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# Contents

## 1 Introduction and Summary

BPS D-brane - anti-D-brane system of type IIA and IIB string theories admit tachyonic modes. It has been conjectured that at the minimum of the tachyon potential the tension of the brane-antibrane system is exactly canceled by the negative value of the tachyon potential, so that at this point the brane-antibrane system is indistinguishible from the vacuum. It has been further conjectured that various solitonic solutions on the brane-antibrane pair, where the tachyon approaches the minimum of the potential asymptotically, represent various lower dimensional branes. Thus for example, on a single D$`p`$-$`\overline{\mathrm{D}}p`$ brane system, the kink solution represents a non-BPS D-$`(p1)`$ brane of type II string theory, whereas a vortex solution represents a BPS D-$`(p2)`$ brane of the same theory. There are generalizations of this conjecture in which solitons of higher codimension on more than one pair of D-brane - $`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$-brane system correspond to BPS and non-BPS D-branes of codimension $`>2`$.333Recently evidence for some of these conjectures, and similar conjectures involving D-branes in bosonic string theories, have been found using string field theory. This approach uses the level truncation scheme developed by Kostelecky and Samuel. These conjectures have also been analysed using renormalization group flow on the world-sheet theory following earlier work of ref..

The codimension one case, i.e. the identification of the kink solution on the D$`p`$-brane $`\overline{\mathrm{D}}p`$-brane pair with a non-BPS D-$`(p1)`$-brane, has been demonstrated explicitly (although indirectly) by identifying a series of marginal deformations which interpolate between the D-brane - $`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$-brane pair and the kink solution, and showing that this series of deformations take the original D$`p`$-brane $`\overline{\mathrm{D}}p`$-brane system to a non-BPS D-$`(p1)`$-brane. This is done by compactifying one of the directions tangential to the brane-antibrane system on a circle, switching on half unit of Wilson line on the antibrane, and reducing the radius of the circle to a critical radius where the lowest mode of the tachyon becomes marginal. One then uses this marginal deformation to create the kink and then takes the radius of the circle back to infinity.

It is natural to ask if this procedure can be generalised to the case of vortex and higher codimension solitons on the brane-antibrane pair. One faces the following problem for the vortex. The original D$`p`$-brane $`\overline{\mathrm{D}}p`$-brane system is neutral under Ramond-Ramond (RR) gauge fields since the RR charge of the brane and the anti-brane cancel. But a vortex, being identified to a BPS D-$`(p2)`$ brane, carries RR charge. Since RR charge is quantized, one cannot hope to have a continuous interpolation between these two configurations.444It has been suggested by Maldacena that by switching on background magnetic field as in ref. one may be able to resolve this problem. The approach followed in  might also be helpful. What one can hope to do however is to find a marginal deformation which interpolates between the original D$`p`$-brane $`\overline{\mathrm{D}}p`$-brane system and a vortex - antivortex pair on this system. If we can show that this marginal deformation converts the boundary conformal field theory (BCFT) associated with the D$`p`$-brane $`\overline{\mathrm{D}}p`$-brane system to the BCFT associated with the D-$`(p2)`$-brane $`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$-$`(p2)`$-brane system, then we would establish the equivalence between a vortex solution and a D-$`(p2)`$-brane.

This is the problem we address in this paper. The steps involved in the analysis, which have been summarised in section 2, are more or less the same as the ones used for showing the equivalence of the kink solution on the brane-antibrane pair with a codimension one non-BPS brane. For convenience of notation we study the case of a vortex solution on a D2-brane $`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$2-brane system. We compactify both directions tangential to the brane, switch on appropriate Wilson lines, and reduce the radii of the torus to certain critical values where the tachyonic deformation corresponding to the creation of the vortex-antivortex pair becomes a marginal deformation. We then switch on this marginal deformation and study the fate of the BCFT under this marginal deformation. These steps have been discussed in detail in section 3. In section 4 we study the effect of increasing the radii of the compact directions back to large values. We show that under this series of deformations the original BCFT gets deformed to a new BCFT describing the dynamics of open strings on a D0-$`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$0 pair. This establishes the equivalence of a vortex solution on a D2-brane $`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$2-brane pair, and a D0-brane. In section 5 we discuss generalization of this analysis to solutions of higher codimension.

## 2 The General Strategy

In this section we shall outline the general strategy that we shall follow in order to establish the equivalence between a vortex-antivortex pair on a BPS D$`p`$-brane - $`\overline{\mathrm{D}}p`$ brane system, and a D-$`(p2)`$ \- $`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$-$`(p2)`$ brane pair. For definiteness we shall take our starting point to be a 2-brane - $`\overline{2}`$-brane pair of type IIA string theory, but the analysis can clearly be generalised to any $`p`$.

The steps are as follows:

1. We take a parallel 2-brane - $`\overline{2}`$-brane pair of type IIA string theory along $`x^1x^2`$ plane, and compactify the $`x^1`$ and $`x^2`$ directions on circles of radii $`R_1`$ and $`R_2`$ respectively. There are four different Chan-Paton (CP) sectors of open string states. States with CP factors proportional to the $`2\times 2`$ identity matrix $`I`$ and the Pauli matrix $`\sigma _3`$, representing open string states with both ends on the same brane, have the standard GSO projection under which the Neveu-Schwarz (NS) sector ground state is taken to be odd. On the other hand states with CP factors $`\sigma _1`$ and $`\sigma _2`$, representing open strings with two ends on two different branes, have opposite GSO projection, and in particular contain tachyonic modes. We shall identify the tachyonic modes associated with the sectors $`\sigma _1`$ and $`\sigma _2`$ with the real and the imaginary parts respectively of a complex tachyon field $`T`$.
2. We switch on half a unit of Wilson line along each of these circles. This makes open strings with CP factors $`\sigma _1`$ and $`\sigma _2`$, including the tachyon field $`T`$, antiperiodic along each of the two circles. Thus we can expand the tachyon field as

$$T(x^1,x^2,t)=\underset{m,nZ}{}T_{m+\frac{1}{2},n+\frac{1}{2}}(t)e^{i(m+\frac{1}{2})\frac{x^1}{R_1}+i(n+\frac{1}{2})\frac{x^2}{R_2}}.$$
(2.1)
The mass of the mode $`T_{m+\frac{1}{2},n+\frac{1}{2}}`$ is given by

$$(M_{m+\frac{1}{2},n+\frac{1}{2}})^2=\frac{(m+\frac{1}{2})^2}{(R_1)^2}+\frac{(n+\frac{1}{2})^2}{(R_2)^2}\frac{1}{2},$$
(2.2)
in the $`\alpha ^{}=1`$ unit that we shall be using.
3. From eq.(2.2) we see that for $`(R_1)^2+(R_2)^2>2`$ there are no tachyonic modes. For $`(R_1)^2+(R_2)^2=2`$ the modes $`T_{\pm \frac{1}{2},\pm \frac{1}{2}}`$ become marginal. We shall see in section 3 that at $`R_1=R_2=1`$ the deformation corresponding to

$`T(x^1,x^2)`$ $`=`$ $`i\alpha [e^{\frac{i}{2}(x^1+x^2)}e^{\frac{i}{2}(x^1+x^2)}+i(e^{\frac{i}{2}(x^1x^2)}e^{\frac{i}{2}(x^1x^2)})]`$ (2.3)
$`=`$ $`2\alpha (\mathrm{sin}{\displaystyle \frac{x^1+x^2}{2}}+i\mathrm{sin}{\displaystyle \frac{x^1x^2}{2}}),`$
for arbitrary constant $`\alpha `$ becomes exactly marginal, i.e. switching on this vev of the tachyon does not cost any energy. $`T(x^1,x^2)`$ has zeroes at $`x^1=x^2=0`$ and at $`x^1=x^2=\pi `$. Near $`x^1=x^2=0`$,

$$T(1+i)\alpha (x^1ix^2).$$
(2.4)
Thus it looks like a vortex.555Of course whether we call this a vortex or an anti-vortex is a matter of convention. Once we fix the convention for the vortex, then a configuration with opposite orientation can be identified as an anti-vortex. On the other hand, near $`x^1=x^2=\pi `$,

$$T(1+i)\alpha ((x^1\pi )+i(x^2\pi )).$$
(2.5)
This looks like an anti-vortex. Thus we see that switching on a tachyon background of the form (2.3) corresponds to creating a vortex-antivortex pair.
4. After switching on the deformation (2.3) we take the radii $`R_1`$ and $`R_2`$ back to infinity, since we want to describe a vortex-antivortex pair on infinite D2-brane $`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$2-brane system. Here we find that for a generic value of $`\alpha `$, once we increase $`R_1`$, $`R_2`$ beyond 1, there is a one point function of the modes $`T_{\pm \frac{1}{2},\pm \frac{1}{2}}`$. This is not surprising, since for $`R_i>1`$, the deformation (2.3) is a relevant perturbation, and hence switching on this background breaks conformal invariance of the world-sheet theory. However, we find that besides the trivial background $`\alpha =0`$, there is another inequivalent point (which we shall choose to be $`\alpha =1`$ by suitably normalizing $`\alpha `$) where the one point function of $`T_{\pm \frac{1}{2},\pm \frac{1}{2}}`$ vanish, and hence the theory is conformally invariant. We shall identify the $`\alpha =1`$ point as the vortex-antivortex pair.

As we shall show in section 4, increasing the $`x^1`$ and $`x^2`$ radii to arbitrary values $`R_1`$ and $`R_2`$ in the presence of $`\alpha =1`$ background can be described equivalently as increasing the radii of a pair of different coordinates $`\widehat{x}^1`$ and $`\widehat{x}^2`$. But in these coordinates, the original D2-$`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$2 brane system, after being deformed by the tachyon background (2.3) with $`\alpha =1`$, appears as a D0-$`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$0 brane system situated at diametrically opposite points of the torus spanned by $`\widehat{x}^1`$ and $`\widehat{x}^2`$. This shows that the spectrum of open strings in the background of a vortex-antivortex pair on the D2-$`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$2 system wrapped on a torus with radii $`(R_1,R_2)`$ is identical to that on a D0-$`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$0 brane system situated on a torus with the same radii. This establishes the equivalence between the vortex-antivortex pair on a D2-$`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$2 brane system and D0-$`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$0 brane pair.

## 3 Conformal Field Theory at the Critical Radii

In this section we shall study the marginal deformation of the BCFT on the upper half plane at the critical radii $`R_1=R_2=1`$ by (2.3). The relevant part of the BCFT at the critical radii before we switch on the perturbation (2.3) is described by a pair of scalar fields $`X^iX_L^i+X_R^i`$ for $`i=1,2`$ and their right- and left-moving fermionic superpartners $`\chi _R^i`$, $`\chi _L^i`$. The Neumann boundary condition satisfied by these fields on the real line is given by

$$X_L^i=X_R^i\frac{1}{2}X_B^i,\chi _L^i=\chi _R^i\chi _B^i.$$
(3.1)
We are considering here the NS sector open string states. In the Ramond (R) sector we have a different boundary condition on $`\chi ^i`$, but it can be handled in a manner similar to the one discussed in ref. and will not be discussed here.

Besides these fields we also have a time coordinate and its superpartners satisfying Neumann boundary condition and 7 other space-like coordinates and their superpartners satisfying Dirichlet boundary condition. We shall refer to these fields as spectator fields as they do not play a major role in the dynamics of the problem. We also have fermionic ghost fields $`b_L,c_L,b_R,c_R`$ and bosonic ghost fields $`\beta _L,\gamma _L,\beta _R,\gamma _R`$ satisfying Neumann boundary condition. We shall denote by $`\mathrm{\Phi }_L`$, $`\mathrm{\Phi }_R`$ the left- and right-moving bosonized ghost field of the $`\beta ,\gamma `$ system, satisfying the boundary condition

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_L=\mathrm{\Phi }_R\mathrm{\Phi }_B.$$
(3.2)
The tachyon vertex operator in the $`(1)`$ picture corresponding to the deformation (2.3) is given by:

$`V_T^{(1)}`$ $``$ $`e^{\mathrm{\Phi }_B}[(e^{\frac{i}{2}(X_B^1+X_B^2)}e^{\frac{i}{2}(X_B^1+X_B^2)})\sigma _1`$ (3.3)
$`+(e^{\frac{i}{2}(X_B^1X_B^2)}e^{\frac{i}{2}(X_B^1X_B^2)})\sigma _2].`$
In ‘zero’ picture this vertex operator takes the form:

$`V_T^{(0)}`$ $``$ $`[(\chi _B^1+\chi _B^2)(e^{\frac{i}{2}(X_B^1+X_B^2)}+e^{\frac{i}{2}(X_B^1+X_B^2)})\sigma _1`$ (3.4)
$`+(\chi _B^1\chi _B^2)(e^{\frac{i}{2}(X_B^1X_B^2)}+e^{\frac{i}{2}(X_B^1X_B^2)})\sigma _2].`$
Let us now define a new set of variables:

$`Y^1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(X^1+X^2)`$
$`Y^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(X^1X^2)`$
$`\psi _R^1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(\chi _R^1+\chi _R^2)`$
$`\psi _R^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(\chi _R^1\chi _R^2)`$
$`\psi _L^1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(\chi _L^1+\chi _L^2)`$
$`\psi _L^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(\chi _L^1\chi _L^2).`$ (3.5)
These fields satisfy the boundary conditions:

$$Y_L^i=Y_R^i\frac{1}{2}Y_B^i,\psi _L^i=\psi _R^i\psi _B^i,(i=1,2)$$
(3.6)
on the real line. In terms of these fields,

$$V_T^{(0)}\left[\psi _B^1(e^{\frac{i}{\sqrt{2}}Y_B^1}+e^{\frac{i}{\sqrt{2}}Y_B^1})\sigma _1+\psi _B^2(e^{\frac{i}{\sqrt{2}}Y_B^2}+e^{\frac{i}{\sqrt{2}}Y_B^2})\sigma _2\right].$$
(3.7)
We now fermionize the scalar fields $`Y^i`$ as follows:

$$e^{i\sqrt{2}Y_R^i}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\xi _R^i+i\eta _R^i)\tau _i,e^{i\sqrt{2}Y_L^i}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\xi _L^i+i\eta _L^i)\tau _i,$$
(3.8)
where $`\xi _R^i,\eta _R^i`$ ($`\xi _L^i`$, $`\eta _L^i`$) are right- (left-) moving Majorana-Weyl fermions, and the Pauli matrices $`\tau _i`$ denote cocycle factors which must be put in to guarantee correct (anti-)commutation relations between various fields.666As we shall be using these bosonization formulae to manipulate vertex operators in the BCFT on the upper half plane, we only need to require that correct (anti-)commutation relations are satisfied by the vertex operators subject to the boundary condition (3.6). We also attach a cocycle factor $`\tau _3`$ to $`\psi _{L,R}^i`$ and all the spectator fermions. This guarantees for example that $`\psi ^i`$ and the spectator fermions commute with both sides of eq.(3.8). The cocycle factors should be taken to commute with CP factors.

We can find another representation of the same conformal field theory by rebosonising the fermions as follows:

$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\xi _R^i+i\psi _R^i)=e^{i\sqrt{2}\varphi _R^i}\stackrel{~}{\tau }_i,\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\xi _L^i+i\psi _L^i)=e^{i\sqrt{2}\varphi _L^i}\stackrel{~}{\tau }_i.$$
(3.9)
$`\varphi ^1`$, $`\varphi ^2`$ represent a pair of free scalar fields, and $`\stackrel{~}{\tau }_i`$ are a new set of cocycle factors. In this convention $`\eta _{L,R}^1`$, $`\eta _{L,R}^2`$ and spectator fermions carry the new cocycle factor $`\stackrel{~}{\tau }_3`$. There is a third representation in which we use a slightly different rebosonization:

$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\eta _R^i+i\psi _R^i)=e^{i\sqrt{2}\varphi _R^i}\widehat{\tau }_i,\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\eta _L^i+i\psi _L^i)=e^{i\sqrt{2}\varphi _L^i}\widehat{\tau }_i,$$
(3.10)
where $`\varphi ^i`$ is another pair of scalar fields, and $`\widehat{\tau }_i`$ denote another set of cocycle factors. $`\xi _{L,R}^1`$, $`\xi _{L,R}^2`$ and the spectator fermions will carry the cocycle factor $`\widehat{\tau }_3`$ when we use the set of variables $`\varphi ^i`$, $`\xi ^i`$ and the spectator fields to describe the BCFT. We also define

$$\varphi ^i=\varphi _L^i+\varphi _R^i,\varphi ^i=\varphi _L^i+\varphi _R^i.$$
(3.11)
For later use we list here the operator product expansions, and the relations between the currents of free fermions and bosons:

$$\psi _R^i(z)\psi _R^j(w)\xi _R^i(z)\xi _R^j(w)\eta _R^i(z)\eta _R^j(w)\frac{i}{zw}\delta _{ij},$$
(3.12)
$$Y_R^i(z)Y_R^j(w)\varphi _R^i(z)\varphi _R^j(w)\varphi _R^i(z)\varphi _R^j(w)\frac{1}{2(zw)^2}\delta _{ij},$$
(3.13)
$$\psi _R^i\xi _R^i=i\sqrt{2}\varphi _R^i,\eta _R^i\xi _R^i=i\sqrt{2}Y_R^i,\psi _R^i\eta _R^i=i\sqrt{2}\varphi _R^i,$$
(3.14)
with no summation over $`i`$ in the last equation. Here $``$ denotes equality up to non-singular terms. There are also similar relations involving the left-moving currents.

Using eq.(3.8) the boundary condition (3.6) on $`Y^i`$ can be translated to the following boundary condition on the fermions:

$$\xi _L^i=\xi _R^i\xi _B^i,\eta _L^i=\eta _R^i\eta _B^i.$$
(3.15)
Combining these with the boundary condition (3.6) on $`\psi ^i`$, we see from (3.9), (3.10) that $`\varphi ^i`$ and $`\varphi ^i`$ both satisfy Neumann boundary condition on the real line

$$\varphi _L^i=\varphi _R^i\varphi _B^i/2,\varphi _L^i=\varphi _R^i\varphi _B^i/2.$$
(3.16)
Using the bosonization relations (3.8)-(3.10), (3.14), the vertex operator $`V_T^{(0)}`$ given in eq.(3.7) can be expressed as

$$V_T^{(0)}[\psi _B^1\xi _B^1\sigma _1\tau _2\psi _B^2\xi _B^2\sigma _2\tau _1][\varphi _B^1\sigma _1\tau _2\varphi _B^2\sigma _2\tau _1].$$
(3.17)
$``$ denotes tangential derivative along the boundary. The two operators appearing in the right hand side of eq.(3.17) correspond to vertex operators of constant U(1) gauge field along $`\varphi ^1`$ and $`\varphi ^2`$ directions, with generators $`\sigma _1\times \tau _2`$ and $`\sigma _2\times \tau _1`$ respectively. Since these two matrices commute, we see that switching on the tachyon vev corresponds to switching on a pair of commuting U(1) Wilson lines $`A_{\varphi _1}`$ and $`A_{\varphi _2}`$ along the bosonic directions $`\varphi ^1`$ and $`\varphi ^2`$. This represents an exactly marginal deformation. Switching on finite vacuum expectation value (vev) of the tachyon then corresponds to inserting the operator

$$\mathrm{exp}(\frac{i\alpha }{2\sqrt{2}}\varphi _B^1\sigma _1\tau _2\frac{i\alpha }{2\sqrt{2}}\varphi _B^2\sigma _2\tau _1),$$
(3.18)
where $``$ denotes integration along the boundary. Note that we have fixed the normalization of $`\alpha `$ in a specific manner. This is the same normalization convention as in ref., and so we shall be able to use the results of ref. directly. With this normalization, $`\alpha `$ is a periodic variable with period 2.

Before we study the effect of switching on such a tachyon vev on the spectrum of open strings, let us study the open string spectrum before switching on the tachyon vev. Let us denote by $``$ the Hilbert space of states777Here we are discussing open string states; so all states are created from $`|0`$ by vertex operators inserted at the boundary of the upper half plane. created by the half-integer moded $`\psi ^i`$, $`\xi ^i`$, $`\eta ^i`$ oscillators and the spectator fields on the $`SL(2,R)`$ invariant vacuum $`|0`$. Alternatively we can also view $``$ as the Hilbert space of states created from $`|0`$ by the spectator fields, together with vertex operators involving $`\psi ^i`$ and $`Y^i`$ with $`Y^i`$ momenta quantized in units of $`1/\sqrt{2}`$, or vertex operators involving $`\eta ^i`$ and $`\varphi ^i`$ with $`\varphi ^i`$ momenta quantized in units of $`1/\sqrt{2}`$, or vertex operators involving $`\xi ^i`$ and $`\varphi ^i`$ with $`\varphi ^i`$ momenta quantized in units of $`1/\sqrt{2}`$. On $``$, we denote by $`(1)^F`$ the world-sheet fermion number which changes the sign of $`\psi ^1`$, $`\psi ^2`$, and the spectator fermions, leaving $`\xi ^i`$, $`\eta ^i`$ (and hence $`Y^i`$) and the spectator bosons unchanged. The SL(2,R) invariant ground state $`|0`$ is taken to be odd under $`(1)^F`$. We also define the transformations $`h_1`$ and $`h_2`$ as follows. Both $`h_1`$ and $`h_2`$ leave $`\psi ^1`$, $`\psi ^2`$ and all the spectator fermions unchanged, but $`h_1`$ changes the sign of $`\xi ^1,\eta ^1`$ and $`h_2`$ changes the sign of $`\xi ^2,\eta ^2`$. In terms of the bosonic variables $`X^i`$ or $`Y^i`$,

$`h_1`$ $`:`$ $`X_{L,R}^1X_{L,R}^1+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2}},X_{L,R}^2X_{L,R}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2}},`$
$`Y_{L,R}^1Y_{L,R}^1+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{\sqrt{2}}},Y_{L,R}^2Y_{L,R}^2`$
$`h_2`$ $`:`$ $`X_{L,R}^1X_{L,R}^1+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2}},X_{L,R}^2X_{L,R}^2{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2}},`$
$`Y_{L,R}^1Y_{L,R}^1,Y_{L,R}^2Y_{L,R}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{\sqrt{2}}}.`$
It is easy to verify that with this definition, $`(h_1)^2`$ and $`(h_2)^2`$ act as identity on all states. States with CP factor $`I`$ and $`\sigma _3`$ are $`h_1h_2`$ even and $`(1)^F`$ even, whereas states with CP factors $`\sigma _1`$ and $`\sigma _2`$ are $`h_1h_2`$ odd and $`(1)^F`$ odd. Taking into account the assignment of the cocycle factors ($`\tau _1`$ for $`h_1`$ odd states, $`\tau _2`$ for $`h_2`$ odd states and $`\tau _3`$ for $`(1)^F`$ odd states) the quantum numbers carried by various open string states, when expressed in terms of $`\psi ^i,\eta ^i,\xi ^i`$ and the spectator fields, are as given in table 1.888There will be extra cocycle factors involving $`\stackrel{~}{\tau }_i`$ when we express the vertex operators in terms of the fields $`\varphi ^i`$, $`\eta ^i`$ and the spectator fields. But since these cocycle factors commute with those carried by the gauge fields $`A_{\varphi ^1}`$ and $`A_{\varphi ^2}`$, we can ignore them for the purpose of studying how the spectrum changes when we switch on the gauge fields. The complete spectrum of open string states carrying a given CP$``$cocycle factor is obtained by keeping all states in $``$ carrying the quantum numbers mentioned in the table. The last two columns describe if the open string state is charged or neutral under the gauge fields $`A_{\varphi ^1}`$ or $`A_{\varphi ^2}`$. This is easily determined by examining if the cocycles factors commute with $`\sigma _1\tau _2`$ and $`\sigma _2\tau _1`$, since these represent the U(1) generators associated with the background gauge fields.

From table 1 we note that before we switch on the background (3.18), each state is invariant under $`(1)^Fh_1h_2`$, and that all combinations of the quantum numbers subject to this condition appear exactly twice in this table. Thus the combined spectrum from all the sectors contain two copies of $``$ with $`(1)^Fh_1h_2`$ projection. We also note that open string states carrying CP$``$cocycle factors $`II`$, $`\sigma _3\tau _3`$, $`\sigma _1\tau _2`$ and $`\sigma _2\tau _1`$ are all neutral under both gauge fields. Combining the spectrum from all four neutral sectors we see that each combination of quantum numbers (subject to the condition $`(1)^Fh_1h_2=+1`$) appears exactly once; thus the combined spectrum of charge neutral states contain a single copy of $``$ with $`(1)^Fh_1h_2`$ projection. The combined spectrum of the charged states also contains a single copy of $``$ with $`(1)^Fh_1h_2`$ projection.

Let us now define a new set of symmetry generators $`(1)^{F_\varphi }`$, $`h_{\varphi ^1}`$ and $`h_{\varphi ^2}`$ on $``$ by using the representation where $``$ is generated by action on $`|0`$ by the vertex operator involving $`\varphi ^i`$, $`\eta ^i`$ and the spectator fields. $`(1)^{F_\varphi }`$ changes the signs of $`\eta ^i`$ and the spectator fermions, leaving unchanged $`\varphi ^i`$ and the spectator bosons, and has eigenvalue $`1`$ acting on the SL(2,R) invariant vacuum $`|0`$. $`h_{\varphi ^i}`$ leaves unchanged $`\eta ^1`$, $`\eta ^2`$ and all the spectator fields, and transform $`\varphi ^j`$ as follows:

$`h_{\varphi ^1}`$ $`:`$ $`\varphi _{L,R}^1\varphi _{L,R}^1+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{\sqrt{2}}},\varphi _{L,R}^2\varphi _{L,R}^2,`$
$`h_{\varphi ^2}`$ $`:`$ $`\varphi _{L,R}^2\varphi _{L,R}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{\sqrt{2}}},\varphi _{L,R}^1\varphi _{L,R}^1.`$ (3.21)
Thus $`h_{\varphi ^i}`$ changes the sign of $`\xi ^i`$ and $`\psi ^i`$. With this definition, and using the bosonization relations (3.8), (3.9), it is easy to see that

$$(1)^Fh_1h_2=(1)^{F_\varphi }h_{\varphi ^1}h_{\varphi ^2}.$$
(3.22)
(Both sides change the sign of $`\xi ^{1,2}`$, $`\eta ^{1,2}`$ and $`\psi ^{1,2}`$, and the spectator fermions, leaving the spectator bosons unchanged.) Thus the combined spectrum of the charge neutral states as well as the combined spectrum of the charged states may be identified as a copy of $``$, subject to the $`(1)^{F_\varphi }h_{\varphi ^1}h_{\varphi ^2}`$ projection.

Upon switching on the gauge fields, the spectrum in the charge neutral sector does not change, but the spectrum in the charged sector changes since the quantization laws for the $`\varphi ^i`$ momenta $`p_{\varphi ^i}`$ change. By combining the fields into charge eigenstates we can follow the change in $`p_{\varphi _1}`$, $`p_{\varphi _2}`$ as a function of $`\alpha `$ and thus completely determine the spectrum at every value of $`\alpha `$.999With the normalization of $`\alpha `$ chosen here, $`\alpha =2`$ corresponds to a shift in $`p_{\varphi ^i}`$ by $`\pm \sqrt{2}`$. This corresponds to states carrying same $`h_{\varphi ^1}`$ and $`h_{\varphi ^2}`$ quantum numbers. Hence $`\alpha `$ and $`\alpha +2`$ describes the same BCFT. However as we shall see in the next section, once we deform the radius away from $`R_1=R_2=1`$ point, $`\alpha =0`$ and $`1`$ are the only inequivalent points which give conformally invariant theories. Since $`\alpha =0`$ represents the trivial tachyon background, we shall be interested in the $`\alpha =1`$ point. The spectrum at $`\alpha =1`$ simplifies enormously if we notice that this corresponds to shifting the $`p_{\varphi ^1}`$ and $`p_{\varphi ^2}`$ quantization laws by $`\pm \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}`$, so that its effect is to simply reverse the sign of the $`h_{\varphi ^1}`$ and $`h_{\varphi ^2}`$ quantum numbers. But the initial spectrum did not contain $`h_{\varphi ^1}`$ and $`h_{\varphi ^2}`$ projections individually. It only contained $`(1)^{F_\varphi }h_{\varphi ^1}h_{\varphi ^2}`$ projection, and this does not change. As a result the spectrum at $`\alpha =1`$ is identical to the spectrum at $`\alpha =0`$!

It may appear from this that at the end of the deformation the system has come back to the original system! However, as we shall see in section 4, the response of this system to a change in the radii $`R_1`$ and $`R_2`$ is very different from that of the original system. In order to facilitate the analysis of section 4, we introduce dual coordinates

$$\widehat{X}_L^i=X_L^i,\widehat{X}_R^i=X_R^i.$$
(3.23)
In terms of the new coordinates $`\widehat{X}^i`$, the BCFT at $`\alpha =1`$ corresponds to a D0-brane $`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$0-brane pair, situated at diametrically opposite points of a square torus with unit radii.

## 4 Deforming Away from the Critical Radius

In this section we shall consider the effect of switching on the perturbation that deforms the radii away from their critical values. The procedure followed here will be similar to the one used in ref., so our discussion will be brief. There are four possible marginal deformations of the bulk conformal field theory, three of which correspond to deformation of the shape and size of the torus labelled by the $`X^1`$-$`X^2`$ coordinates, and the fourth one corresponds to switching on the anti-symmetric tensor field in the $`X^1`$-$`X^2`$ plane. Using eqs.(3) we can express a general perturbation of this kind in the (0,0) picture as

$$K_{ij}X_L^iX_R^j=a_{ij}Y_L^iY_R^j,$$
(4.1)
where

$$a=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\end{array}\right)K\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\end{array}\right).$$
(4.2)
First we shall consider the effect of first order perturbation, and show that in the presence of this perturbation the tachyon vertex operator $`V_T`$ develops a one point function unless $`\alpha =0`$ or $`\alpha =1`$. The procedure for doing this is similar to that discussed in ref.. We insert a tachyon vertex operator $`V_T^{(0)}`$ given in eq.(3.17) at a point on the boundary of the disk (or upper half plane), the background (3.18) at the boundary of the disk, and a closed string vertex operator corresponding to the perturbation (4.1) in the $`(1,1)`$ picture at the center of the disk. This is proportional to

$$a_{ij}e^{\mathrm{\Phi }_L}e^{\mathrm{\Phi }_R}\psi _L^i\psi _R^j,$$
(4.3)
where $`\mathrm{\Phi }_L`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_R`$ are the left and right-moving bosonized ghost fields. Computation of this amplitude is straightforward using the description of the BCFT in terms of the $`(\eta ^i,\varphi ^i)`$ fields. The $`\varphi ^i`$ momentum conservation laws tell us that only the $`i=j`$ terms in (4.3) contribute. The answer is proportional to

$$(a_{11}+a_{22})\mathrm{sin}(\pi \alpha ).$$
(4.4)
This shows that this one point function vanishes only for $`\alpha =0`$ and $`1`$ (mod 2). It is also easy to check that at these two values of $`\alpha `$ the one point function of all other open string vertex operators also vanish, and hence these configurations describe consistent boundary conformal field theories.

Next we need to study what happens when we go beyond the lowest order perturbation in the deformation parameters $`a_{ij}`$. For this let us consider an amplitude with an arbitrary number of insertions of the operator (4.1) at various points in the interior of the disk, insertion of the background (3.18) with $`\alpha =1`$ at the boundary of the disk, and a set of open string vertex operators, whose correlation function we want to calculate, at the boundary of the disk. We take two of these open string vertex operators to be in the $`1`$ picture and the rest in the zero picture so that the total picture number of all the vertex operators add up to $`2`$. Again the calculation proceeds as in ref.. We express all the operators in terms of $`\eta ^i`$, $`\varphi ^i`$, and the spectator fields. The vertex operator (4.1) can be expressed as products of $`\eta _L^i`$, $`\eta _R^i`$, $`e^{\pm i\sqrt{2}\varphi _L^i}`$ and $`e^{\pm i\sqrt{2}\varphi _R^i}`$ fields. The integrated vertex operator (3.18) inserted at the boundary has two effects. It effectively shifts the $`\varphi ^i`$ momenta of the open string vertex operators as discussed in section 3, and $`\varphi _B^i`$ picks up the $`\varphi ^i`$ winding number of all the closed string vertex operators inserted in the interior of the disk. Using the operator product expansion (3.13) it is easy to verify that $`\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}\varphi _B^i=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\varphi _R^i`$, acting on any combination of closed string vertex operators, gives an integral multiple of $`\pi `$. Now, since

$$\mathrm{exp}(i\pi n\sigma _1\tau _2)=\mathrm{exp}(i\pi n),\mathrm{exp}(i\pi n\sigma _2\tau _1)=\mathrm{exp}(i\pi n),\text{for integer}n$$
(4.5)
we see that in taking into account the effect of (3.18) for $`\alpha =1`$ on the closed string vertex operators we can replace it by

$$\mathrm{exp}(\frac{i}{2\sqrt{2}}\varphi _B^1\frac{i}{2\sqrt{2}}\varphi _B^2)=\mathrm{exp}(\frac{i}{\sqrt{2}}\varphi _R^1\frac{i}{\sqrt{2}}\varphi _R^2).$$
(4.6)
In going from the left hand side to the right hand side of eq.(4.6) we have used the boundary condition (3.16). Since $`\varphi _R^i`$ are holomorphic fields, we can now deform the integration contour into the interior of the disk, picking up residues from the location of the closed string vertex operators. The net effect is to replace each insertion of (4.1) by

$$\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{i}{\sqrt{2}}\varphi _R^1\frac{i}{\sqrt{2}}\varphi _R^2\right)a_{ij}Y_L^iY_R^j,$$
(4.7)
where the contours of integration in the exponent are around the location of the closed string vertex operator. This can be easily evaluated using eqs.(3.9)-(3.14), and the result is101010Here we have differed somewhat from the analysis of ref.. In  $`\varphi _B`$ in the exponent was replaced by $`(\varphi _L+\varphi _R)`$ instead of $`2\varphi _R`$. If we follow this procedure here, then eq.(4.8) will be replaced by $`a_{ij}\varphi _L^i\varphi _R^j`$. This would be analogous to the corresponding result in . The final result for the spectrum and correlation functions however does not depend on which procedure we follow, since the two procedures are related by the symmetry transformation $`(\varphi _L^i,\varphi _R^i)(\varphi _L^i+\frac{\pi }{2\sqrt{2}},\varphi _R^i+\frac{\pi }{2\sqrt{2}})`$.

$$a_{ij}Y_L^iY_R^j=K_{ij}X_L^iX_R^j.$$
(4.8)
In terms of the coordinates $`\widehat{X}^i`$ introduced in eq.(3.23), the right hand side of eq.(4.8) can be expressed as

$$K_{ij}\widehat{X}_L^i\widehat{X}_R^j.$$
(4.9)
This has the same form as the left hand side of (4.1) with $`X^i`$ replaced by $`\widehat{X}^i`$. Thus deforming the $`X^i`$ radius from 1 to $`R_i`$ in the presence of the tachyon background (3.18) with $`\alpha =1`$ corresponds to deforming the $`\widehat{X}^i`$ radius from 1 to $`R_i`$. The D-brane system now describes a D0-brane $`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$0-brane pair situated at diametrically opposite points of this torus.

This shows that the spectrum of open string states living on a vortex antivortex pair at the diametrically opposite points on a D2-$`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$2 system wrapped on a torus is identical to the spectrum of open string states living on a D0-$`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$0 brane pair at the diametrically opposite points of the same torus. This leads to the identification of the vortex (antivortex) on a D2-$`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$2 system with a D0 ($`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$0) brane.

## 5 Generalizations

The method used here can easily be generalized to prove the identification of a vortex solution on a D$`p`$-$`\overline{\mathrm{D}}p`$ brane pair with a D-$`(p2)`$ brane. The analysis is exactly identical; all that is required is to change the Dirichlet boundary condition on $`(p2)`$ of the spectator superfields to Neumann boundary condition.

It is also possible to generalize this analysis to show that a codimention $`2n`$ soliton on $`2^{n1}`$ pairs of D$`p`$-$`\overline{\mathrm{D}}p`$ brane system represents a D$`(p2n)`$ brane. Again for simplicity let us assume that all the spectator fields except the time direction has Dirichlet boundary condition, i..e. take $`p=2n`$. We compactify each of the $`2n`$ directions tangential to the D-branes on a circle of radius 1. Let us label these coordinates by $`x^1,\mathrm{}x^{2n}`$. The open string states carry $`2^n\times 2^n`$ CP factors; with the tachyon states carrying off diagonal CP factors of the form:

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& A\\ A^{}& 0\end{array}\right),$$
(5.1)
where $`A`$ is a $`2^{n1}\times 2^{n1}`$ complex matrix. Under the $`U(2^{n1})\times U(2^{n1})`$ gauge transformation on the brane-antibrane system, generated by $`U(2^{n1})`$ matrices $`U`$ and $`V`$,

$$AUAV^{}.$$
(5.2)
Let us now, following ref., choose a $`2^n\times 2^n`$ dimensional representation of the $`2n`$ dimensional Clifford algebra in which each of the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-matrices has the form given in (5.1). Let $`X^i`$ ($`1i2n`$) denote the coordinate fields tangential to the D-brane, and $`\chi _R^i`$, $`\chi _L^i`$ be their right and left-moving superpartners. Let us define

$`Y^{2k+1}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(X^{2k+1}+X^{2k+2}),Y^{2k+2}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(X^{2k+1}X^{2k+2}),`$
$`\psi _R^{2k+1}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(\chi _R^{2k+1}+\chi _R^{2k+2}),\psi _R^{2k+2}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(\chi _R^{2k+1}\chi _R^{2k+2}),`$
$`\psi _L^{2k+1}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(\chi _L^{2k+1}+\chi _L^{2k+2}),\psi _L^{2k+2}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(\chi _L^{2k+1}\chi _L^{2k+2}),`$
for $`0k(n1)`$. Consider now the following vertex operator in the $`(1)`$ picture

$$V_T^{(1)}e^{\mathrm{\Phi }_B}\underset{i=1}{\overset{2n}{}}\mathrm{sin}\frac{Y_B^i}{\sqrt{2}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_i,$$
(5.4)
where the subscript $`B`$ denotes the boundary value as usual. In order that this is an allowed vertex operator, we need to switch on appropriate Wilson lines on the branes; we assume that this has been done. (We can, for example, take the Wilson line along the $`X^{2k+1}`$ and the $`X^{2k+2}`$ direction to be $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{2k+1}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{2k+2}`$. Conjugation by this matrix changes the sign of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{2k+1}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{2k+2}`$, keeping the other $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^i`$’s invariant. Unlike in the case analysed earlier, this amounts to switching on Wilson lines both on the D-branes and the anti-D-branes.) In the zero picture the vertex operator (5.4) takes the form:

$$V_T^{(0)}\underset{i=1}{\overset{2n}{}}\psi _B^i\mathrm{cos}\frac{Y_B^i}{\sqrt{2}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_i.$$
(5.5)
It is easy to see via the bosonization procedure that each term in the sum represents switching on a constant gauge field (Wilson line) along a new bosonic coordinate and hence is a marginal deformation. Furthermore, since all the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ matrices anti-commute with each other, and the fermions $`\psi _B^i`$ also anti-commute with each other, we see that the different terms in the sum commute with each other. After bosonization this will imply that the CP$``$cocycle factors carried by the different gauge fields commute with each other. Thus (5.5) corresponds to switching on constant, commuting gauge fields along different directions, and represents a marginal deformation.

In analogy with the analysis of sections 3, 4, one expects that the BCFT at the end of the marginal deformation (the $`\alpha =1`$ point) is more naturally described in terms of a set of dual coordinates $`\widehat{x}^i`$ in which the system appears as $`2^{n1}`$ D0-$`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$0 brane pair. If we increase the radii of the original torus to arbitrary values $`R_i`$ after the marginal deformation, then it would correspond to increasing the radii of the torus described by the $`\widehat{x}^i`$ coordinates to the same values $`R_i`$ as in section 4. Thus the end result will be $`2^{n1}`$ D0-$`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$0 brane pairs situated at different point on the torus with radii $`R_i`$.111111A consistency check for this scenario is that at the critical radii the total mass of the initial configuration is given by $`2^n/g`$, where $`g`$ denotes the closed string coupling constant, since each of the $`2^n`$ D-$`2n`$-branes / $`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$-$`2n`$-branes has area equal to $`(2\pi )^{2n}`$ and tension equal to $`1/((2\pi )^{2n}g)`$. This agrees with the total mass of $`2^{n1}`$ D0-$`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$0 brane pair. Also both the initial and the final state has vanishing RR charge.

On the other hand, we can examine the tachyon background (5.4) and try to identify it as a collection of solitons. For this we need to identify the soliton cores as the places where the tachyon field vanishes. This requires each $`y^i`$ to be an integral multiple of $`\pi \sqrt{2}`$. Using eqs.(LABEL:e5.3), and that each $`x^i`$ describes a circle of radius 1, we see that the inequivalent points are given by all possible combination of the configurations

$$(x^{2k+1},x^{2k+2})=(0,0)\text{or}(\pi ,\pi ).$$
(5.6)
Since there are $`n`$ pairs of coordinates, this gives $`2^n`$ possibilities. To study the nature of the solution near the core, let us consider one of them, e.g. $`(x^1,\mathrm{}x^{2n})=(0,\mathrm{}0)`$. The tachyon background near this point is proportional to

$$y^i\mathrm{\Gamma }_i.$$
(5.7)
This is precisely the form suggested in ref. for a codimension $`2n`$ soliton on $`2^{n1}`$ brane-antibrane pairs. On the other hand, expanding the tachyon field near the point $`(x^1,x^2\mathrm{}x^{2n})=(\pi ,\pi ,0,0,\mathrm{}0)`$, we get the tachyon background to be proportional to:

$$(y^1\pi \sqrt{2})\mathrm{\Gamma }^1+\underset{i=2}{\overset{2n}{}}y^i\mathrm{\Gamma }^i.$$
(5.8)
The $``$ sign in front of the first term indicates that it has opposite orientation compared to (5.7) and represents an anti-soliton. In general the solution around a point (5.6) represents a soliton (anti-soliton) if the number of coordinate pairs taking the value $`(\pi ,\pi )`$ is even (odd). Thus the tachyon background (5.5) represents creation of $`2^{n1}`$ soliton - antisoliton pairs. From this we can conclude that $`2^{n1}`$ soliton - antisoliton pairs represent $`2^{n1}`$ D0-$`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$0 pairs, and hence a single D0-brane should be identified with the single codimension $`2n`$ soliton on the D-$`2n`$-brane $`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$-$`2n`$-brane pair.

Generalization of this result to solitons of odd codimension, which are expected to describe non-BPS D-branes is also straightforward. In this case we take $`2^{n1}`$ D-$`(2n1)`$-brane $`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$-$`(2n1)`$-brane pairs in type IIB string theory along $`x^1,\mathrm{}x^{2n1}`$, with $`x^1,\mathrm{}x^{2n2}`$ directions compactified on circles of radii 1 and $`x^{2n1}`$ direction compactified on a circle of radius $`\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}`$. We define $`Y^i`$’s for $`1i(2n2)`$ as in eq.(LABEL:e5.3) and consider tachyon background associated with the vertex operator121212This requires choosing the Wilson lines along $`x^1,\mathrm{}x^{2n1}`$ as before. Since the Wilson line along $`x^{2n1}`$ requires a $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n}`$ we see that we need a representation of the $`2n`$ dimensional Clifford algebra even though we have only $`(2n1)`$ coordinates.

$$V_T^{(1)}e^{\mathrm{\Phi }_B}\left[\underset{i=1}{\overset{2n2}{}}\mathrm{sin}\frac{Y_B^i}{\sqrt{2}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_i+\mathrm{sin}\frac{X_B}{\sqrt{2}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n1}\right],$$
(5.9)
This corresponds to creation of $`2^{n1}`$ solitons at

$`(x^{2k+1},x^{2k+2})=(0,0)\text{or}(\pi ,\pi )\text{for}0k(n2),`$
$`x^{2n1}=0.`$ (5.10)
On the other hand it is easy to see that the vertex operator (5.9), in the zero picture, represents a marginal deformation. We expect this to convert the original brane configuration to a configuration of non-BPS branes as in ref.. The number of such D0-branes can easily be seen to be $`2^{n1}`$ by comparing the masses of the initial and the final configurations. This shows the equivalence between the non-BPS D0-brane and a soliton on $`2^{n1}`$ D-$`(2n1)`$ $``$ $`\overline{\mathrm{D}}`$-$`(2n1)`$ brane pairs.


text:
# Deep X-Ray Observations of Supernova Remnants G 359.1-0.5 and G 359.0-0.9 with ASCA

## 1. Introduction

Hard X-rays have opened a new window to see the Galactic center (GC) region. One of the remarkable discoveries is that a high-temperature ($``$ 10 keV) thin-thermal plasma is prevailing over an $``$ 100 pc-radius region around the GC (Koyama et al. 1986, 1989, 1996; Yamauchi et al. 1990). The presence of the large-scale hot plasma suggests violent activities in the GC region in the past, although the origin is not yet clear. One of the relevant processes to produce such a high-temperature diffuse plasma would be multiple supernova explosions. In this context, X-ray observations of individual supernova remnants (SNRs) near to the GC may provide useful information not only on the SNR physics, but also on the origin of the GC plasma.

Since X-rays from SNRs are usually dominated in the low-energy band ($`2`$ keV), and are easily absorbed by interstellar gas, an X-ray study of the SNRs near to the GC region is rather limited. High sensitivity and imaging capability in the hard X-ray band are required to detect SNRs behind a large absorbing medium, and to separate individual SNRs from the GC X-ray emissions, a complex diffuse plasma, binary sources, and the other stellar objects.

X-ray imaging spectroscopy also provides direct information on the nuclear synthesis, the total explosion energy and the age of SNRs, physical parameters of the surrounding interstellar environment, such as the density, its chemical compositions, and other related subjects: the star forming rate, the structure and the evolution in the central region of the Galaxy.

The ASCA satellite, having high sensitivity in the hard X-ray band ($`2`$ keV) and high energy resolution, enables us to study more elaborate imaging spectroscopy than was possible with previous detectors. We conducted survey and pointing observations near to the GC region with the ASCA satellite, and found X-rays from radio SNRs, including new candidates. Among them, this paper reports on the first detailed X-ray information and analyses of two radio SNRs, G 359.1$``$0.5 and G 359.0$``$0.9.

G 359.1$``$0.5 was first identified as an SNR by a 4.9 GHz observation (Downes et al. 1979) and by a 10.55 GHz observation (Sofue et al. 1984). Uchida et al. (1992b) found a shell-like structure at 1.4 GHz surrounded by a 12CO ring. Comparing the 21 cm absorption feature of the 12CO ring with the Galactic rotation curve, they concluded the location of this SNR to be near to the GC. Although and Egger, Sun (1998) discovered X-rays from G 359.1$``$0.5 with ROSAT, the spectral parameters, such as the temperature and the chemical composition, are not well constrained, due to the poor statistics and limited energy resolution. Preliminary results of the ASCA observation on G 359.1$``$0.5 are found in Yokogawa et al. (1999).

G 359.0$``$0.9 was first identified as an SNR by a 10.55 GHz observation (Sofue et al. 1984) and by a 2.7 GHz observation (Reich et al. 1990), and was later found to have an incomplete shell at the 843 MHz (Gray 1994). Leahy (1989) first detected a partial shell of soft X-rays from G 359.0$``$0.9 with the Einstein satellite, but no spectral information was reported.

This paper presents more comprehensive ASCA results and analyses of these two SNRs. Particular care concerning the background subtraction was made to exclude any possible contamination of near-by bright X-ray sources and the GC plasma’s contribution, of which the X-ray flux differs from position to position.

We describe the observations and the method of data reduction in section 2, and the analyses in subsection 3.1 and subsection 3.2, for G 359.1$``$0.5 and G 359.0$``$0.9, respectively. Section 4 is devoted to results and discussions on the distances, chemical compositions and morphology of these SNRs, and also on a relevant subject, the origin of the GC plasma.

## 2. Observations and Data Reduction

The GC region was observed with the X-ray astronomy satellite ASCA (Tanaka et al. 1994). X-ray photons were collected with four XRTs (X-ray Telescopes; Serlemitsos et al. 1995) and simultaneously detected with four detectors on the foci, which are two GISs (Gas Imaging Spectrometers; Ohashi et al. 1996) and two SIS (Solid-state Imaging Spectrometers; Burke et al. 1991) cameras.

During observation of the most prominent radio filament (the Snake) made on 1997 March 20–22, G 359.1$``$0.5 was located in the GIS field (see figure 1). However, it was only partially covered with the SIS field (see figure 3), in which 2-CCD chips for each SIS were operated with the faint or bright modes, depending on the high or medium bit rates. Since the 2-CCD data were significantly degraded by the Residual Dark Distribution (RDD) noise (T.Dotani et al. 1997, ASCA News 5, 14), we applied the RDD correction technique, which is only possible for faint-mode data.

G 359.0$``$0.9 was in the GIS field when the ASCA was pointing at the region of an unusual radio source the “Mouse” (Yusef-Zadeh, Bally 1987) and X-ray bursters SLX 1744$``$299/300 on September 12–14 in 1998 (see figure 4). In this observation, because SIS was operated in the 1-CCD mode, G 359.0$``$0.9 was totally out of the SIS field.

In both observations, the GISs were always operated in the normal PH mode. We excluded high-background data and non-X-ray events with the standard method according to the user guide by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). In total, the available exposures are $``$ 80 ks of the GIS, and $``$35 ks of the SIS for G 359.1$``$0.5, and $``$ 57 ks of GIS for G 359.0$``$0.9.

## 3. Analyses

### 3.1. G 359.1$``$0.5

We found X-rays from the position of the radio SNR G 359.1$``$0.5 only in soft X-ray bands below about 3–4 keV. Figure 1 shows the GIS contour map in the energy of 1.6–2.1 keV, in which band diffuse X-ray excess inside the radio shell is most clearly seen. In the hard X-ray band above 3 keV, on the other hand, we found no significant X-rays, neither along the radio shell nor in the center of the radio SNR. We also note that no significant X-rays were found from the Snake, the most prominent radio non-thermal filament (Uchida et al. 1992b).

Since we found soft X-rays only from the center region surrounded by the radio shell, we made the GIS spectrum of the SNR center, accumulating X-ray photons from GIS 2 and 3 in the X-ray bright region of a 6-radius circle, as shown by the solid line in figure 1.

As the background, we used the dotted line region in figure 1. This background region was carefully selected so that (1) possible contamination from the two nearby bright sources, A 1742$``$294 and 1E 1740.7$``$2942, would be precisely subtracted and (2) the contribution of the Galactic center plasma, distributed symmetrically around the GC, could be properly subtracted. For the two requirements, the angular distances of the background region from the GC and the other two bright sources were taken to be nearly the same as those of the source region. The background-subtracted spectrum of GIS 2+3 is given in figure 2. We have checked the GIS energy scale by using the 1.86 keV Si line in the Galactic diffuse spectrum, since a long-term variation of a few percent level has been reported by Miyata (1996) and Yamauchi et al. (1999). In this observation, we found that the GIS energy scale was very accurate with errors of less than 1%.

In the spectrum of G 359.1$``$0.5 (figure 2), we can notice two prominent emission lines at about 1.9 and 2.6 keV. To determine the accurate energy of the lines, we first fitted the spectrum to a thermal bremsstrahlung (for continuum) and two Gaussian lines with an interstellar absorption. The abundance for the interstellar gas was assumed to be solar, and the absorption cross sections were taken from Morrison and McCammon (1983) (hereafter, we refer to these absorption cross sections unless otherwise mentioned).

The best-fit center energies for the two lines were determined to be 1.86$`{}_{0.04}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{+0.03}`$ keV and 2.61$`{}_{0.07}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{+0.07}`$ keV (here and after, the errors are 90% confidence, unless otherwise mentioned). These line-center energies are consistent with those of K$`\alpha `$ emission from helium-like silicon (He-like Si; 1.86 keV) and hydrogen-like sulfur (H-like S; 2.63 keV); hence, the observed line structures are attributable to these highly ionized atoms. The best-fit line energies, on the other hand, are different from those of H-like Si (2.00 keV) and He-like S (2.45 keV).

Although the presence of K-shell lines of He-like Si and H-like S supports that the SNR X-rays are due to a thin thermal plasma, these two lines can hardly coexist in a single-temperature plasma, because ionization of sulfur atoms requires a higher temperature than that to ionize silicon atoms. In fact, we can reject any single-temperature plasma model, even though allowance is made for a non-ionization equilibrium or a non-solar abundance plasma. Therefore, we applied a two-temperature model (MEKAL: the plasma code established by Mewe et al. (1985) and Kaastra (1992)) with a common interstellar absorption. The abundances of Si and S in each plasma were treated to be free parameters, whereas those of the other elements were fixed to the solar values (Anders, Grevesse 1989).

This model is statistically accepted within the 90% confidence level. The best-fit model and parameters are given in figure 2 and table 1, respectively. A remarkable result is that the sulfur abundance in the higher temperature plasma (here component 2) is larger than $``$40 of solar.

Since SIS has a better energy resolution than GIS, a high-quality spectrum should be provided with SIS. However, as shown in figure 3, the SIS contour map in the 3.2–10.0 keV band, the relevant SIS field (2-CCD mode) covers only limited parts of the SNR. Furthermore, most of the SIS field is occupied by either G 359.1$``$0.5 or 1E 1740.7$``$2942. Therefore, a proper background region, which is free from contamination of the bright source 1E 1740.7$``$2942 and contains the same diffuse GC emission as that in the source region, is not available in the present SIS field. Consequently, we concentrate on analyses of the emission-line structure, which is less sensitive to the background flux. Fortunately, we found that the contamination source, 1E 1740.7$``$2942, exhibits no significant emission line (Sakano et al. 1999a). We then selected the source and the background regions as indicated by the solid and dotted lines in figure 3. As already noted, the surface brightness of the Galactic center diffuse X-rays decreases as the distance from the GC increases; hence, the simple background subtraction in the present case may cause an over-subtraction of the diffuse background. We therefore derived the iron-line fluxes from both the source and the background regions. The spectrum of the background region was subtracted from that in the source region, after normalizing the effective exposure by the iron-line flux ratio. These procedures are justified, because strong iron lines with a nearly constant equivalent width have been reported from the GC plasma (Koyama et al. 1989; Maeda 1998).

To the background-subtracted spectrum, we fitted a model of 4 Gaussians and a power-law spectra with an absorption, of which the latter is simply a phenomenological model to represent the continuous spectrum. The center energies of the Gaussian profiles were fixed to the theoretical values of He-like Si, H-like Si, He-like S, and H-like S. The absorption column density was fixed to the best-fit value of the GIS analyses (see table 1). The best-fit fluxes, the ratios and most probable plasma temperatures under the assumption of ionization equilibrium are listed in table 2 (Mewe et al. 1985).

From this table, we can see that the plasma temperatures determined with Si and S are different from each other, and are consistent with those found in the GIS spectrum.

To examine whether these two temperature plasmas have different spatial structures or not, we made the GIS and SIS images in the 1.6–2.1 keV and 2.1–3.2 keV bands; the former may represent the image of component 1, and the latter is for component 2. However, no significant difference between these two energy band images was found.

### 3.2. G 359.0$``$0.9

We made the X-ray images in several energy bands and found that X-rays from G 359.0$``$0.9 were detected only below $``$ 3 keV. The GIS contour map of G 359.0$``$0.9 in the soft X-ray band (0.7–1.5 keV) is shown in figure 4. Diffuse X-rays were clearly detected from the radio incomplete shell, although the X-ray shape is distorted by the bright X-ray sources SLX 1744$``$299/300. For a spectral study, we selected the source and background regions as given in figure 4. The selection criteria of the background region are the same as those of G 359.1$``$0.5; the angular distances of the background region from the GC and from SLX 1744$``$299/300 are the same as those of the source region.

We also examined any possible error of the GIS energy scale, as was done in the G 359.1$``$0.5 analyses, and found that the GIS energy is smaller than the proper value by about 2%, and hence made a fine tuning of the energy scale to the spectrum. The background-subtracted (and energy-scale tuned) spectrum is shown in figure 5. As expected from the multi-band X-ray images, most of the X-rays fall below $``$3 keV. Because the spectrum exhibits two clear lines, we applied a model of a thermal bremsstrahlung and two Gaussian profiles with an absorption, and determined the center energies to be 1.36$`{}_{0.03}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{+0.03}`$ keV and 1.86$`{}_{0.03}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{+0.03}`$ keV. Since these best-fit center energies are consistent with those of the K$`\alpha `$ lines from He-like Mg at 1.35 keV and He-like Si at 1.86 keV, the origin of the X-rays is a thin thermal plasma. We therefore applied a thin thermal plasma model, MEKAL, with an absorption, and fixing the abundances of all elements to be solar \[“model (a)”\]. The best-fit model spectrum and parameters are shown in figure 5 and table 3, respectively.

This model is, however, rejected with a reduced chi-square of 49.8/38, leaving bump-like and dip-like residuals around 1.3 keV and 1.0 keV, respectively (figure 5). Since these energies correspond to the emission lines of a He-like Mg and Fe-L line complex, we separately treated the abundances of Mg and Fe to be free and fitted the spectrum again \[“model (b)” and “(c)”\]. The best-fit spectra and parameters are given in figure 6, figure 7, and table 3 for models (b) and (c), respectively.

Although both the models (b) and (c) are acceptable, we further tried to fit the spectrum by treating the abundances of both Mg and Fe to be independent free parameters. However, the best-fit abundances have large errors, due to the limited statistics and the coupling of the He-like Mg line and Fe-L lines within the energy resolution of GIS. Therefore, we conclude that the plasma of G 359.0$``$0.9 is non-solar abundance, meaning that either Mg is over-abundant or Fe is under-abundant.

## 4. Results and Discussions

### 4.1. G 359.1$``$0.5

G 359.1$``$0.5 is found to exhibit a large absorption column of $`5.9\times 10^{22}`$ H cm-2. Since G 359.1$``$0.5 is reported to be surrounded by the 12CO ring for a total mass of about $`2.5\times 10^6M_{}`$ (Uchida et al. 1992b), local absorption due to the 12CO ring may not be ignored. Assuming that the 12CO ring is a homogeneous shell with nearly the same shape of the G 359.1$``$0.5 radio shell, the absorption column due to the 12CO ring is estimated to be $`3\times 10^{22}`$ H cm-2. Therefore, we infer that the column density of the foreground interstellar matter is about $`3\times 10^{22}`$ H cm-2. This value is equal to that of other X-ray sources near to the GC with the same Galactic coordinate of this SNR (Sakano et al 1999b); hence, this SNR would really be located near to the GC region with a distance of about 8.5 kpc. Thus, the diameter of the radio shell is estimated to be $``$ 57 pc, while that of the X-ray emitting central sphere is $``$ 28 pc.

We found that G 359.1$``$0.5 has at least two temperature plasmas; the cooler plasma (component 1) is abundant in Si, whereas the hotter one (component 2) is extremely over abundant in S. The center-filled thermal X-rays imply that these plasmas originated from the ejecta. Assuming a $``$28 pc-dimameter of spherical plasma of uniform density with a filing factor of 0.1, we estimate the total mass of Si and S to be about $`0.1`$ $`M_{}`$ and $`0.3`$ $`M_{}`$, respectively. However, no current theory of nucleosynthesis in supernova explosions predicts such a large mass of S compared to Si (see e.g. Thielemann et al. 1996). This problem can be solved by assuming a smaller filling factor of S than that of Si; a smaller filling factor of S, less than 0.1, reduces the total mass of S to be acceptable for the model of Thielemann et al. (1996).

The context of the very small filling factor and the extreme richness of S lead us to suspect that the S-rich plasma is a “shrapnel” ejected from the massive progenitor of G 359.1$``$0.5, in analogy of the Vela SNR (Aschenbach et al. 1995). However, the narrow band image including only the S-line (2.1–3.2 keV) shows no spatial structure like a “shrapnel”, mainly due to a lack of photon statistics.

Uchida et al. (1992a) argued that the 12CO ring surrounding the SNR shell was created by stellar winds and/or multiple supernovae of O-type stars, and that several radio sources clustered at the center of the SNR are possibly O-type stars. The X-ray spectrum of G 359.1$``$0.5 contains no clear emission line of Fe (see figure 2), and is thus consistent with the proposed O-star origin. However, we could not quantitatively predict on the mass of the progenitor because of a lack of photon statistics.

We found no shell-like X-ray from G 359.1$``$0.5, although the radio morphology shows an almost complete shell. Shell-like X-rays may originate either by (1) a synchrotron mechanism in a shell, or (2) a thermal plasma made by the shock wave.

The lifetime of X-ray emission in case (1) depends on the magnetic field. Generally, the GC region is known to have a stronger magnetic field than the other regions of our Galaxy. In particular, Robinson et al. (1996) observed Zeeman effects of three OH masers near to the shell of G 359.1$``$0.5, then directly estimated the magnetic field to be 0.4–0.6 mG, which is more than one order of magnitude larger than that in usual shell-likes SNRs ($`10\mu `$G). High-energy electrons to emit synchrotron X-rays have a lifetime of $`10^3`$ yr in an $`10\mu `$G field (e.g. Reynolds 1996); hence, those in the shell of G 359.1$``$0.5 should be much shorter than $`10^3`$ yr. From the large diameter of the G 359.1$``$0.5 shell of 60 pc, this SNR would be middle age, or typically $`>`$$``$$`10^4`$ yr. Thus, no synchrotron X-ray from the shell would be expected from this SNR.

The evolved age of G 359.1$``$0.5 makes a shock-heated shell rather cool, with a typical temperature of less than a few 100 eV. Furthermore, if the shell interacts with the dense 12CO ring, the X-ray emitting shell density becomes larger, and hence the cooling time is much shorter. Therefore, X-rays should be very soft, and should be entirely absorbed by the large interstellar gas column. Thus, the apparent lack of an X-ray shell of G 359.1$``$0.5 would be reasonable.

Rho and Petre (1998) proposed that SNRs with center-filled X-rays and a shell-like radio structure should be called “mixed morphology” (MM) supernova remnants. They show that the scale height of the MM SNRs’ distribution from the Galactic plane is smaller than that of shell-like SNRs in both radio and X-ray bands, and that many MM SNRs are located near to molecular clouds or H I clouds. G 359.1$``$0.5 is located near to the Galactic plane, and is surrounded by the 12CO ring (Uchida et al. 1992b). Thus, G 359.1$``$0.5 shares the common features of MM SNRs.

### 4.2. G 359.0$``$0.9

The best-fit column density of $`1.8\times 10^{22}`$ H cm-12 is smaller than that of the GC region (Sakano et al. 1999b). In fact, using the Galactic interstellar mass model by Olling and Merrifield (1998), and by Dame et al. (1987), we can estimate the distance to be 6 kpc. Hence, G 359.0$``$0.9 would not be in the GC region, but would be a foreground SNR.

The shell-like morphology and a thin-thermal spectrum in X-rays suggest that the shell is a shock-heated plasma. The plasma, however, shows a partial shell extending only 1/4 of a full circle. With the reasonable assumption that the supernova explosion was spherically symmetric, the apparent partial shell is attributable to an inhomogeneity of the interstellar medium; the direction to the X-ray emitting shell would have a higher density than the other directions, and would hence have a larger surface brightness than the others. For simplicity, we assume that the dense region covers $`\pi /2`$ str toward the partial shell; thus, 1/8 of the total explosion energy would be given in this direction. Using the 6-kpc distance, the diameter and X-ray luminosity of the partial shell are estimated to be 38 pc and $`1\times 10^{34}`$erg s-1, respectively. Together with the observational temperature of 0.4 keV, we could solve the Sedov equation, and found that the total explosion energy ($`E`$), density ($`n`$) of the interstellar medium (dense region) and the age ($`t`$) are $`1.2\times 10^{51}`$ erg, 0.5 cm-3, and 1.8$`\times 10^4`$ yr, respectively. Because the total mass of the X-ray emitting shell is about 40$`M_{}`$, most of them are attributable to the swept-up interstellar matter. Therefore, the result of the spectral fitting (in table 3) implies that the interstellar matter near to the G 359.0$``$0.9 is either over-abundant in Mg, or under-abundant in Fe.

### 4.3. Comments on the Galactic Diffuse Plasma

The GC region is surrounded by the large scale hot plasma, which emits fairly strong X-rays with many emission lines from He-like and H-like Si, S, Ar, Ca and Fe. The co-existence of highly ionized light elements (such as Si and S) and heavier elements (such as Ca and Fe) implies that the plasma is not a single temperature. Kaneda (1996) and Kaneda et al. (1997) confirmed the two-temperature structure of the Galactic ridge plasma, which shows a very similar spectrum to that of the GC region. In fact, Maeda(1998) found that the GC plasma has two-temperature components.

The low-temperature component ( $`<`$$``$ 1 keV) would be the same as that found with ROSAT (Snowden et al. 1997). The plasma has a large-scale height of 1.9 kpc and a temperature of 0.3$``$0.4 keV. Kaneda et al. (1997) suggested that the soft components of the Galactic ridge originated from a multiple supernova explosion. From the spectral similarity, this scenario may be applied to the GC soft component. Then, can we find many individual SNRs which have a similar spectral shape? Because G 359.0$``$0.9 has a 0.4 keV temperature and strong emission line of Mg and Si, it is a possible candidate. The GIS flux at 0.5–10.0 keV of G 359.0$``$0.9 is $`2.4\times 10^{12}`$ erg s-1cm-2, while that of the GC plasma in a 25 diameter field is $`8.3\times 10^{12}`$ erg s-1cm-2 (Kaneda 1996). We thus require about four G 359.0$``$0.9-like SNRs in this field. However, at this moment, the number density of the resolved X-ray SNRs or its candidates is far less than the requirement.

A more difficult issue is the origin of the high-temperature component. The temperature of 10 keV and the size of about 100-pc diameter are inferred by the observation of Ginga and ASCA GC surveys (Koyama et al. 1989; 1996). As far as we know, no SNR exhibits such a high temperature. In this sense, the high-temperature sulfur-rich plasma of G 359.1$``$0.5 is suggestive. If there are many G 359.1$``$0.5-like SNRs, with an enriched abundance of not only S, but also other elements in high-temperature plasmas, the integrated emission may contribute, at least, some fractions of the GC hot plasma. At present, we are still lacking any quantitative information of individual X-ray sources, like SNRs, near to the GC region. Thus, further systematic study is highly encouraged.

We would like to thank Dr.Y. Maeda for useful comments and discussion about G 359.1$``$0.5. We also thank the members of the ASCA team. This work was supported by the Research Fellowship of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for Young Scientists.

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