline{q}`$ and then boosting along the $`q\overline{q}`$ direction until the $`g`$ jet is perpendicular (see Fig. 2).

In order to correct for the different inclusive parton distributions in quark and gluon jets and also in case of different available phase space it is best to normalize the rates to a well known $`q\overline{q}`$ hadron $`h_{norm}`$ ($`\rho ,f_2\mathrm{}`$) of comparable mass. Along this way we define the gluon factor $`F_g`$ for a hadron $`h`$

$$F_g(h/h_{norm})=\frac{\sigma (gh)/\sigma (gh_{norm})}{\sigma (qh)/\sigma (qh_{norm})}.$$
(5)
Apparently, for a $`q\overline{q}`$ hadron the gluon factor $`F_g1`$ and for a gluonic meson $`F_g1`$.222 This quantity may be compared to the observable called “stickiness” , the ratio of radiative $`J/\psi `$ decay and $`\gamma \gamma `$ production for a given hadron. In that case the very different phase space and barrier factors in both processes are taken into account in the definition using an approximation appropriate for small masses; for high masses this approximation becomes unreliable and yields rather large unrealistic ratios.

According to our hypothesis about $`gb(1000)`$ as being the lightest binary glueball an effect $`F_g>1`$ should be seen for the mass spectrum of $`\pi ^+\pi ^{}`$ or $`\pi ^0\pi ^0`$ around and below 1 GeV, i.e. in the simplest case already for a neutral pair of charged particles. It may be compared with $`\rho (770),f_2(1270)`$. Other enigmatic states like the $`f_0(980)`$ can be tested for their gluonic components as well. Heavier glueball candidates like $`f_0(1500)`$ and $`f_J(1710)`$ may be studied through their $`K\overline{K}`$ decay modes. Also the mass spectrum of all particles with total charge $`Q=0`$ in the head of the gluon jet beyond the rapidity gap would be an interesting possibility for inclusive glueball hunting.

## 6 Conclusions

The limiting charge distribution in the leading cluster of quark and gluon jets with sufficiently large rapidity gap should reveal the relative importance of the octet neutralization mechanism. The comparison of such events in quark and gluon jets could then provide some clues about the constituent nature of candidate gluonic mesons with low background. Inclusive particle spectra did not prove any unusual behaviour in both kinds of jets so far, but particle correlations could do. Interesting tests are already possible with charged particle pairs.