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# A remark on quiver varieties and Weyl groups

## 1. Notations and definitions

In this section we give the definition of quiver varieties. Except some minor change all definition are due to Nakajima \[Na1, Na2\].

### 1.1. The graph

Let $`(I,H)`$ be a finite oriented graph: $`I`$ is the set of vertices that we suppose of cardinality $`n`$, $`H`$ the set of arrows and the orientation is given by the two maps

$$hh_0\text{ and }hh_1$$

from $`H`$ to $`I`$. We suppose also that:

1. $`hHh_0h_1`$,
2. an involution $`h\overline{h}`$ of $`H`$ without fixed points and satisfying $`\overline{h}_0=h_1`$ is fixed,
3. a map $`\epsilon :H\{1,1\}`$ is given such that $`\epsilon (\overline{h})=\epsilon (h)`$. We define $`\mathrm{\Omega }=\{hH:\epsilon (h)=1\}`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}=\{hH:\epsilon (h)=1\}`$.

Observe that given a symmetric graph without loops is always possible to define $`\epsilon `$ and an involution $`\overline{}`$ as above.

### 1.2. The Cartan matrix and the Weyl group

Let $`A`$ be the matrix whose entries are the numbers

$$a_{ij}=card\{hH:h_0=i\text{ and }h_1=j\}.$$

We define a generalized symmetric Cartan matrix by $`C=2IA`$. Following \[Lusztig:QG\] an $`X,Y`$-regular root datum $`(I,X,X^{},<,>)`$ with Cartan matrix equal to $`C`$ is defined in the following way:

1. $`X^{}`$ and $`X`$ are finetely generated free abelian groups,
2. $`<,>:X\times X^{}`$ is a perfect bilinear pairing,
3. two linearly independent sets $`\mathrm{\Pi }=\{\alpha _i:iI\}X`$ and $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{}=\{\alpha _i^{}:iI\}X^{}`$ are fixed and we set $`Q=\mathrm{\Pi }`$ and $`Q^{}=\mathrm{\Pi }^{}`$,
4. $`<\alpha _i,\alpha _j^{}>=c_{ij}`$,
5. (nonstandard) $`\mathrm{rank}X=\mathrm{rank}X^{}=2n\mathrm{rank}C`$,
6. (nonstandard) a linearly independent set $`\{\omega _i:iI\}`$ of $`X`$ such that $`<\omega _i,\alpha _j^{}>=\delta _{ij}`$ is fixed.

Once $`C`$ is given it is easy to construct a data as above. We call $`𝔥`$ the complexification of $`X^{}`$ and we observe that through the bilinear pairing $`<,>`$ we can identify $`𝔥^{}`$ with the complexification of $`X`$. We observe also that the triple $`(𝔥,\mathrm{\Pi },\mathrm{\Pi }^{})`$ is a realization of the Cartan matrix $`C`$ (\[Kac\] pg.1).

The Weyl group $`W`$ attached to $`C`$ is defined as the subgroup of $`Aut(X)GL(𝔥^{})`$ generated by the reflections

$$s_i:xx<x,\alpha _i^{}>\alpha _i.$$
(1)
Observe that the dual action is given by $`s_i(y)=y<\alpha _i,y>\alpha _i^{}`$ and that the lattices $`Q`$ and $`Q^{}`$ are stable for these actions. So the annihilator $`\stackrel{}{Q^{}}=\{xX:<x,y>=0yQ^{}\}`$ is also stable by $`W`$ and we can consider the action of $`W`$on the lattice $`P=X/\stackrel{}{Q^{}}\text{Hom}_{}(Q,)`$ and we call $`x\overline{x}`$ the projection from $`X`$ to $`P`$. We observe also that this projection is an isomorphism from the lattice $`\stackrel{~}{P}`$, that is not $`W`$-stable, spanned by $`\{\omega _i:iI\}`$ and $`P`$. Finally we observe that

$$\overline{\alpha }_i=\underset{jI}{}c_{ij}\overline{\omega }_j.$$

### 1.3. $`d,v`$ and the space of all matrices

For the exposition it will be usefull to identify the set $`I`$ with the set of integers $`\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$.

Let $`d=(d_1,\mathrm{},d_n)`$ and $`v=(v_1,\mathrm{},v_n)`$ be two $`n`$-tuples of integers. We also think of $`d,v`$ as elements of $`X`$ in the following way:

$$d=\underset{iI}{}d_i\omega _i\text{ and }v=\underset{iI}{}v_i\alpha _i;$$
(2)
and through this identification we define an action of $`W`$ on $`v`$. We define also $`v^{}=_{iI}v_i\alpha _i^{}Q^{}`$. Once $`d,v`$ are fixed we fix complex vector spaces $`D_i`$ and $`V_i`$ of dimensions $`d_i`$ and $`v_i`$ and we define the following spaces of maps:

$`S_\mathrm{\Omega }(d,v)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{iI}{}}\text{Hom}(D_i,V_i){\displaystyle \underset{h\mathrm{\Omega }}{}}\text{Hom}(V_{h_0},V_{h_1}),`$ (3a)
$`S_{\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}}(d,v)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{iI}{}}\text{Hom}(V_i,D_i){\displaystyle \underset{h\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}}{}}\text{Hom}(V_{h_0},V_{h_1}),`$ (3b)
$`S(d,v)`$ $`=S_\mathrm{\Omega }(d,v)S_{\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}}(d,v).`$ (3c)
More often, when it will not be ambiguous we will write $`S_\mathrm{\Omega },S_{\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}}`$ and $`S`$ instead of $`S_\mathrm{\Omega }(d,v),S_{\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}}(d,v)`$ and $`S(d,v)`$.

For each $`hH`$ (resp. $`iI`$) we define the projection $`B_h`$ (resp. $`\gamma _i`$ and $`\delta _i`$) from $`S`$ to $`\text{Hom}(V_{h_0},V_{h_1})`$ (resp. $`\text{Hom}(D_i,V_i)`$ and $`\text{Hom}(V_i,D_i)`$) with respect to the decomposition described in (3).

When an element $`s`$ of $`S`$ is fixed we will often write $`B_h`$ (resp. $`\gamma _i`$, $`\delta _i`$) instead of $`B_h(s)`$ (resp. $`\gamma _i(s)`$ and $`\delta _i(s)`$). We will also use $`\gamma `$ for $`(\gamma _1,\mathrm{},\gamma _n)`$, $`\delta `$ for $`(\delta _1,\mathrm{},\delta _n)`$ and $`B`$ for $`(B_h)_{hH}`$ and often we will write an element of $`S`$ as a triple $`(B,\gamma ,\delta )`$.

Once $`D_i,V_i`$ and an element $`s`$ of $`S`$ are fixed we define also:

$`T_i`$ $`=D_i{\displaystyle \underset{h:h_1=i}{}}V_{h_0},`$ (4a)
$`a_i`$ $`=a_i(s)=(\delta _i(s),(B_{\overline{h}}(s))_{h:h_1=i}):V_iT_i,`$ (4b)
$`b_i`$ $`=b_i(s)=(\gamma _i(s),(\epsilon (h)B_h(s))_{h:h_1=i}):T_iV_i.`$ (4c)
We will identify the dual of space of the $``$-linear maps $`\text{Hom}(E,F)`$ between two finite dimensional vector spaces with $`\text{Hom}(F,E)`$ through the pairing $`<\phi ,\psi >=\mathrm{Tr}(\phi \psi )`$. So we can describe $`S`$ also as $`S_\mathrm{\Omega }S_\mathrm{\Omega }^{}=T^{}S_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and we observe that a natural symplectic structure $`\omega `$ is defined over $`S`$ by

$$\omega ((s_\mathrm{\Omega },s_{\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}}),(t_\mathrm{\Omega },t_{\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}}))=<s_\mathrm{\Omega },t_{\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}}><t_\mathrm{\Omega },s_{\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}}>.$$

### 1.4. Hermitian structure on $`S`$

We suppose now that the spaces $`D_i`$, $`V_i`$ are endowed with hermitian metrics. So we can speak of the adjoint $`\phi ^{}`$ of a linear map between these spaces, and we have a positive definite hermitian structure $`h`$ on $`S`$ with explicit formula:

$`h((B,\gamma ,\delta ),(\stackrel{~}{B},\stackrel{~}{\gamma },\stackrel{~}{\delta }))`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{hH}{}}\mathrm{Tr}(B_h\stackrel{~}{B}_h^{})+{\displaystyle \underset{iI}{}}\mathrm{Tr}(\gamma _i\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_i^{}+\stackrel{~}{\delta }_i^{}\delta _i)`$ (5)
$`={\displaystyle \underset{iI}{}}\mathrm{Tr}(a_i\stackrel{~}{a}_i^{}+\stackrel{~}{b}_i^{}b_i)`$
and an associated real and closed symplectic form $`\omega _I(s,t)=\mathrm{Re}h(\text{i}s,t)\mathrm{Im}h(s,t)`$.

### 1.5. Group actions and moment maps

We can define an action of the groups $`G=GL(V)=GL(V_i)`$ and $`GL(D)=GL(D_i)`$ on the set $`S`$ in the following way:

$`g(B_h,\gamma _i,\delta _i)`$ $`=(g_{h_1}B_hg_{h_0}^1,g_i\gamma _i,\delta _ig_i^1)`$ $`\text{for }g=(g_i)GL(V),`$ (6)
$`g(B_h,\gamma _i,\delta _i)`$ $`=(B_h,\gamma _ig_i^1,g_i\delta _i)`$ $`\text{for }g=(g_i)GL(D).`$ (7)
Observe that these actions commute and that $`\omega `$ is $`GL(V)`$ invariant. Moreover if $`U=U(V)=U(V_i)`$ is the group of unitary trasformations in $`GL(V)`$ the real simplectic form $`\omega _I`$ is $`U(V)`$ invariant.

Define $`\mu ,\mu _I:S𝔤=gl(V_i)`$ by the following explicit formulas:

$`\mu _i(B,\gamma ,\delta )`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{hH:h_1=i}{}}\epsilon (h)B_hB_{\overline{h}}+\gamma _i\delta _i=b_ia_i,`$
$`\mu _{I,i}(B,\gamma ,\delta )`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\text{i}}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{hH:h_1=i}{}}B_hB_h^{}B_{\overline{h}}^{}B_{\overline{h}}+\gamma _i\gamma _i^{}\delta _i^{}\delta _i\right)={\displaystyle \frac{\text{i}}{2}}(b_ib_i^{}a_i^{}a_i),`$
If we identify $`𝔤^{}=\text{Hom}_{}(𝔤,)`$ (resp. $`𝔲^{}=\text{Hom}_{}(𝔲,)`$) with $`𝔤=gl(V_i)`$ (resp. $`𝔲`$) through the pairing $`<(x_i),(y_i)>=_i\mathrm{Tr}(x_iy_i)`$, we can observe that $`\mu `$ is a moment map for the action of $`G`$ on the symplectic manifold $`(S,\omega )`$ and that $`\mu _I`$ is a moment map for the action of $`U`$ on the symplectic manifold $`(S,\omega _I)`$. It is common to group all these moment maps together and to define an hyperKähler moment map

$$\stackrel{~}{\mu }=(\mu _I,\mu ):S𝔲𝔤=()_{}𝔲.$$

### 1.6. Quiver varieties as hyperKähler quotients

Let $`\zeta _i=(\xi _i,\lambda _i)`$ and $`\zeta =(\zeta _1,\mathrm{},\zeta _N)`$. We define:

$$𝔏_\zeta (d,v)=\{sS:\mu (s)\lambda _i\mathrm{Id}_{V_i}=0\text{ and }\mu _{I,i}(s)\text{i}\xi _i\mathrm{Id}_{V_i}=0\}.$$

We observe that $`𝔏_\zeta (d,v)`$ is stable for the action of $`U(V)`$, so, at least as a topological Hausdorf space we can define the *quiver variety of type* $`\zeta `$ as

$$𝔐_\zeta (d,v)=𝔏_\zeta (d,v)/U(V).$$

It will be convenient to define also $`𝔐_\zeta (d,v)=\mathrm{}`$ if $`d,v^n`$ and there exists $`i`$ such that $`v_i<0`$ or $`d_i<0`$ for some $`i`$. We call $`=^n^n`$ and we observe that we can idenyify it to $`()_{}P`$ through:

$$(\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _n,\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _n)\underset{iI}{}(\xi _i,\lambda _i)\overline{\omega }_i.$$
(8)
In particular we consider an action of the Weyl group $`W`$ on $``$ through this identification.

###### Remark 1.

There is a surjective map from $``$ to $`Z_U(𝔲)Z_G(𝔤)`$:

$$(\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _n,\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _n)\underset{iI}{}(\text{i}\xi _i,\lambda _i)\mathrm{Id}_{V_i}$$

Observe that $`𝔏_\zeta `$ is the fiber of $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ over the image of $`\zeta `$ in $`Z_U(𝔲)Z_G(𝔤)`$.

###### Remark 2.

If $`v,d0`$ define: $`I^{}=\{iI:v_i0\}`$, $`H^{}=\{hH:h_0,h_1I^{}\}`$, $`\epsilon ^{}=\epsilon |_H^{}`$, $`v^{}=(v_i)_{iI^{}}`$, $`d^{}=(d_i)_{iI^{}}`$, and $`\zeta ^{}=(\zeta _i)_{iI^{}}`$ then it is clear that

$$𝔏_\zeta ^{}(d^{},v^{})𝔏_\zeta (d,v)\text{ and }𝔐_\zeta ^{}(d^{},v^{})𝔐_\zeta (d,v).$$

Except for the last equivalence which is trivial in our case the following is a general well known fact (\[GIT\] ch. 8).

###### Lemma 3.

Let $`s𝔏_\zeta `$ then

$$d\stackrel{~}{\mu }_s\text{ is surjective}d\mu _s\text{ is surjective}d\mu _I\text{ is surjective }$$

$$dim\mathrm{Stab}_G\{s\}=0\mathrm{Stab}_G\{s\}=\{1_G\}$$

###### Definition 4.

If $`u^n=Q^{}`$ $`AQ^{}`$ we define

$$_u=\{\zeta =(\xi ,\lambda ):<\xi ,u^{}>=<\lambda ,u^{}>=0\}\text{ and }_A=\underset{uA}{}H_u.$$

Let now $`U_v=\{u^n\{0\}\text{ such that }`$ $`0u_iv_i\}`$ and $`=_{U_v}`$. $``$ is a union of a finite number of real subspace of $``$ of codimension $`3`$.

###### Lemma 5 (Nakajima, \[Na1\]).

If $`\zeta `$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }(s)=\zeta `$ then $`\mathrm{Stab}_G\{s\}=1_G`$.

As a consequence of the above lemma and general results on on hyperKähler manifolds (for example \[Hit\] or \[HKLR\]) we obtain the following corollary.

###### Corollary 6.

If $`\zeta 𝔷`$ then if it is not empty $`𝔐_\zeta (d,v)`$ is a smooth hyperKähler manifold of real dimension $`2<2dv,v^{}>`$.

### 1.7. Geometric invariant theory and moment map

In this section we explain the relation between the moment map and the GIT quotient proved by Kempf, Ness \[KeNe\], Kirwan \[GIT\] and others. To be more precise we need a generalization of their results in the case of an action on an affine variety proved by Migliorini \[Migliorini\].

Let $`X`$ be an affine variety over $``$ and $`G`$ a reductive group acting on $`X`$. We can assume that $`X`$ is a closed subvariety of a vector space $`V`$ where $`G`$ acts linearly. Let $`h`$ be an hermitian form on $`V`$ invariant by the action of a maximal compact group $`U`$ of $`G`$ and define a real $`U`$-invariant symplectic form on $`V`$ by

$$\eta (x,y)=\mathrm{Re}h(\text{i}x,y).$$

Then we can define a moment map $`\nu :V𝔲^{}=\text{Hom}_{}(𝔲,)`$:

$$<\nu (x),u>=\frac{1}{2}\eta (ux,x).$$

We observe that the real symplectic form $`\eta `$ resctricted to a complex submanifold is always non degenerate and that $`\mu `$ restricted to the non singular locus of $`X`$ is a moment map for the action of $`U`$ on $`X`$.

Now let $`\chi `$ be a multiplicative character of $`G`$. We observe that for all $`gU`$ we have $`|\chi (g)|=1`$ so $`\text{i}d\chi :u`$. In particular we can think to $`\text{i}d\chi `$ as an element of $`𝔲^{}`$. Morover we observe that it is invariant by the dual adjoint action, hence it makes sense to consider the quotient:

$$𝔐=\nu ^1(id\chi )/U.$$

As we saw our variety are a particular case of this construction.

On the other side we can consider the GIT quotient. Let us remind the definition. If $`\phi `$ is a character of $`G`$ we consider the line bundle $`L_\phi =V\times `$ on $`V`$ with the following $`G`$-linearization:

$$g(x,z)=(gx,\phi (g)z).$$

An invariant section of $`L_\phi `$ is determined by an algebraic function $`f:V`$ such that $`f(gx)=\phi (g)f(x)`$ for all $`gG`$ and $`xV`$. We use the same symbol $`L_\phi `$ also for the restriction of $`L_\phi `$ to $`X`$.

Given a rational action of $`G`$ on $``$-vector space $`A`$ we define

$$A_{\phi ,n}=\{aA:ga=\phi ^n(g)a\text{ for all }gG\},$$

$$A_\phi =\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}A_{\phi ,n}\text{ as a graded vector space.}$$

Hence we have that $`H^0(X,L_\phi )^G=[X]_{\phi ,1}`$. We observe that if $`I`$ is the ideal of algebraic function on $`V`$ vanishing on $`X`$ then

$$H^0(X,L_\phi )^G=\frac{H^0(V,L_\phi )^G}{I_{\phi ,1}}.$$

This last fact can be proved easily for example averaging a $`\phi `$ equivariant function $`f`$ on $`X`$ in the following way:

$$\stackrel{~}{f}(v)=_U\phi ^1(u)f(uv)𝑑u.$$

###### Definition 7.

A point $`x`$ of $`X`$ is said to be $`\chi `$-*semistable* if there exist $`n>0`$ and $`fH^0(X,L_\chi ^n)^G`$ such that $`f(x)0`$. We observe that by the remark above a point of $`X`$ is $`\chi `$-semistable if and only if is $`\chi `$-semistable as a point of $`V`$. We call $`X_\chi ^{ss}`$ (resp. $`V_\chi ^{ss}`$) the open subset of $`\chi `$-semistable points of $`X`$ (resp. $`V`$).

###### Proposition 8 ( \[GIT, Newstead\]).

There exists a good quotient of $`X_\chi ^{ss}`$ by the action of $`G`$ and we have that

$$X_\chi ^{ss}//G=\mathrm{Proj}[X]_\chi .$$

Moreover $`\mathrm{Proj}[X]_\chi `$ is a finetely generated $``$-algebra and a natural projective map

$$\pi :X_\chi ^{ss}//GX//G=\mathrm{Spec}[X]^G$$

is defined.

In the case of $`\chi 1`$ the following fact is well known:

$$\mathrm{Proj}[X]_\chi =\mathrm{Spec}[X]^G=\nu ^1(0)/U.$$

The following result is less well known, and its proof requires some adjustment of the classical proof for the case $`\chi 1`$ (see for example an appendix of \[Migliorini\] or \[TatoPhD\] ).

###### Proposition 9 (Migliorini, \[Migliorini\]).

Let $`xX`$ then

$$gG:\nu (gx)=\text{i}d\chi Gx\text{ is a closed orbit in }X_\chi ^{ss}.$$

###### Proposition 10 (Migliorini, \[Migliorini\]).

The inclusion $`\nu ^1(\text{i}d\chi )X_\chi ^{ss}`$ induces an homeomorphism

$$\nu ^1(\text{i}d\chi )/UX_\chi ^{ss}//G.$$

### 1.8. Quiver varieties as algebraic varieties

If $`m=(m_1,\mathrm{},m_n)^N`$ we define a character $`\chi _m`$ of $`G_v`$ by $`\chi _m=_{iI}det_{GL(V_I)}^{m_i}`$.

If $`\lambda =(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _n)^n`$ and $`m=(m_1,\mathrm{},m_n)^n`$ then we define the varieties:

$`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\lambda (d,v)`$ $`=\{sS:\mu _i(s)\lambda _i\mathrm{Id}_{V_i}=0\text{ for all }i\},`$
$`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m,\lambda }(d,v)`$ $`=\{s\mathrm{\Lambda }_\lambda (d,v):s\text{ is }\chi _m\text{semistable}\}.`$
and the associeted *quiver varieties*

$`M_{m,\lambda }(d,v)`$ $`=\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m,\lambda }(d,v)//G_v\text{ and }`$
$`M_\lambda ^0(d,v)`$ $`=M_{0,\lambda }(d,v)=\mathrm{\Lambda }_\lambda (d,v)//G_v`$
We call $`p_{m,\lambda }^{d,v}:\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m,\lambda }(d,v)M_{m,\lambda }(d,v)`$ the quotient map. Observe that the inclusion $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m,\lambda }(d,v)\mathrm{\Lambda }_\lambda (d,v)`$ induces a projective morphism

$$\pi _{m,\lambda }^{d,v}:M_{m,\lambda }(d,v)M_\lambda ^0(d,v).$$

Finally it will be convenient to define $`M_{m,\lambda }(d,v)=\mathrm{}`$ if $`d,v^n`$ and $`v_i<0`$ or $`d_i<0`$ for some $`i`$.

We identify $`^n`$ with $`P`$ and $`Z=^n`$ with $`_{}P`$ through

$$(m_1,\mathrm{},m_n)m_i\overline{\omega }_i\text{ and }(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _n)\lambda _i\overline{\omega }_i.$$

###### Remark 11.

As in 1 we have a surjective map from $`Z`$ to $`Z(𝔤)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\lambda (d,v)`$ is the fiber of $`\mu `$ over the image of $`\lambda `$ in $`Z(𝔤)`$.

###### Remark 12.

Remark 2 holds without changes also in this case.

###### Remark 13.

Observe that $`PZ`$. Observe also that the map $`m\chi _m`$ define a surjective morphism from $`P`$ to $`\text{Hom}(G_v,^{})`$ and that the following diagram commute:

In particular we can apply 10 to the action of $`G_v`$ on $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\lambda (d,v)`$ and we obtain:

$$𝔐_{(m,\lambda )}(d,v)M_{m,\lambda }(d,v).$$

###### Proposition 14.

Let $`(m,\lambda )`$ and $`s\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m,\lambda }(d,v)`$ then $`\mathrm{Stab}_{G_v}(s)=\{1\}`$.

###### Proof.

As we have already claimed it is enough to prove $`dim\mathrm{Stab}_G(s)=\{1\}`$. We know that there is a good quotient of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m,\lambda }(d,v)`$ so it is enough to prove that any closed orbit has maximal dimension. By Proposition 9 if $`G_vs`$ is closed in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m,\lambda }(d,v)`$ then there exists $`gG_v`$ such that $`\mu _I(gs)=\text{i}d\chi `$. The thesis follows now form $`(m,\lambda )`$ and Lemma 5. ∎

###### Corollary 15.

If $`(m,\lambda )`$ and $`M_{m,\lambda }(d,v)\mathrm{}`$ then it is a smooth algebraic variety of dimension $`<v^{},2dv>`$.

### 1.9. Path algebra and $`b`$-path algebra

To describe functions on quiver varieties we need some notation about the path algebra.

###### Definition 16.

A *path* $`\alpha `$ in our graph is a sequence $`h^{(m)}\mathrm{}h^{(1)}`$ such that $`h^{(i)}H`$ and $`h_1^{(i)}=h_0^{(i+1)}`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},m1`$. We define also $`\alpha _0=h_0^{(1)}`$, $`\alpha _1=h_1^{(m)}`$ and we say that the length of $`\alpha `$ is $`m`$. If $`\alpha _0=\alpha _1`$ we say that $`\alpha `$ is a closed path. We consider also the empty paths $`\mathrm{}_i`$ for $`iI`$ and we define $`(\mathrm{}_i)_0=(\mathrm{}_i)_1=i`$. The product of path is defined in the obvious way.

A $`b`$-*path* $`[\beta ]`$ in our graph is a sequence $`[i_{m+1}^{r_{m+1}}\alpha ^{(m)}i_m^{r_m}\mathrm{}\alpha ^{(1)}i_1^{r_1}]`$, that we write between square brackets such that $`i_jI`$, $`\alpha ^{(j)}`$ are $`B`$-path, $`r_j`$ and $`\alpha _0^{(j)}=i_j`$ and $`\alpha _1^{(j)}=i_{j+1}`$ for $`j=1,\mathrm{},m`$. We consider also the “empty” $`b`$-paths indiced by elements of $`I`$: $`[\mathrm{}_i]`$. We define $`[\beta ]_0=i_1`$, $`[\beta ]_1=i_{m+1}`$ and $`[\mathrm{}_i]_0=[\mathrm{}_i]_1=i`$. The length of $`[\beta ]`$ is $`_{j=1}^{m+1}r_j+_{j=1}^mlength(\alpha ^j)`$ and the product of $`b`$-paths is defined in the obvious way:

$$[\beta ][\beta ^{}]=\{\begin{array}{cc}0\hfill & \text{if }[\beta ^{}]_1[\beta ]_0\hfill \\ [\beta \beta ^{}]\hfill & \text{if }[\beta ^{}]_1=[\beta ]_0=i\hfill \end{array}$$

Given a path $`\alpha =h^{(m)}\mathrm{}h^{(1)}`$ and a $`b`$-path $`\beta =[i_{m+1}^{r_{m+1}}\alpha ^{(m)}\mathrm{}`$ $`\mathrm{}i_1^{r_1}]`$ we define an evaluation of $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ on $`S`$ in the following way: if $`s=(B,\gamma ,\delta )S`$ then

$`\mathrm{}_i(s)`$ $`=0\text{Hom}(V_i,V_i)\text{ and }[\mathrm{}_i](s)=0\text{Hom}(V_i,V_i),`$
$`\alpha (s)`$ $`=B_{h^{(m)}}\mathrm{}B_{h^{(1)}}\text{Hom}(V_{\alpha _0},V_{\alpha _1}),`$
$`\beta (s)`$ $`=(\gamma _{i_{m+1}}\delta _{i_{m+1}})^{r_{m+1}}\alpha ^{(m)}(s)(\gamma _{i_m}\delta _{i_m})^{r_m}\mathrm{}`$
$`\mathrm{}\alpha ^{(1)}(s)(\gamma _{i_1}\delta _{i_1})^{r_1}\text{Hom}(D_{\beta _0},D_{\beta _1}).`$
The path algebra $``$ is the vector space spanned by paths with the product induced by the product of paths. If $`i,jI`$ we say that an element in $``$ is of type $`(i,j)`$ if it is in the linear span of the paths with source in $`i`$ and target in $`j`$.

The $`b`$-path algebra $`𝒬`$ is the vector space spanned by $`b`$-paths with the product induced by the product of $`b`$-paths described above. If $`i,jI`$ we say that an element in $``$ is of type $`(i,j)`$ if it is in the linear span of the $`b`$-paths with source in $`i`$ and target in $`j`$.

###### Remark 17.

We observe that the evaluation on $`S`$ is a morphism of algebra from $``$ to the algebra defined by the morphisms of the category of vector spaces. Moreover if $`f`$ is of type $`(i,j)`$ we observe that $`f(s)\text{Hom}(V_i,V_j)`$.

## 2. Generators of the projective ring of a quiver variety

In this section we want to describe a set of generators of the graded ring $`[S]_\chi `$ and by consequence of the projective ring of a quiver variety $`[\mathrm{\Lambda }_\lambda ]_\chi `$. More precisely we will give a set of generators as $`[S]^G`$-module of its $`l`$-homogeneous part: $`[S]_{\chi ,l}`$. This result is a generalization of the one obtained by Lusztig in the case of invariants: $`\chi 1`$. First of all recall his result.

###### Theorem 18 (Lusztig, \[Lu:Q3\] theorem 1.3).

The ring $`[S]^G`$ is generated by the polynomials:

$$s\mathrm{Tr}\left(\alpha (s)\right)\text{ and }s\phi \left(\delta _{\beta _1}(s)\beta (s)\gamma _{\beta _0}(s)\right)$$

for $`\alpha `$ a closed path, $`\beta `$ a path and $`\phi \left(\text{Hom}(D_{\beta _0},D_{\beta _1})\right)^{}`$.

#### 2.0.1. Determinants

To describe our result we do first some general remark. Forget for a moment our quiver, and suppose to have a finite set of finite dimensional vector spaces $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_k`$ of dimensions $`u_1,\mathrm{},u_k`$ and a pair of nonnegative integers $`(m_i^+,m_i^{})`$ for each of them. Finally let $`m^+,m^{}`$ two nonnegative integers such that

$$N=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}m_i^+u_i+m^+=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}m_i^{}u_i+m^{},$$

and two vector spaces $`M^+`$ and $`M^{}`$ of dimension $`m^+,m^{}`$. Construct the vector spaces:

$$Y=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}^{m_i^{}}X_iM^{},Z=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}^{m_i^+}X_iM^+$$

and observe that $`dimY=dimZ=N`$. Define an action of the general linear group $`GL(X_i)`$ of $`X_i`$ on $`Y`$ by

$$g_i(\underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}v_jx_j+m)=\underset{ji}{}v_jx_j+m+v_ig_ix_i,$$

and also a similar action on $`Z`$. Hence the vector space $`\text{Hom}(Y,Z)`$ acquires a natural structure of $`G_X=_{i=1}^kGL(X_i)`$ module. If we choose an isomorphism $`\sigma `$ between $`\text{Hom}(^NY,^NZ)`$ and $``$ we can define a function $`det`$ on $`\text{Hom}(Y,Z)`$ by

$$det(A)=\sigma \left(\stackrel{n}{}A\right).$$

For simplicity we do not emphasize the role of $`\sigma `$ on this definition, so strictly speaking, $`det`$ is a function defined only up to a nontrivial constant factor. We observe also that

$`^nY\left(^{u_i}X_1\right)^{m_1^{}}\mathrm{}\left(^{u_k}X_k\right)^{m_k^{}}^m^{}M^{}`$

(and similarly for $`Z`$) so an isomorphism $`\sigma `$ is determined if we choose orientations, or basis, of $`X_j,M^+,M^{}`$. Finally observe that for any $`g=(g_j)G_X`$ we have

$$det(gA)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}(det_{GL(X_i)}(g_i))^{m_i^+m_i^{}}det(A).$$

#### 2.0.2. Description of generators

We go back now to our quiver and we describe a set of covariant polynomials on $`S`$. Any character $`\chi `$ of the group $`G_v=GL(V)`$ is of the form $`\chi =\chi _m=_{iI}det_{GL(V_i)}^{m_i}`$. We fix such a character and we define

$`I^+`$ $`=\{iI:m_i>0\}\text{ and }\stackrel{~}{m}_i=m_i\text{ if }iI^+,`$
$`I^0`$ $`=\{iI:m_i=0\}\text{ and }\stackrel{~}{m}_i=0\text{ if }iI^0,`$
$`I^{}`$ $`=\{iI:m_i<0\}\text{ and }\stackrel{~}{m}_i=m_i\text{ if }iI^{}.`$
We use now the construction explained in 2.0.1 in the case $`X_i=V_i`$ and $`m_i^+m_i^{}=m_i`$. We choose ordered sets $`A=(a_1,\mathrm{},a_m^{})(D_i)^m^{}`$ and $`B=(b_1,\mathrm{},b_{m^+})(D_i^{})^{m^+}`$ and we define a function $`I:A,BI`$ by $`aD_{I(a)}`$, $`bD_{I(b)}^{}`$. In the framework described above it is then possible to set $`M^{}=_{i=1}^m^{}_{a_i}`$ and $`M^+=_{i=1}^{m^+}_{b_i}`$. In particular we have

$$Y=\underset{iI}{}\underset{h=1}{\overset{m_i^{}}{}}V_i^{(h)}\underset{i=1}{\overset{m^{}}{}}_{a_i},Z=\underset{iI}{}\underset{k=1}{\overset{m_i^+}{}}V_i^{[k]}\underset{i=1}{\overset{m^+}{}}_{b_i}$$

where $`V_i^{(l)},V_i^{[l]}`$ are isomorphic copies of $`V_i`$. We choose now elements of the $`b`$-path algebra as follows:

1. for any $`i,jI`$ and for any $`1hm_i^{}`$, $`1km_j^+`$ we choose an element $`\alpha _{j,k}^{i,h}`$ of the $`b`$-path algebra of type $`(i,j)`$,
2. for any $`iI`$, $`1hm_i^{}`$ and for any $`1lm^+`$ we choose an element $`\alpha _l^{i,h}`$ of the $`b`$-path algebra of type $`(i,I(b_l))`$,
3. for any $`1lm^{}`$ and for any $`jI`$, $`1km_j^+`$ we choose an element $`\alpha _{j,k}^l`$ of the $`b`$-path algebra of type $`(I(a_l),j)`$,
4. for any $`1lm^{}`$ and for any $`1l^{}m^{}`$ we choose an element $`\alpha _l^{}^l`$ of the $`b`$-path algebra of type $`(I(a_l),I(b_l^{}))`$.

We call such a data $`\mathrm{\Delta }=(\{(m_i^+,m_i^{})\}_{iI},(m^+,m^{}),A,B,\alpha _{j,k}^{i,h},\alpha _l^{i,h},\alpha _{j,k}^l,\alpha _l^{}^l)`$ a $`\chi `$-data and we attach to it a $`\chi `$-covariant function on $`S`$:

$$f_\mathrm{\Delta }(s)=det\left(\mathrm{\Psi }_\mathrm{\Delta }(s)\right)$$

where $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is a linear map from $`Y`$ to $`Z`$ defined by

$`[\mathrm{\Psi }_\mathrm{\Delta }]_{V_j^{[k]}}^{V_i^{(h)}}(s)`$ $`=\alpha _{j,k}^{i,h}(s),`$
$`[\mathrm{\Psi }_\mathrm{\Delta }]_{_{b_l}}^{V_i^{(h)}}(s)`$ $`=b_l\delta _{I(b_l)}\alpha _l^{i,h}(s),`$
$`[\mathrm{\Psi }_\mathrm{\Delta }]_{V_j^{[k]}}^{_{a_l}}(s)`$ $`=\alpha _{j,k}^l(s)\gamma _{I(a_l)}|_{a_l},`$
$`[\mathrm{\Psi }_\mathrm{\Delta }]_{_{b_l^{}}}^{_{a_l}}(s)`$ $`=b_l^{}\delta _{I(b_l^{})}\alpha _l^{}^l(s)\gamma _{I(a_l)}|_{a_l}.`$
The function $`f_\mathrm{\Delta }`$ are a set of generators as $`[S]^G`$-module of $`[S]_{\chi ,1}`$, but we will need to define a smaller set of generators. To define this set we give a notion of good $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$.

###### Definition 19.

A data $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ as above is said to be $`\chi `$-*good* if it satisfies the following conditions:

1. $`m_i^++m_i^{}=\stackrel{~}{m}_i`$ for all $`iI`$,
2. $`\alpha _l^{}^l=0`$ for all $`l,l^{}`$,
3. $`\alpha _{}^{}`$ is an element of the path algebra (and not just an element of the $`b`$-path algebra which is obviously bigger),
4. $`card\{(j,k):\alpha _{j,k}^{i,h}0\}+card\{l:\alpha _l^{i,h}0\}v_i`$ for all $`i,h`$,
5. $`card\{(i,h):\alpha _{j,k}^{i,h}0\}+card\{l:\alpha _{j,k}^l0\}v_j`$ for all $`j,k`$,
6. for all $`l`$ there exists at most one pair $`(i,h)`$ such that $`\alpha _l^{i,h}0`$,
7. for all $`l`$ there exists at most one pair $`(j,k)`$ such that $`\alpha _{j,k}^l0`$.

For the applications the only important point will be the first one.

###### Proposition 20.

The set of polynomials $`f_\mathrm{\Delta }`$ with $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ $`\chi `$-good generates $`[S]_{\chi ,1}`$ as a $`[S]^{G_v}`$-module.

###### Remark 21.

Prof. Weyman said me that in the case $`D=0`$ a similar proposition has been proved by him and for arbitrary characteristic.

### 2.1. Some remark on the invariant theory of $`GL(n)`$

If $`V`$ is a finite dimensional representation of a linearly reductive Lie group $`G`$ and $`S`$ is a simple representation of $`S`$ we write $`V[S]`$ for the $`S`$-isotipic component of type $`S`$ of $`V`$.

We now fix $`n`$ and we make some remark on the representations of $`GL(n)`$. To any partition of height less or equal to $`n`$ we associate an irreducible representation of $`GL(n)`$ in the usual way. If we multiply these representations by a power of the inverse of determinant representation we obtain a complete list of irreducible representations of $`GL(n)`$. If $`\lambda `$ is a partition we call $`\lambda `$ the transpose partition as usual and we define $`\lambda ^{op}=(\lambda _1\lambda _n,\lambda _1\lambda _{n1},\mathrm{},\lambda _1\lambda _1)`$. We call $`\delta `$ the determinant representation of $`GL(n)`$ and $`\epsilon =1^n`$ the associated partition. Finally we call $`V`$ the natural representation.

###### Lemma 22.

1. $`L_{\lambda }^{}{}_{}{}^{}=\delta ^{\lambda _1}L_{\lambda ^{op}}`$,
2. $`\text{Hom}_{GL(n)}(\delta ^m,L_\lambda L_\mu )=\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill & \text{ if }\mathrm{\lambda }=\mu ^{op}+(m\mu _1)\epsilon ,\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{ otherwise,}\hfill \end{array}`$
3. $`\text{Hom}_{GL(n)}(\delta ^m,L_\lambda L_\mu ^{})=\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill & \text{ if }\mathrm{\lambda }=\mu +m\epsilon ,\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{ otherwise.}\hfill \end{array}`$

###### Proof.

We prove only 2).

$`Hom_{GL(n)}(\delta ^m,L_\lambda L_\mu )`$ $`=Hom_{GL(n)}(\delta ^mL_{\mu }^{}{}_{}{}^{},L_\lambda )`$
$`=Hom_{GL(n)}(\delta ^{m\mu _1}L_{\mu ^{op}},L_\lambda )`$
If $`m\mu _1`$ the last group is isomorphic to $`Hom_{GL(n)}(L_{\mu ^{op}+(m\mu _1)\epsilon },L_\lambda )`$ and if $`m<\mu _1`$ is isomorphic to $`Hom_{GL(n)}(L_{\mu ^{op}};L_{\lambda +(\mu _1m)\epsilon })`$. In any case the thesis follows. ∎

We want now to describe $`\text{Hom}_{GL(n)}(\delta ^m,V^i\left(V^{}\right)^j)`$. To do it we will use Schur-duality. Remind that the irreducible representations of the groups $`S_m`$ are parametrized by partitions of $`m`$ and call $`S_\lambda `$ the irreducible representation associated with $`\lambda `$. Consider now the action of $`S_m`$ on $`V^m`$ given by permuting the factors. This action commute with the $`GL(n)`$ action. Schur duality asserts that the action of the group $`S_m\times GL(n)`$ on $`V^m`$ decomposes in the following way:

$$V^m=\underset{\begin{array}{c}\lambda m\\ ht(\lambda )n\end{array}}{}S_\lambda L_\lambda .$$

We describe a set of elements of $`\text{Hom}_{GL(n)}(\delta ^m,V^i\left(V^{}\right)^j)`$. Let $`m`$ be a nonnegative integers a choose a permutation $`\sigma `$ of $`\{1,\mathrm{},i+mn\}`$. To $`\sigma `$ we associate maps:

$`\mathrm{\Phi }_\sigma `$ $`:\left(V^i(V^{})^i\right)^{GL(n)}V^{i+mn}(V^{})^i[\delta ^m]`$
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_\sigma `$ $`:\left(V^i(V^{})^i\right)^{GL(n)}V^i(V^{})^{i+mn}[\delta ^m]`$
by

$`\mathrm{\Phi }_\sigma (ts)`$ $`=\sigma (o\mathrm{}ot)s`$
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_\sigma (ts)`$ $`=t\sigma (o^{}\mathrm{}o^{}s)`$
where $`o`$ is a nonzero vector in $`^nV`$ and $`o^{}`$ is a non zero vector in $`^nV^{}`$ and $`tV^i`$, $`s(V^{})^i`$.

###### Lemma 23.

1) If $`ij+mn`$ then

$$\text{Hom}_{GL(N)}(\delta ^m,V^i\left(V^{}\right)^j)=0.$$

2) If $`m>0`$ then

$$V^{i+mn}(V^{})^i[\delta ^m]=\underset{\sigma }{}\mathrm{Im}\mathrm{\Phi }_\sigma .$$

3) If $`m>0`$ then

$$V^i(V^{})^{i+mn}[\delta ^m]=\underset{\sigma }{}\mathrm{Im}\mathrm{\Psi }_\sigma .$$

###### Proof.

1) follows directly from lemma 22.

2) Let $`M=V^{i+mn}(V^{})^i[\delta ^m]`$ and $`N=(V^i(V^{})^i)^G`$. $`N`$ is a $`S_i\times S_i`$ module, $`M`$ is a $`S_{i+mn}\times S_i`$\- module and the maps $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{,\sigma }`$ are equivariant with respect the $`S_i`$ action on $`(V^{})^i`$. In particular it is enough to prove that if $`\lambda `$ is a partition of $`i`$, $`M_\lambda `$ is the $`S_\lambda `$-isotipic component of $`M`$ w.r.t. the $`S_i`$ action and $`N_\lambda `$ the $`S_\lambda `$-isotipic component of $`N`$ w.r.t. the $`S_i`$ action on $`(V^{})^i`$ then

$$M_\lambda =\underset{\sigma }{}\mathrm{\Phi }_\sigma (N_\lambda ).$$

By point 3 of lemma22 we have that

$`M`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}\lambda i\\ ht(\lambda )n\end{array}}{}}\left(S_{\lambda +m\epsilon }L_{\lambda +m\epsilon }\right)\left(S_\lambda L_\lambda \right)^{}[\delta ^m]`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}\lambda i\\ ht(\lambda )n\end{array}}{}}S_{\lambda +m\epsilon }S_\lambda \left(\delta ^m\left(L_\lambda L_{\lambda }^{}{}_{}{}^{}\right)^G\right)`$
In particular $`M_\lambda =S_{\lambda +m\epsilon }S_\lambda `$ is an irreducible representation of $`S_{i+mn}\times S_i`$. Observe $`_\sigma \mathrm{\Phi }(N_\lambda )`$ is a $`S_{i+mn}\times S_i`$-submodule of $`M_\lambda `$ and that it is clearly nonzero. So $`M_\lambda =_\sigma \mathrm{\Phi }_\sigma (N_\lambda )`$ as claimed.

The proof of 3) is equal to the previous one. ∎

We want now to give a slightly different formulation of the lemma above. Let $`M=V^i(V^{})^j`$ we want to describe $`M_{\delta ^m}^{}=\{\phi M^{}:g\phi =\delta ^m(g)\phi \}`$. Of course this problem is completely equivalent to the previous one. What we want to do is to reformulate in a more convenient way for our purposes the description of a set of generators of $`M_{\delta ^m}^{}`$. Let $`m0`$ and choose $`=\{I_1,\mathrm{},I_m\}`$ a collection of $`m`$ disjoint subsets of $`\{1,\mathrm{},i+mn\}`$ of cardinality $`n`$. Let $`I_j=\{i_{j1}<\mathrm{}<i_{jn}\}`$ and $`\{1,\mathrm{},i+mn\}=\{j_1<\mathrm{}<j_i\}`$. To $``$ and to a permutation $`\sigma S_i`$ we associate elements

$$\varphi _{,\sigma }\left(V^{i+mn}(V^{})^i\right)_{\delta ^m}^{}\text{ and }\psi _{,\sigma }\left(V^i(V^{})^{i+mn}\right)_{\delta ^m}^{}$$

defined by

$`\varphi _{,\sigma }(v_1\mathrm{}v_{i+mn}\phi _1\mathrm{}\phi _i)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{m}{}}}<o^{},v_{j1}\mathrm{}v_{jn}>{\displaystyle \underset{h=1}{\overset{i}{}}}<v_{j_h},\phi _{\sigma _h}>`$
$`\psi _{,\sigma }(v_1\mathrm{}v_i\phi _1\mathrm{}\phi _{i+mn})`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{m}{}}}<o,\phi _{j1}\mathrm{}\phi _{jn}>{\displaystyle \underset{h=1}{\overset{i}{}}}<v_{\sigma _h},\phi _{j_h}>`$
where $`o`$ is a nonzero vector in $`^nV`$ and $`o^{}`$ is a non zero vector in $`^nV^{}`$.

###### Lemma 24.

1) If $`ij+mn`$ then $`\left(V^i(V^{})^j\right)_{\delta ^m}^{}=0.`$

2) If $`m0`$ then $`\left(V^{i+mn}(V^{})^i\right)_{\delta ^m}^{}`$ is generated by the functions $`\varphi _{,\sigma }.`$

3) If $`m0`$ then $`\left(V^i(V^{})^{i+mn}\right)_{\delta ^m}^{}`$ is generated by the functions $`\psi _{,\sigma }.`$

###### Proof.

The proof is clear by the previous lemma. ∎

### 2.2. A special case

In this section we proove a special case of Proposition 20 in which we are able to give a more precise result. To simplify the exposition of the proof of Proposition 20 we will also prove another lemma.

Here and in the following we will use polarization. If $`V`$ is finite dimensional vector space then we can define a map

$$\mathrm{}:(V^n)^{}S^n(V^{})[V]\text{ through }\mathrm{}(\phi )(v)=\phi (v\mathrm{}v).$$

###### Lemma 25.

$`\mathrm{}`$ is surjective, moreover if $`V`$ is a finite dimensional representation of a reductive group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and $`\chi `$ is a character of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ then

$$\mathrm{}((V^n)_\chi ^{})=S^n(V^{})_\chi $$

where $`E_\chi `$ is the isotipic component of type $`\chi ^1`$ of a $`G`$ module $`E`$.

###### Lemma 26.

For $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$ let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_i`$ be a reductive group, $`\chi _i`$ be a character of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_i`$ and $`E_i`$ be a f.d.representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_i`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_i`$, then $`E=_iE_i`$ is a representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`\chi =\chi _i`$ is a character of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Then

$$E_\chi ^{}=(E_1)_{\chi _1}^{}\mathrm{}(E_n)_{\chi _n}^{}.$$

Let $`J^+`$, $`J^{}`$ be two sets of indeces and define $`\stackrel{~}{J}^+=\{0\}J^+`$, $`\stackrel{~}{J}^{}=\{0\}J^{}`$ and $`J=J^+\times J^{}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{J}=\stackrel{~}{J}^+\times \stackrel{~}{J}^{}\{(0,0)\}`$. For each $`i\stackrel{~}{J}^+`$ (resp. $`j\stackrel{~}{J}^+`$) choose a vector space $`Y_i`$ (resp. $`X_j`$) and define $`X=_{jJ^{}}X_j`$ and $`Y=_{iJ^+}Y_i`$. Consider the group

$$G_{XY}=\underset{iJ^+}{}GL(Y_i)\times \underset{jJ^{}}{}GL(X_j)$$

and its character $`c=_{iJ^+}det_{GL(Y_i)}\times \left(_{jJ^{}}det_{GL(X_j)}\right)^1`$.

We fix a matrix $`r=(r_{ij})_{i\stackrel{~}{J}^+,j\stackrel{~}{J}^{}}`$ of integers such that $`r_{i0}=1=r_{0j}`$ for all $`i,j`$ and $`r_{00}=1`$ and we consider the vector spaces:

$$H^{XY}=H=\underset{(i,j)\stackrel{~}{J}}{}\text{Hom}(X_j,Y_i)^{r_{ij}}\text{ and }H_0^{XY}=H_0=\underset{(i,j)J}{}\text{Hom}(X_j,Y_i)$$

where we adopt the convention $`E^n=^n=0`$ if $`n<0`$. When the spaces $`X,Y`$ will be clear from the context we will write $`H`$ and $`H_0`$ insted of $`H^{XY}`$ and $`H_0^{XY}`$. We fix a basis $`e_m^{ij}`$ of $`^{r_{ij}}`$ so we have a canonical identification

$$H=\underset{(i,j)\stackrel{~}{J}}{}\text{Hom}(X_j,Y_i)^{r_{ij}}.$$
(9)
We want to study $`c`$-equivariant polynomials on $`H`$. If we choose two finite dimensional vector spaces $`\stackrel{~}{A},\stackrel{~}{B}`$, linear maps $`\alpha :\stackrel{~}{A}X_0`$ , $`\beta :Y_0\stackrel{~}{B}`$, and elements $`\phi _{ij}(^{r_{ij}})^{}`$ for all $`i,j`$ then we can define a map $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{\phi ,\alpha ,\beta }:HH_0\text{Hom}(\stackrel{~}{A},Y)\text{Hom}(X,\stackrel{~}{B})\text{Hom}(X\stackrel{~}{A},Y\stackrel{~}{B})`$ by

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{\phi ,\alpha ,\beta }(\underset{(i,j)\stackrel{~}{J}}{}A_{ij}v_{ij})=\underset{(i,j)J}{}\phi _{ij}(v_{ij})A^{ij}+\underset{iJ^+}{}A^{i0}\alpha +\underset{jJ^{}}{}\beta A^{0j}$$
(10)
where $`A_{ij}v_{ij}\text{Hom}(X_j,Y_i)^{r_{ij}}`$.

The following is a special version of 20.

###### Lemma 27.

$`[H]_c`$ is generated as a vector space by the following functions:

$$sdet\left(\mathrm{\Phi }_{\phi ,\alpha ,\beta }(s)\right)$$

where $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{\phi ,\alpha ,\beta }:HH_0`$ is as above.

#### 2.2.1. The special case

We will study an even more special case in which we are able to prove a better result that I find nice. In the above setting suppose that $`X_0=Y_0=0`$ and that $`r_{ij}=1`$ for all $`i,j`$.

Define the following set of matrices:

$`𝒮_n`$ $`=\{S=(s_{ij})^{J^+\times J^{}}:{\displaystyle \underset{i,j}{}}s_{ij}=n\}`$
$`𝒮^{XY}`$ $`=𝒮=\{S=(s_{ij})^{J^+\times J^{}}:{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}s_{ij}=dimY_iiJ^+`$
$`\text{ and }{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}s_{ij}=dimX_jjJ^{}\}`$
As for $`H`$ we will write $`𝒮`$ when the spaces $`X_j,Y_i`$ will be clear from the context. Observe that $`𝒮=\mathrm{}`$ if $`_jdimX_j_idimY_i`$ and that if $`N=dimX_j=dimY_i`$ then $`𝒮𝒮_N`$. For each $`card(J^+)\times card(J^{})`$ matirx $`S=(s_{ij})`$ we consider $`\phi _{ij}^{}`$ given by $`\phi _{ij}(\lambda )=s_{ij}\lambda `$ and we define

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_S=\mathrm{\Phi }_{\phi ,0,0}\text{ and }f_S=f_S^{XY}=det(\mathrm{\Phi }_S).$$

###### Proposition 28.

$`\{f_S\}_{S𝒮^{XY}}`$ is a basis of $`[H]_c`$.

###### Proof.

We have to compute $`S^n(H^{})_c=(S^n(H))_c^{}`$ for all $`n`$. For all $`S𝒮_n`$ define

$$E_S=\underset{(i,j)J^+\times J^{}}{}S^{s_{ij}}\left(\text{Hom}(X_j,Y_i)\right).$$

Observe that $`S^n(H)=_{S𝒮_n}E_S`$ as a $`G`$-module. So $`S^n(H)_c^{}=_{S𝒮_n}(E_S)_c^{}`$. Observe now that $`E_S`$ is a quotient of

$$\stackrel{~}{E}_S=\underset{(i,j)J^+\times J^{}}{}(X_j^{})^{s_{ij}}Y_i^{s_{ij}}.$$
(11)
By the lemmas in the previous section we have that

$$(\stackrel{~}{E}_S)_c^{}=\{\begin{array}{cc}0\hfill & \text{ if }S𝒮^{XY},\hfill \\ \hfill & \text{ if }S𝒮^{XY}.\hfill \end{array}$$

So in particular $`(E_S)_c^{}=0`$ if $`S𝒮^{XY}`$. Hence $`dimS^n(H)_c^{}card(𝒮^{XY})`$.

The function $`f_S`$ are clearly $`c`$-equivariant so the only thing that we have to prove is that they are linearly independent. To prove it we will prove a generalization of it.

If $`iJ^+`$ and $`jJ^{}`$ let $`E_{ij}`$ be the $`card(J^+)\times card(J^{})`$ matrix with a $`1`$ in the $`(i,j)`$ position and $`0`$ elsewhere.

For each $`iJ^+,jJ^{},m`$ and $`N`$ we consider the following sentence $`P_{i,j,m,N}`$:

> If $`_jX_j=N=_iY_i`$ then $`\{f_{S+mE_{ij}}\}_{S𝒮^{XY}}`$ is lineraly independent.

In the case $`m=0`$ we call this proposition $`P_{0,N}`$ since it does not depend on $`i,j`$ and observe that $`NP_{0,N}`$ is equivalent to our thesis.

For each $`N`$ we consider also the following sentence $`Q_N`$:

> If $`_jX_j=N=_iY_i`$ then $`P_{i,j,m,N}`$ is true for all $`iJ^+`$, $`jJ^{}`$ and $`m`$.

*First remark:* $`N=1`$ is true.

*Second remark:* let $`𝒮_0^{XY}=\{SS^{XY}:s_{ij}=0`$ for all $`iJ^+`$ and $`jJ^{}`$ such that $`dimY_i,dimX_j2`$. Observe that $`\{f_S\}_{S\stackrel{~}{𝒮}^{XY}}`$ is linearly independent.

Now we prove $`Q_N`$ by induction on $`N`$.

*Firts step:* $`Q_{N1}P_{0,N}`$. Suppose that there exists $`c_S`$ such that

$$\underset{S𝒮^{XY}}{}c_Sf_S=0.$$

If $`dimX_{j_0},dimY_{i_0}2`$ choose a nonzero element $`x_{j_0}X_{j_0}`$ (resp. $`y_{i_0}Y_{i_0}`$) and an hyperplane $`X_{j_0}^{}X_{j_0}`$ (resp. $`Y_{i_0}^{}Y_{i_0}`$) such that $`X_{j_0}=x_{j_0}X_{j_0}^{}`$ (resp. $`Y_{j_0}=y_{i_0}Y_{i_0}^{}`$) and define:

$$\stackrel{~}{X}_j=\{\begin{array}{cc}X_j\hfill & \text{ if }jj_0\hfill \\ X_{j_0}^{}\hfill & \text{ if }j=j_0\hfill \end{array}\text{ and }\stackrel{~}{Y}_i=\{\begin{array}{cc}Y_i\hfill & \text{ if }ii_0\hfill \\ Y_{i_0}^{}\hfill & \text{ if }i=i_0\hfill \end{array}$$
(12)
and define $`\mathrm{\Psi }:H^{\stackrel{~}{X}\stackrel{~}{Y}}H^{XY}`$ by

$$\mathrm{\Psi }(T)|_{\stackrel{~}{X}_j}=T\text{ and }\mathrm{\Psi }(T)(x_{j_0})=y_{j_0}.$$
(13)
Then we see that

$$0=\underset{S𝒮^{XY}}{}c_Sf_S^{XY}(\mathrm{\Psi }(T))=\underset{S𝒮^{XY}:s_{i_0j_0}0}{}s_{i_0j_0}c_Sf_S^{\stackrel{~}{X}\stackrel{~}{Y}}(T)$$

$$=\underset{S𝒮^{\stackrel{~}{X}\stackrel{~}{Y}}}{}(s_{i_0j_0}+1)c_{S+E_{i_0j_0}}f_{S+E_{i_0j_0}}^{\stackrel{~}{X}\stackrel{~}{Y}}(T)$$

By induction $`P_{i,j,1,N1}`$ is true for all $`i,j`$ so we see that $`c_S=0`$ for all $`S𝒮`$ such that there exists $`i_0,j_0`$ such that $`s_{i_0,j_0}1`$ and $`dimX_{j_0},dimY_{i_0}2`$. Now we conclude by the second remark.

*Second step:* $`Q_{N1}P_{i_0,j_0,m,N}`$ if $`dimX_{j_0},dimY_{i_0}2`$ and $`m1`$. Suppose that $`_{S𝒮^{XY}}c_Sf_{S+mE_{i_0j_0}}^{XY}=0`$. We can construct $`\stackrel{~}{X}_j,\stackrel{~}{Y}_i,\mathrm{\Psi }`$ as in the first step and we see that

$$0=\underset{S𝒮^{XY}}{}c_Sf_{S+mE_{i_0j_0}}^{XY}(\mathrm{\Psi }(T))=\underset{S𝒮^{XY}}{}(s_{i_0j_0}+m)c_Sf_{S+mE_{i_0j_0}}^{\stackrel{~}{X}\stackrel{~}{Y}}(T)$$

$$=\underset{S𝒮^{\stackrel{~}{X}\stackrel{~}{Y}}}{}(s_{i_0j_0}+m+1)c_{S+E_{i_0j_0}}f_{S+(m+1)E_{i_0j_0}}^{\stackrel{~}{X}\stackrel{~}{Y}}(T)$$

and by $`P_{i_0,j_0,m+1,N1}`$ we deduce $`c_S=0`$ for all $`S`$.

*Third step:* $`Q_{N1}Q_N`$. By the previous two step we have only to prove $`P_{i_0,j_0,m,N}`$ for $`m1`$ and $`dimX_{j_0}=1`$ or $`dimY_{i_0}=1`$. We will suppose $`dimX_{j_0}=1`$, the other case is completely similar. Suppose that $`_{S𝒮^{XY}}c_Sf_{S+mE_{i_0j_0}}=0`$. Set

$$\stackrel{~}{𝒮}_i=\{S𝒮^{XY}:s_{ij_0}=1\}$$

and observe that since $`dimX_{j_0}=1`$ then $`𝒮^{XY}=\stackrel{~}{𝒮}_i`$. Now choose a non zero vector $`x_{j_0}X_{j_0}`$ and for all $`iJ^+`$ choose a non zero vector $`y_iY_i`$ and an hyperplane $`Y_i^{}`$ of $`Y_i`$ such that $`Y_i=y_iY_i^{}`$.

Now fix $`i_1i_0`$ such that $`dimY_{i_1}2`$ and consider $`\stackrel{~}{J}^+=J^+`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{J}^{}=J^{}\{j_0\}`$. For all $`i\stackrel{~}{J}^+`$ and for all $`j\stackrel{~}{J}^{}`$ define:

$$\stackrel{~}{X}_j=X_j,\text{ and }\stackrel{~}{Y}_i=\{\begin{array}{cc}Y_i\hfill & \text{ if }ii_1,\hfill \\ Y_{i_1}^{}\hfill & \text{ if }i=i_1.\hfill \end{array}$$

For any $`S\stackrel{~}{𝒮}_{i_1}`$ we define also $`t(S)𝒮^{\stackrel{~}{X}\stackrel{~}{Y}}`$ by $`t(S)_{ij}=s_{ij}`$ for all $`i\stackrel{~}{J}^+`$, $`j\stackrel{~}{J}^{}`$. $`St(S)`$ is a bijection between $`\stackrel{~}{𝒮}_{i_1}`$ and $`𝒮^{\stackrel{~}{X}\stackrel{~}{Y}}`$: we call $`t^1`$ the inverse map. Finally we define $`\mathrm{\Psi }:H^{\stackrel{~}{X}\stackrel{~}{Y}}H^{XY}`$ as in the previou step and we observe that if $`S𝒮`$ then $`f_{S+mE_{i_0j_0}}\mathrm{\Psi }=0`$ if $`S\stackrel{~}{𝒮}_{i_1}`$. Hence

$$0=\underset{S𝒮^{XY}}{}c_Sf_{S+mE_{i_0j_0}}(\mathrm{\Psi }(T))=\underset{S\stackrel{~}{𝒮}_i}{}c_Sf_{t(S)}(T)$$

$$=\underset{S𝒮^{\stackrel{~}{X}\stackrel{~}{Y}}}{}c_{t^1(S)}f_S(T)$$

and applying $`P_{0,N1}`$ we obtain $`c_S=0`$ for all $`S\stackrel{~}{𝒮}_{i_1}`$ if $`dimY_{i_1}2`$ and $`i_1i_0`$.

In a similar way we prove $`c_S`$ if $`S\stackrel{~}{𝒮}_{i_1}`$ and $`dimY_{i_1}=1`$ and $`i_1i_0`$.

Finally we observe that if $`S\stackrel{~}{𝒮}_{i_0}`$ then $`f_{S+mE_{i_0j_0}}=(m+1)f_S`$, hence $`c_S=0`$ follows now from $`P_{0,N}`$ that we already know to be true. ∎

#### 2.2.2. Proof of Lemma 27

We study first $`(H^n)_c^{}`$ and then we apply polarization. As in the previous section we can decompose $`H^n`$ in summands of the following form:

$$E=\underset{(i,j)\stackrel{~}{J}}{}(\text{Hom}(X_j,Y_i)^{r_{ij}})^{s_{ij}}=\underset{(i,j)\stackrel{~}{J}}{}(X_j^{})^{s_{ij}}Y_i^{s_{ij}}(^{r_{ij}})^{s_{ij}}$$
(14)
where $`s_{ij}`$ are nonnegative integers such that $`_{i,j}s_{ij}=n`$. Observe that the order of the factors is not important for us since we will aply polarization.

We can describe easily $`E_c^{}`$ using the lemma in the previous section. In particular a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of $`c`$-covariants is $`_{i\stackrel{~}{J}^+}s_{ij}=dimX_j`$ for all $`jJ^{}`$ and $`_{j\stackrel{~}{J}^+}s_{ij}=dimY_i`$ for all $`iJ^+`$. Moreover

$$E_c^{}\underset{(i,j)J}{}\left((^{r_{ij}})^{}\right)^{s_{ij}}\underset{jJ^{}}{}(Y_0^{})^{s_{0j}}\underset{iJ^+}{}X_0^{s_{i0}}$$

To write explicit formulas we choose an order on the factors of $`E`$ for example choosing a lexicographic order in $`i\stackrel{~}{J}^+`$, $`j\stackrel{~}{J}^{}`$ and $`1qs_{ij}`$:

$$E=\underset{q=1}{\underset{}{X_1^{}Y_1^{r_{11}}}}\mathrm{}\underset{q=s_{11}}{\underset{}{X_1^{}Y_1^{r_{11}}}}\underset{q=1}{\underset{}{X_1^{}Y_2^{r_{12}}}}\mathrm{}$$

Once we have chosen such an order we can write an element of $`E`$ as linear combination elements of the form $`_{(i,j,q)\stackrel{~}{K}}x^{i,j,q}y^{i,j,q}v^{i,j,q}`$ with $`x^{i,j,q}X_j^{}`$, $`y^{i,j,q}Y_i`$ $`v^{i,j,q}^{r_{ij}}`$ and we setted $`\stackrel{~}{K}=\{(i,j,q)\stackrel{~}{J}\times :\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}qs_{ij}\}`$. We define also $`K=\{(i,j,q)\stackrel{~}{K}:(i,j)J\}`$. Using this convention if

$$\varphi =\underset{(i,j,q)\stackrel{~}{K}}{}\varphi ^{i,j,q}\underset{(i,j,q)K}{}(^{r_{ij}})^{}\underset{(0,j,q)\stackrel{~}{K}}{}Y_0^{}\underset{(i,0,q)\stackrel{~}{K}}{}X_0$$
(15)
the corresponding $`c`$ equivariant linear function on $`E`$ is defined on an element $`s=_{(i,j,q)\stackrel{~}{K}}x^{i,j,q}y^{i,j,q}v^{i,j,q}`$ by

$`\varphi (s)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{iJ^+}{}}<{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}\\ (i,j,q)\stackrel{~}{K}\end{array}}{}}y^{i,j,q},o_i^{}>{\displaystyle \underset{jJ^{}}{}}<{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}\\ (i,j,q)\stackrel{~}{K}\end{array}}{}}x^{i,j,q},o_j>`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{(i,j,q)K}{}}\varphi ^{i,j,q}(v^{i,j,q}){\displaystyle \underset{(i,0,q)\stackrel{~}{K}}{}}\varphi ^{i,0,q}(x^{i,0,q}){\displaystyle \underset{(0,j,q)\stackrel{~}{K}}{}}\varphi ^{0,j,q}(y^{0,j,q})`$
Now consider the group

$$𝔖=𝔖_1\times 𝔖_2\times 𝔖_3=\underset{(i,j)J}{}S_{s_{ij}}\times \underset{jJ^{}}{}S_{s_{0j}}\times \underset{iJ^+}{}S_{s_{i0}}.$$

This group acts naturally on $`_{(i,j)J}\left((^{r_{i_1j_1}})^{}\right)^{s_{ij}}_{jJ^{}}(Y_0^{})^{s_{0j}}_{iJ^+}X_0^{s_{i0}}=E_c^{}`$ by permuting the factors and we observe that

$$\mathrm{}\left((\sigma _1,\sigma _2,\sigma _3)\varphi \right)=\epsilon (\sigma _2)\epsilon (\sigma _3)\mathrm{}(\varphi )$$

for all $`\varphi E_c^{}`$ and for all $`(\sigma _1,\sigma _2,\sigma _3)𝔖`$. So we have that

$$\mathrm{}(E_c^{})=\mathrm{}\left(\underset{(i,j)J}{}S^{s_{ij}}\left((^{r_{ij}})^{}\right)\underset{jJ}{}\stackrel{s_{0j}}{}Y_0^{}\underset{iJ^+}{}\stackrel{s_{i0}}{}X_0\right).$$

In particular since $`S^m(V)`$ is spanned by vectors of the form $`v\mathrm{}v`$, $`\mathrm{}(E_c^{})`$ is spanned by the functions $`\mathrm{}(\varphi )`$ with $`\varphi `$ of the following special form:

$$\varphi =\underset{(i,j)J}{}(\varphi ^{i,j})^{s_{ij}}\underset{jJ^{}}{}\varphi ^{0,j,1}\mathrm{}\varphi ^{0,j,s_{0j}}\underset{iJ^+}{}\varphi ^{i,0,1}\mathrm{}\varphi ^{i,0,s_{i0}}.$$
(16)
The lemma now follows from the following claim:

Claim: For each $`\varphi `$ as in (16) $`\mathrm{}(\varphi )`$ is a linear combination of the functions $`det(\varphi _{\phi ,\alpha ,\beta })`$.

We prove the claim as follows: we construct vector spaces $`A_i`$, $`B_j`$ and $`A=_{iJ^+}A_i`$, $`B=_{jJ^{}}B_j`$ and

$$\stackrel{~}{H}_0=H_0\underset{iJ^+}{}\text{Hom}(A_i,Y_i)\underset{jJ^{}}{}\text{Hom}(X_j,B_j)\text{Hom}(XA,YB)=\stackrel{~}{H}.$$

Observe that on $`\stackrel{~}{H},\stackrel{~}{H}_0`$ there is an action of $`\stackrel{~}{G}=G_{XY}\times G_{AB}=G_{XY}\times _{iJ^+}Gl(A_i)\times _{jJ^{}}Gl(B_j)`$ and we call $`\stackrel{~}{c}`$ the character of $`\stackrel{~}{G}`$ given by $`(_jdet_{GL(X_j)}\times _idet_{GL(A_i)})^1\times _idet_{GL(Y_i)}\times _jdet_{GL(B_j)}`$. We have an embedding of $`G_{XY}`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{G}`$ such that $`\sigma ^{}\stackrel{~}{c}=c`$. Observe also that by Proposition 28 we know that the $`\stackrel{~}{c}`$-covariants functions on $`H`$ are generated by the functionts $`det(\mathrm{\Phi }_{\stackrel{~}{S}})`$ with $`S\stackrel{~}{𝒮}`$: we put a tilde to emphasize that we have to consider also the components $`\{A_i\}`$ and $`\{B_j\}`$. Then we construct a $`G_{XY}`$-equivariant map $`\rho :H\stackrel{~}{H}_0`$ such that

1. there exists a $`\stackrel{~}{c}`$-covariant function $`f`$ on $`\stackrel{~}{H}`$ such that $`\mathrm{}(\varphi )=f\rho `$.
2. for all $`\stackrel{~}{S}\stackrel{~}{𝒮}`$ there exists $`\phi ,\alpha ,\beta `$ as in equation (10) such that $`det(\mathrm{\Phi }_{\stackrel{~}{S}})\rho =det(\mathrm{\Phi }_{\phi ,\alpha ,\beta })`$ .

The claim now follows by Proposition 28.

For $`iJ^+`$ and $`jJ^{}`$ define

$$A_i=^{s_{i0}},A=\underset{iJ^+}{}A_i,B_j=^{s_{0j}},B=\underset{jJ^{}}{}B_j.$$

Define also $`\alpha _i:A_iX_0`$ and $`(\beta _j)^t:B_j^{}Y_0^{}`$ by

$`\alpha _i(e_l)`$ $`=\varphi ^{i,0,l},`$ and $`\alpha `$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{iJ^+}{}}\alpha _i:AX_0`$
$`(\beta _i)^t(e^l)`$ $`=\varphi ^{0,j,l}`$ $`\text{and }\beta ^t`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{jJ^{}}{}}B_j:B^{}Y_0,`$
where $`e_l`$ (resp. $`e^l`$) is the canonical basis of $`^m`$ (resp. $`(^m)^{}`$). We define $`\beta _i`$ (resp. $`\beta `$) as the transpose of $`(\beta _i)^t`$ (resp. $`\beta ^t`$). Now define $`\rho ^{ij}:\text{Hom}(X_j,Y_i)^{r_{ij}}\text{Hom}(X_j,Y_i)`$, $`\rho ^{i0}:\text{Hom}(X_0,Y_i)\text{Hom}(A_i,Y_i)`$, $`\rho ^{0j}:\text{Hom}(X_j,Y_0)\text{Hom}(X_j,B_j)`$ by

$$\rho ^{ij}(Tv)=\varphi ^{i,j}(v)T,\rho ^{i0}(T)=T\alpha _i,\rho ^{0j}(T)=\beta _jT,$$

and finally define $`\rho =_{i,j\stackrel{~}{J}}\rho ^{ij}:H\stackrel{~}{H}_0`$. Observe that $`\rho `$ is $`G_{XY}`$-equivariant.

Observe now that $`\stackrel{~}{H}_0^n=\stackrel{~}{E}_{\stackrel{~}{S}}`$ where $`\stackrel{~}{S}\stackrel{~}{𝒮}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{E}_{\stackrel{~}{S}}`$ is defined as in (11). In particular we choose the following summund of $`\stackrel{~}{H}_0^n`$:

$$\stackrel{~}{E}=\underset{(i,j)J}{}\text{Hom}(X_j,Y_i)^{s_{ij}}\underset{jJ^{}}{}\text{Hom}(X_j,B_j)^{s_{0j}}\underset{iJ^+}{}\text{Hom}(A_i,Y_i)^{s_{i0}}$$

and we observe that $`(\stackrel{~}{E})_{\stackrel{~}{c}}^{}=`$. Choose a non zero element $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }(\stackrel{~}{E})_{\stackrel{~}{c}}^{}`$ and observe that up to a scalar we have

$$\mathrm{}_{\stackrel{~}{H}}(\stackrel{~}{\varphi })\rho =\mathrm{}(\varphi ).$$
(17)
To see this choose $`\varphi `$ as in (16), and bases $`y_h^i`$ of $`Y_i`$, $`x_k^j`$ of $`X_j^{}`$ (and its dual basis $`z_k^j`$ of $`X_j`$) . Choose also a bases $`\epsilon _m^{ij}`$ of $`^{r_{ij}}`$ such that $`\varphi ^{i,j}(\epsilon _m^{ij})=\delta _{m,1}`$ and set $`A^{ij}=\rho ^{ij}(s)=_{h,k}a_{hk}^{ij}y_h^ix_k^j`$ for $`sH`$. Then

$`\mathrm{}(\varphi )(t)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{h𝒦_Y,k𝒦_X}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{iJ^+}{}}<{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}\\ (i,j,q)\stackrel{~}{K}\end{array}}{}}a_{h(i,j,q)k(i,j,q)}^{ij}y_{h(i,j,q)}^i,o_i^{}>{\displaystyle \underset{jJ^{}}{}}<{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}\\ (i,j,q)\stackrel{~}{K}\end{array}}{}}x_{k(i,j,q)}^j,o_j>`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{iJ^+}{}}<{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}\\ (i,0,q)\stackrel{~}{K}\end{array}}{}}x_{k(i,0,q)}^0,\varphi ^{i,0,1}\mathrm{}\varphi ^{i,0,s_{i0}}>`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{jJ^{}}{}}<{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}\\ (0,j,q)\stackrel{~}{K}\end{array}}{}}a_{h(0,j,q)k(0,j,q)}^{0j}y_{h(0,j,q)}^0,\varphi ^{0,j,1}\mathrm{}\varphi ^{0,j,s_{i0}}>`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{k𝒦_X}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{iJ^+}{}}<{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}\\ (i,j,q)\stackrel{~}{K}\end{array}}{}}A^{ij}z_{k(i,j,q)}^j,o_i^{}>{\displaystyle \underset{jJ^{}}{}}<{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}\\ (i,j,q)\stackrel{~}{K}\end{array}}{}}x_{k(i,j,q)}^j,o_j>`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{iJ^+}{}}<{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}\\ (i,0,q)\stackrel{~}{K}\end{array}}{}}x_{k(i,0,q)}^0,\varphi ^{i,0,1}\mathrm{}\varphi ^{i,0,s_{i0}}>`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{jJ^{}}{}}<{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}\\ (0,j,q)\stackrel{~}{K}\end{array}}{}}A^{0j}z_{k(0,j,q)}^j,\varphi ^{0,j,1}\mathrm{}\varphi ^{0,j,s_{i0}}>`$
where the indeces are as follows:

$`𝒦_X`$ $`=\{k:\stackrel{~}{K}:\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}k(i,j,q)dimX_j\}`$
$`𝒦_Y`$ $`=\{h:\stackrel{~}{K}:\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}h(i,j,q)dimY_i\}.`$
The lefthandside in (17) clearly furnishes the same expression.

Finally if we fix $`\stackrel{~}{S}=(s_{MN})_{N\{X_j\}\{A_i\}\text{ and }M\{Y_i\}\{B_j\}}\stackrel{~}{𝒮}`$ and we choose $`\phi _{ij}=s_{Y_iX_j}\varphi ^{i,j}`$ and $`\alpha =_{iJ^+}s_{Y_iA_i}\alpha _i:AX_0`$ and $`\beta =_{jJ^{}}s_{B_jX_j}\beta _j:Y_0B`$ we have

$$det(\mathrm{\Phi }_{\stackrel{~}{S}})\rho =det(\mathrm{\Phi }_{\phi ,\alpha ,\beta }).$$

###### Remark 29.

The basis of $`[H]_c`$ we have described are different from the polarization of the natural basis of $`E_c^{}`$. The relation between the two basis is given by formulas of the following types

1. If $`A=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a_{11}& a_{12}\\ a_{21}& a_{22}\end{array}\right)`$ and $`B=\left(\begin{array}{cc}b_{11}& b_{12}\\ b_{21}& b_{22}\end{array}\right)`$ then

$$det\left(\begin{array}{cc}a_{11}& b_{12}\\ a_{21}& b_{22}\end{array}\right)+det\left(\begin{array}{cc}b_{11}& a_{12}\\ b_{21}& a_{22}\end{array}\right)=det(A+B)detAdetB.$$
2. If $`A=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a_{11}& a_{12}\\ a_{21}& a_{22}\end{array}\right)`$, $`B=\left(\begin{array}{cc}b_{11}& b_{12}\\ b_{21}& b_{22}\end{array}\right)`$, $`C=\left(\begin{array}{cc}c_{11}& c_{12}\\ c_{21}& c_{22}\end{array}\right)`$ and $`D=\left(\begin{array}{cc}d_{11}& d_{12}\\ d_{21}& d_{22}\end{array}\right)`$ then

$$det\left(\begin{array}{cc}a_{11}& b_{11}\\ a_{21}& b_{21}\end{array}\right)det\left(\begin{array}{cc}c_{12}& d_{12}\\ c_{22}& d_{22}\end{array}\right)det\left(\begin{array}{cc}a_{11}& b_{12}\\ a_{21}& b_{22}\end{array}\right)det\left(\begin{array}{cc}c_{12}& d_{11}\\ c_{22}& d_{21}\end{array}\right)+$$

$$det\left(\begin{array}{cc}a_{12}& b_{11}\\ a_{22}& b_{21}\end{array}\right)det\left(\begin{array}{cc}c_{11}& d_{12}\\ c_{21}& d_{22}\end{array}\right)+det\left(\begin{array}{cc}a_{12}& b_{12}\\ a_{22}& b_{22}\end{array}\right)det\left(\begin{array}{cc}c_{11}& d_{11}\\ c_{21}& d_{21}\end{array}\right)=$$

$$=det\left(\begin{array}{cc}A& B\\ C& D\end{array}\right)+det\left(\begin{array}{cc}A& 0\\ 0& D\end{array}\right)+det\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& B\\ C& 0\end{array}\right)$$

The first type of formula correspond to the reduction of Lemma 27 to the case $`r_{ij}=1`$ and $`X_0=Y_0=1`$. The second type of formula correspond to the case of Proposition 28.

### 2.3. Proof of Proposition 20

Choose basis $`_i`$ (resp. $`_i^{}`$) of the vector spaces $`D_i`$ and $`D_i^{}`$ and we write our vector space $`S(d,v)`$ in the following way:

$$S=\underset{hH}{}V_{h_0}^{}V_{h_1}\underset{\begin{array}{c}iI\\ b_i\end{array}}{}V_{i,b}\underset{iI,b^{}_i^{}}{}V_{i,b^{}}^{}$$

where $`V_{i,b}`$ (resp. $`V_{i,b^{}}^{}`$) is an isomorphic copy of $`V_i`$ (resp. $`V_i^{}`$). We fix also a character $`\chi _m`$ and $`m_i`$, $`\stackrel{~}{m}_i,m_i^+,m_i^{},I^+,I^{},I^0`$ as in 2.0.2 and we describe first the $`\chi _m`$-covariants of $`S^n`$. To do it we observe that we can decompose $`S^n`$ in the following way:

$$S^n=\underset{\mathrm{}}{}E_1^{(\mathrm{})}\mathrm{}E_n^{(\mathrm{})}$$

where each $`E_i^{(\mathrm{})}`$ is a representation of $`G`$ of one of the following types: $`V_{h_0}^{}V_{h_1}`$, $`V_{i,b}`$ or $`V_{i,b^{}}^{}`$. So it is enough to compute the $`\chi `$-covariants of each piece $`E_1^{(\mathrm{})}\mathrm{}E_n^{(\mathrm{})}`$. We fix one of them: $`E=E_1\mathrm{}E_n`$ and we compute $`E_\chi ^{}`$. Let $`I^{}`$ be a copy of $`I`$ and fix an isomorphism $`ii^{}`$ between the two sets. For each $`j=1,\mathrm{},n`$ we define a subset $`𝒮_j`$ of $`II^{}`$ according to the following rule:

$$𝒮_j=\{\begin{array}{cc}\{h_0^{},h_1\}\hfill & \text{ if }E_j=V_{h_0}^{}V_{h_1},\hfill \\ \{i\}\hfill & \text{ if }E_j=V_{i,b}\text{ for some }b_i,\hfill \\ \{i^{}\}\hfill & \text{ if }E_j=V_{i,b^{}}^{}\text{ for some }b^{}_i^{}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Let now be $`𝒮=_{j=1}^n𝒮_j`$. An element of $`𝒮`$ can be thought as a couple $`(i,j)`$ (or $`(i^{},j)`$) where $`i`$ (or $`i^{}`$) is in $`𝒮_j`$. We consider now a special class of partitions of $`𝒮`$: a collection $`𝔉=\{𝒞,_i^{(l)}\text{ for }iI\text{ and }1lm_i\}`$ of disjoint subsets of $`2^𝒮`$ is called $`m`$-*special* if:

1. $`𝔉`$ is a partition of $`𝒮`$,
2. $`C𝒞`$ $`cardC=2`$ and $`iI`$, $`𝒮_{j_1},𝒮_{j_2}`$ such that $`i𝒮_{j_1}`$, $`i^{}𝒮_{j_2}`$ and $`C=\{(i,j_1),(i^{},j_2)\}`$,
3. $`M_i^{(l)}`$ we have $`M=\{(i,j)\}`$ if $`iI^+`$ and $`M=\{(i^{},j)\}`$ if $`iI^{}`$,
4. $`card_i^{(l)}=v_i=dimV_i`$.

We can represents a special collection with an enriched graph whose vertices are the sets $`𝒮_j`$ and completed according with the following rules:

1. we put an arrow from $`𝒮_{j_1}`$ to $`𝒮_{j_2}`$ if there exists $`C=\{(i,j_2),(i^{},j_1)\}𝒞`$,
2. we put an indexed circle box $`_i^l`$ on $`𝒮_j`$ if there exists $`M=\{(i,j)\}_i^{(l)}`$
3. we put an indexed square box $`\mathrm{}_i^l`$ on $`𝒮_j`$ if there exists $`M=\{(i^{},j)\}_i^{(l)}`$
4. if $`E_j`$ is of type $`V_{i,b}`$ or $`V_{i,b^{}}^{}`$ then we add the element $`b`$ or $`b^{}`$ at the left of the corresponding vertex.
5. if $`E_j`$ is of type $`V_{h_0}^{}V_{h_1}`$ then we write $`h`$ at the left of the corresponding vertex.

Observe that a vertex can be marked with a circle and a square but that it cannot be marked with two circles or two squares.

There is a perfect bijection between $`m`$-special collection $`𝔉`$ and graphs as above such that:

1. the cardinality of vertexes marked with $`_i^l`$ is $`v_i`$ for each $`iI^+`$ and $`1lm_i`$,
2. the cardinality of vertexes marked with $`\mathrm{}_i^l`$ is $`v_i`$ for each $`iI^{}`$ and $`1lm_i`$.

We will use the same letter $`𝔉`$ to indicate the collection or the graph.

To a special collection $`𝔉`$ as above we attach a function $`\varphi _𝔉`$ on $`E`$. We define it by the formula

$$\varphi _𝔉(e_1\mathrm{}e_n)=\underset{C𝒞}{}\varphi _C\underset{iI^+}{}\underset{l=1}{\overset{m_i}{}}<o_i^{},_i^{(l)}>\underset{iI^{}}{}\underset{l=1}{\overset{m_i}{}}<o_i,_i^{(l)}>$$

where $`o_i`$ is a non zero element in $`^{v_i}V_i`$, $`o_i^{}`$ is a non zero element in $`^{v_i}V_i^{}`$ and

$`e_j`$ $`=\{\begin{array}{cc}x_j^{}V_i^{}\hfill & \text{ if }E_j=V_{i,b}^{},\hfill \\ y_jV_i\hfill & \text{ if }E_j=V_{i,b},\hfill \\ x_j^{}y_jV_{h_0}^{}V_{h_1}\hfill & \text{ if }E_j=V_{h_0}^{}V_{h_1},\hfill \end{array}`$
$`\varphi _C`$ $`=<x_{j_1}^{},v_{j_2}>\text{ if }C=\{(i^{},j_1),(i,j_2)\}`$
$`{\displaystyle _i^{(l)}}`$ $`=y_{j_1}\mathrm{}y_{j_{v_i}}\text{ if }_i^{(l)}=\{\{(i,j_1)\},\mathrm{},\{(i,j_{v_i})\}\}\text{ and }iI^+`$
$`{\displaystyle _i^{(l)}}`$ $`=x_{j_1}^{}\mathrm{}x_{j_{v_i}}^{}\text{ if }_i^{(l)}=\{\{(i,j_1)\},\mathrm{},\{(i,j_{v_i})\}\}\text{ and }iI^{}`$
Finally we extend $`\varphi _𝔉`$ to all $`E`$ by linearity. By the lemma above and the discussion in 2.1 we deduce easily the following lemma:

###### Lemma 30.

$`E_\chi ^{}`$ is generated by the functions $`\varphi _𝔉`$.

Proposition 20 now follows from lemma 30 and the following claim: claim: for any special collection $`𝔉`$ the function $`\mathrm{}(\varphi _𝔉)`$ is a $`[S]^{G_v}`$-linear combination of the functions $`f_\mathrm{\Delta }`$ described in 2.0.2.

We consider the connected components of the graph. There are only five possible types of paths:

1. closed paths,
2. straight paths leaving from a non boxed vertex and arriving in a non boxed vertex,
3. straight paths leaving from a non boxed vertex and arriving in a circle boxed vertex,
4. straight paths leaving from a square boxed vertex and arriving in a non boxed vertex,
5. straight paths leaving from a square boxed vertex and arriving in a circle boxed vertex.

Let now $`𝔉_0`$ be the union of the connected components of the first two types and $`𝔉_1`$ be the union of the remaing components. Observe that

$$\mathrm{}(\varphi _𝔉)=\mathrm{}(\varphi _{𝔉_0})\mathrm{}(\varphi _{𝔉_1}).$$

Observe also that $`\varphi _{𝔉_0}`$ is an invariant function (indeed this part of the graph corresponds to the situation studied by Lusztig in \[Lu:Q4\]). Since we are interested in generators of $`[S]_{\chi ,1}`$as a $`[S]^G`$-module, we can suppose for simplicity $`𝔉=𝔉_1`$.

Observe now that each connected component $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of the graph of the third type and with a circle $`_{i_1}^l`$ at the end, has an initial vertex which is an $`𝒮_j=\{i_0^{}\}`$ and that is marked with $`b_{i_0}^{}`$ on the left. All the other vertexes of the connected component are of type $`𝒮_j=\{h_0^{},h_1\}`$ and they define a path $`\alpha ^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ such that $`\alpha _0^\mathrm{\Gamma }=i_0`$ and $`\alpha _1^\mathrm{\Gamma }=i_1`$. We call $`b=b(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ and $`l=L_1(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

In the same way we see that:

1. each connected component $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of the fourth type determines a path $`\alpha ^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`b^{}=b^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma })_{\alpha _1^\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{}`$ and $`l=L_0(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ such that $`1lm_{\alpha _0^\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$,
2. each connected component $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of the fifth type determines a path $`\alpha ^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`l_0=L_0(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ and $`l_1=L_0(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ such that $`1l_0m_{\alpha _0^\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ and $`1l_1m_{\alpha _1^\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$.

Now we prove the claim in the following way, we construct $`X_j`$ and $`Y_i`$ as in 2.2, a groups homomorphism $`\sigma :G_vG_{XY}`$ such that $`\sigma ^{}c=\chi _m`$, a $`G_v`$ equivariant map $`\rho :SH`$, and a $`G_{XY}`$ $`c`$-covariant function $`f`$ on $`H`$ such that:

1. for all $`\phi ,\alpha ,\beta `$ there exists a $`\chi _m`$-good data such that $`det(\mathrm{\Phi }_{\varphi ,\alpha ,\beta })\rho =f_\mathrm{\Delta }`$,
2. $`\mathrm{}(\varphi _𝔉)=f\rho `$

The claim will clearly follow.

Set

$`J^{}`$ $`=\{(i,l):iI^{}\text{ and }1lm_i\},`$
$`J^+`$ $`=\{(i,l):iI^+\text{ and }1lm_i\}.`$
For all $`(i,l)J^{}`$ choose $`X_{(i,l)}=V_i`$ and for each $`(i,l)J^+`$ choose $`Y_{(i,l)}=V_i`$. For each $`(i_0,l_0)J^{}`$ and for each $`(i_1,l_1)J^+`$ define:

$`r_{(i_0,l_0)(i_1,l_1)}`$ $`=card\{\text{connected component }\mathrm{\Gamma }\text{ of the fifth type such}`$
$`\text{that }\alpha _0^\mathrm{\Gamma }=i_0,\alpha _1^\mathrm{\Gamma }=i_1,L_0(\mathrm{\Gamma })=l_0\text{ and }L_1(\mathrm{\Gamma })=l_1\}`$
We the connected component $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of the set in the left handside as a basis $`e_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of the vector space $`^{r_{(i_0,l_0)(i_1,l_1)}}`$. This basis plays the role of the basis $`e_m^{ij}`$ we used to give the identification in (9).

For each $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of the third type choose a one dimensional vector space $`_{b(\mathrm{\Gamma })}`$ and fix a generator $`b_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. For each $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of the fourth type choose a one dimensional vector space $`_{b^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma })}`$ and fix a generator $`b_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$.

$`X_0`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\text{ of the third type}}{}}_{b(\mathrm{\Gamma })}={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\text{ of the third type}}{}}b_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$
$`Y_0`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\text{ of the fourth type}}{}}_{b^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma })}={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\text{ of the fourth type}}{}}b_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}.`$
Now for each connected component $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of the third type define $`\rho ^\mathrm{\Gamma }:S\text{Hom}(_{b(\mathrm{\Gamma })},Y_{(\alpha _1^\mathrm{\Gamma },L_1(\mathrm{\Gamma }))})`$ by

$$s\{\lambda \alpha ^\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)\gamma _{\alpha _0^\mathrm{\Gamma }}(b(\mathrm{\Gamma }))\lambda \}$$

In a similar way define $`\rho ^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ if $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is the fourth or of the fifth type. Finally define

$$\rho :SH\text{ by }\rho =\underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}\rho ^\mathrm{\Gamma }.$$

Define also a group homomorphism $`\sigma :G_vG_{XY}`$ by $`(\sigma (g_i))_{X_{(i_0,l_0)}}=g_{i_0}`$ and $`(\sigma (g_i))_{Y_{(i_1,l_1)}}=g_{i_1}`$, and observe that $`\rho `$ is $`G_v`$ equivariant.

Now we describe $`\varphi (H^{\stackrel{~}{n}})_c^{}`$ (in general $`\stackrel{~}{n}`$ is less or equal to $`n`$) such that

$$\mathrm{}(\varphi _𝔉)(s)=\mathrm{}(\varphi )(\rho (s)).$$
(18)
We describe $`\varphi `$ by giving a summunds $`\stackrel{~}{E}`$ of $`H^{\stackrel{~}{n}}`$ as in (14) and $`\varphi \stackrel{~}{E}_c^{}`$ as in (15).To define $`\stackrel{~}{E}`$ we have to define $`s_{(i_1,l_1)(i_0,l_0)}`$, $`s_{(i_1,l_1)0}`$ and $`s_{0(i_0,l_0)}`$ for all $`(i_1,l_1)J^+`$ and for all $`(i_0,l_0)J^{}`$. We set

$`s_{(i_1,l_1)(i_0,l_0)}`$ $`=r_{(i_1,l_1)(i_0,l_0)}`$
$`s_{(i_1,l_1)0}`$ $`=card\{\text{ connected component }\mathrm{\Gamma }\text{ of the third type}`$
$`\text{ such that }\alpha _1^\mathrm{\Gamma }=i_1\text{ and }L_1(\mathrm{\Gamma })=l_1\}`$
$`s_{0(i_0,l_0)}`$ $`=card\{\text{ connected component }\mathrm{\Gamma }\text{ of the fourth type}`$
$`\text{ such that }\alpha _0^\mathrm{\Gamma }=i_0\text{ and }L_0(\mathrm{\Gamma })=l_0\}`$
Observe that we can choose a bijection $`q\mathrm{\Gamma }_q`$ between $`\{1,\mathrm{},s_{(i_1,l_1)(i_0,l_0)}\}`$ and the set of connected component $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of the fifth type such that $`\alpha _1^\mathrm{\Gamma }=i_1`$,$`L_1(\mathrm{\Gamma })=l_1`$, $`\alpha _0^\mathrm{\Gamma }=i_0`$ and $`L_0(\mathrm{\Gamma })=l_0`$. So we can define $`\varphi ^{(i_1,l_1),(i_0,l_0),q}`$ by

$$\varphi ^{(i_1,l_1),(i_0,l_0),q}(e_\mathrm{\Gamma })=\delta _{\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Gamma }_q}.$$

Observe also that we can choose a bijection $`q\mathrm{\Gamma }_q`$ between $`\{1,\mathrm{},s_{(i_1,l_1)0}\}`$ and the set of connected component $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of the third type such that $`\alpha _1^\mathrm{\Gamma }=i_1`$,$`L_1(\mathrm{\Gamma })=l_1`$. So we can define $`\varphi ^{(i_1,l_1),0,q}`$ by

$$\varphi ^{(i_1,l_1),0,q}(b_\mathrm{\Gamma })=\delta _{\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Gamma }_q}.$$

In a similar way define $`\varphi ^{0,(i_0,l_0),q}`$.

Up to a sign which depends on our choices and ordering equation (18) is a tautologically satisfied.

Observe now that by lemma 27 and linearity $`[H]_c`$ is generated by functions $`sdet(\mathrm{\Phi }_{\phi ,\alpha ,\beta }(s))`$ where $`\stackrel{~}{A},\stackrel{~}{B},\phi ,\alpha ,\beta `$ are as in (10) and moreover there exists a basis $`e_1,\mathrm{},e_{r_A}`$ of $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ and a basis $`\stackrel{~}{e}_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{e}_{r_B}`$ of $`\stackrel{~}{B}^{}`$ such that for all $`i`$ there exist a connected component of the third type $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_i^A`$ such that $`\alpha (e_i)=b_{\mathrm{\Gamma }_i^A}`$ and for all $`i`$ there exists a connected component of the fourth type $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_i^B`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{e}_i(\beta (b_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}))=\delta _{\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Gamma }_i^B}`$. So it is enough to prove that if $`\stackrel{~}{A},\stackrel{~}{B},\phi ,\alpha ,\beta `$ are as above then there exists a $`\chi _m`$-good $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ such that

$$det(\mathrm{\Phi }_{\phi ,\alpha ,\beta })\rho =f_\mathrm{\Delta }.$$

We define

$`A`$ $`=(b_{\mathrm{\Gamma }_i^A})_{i=1,\mathrm{},r_A}\left({\displaystyle D_i}\right)^{dim\stackrel{~}{A}}`$
$`B`$ $`=(b_{\mathrm{\Gamma }_i^B}^{})_{i=1,\mathrm{},r_B}\left({\displaystyle D_i^{}}\right)^{dim\stackrel{~}{B}}`$
$`\alpha _{jh}^{ik}`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{1qs_{(j,h)(i,k)}}{}}\varphi ^{(j,h),(i,k),q}(e_\mathrm{\Gamma })\alpha ^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$
$`\alpha _l^{ik}`$ $`=\delta _{i,(\alpha ^{\mathrm{\Gamma }_l^B})_0}\delta _{k,L_0(\mathrm{\Gamma }_l^B)}\alpha ^{\mathrm{\Gamma }_l^B}`$
$`\alpha _{jh}^l`$ $`=\delta _{j,(\alpha ^{\mathrm{\Gamma }_l^A})_1}\delta _{h,L_1(\mathrm{\Gamma }_l^A)}\alpha ^{\mathrm{\Gamma }_l^A}`$
The equation (18) follows now by the very definition.

## 3. The action of the Weyl group

For any $`mP`$ and for any $`\lambda Z`$ we defined a variety $`M_{m,\lambda }(d,v)`$. Observe that on both $`m,\lambda `$ there is a natural action of the Weyl group $`W`$. We define an action of the Weyl group also on $`(d,v)`$. We have already described $`d`$ as an element of $`X`$ and $`v`$ as an element of $`Q`$. We can now define

$$\sigma (d,v)=(d,\sigma (vd)+d).$$

Observe that $`\sigma (vd)+dQ`$ so the definition is well given. So it make sense to consider the variety $`M_{\sigma m,\sigma \lambda }(\sigma (d,v))`$ or the variety $`𝔐_{\sigma \zeta }(\sigma (d,v))`$ for $`\zeta `$.

In \[Na1\] Nakajima used analytic methods to prove, in the case of a finite Dynkin diagram, that if $`\zeta `$ is generic then there exists a diffeomorphism of differentiable manifolds

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma ,\zeta }:𝔐_\zeta (d,v)𝔐_{\sigma \zeta }(\sigma (d,v))$$

and moreover that $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma ^{},\sigma \zeta }\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma ,\zeta }=\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma ^{}\sigma ,\zeta }`$. In the same paper he also asserted that a similar construction could be obtained in the general case using reflection functors as indeed we are going to do.

In \[Lu:Q4\] Lusztig gave a purely algebraic construction of an isomorphism

$$M_{0,\lambda }(d,v)M_{0,s_i\lambda }(s_i(d,v))$$

whenever $`\lambda _i0`$. In this paper we will give a generalization of Lusztig construction.

###### Definition 31.

If $`u^n=Q^{}`$ and $`AQ^{}`$ we define

$$H_u=\{(m,\lambda )PZ:<u,^{},\lambda >=<u^{},m>=0\}\text{ and }H_A=\underset{aA}{}H_a$$

Let $`K=\mathrm{max}\{1,a_{ij}^2:i,jI\}`$. If $`v^n`$ we define

$$\stackrel{~}{U}_v=\{u^I:\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}u_iKv_i\}\text{ and }\stackrel{~}{H}^v=H_{\stackrel{~}{U}_v}.$$

We define also

$$U_{\mathrm{}}=\underset{iI}{}W\alpha _i^{}\text{ and }H^{\mathrm{}}=H_U_{\mathrm{}}.$$

Finally we set $`𝒢_v=\{(m,\lambda )P\times Z_G:\sigma (m,\lambda )H^{\sigma v}\text{ for all }\sigma W\}.`$ Both of the following definition of the set $`𝒢`$ will be fine for us:

$`𝒢`$ $`=\{(v,m,\lambda )Q\times P\times Z_G:(m,\lambda )𝒢_v\}\text{ or}`$
$`𝒢`$ $`=\{(v,m,\lambda )Q\times P\times Z_G:(m,\lambda )H^{\mathrm{}}\}.`$
We observe that in any case $`𝒢`$ is $`W`$-stable.

###### Proposition 32.

For all $`d,v`$, for all $`\sigma W`$ and for all $`(m,\lambda )`$ such that $`(m,\lambda ,v)𝒢_v`$ there exists an algebraic isomorphism:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma ,m,\lambda }^{d,v}:M_{m,\lambda }(d,v)M_{\sigma m,\mathrm{\sigma }\mathrm{\lambda }}\left(\sigma (d,v)\right).$$

Moreover this isomorphims satisfies

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{\tau ,\sigma m,\mathrm{\sigma }\mathrm{\lambda }}^{\sigma (d,v)}\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma ,m,\lambda }^{d,v}=\mathrm{\Phi }_{\tau \sigma ,m,\lambda }^{d,v}.$$
(19)
### 3.1. Generators

In this section we define the actions of the generators $`s_i`$ of $`W`$ following \[Lu:Q4\]. We fix $`iI`$ and $`(d,v)`$, $`\lambda Z`$ and $`mP`$. We call $`(d,v^{})=s_i(d,v)`$, $`\lambda ^{}=s_i\lambda `$ and $`m^{}=s_im`$. Through all this section we assume $`v,v^{}0`$. For the convenience of the reader we write explicit formula in this case:

$`\lambda _j^{}`$ $`=\lambda _jc_{ij}\lambda _i`$ $`m_j^{}`$ $`=m_jc_{ij}m_i\text{ for all }j`$
$`v_i^{}`$ $`=d_iv_i+{\displaystyle \underset{ji}{}}a_{ij}v_j`$ $`v_j^{}=v_j\text{ for all }ji`$
Observe that we can choose

$$D_j^{}=D_j\text{ for all }j\text{ and }V_j^{}=V_j\text{ for all }ji.$$

In particular we have

$$T_i=D_i\underset{h_1=i}{}V_{h_0}=T_i^{}$$

since we suppose that our quiver has not simple loops.

###### Definition 33 (Lusztig \[Lu:Q4\]).

Fix $`\lambda Z_G`$ and define $`Z_i^\lambda (d,v)`$ to be the subvariety of $`S_i(d,v)\times S_i(d,v^{})`$ of pairs $`(s,s^{})=((B,\gamma ,\delta ),(B^{},\gamma ^{},\delta ^{}))`$ such that the following conditions hold:

1. $`B_h(s)=B_h^{}(s^{})`$ for all $`h`$ such that $`h_0,h_1i`$,
2. $`\gamma _j(s)=\gamma _j^{}(s^{})`$ for all $`ji`$ ,
3. $`\delta _j(s)=\delta _j^{}(s^{})`$ for all $`ji`$,
4. the following sequence is exact:

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}0& & V_i^{}& \stackrel{a_i^{}}{}& T_i& \stackrel{b_i}{}& V_i& & 0,\end{array}$$
(20)
5. $`a_i^{}(s^{})b_i^{}(s^{})=a_i(s)b_i(s)\lambda _i\mathrm{Id}_{T_i}`$,
6. $`s\mathrm{\Lambda }_\lambda (d,v)`$ and $`s^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }_\lambda ^{}(d,v^{})`$.

###### Lemma 34.

Let $`(s,s^{})S_i(d,v)\times S_i(d,v^{})`$ and suppose that it satisfies conditions 1), 2), 3), 4) , 5) above then:

1. $`s\mathrm{\Lambda }_\lambda (d,v)s^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }_\lambda ^{}(d,v^{})`$,
2. if $`\mu _j(s)\lambda _j\mathrm{Id}_{V_j}=0`$ for all $`ji`$ then $`s\mathrm{\Lambda }_\lambda (d,v)`$ ,
3. if $`\mu _j(s^{})=\lambda _j\mathrm{Id}_{V_j^{}}`$ for all $`ji`$ then $`s^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }_\lambda ^{}(d,v^{})`$.

###### Proof.

2) We have to prove $`b_ia_i\lambda _i\mathrm{Id}_{V_i}=0`$ and by condition 4) it is enough to prove $`b_ia_ib_i=\lambda _ib_i`$. So $`b_ia_ib_i=b_i(a_i^{}b_i^{}\lambda _i)=\lambda _ib_i`$ by conditions 4) and 5).

The proof of 3) is equal to the proof of 2). We prove the implication $``$ in 1). By 2) and 3) it is enough to prove that $`b_j^{}a_j^{}=\lambda _j^{}`$ for $`ji`$.

$`b_j^{}a_j^{}`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{h_1=j}{}}\epsilon (h)B_h^{}B_{\overline{h}}^{}+\gamma _j^{}\delta _j^{}=`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{h_1=j,h_0i}{}}\epsilon (h)B_hB_{\overline{h}}+\gamma _j\delta _j+{\displaystyle \underset{h_1=j,h_0=i}{}}\epsilon (h)B_h^{}B_{\overline{h}}^{}=`$
$`=b_ja_j+{\displaystyle \underset{h_1=j,h_0=i}{}}\epsilon (h)\left(B_h^{}B_{\overline{h}}^{}B_hB_{\overline{h}}\right)`$
$`=b_ja_j+{\displaystyle \underset{h_0=j,h_1=i}{}}\left(B_{\overline{h}}\epsilon (h)B_hB_{\overline{h}}^{}\epsilon (h)B_h^{}\right)`$
$`=b_ja_j+{\displaystyle \underset{h_0=j,h_1=i}{}}\left([a_ib_i]_{V_{h_0}}^{V_{h_0}}[a_i^{}b_i^{}]_{V_{h_0}}^{V_{h_0}}\right)`$
$`=\lambda _j+{\displaystyle \underset{h_0=j,h_1=i}{}}\lambda _i=\lambda _j^{}`$
The proof of the converse is completely analougous. ∎

###### Lemma 35.

Let $`\lambda Z_G`$, $`(s,s^{})Z_i^\lambda (d,v)`$ and $`\alpha `$ be an element of the path algebra algebra of type $`(\alpha _0,\alpha _1)`$ then

1. if $`\alpha _0,\alpha _1i`$ there exists an element $`\alpha ^{}`$ of the $`b`$-path algebra of type $`(\alpha _0,\alpha _1)`$ such that $`\alpha ^{}(s^{})=\alpha (s)`$,
2. if $`\alpha _1i`$ there exists an element $`\alpha ^{}`$ of the $`b`$-path algebra of type $`(\alpha _0,\alpha _1)`$ such that $`\alpha ^{}(s^{})\gamma _{\alpha _0}^{}=\alpha (s)\gamma _{\alpha _0}`$,
3. if $`\alpha _0i`$ there exists an element $`\alpha ^{}`$ of the $`b`$-path algebra of type $`(\alpha _0,\alpha _1)`$ such that $`\delta _{\alpha _1}^{}\alpha ^{}(s^{})=\delta _{\alpha _1}\alpha (s)`$,
4. there exists an element $`\alpha ^{}`$ of the $`b`$-path algebra of type $`(\alpha _0,\alpha _1)`$ such that $`\delta _{\alpha _1}^{}\alpha ^{}(s^{})\gamma _{\alpha _0}^{}=\delta _{\alpha _1}\alpha (s)\gamma _{\alpha _0}`$,

###### Proof.

By induction on the length of $`\alpha `$ we can reduce the proof of this lemma to the following identities that are a consequence of condition 5) in definition 33:

$`B_h^{}B_k^{}`$ $`=\{\begin{array}{cc}B_hB_k\hfill & \text{ if }h\overline{k}\hfill \\ B_hB_k\lambda _i\hfill & \text{ if }k=\overline{h}\hfill \end{array}`$
$`\delta _i^{}B_k^{}`$ $`=\delta _iB_k`$
$`B_h^{}\gamma _i^{}`$ $`=B_h\gamma _i`$
$`\delta _i^{}\gamma _i^{}`$ $`=\delta _i\gamma _i\lambda _i`$
for $`h,k`$ such that $`h_0=i=k_1`$. ∎

###### Lemma 36.

Let $`(s,s^{})Z_i^\lambda (d,v)`$ and suppose $`m_i0`$ or $`\lambda _i0`$ then

$$s\text{ is }\chi _m\text{ semistable }s^{}\text{ is }\chi _m^{}\text{ semistable }$$

###### Proof.

We prove only $``$. Let’s do first the case $`m_i0`$. If $`s`$ is $`\chi _m`$ semistable, then there exists $`\mathrm{\Delta }=\{A,B,\alpha _{}^{}\}`$ $`m`$-good such that $`f_\mathrm{\Delta }(s)0`$. Using the notation in 2.0.2 we have $`\phi _\mathrm{\Delta }=det\mathrm{\Psi }_\mathrm{\Delta }`$ where $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\mathrm{\Delta }:YZ`$ is a linear map. In our case we can write $`Z`$ as $`^{m_i}V_i\stackrel{~}{Z}`$ and we obseve that no $`V_i`$ summunds appear in $`Y`$ or $`\stackrel{~}{Z}`$.

Now we construct a new data $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{}=\{A^{},B^{},\alpha _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}\}`$ such that $`f_\mathrm{\Delta }^{}(s^{})0`$ and $`f_\mathrm{\Delta }^{}`$ a $`\chi ^{}`$-covariant polynomial. Our strategy will be the following: we substitute each $`V_i`$ with the space $`T_i`$ in the space $`Z`$ and we add $`m_i`$ copies of $`V_i^{}`$ to $`Y`$. Let’s do it more precise: first of all the new data will not be $`m^{}`$ good so we have to define $`m_{}^{}{}_{j}{}^{+}`$ and $`m_{}^{}{}_{j}{}^{}`$:

1. $`m_{}^{}{}_{i}{}^{+}=0`$ and $`m_{}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}=m_i=m_i^+`$,
2. $`m_{j}^{}{}_{}{}^{}=m_j^{}`$ and $`m_{j}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}=m_j^++a_{ij}m_i^+`$ for all $`ji`$,
3. $`m_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}=m^{}`$ and $`m_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}=m^++d_im_i^+`$.

Observe that $`m_{j}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}m_{j}^{}{}_{}{}^{}=m_j^{}`$ for all $`j`$ so our data will furnish a $`\chi ^{}`$ equivariant function. Moreover if we define

$$Z^{}=^{m_i}V_i\stackrel{~}{Z}\text{ and }Y^{}=^{m_i}T_iY$$

we observe that they have the numbers of $`V_j^{}`$, $`_a`$, $`_b`$ factors specified by $`m^{}`$. Now we construct the new data $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{}`$ in such a way that with respect to the decompositions above we have:

$`[\mathrm{\Psi }_\mathrm{\Delta }(s)]_{^{m_i}V_i\stackrel{~}{Z}}^Y`$ $`=\left(\begin{array}{c}(\mathrm{Id}b_i)\pi \\ \mathrm{\Phi }\end{array}\right),`$
$`[\mathrm{\Psi }_\mathrm{\Delta }^{}(s^{})]_{^{m_i}T_i\stackrel{~}{Z}}^{^{m_i}V_i^{}Y}`$ $`=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{Id}a_i^{}& \pi \\ 0& \mathrm{\Phi }\end{array}\right).`$
If we construct a data with this property we observe that $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\mathrm{\Delta }(s)`$ is an isomorphism if and only if $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\mathrm{\Delta }^{}(s^{})`$ is an isomorphism. Hence $`f_\mathrm{\Delta }(s)0`$ implies $`f_\mathrm{\Delta }^{}(s^{})0`$ and the lemma is proved.

To construct the new data we choose a basis $`e_1,\mathrm{},e_{d_i}`$ of $`D_i`$ and we define the other elements of the data according to the following rules

1. $`A^{}=A`$,
2. if $`B=(b_1,\mathrm{},b_{m^+})`$ we set $`B^{}=(b_1,\mathrm{},b_{m^+},\underset{m_1times}{\underset{}{e_1,\mathrm{},e_1}},\mathrm{},\underset{m_1times}{\underset{}{e_{d_i},\mathrm{}e_{d_i}}})`$,
3. $`\alpha _{}^{}{}_{j_2,h_2}{}^{j_1,h_1}`$ for $`j_1i`$ and $`h_2m_{j_2}^+`$ is an element constructed according to case 1) in the previous lemma,
4. $`\alpha _{}^{}{}_{j_2,h_2}{}^{a}`$ for $`h_2m_{j_2}^+`$ is an element constructed according to case 2) in the previous lemma,
5. $`\alpha _{}^{}{}_{b_l}{}^{j_1,h_1}`$ for $`j_1i`$ and $`lm^+`$ is an element constructed according to case 3) in the previous lemma.
6. $`\alpha _{}^{}{}_{b_l}{}^{i,h}=\alpha _{}^{}{}_{j,k}{}^{i,h}=0`$ if $`lm^+`$ and $`km_j^+`$.

In this way we garantee that the projection of $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\mathrm{\Delta }^{}(s^{})`$ onto $`\stackrel{~}{Z}`$ is equal to $`\left(0\mathrm{\Phi }\right)`$. To define the remaining part of the new data we do not give details on the indexes, but we explain how to construct it. It is clear that we can choose $`\alpha _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{i,h}`$ for the remaining indeces * in such a way that the projection of $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\mathrm{\Delta }^{}(s^{})|_{^{m_i}V_i^{}}`$ on $`^{m_i}T_i`$ is equal to $`\mathrm{Id}a_i^{}`$. Finally we observe that a path $`\beta `$ from $`V_j`$ to $`V_i`$ with $`ji`$ has to go through a summand of $`T_i`$ so there exists a path $`\alpha `$ such that $`\beta (s)=b_i\alpha (s)`$. Now we use the previous lemma to change $`\alpha `$ with a $`\alpha ^{}`$ such that $`\beta (s)=b_i\alpha ^{}(s^{})`$. More generally if $`\beta `$ is an element of the path algebra of type $`(j,i)`$ with $`ji`$ then there exists an element of the $`b`$-path algebra $`\alpha ^{}`$ such that $`\beta (s)=b_i\alpha ^{}(s)`$. In this way we define the elements of the $`b`$-path algebra connecting summunds of $`Y`$ and summunds of $`^{m_i}T_i`$.

In the case $`m_i<0`$ we proceed in a similar way: we choose $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ $`m`$-good and we have

$$Y=^{m_i}V_i\stackrel{~}{Y},Y^{}=^{m_i}T_i\stackrel{~}{Y},Z^{}=^{m_i}V_i^{}Z.$$

As in the previous case we can find a new data $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{}`$ such that:

$`[\mathrm{\Psi }_\mathrm{\Delta }(s)]_Z^{^{m_i}V_i\stackrel{~}{Y}}`$ $`=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\pi (\mathrm{Id}a_i)& \mathrm{\Phi }\end{array}\right),`$
$`[\mathrm{\Psi }_\mathrm{\Delta }^{}(s^{})]_{^{m_i}V_i^{}Z}^{^{m_i}T_i\stackrel{~}{Y}}`$ $`=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{Id}b_i^{}& 0\\ \pi & \mathrm{\Phi }\end{array}\right).`$
Now to conclude that $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\mathrm{\Delta }^{}(s^{})`$ is an isomorphism if $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\mathrm{\Delta }(s)`$ is we need to know that $`b_i^{}`$ is an epimorphism and this is not garantee by $`(s,s^{})Z_i^\lambda (d,v)`$. But if $`\lambda _i0`$ then, since $`b_i^{}a_i^{}=\lambda _i`$, we have that $`b_i^{}`$ is surjective. ∎

###### Definition 37.

Let $`p`$ (resp. $`p^{}`$) be the projections of $`Z_i^\lambda (d,v)`$ on $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\lambda (d,v)S(d,v)`$ (resp. $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\lambda ^{}(d,v^{})S(d,v^{})`$). Suppose that $`m_i>0`$ or $`\lambda _i0`$ then we define

$$Z_i^{m,\lambda }=p^1\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m,\lambda }(d,v)\right)=p_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m^{},\lambda ^{}}(d,v^{})\right).$$

We define also

$$G_{i,v}=\underset{ji}{}GL(V_j)\times GL(V_i)\times GL(V_i^{}).$$

Observe that there are natural projections from $`G_{i,v}`$ to $`G_v`$ and $`G_v^{}`$, therefore ther are natural actions of $`G_{i,v}`$ on $`S_i(d,v)`$, $`S_i(d,v^{})`$. Observe that here is a natural action of $`G_{i,v}`$ on $`Z_i^\lambda `$ and $`Z_i^{m,\lambda }`$ such that the projections $`p`$, $`p^{}`$ are equivariant.

###### Lemma 38.

Let $`s\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\lambda ,m}(d,v)`$ then

1. if $`\lambda _i0`$ then $`b_i`$ is epi and $`a_i`$ is mono,
2. if $`m_i>0`$ then $`b_i`$ is epi,
3. if $`m_i<0`$ then $`a_i`$ is mono.

###### Proof.

If $`\lambda _i0`$ then the result is clear by $`b_ia_i=\lambda _i`$. Suppose now that $`\lambda _i=0`$ and $`m_i>0`$. Let $`U_i=\mathrm{Im}b_i`$ and let $`V_i=U_iW_i`$. Define now a one parameter subgroup $`g(t)`$ of $`G_V`$ in the following way:

$$[g_i(t)]_{U_iW_i}^{U_iW_i}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& t^1\end{array}\right)\text{ and }g_j1\text{ for }ji$$

Since $`\mathrm{Im}b_iU_i`$ we have that there exists the limit $`lim_{t0}g(t)s=s_0`$. Let now $`n>0`$ and $`f`$ a $`\chi ^n`$-covariant function on $`S`$ such that $`f(s)0`$. Then

$$f(s_0)=\underset{t0}{lim}f(g(t)s)=\underset{t0}{lim}\underset{GL(V_i)}{\overset{nm_i}{det}}f(s)=\underset{t0}{lim}t^{nm_idimW_i}f(s)$$

So we must have $`dimW_i=0`$. The proof of the third case is completely similar to this one. ∎

###### Lemma 39 (see also Lusztig \[Lu:Q4\]).

If $`m_i>0`$ or $`\lambda _i0`$ then

1. $`p:Z_i^{m,\lambda }(d,v)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m,\lambda }(d,v)`$ is a principal $`GL(V_i^{})`$ bundle,
2. $`p^{}:Z_i^{m,\lambda }(d,v)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m^{},\lambda ^{}}(d,v^{})`$ is a principal $`GL(V_i)`$ bundle.

###### Proof.

Lusztig’s proof extend to this case without changes. Let’s prove for example 1. We have to prove: $`i.`$ that the action on the fiber is free, $`ii.`$ that it is transitive. First of all we observe that by the previous lemma if $`s\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m,\lambda }`$ then $`b_i(s)`$ is epi. In particular there exists $`a_i^{}:V_i^{}T_i`$ such that sequence (20) is exact, and clearly $`a_i^{}`$ is univoquely determined up to the action of $`GL(V_i^{})`$, moreover this action is free. So $`i.`$ and $`ii.`$ reduce to the following fact: if $`s\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m,\lambda }`$ and $`a_i^{}`$ is such that sequence (20) is exact, then there exists a unique, $`b_i^{}`$ such that $`a_i^{}b_i^{}=a_ib_i\lambda _i`$. Since $`a_i^{}`$ is mono the unicity is clear. To prove the existence we observe that it is equivalent to $`\mathrm{Im}a_i^{}\mathrm{Im}(a_ib_i\lambda _i)`$. But the last statement is clear since we have: $`\mathrm{Im}a_i^{}=\mathrm{ker}b_i`$ and $`b_i(a_ib_i\lambda _i)=0`$. ∎

###### Proposition 40.

If $`m_i>0`$ or $`\lambda _i0`$ then the projections $`p`$, $`p^{}`$ induces algebraic isomorphisms $`\overline{p}`$ , $`\overline{p}^{}`$:

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m,\lambda }(d,v)//G_v& \underset{\overline{p}}{\overset{}{}}& Z_i^{m,\lambda }(d,v)//G_{i,v}& \underset{\overline{p}^{}}{\overset{}{}}& \mathrm{\Lambda }_{m^{},\lambda ^{}}(d,v^{})//G_v^{}\end{array}$$

###### Proof.

This proposition is a straightforward consequence of the previous lemma and the following general fact (see for example \[GIT\] Proposition 0.2): let $`G`$ be an algebraic groups over $``$ and $`X`$, $`Y`$ two irreducible algebraic variety over $``$; if $`G`$ acts on $`X`$ and $`\phi :XY`$ is such that for all $`yY`$ the fiber $`X_y`$ contains exactly one $`G`$-orbit then $`\phi `$ is a categorical quotient. If we apply this lemma to the projection $`p`$, (resp. $`p^{}`$) and to the group $`GL(V_i^{})`$ (resp. $`GL(V_i)`$) we obtain the required result. ∎

We can use this proposition to define the action of the generators of the Weyl group.

###### Definition 41.

Let $`i,\lambda ,m,d,v,\lambda ^{},m^{},v^{}`$ be as above, and suppose $`d_j0`$, $`v_j,v_j^{}0`$ for all $`j`$ then we define an isomorphism of algebraic variety

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_i,\lambda ,m}^{d,v}:M_{m,\lambda }(d,v)M_{m^{},\lambda ^{}}(d,v^{})$$

in the following way:

1. if $`m_i>0`$ or $`\lambda _i0`$ then we set $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_i,\lambda ,m}^{d,v}=\overline{p}^{}\overline{p}^1`$,
2. if $`m_i<0`$ then we exchange the role of $`v,v^{}`$ in the previous construction: more precisely we observe that $`m_i^{}>0`$ so we can define $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_i,\lambda ^{},m^{}}^{d,v^{}}:M_{m^{},\lambda ^{}}(d,v^{})M_{m,\lambda }(d,v)`$ and we define $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_i,\lambda ,m}^{d,v}=\left(\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_i,\lambda ^{},m^{}}^{d,v^{}}\right)^1`$.

###### Remark 42.

To see that $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_i,\lambda ,m}^{d,v}`$ is univoquely defined we have to verify that if $`\lambda _i0`$ and $`m_i<0`$ the two definitions above coincide. This fact reduces easily to the following remark: if $`\lambda _i0`$ then

$$(s,s^{})Z_i^\lambda (d,v)(s^{},s)Z_i^\lambda ^{}(d,v^{}).$$

Let us prove, for example, the $``$ part. Since $`a_ib_i=a_i^{}b_i^{}+\lambda _i=a_i^{}b_i^{}\lambda _i^{}`$ the only thing we have to verify is that the sequence

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}0& & V_i& \stackrel{a_i}{}& T_i& \stackrel{b_i^{}}{}& V_i^{}& & 0\end{array}$$

is exact. The surjectivity of $`b_i^{}`$ and the injectivity of $`a_i`$ are a consequence of $`\lambda _i0`$. Since $`dimT_i=dimV_i+dimV_i^{}`$ we need only to prove that $`b_i^{}a_i=0`$. Observe that $`b_i^{}a_i=0`$ if and only if $`a_i^{}b_i^{}a_i=0`$ since also $`a_i^{}`$ is injective. Finally $`a_i^{}b_i^{}a_i=(a_ib_i\lambda _i)a_i=0`$.

### 3.2. Preliminaries

We saw how to define

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_i,m,\lambda }^{d,v}:M_{m,\lambda }(d,v)M_{s_i(m),s_i(\lambda )}\left(s_i(d,v)\right)$$

in the case that $`(\lambda _i,m_i)0`$ and $`d,v,s_iv0`$. To define an action of the Weyl group we have now to garantee that coxeter relations hold. We will prove these relations in the next paragraph. Before doing it we observe that we have to garantee some conditions on $`m,\lambda `$ such that we will be able to define $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_i,\sigma m,\sigma \lambda }^{\sigma (d,v)}`$ for any element $`\sigma W`$: this condition will be $`(m,\lambda )𝒢_v`$ (31). We have also to say something about the case $`d_i<0`$ or $`v_i<0`$ for some $`iI`$.

In the case that $`d_i<0`$ for some $`i`$ then $`M_{m,\lambda }\left(\sigma (d,v)\right)=\mathrm{}`$ for all $`\sigma ,m,\lambda `$ by the very definition, so there is nothing to define.

The second trivial case is $`d=v=0`$. Indeed in this case we have $`M_{\sigma m,\sigma \lambda }\left(\sigma (d,v)\right)=\{0\}`$ so the definition is trivial.

The other two cases are threated in the two lemmas below.

In the following we fix $`d`$ such that $`d_i0`$ for all $`i`$. It will be convenient to define an affine action of $`W`$ on $`Q`$ by $`\sigma v=\sigma (vd)+d`$.

###### Lemma 43.

Let $`d0`$ and $`(m,\lambda )𝒢_v`$ if there exists $`\sigma `$ such that $`\sigma v0`$ then $`M_{m,\lambda }(d,v)=\mathrm{}`$.

###### Proof.

Suppose that $`\sigma `$ is an element of minimal length such that $`\sigma v0`$ and let $`l=\mathrm{}(\sigma )`$. We prove the lemma by induction on $`l`$. The case $`l=0`$ is trivial.

*Initial step: $`l=1`$.* If $`s_iv0`$ then we have $`0d_i+a_{ij}v_j<v_i`$. Hence $`dimT_i<dimV_i`$, $`u=(0,\mathrm{},\stackrel{𝑖}{1},0,\mathrm{})\stackrel{~}{U}_v`$ and $`(\lambda _i,m_i)0`$. So $`M_{m,\lambda }(d,v)=\mathrm{}`$ by lemma 38.

*Inductive step: if $`l2`$ then $`l1l`$.* Let $`\sigma =\tau s_i`$ with $`\mathrm{}(\tau )=l1`$ and $`v^{}=s_iv`$, $`\lambda ^{}=s_i\lambda `$, $`m^{}=s_im`$. By induction $`M_{m^{},\lambda ^{}}(d,v^{})=\mathrm{}`$ and, since $`l2`$, $`v^{}0`$. If $`(m_i,\lambda _i)0`$ then we can apply Proposition 40 and we obtain $`M_{m,\lambda }(d,v)M_{m^{},\lambda ^{}}(d,v^{})=\mathrm{}`$. If $`(m_i,\lambda _i)=0`$ then $`u=(0,\mathrm{},\stackrel{𝑖}{1},0,\mathrm{})\stackrel{~}{U}_v`$, hence $`v_i=0`$. Moreover $`\lambda ^{}=\lambda `$ and $`m^{}=m`$ so $`(m_i^{},\lambda _i^{})=0`$ and $`u=(0,\mathrm{},\stackrel{𝑖}{1},0,\mathrm{})U_v^{}`$. Hence $`v_i^{}=0`$ so $`v^{}=v`$ and $`\tau v0`$ against the minimality of $`\sigma `$. ∎

###### Lemma 44.

Let $`(I,H)`$ be connected, $`(m,\lambda )𝒢_v`$ and suppose $`d0`$ and $`\sigma v0`$ for all $`\sigma W`$. If there exists $`iI,\sigma W`$ such that $`\sigma (m,\lambda )=(m^{},\lambda ^{})`$ and $`(m_i^{},\lambda _i^{})=0`$ then $`d=v=0`$.

###### Proof.

Without loss of generality we can assume $`\sigma =1`$.

*First step*: $`v_i=0`$. This is clear since otherwise $`u=(0,\mathrm{},\stackrel{𝑖}{1},0,\mathrm{})U_v`$.

*Second step*: $`d_i=0`$ and $`v_j=0`$ for all $`j`$ such that $`a_{ij}`$. Let $`v^{}=s_iv`$ and observe that $`s_i\lambda =\lambda `$ and $`s_im=m`$. Then as in first step we have $`0=v_i^{}=d_i+_ja_{ij}v_j`$ from which the claim follows.

Let now $`W^{}=<\{s_j:a_{ij}0\text{ and }ji\}>`$. If $`(d,v)0`$ then there exists $`jI`$ and $`\sigma W^{}`$ such that $`a_{ij}0`$ and

$$n=d_j+\underset{hI}{}a_{jh}\stackrel{~}{v}_h>0.$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{v}=\sigma v`$. Since $`(\sigma \lambda )_i=\lambda _i=0=m_i=(\sigma m)_i`$ we can assume $`\sigma =1`$. Let now $`v^{}=s_is_jv`$, $`\lambda ^{}=s_is_j\lambda `$ and $`m^{}=s_is_jm`$, we have:

$`v_i^{}`$ $`=a_{ij}n`$ $`\lambda _i^{}`$ $`=a_{ij}\lambda _j`$ $`m_i`$ $`=a_{ij}m_j`$
$`v_j^{}`$ $`=n`$ $`\lambda _j^{}`$ $`=(a_{ij}^21)\lambda _j`$ $`m_j`$ $`=(a_{ij}^21)m_j.`$
Hence $`u=(0,\mathrm{},\stackrel{𝑗}{a_{ij}},0,\mathrm{},\stackrel{𝑖}{a_{ij}^21},0,\mathrm{})U_v^{}`$ and $`<u^{},\lambda ^{}>=<u^{},m^{}>=0`$ against $`(m,\lambda )𝒢_v`$. ∎

###### Remark 45.

the analougous lemma in the case of $`𝒢=\{(m,\lambda ,v):(m,grl)H^{\mathrm{}}\}`$ are more simple.

### 3.3. Relations

In this section we define an isomorphism of algebraic variety

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma ,m,\lambda }^{d,v}:M_{m,\lambda }(d,v)M_{\sigma m,\sigma \lambda }\left(\sigma (d,v)\right).$$

in the case $`(m,\lambda )𝒢_v`$ or $`(m,\lambda )H^{\mathrm{}}`$. In the case $`d0`$ or in the case in which there exists $`\sigma W`$ such that $`\sigma v0`$ or in the case $`d=v=0`$ we have seen in the previous section that there is nothing to define or that the definition is trivial. In the remaing cases we observe that for all $`\tau ,i`$ we have $`(\tau (m)_i,\tau (\lambda )_i)0`$ by lemma 44. Hence we can define $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma ,m,\lambda }^{d,v}`$ by induction on $`\mathrm{}(\sigma )`$ by the formula

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma ,m,\lambda }^{d,v}=\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_i,\tau m,\tau \lambda }^{\tau (d,v)}\mathrm{\Phi }_{\tau ,m,\lambda }^{d,v}.$$
(21)
Of course we have to prove that this definition is well given by checking Coxeter relations:

$$s_i^2=\mathrm{Id},s_is_j=s_js_i\text{ if }a_{ij}=0\text{ and }s_is_js_i=s_js_is_j\text{ if }a_{ij}=1$$

which in our situation take the following form:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_i,s_i\lambda ,s_im}^{s_i(d,v)}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_i,\lambda ,m}^{d,v}=\mathrm{Id}$$
(22a)
$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_i,s_j\lambda ,s_jm}^{s_j(d,v)}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_j,\lambda ,m}^{d,v}=\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_j,s_i\lambda ,s_im}^{s_i(d,v)}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_i,\lambda ,m}^{d,v}$$
(22b)
$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_i,s_js_i\lambda ,s_js_im}^{s_js_i(d,v)}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_j,s_i\lambda ,s_im}^{s_i(d,v)}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_i,\lambda ,m}^{d,v}=\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_j,s_is_j\lambda ,s_is_jm}^{s_is_j(d,v)}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_i,s_j\lambda ,s_jm}^{s_j(d,v)}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_j,\lambda ,m}^{d,v}.$$
(22c)
The first of the two equations is clear by the very definition and remark 42. The second equation is trivial. We need to prove the third equation. We will need the following two simple lemmas of linear algebra which proofs are trivial.

###### Lemma 46.

Let $`V,W,X,Y,Z`$ be finite dimensional vector spaces and $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta ,\epsilon ,\phi `$ linear maps between them as in the diagrams below. The diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}0& & V& \stackrel{\left(\begin{array}{c}\alpha \\ \beta \\ \gamma \end{array}\right)}{}& WXY& \stackrel{\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\delta & 0& 1\\ 0& \epsilon & \phi \end{array}\right)}{}& YZ& & 0\end{array}$$

is exact if and only if the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}0& & V& \stackrel{\left(\begin{array}{c}\alpha \\ \beta \end{array}\right)}{}& WX& \stackrel{\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{\delta }& \epsilon \end{array}\right)}{}& Z& & 0\end{array}$$

is exact and $`\gamma =\delta \alpha `$.

###### Lemma 47.

Let $`U,V,W,X,Y,Z`$ be finite dimensional vector spaces and $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta ,\epsilon ,\phi ,\psi ,\rho ,\sigma `$ linear maps between them as in the diagrams below such that $`\psi \rho :WXZ`$ is an epimorphism. Then the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}0U& \stackrel{\left(\begin{array}{c}\alpha \\ \beta \\ \gamma \end{array}\right)}{}& VWX& \stackrel{\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\delta & 0& 1\\ \epsilon & \phi & 0\\ 0& \psi & \rho \end{array}\right)}{}& XYZ& \stackrel{\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\rho & \sigma & 1\end{array}\right)}{}& Z0\end{array}$$

is exact if and only if $`\gamma =\delta \alpha `$ , $`\psi =\sigma \varphi `$ , $`\rho \delta +\sigma \epsilon =0`$ and the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}0& & U& \stackrel{\left(\begin{array}{c}\alpha \\ \beta \end{array}\right)}{}& VW& \stackrel{\left(\begin{array}{cc}\epsilon & \phi \end{array}\right)}{}& Y& & 0\end{array}$$

is exact.

We fix now and $`i,j`$ such that $`a_{ij}=1`$ and we verifies (22c). Let

$`\lambda ^{}`$ $`=s_i\lambda `$ $`m^{}`$ $`=s_im`$ $`v^{}`$ $`=s_iv`$
$`\lambda ^{\prime \prime }`$ $`=s_j\lambda ^{}`$ $`m^{\prime \prime }`$ $`=s_jm^{}`$ $`v^{\prime \prime }`$ $`=s_jv^{}`$
$`\lambda ^{\prime \prime \prime }`$ $`=s_i\lambda ^{\prime \prime }`$ $`m^{\prime \prime \prime }`$ $`=s_im^{\prime \prime }`$ $`v^{\prime \prime \prime }`$ $`=s_iv^{\prime \prime }`$
$`\stackrel{~}{\lambda }`$ $`=s_j\lambda `$ $`\stackrel{~}{m}`$ $`=s_jm`$ $`\stackrel{~}{v}`$ $`=s_jv`$
$`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\lambda }}`$ $`=s_i\stackrel{~}{\lambda }`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{m}}`$ $`=s_i\stackrel{~}{m}`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{v}}`$ $`=s_i\stackrel{~}{v}`$
First of all we observe that since relation (22a) holds we can assume that:

1. $`\lambda _i0`$ or $`m_i>0`$ and $`\lambda _j0`$ or $`m_j>0`$,
2. $`\lambda _j^{}0`$ or $`m_j^{}>0`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_i0`$ or $`\stackrel{~}{m}_i>0`$,
3. $`\lambda _i^{\prime \prime }0`$ or $`m_i^{\prime \prime }>0`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\lambda }}_j0`$ or $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{m}}_j>0`$.

Define

$`Z_{iji}`$ $`=\{(s^{\prime \prime \prime },s)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m^{\prime \prime \prime },\lambda ^{\prime \prime \prime }}(d,v^{\prime \prime \prime })\times \mathrm{\Lambda }_{m,\lambda }(d,v):s^{\prime \prime }S(d,v^{\prime \prime }),`$
$`\text{ and }s^{}S(d,v^{})\text{ such that }(s^{\prime \prime \prime },s^{\prime \prime })Z_i^{m^{\prime \prime },\lambda ^{\prime \prime }}(d,v^{\prime \prime }),`$
$`(s^{\prime \prime },s^{})Z_j^{m^{},\lambda ^{}}(d,v^{})\text{ and }(s^{},s)Z_i^{m,\lambda }(d,v)\}`$
$`Z_{jij}`$ $`=\{(s^{\prime \prime \prime },s)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m^{\prime \prime \prime },\lambda ^{\prime \prime \prime }}(d,v^{\prime \prime \prime })\times \mathrm{\Lambda }_{m,\lambda }(d,v):\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{s}}S(d,\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{v}}),`$
$`\text{ and }\stackrel{~}{s}S(d,\stackrel{~}{v})\text{ such that }(s^{\prime \prime \prime },\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{s}})Z_j^{\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{m}},\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\lambda }}}(d,\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{v}}),`$
$`(\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{s}},\stackrel{~}{s})Z_i^{\stackrel{~}{m},\stackrel{~}{\lambda }}(d,\stackrel{~}{v})\text{ and }(\stackrel{~}{s},s)Z_j^{m,\lambda }(d,v)\}`$
Observe that $`(s^{\prime \prime \prime },s)Z_{iji}p_{m^{\prime \prime \prime }.\lambda ^{\prime \prime \prime }}^{d,v^{\prime \prime \prime }}(s^{\prime \prime \prime })=\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_i}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_j}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_i}(p_{m,\lambda }^{d,v}(s))`$ and that $`(s^{\prime \prime \prime },s)Z_{jij}p_{m^{\prime \prime \prime }.\lambda ^{\prime \prime \prime }}^{d,v^{\prime \prime \prime }}(s^{\prime \prime \prime })=\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_j}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_i}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s_j}(p_{m,\lambda }^{d,v}(s))`$. So relation (22c) is equivalent to $`Z_{iji}=Z_{jij}`$.

Let now $`R_i=D_i_{h:h_1=i,h_0j}V_{h_0}`$, $`R_j=D_i_{h:h_1=i,h_0j}V_{h_0}`$ and observe that $`T_i=R_iV_j`$ and $`T_j=R_jV_i`$. Let $`k`$ be the only element of $`H`$ such that $`k_0=j`$ and $`k_1=i`$. Let $`\epsilon =\epsilon (k)`$. Define also $`A=A(s)=B_k(s)`$, $`B=B(s)=B_{\overline{k}}(s)`$ and for $`l=i,j`$ and $`\{l^{},l\}=\{i,j\}`$ set $`c_l=c_l(s)=\pi _{R_l}^{R_lV_l^{}}a_l(s)`$ and $`d_l=d_l(s)=b_l(s)|_{R_l}`$.

Let now $`(s,s^{\prime \prime \prime })\mathrm{\Lambda }_\lambda (d,v)\times \mathrm{\Lambda }_{\lambda ^{\prime \prime \prime }}(d,v^{\prime \prime \prime })`$ and set $`A^{}=A(s^{})`$, $`B^{}=B(s^{})`$, $`c_l^{}=c_l(s^{})`$ and $`d_l^{}=d_l(s^{})`$ for $`l\{i,j\}`$ and $`\{,^{\prime \prime \prime }\}`$.

If we apply lemmas 46 and 47 to our situation we obtain the following result: $`(s,s^{\prime \prime \prime })Z_{iji}`$ of and only there exists vector spaces $`V_i^{},V_j^{},V_i^{\prime \prime },V_j^{\prime \prime }`$ and linear maps $`A^{},B^{},c_i^{},d_i^{},c_j^{},d_j^{},A^{\prime \prime },B^{\prime \prime },c_i^{\prime \prime },d_i^{\prime \prime },c_j^{\prime \prime },d_j^{\prime \prime }`$ sucht that:

1. $`dimV_l^{}=v_l^{}`$ for $`l\{i,j\}`$ and $`\{^{},^{\prime \prime }\}`$,
2. for each $`\{^{},^{\prime \prime }\}`$ and $`l\{i,j\}`$ $`A^{}\text{Hom}(V_i^{},V_j^{})`$, $`B^{}\text{Hom}(V_j^{},V_i^{})`$, $`c_l\text{Hom}(V_l^{},R_l^{})`$ and $`d_l\text{Hom}(R_l^{},V_l^{})`$,
3. $`V_j^{\prime \prime \prime }=V_j^{\prime \prime }`$, $`c_j^{\prime \prime \prime }=c_j^{\prime \prime }`$, $`d_j^{\prime \prime \prime }=d_j^{\prime \prime }`$ and

$`c_i^{\prime \prime \prime }d_i^{\prime \prime \prime }`$ $`=c_id_i\lambda _i\lambda _j`$ $`c_i^{\prime \prime \prime }B^{\prime \prime \prime }`$ $`=c_i^{}B^{\prime \prime }`$
$`A^{\prime \prime \prime }d_i^{\prime \prime \prime }`$ $`=A^{\prime \prime }d_i^{}`$ $`\epsilon A^{\prime \prime \prime }B^{\prime \prime \prime }`$ $`=\epsilon A^{\prime \prime }B^{\prime \prime }\lambda _j`$
4. $`V_i^{\prime \prime }=V_i^{}`$, $`c_i^{\prime \prime }=c_i^{}`$, $`d_i^{\prime \prime }=d_i^{}`$ and

$`c_j^{\prime \prime }d_j^{\prime \prime }`$ $`=c_jd_j\lambda _i\lambda _j`$ $`c_j^{\prime \prime }A^{\prime \prime }`$ $`=c_jA^{}`$
$`B^{\prime \prime }d_j^{\prime \prime }`$ $`=B^{}d_j`$ $`\epsilon A^{\prime \prime }B^{\prime \prime }`$ $`=\epsilon A^{}B^{}+\lambda _i+\lambda _j`$
5. $`V_j^{}=V_j`$, $`c_j^{}=c_j`$, $`d_j^{}=d_j`$ and

$`c_i^{}d_i^{}`$ $`=c_id_i\lambda _i`$ $`c_i^{}B^{}`$ $`=c_iB`$
$`A^{}d_i^{}`$ $`=Ad_i`$ $`\epsilon A^{}B^{}`$ $`=\epsilon AB\lambda _i`$
6. $`\epsilon c_i^{}B^{\prime \prime }A^{\prime \prime \prime }+c_i^{}d_i^{}c_i^{\prime \prime \prime }=0`$ and $`\epsilon A^{}B^{\prime \prime }=d_ja_j^{\prime \prime }`$,
7. the following diagrams are exact

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}0& & V_i^{\prime \prime \prime }& \stackrel{\left(\begin{array}{c}c_i^{\prime \prime \prime }\\ c_j^{\prime \prime }A^{\prime \prime \prime }\end{array}\right)}{}& R_iR_j& \stackrel{\left(\begin{array}{cc}Ad_i& d_j\end{array}\right)}{}& V_j& & 0\\ 0& & V_j^{\prime \prime }& \stackrel{\left(\begin{array}{c}c_j^{\prime \prime }\\ c_i^{}B^{\prime \prime }\end{array}\right)}{}& R_jR_i& \stackrel{\left(\begin{array}{cc}Bd_j& d_i\end{array}\right)}{}& V_i& & 0\\ 0& & V_i^{}& \stackrel{\left(\begin{array}{c}c_i^{}\\ A^{}\end{array}\right)}{}& R_iV_j& \stackrel{\left(\begin{array}{cc}d_i& \epsilon B\end{array}\right)}{}& V_i& & 0\end{array}$$

###### Remark 48.

The first condition in point 6) is equivalent to $`\epsilon B^{\prime \prime }A^{\prime \prime \prime }=d_i^{}c_i^{\prime \prime \prime }`$. Indeed this condition is certainly sufficient. To prove the necessity observe that by the injectivity of $`a_i^{}=(c_i^{}A^{})^t`$ it is enough to prove $`\epsilon c_i^{}B^{\prime \prime }A^{\prime \prime \prime }+c_i^{}d_i^{}c_i^{\prime \prime \prime }=0`$ and $`\epsilon A^{}B^{\prime \prime }A^{\prime \prime \prime }+A^{}d_i^{}c_i^{\prime \prime \prime }=0`$. The first equation is the first condition in point 6) and the second one is a consequence of $`\epsilon A^{}B^{\prime \prime }=d_jc_i^{\prime \prime \prime }`$, $`A^{}d_i^{}=Ad_i`$ and the exactness of the first sequence.

###### Remark 49.

The condition $`(s,s^{\prime \prime \prime })Z_{jij}`$ can be expressed in a similar way. In the prevoius conditions we have only to change $`i`$ with $`j`$ and $`\epsilon `$ with $`\epsilon `$.

We will prove now $`Z_{iji}Z_{jij}`$. To do it we supose that $`A^{},\mathrm{},d_j^{\prime \prime }`$ are given as above and we construct $`\stackrel{~}{A},\stackrel{~}{B},\stackrel{~}{c}_i,\stackrel{~}{d}_i,\stackrel{~}{c}_j,\stackrel{~}{d}_j,\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{A}},\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{B}},\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{c}}_i,\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{d}}_i,\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{c}}_j,\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{d}}_j`$ such that they satisfy the conditions. for $`(s,s^{\prime \prime \prime })Z_{jij}`$.

First step: construction of $`\stackrel{~}{A},\stackrel{~}{B},\stackrel{~}{c}_i,\stackrel{~}{c}_j,\stackrel{~}{d}_i,\stackrel{~}{d}_j`$. Choose $`\stackrel{~}{s}`$ such that $`(\stackrel{~}{s},s)Z_j^{\chi ,\lambda }`$ and define $`\stackrel{~}{A}=A(\stackrel{~}{s})`$, $`\stackrel{~}{B}=B(\stackrel{~}{s})`$, $`\stackrel{~}{c}_l=c_l(\stackrel{~}{s})`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{d}_l=d_l(\stackrel{~}{s})`$ for $`l\{i,j\}`$ .

Now I claim that there exists unique $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{A}}:V_i^{\prime \prime \prime }\stackrel{~}{V}_j`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{B}}:\stackrel{~}{V}_jV_i^{\prime \prime \prime }`$ such that:

$$\{\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{~}{c}_j\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{A}}=c_j^{\prime \prime }A^{\prime \prime \prime }\hfill & \\ \stackrel{~}{B}\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{A}}=\epsilon d_ic_i^{\prime \prime \prime }\hfill & \end{array}\text{ and }\{\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{A}}\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{B}}=\stackrel{~}{A}\stackrel{~}{B}\epsilon \lambda _i\epsilon \lambda _j\hfill & \\ c_i^{\prime \prime \prime }\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{B}}=c_i\stackrel{~}{B}\hfill & \end{array}$$

*Unicity of $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{A}}`$*: since the map $`\stackrel{~}{a}_j=(\stackrel{~}{c}_j\epsilon \stackrel{~}{B})^t`$ is injective the unicity is clear.

*Existence of $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{A}}`$*: to prove the existence of $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{A}}`$ is enough to prove:

$$\mathrm{Im}\left(\begin{array}{c}c_j^{\prime \prime }A^{\prime \prime \prime }\\ \epsilon d_ic_i^{\prime \prime \prime }\end{array}\right)\mathrm{Im}\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{c}_j\\ \stackrel{~}{B}\end{array}\right)=\mathrm{ker}\left(\begin{array}{cc}d_j& \epsilon A\end{array}\right).$$

So the thesis follows from $`d_jc_j^{\prime \prime }A^{\prime \prime \prime }+Ad_ic_i^{\prime \prime \prime }=0`$.

Let now $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{a}}_i=(c_i^{\prime \prime \prime }\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{A}})^t`$. I claim that $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{a}}_i`$ is injective and that $`\mathrm{Im}\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{a}}_i=\mathrm{ker}(d_i\epsilon \stackrel{~}{B})=\mathrm{ker}\stackrel{~}{b}_i`$. First of all observe that since $`\stackrel{~}{m}_i>0`$ or $`\lambda _i0`$, $`\stackrel{~}{b}_i`$ is surjective. Observe also that

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{~}{c}_j& 0\\ 0& \mathrm{Id}_{V_i^{\prime \prime \prime }}\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{A}}\\ c_i^{\prime \prime \prime }\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}c_j^{\prime \prime }A^{\prime \prime \prime }\\ c_i^{\prime \prime \prime }\end{array}\right).$$

So $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{a}}_i`$ is injective as claimed. Now since $`dimR_i+dim\stackrel{~}{V}_j=dimV_i^{\prime \prime \prime }+dimV_i`$ to prove the last part of the claim it is enough to check that $`\stackrel{~}{b}_i\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{a}}_i=0`$. Indeed

$$\stackrel{~}{b}_i\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{a}}_i=d_ic_i^{\prime \prime \prime }+\epsilon \stackrel{~}{B}\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{A}}=0.$$

*Unicity of $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{B}}`$*: this is a consequence of $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{a}}_i`$ injective.

*Existence of $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{B}}`$*: As for the existence of $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{A}}`$ this is equivalent to

$$\mathrm{Im}\left(\begin{array}{c}c_i\stackrel{~}{B}\\ \stackrel{~}{A}\stackrel{~}{B}\epsilon \lambda _i\epsilon \lambda _j\end{array}\right)\mathrm{Im}\left(\begin{array}{c}c_i^{\prime \prime \prime }\\ \stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{A}}\end{array}\right)=\mathrm{ker}\left(\begin{array}{cc}d_i& \epsilon \stackrel{~}{B}\end{array}\right).$$

So the thesis follows from $`\epsilon \stackrel{~}{B}\stackrel{~}{A}\stackrel{~}{B}\lambda _i\stackrel{~}{B}\lambda _j\stackrel{~}{B}+d_ic_i\stackrel{~}{B}=0`$.

Finally we set

$`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{V}}_i`$ $`=V_i^{\prime \prime \prime }`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{c}}_i`$ $`=c_i^{\prime \prime \prime }`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{d}}_i`$ $`=d_i^{\prime \prime \prime }`$
$`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{V}}_i`$ $`=\stackrel{~}{V}_j`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{c}}_j`$ $`=\stackrel{~}{c}_j`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{d}}_j`$ $`=\stackrel{~}{d}_j.`$
The verification of all the conditions is now straightforward.

The inclusion $`Z_{jij}Z_{iji}`$ can be proved similarly and equation (19) is clear by definition. So Proposition 32 is proved.

## 4. A representation of the Weyl group

In this section, following Nakajima \[Na1\], we show how to use the above action to construct an action of the Weyl group on the homology of quiver varieties. Maybe this action is related with the one constructed by Slodowy in the case of flag varieties (\[Slodowy\], ch.4).

First we recall some general about the action of the Weyl group. Let $`Z^{}=Q^{}_{}`$ and $`Z=Q_{}P`$. On $`Z`$, $`Z^{}`$ there is a natural action of $`W`$.

###### Lemma 50.

For all $`uZ^{}`$ the set $`Wu`$ is discrete.

###### Lemma 51.

Consider the action of $`W`$ on $`(Z^{})`$. If $`p(Z^{})`$ then

$$\overline{Wp}\text{ is countable}.$$

If $`p(Z^{})`$ we define $`H_p=\{xP_{}:<x,p>=0\}`$

###### Lemma 52.

If $`p(Z^{})`$ then

$$\overline{WH_p}=\underset{q\overline{Wp}}{}H_q.$$

We define $`=\overline{W_v_U}`$ and $`=𝔷`$. By the previous lemmas $``$ is the union of a countable number of real codimension $`3`$ subspaces in $``$ and in particular $``$ is simply connected. We need also the following definition

$`K`$ $`=\{u^I:{\displaystyle u_i\alpha _i\text{ is dominant and supp}u\text{ is connected }}\}`$
$`P_0`$ $`=\{pP:p\text{ is dominant and }<u^{},p>2\text{ for all }uK\}.`$
Now we choose $`d,v`$ such that $`\overline{d}=\overline{v}`$.

###### Lemma 53.

If $`\overline{d}P_0`$ then $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ is surjective and is a locally trivial bundle over $``$.

###### Proof.

By Proposition 10.5 and Corollary 10.6 in \[Na2\] there exists a closed orbit $`Gs`$ in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_0(d,v)`$ with trivial stabilizer. Then by Proposition 9 there exists $`tGs`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }(t)=0`$ and by lemma 5 and 3 $`d\stackrel{~}{\mu }_t`$ is surjective. Now the surjectivity follows by homogeneity.

The local triviality over $``$ follows also from lemma 5 and 3. ∎

Now consider

$`R`$ $`=\{\lambda Z:(0,\lambda )\},`$
$`\mathrm{\Lambda }(d,v)`$ $`=\{(\lambda ,s)Z\times S:s\mathrm{\Lambda }_\lambda \},`$
$`M(d,v)`$ $`=\mathrm{\Lambda }(d,v)//G_v\text{ and }p:M(d,v)Z\text{ the projection}`$
$`𝔏(d,v)`$ $`=\{(\zeta ,s)\times S:s𝔏_\zeta \},`$
$`𝔐(d,v)`$ $`=𝔏(d,v)/U(V)\text{ and }\stackrel{~}{p}:𝔐(d,v)\text{ the projection}`$
We have the following commutative diagram

By Proposition 10 the diagram is a pull back and by lemma 53 $`p`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{p}`$ are locally trivial over $`R`$, $``$. We call $`M_R=p^1(R)`$ and $`𝔐_{}=\stackrel{~}{p}^1()`$.

Now consider the complex $`=Rp_{}(_{M_R})=ı_M^1R\stackrel{~}{p}_{}(_𝔐_{})`$ which is cohomologically a locally constant complex. We observe now that $`\mathrm{\Pi }_1()`$ is trivial so $`R\stackrel{~}{p}_{}(_𝔐_{})`$ is isomorphic to cohomologically constant complex on $``$ so it is $``$ on $`R`$. In particular for any $`x,yR`$ we have a canonically isomorphism

$$\psi _{x,y}^i:H^i(_x)H^i(_y).$$

Now observe that by Proposition 32 there is an action on $`W`$ on $`R,M_R`$ and that $`p`$ is equivariant with respect to this action. So we can define a $`W`$ action on $`H^i(M_{0,\lambda }(d,v),)`$ by

$$\sigma (c)=\psi _{\sigma \lambda ,\lambda }^iH^i(\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma ,0,\lambda }^{d,v})(c)$$

for any $`\sigma W`$. To verify that this is an action we have only to verify that

$$\psi _{\sigma \lambda ^2,\lambda ^1}^iH^i(\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma ,0,\lambda ^2}^{d,v})\psi _{\lambda ^1,\lambda ^2}^i(c)=\psi _{\sigma \lambda ^1,\lambda ^1}^iH^i(\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma ,0,\lambda ^1}^{d,v})(c).$$

Since $`R`$ is connected and $`H^i(M,)`$ is discrete this is clear. S o we have proved the following corollary.

###### Corollary 54.

If $`d=v`$ and $`(0,\lambda )`$ then there is an action of $`W`$ on $`H^i(M_{0,\lambda }(d,v),)`$.

###### Remark 55.

If $`m_+=(1,\mathrm{},1)`$ and $`\lambda =0`$ it is easy to see that $`d\mu _s`$ is surjetive for all $`s\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m_+,0}(d,v)`$. Then by lemma 53 there is a canonical isomorphism $`H_{}(M_{m_+,0}(d,v))H_{}(M_{0,\lambda }(d,v))`$ if $`(0,\lambda )`$. So by Nakajima’s Theorem (Theorem 10.2 \[Na2\]) it is natural to make the following conjecture:

###### Conjecture 56.

Let $`top=\frac{1}{2}dimH_{}(M_{0,\lambda }(d,v))`$ then

$$H^{top}(M_{(0,\lambda )}(d,v),)\left(L_d\right)_0$$

where $`\left(L_d\right)_0`$ is the $`0`$-weight space of the Kac-Moody algebra associated to the quiver of heighest weight $`_id_i\overline{\omega }_i`$.

## 5. Reduction to the dominant case

As a consequence of Proposition 32 we see that if $`(m,\lambda )𝒢_v`$ then there exists $`\sigma W`$ and $`v^{}=\sigma v`$ such that $`dv^{}`$ is dominant and $`M_{\sigma m,\sigma \lambda }(d,v^{})M_{m,\lambda }(d,v)`$. We generalize now this result to arbitrary $`\lambda `$.

On $`Q`$ we consider the following order: $`v^{}v`$ if and only if $`v_i^{}v_i`$.

We consider now the following construction: let $`v^{}v`$ and fix an embedding $`V_i^{}V_i`$ and a complement $`U_i`$ of $`V^{}`$ in $`V_i`$, then we can define a map $`\stackrel{~}{ȷ}:S(d,v^{})S(d,v)`$ through:

$$\stackrel{~}{ȷ}(B^{},\gamma ^{},\delta ^{})=(\left(\begin{array}{cc}B^{}& 0\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right),\left(\begin{array}{c}\gamma ^{}\\ 0\end{array}\right),\left(\begin{array}{cc}\delta ^{}& 0\end{array}\right))$$
(23)
where the matrices of the new triple represents the maps described through the decomposition $`V_i=V_i^{}U_i`$.

Suppose now that $`(m_i,\lambda _i)=0`$ for all $`i`$ such that $`v_i^{}v_i`$. Then it is easy to see that this map restrict to a map $`ȷ_r:\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m,\lambda }(d,v^{})\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m,\lambda }(d,v)`$ and so enduces a map $`ȷ_v^v^{}=ȷ:M_{0,\lambda }(d,v^{})M_{0,\lambda }(d,v)`$.

###### Lemma 57.

$`ȷ`$ is a closed immersion

###### Proof.

We prove that the map $`ȷ^{\mathrm{}}:[\mathrm{\Lambda }_\lambda (d,v)]^{G(v)}[\mathrm{\Lambda }_\lambda (d,v^{})]^{G(v^{})}`$ is surjective. By proposition 18 this follows by the following two identities:

$$\mathrm{Tr}\left(\alpha \left(ȷ(s)\right)\right)=\mathrm{Tr}\left(\alpha (s)\right)\text{ and }\beta \left(ȷ(s)\right)=\beta (s)$$

for each $`B`$-path $`\alpha `$ and for each admissible path $`\beta `$. ∎

###### Lemma 58.

If $`2v_i>d_i+_{jI}a_{ij}v_j`$ and $`v^{}=v\alpha _i`$ then $`ȷ`$ is an isomorphism of algebraic varieties

###### Proof.

It’s enough to prove that $`ȷ`$ is surjective. Let $`s=(B,\gamma ,\delta )\mathrm{\Lambda }_0(d,v)`$ and consider the sequence (see (4) for the notation) :

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}T_i& \stackrel{b_i}{}& V_i& \stackrel{a_i}{}& T_i.\end{array}$$

Since $`b_ia_i=0`$ and $`2dimV_i>dimT_i`$ we have that $`b_i`$ is not surjective or that $`a_i`$ is not injective.

Suppose that $`b_i`$ is not surjective, then up to the action of $`G_v`$ we can assume that $`\mathrm{Im}b_iv_i^{}`$. Then, for $`t^{}`$ consider $`g_t=(g_{j,t})G_v`$ with

$$g_i=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{Id}_{v_i^{}}& 0\\ 0& t^1\end{array}\right)\text{ and }g_j=\mathrm{Id}_{V_j}\text{ for }ji.$$

Then

1. $`g_{i,t}B_h=B_h`$ if $`h_1=i`$ and $`g_i\gamma _i=\gamma _i`$, since $`\mathrm{Im}B_h,\mathrm{Im}\gamma _i\mathrm{Im}b_iv_i^{}`$,
2. $`lim_{t0}B_hg_{i,t}^1=B_h`$ if $`h_0=i`$ and $`\delta _ig_i^1=\delta _i`$

So $`lim_{t0}g_ts=s^{}`$ and it is clear that $`s^{}\stackrel{~}{ȷ}(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0(d,v^{}))`$ and that $`p_0(s)=p_0(s^{})\mathrm{Im}ȷ`$.

If $`b_j`$ is surjective and $`a_i`$ is not injective the argument is similar. ∎

###### Proposition 59.

For all $`\lambda `$ and for all $`d0,v0`$ there exists $`v^{}`$ and $`\sigma W`$ such that $`\overline{d}\overline{v}^{}`$ is dominant and

$$M_{0,\mathrm{\sigma }\mathrm{\lambda }}(d,v^{})M_{0,\lambda }(d,v).$$

###### Proof.

We prove this proposition by induction on the order $``$ on $`Q`$.

First step: $`v=0`$. If $`v=0`$ we can take $`v^{}=v`$ and $`\sigma =1`$.

Inductive step. If $`dv`$ is not dominant then there exists $`i`$ such that $`2v_i>d_i+a_{ij}v_j`$.

If $`\lambda _i0`$ we observe that $`s_iv=v^{}<v`$ (that is $`v^{}v`$ and $`v^{}v`$) and that $`M_{s_im,s_i\lambda }(d,v^{})M_{m,\lambda }(d,v)`$ and so we can apply the inductive hypothesis.

If $`\lambda _i=0`$ we apply the previous lemma and the inductive hypothesis. ∎

## 6. On normality and connectdness of quiver variety in the finite type case

In this section we resctrict our attention to the case of quiver varieties of finite type and to the case $`m=(1,\mathrm{},1)`$ and $`\lambda =0`$ and we fix $`d,v`$. By remark 2 we can assume without loss of generality that $`v_i>0`$ for all $`i`$. We would like to prove the following conjecture:

###### Conjecture 60.

$`M_{m,0}(d,v)`$ is connected and $`M_{0,0}(d,v)`$ is normal.

###### Remark 61.

If $`\stackrel{~}{m}=(m_1,\mathrm{},m_n)_+^I`$ it is easy to see that $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\stackrel{~}{m},0}=\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m,0}`$ ao in particular $`M_{m,0}(d,v)`$ is smooth. Instead $`M_{0,0}`$ is a cone so it is clearly connected.

By proposition 59it is enough to prove the theorem in the case $`dv`$ dominant. Unfortunately I’m not able to prove the conjecture only in the case $`dv`$ regular: $`<dv,\alpha _i>>0`$ for all $`i`$. To prove the conjecture in this case we will use the following stratification introduced by Lusztig in \[Lu:Q4\].

###### Definition 62.

For any $`sS`$ and $`iI`$ let

$$V_i^+=V_i^+(s)=\underset{\alpha \text{ a }B\text{path}:\alpha _1=i}{}\mathrm{Im}(\alpha (s)\gamma _{\alpha _0})$$

If $`v^{}=(v_1^{},\mathrm{},v_n^{})^n`$ we define

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }^v^{}=\{s\mathrm{\Lambda }_0(d,v):dimV_i^+(s)=v_i^{}\}.$$

Observe that $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^v=\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m_+,0}(d,v)`$. To prove our result we will use the following lemma of Lusztig.

###### Lemma 63 (Lusztig: \[Lu:Q4\] Proposition 4.5 and Proposition 5.3).

If $`0v_i^{}v_i`$ for each $`i`$ then

$$dim\mathrm{\Lambda }^v^{}(d,v)=dimS\underset{iI}{}dimgl(V_i)<(vv^{})^{},dv>\frac{1}{2}<(vv^{})^{},vv^{}>$$

Our result follows trivially from the following lemma.

###### Lemma 64.

1) If $`dv`$ is dominant then $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{0,0}(d,v)`$ is a complete intersection.

2) If $`dv`$ is regular then $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{0,0}`$ is normal and irreducible and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m_+,0}(d,v)`$ is connected.

###### Proof.

Observe that $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{0,0}(d,v)=\mu ^1(0)`$ so each irreducible component of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{0,0}(d,v)`$ must have dimension at least $`dimS_idimgl(V_i)=\delta _V`$.

Suppose now that $`dv`$ is dominant. By Nakajima’s theorem (\[Na2\] Theorem 10.2) $`M_{m_+,0}`$ is not empty. Observe also that by Proposition 14 $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m_+,0}(d,v)`$ is a smooth subset of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{0,0}(d,v)`$ of dimension $`\delta _V`$.

It is well known that $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m_+,0}(d,v)=\mathrm{\Lambda }^v`$. Hence

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_{0,0}(d,v)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m_+,0}(d,v)=\underset{v^{}v\text{ and }v^{}v}{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^v^{}.$$

By the lemma above we have that if $`v^{}v`$ and $`v^{}v`$ $`dim\mathrm{\Lambda }^v^{}<\delta _V`$. So $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m_+,0}(d,v)`$ must be dense in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{0,0}(d,v)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{0,0}(d,v)`$ is a complete intersection. Moreover if $`dv`$ is regular we have that $`dim\mathrm{\Lambda }^v^{}<\delta _V1`$ so the singular locus has codimension at least two and normality and irreducibility follows. Finally by our discussion it is clear that if $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m_+,0}(d,v)`$ is disconnected then $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{0,0}(d,v)`$ is not irreducible. ∎

###### Remark 65.

In the lemma we can substitute $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{m_+,0}(d,v)`$ with any other subset $`Reg`$ of regular points in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(d,v)`$. In this way is indeed possible to improve a little bit the theorem but Crawley-Boevey explained me that this strategy cannot work in general becouse there are cases where $`dv`$ is dominant and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{0,0}(d,v)`$ is not normal. It should be also pointed out that Crawley-Boevey proved the connectdness in complete generality (\[CrBo\]). He said me that is also able to prove normality for a much bigger class of quiver varieties.