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# Characterization of Cyclic and Separating Vectors and Application to an Inverse Problem in Modular Theory I. Finite Factors

## 1 The Inverse Problem in Modular Theory

Let $`_0`$ be a von Neumann algebra on a separable Hilbert space $`_0`$ with a cyclic and separating vector $`u_0`$. Then modular theory shows the existence of a modular operator $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ and a modular conjugation $`\mathrm{J}_0`$ (the modular objects $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0)`$) belonging to the vector $`u_0`$. In this paper we examine the inverse problem of constructing algebras $``$ having the same cyclic and separating vector and modular objects as $`_0`$:

The Inverse Problem

Let $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0)`$ be the modular objects for the von Neumann algebra $`_0`$ with cyclic and separating vector $`u_0`$. Characterize all von Neumann algebras $``$ isomorphic to $`_0`$ with the following properties:

1. $`u_0`$ is also cyclic and separating for $``$,
2. $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0)`$ are the modular objects for $`(,u_0)`$.

Let $`NF__0(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0,u_0)`$ denote all solutions $``$ of the inverse problem.

We consider here only von Neumann factors instead of general von Neumann algebras.

General facts of this problem were considered by Wollenberg (s. \[Wola\], \[Wolb\]) in the frame of algebraic quantum field theory (cf. also \[Wol92\], \[Bor93\]). In \[Wola\] the following useful proposition was proven:

###### Proposition 1.1.

A von Neumann factor $``$ belongs to $`NF__0(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0,u_0)`$ iff there is a unitary operator $`\mathrm{U}`$ s.t.

1. $`\mathrm{M}=\mathrm{U}_0\mathrm{U}^{}`$,
2. $`u:=\mathrm{U}^{}u_0`$ is a cyclic and separating vector for $`_0`$,
3. $`(\mathrm{U}^{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{U},\mathrm{J}_0)`$ are the modular objects for $`(_0,u)`$,
4. $`\mathrm{U}`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{J}_0`$.

Further Wollenberg showed in \[Wolb\] that for finite type $`I`$ factors there exists always two simple classes of solutions of the inverse problems. Further he showed that in this case the solution of the inverse problem can be reduced to an algebraic problem.

In this paper we consider finite factors and hence generalize some of those results for type $`II_1`$ factors and slightly modify the representation of the results. In particular we establish a correspondence between cyclic and separating vectors for a finite von Neumann factor and invertible operators affiliated with this factor. Then we show how the modular operator can be constructed with the help of this operator generalizing an idea of Kadison and Ringrose (\[KR86, 9.6.11\]). In the forth section this result will be used to show that the second of Wollenberg’s simple classes exists in some cases also for type $`II_1`$ factors, but not always. In the fifth section we give a complete classification of the solutions of the inverse problem when the generating operator has pure point spectrum.

Notice that in this paper all Hilbert spaces are separable, i.e. the von Neumann algebras are countably decomposable.

## 2 Characterization of Vectors by Affiliated Operators

Throughout this section $`(_0,_0)`$ is a finite von Neumann factor with a cyclic, separating vector $`u_0_0`$ and (unique) tracial state $`\mathrm{tr}`$ continued to all the positive operators affiliated with $`_0`$. In this section we establish a connection between operators affiliated with a factor and vectors of the underlying Hilbert space. These operators are characterized by the finite trace of the square of their modulus. Further a vector is cyclic iff the corresponding operator is injective, and it is separating iff the corresponding operator has dense range. Last we will show that every operator with the finite trace condition gives rise to a vector with the corresponding properties.

Since $`_0`$ has a cyclic and separating vector, the tracial state $`\mathrm{tr}`$ is a vector state generated by a cyclic (and hence separating) trace vector $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$. Using this vector the trace can be continued to all the positive closed operators $`\mathrm{A}`$ affiliated with $`_0`$ by

$$\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{A}):=\lambda d\mathrm{E}_\lambda u_{\mathrm{tr}}^2,$$
(2.1)
where $`\mathrm{E}_\lambda `$ is the spectral measure of $`\mathrm{A}`$.

It is known \[cf. \[KR86, 8.7.60(vi)\] in the case of finite algebras that we can reach every vector from a cyclic vector by an operator affiliated with $`_0`$. In particular we can give the following definition:

###### Definition 2.1.

For every vector $`u_0`$ we denote with $`\mathrm{T}_u`$ an operator affiliated with $`_0`$ s.t. $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}𝒟(\mathrm{T}_\mathrm{u})`$ and $`\mathrm{T}_uu_{\mathrm{tr}}=u`$.

Later we will show that the operator defined in Definition 2.1 is unique. The next proposition shows some useful properties of the domain of operators affiliated with a von Neumann algebra:

###### Proposition 2.1.

Let $`_0`$ be a von Neumann algebra and $`\mathrm{T}\eta _0`$.

1. Let $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}_0`$ be a trace vector in $`_0`$ and $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}𝒟(\mathrm{T})`$, then

1. $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}𝒟(\mathrm{T}^{})`$ and $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}𝒟((\mathrm{T}^{}\mathrm{T})^{1/2})`$,
    2. $`_0u_{\mathrm{tr}}𝒟(\mathrm{T})`$, $`_0u_{\mathrm{tr}}𝒟(\mathrm{T}^{})`$, and $`_0u_{\mathrm{tr}}𝒟((\mathrm{T}^{}\mathrm{T})^{1/2})`$.
    3. If $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ is also cyclic then $`_0u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ is a core for $`\mathrm{T}`$, $`\mathrm{T}^{}`$, and $`(\mathrm{T}^{}\mathrm{T})^{1/2}`$, and the assertions of b) and c) hold also for $`_0^{^{}}`$ instead of $`_0`$.
2. Let $`u𝒟(\mathrm{T})_0`$. Then

1. $`_0^{^{}}u𝒟(\mathrm{T})`$ and $`_0^{^{}}u𝒟((\mathrm{T}^{}\mathrm{T})^{1/2})`$, and
    2. $`[_0^{^{}}\mathrm{T}u]=[\mathrm{T}_0^{^{}}u]`$, and $`[_0^{^{}}(\mathrm{T}^{}\mathrm{T})^{1/2}u]=[(\mathrm{T}^{}\mathrm{T})^{1/2}_0^{^{}}u]`$.

###### Proof.

1. Let $`\mathrm{T}=\mathrm{VH}`$ the polar decomposition of $`\mathrm{T}`$ and $`\mathrm{E}_\lambda _0`$ the spectral resolution of $`\mathrm{H}`$. Then $`𝒟(\mathrm{T})=𝒟(\mathrm{H})=𝒟((\mathrm{T}^{}\mathrm{T})^{1/2})`$ and $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}𝒟(\mathrm{H})`$, i.e.

$$\lambda ^2d\mathrm{E}_\lambda u_{\mathrm{tr}}^2<\mathrm{}.$$

Set now $`u:=\mathrm{U}u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ with a unitary $`\mathrm{U}_0`$. Since $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ is a trace vector we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \lambda ^2d\mathrm{E}_\lambda u^2& =\lambda ^2d\mathrm{E}_\lambda \mathrm{U}u_{\mathrm{tr}}^2\hfill \\ & =\lambda ^2d\mathrm{U}^{}\mathrm{E}_\lambda u_{\mathrm{tr}}\hfill \\ & =\lambda ^2d\mathrm{E}_\lambda u_{\mathrm{tr}}^2<\mathrm{},\hfill \end{array}$$

i.e. $`u𝒟(\mathrm{H})`$. Since every element of $`_0`$ is the linear combination of at most 4 unitaries, it follows, that $`_0u_{\mathrm{tr}}𝒟(\mathrm{H})=𝒟((\mathrm{T}^{}\mathrm{T})^{1/2})=𝒟(\mathrm{T})`$.

Since $`\mathrm{T}^{}=\mathrm{HV}^{}`$, $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}𝒟(\mathrm{H})`$, and $`\mathrm{V}^{}_0`$, the assertions follow also for $`\mathrm{T}^{}`$ applying the results just proven.

Let now $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ be cyclic for $`_0`$. Then for every $`\mathrm{M}^{^{}}_0^{^{}}`$ there exists exactly one $`\mathrm{M}_0`$ s.t. $`\mathrm{M}^{^{}}u_{\mathrm{tr}}=\mathrm{M}u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$, hence $`_0^{^{}}u_{\mathrm{tr}}=_0u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$. Further $`_0u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ is dense in $`_0`$ and $`_0u_{\mathrm{tr}}𝒟(\mathrm{T})`$, hence $`\overline{\mathrm{T}_{_0u_{\mathrm{tr}}}}\mathrm{T}`$. Since $`_0`$ is finite (it possesses a cyclic trace vector) it follows from this

$$\overline{\mathrm{T}_{_0u_{\mathrm{tr}}}}=\mathrm{T},$$

i.e. $`_0u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ (and $`_0^{^{}}u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$) is a core for $`\mathrm{T}`$ and, similarly, also for $`(\mathrm{T}^{}\mathrm{T})^{1/2}`$ and $`\mathrm{T}^{}`$.
2. This first part follows in the same way as the corresponding assertions in 1.

Now $`\mathrm{M}^{^{}}u𝒟(\mathrm{T})`$ for every $`\mathrm{M}^{^{}}_0^{^{}}`$ and, since $`\mathrm{T}\eta _0`$, $`\mathrm{TM}^{^{}}u=\mathrm{M}^{^{}}\mathrm{T}u`$ s.t. $`[_0^{^{}}\mathrm{T}u]=[\mathrm{T}_0^{^{}}u]`$.

The next proposition shows that separating vectors are also separating for operators only affiliated with a von Neumann algebra:

###### Proposition 2.2.

Let $`u_0`$ be a separating vector for a von Neumann algebra $`_0`$. Let further $`\mathrm{A}\eta _0`$, $`u_0𝒟(\mathrm{A})`$ and $`\mathrm{A}u_0=0`$. Then $`\mathrm{A}=0`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`\mathrm{A}=\mathrm{VH}`$ with $`\mathrm{V}_0`$ be a partial isometry and $`0\mathrm{H}\eta _0`$, the polar decomposition of $`\mathrm{A}`$. Then we have

$$0=\mathrm{A}u_0=\mathrm{VH}u_0\mathrm{H}u_0=0,$$

since $`\mathrm{V}`$ is a partial isometry from $`\overline{𝒲(\mathrm{H})}`$ to $`\overline{𝒲(\mathrm{A})}`$. Let now $`\mathrm{E}_\lambda `$ be the spectral measure for $`\mathrm{H}`$. Then

$$0=\mathrm{H}u_0=_{_{}}\lambda 𝑑\mathrm{E}_\lambda u_0.$$

From this we see, that $`\mathrm{E}__>u_0=0`$ and, since $`u_0`$ is separating for $`_0`$ and $`\mathrm{E}__>_0`$, $`\mathrm{E}__>=0`$. Since $`\mathrm{H}`$ is positive $`\mathrm{E}__<=0`$,too, and therefore $`\mathrm{E}_{\{0\}}=\mathrm{I}`$ and $`\mathrm{H}=0`$. ∎

Now we can show the uniqueness of $`\mathrm{T}_u`$:

###### Corollary 2.3.

The operator $`\mathrm{T}_u`$ defined in Definition 2.1 is unique.

###### Proof.

Let $`\mathrm{T}`$ and $`\mathrm{S}`$ be two operators affiliated with $`_0`$, s.t.

$$\mathrm{T}u_{\mathrm{tr}}=\mathrm{S}u_{\mathrm{tr}}=u.$$

Then $`\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}`$ is closable, since $`_0`$ is finite (cf. \[KR86, 8.7.60\]), and its closure $`\overline{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}}`$ is affiliated with $`_0`$. Then it follows from Proposition 2.2 that $`\overline{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}}=0`$, i.e. $`\mathrm{T}`$ and $`\mathrm{S}`$ agree on the intersection of their domains. Since $`_0u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ is a core for both $`\mathrm{S}`$ and $`\mathrm{T}`$ (cf. Proposition 2.1), they are equal. ∎

For the proof of the main lemma in this subsection the next proposition is also necessary:

###### Proposition 2.4.

Let $`_0`$ be a von Neumann algebra on the Hilbert space $`_0`$ and $`\mathrm{T}\eta _0`$. Then

$$[_0\mathrm{T}u][_0u]u𝒟(\mathrm{T})_0$$
(2.2)
###### Proof.

Let $`\mathrm{T}=\mathrm{VH}`$ be the polar decomposition of $`\mathrm{T}`$ and $`\mathrm{E}_n_0`$ the spectral projection of $`\mathrm{H}`$ for the interval $`[n,n]`$. Then $`\mathrm{TE}_n=\mathrm{VHE}_n_0`$, s.t.

$$_0\mathrm{TE}_n_0\text{ and }_0\mathrm{TE}_nu_0uu_0.$$

Now

$$\mathrm{MT}u=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\mathrm{MTE}_nu[_0u]u𝒟(\mathrm{T}),$$

since $`_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{E}_n()`$ is a core for $`\mathrm{H}`$ and $`\mathrm{MTE}_nu_0\mathrm{TE}_nu_0u`$. ∎

Now we can formulate and proof the main statement of this subsection:

###### Lemma 2.5.

Let $`\mathrm{T}_u`$ be the operator defined in Definition 2.1. Then

1. $`\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{T}_u\mathrm{T}_u^{})=\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{T}_u^{}\mathrm{T}_u)<\mathrm{}`$.
2. $`u`$ is cyclic iff $`\mathrm{T}_u`$ is injective.
3. $`u`$ is separating iff $`\mathrm{T}_u`$ has dense range.
4. $`u`$ is cyclic and separating iff $`\mathrm{T}_u`$ is injective and has dense range, i.e. iff $`\mathrm{T}_u`$ is invertible.

###### Proof.

1. Since $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}𝒟(\mathrm{T}_\mathrm{u})`$ also $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}𝒟(\mathrm{H})`$, where $`\mathrm{T}_u=\mathrm{VH}`$ is the polar decomposition of $`\mathrm{T}_u`$. This is equivalent with

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{}& >\lambda ^2d\mathrm{E}_\lambda u_{\mathrm{tr}}^2=\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{H}^2)=\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{T}_u^{}\mathrm{T}_u)\hfill \\ & =\lambda ^2d\mathrm{E}_\lambda \mathrm{V}^{}u_{\mathrm{tr}}^2=\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{VHHV}^{})=\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{T}_u\mathrm{T}_u^{}),\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`\mathrm{E}_\lambda `$ is the spectral measure of $`\mathrm{H}`$ and we have used the trace property of $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ and that $`\mathrm{E}_\lambda u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ is in the final space of $`\mathrm{V}`$.
2. If $`u`$ is cyclic there is an operator $`\mathrm{S}\eta _0`$, s.t. $`u𝒟(\mathrm{S})`$ and

$$\mathrm{S}u=u_{\mathrm{tr}}.$$

Now we have the following equality

$$\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}_uu_{\mathrm{tr}}=\mathrm{S}u=u_{\mathrm{tr}}(\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}_u\mathrm{I})u_{\mathrm{tr}}=0$$
(2.3)
Since $`_0`$ is finite $`\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}_u`$ is densely defined and closable and the closure $`\mathrm{ST}_u\eta _0`$ (cf.\[KR86, 8.7.60(iii)\]). Furthermore also $`\mathrm{ST}_u\mathrm{I}`$ is closable and its closure $`\mathrm{A}`$ is affiliated with $`_0`$. From this, (2.3) and Proposition 2.2 it follows $`\mathrm{A}=0`$ since $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ is separating, and therefore $`\mathrm{T}_u`$ is injective.

Suppose now $`\mathrm{T}_u`$ is injective, i.e. $`\mathrm{H}`$ and $`\mathrm{H}^1`$ are both affiliated with $`_0`$, where $`\mathrm{T}_u=\mathrm{VH}`$ is the polar decomposition of $`\mathrm{T}_u`$. Now \[cf. Proposition 2.4\]

$$[_0\mathrm{H}^1x][_0x]x𝒟(\mathrm{H}^1).$$

So we have the following chain

$$_0=[_0u_{\mathrm{tr}}]=[_0\mathrm{H}^1\mathrm{H}u_{\mathrm{tr}}][_0\mathrm{H}u_{\mathrm{tr}}]=[_0\mathrm{VH}u_{\mathrm{tr}}]_0,$$

since $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ is cyclic for $`_0`$ and $`\mathrm{V}`$ is a partial isometry with $`\mathrm{H}u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ in its initial space. This means that $`u=\mathrm{T}_uu_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ is cyclic for $`_0`$.
3. If $`u`$ is separating for $`_0`$ it is cyclic for the commutant $`_0^{^{}}`$, i.e.

$$_0=[_0^{^{}}u]=[_0^{^{}}\mathrm{T}_uu_{\mathrm{tr}}]=[\mathrm{T}_u_0^{^{}}u_{\mathrm{tr}}].$$

The last equality follows from Proposition 2.1. This shows that $`\mathrm{T}_u`$ has dense range.

Suppose now that $`\mathrm{T}_u`$ has dense range. Let $`\mathrm{A}_0`$ and $`\mathrm{A}u=0`$. This means $`\mathrm{A}(\mathrm{T}_uu_{\mathrm{tr}})=0`$. Since $`\mathrm{T}_u\eta _0`$ and $`_0`$ is finite we know that $`\mathrm{AT}_u\eta _0`$. And using Proposition 2.2 we derive $`\mathrm{A}\mathrm{T}_u=0_{𝒟(\mathrm{T}_\mathrm{u})}`$ and, since $`\mathrm{T}_u`$ has dense range and $`\mathrm{A}`$ is bounded, $`\mathrm{A}=0`$, s.t. $`u=\mathrm{T}_uu_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ is separating.
4. This follows from 1. and 2.

###### Remark 2.1.

1. The finite trace condition of Lemma 2.5 is not only necessary for an operator being the operator corresponding to a vector in the sense of Definition 2.1 but also sufficient, how the following short calculation shows: Let $`\mathrm{T}\eta _0`$ and $`\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{T}^{}\mathrm{T})<\mathrm{}`$, i.e.

$$\mathrm{}>\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{T}^{}\mathrm{T})=\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{H}^2)=\lambda ^2d\mathrm{E}_\lambda u_{\mathrm{tr}}^2,$$

where $`\mathrm{T}=\mathrm{VH}`$ is the polar decomposition of $`\mathrm{T}`$ and $`\mathrm{E}_\lambda `$ the spectral resolution of $`\mathrm{H}`$. This shows, that $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}𝒟(\mathrm{H})=𝒟(\mathrm{T})`$. Now $`u:=\mathrm{T}u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ and Corollary 2.3 shows that $`\mathrm{T}`$ is the unique operator associated with $`u`$ in the sense of Definition 2.1.
2. If $`L_2(_0,\mathrm{tr})`$ is the Hilbert space obtained from $`_0`$ by completion w.r.t. the trace norm, then the finite trace condition of Lemma 2.5 is equivalent to $`\mathrm{T}_uL_2(_0,\mathrm{tr})`$, i.e. $`\mathrm{T}_u`$ is a quadratic integrable operator affiliated with $`_0`$.

The results of this section can be subsumed in the next two theorems:

###### Theorem 2.6.

Let ($`_0,_0`$) be a finite von Neumann factor. Let further $`u_0`$. Then there is exactly one operator $`\mathrm{T}_u\eta _0`$ associated with the vector $`u`$ in the sense of Definition 2.1, having the following properties:

1. $`\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{T}_u\mathrm{T}_u^{})=\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{T}_u^{}\mathrm{T}_u)<\mathrm{}`$.
2. $`u`$ is cyclic, iff $`\mathrm{T}_u`$ is injective.
3. $`u`$ is separating, iff $`\mathrm{T}_u`$ has dense range.
4. $`u`$ is cyclic and separating iff $`\mathrm{T}_u`$ is injective and has dense range, i.e. iff $`\mathrm{T}_u`$ is invertible.

###### Proof.

The existence and the asserted properties follow from Lemma 2.5 and the uniqueness from Corollary 2.3. ∎

###### Theorem 2.7.

Let $`\mathrm{T}\eta _0`$. Then $`\mathrm{T}`$ is the operator corresponding to a vector $`u`$ in the sense of Definition 2.1 iff $`\mathrm{tr}\mathrm{TT}^{}=\mathrm{tr}\mathrm{T}^{}\mathrm{T}<\mathrm{}`$.

###### Proof.

The necessarity of the trace condition follows from Theorem 2.6 and the sufficiency from Remark 2.1. ∎

## 3 Generation of Modular Objects

In this section we show how the modular objects of a cyclic and separating vector $`u_0`$ for a semifinite von Neumann factor $`(_0,_0)`$ are related to the operator $`\mathrm{T}_{u_0}`$ constructed in the last section.

Here again $`_0`$ is a finite factor with cyclic trace vector $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ (cf.§2). Then a conjugation $`\mathrm{J}`$ is defined by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{J}:_0& _0\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{A}u_{\mathrm{tr}}& \mathrm{JA}u_{\mathrm{tr}}=\mathrm{A}^{}u_{\mathrm{tr}},\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.1)
s.t. $`\mathrm{A}\mathrm{JA}^{}\mathrm{J}`$ is an antiisomoprhism from $`_0`$ onto $`_0^{^{}}`$. Then we get the following

###### Theorem 3.1.

Let $`_0`$ be a finite von Neumann factor with cyclic and separating vector $`u_0_0`$ and cyclic trace vector $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}_0`$. Let further $`\mathrm{T}_{u_0}\eta _0`$ be the invertible operator corresponding to $`u_0`$ and $`\mathrm{T}_{u_0}=\mathrm{HV}=(\mathrm{T}_{u_0}\mathrm{T}_{u_0}^{})^{1/2}\mathrm{V}`$ the polar decomposition of $`\mathrm{T}_{u_0}`$. Then we can calculate the modular objects $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0)`$ of $`(_0,u_0)`$ as follows:

$$\mathrm{J}_0=\mathrm{JV}^{}\mathrm{JVJ}=\mathrm{VJV}^{},$$

where $`\mathrm{J}`$ is the conjugation defined in (3.1), and

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_0=\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{H}_0^1\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{H}_0,$$

where $`\mathrm{H}_0=\mathrm{H}^2=\mathrm{T}_{u_0}\mathrm{T}_{u_0}^{}`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`\mathrm{E}_n:=\mathrm{E}_{[1/n,n]}_0`$ be the spectral projections of $`\mathrm{H}`$ corresponding to the interval $`[1/n,n]`$. Then $`\mathrm{T}_n:=(\mathrm{HE}_n+(\mathrm{I}\mathrm{E}_n))\mathrm{V}`$ is in $`_0`$ with $`\mathrm{V}`$, $`\mathrm{HE}_n+(\mathrm{I}\mathrm{E}_n)`$ as the polar decomposition. According to \[KR86, 9.6.11\] $`u_n:=\mathrm{T}_nu_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ is a sequence of cyclic and separating vectors converging ($`\mathrm{T}_n`$ are invertible operators!) to $`u`$ with modular objects:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{J}_n& =\mathrm{JV}^{}\mathrm{JVJ}=\mathrm{VJV}^{}\text{ and }\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Delta }_n& =\mathrm{JV}^{}(\mathrm{HE}_n+(\mathrm{I}\mathrm{E}_n))^2\mathrm{VJ}(\mathrm{HE}_n+(\mathrm{I}\mathrm{E}_n))^2,\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`\mathrm{J}`$ is the conjugation corresponding to the trace vector $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$.

Now the modular conjugation of $`u_0=lim_n\mathrm{}u_n`$ is $`\mathrm{JV}^{}\mathrm{JVJ}=\mathrm{VJV}^{}`$ since all $`u_n`$ lie in the same natural (closed) cone. Further the modular groups $`\mathrm{\Delta }_n^{it}`$ corresponding to $`u_n`$ converge in the strong operator topology to the modular group $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0^{it}`$ corresponding to $`u_0`$ (cf. \[Str81, p.106\]). Since

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_n^{it}=\mathrm{JV}^{}(\mathrm{HE}_n+(\mathrm{I}\mathrm{E}_n))^{2it}\mathrm{VJ}(\mathrm{HE}_n+(\mathrm{I}\mathrm{E}_n))^{2it}$$

and operator multiplication is continuous on bounded sets w.r.t. the strong operator topology, we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{\Delta }_u^{it}& =so\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\mathrm{\Delta }_n^{it}\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{JV}^{}\mathrm{H}^{2it}\mathrm{VJH}^{2it}\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{VJV}^{}\mathrm{H}^{2it}\mathrm{VJV}^{}\mathrm{H}^{2it}\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{J}_u\mathrm{H}_0^{it}\mathrm{J}_u\mathrm{H}_0^{it}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Since $`\mathrm{J}_u\mathrm{H}_0^1\mathrm{J}_u`$ and $`\mathrm{H}_0`$ commute, $`\mathrm{J}_u\mathrm{H}_0^1\mathrm{J}_u\mathrm{H}_0`$ is closable (cf. \[KR83, 5.6.15\]) and the closure $`\mathrm{J}_u\mathrm{H}_0^1\mathrm{J}_u\mathrm{H}_0`$ is selfadjoint, s.t. $`\mathrm{\Delta }_u=\mathrm{J}_u\mathrm{H}_0^1\mathrm{J}_u\mathrm{H}_0`$. ∎

## 4 Two Simple Classes of Solutions of the Inverse Problem

In this section we want to use the results of the last two sections to examine two simple classes of solutions of the inverse problem. How Wollenberg showed in \[Wolb\] for arbitrary factors there is always a simple class of solutions:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill NF__0^1(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0,u_0):=\{& =\mathrm{U}_0\mathrm{U}^{};\mathrm{U}\text{ unitary,}\hfill \\ & \mathrm{U}u_0=\pm u_0,\mathrm{UJ}_0=\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{U},\mathrm{U}\mathrm{\Delta }_0=\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{U}\}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.1)
Here $`(_0,_0)`$ is a von Neumann factor acting on a Hilbert space $`_0`$ with a cyclic and separating vector $`u_0`$, and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$, $`\mathrm{J}_0`$ are the modular objects w.r.t. $`u_0`$. For the proof consider Proposition 1.1.

Further in \[Wolb\] was shown that, for finite type $`I`$ factors, $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_0^1,\mathrm{J}_0)`$ are also modular objects for a cyclic and separating vector $`u_1`$, and there is a unitary $`\mathrm{U}_1`$ s.t. $`\mathrm{U}_1`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{J}_0`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0^1=\mathrm{U}_1^{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{U}_1`$, and $`\mathrm{U}_1^{}u_j=u_j`$ ($`j=0,1`$). With this unitary a second simple class of solutions was constructed:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill NF__0^2(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0,u_0):=\{& =\mathrm{U}_0\mathrm{U}^{};\mathrm{U}=\mathrm{KU}_1,\mathrm{K}\text{ unitary,}\hfill \\ & \mathrm{K}^{}u_0=\pm u_1,\mathrm{KJ}_0=\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{K},\mathrm{K}\mathrm{\Delta }_0=\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{K}\}\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.2)
Also here Proposition 1.1 shows the assertion.

In the following we want to examine in the more general context of finite factors, whether or not $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0^1`$ is also a modular operator for a cyclic and separating vector, which then gives rise to a solution of the inverse problem according to Proposition 1.1. For this purpose let $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0=\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{H}_0^1\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{H}_0`$ be the decomposition of the modular operator $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$, where $`\mathrm{J}_0=\mathrm{JV}^{}\mathrm{JVJ}=\mathrm{VJV}^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{T}_{u_0}=\mathrm{H}_0^{1/2}\mathrm{V}`$ is the operator corresponding to $`u_0`$ (cf. Theorem 3.1). Then $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0^1=\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{H}_0\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{H}_0^1`$. For $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0^1`$ being modular operator for a cyclic and separating vector it is necessary and sufficient that $`\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{H}_0^1)<\mathrm{}`$, which is shown by the next

###### Lemma 4.1.

With the notations from above the following is equivalent:

1. ($`\mathrm{\Delta }_0^1,\mathrm{J}_0)`$ are the modular objects w.r.t. a cyclic and separating vector $`u_1_0`$.
2. $$\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{H}_0^1)<\mathrm{}.$$
(4.3)

###### Proof.

1. $``$”: Suppose that $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_0^1,\mathrm{J}_0)`$ are the modular objects corresponding to a cyclic and separating vector $`u_1`$. Since $`u_1`$ is cyclic and separating there exists a non-singular operator $`\mathrm{S}\eta _0`$ corresponding to $`u_1`$ s.t. $`\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{SS}^{})=\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{S}^{}\mathrm{S})<\mathrm{}`$ and

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_0^1=\mathrm{SS}^{}\mathrm{J}_0(\mathrm{SS}^{})^1\mathrm{J}_0$$

(cf. Theorem 2.6, Theorem 2.7, and Theorem 3.1). Since the decomposition of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0^1`$ is unique up to a positive constant (Proposition B.2) we have

$$\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{H}_0^1)=c\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{SS}^{})<\mathrm{}.$$
2. $``$”: Suppose that $`\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{H}_0^1)<\mathrm{}`$. Choosing the non-singular operator $`\mathrm{S}:=\mathrm{H}_0^{1/2}\mathrm{V}\eta _0`$ (according to Remark 2.1 and Proposition 2.1 $`\mathrm{S}`$ is densely defined and affiliated with $`_0`$) we have

$$\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{SS}^{})=\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{H}_0^1)<\mathrm{}$$

and

$$\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{S}^{}\mathrm{S})=\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{V}^{}\mathrm{H}_0^1\mathrm{V})=\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{H}_0^1)<\mathrm{}.$$

Hence there is a cyclic and separating vector $`u_1`$ corresponding to $`\mathrm{S}`$ s.t. $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_0^1,\mathrm{J}_0)`$ are the modular objects w.r.t. $`u_1`$ (cf. Theorem 2.7 and Theorem 3.1).

Now we must examine, when the second condition in Lemma 4.1 is fulfilled. For this purpose we must distinguish the types:

###### Lemma 4.2.

1. For type $`I_N`$ factors ($`N`$) the condition (4.3) is always satisfied.
2. For type $`II_1`$ factors the condition (4.3) is not always satisfied, but there are some vectors or operators, resp., s.t. the condition is fulfilled.

###### Proof.

1. Let $`_0`$ be a type $`I_N`$ factor ($`N`$), i.e. it is isomorphic to $`L()`$ with a finite dimensional $``$. Since $``$ is finite dimensional all linear operators are bounded and have finite trace, i.e. condition (4.3) is always satisfied.
2. cf. Example 4.1.

###### Example 4.1.

Let $`:=L_2(S,𝒮,m)`$ and $`𝒜:=L_{\mathrm{}}(S,𝒮,m)`$ be the multiplication algebra on $``$, where $`S=[0,1)`$, $`𝒮`$ the Borel sets in $`S`$, and $`m`$ the Lebesgue measure. Let further $`G`$ be the group of all rational translations, modulo 1, of $`S`$. Then the crossed product von Neumann algebra $``$ generated by $`𝒜`$ and $`G`$ is the hyperfinite factor of type $`II_1`$ (cf. \[KR86, Ex.8.6.12\]). Let $`\mathrm{M}=(\mathrm{U}(pq^1)\mathrm{A}(pq^1))_{p,qG}`$, where $`\mathrm{U}`$ is the unitary representation of $`G`$ on $``$, and $`\mathrm{A}(p)𝒜`$ for all $`pG`$, then

$$\mathrm{tr}\mathrm{M}:=f𝑑m$$

with $`fL_{\mathrm{}}`$ s.t. $`\mathrm{M}_f=\mathrm{A}(e)`$, is the trace on $``$. Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ be the canonical isomorphism from $`𝒜`$ into $``$ ($`\mathrm{\Phi }(f)=(\delta _{pq}\mathrm{M}_f)_{p,q}`$), then

$$\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{\Phi }(f)^{}\mathrm{\Phi }(f))<\mathrm{}\left|f\right|^2𝑑m<\mathrm{}.$$

Now let $`f_1:=x+1`$ and $`f_2:=x`$. Then $`f_1,f_2𝒜`$ and

$$_0^1(x+1)^2𝑑m(x)<\mathrm{}\text{ and }_0^1(x+1)^2𝑑m(x)<\mathrm{}$$

whereas

$$_0^1x^2𝑑m(x)<\mathrm{}\text{ and }_0^1x^2𝑑m(x)=\mathrm{}.$$

This shows that for $`\mathrm{\Phi }(f_1)`$ condition (4.3) is satisfied whereas for $`\mathrm{\Phi }(f_2)`$ not.

Since every type $`II_1`$ factor has a hyperfinite subfactor (cf. \[KR86, Ex.12.4.25\]) this example also shows the second assertion of Lemma 4.2 for all type $`II_1`$ factors.

###### Remark 4.1.

In Example 4.1 we can observe that the spectral measure of $`\mathrm{\Phi }(f)`$ is

$$\mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{\Phi }(f)}(B)=(\mathrm{M}_{f^1(B)}\delta _{pq})_{p,q}.$$

This shows that $`\mathrm{\Phi }(f)`$ has the same spectrum as $`f`$, i.e. all types of spectral points can appear for the positive operator $`\mathrm{H}_0`$ generating the modular operator - in contrast to the type $`I`$ case, where we have, also for $`I_{\mathrm{}}`$, only point spectrum (and $`0`$ as continuous spectrum), since there $`\mathrm{H}_0`$ is always a trace class operator.

Suppose in the following that one (and hence all) of the conditions of Lemma 4.1 is true. According to Remark 2.1 then for $`\mathrm{S}:=\mathrm{H}_0^{1/2}\mathrm{V}`$ with $`\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{S}^{}\mathrm{S})=\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{H}_0^1)<\mathrm{}`$ (for the definition of $`\mathrm{S}`$ see the proof of Lemma 4.1) $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}𝒟(\mathrm{S})`$, and $`u_1:=\mathrm{H}_0^{1/2}\mathrm{V}u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ is a cyclic and separating vector with $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_0^1,\mathrm{J}_0)`$ as modular objects. Notice further that in this case $`\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{H}_0^{1/2})<\mathrm{}`$ also is equivalent to $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}𝒟(\mathrm{H}_0^{1/2})`$. Then we can construct with the help of Lemma A.1 a conjugation $`\mathrm{I}`$, s.t. $`\mathrm{I}`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ and $`\mathrm{J}_0`$, and $`\mathrm{I}u_i=u_i`$ ($`i=0,1`$). Setting $`\mathrm{U}_1:=\mathrm{IJ}_0`$ we get unitary commuting with $`\mathrm{J}_0`$, $`\mathrm{U}_1u_i=u_1`$, and

$$\mathrm{U}_1^{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{U}_1=\mathrm{\Delta }_0^1.$$

Now we can define the following class of von Neumann factors solving the inverse problem (cf. (4.2)):

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill NF__0^2(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0,u_0):=\{& =\mathrm{U}_0\mathrm{U}^{};\mathrm{U}=\mathrm{KU}_1,\mathrm{K}\text{ unitary,}\hfill \\ & \mathrm{K}^{}u_0=\pm u_1,\mathrm{KJ}_0=\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{K},\mathrm{K}\mathrm{\Delta }_0=\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{K}\}\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.4)
and state the following

###### Lemma 4.3.

Let $`_0`$ be a finite von Neumann factor, $`u_0=\mathrm{H}_0^{1/2}\mathrm{V}u_{\mathrm{tr}}`$ a cyclic and separating vector for $`_0`$, s.t. $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}𝒟(\mathrm{H}_0^{1/2})`$, or, equivalently, $`u_{\mathrm{tr}}𝒟(\mathrm{H}_0^{1/2}\mathrm{V})`$. Then

$$NF__0^2(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0,u_0)NF__0(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0,u_0)$$

The proof is the same as for type I factors (s. \[Wolb\]). Also in this case we can show the next lemma and its corollary analogous to Prop. 3.4 and Prop. 3.5 in \[Wolb\].

###### Lemma 4.4.

Let $`=\mathrm{U}_0\mathrm{U}^{}NF__0(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0,u_0)`$, where $`\mathrm{U}`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{J}_0`$. Let further $`(\mathrm{\Delta }:=\mathrm{U}^{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{U},\mathrm{J}_0)`$ be the modular objects for $`(_0,\mathrm{U}^{}u_0)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0=\mathrm{H}_0\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{H}_0^1\mathrm{J}_0`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }=\mathrm{HJ}_0\mathrm{H}^1\mathrm{J}_0`$ with $`\mathrm{H}_0,\mathrm{H}\eta _0`$. Then

1. $`NF__0^1`$ iff there exists a unitary $`\mathrm{W}_1L()`$, s.t. $`\mathrm{H}_0=c\mathrm{W}_1\mathrm{HW}_1^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{ad}\mathrm{W}_1\mathrm{aut}_0`$ and $`\mathrm{W}_1`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{J}_0`$.
2. $`NF__0^2`$ iff there exists a unitary $`\mathrm{W}_2L()`$, s.t. $`\mathrm{H}_0=c\mathrm{W}_2\mathrm{H}^1\mathrm{W}_2^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{ad}\mathrm{W}_2\mathrm{aut}_0`$ and $`\mathrm{W}_2`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{J}_0`$.

###### Proof.

1. $``$”: Let $`=\mathrm{U}_0\mathrm{U}^{}NF__0^1`$. Then there exists a unitary $`\mathrm{V}L()`$ which commutes with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ and $`\mathrm{J}_0`$, s.t. $`=\mathrm{V}_0\mathrm{V}^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{V}^{}u_0=\pm u_0`$. Setting $`\mathrm{W}_1:=\mathrm{V}^{}\mathrm{U}`$ we have $`\mathrm{ad}\mathrm{W}_1\mathrm{aut}_0`$ and $`\mathrm{W}_1`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{J}_0`$ (since $`\mathrm{U}`$ and $`\mathrm{V}`$ do). Then we can calculate

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{W}_1\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{W}_1^{}& =\mathrm{V}^{}\mathrm{UU}^{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{UU}^{}\mathrm{V}\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{V}^{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{V}\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{\Delta }_0=\mathrm{H}_0\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{H}_0^1\mathrm{J}_0\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.5)
Since $`\mathrm{W}_1`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{J}_0`$ we have

$$\mathrm{W}_1\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{W}_1^{}=(\mathrm{W}_1\mathrm{HW}_1^{})(\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{W}_1\mathrm{H}^1\mathrm{W}_1^{}\mathrm{J}_0).$$

With this, (4.5), and Lemma 4.1 follows

$$\mathrm{H}_0=c\mathrm{W}_1\mathrm{HW}_1^{}.$$

$``$”: We can assume w.l.o.g. that

$$\mathrm{H}_0=\mathrm{W}_1\mathrm{HW}_1^{},$$

where $`\mathrm{W}_1L(_0)`$ unitary and $`\mathrm{ad}\mathrm{W}_1\mathrm{aut}_0`$ and $`\mathrm{W}_1`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{J}_0`$. Then

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{W}_1^{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{W}_1& =\mathrm{W}_1^{}\mathrm{H}_0\mathrm{W}_1\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{W}_1^{}\mathrm{H}_0^1\mathrm{W}_1\mathrm{J}_0\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{HJ}_0\mathrm{H}^1\mathrm{J}_0=\mathrm{\Delta }.\hfill \end{array}$$

Since $`\mathrm{\Delta }=\mathrm{U}^{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{U}`$, we define $`\mathrm{K}:=\mathrm{UW}_1^{}`$, s.t. $`\mathrm{K}`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ and $`\mathrm{J}_0`$. Further $`u_0`$ is cyclic and separating for $`=\mathrm{K}_0\mathrm{K}^{}=\mathrm{U}_0\mathrm{U}^{}`$ and $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0)`$ are the modular objects for $`(_0,u_0)`$. This means that $`(\mathrm{K}^{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{K}=\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{K}^{}\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{K}=\mathrm{J}_0)`$ are the modular objects for $`(_0,\mathrm{K}^{}u_0)`$. But $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0)`$ are the modular objects for $`(_0,u_0)`$, too. From this follows, that $`\mathrm{K}^{}u_0=\pm u_0`$, and $`NF__0^1`$.
2. Analogous to part 1, cf. \[Wolb, Prop. 3.5\].

###### Corollary 4.5.

Let $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0=\mathrm{H}_0\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{H}_0^1\mathrm{J}_0`$ the canonical decomposition of the modular operator $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$. Suppose

$$NF__0^1(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0,u_0)NF__0^2(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0,u_0).$$

Then $`\mathrm{H}_0=c\mathrm{VH}_0^1\mathrm{V}^{}`$, where $`\mathrm{V}`$ is a unitary in $`_0`$, $`\mathrm{ad}\mathrm{V}\mathrm{aut}_0`$, $`c>0`$ and $`\mathrm{V}`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{J}_0`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`\mathrm{U}`$ be a unitary, s.t. $`=\mathrm{U}_0\mathrm{U}^{}`$ and

$$\mathrm{\Delta }:=\mathrm{U}^{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{U}=\mathrm{HJ}_0\mathrm{H}^1\mathrm{J}_0,$$

where $`\mathrm{H}\eta _0`$. Then from Lemma 4.4 follows

$$\mathrm{H}_0=c_1\mathrm{W}_1\mathrm{HW}_1^{}\text{ and}$$

$$\mathrm{H}_0=c_2\mathrm{W}_2\mathrm{H}^1\mathrm{W}_2^{}.$$

This shows

$$\mathrm{H}_0=c_1c_2^1\mathrm{W}_1\mathrm{W}_2^{}\mathrm{H}_0^1\mathrm{W}_2\mathrm{W}_1^{}.$$

###### Remark 4.2.

In the case of type $`I`$ factors Wollenberg showed in \[Wolb\] that there is a special class of modular operators with so called generic spectrum s.t. $`NF__0^1`$ and $`NF__0^2`$ are the only classes of solutions of the inverse problem. As it will be shown in the next chapter, for modular operators generated by operators with pure point spectrum not being the identity operator, in the type $`II`$ case there are always more classes.

## 5 The Classification of Solutions in the Pure Point Spectrum Case

If the non-singular, positive operator $`\mathrm{H}_0`$ which generates the modular operator $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0=\mathrm{H}_0\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{H}_0^1\mathrm{J}_0`$ has pure point spectrum (and then $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ have it, too), we can give a complete classification of solutions of the inverse problem in terms of the spectrum of $`\mathrm{H}_0`$. For this purpose we define the following equivalence relation in the set of solutions of the inverse problem:

###### Definition 5.1.

Two semifinite von Neumann factors $`,𝒩NF__0(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0,u_0)`$ are called equivalent, $`𝒩`$, if $`NF_𝒩^1(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0,u_0)`$, i.e. if there exists a unitary operator $`\mathrm{U}`$ on $`_0`$, s.t. $`=\mathrm{U}𝒩\mathrm{U}^{}`$, $`\mathrm{U}`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ and $`\mathrm{J}_0`$ and $`\mathrm{U}^{}u_0=\pm u_0`$ (For the definition of the class $`NF_𝒩^1(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0,u_0)`$ see (4.1)).

###### Proof.

The relation defined in Definition 5.1 is an equivalence relation, since it is reflexive (choose $`\mathrm{U}=\mathrm{Id}`$), symmetric ($`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{U}}=\mathrm{U}^{}`$) and transitive: Let $`𝒩`$ and $`𝒩`$; this means hat $`=\mathrm{U}𝒩\mathrm{U}^{}`$ and $`𝒩=\mathrm{V}\mathrm{V}^{}`$, where $`\mathrm{U}`$ and $`\mathrm{V}`$ are unitaries with the properties described above. Then with $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{U}}:=\mathrm{UV}`$ we have $`=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{U}}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{U}}^{}`$ and also $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{U}}`$ have the right properties, s.t. $``$. ∎

###### Remark 5.1.

1. It is trivial from the definition of the equivalence relation that the first simple class $`NF__0^1(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0,u_0)`$ of solutions of the inverse problem is an equivalence class w.r.t. this equivalence relation.
2. Also the second simple class from §4 is an equivalence class w.r.t. $``$.

###### Proof.

Let $`M_iNF__0^2(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0,u_0)`$ $`(i=1,2)`$ be two members of this class. Then there exist unitaries $`\mathrm{K}_i`$, s.t. $`\mathrm{K}_i^{}u_0=\pm u_1`$, $`\mathrm{K}_i`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{J}_0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$, and $`_i=\mathrm{K}_i\mathrm{U}_1_0\mathrm{U}_1^{}\mathrm{K}_i^{}`$ (cf. (4.4)). Now define

$$\mathrm{W}:=\mathrm{K}_1\mathrm{U}_1\mathrm{U}_1^{}\mathrm{K}_2^{}=\mathrm{K}_1\mathrm{K}_2^{}.$$

Then $`_1=\mathrm{W}_2\mathrm{W}^{}`$ and

$$\mathrm{W}\mathrm{\Delta }_0=\mathrm{K}_1\mathrm{K}_2^{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0=\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{K}_1\mathrm{K}_2^{}=\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{W}$$

$$\mathrm{WJ}_0=\mathrm{K}_1\mathrm{K}_2^{}\mathrm{J}_0=\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{K}_1\mathrm{K}_2^{}=\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{W}$$

$$\mathrm{W}^{}u_0=\mathrm{K}_2\mathrm{K}_1^{}u_0=\pm \mathrm{K}_2u_1=\pm u_0,$$

s.t. the conditions of Definition 5.1 are fulfilled and $`_1_2`$. ∎

Let now $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0)`$ be the modular objects of $`(_0,u_0`$), where $`\mathrm{T}_{u_0}=\mathrm{H}_0^{1/2}\mathrm{V}`$ is the non-singular operator corresponding to the cyclic and separating vector $`u_0_0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0:=\mathrm{H}_0\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{H}_0\mathrm{J}_0`$ ($`(_0,_0)`$ is a finite von Neumann factor). If a factor $``$ is a solution of the inverse Problem, $`NF__0(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0,u_0)`$, then there is, according to Proposition 1.1, a unitary $`\mathrm{U}`$, s.t. $`(\mathrm{\Delta }:=\mathrm{U}^{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{U},\mathrm{J}_0)`$ are the modular objects for $`(_0,u:=\mathrm{U}^{}u_0)`$. According to Theorem 3.1 there is a positive non-singular operator $`\mathrm{H}\eta _0`$, s.t. $`\mathrm{\Delta }=\mathrm{HJ}_0\mathrm{H}^1\mathrm{J}_0`$. Theorem 2.6 shows $`\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{H})<\mathrm{}`$, whence we can assume w.l.o.g.

$$\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{H})=1.$$
(5.1)
What does the equivalence relation defined in Definition 5.1 mean for these operators $`\mathrm{H}`$? This question is answered by the next

###### Lemma 5.1.

Let $`_1,_2NF__0(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0,u_0)`$ be two solutions of the inverse problem, and $`\mathrm{H}_i\eta _0`$ ($`i=1,2`$) the corresponding positive operators. Then the following is equivalent:

1. $`_1_2`$
2. There is a unitarily implemented automorphism $`\alpha =\mathrm{ad}W`$, $`\mathrm{W}𝒰(_0)`$, of $`_0`$, s.t. $`\alpha (\mathrm{H}_1)=\mathrm{H}_2`$, i.e. $`\mathrm{WH}_1\mathrm{W}^{}=\mathrm{H}_2`$.

The operator $`\mathrm{W}`$ can be chosen in such a way that it commutes with $`\mathrm{J}_0`$.

###### Proof.

Since $`_1`$ and $`_2`$ are solutions of the inverse problem, there are two unitary operators $`\mathrm{U}_1`$ and $`\mathrm{U}_2`$ both commuting with $`\mathrm{J}_0`$, s.t. $`_i=\mathrm{U}_i_0\mathrm{U}_i^{}`$, $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_i:=\mathrm{U}_i^{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{U}_i=:\mathrm{H}_i\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{H}_i^1\mathrm{J}_0,\mathrm{J}_0)`$ are the modular objects for $`(_0,u_i:=\mathrm{U}_i^{}u_0)`$ ($`i=1,2`$).

1. Let $`_1_2`$. Then there is a unitary $`\mathrm{V}`$ commuting with $`\mathrm{J}_0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$, s.t. $`_1=\mathrm{V}_2\mathrm{V}^{}`$. Setting $`\mathrm{W}:=\mathrm{U}_1^{}\mathrm{VU}_2`$ an easy calculation gives $`\mathrm{ad}W\mathrm{aut}(_0)`$ and $`\mathrm{W}`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{J}_0`$. Also we can calculate

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill (\mathrm{WH}_2\mathrm{W}^{})(\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{WH}_2^1\mathrm{W}^{}\mathrm{J}_0)& =\mathrm{U}_1^{}\mathrm{V}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{VU}_1\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{H}_1\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{H}_1^1\mathrm{J}_0.\hfill \end{array}$$

Proposition B.2 now shows that $`\mathrm{WH}_2\mathrm{W}^{}=\mathrm{H}_1`$ (note our normalization condition (5.1)).
2. Suppose now $`\alpha \mathrm{aut}(_0)`$. Since $`_0`$ possesses a cyclic and separating vector there is a unitary $`\mathrm{W}`$, s.t. $`\alpha =\mathrm{ad}\mathrm{W}`$. Further $`(\mathrm{W}_0\mathrm{W}^{}=_0,\mathrm{W}u_1)`$ has modular objects $`(\mathrm{W}\mathrm{\Delta }_1\mathrm{W}^{},\mathrm{WJ}_0\mathrm{W}^{})`$. Now there is a cyclic and separating vector $`v`$ in the natural cone of $`u_0`$ and a unitary $`\mathrm{U}^{^{}}𝒰(_0^{^{}})`$, s.t. $`\mathrm{W}u_1=\mathrm{U}^{^{}}v`$, and $`(_0,v)=(_0,\mathrm{U}_{}^{^{}}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{W}u_1)`$ has modular objects $`(\mathrm{W}\mathrm{\Delta }_1\mathrm{W}^{},\mathrm{J}_0)=(\mathrm{W}\mathrm{\Delta }_1\mathrm{W}^{},\mathrm{U}_{}^{^{}}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{WJ}_0\mathrm{W}^{}\mathrm{U}^{^{}})`$, i.e. $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{W}}:=\mathrm{U}_{}^{^{}}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{W}`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{J}_0`$ and, since $`\mathrm{U}^{^{}}_0^{^{}}`$, $`\mathrm{ad}\mathrm{W}=\mathrm{ad}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{W}}`$. Now define $`\mathrm{U}:=\mathrm{U}_1\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{W}}^{}\mathrm{U}_2^{}`$. Then $`\mathrm{U}`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{J}_0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$, for:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{U}^{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{U}& =\mathrm{U}_2\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{W}}\mathrm{U}_1^{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{U}_1\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{W}}^{}\mathrm{U}_2^{}\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{U}_2\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{W}}\mathrm{H}_1\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{H}_1^1\mathrm{J}_0\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{W}}^{}\mathrm{U}_2^{}\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{U}_2\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{H}_2^1\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{U}_2^{}\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{\Delta }_0.\hfill \end{array}$$

Also $`\mathrm{U}_2\mathrm{U}^{}=_1`$, and, since $`(_0,u_1)`$ has modular objects $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_1,\mathrm{J}_0)`$, $`(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{W}}_0\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{W}}^{}=_0,\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{W}}u_1)`$ has modular objects $`(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{W}}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{W}}^{}\mathrm{U}^{^{}}=\mathrm{\Delta }_2,\mathrm{J}_0)`$. Now, since the cyclic and separating vector is (up to the sign) uniquely determined by the modular objects (s. \[Wolb, ch.2.(i)\]), $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{W}}u_1=\pm u_2`$, i.e. $`\mathrm{U}^{}u_0=\pm \mathrm{U}_2u_2=\pm u_0`$, and $`\mathrm{U}`$ is the unitary required by Definition 5.1.

The last lemma says that for classifying the equivalence classes of $``$ we must search for a complete set of invariants of selfadjoint operators under automorphisms. In general such a set is not known. But if we have an operator with pure point spectrum, we can give such a set. Thus assume in the following that $`\mathrm{H}_0`$ has pure point spectrum, i.e. $`\mathrm{H}_0=_{kK}\mu _k\mathrm{E}_k`$ where the $`\mu _k`$ ($`kK`$) are the eigenvalues of $`\mathrm{H}_0`$ and $`\mathrm{E}_k_0`$ are the corresponding (orthogonal) eigenprojections with $`m_k:=\mathrm{tr}\mathrm{E}_k=:D__0(\mathrm{E}_k)`$ their von Neumann dimension (cf. \[KR86, 8.4\] for the notion of dimension in von Neumann factors).

Now we have for $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ the following decomposition

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{\Delta }_0& =\mathrm{H}_0\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{H}_0^1\mathrm{J}_0\hfill \\ & =\underset{k,lK}{}\mu _k\mu _l^1\mathrm{E}_k\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{E}_l\mathrm{J}_0\hfill \\ & =\underset{jJ}{}\lambda _j\mathrm{F}_j,\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.2)
where the $`\lambda _j`$ ($`jJ`$) are the eigenvalues of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$, which are invariant under unitary transformations $`\mathrm{U}L(_0)`$, and $`\mathrm{F}_j`$ are the corresponding eigenprojections. Now we can formulate the following

###### Lemma 5.2.

With the notations introduced above we can compute the spectrum of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ in the following way:

$$\{\lambda _j|jJ\}=\{\mu _k\mu _l^1|k,lK\}jJ$$
(5.3)
and

$$n_j=\underset{\mu _k\mu _l^1=\lambda _j}{}m_km_ljJ\text{ if }_0\text{ is type }I\text{,}$$
(5.4a)
$$n_j=\mathrm{}jJ\text{ if }_0\text{ is type }II\text{,}$$
(5.4b)
where $`n_j:=D_{L(_0)}(\mathrm{F}_j)`$ with $`D_{L(_0)}(\mathrm{F}_j)`$ the dimension function in the type $`I_{\mathrm{}}`$ factor $`L(_0)`$, which corresponds to the normalized Hilbert space dimension.

For the proof we need the following

###### Proposition 5.3.

Let $`\mathrm{E}𝒫()`$ and $`\mathrm{F}𝒫(^{^{}})`$ be two projections, where $`𝒫()`$ and $`𝒫(^{^{}})`$ are the sets of projections in a non type $`I`$ von Neumann factor ($`,)`$ and its commutant, resp. Then the product $`\mathrm{EF}L(H)`$ has infinite Hilbert space dimension, i.e. $`D(\mathrm{EF})=\mathrm{}`$.

###### Proof.

Since $``$ and $`^{^{}}`$ has no non-zero Abelian projection there exist for every $`N`$ orthogonal families $`(\mathrm{E}_n^{(N)})_{1nN}`$ and $`(\mathrm{F}_n^{(N)})_{1nN}^{^{}}`$ of non-zero projections, s.t.

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{}}\mathrm{E}_n^{(N)}=\mathrm{E}$$

and
$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{}}\mathrm{F}_n^{(N)}=\mathrm{F}$$

(cf. \[KR86, Lemma 6.5.6\]). Now

$$\mathrm{EF}=\underset{n,m=1}{\overset{N}{}}\mathrm{E}_n^{(N)}\mathrm{F}_m^{(N)},$$

where the projections $`\mathrm{E}_n^{(N)}\mathrm{F}_m^{(N)}`$ are pairwise orthogonal projections, since $`\mathrm{E}_n^{(N)}`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{F}_m^{(N)}`$, they are not $`0`$, since $``$ is a factor (cf. \[KR83, prop.5.5.3\]), the latter means that they have at least Hilbert space dimension $`1`$. This means that the dimension of $`\mathrm{EF}`$ is at least $`N^2`$ and, since $`N`$ was arbitrary, infinite. ∎

###### Proof of Lemma 5.2.

The first assertion follows directly from (5.2) and the fact, that

$$\mathrm{F}_j=\underset{\mu _k\mu _l^1=\lambda _j}{}\mathrm{E}_k\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{E}_l\mathrm{J}_00,$$

since $`_0`$ is a factor (cf. \[KR83, prop.5.5.3\]). The second assertion follows from $`L(_0)=_0_0^{^{}}`$ and $`\mathrm{tr}_{L(_0)}=\mathrm{tr}__0\mathrm{tr}_{M_0^{^{}}}`$ in the type $`I`$ case and from Proposition 5.3 in the type $`II`$ case. ∎

The next proposition shows that the eigenvalues and multiplicities characterize a given operator with pure point spectrum in a von Neumann factor uniquely up to unitary equivalence in the von Neumann factor.

###### Proposition 5.4.

Let $`\mathrm{H},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{H}}\eta _0`$ be two selfadjoint operators with pure point spectrum affiliated with a semifinite von Neumann factor $`_0`$ which have the same eigenvalues and von Neumann multiplicities w.r.t. $`_0`$. Then there is a unitary $`\mathrm{W}_0`$ s.t. $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{H}}=\mathrm{WHW}^{}`$.

###### Proof.

Since $`\mathrm{H},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{H}}\eta _0`$ are two selfadjoint operators having the same eigenvalues $`\mu _k`$ ($`kK`$) we can write

$$\mathrm{H}=\underset{kK}{}\mu _k\mathrm{E}_k$$

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{H}}=\underset{kK}{}\mu _k\mathrm{F}_k$$

where $`\mathrm{E}_k,\mathrm{F}_k_0`$ are the corresponding (orthogonal) eigenprojections (and $`_{kK}\mathrm{E}_k=_{kK}\mathrm{F}_k=\mathrm{Id}`$) and the convergence is understood in the so-topology. Since $`\mathrm{H}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{H}}`$ have the same multiplicities we have $`D__0(\mathrm{E}_k)=D__0(\mathrm{F}_k)`$ ($`kK`$), where $`D`$ is the unique dimension function on $`_0`$. This means that there are partial isometries $`\mathrm{W}_k`$, s.t. $`\mathrm{W}_k^{}\mathrm{W}_k=\mathrm{E}_k`$ and $`\mathrm{W}_k\mathrm{W}_k^{}=\mathrm{F}_k`$ (cf. \[KR86, Th.8.4.3\]). Setting $`\mathrm{W}:=so_{kK}\mathrm{W}_k`$ we get a unitary in $`_0`$, s.t. $`\mathrm{WE}_k\mathrm{W}^{}=\mathrm{F}_k`$ ($`kK`$) and $`\mathrm{WHW}^{}=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{H}}`$. ∎

Now we can show the following

###### Lemma 5.5.

If there are two solutions of the inverse problem $`_1`$, $`_2`$ s.t. the corresponding selfadjoint operators $`\mathrm{H}_1`$ and $`\mathrm{H}_2`$ have the same eigenvalues modulo a positive constant $`c>0`$ and same (von Neumann) multiplicities, then $`_1_2`$.

###### Proof.

According to Lemma 5.1 we have to show that there is an automorphism $`\alpha =\mathrm{ad}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{aut}(_0)`$ s.t. $`\mathrm{H}_2=\mathrm{WH}_1\mathrm{W}^{}`$. But for $`\mathrm{W}`$ we can chose the operator existing according to Proposition 5.4. ∎

The converse shows the next

###### Lemma 5.6.

If there are two equivalent solutions $`_1`$, $`_2`$ of the inverse problem with the corresponding positive operators $`\mathrm{H}_1`$ and $`\mathrm{H}_2`$, resp., (having pure point spectrum) then $`\mathrm{H}_1`$ and $`\mathrm{H}_2`$ have the same eigenvalues (up to a positive constant) and von Neumann multiplicities, i.e. there are unitarily equivalent in $`_0`$.

###### Proof.

According to Lemma 5.1 there is an automorphism $`\alpha =\mathrm{ad}\mathrm{W}`$ of $`_0`$, s.t. $`\mathrm{H}_2=\mathrm{WH}_1\mathrm{W}^{}`$. Now the spectrum of an operator is invariant under automorphisms, and Lemma B.1 shows that also the von Neumann multiplicities are invariant under automorphisms, i.e. $`\mathrm{H}_1`$ and $`\mathrm{H}_2`$ have the same eigenvalues and von Neumann multiplicities, and the unitary equivalence follows from Proposition 5.4. ∎

The last two lemmas showed that the eigenvalues and multiplicities are actually the wished complete set of invariants under automorphisms for selfadjoint operators having pure point spectrum, i.e. the equivalence classes defined by the equivalence relation of Definition 5.1 can be characterized by them.

The only gap left to fill now is the question whether a given decomposition of the spectrum of the modular operator $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ in the sense of (5.3) and (5.4) gives rise to a corresponding solution of the inverse problem. This question is answered by the next

###### Lemma 5.7.

Let $`(\mu _k,m_k)_{kK}`$ be a sequence of pairs of positive reals $`\mu _k>0`$ and $`m_k>0`$, s.t.

$$m_k=l\frac{1}{N}l=1,\mathrm{},N\text{ if }_0\text{ is type }I_N\text{ (}N\text{)},$$
(5.5a)
$$m_k(0,1]\text{ if }_0\text{ is type }II_1,$$
(5.5b)
and
$$\underset{kK}{}m_k=1$$
(5.5c)
and
$$\underset{kK}{}m_k\mu _k=1$$
(5.5d)
and the relations (5.3) and (5.4) are fulfilled. Then there exists a solution $`=\mathrm{U}_0\mathrm{U}^{}NF__0(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0,u_0)`$, s.t. $`\mathrm{U}^{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{U}=\mathrm{HJ}_0\mathrm{H}^1\mathrm{J}_0`$ and $`\mathrm{H}`$ has the eigenvalues and multiplicities $`(\mu _k,m_k)_{kK}`$ (cf. \[Wolb, prop.4.1\]).

For the proof we need the following auxiliary results:

###### Proposition 5.8.

If $`(m_k)`$ is countable family of positive reals with $`m_k=1`$, then there exists in a type $`II_1`$ von Neumann factor $``$ a family of pairwise orthogonal projections $`(\mathrm{E}_k)`$, s.t. $`D(\mathrm{E}_k)=m_k`$ for every $`k`$.

###### Proof.

We construct the $`\mathrm{E}_k`$ inductively: Since the range of $`D_{}`$ is all of $`[0,1]`$, if $``$ is finite, and $`_0`$, if $``$ is infinite (cf. \[KR86, 8.4.4\]) there is a projection in $``$, s.t. $`D(\mathrm{E}_1)=m_1`$.

Suppose now that for $`N`$ the $`\mathrm{E}_k`$ are pairwise orthogonal with $`D__0(\mathrm{E}_k)=m_k`$ ($`1k<N`$). Setting $`\mathrm{F}_N:=\mathrm{Id}_{k=1}^N\mathrm{E}_k`$ the restricted algebra $`\mathrm{F}_N\mathrm{F}_N`$ is again a type $`II_1`$ factor (cf. \[KR86, Ex. 6.9.16\]) with the dimension function

$$D_N(\mathrm{F}_n\mathrm{EF}_N):=D__0(\mathrm{F}_n\mathrm{EF}_N)/D(\mathrm{F}_N)\mathrm{F}_n\mathrm{EF}_N\mathrm{F}_N\mathrm{F}_N,$$

where

$$D__0(\mathrm{F}_N)=D__0(\mathrm{Id}\underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}\mathrm{E}_k)=1\underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}D__0(\mathrm{E}_k)m_N.$$

With the same argument as above there is again a projection $`\mathrm{E}_N\mathrm{F}_N\mathrm{F}_N`$, s.t. $`D_N(\mathrm{E}_N)=D(\mathrm{F}_N)^1m_N1`$. Then $`D__0(\mathrm{E}_N)`$ and $`\mathrm{E}_N<\mathrm{F}_N\mathrm{E}_k`$ ($`1k<N`$). ∎

###### Proposition 5.9.

Let $`\mathrm{H},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{H}}`$ be two selfadjoint operators with pure point spectrum on a Hilbert space $`_0`$ which have the same eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenspaces have the same dimension. If there is a conjugation $`\mathrm{J}_0`$ s.t. $`\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{HJ}_0=\mathrm{H}^1`$ and $`\mathrm{J}_0\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{H}}\mathrm{J}_0=(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{H}})^1`$ then there is a unitary $`\mathrm{W}U(_0)`$ such that $`\mathrm{W}`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{J}_0`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{H}}=\mathrm{WHW}^{}`$.

###### Proof.

Since $`\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{HJ}_0=\mathrm{H}^1`$ and $`\mathrm{J}_0(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{H}})\mathrm{J}_0=(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{H}})^1`$ we can arrange the eigenvalues $`\mu _k`$ s.t. $`\mu _k=\mu _k^1`$ and $`\mathrm{E}_k=\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{E}_k\mathrm{J}_0`$ and $`\mathrm{F}_k=\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{F}_k\mathrm{J}_0`$. Now chose the $`\mathrm{W}_k`$ for $`k>=0`$ as in the proof of Proposition 5.4 and set $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{W}}_k:=\mathrm{W}_k`$ for $`k>0`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{W}}_k:=\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{W}_k\mathrm{J}_0`$ for $`k<0`$, and $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{W}}_0:=\mathrm{W}_0+\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{W}_0\mathrm{J}_0`$ s.t.

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{W}}_k^{}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{W}}_k=\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{W}_k^{}\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{W}_k\mathrm{J}_0=\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{E}_k\mathrm{J}_0=\mathrm{E}_k$$

and
$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{W}}_k\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{W}}_k^{}=\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{W}_k\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{W}_k^{}\mathrm{J}_0=\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{F}_k\mathrm{J}_0=\mathrm{F}_k.$$

Then $`\mathrm{W}:=so_{kK}\mathrm{W}_kU(_0)`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{J}_0`$ and have the stated properties. ∎

###### Proof of Lemma 5.7.

Let $`\mathrm{E}_k_0`$ ($`kK`$) a family of orthogonal projections in $`_0`$ with $`D__0(\mathrm{E}_k)=\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{E}_k)=m_k`$ and $`_{kK}\mathrm{E}_k=\mathrm{Id}`$ (such a family exists according to Proposition 5.8). Then we define $`\mathrm{H}:=_{kK}\mu _k\mathrm{E}_k`$ which is a non-singular positive selfadjoint operator affiliated with $`_0`$, has eigenvalues $`\mu _k`$ and

$$\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{H})=\mu _k\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{E}_k)=\mu _km_k=1<\mathrm{}.$$

Then $`(\mathrm{\Delta }:=\mathrm{HJ}_0\mathrm{H}^1\mathrm{J}_0,\mathrm{J}_0)`$ are the modular objects corresponding to $`(_0,u)`$, where $`u_0`$ is the cyclic and separating vector corresponding to to non-singular operator $`\mathrm{T}_u:=\mathrm{H}^{1/2}\mathrm{V}`$ ($`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ is the modular operator corresponding to $`\mathrm{T}_{u_0}=\mathrm{H}_0^{1/2}\mathrm{V}`$), and $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ has the same eigenvalues and multiplicities like $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ (see the proof of Lemma 5.2). This means that they have the same unitary invariants in the type $`I_{\mathrm{}}`$ von Neumann factor $`L(_0)`$

According to Proposition 5.9 there is a unitary $`\mathrm{W}U(_0)`$ s.t. $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0:=\mathrm{W}\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{W}^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{W}`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{J}_0`$ (Since $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ both are modular objects with modular conjugation $`\mathrm{J}_0`$ we have $`\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{J}_0=\mathrm{\Delta }_0^1`$ and $`\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{J}_0=\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$).

Now we are in exactly the same situation as in the proof of \[Wolb, prop.4.1\] and can show like there that there is also a unitary $`\mathrm{U}`$ s.t. $`\mathrm{U}`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{J}_0`$, $`\mathrm{U}^{}\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{U}=\mathrm{\Delta }`$, and $`\mathrm{U}^{}u_0=u`$, whence $`\mathrm{U}_0\mathrm{U}^{}`$ is a solution with the stated properties. ∎

Now we can summarize the lemmas of this section in the following

###### Theorem 5.10.

Let $`_0`$ be a finite von Neumann factor with cyclic and separating vector $`u_0`$ and $`\mathrm{T}_{u_0}=\mathrm{H}_0^{1/2}\mathrm{V}`$ the operator corresponding to $`u_0`$. If $`\mathrm{H}_0`$ has pure point spectrum, also $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ have it. In this case let $`(\lambda _j)`$ $`(jJ)`$ be the eigenvalues of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$. Then

1. Two solutions $`_1,M_2NF__0(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0,u_0)`$ of the inverse problem with corresponding invertible operators $`\mathrm{H}_i\eta _0`$ $`(i=1,2)`$ having pure point spectrum are equivalent iff $`\mathrm{H}_1`$ and $`\mathrm{H}_2`$ have the same eigenvalues and (von Neumann) multiplicities.
2. A positive invertible operator $`\mathrm{H}\eta _0`$ with pure point spectrum gives rise to a solution of the inverse problem iff its eigenvalues and multiplicities satisfy (5.3), (5.4), and (5.5).
3. When the corresponding operators $`\mathrm{H}`$ has pure point spectrum the equivalence classes of $``$ are completely classified by the spectrum of the corresponding operators, i.e. by sequences of pairs of positive reals $`(\mu _k,m_k)`$ satisfying (5.3), (5.4), and (5.5).

###### Example 5.1.

Here we want to give some examples to illustrate Theorem 5.10.

1. In \[Wolb\] you can find some examples for the type $`I`$ case.
2. Let $`(\mu _k,m_k)`$ be the eigenvalues of a positive operator $`\mathrm{H}_0`$ affiliated with a finite factor fulfilling the conditions (5.5) s.t. also $`(c\mu _k^1,m_k)`$ in place of $`(\mu _k,m_k)`$ fulfill conditions (5.5), where $`c>0`$ is an appropriate chosen constant. Then $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0^1=\mathrm{H}_0^1\mathrm{J}_0\mathrm{H}_0\mathrm{J}_0`$ is a modular operator, the class $`NF__0^2(\mathrm{\Delta }_0,\mathrm{J}_0,u_0)`$ exists and is characterized by $`(c\mu _k^1,m_k)`$. Note that, if there is a permutation $`\sigma `$ s.t. $`(c\mu _{\sigma (k)}^1,m_{\sigma (k)})=(\mu _k,m_k)`$ this class is just the trivial one, i.e. $`NF__0^2=NF__0^1`$ (cf. Corollary 4.5).
3. Let

$$(10^3,10^2,10^1,1,10,10^2,10^3)$$

be the eigenvalues of a modular operator for a type $`II_1`$ factor. Then

$$((c_11,1/4),(c_110^1,1/4),(c_110^2,1/4),(c_110^3,1/4)),$$

$$((c_210^3,1/4),((c_210^2,1/4),(c_210^1,1/4),((c_21,1/4)),$$

$$((c_31,1/3),(c_310^1,1/3),(c_310^3,1/3)),$$

and

$$((c_410^3,1/3),(c_410^1,1/3),(c_41,1/3))$$

characterize four different classes of solutions of the inverse problem, where $`c_i`$ ($`i=1,2,3,4`$) again are appropriate chosen constants. This shows that in this case there are more than the two simple classes of solutions of the inverse problem.
4. Let $`(\mu _k,m_k)_{kK}`$ characterize a class of solutions of the inverse problem in the type $`II_1`$ case, where $`K`$ is a finite index set and $`m_lm_k`$ for at least one pair $`k,lK`$, then for every permutation $`\sigma `$ of $`K`$ interchanging $`k`$ and $`l`$ also $`(c\mu _k,m_{\sigma (k)})`$ characterize another class of solutions of the inverse problem ($`c>0`$ a norming constant), where if $`\left|K\right|=2`$ and $`\mu _1=\mu _2^1`$ this is just the second simple class $`NF__0^2`$, else it is really a new one.
5. Let again $`(\mu _k,m_k)_{kK}`$ be a solution of the inverse problem in the type $`II_1`$ case, and let $`k,lK`$ be a pair of indices and $`ϵ>0`$. Then we get another class by adding $`ϵ`$ to $`m_k`$ and subtracting it from $`m_l`$ where again if $`\left|K\right|=2`$, $`\mu _1=\mu _2^1`$, and $`m_1=m_2ϵ`$ this is just the second class, else we have really a new one.

###### Remark 5.2.

1. Example 5.1.4 and Example 5.1.5 shows that in the type $`II_1`$ case if $`\mathrm{H}_0`$ has more than one eigenvalue, we can always construct a third class of solutions, different from the two simple classee discussed in §4, i.e. $`NF__0NF__0^1NF__0^2`$, in contrast to the type $`I`$ case, where for modular operators with generic spectrum we have $`NF__0=NF__0^1NF__0^2`$ (cf. \[Wolb\]).
2. Unfortunately the classification result presented here applies only to operators with pure point spectrum. Whereas in general there are also operators with more complicated spectrum (cf. Remark 4.1), for type $`I`$ factors this is no restriction, since all operators generating modular operators are trace class operators, hence have pure point spectrum.

## Appendix A A Lemma concerning conjugations

For the construction in the next section we need the following lemma concerning conjugations.

###### Lemma A.1.

Let $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ be a positive operator on a Hilbert space $``$, $`\mathrm{J}`$ a conjugation on the same Hilbert space, s.t.

$$\mathrm{J}\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{J}=\mathrm{\Delta }^1.$$

Further suppose that there are two vectors $`v_1,v_2`$, s.t.

$$\mathrm{\Delta }v_i=\mathrm{J}v_i=v_i(i=1,2).$$

Then there is a conjugation $`\mathrm{I}`$, s.t.

$$\mathrm{I}\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{I}=\mathrm{\Delta },\mathrm{IJI}=\mathrm{J}\text{ and }\mathrm{I}v_i=v_i(i=1,2).$$

For the proof of this lemma we need some preparatory results.

###### Proposition A.2.

Let $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ be a selfadjoint operator on a Hilbert space $``$. Then there is a conjugation $`\mathrm{K}`$, s.t. $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is $`\mathrm{K}`$-real, i.e.

$$\mathrm{K}\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{K}=\mathrm{\Delta }$$

(cf. \[Wei76, p.223, ex. 8.1\]).

###### Proof.

Since $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is s.a., there exists a measure space $`(\mathrm{\Omega },𝔄,\mu )`$, a unitary $`\mathrm{U}:L_2(\mu )`$ and a real valued measurable function $`g`$, s.t. for every $`fL_2(\mu )`$ with $`\mathrm{U}^{}f𝒟(\mathrm{\Delta })`$

$$(\mathrm{U}\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{U}^{}f)(t)=g(t)f(t)\text{ }\mu \text{-a.e. on }\mathrm{\Omega }.$$

Define now

$$(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{K}}f)(t)=\overline{f}(t).$$

Then $`\mathrm{K}:=\mathrm{U}^{}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{K}}\mathrm{U}`$ is the wished conjugation. ∎

###### Proposition A.3.

Let $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ be a $`\mathrm{K}`$-real s.a. operator on $``$, where $`\mathrm{K}`$ is a conjugation. Then:

1. $`𝒦:=\{u:u=\mathrm{K}u\}`$ is a real subspace of $``$, s.t. $`=𝒦+i𝒦`$ and $`|_𝒦=|`$ is a real scalar product on $`𝒦`$.
2. $`\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒦`$ is a s.a. operator on the real vector space $`𝒦`$.

###### Proof.

1. Let $`v`$. Then

$$v=\frac{v+\mathrm{K}v}{2}+i\frac{v\mathrm{K}v}{2i}$$

and

$$u|v=Ju|Jv=v|u$$

for every $`u,v𝒦`$.
2. Let $`u𝒦𝒟(\mathrm{\Delta })`$. Then

$$\mathrm{J}\mathrm{\Delta }u=\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{J}u=\mathrm{\Delta }u.$$

This shows that $`\mathrm{\Delta }(𝒦𝒟(\mathrm{\Delta }))𝒦`$, and the rest follows from standard calculation.

###### Proposition A.4.

Let $`\mathrm{\Delta },\mathrm{J},,𝒦`$ be as in Proposition A.3. Then there is an ONB $`\{u_k\}_k𝒟(\mathrm{\Delta })`$ for the real vector space $`𝒦`$, and $`\{u_k\}`$ is also an ONB for the complex vector space $``$ with $`\mathrm{\Delta }u_k|u_l`$ for $`k,l`$.

###### Proof.

This follows immediately from Proposition A.3. ∎

Now we can prove Lemma A.1.

###### Proof of Lemma A.1.

1. Let $`\mathrm{E}(S)`$ be the spectral measure of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$. Then we decompose $``$ in the direct sum of the following three orthogonal subspaces:

$$=𝒦_1𝒦_0𝒦_1,$$

where $`𝒦_1:=\mathrm{E}(\{\lambda <1\})`$, $`𝒦_0:=\mathrm{E}(\{\lambda =1\})`$, $`𝒦_1:=\mathrm{E}(\{\lambda >1\})`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Delta }(𝒦_j𝒟(\mathrm{\Delta }))𝒦_j`$ ($`j=1,0,1`$). From $`\mathrm{J}\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{J}=\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$ we see $`\mathrm{J}𝒦_j𝒦_j`$ ($`j=1,0,1`$) and, since $`\mathrm{J}^2=Id`$, also equality holds.
2. In $`𝒦_0`$ we set $`\mathrm{I}_0:=\mathrm{J}_{𝒦_0}`$. Then

$$\mathrm{I}_0\mathrm{\Delta }_{𝒦_0}\mathrm{I}_0=\mathrm{Id}_{𝒦_0}=\mathrm{\Delta }_{𝒦_0}$$
(A.1)
and

$$\mathrm{I}_0\mathrm{J}_{𝒦_0}\mathrm{I}_0=\mathrm{J}_{𝒦_0}$$
(A.2)
and, since $`v_i𝒦_0`$,

$$\mathrm{I}_0v_i=v_i(i=1,2).$$
(A.3)
3. In $`𝒦_1`$ we chose according to Proposition A.4 an ONB $`\{u_k\}_k𝒟(\mathrm{\Delta })`$. Setting $`u_k:=\mathrm{J}u_k𝒦_1`$ ($`k`$) we see that $`\{u_k\}𝒟(\mathrm{\Delta })`$ is an ONB in $`𝒦_1`$. Define now the following conjugation $`\mathrm{I}_j`$ in $`𝒦_j`$ ($`j=1,1`$)

$$\mathrm{I}_ju_{jk}:=u_{jk}.$$
(A.4)
Then we can calculate with $`v_j=_l\alpha _{jl}u_{jl}𝒦_j`$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{I}_j\mathrm{\Delta }_{𝒦_j}\mathrm{I}_ju_{jk}|\underset{l}{}\alpha _{jl}u_{jl}& =\mathrm{I}_j\underset{l}{}\alpha _{jl}u_{jl}|\mathrm{\Delta }_{𝒦_j}\mathrm{I}_ju_{jk}\hfill \\ & =\underset{l}{}\overline{\alpha _{jl}}\underset{\text{ (s.Proposition }\text{A.4}\text{)}}{\underset{}{u_{jl}|\mathrm{\Delta }_{𝒦_j}u_{jk}}}\hfill \\ & =\underset{l}{}\overline{\alpha _{jl}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{𝒦_j}u_{jk}|u_{jl}\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{\Delta }_{𝒦_j}u_{jk}|v_j.\hfill \end{array}$$

By linear continuation follows for $`j=1,1`$

$$\mathrm{I}_j\mathrm{\Delta }_{𝒦_j}\mathrm{I}_j=\mathrm{\Delta }_{𝒦_j}.$$
(A.5)
4. Now we can set $`\mathrm{I}:=\mathrm{I}_1\mathrm{I}_0\mathrm{I}_1`$. With this definition we deduce from (A.1) and (A.5)

$$\mathrm{I}\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{I}=\mathrm{\Delta }$$

and setting $`u=u_0+_{j=1,1;k}\alpha _{jk}u_{jk}`$ from (A.2) and (A.4)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{IJI}u& =\mathrm{J}u_0+\underset{j,k}{}\overline{\alpha _{jk}}\mathrm{I}_j\mathrm{JI}_ju_{jk}\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{J}u_0+\underset{j,k}{}\overline{\alpha _{jk}}u_{jk}\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{J}u_0+\mathrm{J}\underset{j,k}{}\alpha _{jk}u_{jk}=\mathrm{J}u.\hfill \end{array}$$

Also we see from (A.3)

$$\mathrm{I}v_i=\mathrm{J}v_i=v_i(i=1,2)$$

and the proof is complete.

## Appendix B Some technical results

###### Lemma B.1.

Let $``$ be a finite von Neumann factor with trace $`\mathrm{tr}`$ and $`\alpha \mathrm{aut}()`$ an automorphism. Then

$$\mathrm{tr}(\alpha (\mathrm{A}))=\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{A})\mathrm{A}.$$

###### Proof.

Set $`\phi :=\mathrm{tr}\alpha `$. Then an easy calculation shows that also $`\phi `$ is a trace with $`\phi (\mathrm{Id})=\mathrm{tr}(\alpha (\mathrm{Id}))=\mathrm{tr}\mathrm{Id}=1`$. Since the trace is unique we get $`\phi =\mathrm{tr}`$, i.e $`\mathrm{tr}(\alpha (\mathrm{A}))=\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{A})`$ for all $`\mathrm{A}`$. ∎

###### Proposition B.2.

Let $`_0`$ be a von Neumann factor on the Hilbert space $`_0`$. Let further $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0=\mathrm{HH}^{^{}}=\mathrm{GG}^{^{}}`$ a positive operator on $`_0`$ with $`0<\mathrm{H},\mathrm{G}\eta _0`$ and $`0<\mathrm{H}^{^{}},\mathrm{G}^{^{}}\eta _0^{^{}}`$. Then $`\mathrm{H}=c\mathrm{G}`$ and $`\mathrm{H}^{^{}}=c^1\mathrm{G}^{^{}}`$, $`c>0`$.

###### Proof.

Since $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ is positive, we can examine the unitary group $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0^{it}=\mathrm{H}^{it}\mathrm{H}_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{it}=\mathrm{G}^{it}\mathrm{G}_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{it}`$. This equality gives $`\mathrm{G}^{it}\mathrm{H}^{it}=\mathrm{G}_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{it}\mathrm{H}_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{it}𝒞(_0)=`$. Since also $`\mathrm{G}^{it}`$ and $`\mathrm{H}^{it}`$ commute (what is shown by an easy computation), $`\mathrm{G}^{it}\mathrm{H}^{it}`$ is also a unitary group in $``$, i.e.

$$\mathrm{G}^{it}\mathrm{H}^{it}=c^{it}\text{ with }c>0.$$

Now the assertion follows from the uniqueness of the generator of a group. ∎

Acknowledgements

The author thanks professor M. Wollenberg for discussing and his usefull hints and the DFG and the Graduiertenkolleg for financial support.