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# Hecke algebras of classical type and their representation type

## 1. Introduction

### 1.1.

Let $`F`$ be an algebraically closed field, $`A`$ an $`F`$–algebra which is finite dimensional as an $`F`$–vector space. $`Amod`$ is the category of left $`A`$–modules which are finite dimensional over $`F`$. We say that $`A`$ is finite if the number of the isomorphism classes of indecomposable $`A`$–modules is finite.

Let $`F[X]`$ be the polynomial ring generated by the indeterminate $`X`$. If, $`A`$ is not finite and, for each number $`d`$, there are finitely many $`(A,F[X])`$–bimodules $`M_1,\mathrm{},M_{n_d}`$ which are free of finite rank as right $`F[X]`$–modules such that all but a finite number of the isomorphism classes of indecomposable $`A`$–modules of dimension $`d`$ contain an $`A`$–module of the form $`M_i_{F[X]}F[X]/(X\lambda )`$, for some $`i`$ and some $`\lambda F`$, then we say that $`A`$ is tame.

Let $`FX,Y`$ be the free $`F`$–algebra generated by two indeterminates $`X`$ and $`Y`$. We say that $`A`$ is wild if there is a $`(A,FX,Y)`$–bimodule $`M`$ which is free of finite rank as a right $`FX,Y`$–module such that the associated functor

$$_M=M_{FX,Y}:FX,YmodAmod$$

respects indecomposability and isomorphism classes. A famous theorem of Drozd \[Dr1, Theorem 2\] (see also \[C1\]) asserts that $`A`$ is finite, tame or wild, and that these are mutually exclusive. This is the representation type of the algebra $`A`$.

### 1.2.

Let $`qF^\times `$ and let $`W`$ be a finite Weyl group of classical type. First we consider the case where $`W`$ is an irreducible Weyl group. Then, for each of $`W(A_{n1})`$, $`W(B_n)`$ and $`W(D_n)`$, we have the associated Hecke algebra. We denote them by $`_n^A(q)`$, $`_n^B(q)`$ and $`_n^D(q)`$ respectively. For type $`B_n`$, we can choose two parameters $`q,QF^\times `$ and the associated Hecke algebra is denoted by $`_n(q,Q)`$.

In 1992, Uno gave a criterion for $`_n^A(q)`$ to be finite \[U\], and conjectured that the criterion would be true for other Hecke algebras. This conjecture was settled affirmatively for Hecke algebras of classical type \[A4\]. Crucial for proving the Uno conjecture was the result proven in \[AM2\] and \[AM3\] which tells when $`_n(q,Q)`$ is finite.

The purpose of this paper is to determine representation type for all of the Hecke algebras of classical type. Main theorems are Theorem 40, Theorem 42 and Theorem 57. These combined gives Theorem 67, which is for the general case.

To give these final results, we begin by analysing the representation type of $`_n(q,Q)`$. To carry out this, we need plenty of results from the theory of finite dimensional algebras. These include standard techniques from the covering theory, the theory of special biserial algebras, and recent results such as a criterion for wildness using the complexity of modules by Rickard \[Ric\] and classification of representation types of two–point algebras by Han \[Ha2\]. As we get $`_n^B(q)`$ by setting $`Q=q`$ and an embedding of $`_n^D(q)`$ into $`_n(q,1)`$ by setting $`Q=1`$, which allows us to apply the Clifford theory, we can determine representation type for $`_n^B(q)`$ and $`_n^D(q)`$ also. In the Clifford theory argument used for $`_n^D(q)`$ we also need a recent result of Hu \[Hu2\]. Finally, the general case follows from these results for indivisual Hecke algebras $`_n^X(q)`$ with $`X=A`$, $`B`$ or $`D`$. Note that the case of $`_n^A(q)`$ was already known by \[EN\].

We remark that a comlete set of the isomorphism classes of simple modules, for each of the Hecke algebras of classical type, was already given. See \[DJ1\] for type $`A`$, \[DJ2\], \[AM1\] and \[A3\] for type $`B`$, and \[P\], \[Hu1\] and \[Hu2\] for type $`D`$. In type $`D`$, we assume that the characteristic of $`F`$ is odd. Hence, it is natural to proceed further to the classification of the isomorphism classes of the indecomposable modules of these algebras. Our results show when this is achievable, as it is well–known that the wild case is the pathological case. See \[Ge2\] for a different approach for classifying simple $`_n^D(q)`$–modules.

The paper is structured as follows. In section 2 we review various results on finite dimensional algebras. Then we treat the case of $`_n(q,Q)`$ in section 3. The cases of $`_n^A(q)`$, $`_n^B(q)`$ and $`_n^D(q)`$ are handled in section 4. The final section is for the general case. In the appendix, I list corrections for \[A1\].

The author is grateful to the people of Beijing Normal University, professors Changchang Xi and Bangming Deng in particular. His visit to a workshop there, which was held in September 2002, was fruitful. He is also grateful to East China Normal University for the hospitality. Professor H. Asashiba explained him several materials on finite dimensional algebras, which was very helpful.

Finally, I add a few words about the references. I assume that the reader is familar with the crystal basis theory and the canonical basis. So, I list few about them in the references. On the other hand, as it is not appropriate to assume that researchers in our field know well about the theory of finite dimensional algebras, I always cite references whenever I quote a result. In fact, most of the results we use are not available in book form and they are scattered around in a vast literature. If the reader is familiar with these results, I recommend starting with section 3 and return to lemmas in section 2 when they are used.

## 2. Preliminaries

### 2.1.

Let $`A`$ be a finite dimensional $`F`$–algebra as before, and let $`\{P_1,\mathrm{},P_s\}`$ be a complete set of the isomorphism classes of indecomposable projective $`A`$–modules. Then $`A`$ is Morita–equivalent to $`\mathrm{End}_A(P_1\mathrm{}P_s)^{opp}`$, which can be written in the form $`FQ/I`$ where $`Q=(Q_0,Q_1)`$ is a directed graph with nodes $`Q_0`$ and directed edges $`Q_1`$, and $`I`$ is an admissible ideal of $`FQ`$. See \[ARS\] for this basic result of Gabriel. The directed graph $`Q`$ is called the Gabriel quiver of $`A`$. We identify $`Q_0`$ with the set of the isomorphism classes of simple $`A`$–modules.

If $`A`$ is a symmetric algebra then $`Q_1`$ is described as follows. Let $`S`$ and $`T`$ be two simple $`A`$–modules, $`P(S)`$ and $`P(T)`$ their projective covers. Then we write $`a_{ST}`$ arrows from $`S`$ to $`T`$ where $`a_{ST}=[\mathrm{Rad}P(S)/\mathrm{Rad}^2P(S):T]`$. Thus the Gabriel quiver is the directed graph whose adjacency matrix is $`(a_{ST})_{S,TQ_0}`$.

In \[AM2\], we used the following lemma to show that the $`F`$–algebras $`_n(q,Q)`$ with $`n=e`$ or $`n=2f+4`$, where $`0f\frac{e}{2}`$ and $`Q=q^f`$, are not finite.

###### Lemma 1.

Let $`A`$ be a finite dimensional local basic $`F`$–algebra. Then $`A`$ is finite if and only if $`A`$ is isomorphic to a truncated polynomial ring $`F[X]/(X^N)`$ for some positive integer $`N`$.

### 2.2.

We say that $`A`$ is weakly tame if $`A`$ is not finite and, for each number $`d`$, there are finitely many $`(A,F[X])`$–bimodules $`M_1,\mathrm{},M_{n_d}`$ which are free of finite rank as right $`F[X]`$–modules such that all but a finite number of the isomorphism classes of indecomposable $`A`$–modules of dimension $`d`$ contain an $`A`$–module which is a direct summand of an $`A`$–module of the form $`M_i_{F[X]}F[X]/(X\lambda )`$, for some $`i`$ and some $`\lambda F`$.

The following is a result of de la Pe$`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{n}}`$a \[dlP1, Chap.I, Proposition 2.3\].

###### Proposition 2.

Let $`A`$ be a finite dimensional $`F`$–algebra. Then $`A`$ is weakly tame if and only if it is tame.

Using this result, Erdmann and Nakano proved the following.

###### Proposition 3 (\[EN, Proposition 2.3\]).

Let $`A`$ and $`B`$ be finite dimensional $`F`$–algebras and suppose that there are functors

$$:AmodBmod,𝒢:BmodAmod$$

and a constant $`C`$ such that, for any $`A`$–module $`M`$,

* $`M`$ is a direct summand of $`𝒢(M)`$ as an $`A`$–module,
* $`\mathrm{dim}_F(M)C\mathrm{dim}_FM`$.

If $`A`$ is wild then so is $`B`$.

###### Corollary 4.

* If $`_n(q,Q)`$ is wild then so is $`_m(q,Q)`$, for all $`mn`$.
* Let $`X`$ be one of $`A`$, $`B`$, $`D`$. If $`_n^X(q)`$ is wild then so is $`_m^X(q)`$, for all $`mn`$.

###### Proof.

We prove (1). The proof of (2) is the same. Let $`A=_n(q,Q)`$ and $`B=_m(q,Q)`$ with $`mn`$. Then, by taking $``$ and $`𝒢`$ to be the induction and the restriction functors respectively, we can apply Proposition 3. The assumption (1) is satisfied as we have the Mackey decomposition theorem for Hecke algebras, and the assumption (2) is obvious. ∎

### 2.3.

We need finer notions for wild algebras. We say that $`A`$ is strictly wild if there exists a fully faithful exact functor

$$:FX,YmodAmod.$$

All functors in this paper are assumed to be $`F`$–functors.

The strictly wildness is equivalent to the condition that we have a fully faithful exact functor

$$BmodAmod,$$

for any finite dimensional $`F`$–algebra $`B`$.

In fact, by \[Br, Theorem 3\] or \[S, Proposition 14.10\], we know that $`Bmod`$, for any finite dimensional $`F`$–algebra $`B`$, can be realized as a full subcategory of $`FX,Ymod`$. Hence, strictly wildness implies this. To show the converse, we consider the functor for a particular $`11`$–dimensional algebra $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_6(F)`$ which is the algebra of $`6\times 6`$ matrices with non–zero entries in the first column and the diagonal. Thus, we assume that there is a fully faithful exact functor

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_6(F)modAmod.$$

For this algebra, we have a fully faithful exact functor

$$FX,Ymod\mathrm{\Lambda }_6(F)mod$$

by \[Br, Theorem 2\] or \[S, 14.2 Example 11\]. Hence, the composition of the two gives us the desired fully faithful exact functor which shows that $`A`$ is strictly wild.

Another notion we need is the notion of controlled wildness. An $`F`$–algebra $`A`$ is controlled wild if there exist a faithful exact functor $``$ and a full subcategory $`𝒞`$ of $`Amod`$ which is closed under direct sums and direct summands such that, if we denote by $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(,)_𝒞`$ the morphisms of $`Amod`$ which factor through $`𝒞`$, then for any $`FX,Y`$–modules $`M`$ and $`N`$ we have

$$\mathrm{Hom}_A((M),(N))=(\mathrm{Hom}_{FX,Y}(M,N))\mathrm{Hom}_A((M),(N))_𝒞$$

and $`\mathrm{Hom}_A((M),(N))_𝒞\mathrm{Rad}\mathrm{Hom}_A((M),(N))`$.

Note that strictly wildness implies controlled wildness. We also know that controlled wildness implies wildness \[Ha1, Proposition 2.2\]. This depends on the fact that flat $`FX,Y`$–modules are free: \[C, Theorem 2.2.4, Corollary 2.3.2\] imply that $`FX,Y`$ is a left and right free ideal ring \[C, Corollary 2.4.3\]. Hence, $`FX,Y`$ is a semifir by \[C, Theorem 1.4.1, Corollary 1.4.2\]. Then \[C, Proposition 1.4.5\] says that an $`FX,Y`$–module is flat if and only if every finitely generated $`FX,Y`$–submodule is free.

Using the results from \[C\], we can also prove the following.

###### Proposition 5.

A finite dimensional $`F`$–algebra $`A`$ is strictly wild if and only if there exists an $`(A,FX,Y)`$–bimodule $`M`$ which is free of finite rank as a right $`FX,Y`$–module such that the associated functor $`_M`$ is fully faithful exact.

###### Proof.

If part is obvious. So, we assume that $`A`$ is strictly wild. We consider the composition of the two fully faithful exact functors

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_6(F)modAmod,\text{and}$$

$$FX,Ymod\mathrm{\Lambda }_6(F)mod.$$

Write $`B`$ for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_6(F)`$. Let $`L`$ be the image of the $`(B,B)`$–bimodule $`B`$ under the first functor. Then the functor is of the form $`_L`$ and $`L`$ is flat as a right $`B`$–module. As $`B`$ is right perfect, this implies that $`L`$ is projective as a right $`B`$–module by a theorem of Bass; see \[La, Theorem 24.25\]. Further, the proof of \[Br, Theorem 2\] shows that the second functor is of the form $`_N`$ where $`N`$ is free of finite rank as a right $`FX,Y`$–module. Hence, the composition of these functors is of the form $`_M`$ such that, if we view $`M`$ as a right $`FX,Y`$–module then $`M`$ is a direct summand of a free $`FX,Y`$–module of finite rank. As $`FX,Y`$ is a semifir, \[C, Theorem 1.4.1\] implies that $`M`$ is free of finite rank as a right $`FX,Y`$–module. ∎

### 2.4.

In this subsection, we review a criterion to tell the representation type of a path algebra. The statement (1) of the following theorem is due to Gabriel \[Ga1\] and the statement (2) is by \[DF\] and \[N\]. See \[ARS, VIII.5.4, 5.5\] for the finiteness result and \[S, Theorem 14.15\] for the remaining cases. Another proof is explained in \[B2, Proposition 4.7.1\], which is most recommendable.

###### Theorem 6.

Let $`A=FQ`$ be a finite dimensional path algebra. Then

* $`A`$ is finite if and only if the underlying graph of the quiver $`Q`$ is one of the Dynkin diagrams of finite type.
* $`A`$ is tame if and only if the underlying graph of the quiver $`Q`$ is one of the Dynkin diagrams of affine type.
* $`A`$ is wild otherwise.

In (1) and (2) we do not mean that all of the Dynkin diagrams of finite and affine types actually occur. By the assumption that $`F`$ is algebraically closed, only $`A_n`$, $`D_n`$, $`E_n`$ occur in (1), and only $`A_n^{(1)}`$, $`D_n^{(1)}`$, $`E_n^{(1)}`$ occur in (2).

The following is well–known.

###### Proposition 7.

A path algebra is wild if and only if it is strictly wild.

See \[K2, Theorem 1.6\] for the proof which does not depend on \[DF\] and \[N\]. We say that a path algebra $`A=FQ`$ is minimal wild if it is wild and $`A/AeA`$ is tame or finite, for any non–zero idempotent $`eA`$. The list of minimal wild path algebras is given in \[K1\]. Note that we follow the older definition of minimal wildness here.

###### Remark 8.

Recall that each path algebra $`A=FQ`$ is associated with a quadratic form

$$q_A(x)=\underset{iQ_0}{}x_i^2\underset{(ij)Q_1}{}x_ix_j,$$

which is the Tits form of $`A`$. As is well–known, this coincides with the quadratic form associated with the Ringel–Euler form,

$$X,Y=\mathrm{dim}\mathrm{Hom}_A(X,Y)\mathrm{dim}\mathrm{Ext}_A^1(X,Y)$$

for $`A`$–modules $`X`$ and $`Y`$. We say that $`q_A(x)`$ is weakly nonnegative if $`q_A(x)0`$ for all $`x`$ with $`x_i0`$ $`(iQ_0)`$. For those path algebras which we will meet below, we use Theorem 6 to prove that they are wild. However, we also know that if $`A`$ is tame then $`q_A(x)`$ is weakly nonnegative. This is a special case of a more general theorem. See \[dlP2, Proposition 1.3\] for example. Thus, we can apply this result instead.

In fact, the proof of Theorem 6 given in \[B2, Proposition 4.7.1\] uses this and results from \[BGP\].

### 2.5.

Another important class of finite dimensional algebras is the class of tilted algebras. See \[HR\], \[Bo1\] and \[K3\].

Let $`B`$ be a tilted algebra. The Tits form of $`B`$ coincides with the quadratic form associated with the Ringel–Euler form again. As the global dimension of $`B`$ is smaller than or equal to $`2`$ by \[Bo1, 1.7, Corollary 1\] or \[HR, Theorem 5.2\], the Ringel–Euler form here is of the form

$$X,Y=\mathrm{dim}\mathrm{Hom}_B(X,Y)\mathrm{dim}\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(X,Y)+\mathrm{dim}\mathrm{Ext}_B^2(X,Y),$$

for $`B`$–modules $`X`$ and $`Y`$. In \[K3, Theorem 6.2\], it is proved that the Tits form of $`B`$ is weakly nonnegative if and only if $`B`$ is finite or tame, and that the Tits form is not weakly nonnegative if and only if $`B`$ is strictly wild. Hence,

###### Theorem 9.

A tilted algebra is wild if and only if it is strictly wild.

We will use a particular wild tilted algebra.

###### Definition 10.

Let $`A`$ be a finite dimensional path algebra, $`M`$ a tilting $`A`$–module. The tilted algebra $`B=\mathrm{End}_A(M)`$ is called a concealed algebra if $`M`$ has preprojective direct summands (of the Auslander–Reiten quiver of $`A`$) only.

###### Remark 11.

We can replace “preprojective”with “preinjective”in the definition above. See \[R2, 4.3(1)\].

In \[Un\], there is a list of the concealed algebras associated with minimal wild path algebras. Among them, we need the following. See \[Un, p.150\] or XXVIII in the list of \[R1, 1.5, Theorem 2\].

###### Lemma 12.

Let $`Q`$ be the directed graph

and let $`A=FQ/I`$ be the $`F`$–algebra defined by the relation $`\beta \alpha =\delta \gamma `$. Then $`A`$ is a wild concealed algebra. In particular, $`A`$ is strictly wild.

We have explained Lemma 12 in the most natural framework, but it may be proved by a more direct method. Following the argument in \[R1, 2.3\], we consider the following quiver.

Denote this quiver by $`T`$. Given a representation of the quiver $`Q`$ of Lemma 12, we associate a representation of $`T`$ by placing the pushout of the linear maps of the arrows $`\alpha `$ and $`\gamma `$ on the black node, which is located in the middle of $`T`$. The linear maps of the three arrows around the black node are the obvious ones. Then, the full subcategory of $`Amod`$ which is generated by those indecomposable $`A`$–modules which correspond to sincere $`FT`$–modules under the correspondence is equivalent to $`(FTmod)_s`$. Thus, by constructing a fully faithful exact functor

$$FX,Ymod(FTmod)_s$$

in a concrete manner, we know that $`A`$ is strictly wild.

###### Remark 13.

Concealment is defined in a different way in \[R1\], but it does not matter as long as the proof of Lemma 12 is concerned.

### 2.6.

We turn to the theory of complexity. Let $`A`$ be a finite dimensional $`F`$–algebra, $`M`$ an $`A`$–module. Let

$$P^{}:\mathrm{}P_i\mathrm{}\mathrm{}P_1P_0M0$$

be the minimal projective resolution of $`M`$. Then, the complexity $`c_A(M)`$ of the $`A`$–module $`M`$ is defined as follows.

$$c_A(M)=\mathrm{min}\{s|C,\text{a constant, s.t.}\mathrm{dim}_FP_iC(i+1)^{s1},\text{for}i.\}$$

In the theorem below, the statement (1) is well–known and easy to see. (2) is almost obvious. (3) is a rather new result proven by Rickard \[Ric, Theorem 2\].

###### Theorem 14.

Let $`A`$ be a finite dimensional self–injective $`F`$–algebra.

* An indecomposable $`A`$–module $`M`$ has complexity $`c_A(M)=0`$ if and only if $`M`$ is a projective $`A`$–module. In particular, $`A`$ is a semisimple algebra if and only if all indecomposable $`A`$–modules $`M`$ have complexity $`c_A(M)=0`$.
* If there is an $`A`$–module $`M`$ with $`c_A(M)2`$ then $`A`$ is not finite.
* If there is an $`A`$–module $`M`$ with $`c_A(M)3`$ then $`A`$ is wild.

Recall that the Hecke algebras $`_n(q,Q)`$ and $`_n^X(q)`$, for $`X=A,B,D`$, and their block algebras are symmetric algebras. So we can apply Theorem 14 to them.

###### Remark 15.

If $`A`$ is a group algebra then an indecomposable $`A`$–module $`M`$ has $`c_A(M)=1`$ if and only if $`M`$ is a periodic $`A`$–module which is not projective. See \[Ev, Proposition 8.4.4\] for example. However, this is not true for general finite dimensional algebras. A counterexample is given by \[LS\]. See \[R4\].

###### Remark 16.

The converse does not hold in (2) and (3) above. To see this, we consider group algebras and use the theory of support varieties. References for this theory are \[Ev\], \[B1\], \[B3\]. Let $`G`$ be a finite group, $`A=FG`$ the group algebra. Assume that the characteristic of $`F`$ is $`2`$. Then

$$X_G=\mathrm{Spec}(H^{}(G,F))$$

is, by definition, the variety of the group $`G`$. For each $`FG`$–module $`M`$, we have the support variety $`X_G(M)`$, which is a closed subvariety of $`X_G`$. Then, the famous theorem of Alperin and Evens \[AE2\], Avrunin \[Av\] asserts that $`X_G(M)`$ is covered by affine charts labelled by elementary abelian $`2`$–subgroups \[Ev, Theorem 8.3.1\]. In particular, we have the following theorem of Quillen.

$$\mathrm{dim}X_G=\mathrm{max}\{\mathrm{rank}E|E\text{ is an elementary }2\text{–subgroup of }G\text{.}\}.$$

An important fact relevant to us is that the dimension of $`X_G(M)`$ is equal to the complexity of $`M`$ \[Ev, Theorem 8.4.3\]. Hence, the complexity of any $`FG`$–module $`M`$ cannot exceed the maximal rank of elementary $`2`$–subgroups of $`G`$.

Assume that $`A=FG`$ is tame. Then, by \[BD\] or \[S, Theorem 14.17\], the Sylow $`2`$–subgroup of $`G`$ is one of dihedral, semidihedral or generalized quartanion groups. Take $`G`$ to be the quartanion group $`Q`$, which has order $`8`$. Then the maximal rank of elementary $`2`$–subgroups of $`G`$ is $`1`$. Thus, $`c_A(M)1`$ for all $`A`$–modules $`M`$ and the converse of (2) fails. If we consider $`G=Q\times C_2`$ then we see that the converse of (3) also fails.

### 2.7.

In this subsection, we collect results to show that an $`F`$–algebra is wild. We start with an easy lemma.

###### Lemma 17.

Let $`A`$ be a finite dimensional $`F`$–algebra, $`Q`$ its Gabriel quiver. Assume that $`Q`$ contains the following quiver, or the quiver with the reversed arrows, as a subquiver.

Then $`A`$ is wild.

###### Proof.

Let $`T`$ be the quiver given above. Assume that $`Q`$ contains $`T`$ as a subquiver. Then, we have a natural surjection

$$FQFT.$$

Note that $`FQ`$ is an infinite dimensional $`F`$–algebra in general.

Recall that $`A`$ is Morita–equivalent to the algebra $`FQ/I`$ such that $`I`$ is contained in the two–sided ideal consisting of pathes of length $`2`$ and contains all paths of length $`t`$ for some $`t2`$. Because of the orientation of $`T`$, $`FT`$ is a square–zero algebra. Thus, the surjection induces

$$FQ/IFT.$$

As $`FT`$ is wild by Theorem 6(3), so is $`FQ/I`$. ∎

A standard technique to show that an algebra is wild is the covering theory \[Gr\], \[Ga3\]. See also \[W\] and \[MP\].

###### Definition 18.

Let $`Q=(Q_0,Q_1)`$, $`\stackrel{~}{Q}=(\stackrel{~}{Q}_0,\stackrel{~}{Q}_1)`$ be directed graphs. We say that $`\stackrel{~}{Q}`$ is a covering of $`Q`$ if there exist surjective maps of vertices and edges

$$\pi =(\pi _0,\pi _1):\stackrel{~}{Q}Q$$

such that, for any $`\stackrel{~}{x}\stackrel{~}{Q}_0`$, if we set $`x=\pi (\stackrel{~}{x})`$ then $`\pi `$ induces bijection between $`s(\stackrel{~}{x})=\{\stackrel{~}{y}|(\stackrel{~}{x},\stackrel{~}{y})\stackrel{~}{Q}_1\}`$ (resp. $`e(\stackrel{~}{x})=\{\stackrel{~}{y}|(\stackrel{~}{y},\stackrel{~}{x})\stackrel{~}{Q}_1\}`$) and $`s(x)=\{y|(x,y)Q_1\}`$ (resp. $`e(x)=\{y|(y,x)Q_1\}`$).

A covering $`\stackrel{~}{Q}`$ of $`Q`$ is a Galois covering if there exists a subgroup $`G`$ of the automorphism group $`\mathrm{Aut}(\stackrel{~}{Q})`$ such that, for any $`xQ_0`$, $`\pi ^1(x)`$ is a fixed point free $`G`$–orbit.

###### Definition 19.

Let $`\stackrel{~}{Q}`$ be a Galois covering of $`Q`$ and $`F\stackrel{~}{Q}FQ`$ the induced algebra homomorphism. Suppose that $`\stackrel{~}{I}`$ and $`I`$ are admissible ideals of $`F\stackrel{~}{Q}`$ and $`FQ`$ respectively. Then $`\stackrel{~}{A}=F\stackrel{~}{Q}/\stackrel{~}{I}`$ is a Galois covering of $`A=FQ/I`$ if $`\stackrel{~}{I}`$ maps onto $`I`$.

In the definition above, we allow $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ to be infinite dimensional. A useful result we use here is Han’s covering criterion \[Ha1\]. See \[D\] for a different proof.

###### Theorem 20 (\[Ha1, Theorem 3.3\]).

Let $`Q=(Q_0,Q_1)`$ be a directed graph with a finite vertex set $`Q_0`$, $`I`$ an admissible ideal of $`FQ`$ such that $`A=FQ/I`$ is a finite dimensional $`F`$–algebra. Assume the following two conditions.

* $`\stackrel{~}{A}=F\stackrel{~}{Q}/\stackrel{~}{I}A`$ is a Galois covering whose Galois group $`G`$ is torsion free.
* There is a subquiver $`Q^{}`$ of $`\stackrel{~}{Q}`$ such that, if we define an admissible ideal $`I^{}`$ of $`FQ^{}`$ by replacing each path which is not contained in $`Q^{}`$ with zero, in each element of $`\stackrel{~}{I}`$, then $`A^{}=FQ^{}/I^{}`$ is finite dimensional and strictly wild.

Then, $`A`$ is controlled wild.

###### Remark 21.

To know that $`A`$ is wild, it is not necessary to assume that the Galois group is torsion free, and it is enough to assume that $`FQ^{}/I^{}`$ is wild. This is because the pushdown functor of a Galois covering is a cleaving functor. See \[dlP1, Chap.II, Lemma 2.1\]. Then, we appeal to \[dlP1, Chap.II, Proposition 2.1\].

Now we apply the covering criterion and prepare results which we need in later sections. We remark that there are proofs which do not use the covering criterion in the first two lemmas; we can construct a tensor functor from $`FX,Ymod`$ to the full subcategory $`(FTmod)_s`$ of sincere $`FT`$–modules, where $`T`$ is a directed graph whose underlying graph is

$$\{\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{D}}_4\text{in Lemma }\text{22}\text{,}\hfill & \\ \stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_7\text{in Lemma }\text{23}\text{.}\hfill & \end{array}$$

Then, the pushdown functor respects the indecomposability and the isomorphism classes of indecomposable $`FT`$–modules in $`(FTmod)_s`$. In fact, this was the strategy in \[Er, I.10.1–10.5\]. However, the covering criterion gives us shorter proofs.

###### Lemma 22.

Let $`Q`$ be the directed graph which is defined by the adjacency matrix $`(a_{ij})_{1i,j4}`$ where

$$a_{ij}=\{\begin{array}{cc}1\text{if }|ij|=1\hfill & \\ 0\text{otherwise.}\hfill & \end{array}$$

We denote by $`J^3`$ the ideal of $`FQ`$ generated by paths of length $`3`$. Then $`A=FQ/J^3`$ is wild.

###### Proof.

Let $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma `$ be the arrows $`12`$, $`23`$, $`34`$ and $`\alpha ^{},\beta ^{},\gamma ^{}`$ the arrows with the opposite direction.

We consider the following covering $`\stackrel{~}{Q}`$ of $`Q`$, which contains the quiver on the right hand side as a subquiver.

$`\stackrel{~}{Q}`$ consists of $`3`$ zigzag lines, two going up and one going down, and the vertices with common $`x`$–coordinate is a fiber of $`\stackrel{~}{Q}Q`$. Define $`\stackrel{~}{I}`$ to be the ideal generated by paths of length $`3`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{Q}`$, and set $`\stackrel{~}{A}=F\stackrel{~}{Q}/\stackrel{~}{I}`$.

Then, $`\stackrel{~}{A}A`$ is a Galois covering with Galois group $``$ and the condition (a) of Theorem 20 is satisfied. Denote the subquiver by $`Q^{}`$. Then, as there is no path of length greater than or equal to $`3`$ in $`Q^{}`$, we have $`I^{}=0`$ and $`A^{}=FQ^{}`$ is finite dimensional and strictly wild by Theorem 6 and Proposition 7. Thus, the condition (b) is also satisfied. Therefore, $`A`$ is wild by Theorem 20. ∎

###### Lemma 23.

Let $`A`$ be a finite dimensional $`F`$–algebra, $`Q`$ the Gabriel quiver of $`A`$. Suppose that $`Q`$ contains a subquiver with the adjacency matrix $`(a_{ij})_{1i,j3}`$ where,

$$a_{ij}=\{\begin{array}{cc}1\text{if }i2\text{ and }j2\text{ or }i=1\text{ and }j=2\text{,}\hfill & \\ 0\text{otherwise.}\hfill & \end{array}$$

Then $`A`$ is wild.

###### Proof.

Let $`\overline{Q}`$ be the subquiver contained in $`Q`$. Define $`\overline{A}=F\overline{Q}/J^2`$ where $`J^2`$ is the ideal generated by paths of length $`2`$ in $`\overline{Q}`$. Then, there is a surjective algebra homomorphism $`A\overline{A}`$. Thus, it is enough to show that $`\overline{A}`$ is wild. We denote by $`\rho ,\mu ,\nu `$ the arrows $`12`$, $`23`$ and $`23`$, and the loops on the nodes $`2`$ and $`3`$ by $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ respectively. Then, we can find a Galois covering $`\stackrel{~}{A}=\stackrel{~}{Q}/\stackrel{~}{I}`$ of $`\overline{A}`$ with Galois group $``$ such that, $`\stackrel{~}{Q}`$ contains the following quiver, which we define to be $`Q^{}`$, as a subquiver,

and $`\stackrel{~}{I}`$ maps to $`0`$ under the surjective homomorphism $`F\stackrel{~}{Q}FQ^{}`$.

Thus, $`A^{}=FQ^{}`$ and this is finite dimensional and strictly wild. Therefore, Theorem 20 implies that $`\overline{A}`$ is wild. ∎

In the next lemma, we consider the following algebra. This is (32) of Han’s Table W in \[Ha2\].

###### Definition 24.

Let $`Q`$ be the directed graph defined by the adjacency matrix $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{1\hspace{0.33em}1}}{\mathrm{1\hspace{0.33em}1}}\right)`$, and let $`FQ`$ be the associated path algebra.

We denote the loops on nodes $`1`$, $`2`$ by $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$, and the edges $`12`$, $`12`$ by $`\mu `$ and $`\nu `$ respectively. Then, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{32}`$ is the $`F`$–algebra $`FQ/I`$ where the relations are given by

$$\mu \alpha =\beta \mu ,\alpha \nu =0,\nu \beta =0,$$

$$\mu \nu \mu =0,\nu \mu \nu =0,$$

$$\alpha ^2=0,\beta ^2=0.$$

###### Lemma 25.

$`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{32}`$ is wild.

###### Proof.

We consider the following covering $`\stackrel{~}{Q}`$ of $`Q`$, whose underlying graph is $`^2`$.

We define $`\stackrel{~}{I}`$ by the same relations as for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{32}=FQ/I`$, where monomials are understood as paths on $`\stackrel{~}{Q}`$, and $`\mu \alpha =\beta \mu `$ is understood as two paths with the same endpoints are equal. Denote the subquiver on the right hand side by $`Q^{}`$. Then, $`I^{}=\mu \alpha \beta \mu `$ and $`FQ^{}/I^{}`$ is the concealed algebra given in Lemma 12. Hence, $`FQ^{}/I^{}`$ is finite dimensional and strictly wild. Therefore, the covering criterion implies that $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{32}`$ is wild. ∎

### 2.8.

There is a stable equivalence between an $`F`$–algebra with radical square zero and a path algebra. Further, given $`F`$–algebra with radical square zero, we can describe the directed graph of the corresponding path algebra. This is also a part of the Gabriel’s theorem. See \[ARS, X.Theorem 2.4\] for example. We start with the following definition.

###### Definition 26.

Let $`Q=(Q_0,Q_1)`$ be a directed graph. Then, the associated directed bipartite graph is the directed graph $`\widehat{Q}=(\widehat{Q}_0,\widehat{Q}_1)`$ where $`\widehat{Q}_0`$ is the disjoint union of two copies of $`Q_0`$, which we denote by $`\{i^{},i^{\prime \prime }\}_{iQ_0}`$, and $`\widehat{Q}_1`$ is the set of arrows $`i^{}j^{\prime \prime }`$, one for each $`ij`$ in $`Q_1`$.

We call the underlying graph of $`\widehat{Q}`$ the associated bipartite graph.

The following is the theorem of Gabriel.

###### Theorem 27.

Let $`A`$ be a finite dimensional $`F`$–algebra, $`Q`$ the Gabriel quiver. Let $`\widehat{Q}`$ be the directed bipartite graph associated with $`Q`$. Then, $`A/\mathrm{Rad}^2A`$ is stably equivalent to $`F\widehat{Q}`$.

On the other hand, we have a theorem of Krause. This is a beautiful application of Crawley–Boevey’s characterization of tameness in terms of the number of generic modules \[Ca2\]. See \[Le, Theorem 1\] for the Krause’s theorem. See also its final section for the proof and comments. The author thanks Professor Ringel for drawing his attension to \[Le\].

The Krause’s theorem asserts that stable equivalence preserves representation type, both tame and wild. Hence, Theorem 6 implies the following.

###### Theorem 28.

Let $`A`$ be a finite dimensional $`F`$–algebra, $`Q`$ the Gabriel quiver. If the bipartite graph associated with $`Q`$ is not a Dynkin diagram of finite type, then $`A`$ is tame or wild. If it is not a Dynkin diagram of finite type nor affine type, then $`A`$ is wild.

Applying Theorem 28, we have the following lemmas. The first lemma may be proved by using the covering criterion, by following the similar arguments as in Lemma 22 and Lemma 23.

###### Lemma 29.

Let $`A`$ be a finite dimensional $`F`$–algebra, and assume that the Gabriel quiver of $`A`$ contains the directed graph with adjacency matrix $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.33em}1}}{\mathrm{0\hspace{0.33em}0}}\right)`$ or $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.33em}0}}{\mathrm{1\hspace{0.33em}0}}\right)`$ as a subquiver. Then, $`A`$ is wild.

###### Proof.

Let $`Q`$ be the subquiver. Then, there is a surjective algebra homomorphism $`AFQ/J^2`$ where $`J^2`$ is the ideal generated by paths of length $`2`$. As the associated bipartite graph is not a Dynkin diagram of finite type nor affine type, $`FQ/J^2`$ is wild. Thus, so is $`A`$. ∎

###### Lemma 30.

Let $`A`$ be a finite dimensional $`F`$–algebra with the property that $`\mathrm{Ext}_A^1(S,T)=0`$ if and only if $`\mathrm{Ext}_A^1(T,S)=0`$, for any pair of simple $`A`$–modules $`S`$ and $`T`$. We denote by $`\underset{¯}{Q}`$ the underlying graph of the Gabriel quiver of $`A`$, and suppose that the following two conditions hold.

* $`\underset{¯}{Q}`$ contains a cycle of length greater than or equal to $`3`$.
* There is an edge of $`\underset{¯}{Q}`$ which is not contained in the cycle such that at least one of the endpoints of the edge belongs to the cycle.

Then $`A`$ is wild.

###### Proof.

Let $`n`$ be the length of the cycle. Assume that there is an edge which connects a node in the cycle and a node outside the cycle. If $`n`$ is even and $`n4`$ then the bipartite graph associated with $`Q`$ contains two copies of $`A_{n1}^{(1)}`$ each of which is extended by an arrow. If $`n`$ is odd and $`n3`$ then the bipartite graph contains $`A_{2n1}^{(1)}`$ which is extended by two arrows, whose endpoints on the cycle are distinct. Hence, the underlying graph of $`\widehat{Q}`$ is not a Dynkin diagram of finite type nor affine type and $`A`$ is wild by Theorem 28. The proof is entirely similar in the cases where there is an edge which connects two distinct nodes in the cycle, or there is a loop around a node of the cycle. ∎

### 2.9.

Up to now, I have explained results to show that an algebra is wild. To show that an algebra is tame, we use the following result.

###### Definition 31.

A finite dimensional $`F`$–algebra is called special if it is Morita–equivalent to a basic algebra $`FQ/I`$ with the following properties.

* For each $`iQ_0`$, the number of arrows $`ij`$ in $`Q_1`$ is at most $`2`$.
* For each $`iQ_0`$, the number of arrows $`ji`$ in $`Q_1`$ is at most $`2`$.
* For each directed edge $`\alpha Q_1`$, the number of arrows $`\beta Q_1`$ which satisfy $`\alpha \beta I`$ is at most $`1`$.
* For each directed edge $`\alpha Q_1`$, the number of arrows $`\beta Q_1`$ which satisfy $`\beta \alpha I`$ is at most $`1`$.

If, moreover, $`I`$ is given by a set of monomials, then $`A`$ is called a string algebra.

###### Theorem 32 (\[WW, Corollary 2.4\]).

Any special algebra is finite or tame.

The notion of special algebras first appeared in \[SW\]. Recall that if, for any indecomposable projective $`A`$–module $`P`$, $`P`$ is uniserial or $`\mathrm{Rad}P=N_1N_2/S`$ with $`N_1`$ and $`N_2`$ uniserial and $`S`$ simple or zero, then $`A`$ is a biserial algebra. It is known that special algebras are biserial \[SW, Lemma 1\]. Thus, we call special algebras special biserial algebras. In fact, Theorem 32 is a special case of a more general theorem that biserial algebras are finite or tame. See \[C3, Theorem A\].

Theorem 32 together with Lemma 1 allow us to show that the special biserial algebras we will meet are tame.

For special biserial algebras, we know their Auslander–Reiten quivers. As a corollary, we can prove the existence of a module with complexity $`2`$ in crucial cases. The author thanks Professor Erdmann for drawing his attention to this.

Let $`A`$ be a finite dimensional basic $`F`$–algebra, $`I=\{e_i|Ae_i\text{is injective.}\}`$. Define $`S=_{iI}\mathrm{Soc}Ae_i`$. $`S`$ is a two–sided ideal of $`A`$. Define $`\overline{A}=A/S`$. The next lemma is standard. See \[Er, I.8.11\].

###### Lemma 33.

Let $`A`$, $`I`$, $`S`$ and $`\overline{A}`$ be as above. Then, the set of the isomorphism classes of indecomposable $`A`$–modules is the disjoint union of $`\{Ae_i|iI\}`$ and the set of the isomorphism classes of indecomposable $`\overline{A}`$–modules. The Auslander–Reiten quiver of $`\overline{A}`$ is obtained from that of $`A`$ by removing $`\{Ae_i|iI\}`$.

###### Proof.

Fix $`iI`$ and write $`P_i=Ae_i`$. Let $`M`$ be an indecomposable $`A`$–module and assume that there is $`mM`$ such that $`(\mathrm{Soc}P_i)m0`$. Consider an $`A`$–module homomorphism

$$\varphi :P_iM$$

defined by $`ae_iae_im`$, for $`aA`$. As $`P_i`$ is indecomposable and injective, $`\mathrm{Soc}P_i`$ is simple. Hence, if $`\varphi `$ is not a monomorphism then $`\mathrm{Soc}P_i\mathrm{Ker}\varphi `$, contradicting to our assumption that $`(\mathrm{Soc}P_i)m0`$. Hence, we have $`MP_i`$. The first assertion is proved.

Let $`M`$ and $`N`$ be $`A`$–modules on which $`S`$ act as zero. Suppose that there is an irreducible $`\overline{A}`$–module homomorphism $`MN`$. Then, $`M,N\simeq ̸Ae_i`$, for $`iI`$, implies that this homomorphism viewed as an $`A`$–module homomorphism is irreducible. Next assume that there is an irreducible $`A`$–module homomorphism $`MN`$. Then, there exists an irreducible $`\overline{A}`$–module homomorphism $`MN`$ by \[Ga2, Corollary 3.3\]. ∎

Now assume that the basic algebra $`A/S`$ is a string algebra. For string algebras, we can classify their indecomposable modules. Among them, we only need the string modules for our purposes.

Let $`FQ/I`$ be a string algebra. Consider a updown diagram of the following form with all the arrows directed downward.

We see this as a collection of subpaths directed to southwest or southeast. Then, this updown diagram is called a string if

* edges of each subpath is labelled by elements of $`Q_1`$ so that the product is a monomial which is not in $`I`$,
* adjacent subpaths have a common source or a common target in $`Q_0`$ on a peak or in a deep,
* two arrows on a peak or in a deep have different labels.

Let $`C`$ be a string, $`V(C)`$ the set of its vertices. We define an $`F`$–vector space $`M(C)`$ by

$$M(C)=\underset{xV(C)}{}Fx.$$

Then, $`M(C)`$ becomes an $`FQ/I`$–module by the rule that $`\alpha x=y`$ if there is an arrow $`xy`$ with label $`\alpha `$ in $`C`$, and $`\alpha x=0`$ otherwise.

###### Definition 34.

Let $`C`$ be a string. We say that $`C`$ starts on a peak (resp. ends on a peak) if we cannot add an arrow directed to southwest (resp. southeast) to the right (resp. left) of $`C`$ so that the extended diagram may be a string again.

Similarly, we say that $`C`$ starts in a deep (resp. ends in a deep) if we cannot add an arrow directed to southeast (resp. southwest) to the right (resp. left) of $`C`$ so that the extended diagram may be a string again.

Given $`\alpha Q_1`$, write $`\alpha =ij`$ and let $`P_i`$ be the indecomposable projective $`FQ/I`$–module corresponding to the node $`i`$, and let $`P_i^j`$ the $`FQ/I`$–submodule of $`P_i`$ generated by $`\alpha `$. Define $`M_\alpha =P_i/P_i^j`$. Note that $`M_\alpha `$ is uniserial. The following proposition gives an explicit rule for $`\tau (M(C))`$, where $`\tau `$ is the Auslander–Reiten translate. See \[Er, II.3\], which is, in turn, based on \[BuR\].

###### Proposition 35.

Assume that $`M(C)`$ is not projective nor isomorphic to any of $`M_\alpha `$ $`(\alpha Q_1)`$.

* If $`C`$ starts and ends in a deep then $`\tau (M(C))=M(C^{})`$ where $`C^{}`$ is obtained from $`C`$ by deleting

Thus, $`C^{}`$ does not start nor end on a peak. Note that the leftmost subpath directed to southwest and the rightmost subpath directed to southeast may be of length $`0`$.
* If $`C`$ starts in a deep but does not end in a deep then $`\tau (M(C))=M(C^{})`$ where $`C^{}`$ is obtained from $`C`$ by deleting the rightmost

to the left of $`C`$ such that the length of the subpath directed to southeast is as large as possible. Thus, $`C^{}`$ does not start on a peak but ends on a peak. Note that the leftmost subpath of $`C^{}`$ directed to southeast and the rightmost subpath of $`C`$ directed to southeast may be of length $`0`$.
* If $`C`$ does not start in a deep but ends in a deep then $`\tau (M(C))=M(C^{})`$ where $`C^{}`$ is obtained from $`C`$ by deleting the leftmost

to the right of $`C`$ such that the length of the subpath directed to southwest is as large as possible. Thus, $`C^{}`$ starts on a peak but does not end on a peak. Note that the rightmost subpath of $`C^{}`$ directed to southwest and the leftmost subpath of $`C`$ directed to southwest may be of length $`0`$.
* If $`C`$ does not start nor end in a deep then $`\tau (M(C))=M(C^{})`$ where $`C^{}`$ is obtained from $`C`$ by adding

to the right of $`C`$ such that both the length of the subpath directed to southeast on the leftend and the length of the subpath directed to southwest on the rightend are as large as possible. Thus, $`C^{}`$ starts and ends on a peak. Note that these lengths may be of length $`0`$.

Let $`Q`$ be a directed graph with adjacency matrix $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{0\hspace{0.33em}1}}{\mathrm{1\hspace{0.33em}1}}\right)`$. We denote the arrows $`12`$, $`12`$ by $`\mu `$ and $`\nu `$ respectively, and the loop on the node $`2`$ by $`\beta `$. Define a string algebra $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=FQ/I`$ by the relations

$$\nu \beta =0,\beta \mu =0,\beta ^2=0,(\mu \nu )^2=0,(\nu \mu )^2=0.$$

###### Lemma 36.

Let $`S`$ be the simple $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$–module corresponding to the node $`2`$. Then, $`\mathrm{dim}_F\tau ^{2n}(S)=6n+1`$ and $`\mathrm{dim}_F\tau ^{2n+1}(S)=6n+6`$, for $`n`$.

###### Proof.

$`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ has the basis

$$\{e_1,e_2,\beta ,\mu ,\nu ,\mu \nu ,\nu \mu ,\mu \nu \mu ,\nu \mu \nu \}.$$

$`M_\mu `$ is the simple $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$–module corresponding to the node $`1`$. Other $`M_\nu `$, $`M_\beta `$ and indecomposable projective $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$–modules are given by $`M(C)`$ with $`C`$ being one of the following.

Thus, by Proposition 35(2)(4), $`\tau (S)`$ and $`\tau ^2(S)`$ are given by the following strings.

It is clear that the same pattern repeats in $`\tau ^{2n+1}(S)`$ and $`\tau ^{2n+2}(S)`$, for $`n>0`$. ∎

###### Lemma 37.

Let $`A`$ be a symmetric special biserial algebra. Suppose that each node of the Gabriel quiver of $`A`$ has two outgoing arrows and two incoming arrows. Then, any simple $`A`$–module $`S`$ has the complexity $`c_A(S)=2`$.

###### Proof.

As we mentioned before, $`A`$ is a biserial algebra. Thus, we have a description of the radical series of indecomposable projective $`A`$–modules. It follows that $`A/S`$ is a string algebra. As $`A`$ is self–injective, the Auslander–Reiten quiver of $`\overline{A}`$ coincides with the stable Auslander–Reiten quiver of $`A`$. By repeated use of Proposition 35(4), we have the inequality

$$\mathrm{dim}_F\tau ^n(S)2n+1(n).$$

Since $`A`$ is a symmetric algebra, $`\tau =\mathrm{\Omega }^2`$ where $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is the Heller loop operator. Thus, this inequality implies that $`c_A(S)2`$. As $`c_A(S)2`$ by Theorem 14(3) and Theorem 32, the result follows. ∎

Let $`A`$ be a finite dimensional $`F`$–algebra, $`\{P_1,\mathrm{},P_s\}`$ a complete set of the isomorphism classes of indecomposable projective $`A`$–modules. Then $`A`$ is symmetric if and only if $`\mathrm{End}_A(P_1\mathrm{}P_s)`$ is symmetric. See \[Er, Lemma I.3.3\] for example. This fact will be used without further notice.

## 3. The case of $`_n(q,Q)`$

### 3.1.

Let $`F`$ be an algebraically closed field and let $`q,QF^\times `$. $`_n(q,Q)`$ is the $`F`$–algebra defined by generators $`T_0,\mathrm{},T_{n1}`$ and relations

$$(T_0Q)(T_0+1)=0,(T_iq)(T_i+1)=0(1in1),$$

$$T_0T_1T_0T_1=T_1T_0T_1T_0,T_iT_j=T_jT_i(ji+2),$$

$$T_iT_{i+1}T_i=T_{i+1}T_iT_{i+1}(i1).$$

There are two cases to consider. The first case is the case where $`Qq^{}`$.

###### Theorem 38 (\[DJ2, Theorem 4.17\]).

Suppose that $`Qq^f`$ for any $`f`$. Then $`_n(q,Q)`$ is Morita–equivalent to

$$\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}_k^A(q)_{nk}^A(q).$$

Further, we already know representation type for all of the block algebras of $`_n^A(q)`$ by \[EN\]. Recall that block algebras of $`_n^A(q)`$ are labelled by $`e`$–cores $`\kappa `$ which satisfy the condition that $`w_\kappa =\frac{n|\kappa |}{e}`$ is a non–negative integer \[DJ1\]. Let $`B_\kappa `$ be the block algebra of $`_n^A(q)`$ labelled by an $`e`$–core $`\kappa `$. The integer $`w_\kappa `$ is called the weight of $`B_\kappa `$. See \[JK, 2.7\] for the terminology. The Erdmann–Nakano theorem is as follows.

###### Theorem 39 (\[EN, Theorem 1.2\]).

Let $`e`$ be the multiplicative order of $`q1`$ and $`\kappa `$ an $`e`$–core with $`w_\kappa =\frac{n|\kappa |}{e}_0`$. Then,

* $`B_\kappa `$ is semisimple if and only if $`w_\kappa =0`$.
* $`B_\kappa `$ is

+ finite if and only if $`w_\kappa 1`$,
    + tame if and only if $`e=2`$ and $`w_\kappa =2`$,
    + wild otherwise.

Using this, we can prove the following.

###### Theorem 40.

Assume that $`Qq^{}`$ and that $`q`$ has the multiplicative order $`e2`$. Then, we have the following.

* If $`e3`$ then $`_n(q,Q)`$ is

+ finite if and only if $`n<2e`$,
    + wild otherwise.
* If $`e=2`$ then $`_n(q,Q)`$ is

+ finite if and only if $`n<4`$,
    + tame if and only if $`n=4`$ or $`5`$,
    + wild otherwise.

###### Proof.

(1) If $`n<2e`$ then one of $`k`$ and $`nk`$ in Theorem 38 is strictly smaller than $`e`$. Thus, using Theorem 39(1), we know that one of $`_k^A(q)`$ and $`_{nk}^A(q)`$ is a semisimple algebra, which is a direct sum of matrix algebras because $`F`$ is algebraically closed. Using Theorem 39(2) we also know that the other is finite. Hence $`_n(q,Q)`$ is finite in this case. To show that $`n2e`$ implies that $`_n(q,Q)`$ is wild, it is enough to prove that $`_{2e}(q,Q)`$ is wild by Corollary 4. Theorem 39(2) implies that $`_{2e}^A(q)`$ is wild, which implies the result by Theorem 38.

(2) By the assumption that $`e=2`$, the characteristic of $`F`$ is odd. First of all, Theorem 39(2) implies that $`_2^A(q)`$ and $`_3^A(q)`$ are finite. As $`_0^A(q)=F`$ and $`_1^A(q)=F`$ by definition, this implies that $`_k^A(q)H_{2k}^A(q)`$, for $`0k2`$, and $`_k^A(q)H_{3k}^A(q)`$, for $`0k3`$, are all finite, proving that $`_2(q,Q)`$ and $`_3(q,Q)`$ are finite.

Next observe that $`_4^A(q)`$ and $`_5^A(q)`$ are tame. In fact, if $`n=4`$ then there is only one $`2`$–core, which has weight $`2`$, and if $`n=5`$ then there are two $`2`$–cores, one of which has weight $`1`$, the other of which has weight $`2`$. Thus, $`_4^A(q)`$ and $`_5^A(q)`$ are tame by Theorem 39(2). This implies that $`_k^A(q)H_{4k}^A(q)`$, for $`k=0,1,3,4`$, and $`_k^A(q)H_{5k}^A(q)`$, for $`k=0,1,4,5`$, are tame. As $`_2^A(q)=F[T_1]/(T_1+1)^2`$ implies that $`_2^A(q)_2^A(q)`$ is tame because

$$_2^A(q)_2^A(q)F[X,Y]/(X^2,Y^2),$$

we have proved that $`_4(q,Q)`$ is tame. On the other hand, $`_3^A(q)`$ is sum of two block algebras. One is isomorphic to the matrix algebra $`\mathrm{End}_F(S^{(2,1)})`$, where $`S^{(2,1)}`$ is the Specht module labelled by $`(2,1)`$, which is a projective $`_3^A(q)`$–module in the present case. The other is isomorphic to $`F[X]/(X^2)`$. Hence, $`_k^A(q)_{5k}^A(q)`$, for $`k=2`$ and $`k=3`$, is Morita–equivalent to $`F[X,Y]/(X^2,Y^2)F[Z]/(Z^2)`$, proving that $`_5(q,Q)`$ is tame.

As the block algebra of $`_6^A(q)`$ labelled by the empty $`2`$–core is wild, $`_n^A(q)`$ with $`n6`$ is wild by Corollary 4. Thus, $`_n(q,Q)`$ is wild by Theorem 38. ∎

In the proof above, we heavily rely on Theorem 39. However, if we use the Fock space theory, which we will explain in the next subsection, we can give another proof which does not use Theorem 39.

### 3.2.

The second case is the case where $`Q=q^f`$ for some $`f`$. Note that $`_n(1,1)`$ is isomorphic to the semidirect product of $`F[x_1,\mathrm{},x_n]/(x_1^2,\mathrm{},x_n^2)`$ with the group algebra of the symmetric group $`S_n`$, where $`S_n`$ acts on $`\{x_1,\mathrm{},x_n\}`$ in the natural way. Let $`\mathrm{}`$ be the characteristic of $`F`$, then.

###### Proposition 41.

$`_n(1,1)`$ is

* finite if $`n=1`$.
* tame if $`n=2`$ and $`\mathrm{}2`$.
* wild otherwise.

###### Proof.

The case $`n=1`$ is obvious. As $`F[x_1,\mathrm{},x_n]/(x_1^2,\mathrm{},x_n^2)`$ is wild when $`n3`$, which follows from Theorem 14 or Theorem 28, Proposition 3 implies that $`_n(1,1)`$ is wild in this case. The remaining cases are for $`n=2`$. Let $`\sigma `$ be the unique transposition of $`S_2`$.

Suppose that $`\mathrm{}2`$. Then we have two simple modules $`D^\pm `$ defined by $`x_i=0`$, for $`i=1,2`$, and $`\sigma =\pm 1`$. As the radical of $`_2(1,1)`$ is $`F[x_1,x_2]/(x_1^2,x_2^2)`$, an explicit computation of the regular representation implies that the radical series of the projective cover of $`D^\pm `$ is as follows.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^\pm \hfill \\ \hfill D^+& D^{}\hfill \\ & D^\pm \hfill \end{array}$$

Let $`Q`$ be the directed graph defined by the adjacency matrix $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{1\hspace{0.33em}1}}{\mathrm{1\hspace{0.33em}1}}\right)`$, and we denote the loops on nodes $`1`$, $`2`$ by $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$, the edges $`12`$, $`12`$ by $`\mu `$ and $`\nu `$. Then the Gabriel quiver of $`_2(1,1)`$ is $`Q`$ and the relations include

$$\mu \alpha =\alpha \nu =0,\nu \beta =\beta \mu =0.$$

Hence $`_2(1,1)`$ is a special biserial algebra and Theorem 32 implies that $`_2(1,1)`$ is finite or tame. On the other hand, Lemma 37 and Theorem 14(2) imply that $`_2(1,1)`$ cannot be finite. Hence the result.

Suppose that $`\mathrm{}=2`$. Then $`_2(1,1)`$ is the projective cover of the unique simple module, and $`\mathrm{Rad}_2(1,1)/\mathrm{Rad}^2_2(1,1)`$ constitutes of three simple modules. Hence $`_2(1,1)`$ is wild by Theorem 28. ∎

The theorem we are going to prove is the following.

###### Theorem 42.

Assume that $`q`$ has the multiplicative order $`e2`$, and $`Q=q^f`$, for some $`0fe1`$. Then we have the following.

* Suppose that $`e3`$. Then $`_n(q,Q)`$ is

+ finite if $`n<\mathrm{min}\{e,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}f+4,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}e2f+4\}`$.
    + tame if $`f=0`$ and $`4n<\mathrm{min}\{e,9\}`$.
    + wild otherwise.
* Suppose that $`e=2`$. Then $`_n(q,Q)`$ is

+ finite if $`n=1`$.
    + tame if $`n=2`$ or $`n=3`$ and $`f=1`$.
    + wild otherwise.

We have already proved in \[AM2, Theorem 1.4\] that $`_n(q,q^f)`$ is finite if and only if $`n<\mathrm{min}\{e,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}f+4,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}e2f+4\}`$, under the assumption that $`e3`$. The case $`e=2`$ is easy to handle, and the proof is given in \[AM3\]. We remark that the radical series given in $`(case\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}1})`$ in the proof of \[AM2, Theorem 5.25\] needs correction as in (case 5a) below.

Hence, it is enough to prove the statements for tameness and wildness. To prove these, we need the Specht module theory for $`_n(q,Q)`$, developed by Dipper, James and Murphy \[DJM\], and the Fock space theory developed by the author \[A1\], \[A2\] and \[A3\], as for the proof of finiteness in \[AM2, Theorem 1.4\]. We redefine $`T_0`$ by $`T_0^{new}=T_0^{old}`$ if $`0f\frac{e}{2}`$, and $`T_0^{new}=q^fT_0^{old}`$ if $`e`$ is finite and $`\frac{e}{2}<fe1`$. Thus, we may and do assume $`0f\frac{e}{2}`$ without loss of generality, and we assume that $`T_0`$ satisfies $`(T_01)(T_0q^f)=0`$ in the rest of the paper.

###### Remark 43.

The Specht module theory was generalized to the Hecke algebras of type $`(m,1,n)`$ by Dipper, James and Mathas \[DJM’\]. This theory is now viewed as an example of the cell module theory for cellular algebras in the sense of Graham and Lehrer. Also, if we restrict ourselves to type $`A`$ case, the Fock space theory was generalized to $`q`$–Schur algebras by Varagnolo and Vasserot \[VV\].

Let us begin by explaining the Specht module theory for $`_n(q,Q)`$. Let $`𝒫`$ be the set of bipartitions $`\lambda =(\lambda ^{(1)},\lambda ^{(2)})`$. The size of $`\lambda `$ is denoted by $`|\lambda |`$. If $`|\lambda |=n`$ then we write $`\lambda n`$. Let $`𝒫(n)`$ be the set of bipartitions with $`\lambda n`$. Then $`𝒫(n)`$ is a poset with a partial order $`\mathrm{}`$, called the dominance ordering; we say that $`\lambda \mathrm{}\mu `$ if

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}\lambda _i^{(1)}\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}\mu _i^{(1)},\text{for all }k\text{, and}$$

$$|\lambda ^{(1)}|+\underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}\lambda _j^{(2)}|\mu ^{(1)}|+\underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}\mu _j^{(2)},\text{for all }k.$$

If $`\lambda \mathrm{}\mu `$ and $`\lambda \mu `$ we write $`\lambda \mu `$.

In \[DJM\] it was shown that there exists a family $`\{S^\lambda |\lambda n\}`$ of $`_n(q,Q)`$–modules such that each of which is equipped with a symmetric bilinear form $`,`$ satisfying $`T_iu,v=u,T_iv`$, for $`0in1`$ and for all $`u,vS^\lambda `$. We define an $`_n(q,Q)`$–module $`D^\lambda `$ by $`D^\lambda =S^\lambda /\mathrm{rad}_,S^\lambda `$. If there is a need to specify the base field $`F`$, we write $`D_F^\lambda `$. Then $`D^\lambda `$ is absolutely irreducible or $`D^\lambda =0`$. If $`D^\lambda 0`$ then its projective cover is denoted by $`P^\lambda `$ or $`P_F^\lambda `$.

The following results are fundamental in the Specht module theory.

###### Theorem 44.

* Each $`D^\lambda `$ is self–dual.
* $`\{D^\lambda |\lambda n,D^\lambda 0\}`$ is a comlete set of the isomorphism classes of simple $`_n(q,Q)`$–modules.
* If $`D^\lambda 0`$ then $`S^\lambda `$ is indecomposable with $`\mathrm{Top}S^\lambda =D^\lambda `$.
* For each $`\mu n`$ with $`D^\mu 0`$, $`P^\mu `$ has a Specht filtration

$$P^\mu =F_0F_1\mathrm{}F_N=0$$

such that $`S^\lambda `$ appears $`[S^\lambda :D^\mu ]`$ times in $`\{F_i/F_{i+1}|0i<N\}`$, for each $`\lambda `$. Further, if we denote the maximal element of $`\{\lambda |[S^\lambda :D^\mu ]0\}`$ in the dominance ordering by $`\lambda _{\mathrm{max}}`$, then $`S^{\lambda _{\mathrm{max}}}`$ appears as a submodule of $`P^\mu `$.

The statement (1) implies that if there is an arrow in the Gabriel quiver of $`_n(q,Q)`$ then there is always an arrow with the same endpoints and the opposite direction in the Gabriel quiver.

Another important remark about the Specht module theory is that if we have enough knowledge on the decomposition numbers $`[S^\lambda :D^\mu ]`$, then, by using seminormal representations, we can obtain an explicit matrix representation of $`D^\mu `$.

We denote the set of bipartitions $`\lambda 𝒫(n)`$ with $`D^\lambda 0`$ by $`𝒦𝒫(n)`$, and the disjoint union $`_n𝒦𝒫(n)`$ by $`𝒦𝒫`$. Then we can describe $`𝒦𝒫`$ by using the crystal graph theory. Further, the decomposition numbers $`[S^\lambda :D^\mu ]`$ can be described in terms of the canonical basis in a combinatorial Fock space. This is the theory which I called the Fock space theory. To explain this, we review the author’s previous work \[A2\], which sprang from an important observation and results of Lascoux, Leclerc and Thibon \[LLT\]. See chapters 12–14 of \[A1\] for details. Here, we state the results only for $`_n(q,Q)`$.

Assume as before that $`qF^\times `$, which appeared as one of the parameters $`q`$ and $`Q`$ of $`_n(q,Q)`$, is a primitive $`e^{th}`$ root of unity with $`e2`$. Then we consider the Kac–Moody Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ of type $`A_{e1}^{(1)}`$ and its quantized enveloping algebra $`U_v(𝔤)`$, where $`v`$ is an indeterminate. We denote by $`V_v(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ the irreducible integrable highest weight $`U_v(𝔤)`$–module with highest weight $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\mathrm{\Lambda }_0+\mathrm{\Lambda }_f`$. Recall that $`f`$ is such that $`Q=q^f`$ and $`0f\frac{e}{2}`$.

The $`v`$–deformed combinatorial Fock space $`_v(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ with hightest weight $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is the infinite dimensional vector space

$$_v(\mathrm{\Lambda })=\underset{\lambda 𝒫}{}(v)\lambda ,$$

which is a $`U_v(𝔤)`$–module via

$$e_i\lambda =\underset{\mu 𝒫:\lambda /\mu =\text{i}}{}v^{N_i^a(\lambda /\mu )}\mu ,$$

$$f_i\lambda =\underset{\mu 𝒫:\mu /\lambda =\text{i}}{}v^{N_i^b(\mu /\lambda )}\mu ,$$

$$t_i\lambda =v^{N_i(\lambda )}\lambda ,v^d\lambda =v^{W_0(\lambda )}\lambda .$$

The definitions of $`N_i^a(\lambda /\mu )`$, $`N_i^b(\mu /\lambda )`$, $`N_i(\lambda )`$ and $`W_0(\lambda )`$ in the formulas above are as in \[A1, Definition 10.8\] and we omit them. The proof that this is a $`U_v(𝔤)`$–module is given in \[A1, Theorem 10.10\].

The following is called the Misra–Miwa theorem. See \[A1, Theorem 11.11\].

###### Theorem 45.

Define $`(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ and $`(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ by

$$(\mathrm{\Lambda })=\underset{\lambda 𝒫}{}[v]_{(v)}\lambda ,(\mathrm{\Lambda })=\{\lambda +v(\mathrm{\Lambda })|\lambda 𝒫\}.$$

Then $`((\mathrm{\Lambda }),(\mathrm{\Lambda }))`$ is a (lower) crystal basis of $`_v(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ in the sense of Kashiwara.

We identify the crystal graph of $`((\mathrm{\Lambda }),(\mathrm{\Lambda }))`$ with $`𝒫`$. Now we identify the $`U_v(𝔤)`$–submodule of $`_v(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ generated by the empty bipartition $`\mathrm{}`$ with $`V_v(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$. Then $`((\mathrm{\Lambda }),(\mathrm{\Lambda }))`$ defines a crystal basis of $`V_v(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$, which we denote by $`(L(\mathrm{\Lambda }),B(\mathrm{\Lambda }))`$. Note that $`V_v(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ is a $`U_v(𝔤)`$–submodule of $`_v(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ and $`B(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ is a subset of $`𝒫`$ in our definition. The highest weight vector $`v_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is identified with the empty bipartition $`\mathrm{}_v(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$. By a fundamental theorem of Kashiwara and Lusztig, the crystal basis $`(L(\mathrm{\Lambda }),B(\mathrm{\Lambda }))`$ can be lifted to the canonical basis of $`V_v(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$.

The following collects some of the main theorems of the Fock space theory. The second part was proved in \[A2, Theorem 4.4\]; the proof requires plenty of results. I recommend reading the proof of \[A1, Theorem 12.5\], which not only proves the second part but also includes background materials necessary for the proof. The remaining parts were proved in \[A3, Theorem 4.2\] and \[AM2, Corollary 3.16\].

We say that $`(K,𝒪,F)`$ is a modular system with parameters if $`𝒪`$ is a discrete valuation ring and $`K`$ the fraction field, $`F`$ the residue field, such that there are elements $`\widehat{q},\widehat{Q}𝒪^\times `$ which are lift of the parameters $`q,QF^\times `$.

###### Theorem 46.

* $`(\mathrm{\Lambda })=𝒦𝒫`$.
* Assume that the characteristic of $`F`$ is zero. Let $`\mu 𝒦𝒫`$ and denote the corresponding canonical basis element by $`G(\mu )`$. If we write

$$G(\mu )=\underset{\lambda 𝒫}{}d_{\lambda \mu }(v)\lambda $$

in $`_v(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ then we have

$$d_{\lambda \mu }(1)=[S^\lambda :D^\mu ].$$
* Let $`(K,𝒪,F)`$ be a modular system with parameters and suppose that $`\mu `$ is a Kleshchev bipartition such that

$$G(\mu )=f_{i_1}^{(m_1)}\mathrm{}f_{i_n}^{(m_n)}v_\mathrm{\Lambda }$$

for some $`m_1,\mathrm{},m_n`$ and $`i_1,\mathrm{},i_n/e`$. Then the decomposition map sends $`[P_K^\mu ]`$ to $`[P_F^\mu ]`$. In particular, the decomposition numbers in the column labelled by $`\mu `$ do not depend on the characteristic of $`F`$.

### 3.3.

Now we start the proof of Theorem 42(1). As we assume that $`e3`$ and $`0f\frac{e}{2}`$, we have $`ef2`$. We prove the theorem by case–by–case analysis. The cases we consider are as follows.

* $`n=e`$, $`ef3`$ and $`1f\frac{e}{2}`$.
* $`n=e`$, $`ef=2`$ and $`1f\frac{e}{2}`$.
* $`n=e`$ and $`f=0`$.
* $`n=2f+4`$, $`e>2f+4`$ and $`1f\frac{e}{2}`$.
* $`4n<\mathrm{min}\{e,9\}`$ and $`f=0`$.
* $`n=9<e`$ and $`f=0`$.

Our aim is to show that $`_n(q,Q)`$ is wild in all the cases but (case 5a). In (case 5a) we show that $`_n(q,Q)`$ is tame and has an indecomposable module with complexity $`2`$.

### 3.4.

The first three cases are for $`n=e`$. Then, following \[AM2\], we define bipartitions

$`\lambda _k`$ $`=((0),(k,1^{ek}))(1ke),`$
$`\mu _k`$ $`=((k,1^{ek}),(0))(1ke),`$
$`\lambda _{k,l}`$ $`=((fl,1^{efk}),(k,1^l))(1kef\text{and}\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}0}l<f).`$
These bipartitions belong to the “principal block”, which we denote by $`B`$.

###### Proposition 47 (\[AM2, Proposition 4.22\]).

We have the following.

1. The complete set of Kleshchev bipartitions in $`B`$ is

$$\{\lambda _k|1k<e\}\{\lambda _{k,l}|1kef\&0l<f\}.$$
2. For $`1k<e`$ we have

$$[P^{\lambda _k}]=[S^{\lambda _k}]+[S^{\lambda _{k+1}}]+\{\begin{array}{cc}[S^{\lambda _{k,f1}}]+[S^{\lambda _{k+1,f1}}]\hfill & (k<ef)\hfill \\ [S^{\lambda _{ef,f1}}]\hfill & (k=ef)\hfill \\ [S^{\lambda _{ef,ek}}]+[S^{\lambda _{ef,ek1}}]\hfill & (k>ef)\hfill \end{array}.$$
3. For $`1kef`$ and $`0l<f`$ we have

$$[P^{\lambda _{k,l}}]=[S^{\lambda _{k,l}}]+\{\begin{array}{cc}[S^{\lambda _{k1,0}}]+[S^{\mu _{f+k1}}]+[S^{\mu _{f+k}}]\hfill & (k1\&l=0)\hfill \\ [S^{\mu _f}]+[S^{\mu _{f+1}}]\hfill & (k=1\&l=0)\hfill \\ [S^{\lambda _{k,l1}}]+[S^{\lambda _{k1,l}}]+[S^{\lambda _{k1,l1}}]\hfill & (k1\&l0)\hfill \\ [S^{\lambda _{1,l1}}]+[S^{\mu _{fl}}]+[S^{\mu _{fl+1}}]\hfill & (k=1\&l0)\hfill \end{array}.$$

Assume that we are in (case 1a). The argument is very similar to that in \[A5\], which was for $`_n^B(q)`$. By Proposition 47,

$`[P^{\lambda _1}]`$ $`=[S^{\lambda _1}]+[S^{\lambda _2}]+[S^{\lambda _{2,f1}}]+[S^{\lambda _{1,f1}}],`$
$`[P^{\lambda _2}]`$ $`=[S^{\lambda _2}]+[S^{\lambda _3}]+[S^{\lambda _{3,f1}}]+[S^{\lambda _{2,f1}}],`$
and

$`[S^{\lambda _{1,f1}}]`$ $`=[D^{\lambda _{1,f1}}]+[D^{\lambda _{2,f1}}]+[D^{\lambda _1}],`$
$`[S^{\lambda _{2,f1}}]`$ $`=[D^{\lambda _{2,f1}}]+[D^{\lambda _{3,f1}}]+[D^{\lambda _2}]+[D^{\lambda _1}].`$
Then, that $`S^{\lambda _{1,f1}}`$ is a submodule of $`P^{\lambda _1}`$ implies that the radical series of $`S^{\lambda _{1,f1}}`$ is as follows.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _{1,f1}}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _{2,f1}}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \end{array}$$

On the other hand, $`S^{\lambda _2}`$ has the radical series of the following form.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \end{array}$$

Then, as in the proof of (case 1) of \[AM2, Theorem 4.21\], we have

$$\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _1}/\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _1}=D^{\lambda _2}D^{\lambda _{2,f1}}.$$

Note that $`D^{\lambda _{1,f1}}`$ cannot appear in $`\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _1}/\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _1}`$ because if otherwise then $`D^{\lambda _{1,f1}}`$ would appear in $`\mathrm{Soc}^2P^{\lambda _1}/\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _1}`$. This contradicts to $`[P^{\lambda _1}:D^{\lambda _{1,f1}}]=1`$ as $`D^{\lambda _{1,f1}}`$ has already appeared in $`\mathrm{Soc}^3P^{\lambda _1}/\mathrm{Soc}^2P^{\lambda _1}`$.

Another property we need is $`\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _{2,f1}}=D^{\lambda _2}`$. This follows from the fact that $`S^{\lambda _{2,f1}}`$ is a submodule of $`P^{\lambda _2}`$.

Now, we determine the radical series of $`S^{\lambda _{2,f1}}`$. If $`\mathrm{Rad}^2S^{\lambda _{2,f1}}=0`$ then $`\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _{2,f1}}`$ is the direct sum $`D^{\lambda _{3,f1}}D^{\lambda _1}D^{\lambda _2}`$, a contradiction.

If $`\mathrm{Rad}^3S^{\lambda _{2,f1}}0`$ then $`S^{\lambda _{2,f1}}`$ is uniserial whose top is $`D^{\lambda _{2,f1}}`$ and whose socle is $`D^{\lambda _2}`$. This implies that there exists a uniserial module of the following form.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _{3,f1}}\hfill \end{array}$$

This contradicts to $`\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _1}/\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _1}=D^{\lambda _2}D^{\lambda _{2,f1}}`$. Hence, the radical length of $`S^{\lambda _{2,f1}}`$ is $`3`$ and the radical series has the following form.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _{2,f1}}\hfill \\ \hfill D^{\lambda _1}& D^{\lambda _{3,f1}}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \end{array}$$

As a conclusion, the Gabriel quiver of $`_n(q,Q)`$ contains the following quiver as a subquiver.

Therefore, Lemma 17 shows that $`_n(q,Q)`$ is wild in this case.

Next assume that we are in (case 2a). Then we have either $`e=3`$ and $`f=1`$ or $`e=4`$ and $`f=2`$.

First we consider the case where $`e=3`$ and $`f=1`$. Then, by Proposition 47, the decomposition matrix of the block algebra $`B`$ is as follows.

|  | $`\lambda _1`$ | $`\lambda _2`$ | $`\lambda _{2,0}`$ | $`\lambda _{1,0}`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`\lambda _1`$ | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| $`\lambda _2`$ | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| $`\lambda _3`$ | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| $`\lambda _{2,0}`$ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| $`\lambda _{1,0}`$ | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| $`\mu _1`$ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| $`\mu _2`$ | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| $`\mu _3`$ | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |

Thus, simple $`B`$–modules are all one dimensional and they are given by

$`D^{\lambda _1}:`$ $`T_0q,`$ $`T_1,T_21,`$
$`D^{\lambda _2}:`$ $`T_0q,`$ $`T_1,T_2q,`$
$`D^{\lambda _{2,0}}:`$ $`T_01,`$ $`T_1,T_2q,`$
$`D^{\lambda _{1,0}}:`$ $`T_01,`$ $`T_1,T_21.`$
This is easy to see: observe that $`D^{\lambda _2}=S^{\lambda _3}`$, $`D^{\lambda _{2,0}}=S^{\mu _3}`$ and $`D^{\lambda _{1,0}}=S^{\mu _1}`$.

The block algebra $`B`$ admits a symmetry. To see this, we define an algebra automorphism $`\omega `$ of $`_n(q,Q)`$ as follows.

$$\omega :\{\begin{array}{cc}T_0\hfill & 1+qT_0(=qT_0^1)\hfill \\ T_i\hfill & q1T_i(=qT_i^1)\text{(for }i=1,2\text{)}\hfill \end{array}$$

Then, $`\omega `$ interchanges $`D^{\lambda _1}`$ and $`D^{\lambda _{2,0}}`$, $`D^{\lambda _2}`$ and $`D^{\lambda _{1,0}}`$, respectively.

###### Lemma 48.

$`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _a},D^{\lambda _b})0`$ if and only if $`\{\lambda _a,\lambda _b\}`$ is one of

$$\{\lambda _1,\lambda _2\},\{\lambda _1,\lambda _{2,0}\},\{\lambda _{1,0},\lambda _{2,0}\}.$$

###### Proof.

By the self–duality of simple modules, $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _a},D^{\lambda _b})0`$ implies $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _b},D^{\lambda _a})0`$, for any pair $`\{\lambda _a,\lambda _b\}`$.

As $`S^{\lambda _2}`$ is an indecomposable module with $`\mathrm{Top}S^{\lambda _2}=D^{\lambda _2}`$ and $`\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _2}=D^{\lambda _1}`$, we have $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _1},D^{\lambda _2})0`$ and $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _2},D^{\lambda _1})0`$. Applying $`\omega `$, we also have $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _{1,0}},D^{\lambda _{2,0}})0`$ and $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _{2,0}},D^{\lambda _{1,0}})0`$.

To prove that $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _1},D^{\lambda _{2,0}})0`$, we consider

$$T_0\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 1q\\ 0& q\end{array}\right),T_1\left(\begin{array}{cc}q& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right),T_2\left(\begin{array}{cc}q& 1+q\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right).$$

Then, this defines an indecomposable representation of $`_3(q,Q)`$. Hence, the result follows. To prove that $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _1},D^{\lambda _{1,0}})=0`$, we consider

$$T_0\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& \alpha \\ 0& q\end{array}\right),T_1\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& \beta \\ 0& 1\end{array}\right),T_2\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& \gamma \\ 0& 1\end{array}\right),$$

and require that they satisfy the defining relations. Since $`T_iq`$, for $`i=1,2`$, are invertible in this case, $`\beta =0`$ and $`\gamma =0`$ follow. Then, as $`q1`$, we can diagonalize $`T_0`$. This implies that a short exact sequence

$$0D^{\lambda _{1,0}}MD^{\lambda _1}0$$

always splits, proving the result. Applying $`\omega `$ we also get $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _{2,0}},D^{\lambda _2})=0`$.

Similarly, to prove that $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _2},D^{\lambda _{1,0}})=0`$, we consider

$$T_0\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& \alpha \\ 0& q\end{array}\right),T_1\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& \beta \\ 0& q\end{array}\right),T_2\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& \gamma \\ 0& q\end{array}\right).$$

We may assume $`\beta =0`$ because $`q1`$. Then, by requiring the defining relations, we get $`\alpha =0`$ by $`(T_0T_1)^2=(T_1T_0)^2`$ and $`\gamma =0`$ by $`T_0T_2=T_2T_0`$.

By the same argument, $`q\pm 1`$ implies that self–extensions are all zero. ∎

Let $`P=P^{\lambda _1}P^{\lambda _2}P^{\lambda _{1,0}}P^{\lambda _{2,0}}`$, and define an $`F`$–algebra $`A`$ by

$$A=\mathrm{End}_B(P/\mathrm{Rad}^3P).$$

Our aim is to determine the algebra structure of $`A`$. To do this, we consider the radical series of each indecomposable projective module. Observe that $`S^{\lambda _{i,0}}`$, for $`i=1,2`$, is a submodule of $`P^{\lambda _i}`$ respectively. Thus, the radical series of $`S^{\lambda _{1,0}}`$ and $`S^{\lambda _{2,0}}`$ are as follows.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _{1,0}}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _{2,0}}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \end{array}\text{and}\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _{2,0}}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \end{array}$$

We start with $`P^{\lambda _1}`$. By Lemma 48, $`\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _1}/\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _1}=D^{\lambda _2}D^{\lambda _{2,0}}`$. As $`\mathrm{Soc}^3P^{\lambda _1}/\mathrm{Soc}^2P^{\lambda _1}`$ contains $`D^{\lambda _{1,0}}`$, $`D^{\lambda _{1,0}}`$ appears in $`\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _1}/\mathrm{Rad}^3P^{\lambda _1}`$. By the Specht filtration, $`P^{\lambda _1}`$ has a submodule $`W`$ with

$$0S^{\lambda _{1,0}}WS^{\lambda _{2,0}}0.$$

We denote the pullback of $`\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _{2,0}}`$ to $`W`$ by $`\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _{2,0}}+S^{\lambda _{1,0}}`$ and define a $`B`$–module $`V`$ by

$$V=(\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _1})/(\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _{2,0}}+S^{\lambda _{1,0}}).$$

Then we have a short exact sequence

$$0\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _{2,0}}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \end{array}V\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \end{array}\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}0}$$

and $`V/\mathrm{Rad}V=D^{\lambda _2}D^{\lambda _{2,0}}`$. Thus, $`\mathrm{Rad}V=D^{\lambda _1}D^{\lambda _1}`$ by $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _1},D^{\lambda _1})=0`$ and $`D^{\lambda _1}D^{\lambda _1}`$ appears in $`\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _1}/\mathrm{Rad}^3P^{\lambda _1}`$. Taking the Specht filtration into consideration, these imply that the radical series of $`P^{\lambda _1}/\mathrm{Rad}^3P^{\lambda _1}`$ is as follows.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ \hfill D^{\lambda _2}& D^{\lambda _{2,0}}\hfill \\ \hfill D^{\lambda _1}& D^{\lambda _1}D^{\lambda _{1,0}}\hfill \end{array}$$

Next we consider $`P^{\lambda _2}`$. By Lemma 48, $`\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _2}/\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _2}=D^{\lambda _1}`$. Thus, by taking the Specht filtration into consideration again, $`P^{\lambda _2}/\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _2}=S^{\lambda _2}`$ and $`\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _2}`$ has a submodule $`F`$ such that

$$(\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _2})/F=S^{\lambda _3}D^{\lambda _2},F=S^{\lambda _{2,0}}.$$

If the radical length of $`\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _2}`$ was $`4`$ then $`P^{\lambda _2}`$ would be a uniserial $`B`$–module and $`\mathrm{Rad}^3P^{\lambda _2}=S^{\lambda _{2,0}}`$. This contradicts to the self–duality of $`P^{\lambda _2}`$. Thus, the radical length of $`\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _2}`$ is $`3`$. If $`(\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _2})/FD^{\lambda _2}`$ appeared in $`\mathrm{Rad}^3P^{\lambda _2}`$ then $`D^{\lambda _2}`$ would appear as a submodule of $`\mathrm{Soc}^2P^{\lambda _2}/\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _2}`$, which contradicts to $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _2},D^{\lambda _2})=0`$. Thus, $`D^{\lambda _2}`$ appears in $`\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _2}/\mathrm{Rad}^3P^{\lambda _2}`$. On the other hand, as $`\mathrm{Top}F=D^{\lambda _{2,0}}`$ appears in $`\mathrm{Soc}^3P^{\lambda _2}/\mathrm{Soc}^2P^{\lambda _2}`$, $`D^{\lambda _{2,0}}`$ appears in $`\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _2}/\mathrm{Rad}^3P^{\lambda _2}`$. As a conclusion, the radical series of $`P^{\lambda _2}/\mathrm{Rad}^3P^{\lambda _2}`$ is as follows.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ \hfill D^{\lambda _2}& D^{\lambda _{2,0}}\hfill \end{array}$$

Applying $`\omega `$ to the radical structure of $`P^{\lambda _1}/\mathrm{Rad}^3P^{\lambda _1}`$, we know that the radical series of $`P^{\lambda _{2,0}}/\mathrm{Rad}^3P^{\lambda _{2,0}}`$ is as follows.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _{2,0}}\hfill \\ \hfill D^{\lambda _1}& D^{\lambda _{1,0}}\hfill \\ \hfill D^{\lambda _2}& D^{\lambda _{2,0}}D^{\lambda _{2,0}}\hfill \end{array}$$

Similarly, the radical series of $`P^{\lambda _{2,0}}/\mathrm{Rad}^3P^{\lambda _{2,0}}`$ is as follows.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _{1,0}}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _{2,0}}\hfill \\ \hfill D^{\lambda _1}& D^{\lambda _{1,0}}\hfill \end{array}$$

Set $`D_1=D^{\lambda _2}`$, $`D_2=D^{\lambda _1}`$, $`D_3=D^{\lambda _{2,0}}`$ and $`D_4=D^{\lambda _{1,0}}`$. Then, the Gabriel quiver of the block algebra $`B`$ is the directed graph $`Q`$ in Lemma 22. We have a surjective algebra homomorphism

$$FQ/J^3A^{opp},$$

where $`J^3`$ is the ideal of $`FQ`$ generated by paths of length $`3`$. Let us compare the dimensions of $`FQ/J^3`$ and $`A`$. The computation above shows $`\mathrm{dim}_FA=20`$. Hence, $`\mathrm{dim}_FFQ/J^3=20`$ implies that $`FQ/J^3A^{opp}`$. Therefore, we have determined the algebra structure of $`A`$ and Lemma 22 implies that $`A`$ is wild. Since $`A`$ is a factor algebra of $`\mathrm{End}_B(P)`$ and $`\mathrm{End}_B(P)^{opp}`$ is Morita–equivalent to $`B`$, we have shown that $`_n(q,Q)`$ with $`n=e=3,f=1`$ is wild.

Next we consider the case where $`e=4`$ and $`f=2`$. We have, by Proposition 47, that

$`[P^{\lambda _1}]`$ $`=[S^{\lambda _1}]+[S^{\lambda _2}]+[S^{\lambda _{2,1}}]+[S^{\lambda _{1,1}}],`$
$`[P^{\lambda _2}]`$ $`=[S^{\lambda _2}]+[S^{\lambda _3}]+[S^{\lambda _{2,1}}],`$
$`[P^{\lambda _3}]`$ $`=[S^{\lambda _3}]+[S^{\lambda _4}]+[S^{\lambda _{2,1}}]+[S^{\lambda _{2,0}}],`$
and

$`[S^{\lambda _{1,1}}]`$ $`=[D^{\lambda _{1,1}}]+[D^{\lambda _{2,1}}]+[D^{\lambda _1}],`$
$`[S^{\lambda _{2,1}}]`$ $`=[D^{\lambda _{2,1}}]+[D^{\lambda _3}]+[D^{\lambda _2}]+[D^{\lambda _1}],`$
$`[S^{\lambda _{2,0}}]`$ $`=[D^{\lambda _{2,0}}]+[D^{\lambda _{2,1}}]+[D^{\lambda _3}].`$
We argue as in (case 1a). Then the radical series of $`S^{\lambda _{2,1}}`$ has the following form.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _{2,1}}\hfill \\ \hfill D^{\lambda _1}& D^{\lambda _3}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \end{array}$$

As $`S^{\lambda _{2,0}}`$ is a submodule of $`P^{\lambda _3}`$, $`\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _{2,0}}=D^{\lambda _3}`$. Thus, $`S^{\lambda _{2,0}}`$ is uniserial of the following form.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _{2,0}}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _{2,1}}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _3}\hfill \end{array}$$

As a conclusion, the Gabriel quiver contains the following quiver as a subquiver.

Thus, Lemma 17 implies that $`_n(q,Q)`$ with $`n=e=4,f=2`$ is wild.

Now, suppose that we are in (case 3a). We consider the case where $`e4`$ first. Then, we have simple modules $`D^{\lambda _i}`$, for $`i=1,2,3`$. Considering $`S^{\lambda _2}`$ and $`S^{\lambda _3}`$, we obtain that $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _i},D^{\lambda _j})0`$, for $`\{i,j\}=\{1,2\}`$ and $`\{2,3\}`$. In \[AM2\], we introduced modules $`M^{\lambda _i}`$ after Proposition 4.24, and showed that the self–extensions of the simple modules $`D^{\lambda _i}`$ are non–zero. Thus, $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _i},D^{\lambda _i})0`$, for $`i=2,3`$. Therefore, we can apply Lemma 23, proving that $`_n(q,Q)`$ is wild in this case.

Next suppose that $`e=3`$. We compute the decompostion numbers in the columns labelled by $`\lambda _1`$ and $`\lambda _2`$ as before. Then, $`D^{\lambda _1}=S^{\lambda _1}`$ and $`D^{\lambda _2}=S^{\lambda _3}`$. So, the Specht module theory implies that simple $`B`$–modules $`D^{\lambda _1}`$ and $`D^{\lambda _2}`$ are given by

$`D^{\lambda _1}:`$ $`T_01,`$ $`T_1,T_21,`$
$`D^{\lambda _2}:`$ $`T_01,`$ $`T_1,T_2q.`$
Note that $`T_02T_0`$, $`T_iq1T_i`$, for $`i=1,2`$, is an algebra automorphism of $`_n(q,Q)`$ in this case. We denote this automorphism by $`\omega `$ again. Then, $`\omega `$ interchanges $`D^{\lambda _1}`$ and $`D^{\lambda _2}`$. Let us consider the following representation.

$$T_0\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}1& 0& q^2& 0& 1\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 1\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right),T_1\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}q& 0& 0& q^2& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& q& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right),$$

$$T_2\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}q& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& q^2& 0& 1\\ 0& 0& q& 0& 1\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right).$$

We denote the corresponding $`B`$–module by $`M`$. The underlying space is $`F^5`$, the column vectors of dimension $`5`$. If we write $`F^4`$, this means the subspace consisting of the vectors of $`F^5`$ whose final entry is $`0`$.

###### Lemma 49.

$`\mathrm{Top}M=D^{\lambda _1}\text{and}\mathrm{Rad}^2M=\mathrm{Soc}M=D^{\lambda _1}D^{\lambda _2}`$.

###### Proof.

We can compute $`\mathrm{Top}M`$ and $`\mathrm{Soc}M`$ explicitly. In the computation of $`\mathrm{Top}M=D^{\lambda _1}`$, we obtain $`\mathrm{Rad}M=F^4`$. We can also show that $`\mathrm{Rad}^2M=\mathrm{Soc}M`$ by computing $`\mathrm{Top}(\mathrm{Rad}M)`$ explicitly. ∎

###### Remark 50.

$`\mathrm{Rad}M`$ is indecomposable because

$$\mathrm{End}_B(\mathrm{Rad}M)=FI_4FE_{13}FE_{24}M(4,4,F),$$

is a local $`F`$–algebra. Here, $`I_4`$ is the identity matrix and $`E_{ij}`$ are matrix units.

As $`\mathrm{Top}M=D^{\lambda _1}`$, $`M`$ is a factor module of $`P^{\lambda _1}`$. By twisting $`M`$ by $`\omega `$, we know that $`M^\omega `$ is a factor module of $`P^{\lambda _2}`$. Define

$$A=\mathrm{End}_B(MM^\omega ).$$

Then $`A`$ is a factor algebra of $`\mathrm{End}_B(P^{\lambda _1}P^{\lambda _2})`$.

We shall show that $`A`$ is wild. As $`B`$ is Morita–equivalent to $`\mathrm{End}_B(P^{\lambda _1}P^{\lambda _2})^{opp}`$, this implies that $`B`$ is wild. Define

$$\alpha \mathrm{End}_B(M)M(5,5,F)\text{and}\beta \mathrm{End}_B(M^\omega )M(5,5,F)$$

by the matrix $`q^2E_{13}+E_{15}+E_{45}`$, and define

$$\mu \mathrm{Hom}_B(M,M^\omega )M(5,5,F)\text{and}\nu \mathrm{Hom}_B(M^\omega ,M)M(5,5,F)$$

by the matrix $`E_{14}+E_{23}+qE_{35}`$. The embeddings into $`M(5,5,F)`$ are given by the natural basis of $`F^5`$ which is the underlying space of $`M`$ and $`M^\omega `$. That they commute with $`B`$ is proved by explicit computations. Finally, define $`e_1`$ and $`e_2`$ to be the projectors to $`M`$ and $`M^\omega `$ respectively.

###### Proposition 51.

* $`A`$ has the basis

$$\{e_1,e_2,\alpha ,\beta ,\mu ,\nu ,\mu \nu ,\nu \mu ,\mu \alpha ,\nu \beta \}.$$
* The following relations hold in $`A`$.

$$\alpha ^2=0,\beta ^2=0,\alpha \nu =\nu \beta ,\beta \mu =\mu \alpha ,$$

$$\nu \beta \mu =0,\mu \alpha \nu =0,\mu \nu \mu =0,\nu \mu \nu =0.$$
* Let $`Q`$ be the directed graph in Lemma 25 then $`AFQ/I`$ where the relations are as in (2).

###### Proof.

These are proved by explicit computations. ∎

Let us consider the factor algebra $`\overline{A}`$ of $`A`$ which is defined by requiring one more relation $`\nu \beta =0`$. Then, $`\overline{A}`$ has the defining relations

$$\alpha ^2=0,\beta ^2=0,\alpha \nu =0,\nu \beta =0,$$

$$\beta \mu =\mu \alpha ,\mu \nu \mu =0,\nu \mu \nu =0.$$

By changing the sign of $`\alpha `$, we know that $`\overline{A}\mathrm{\Lambda }_{32}`$. Hence, $`A`$ is wild by Lemma 25. We have proved that $`_n(q,Q)`$ is wild in this case.

### 3.5.

The remaining two cases are for $`n=2f+4`$.

Assume that we are in (case 4a). Following \[AM2\], we define bipartitions $`\lambda _1=((0),(2^{f+2}))`$, $`\lambda _2=((1),(2^{f+1},1))`$, $`\lambda _3=((1^2),(2^{f+1}))`$, $`\lambda _4=((2),(2^f,1^2))`$ and $`\lambda _5=((2,1),(2^f,1))`$. They belong to the same block, which we denote by $`B`$.

###### Lemma 52 (\[AM2, Lemma 5.6\]).

The bipartitions $`\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\lambda _3,\lambda _4`$ and $`\lambda _5`$ are all Kleshchev. Furthermore, $`[P^{\lambda _2}]=[S^{\lambda _2}]+[S^{\lambda _3}]+[S^{\lambda _4}]+[S^{\lambda _5}]`$ and the first five rows of the columns of the decomposition matrix of $`B`$ labelled by $`\lambda _i`$, for $`1i5`$, are as follows.

$$\begin{array}{cccccc}& \lambda _1& \lambda _2& \lambda _3& \lambda _4& \lambda _5\\ & & & & & \\ \lambda _1\hfill & 1& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ \lambda _2\hfill & 1& 1& 0& 0& 0\\ \lambda _3\hfill & 0& 1& 1& 0& 0\\ \lambda _4\hfill & 0& 1& 0& 1& 0\\ \lambda _5\hfill & 1& 1& 1& 1& 1\end{array}$$

Note that $`\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _5}=D^{\lambda _2}`$. Our aim is to show that the radical series of $`S^{\lambda _5}`$ has the following form.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _5}\hfill \\ \hfill D^{\lambda _1}& D^{\lambda _3}D^{\lambda _4}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \end{array}$$

Once this is proved, then the Gabriel quiver contains the following quiver as a subquiver.

So, Lemma 17 implies that $`_n(q,Q)`$ is wild in this case.

Now we determine the radical structure of $`S^{\lambda _5}`$. In (case 2) of the proof of \[AM2, Theorem 5.25\], we showed

$$\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _2}/\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _2}=D^{\lambda _1}D^{\lambda _3}D^{\lambda _4}.$$

This implies that

$$\mathrm{Soc}^2S^{\lambda _5}/\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _5}\mathrm{Soc}^2P^{\lambda _2}/\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _2}=D^{\lambda _1}D^{\lambda _3}D^{\lambda _4}.$$

If the inclusion is strict, then one of $`D^{\lambda _1}`$, $`D^{\lambda _3}`$, $`D^{\lambda _4}`$ appears in $`S^{\lambda _2}`$, $`S^{\lambda _3}`$ or $`S^{\lambda _4}`$. Note that these Specht modules are uniserial of the following form.

$$S^{\lambda _2}=\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \end{array},S^{\lambda _3}=\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _3}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \end{array},S^{\lambda _4}=\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _4}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \end{array}.$$

Assume that $`D^{\lambda _1}`$ does not appear in $`\mathrm{Soc}^2S^{\lambda _5}/\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _5}`$. Then the $`D^{\lambda _1}`$ which appears in $`\mathrm{Soc}^2P^{\lambda _2}/\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _2}`$ must come from $`\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _2}`$. So the $`D^{\lambda _1}`$ also appears in $`\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _2}/\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _2}`$. This implies that the heart $`H(P^{\lambda _2})`$ of $`P^{\lambda _2}`$ has the form

$$H(P^{\lambda _2})=D^{\lambda _1}M,$$

where $`M`$ is some $`B`$–module. Observe that

* $`M`$ is self–dual because $`H(P^{\lambda _2})`$ is self–dual,
* $`\mathrm{Top}M=D^{\lambda _3}D^{\lambda _4}`$,
* $`M`$ has a filtration whose succesive quotients are $`S^{\lambda _3}`$, $`S^{\lambda _4}`$ and $`S^{\lambda _5}/\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _5}`$.

As $`\mathrm{Soc}M=D^{\lambda _3}D^{\lambda _4}`$, both $`\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _3}=D^{\lambda _2}`$ and $`\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _4}=D^{\lambda _2}`$ cannot appear in $`\mathrm{Soc}M`$. Thus, $`\mathrm{Soc}(S^{\lambda _5}/\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _5})=D^{\lambda _3}D^{\lambda _4}`$. As $`S^{\lambda _5}`$ has the unique maximal submodule $`\mathrm{Rad}S^{\lambda _5}`$, the radical series of $`S^{\lambda _5}/\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _5}`$ has the following form.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _5}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ \hfill D^{\lambda _3}& D^{\lambda _4}\hfill \end{array}$$

In particular, $`H(M)`$ contains a uniserial module of length $`2`$ whose top is $`D^{\lambda _5}`$ and whose socle is $`D^{\lambda _1}`$. As $`H(M)`$ is also self–dual, $`H(M)`$ must have a uniserial module of length $`2`$ whose top is $`D^{\lambda _1}`$ and whose socle is $`D^{\lambda _5}`$ as a factor module. However, this is impossible because $`[H(M):D^{\lambda _1}]=1`$ and $`[H(M):D^{\lambda _5}]=1`$.

Next assume that $`D^{\lambda _3}`$ does not appear in $`\mathrm{Soc}^2S^{\lambda _5}/\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _5}`$. Then the $`D^{\lambda _3}`$ which appears in $`\mathrm{Soc}^2P^{\lambda _2}/\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _2}`$ must come from $`S^{\lambda _3}`$. Then, $`S^{\lambda _3}\mathrm{Soc}^2P^{\lambda _2}`$. Thus, both $`\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _3}`$ and $`\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _5}`$ appear in $`\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _2}`$, that is, $`D^{\lambda _2}D^{\lambda _2}\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _2}`$. This is a contradiction.

Assume that $`D^{\lambda _4}`$ does not appear in $`\mathrm{Soc}^2S^{\lambda _5}/\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _5}`$. Then, by the similar reason as in the previous case, we reach a contradiction.

$`\mathrm{Soc}^2S^{\lambda _5}/\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _5}=D^{\lambda _1}D^{\lambda _3}D^{\lambda _4}`$ implies that the radical series of $`S^{\lambda _5}`$ is in the desired form, since $`\mathrm{Top}S^{\lambda _5}=D^{\lambda _5}`$ and $`\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _5}=D^{\lambda _2}`$.

Assume that we are in (case 5a). In \[AM2, section 6\], we introduced the notion of path sequences for bipartitions. Let $`A=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{0}{1}\right),B=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{1}{0}\right),C=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{0}{1}\right),D=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{1}{1}\right)`$ and define $`x_r`$ and $`x_l`$ for $`x\{a,b,c,d\}`$ as in \[loc. cit.\]. As $`f=0`$, we do not have to define $`x_m`$ for $`x\{a,b,c,d\}`$. By \[AM2, (6.28),(6.29)\] we have

$$a_l+a_r=b_l+b_r,n>(a_l+a_r)^2.$$

Our assumption $`n<9`$ implies that the number of $`A`$’s is at most $`2`$. On the other hand, as in (case 1) in the proof of \[AM2, Theorem 6.30\], $`n<e`$ implies that Specht modules which belongs to a block must have the same set of contents. Further, if $`S^\lambda `$ and $`S^\mu `$ belong to the block then the path sequence of $`\mu `$ is obtained from that of $`\lambda `$ by a sequence of interchanging $`A`$ and $`B`$.

###### Definition 53.

For a bipartition $`\lambda =(\lambda ^{(1)},\lambda ^{(2)})`$, we denote $`(\lambda ^{(2)},\lambda ^{(1)})`$ by $`\lambda ^{\mathrm{}}`$.

Note that $`\lambda ^{\mathrm{}}`$ has the same set of contents as $`\lambda `$ because of $`f=0`$.

###### Lemma 54.

Assume that $`4n<\mathrm{min}\{e,9\}`$. If $`B`$ is a block algebra of $`_n(q,1)`$ then the number of Specht modules belonging to $`B`$ is $`1`$, $`2`$ or $`6`$. If the number is $`1`$ then $`B`$ is semisimple. If the number is $`2`$ then $`B`$ is Morita–equivalent to $`F[X]/(X^2)`$.

###### Proof.

Choose a Specht module $`S^\lambda `$ which belongs to $`B`$ so that $`\lambda ^{\mathrm{}}\lambda `$ does not hold, and let $`a=a_l+a_r`$ be the number of $`A`$’s in the path sequence of $`\lambda `$.

If $`a=0`$ then we cannot interchange $`A`$ and $`B`$, which implies that $`S^\lambda `$ is the unique Specht module which belongs to $`B`$. Thus, $`P^\lambda =S^\lambda =D^\lambda `$ and $`B`$ is semisimple.

If $`a=1`$ then the number of Specht modules which belongs to $`B`$ is at most $`2`$. If it is $`1`$ then $`B`$ is semisimple. If it is $`2`$, then $`S^\lambda ^{\mathrm{}}`$ belongs to $`B`$. Observe that

$$\mathrm{dim}_FB=2(\mathrm{dim}_FS^\lambda )^2,P^\lambda S^\lambda =D^\lambda .$$

Thus we can write $`[P^\lambda ]=[S^\lambda ]+m[S^\lambda ^{\mathrm{}}]`$, for some $`m1`$, and

$$(m+1)(\mathrm{dim}_FS^\lambda )^2=\mathrm{dim}_FP^\lambda \mathrm{dim}_FD^\lambda \mathrm{dim}_FB=2(\mathrm{dim}_FS^\lambda )^2$$

implies that $`m=1`$. Hence, $`S^\lambda ^{\mathrm{}}=D^\lambda `$ by dimension counting, and we have that $`D^\lambda `$ is the unique simple $`B`$–module and that $`P^\lambda `$ is uniserial of length $`2`$. Hence $`B`$ is Morita–equivalent to $`F[X]/(X^2)`$.

If $`a2`$ then $`a=2`$ and the number of Specht modules which belongs to $`B`$ is at most $`6`$. However, in Proposition 55 below, we will list all of these possibilities and compute the decomposition numbers explicitly. From the decomposition matrix we know that these six Specht modules always consititute a single block. ∎

To cover the case where $`a=a_l+a_r=2`$, we shall prove the following.

###### Proposition 55.

Assume that $`4n<\mathrm{min}\{e,9\}`$. If $`B`$ is a block algebra of $`_n(q,1)`$ such that the number of Specht modules belonging to $`B`$ is not $`1`$ nor $`2`$, then there are Kleshchev bipartitions $`\lambda _1`$ and $`\lambda _2`$, and a bipartition $`\lambda _3`$ which is not Kleshchev, such that the transpose of the decomposition matrix of $`B`$ has the following form.

|  | $`\lambda _1`$ | $`\lambda _2`$ | $`\lambda _3`$ | $`\lambda _3^{\mathrm{}}`$ | $`\lambda _2^{\mathrm{}}`$ | $`\lambda _1^{\mathrm{}}`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`\lambda _1`$ | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| $`\lambda _2`$ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |

Further, there are bipartitions $`\mu _1,\mu _2`$ of smaller ranks such that, for $`i=1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}`$, the following hold.

* $`D^{\mu _i}=S^{\mu _i}`$, $`P^{\mu _i}`$ is uniserial of length $`2`$.
* $`P^{\lambda _i}=P^{\mu _i}^B`$.
* If we set $`M_i=D^{\mu _i}^B`$ then

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill [M_1]& =[S^{\lambda _1}]+[S^{\lambda _2}]=2[D^{\lambda _1}]+[D^{\lambda _2}],\hfill \\ \hfill [M_2]& =[S^{\lambda _2}]+[S^{\lambda _3}]=[D^{\lambda _1}]+2[D^{\lambda _2}].\hfill \end{array}$$
* Let $`B_i`$ be the block algebra which $`D^{\mu _i}`$ belongs, for $`i=1,2`$. Then

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill D^{\lambda _1}_{B_1}=D^{\mu _1},& D^{\lambda _1}_{B_2}=0,\hfill \\ \hfill D^{\lambda _2}_{B_2}=D^{\mu _2},& D^{\lambda _2}_{B_1}=0.\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Proof.

It is enough to verify the decomposition matrix and the condition (iii) and (iv) for those Kleshchev bipartitions $`\mu _1,\mu _2`$ with $`a_l+a_r=1`$; if $`a=1`$ for $`\mu _i`$ and $`\mu _i`$ is Kleshchev then Lemma 54 implies (i). Then $`[P^{\mu _i}^B]=2[M_i]=[P^{\lambda _i}]`$ implies (ii).

We start with the cases where no $`S^\lambda `$ with $`\lambda ^{(1)}=\mathrm{}`$ belongs to $`B`$. Then, by explicit computation, we know that $`n=7`$ or $`n=8`$. The possibilities for $`n=7`$ are

$$\lambda _1=((1),(3^2)),\lambda _2=((2),(3,2)),\lambda _3=((3),(2^2))$$

and

$$\lambda _1=((1),(2^3)),\lambda _2=((1^2),(2^2,1)),\lambda _3=((1^3),(2^2)).$$

In the first case,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill G(\lambda _1)& =f_1f_2f_0f_1f_1f_0^{(2)}((0),(0))=\lambda _1+v\lambda _2+v\lambda _2^{\mathrm{}}+v^2\lambda _1^{\mathrm{}},\hfill \\ \hfill G(\lambda _2)& =f_2f_0f_1f_1^{(2)}f_0^{(2)}((0),(0))=\lambda _2+v\lambda _3+v\lambda _3^{\mathrm{}}+v^2\lambda _2^{\mathrm{}},\hfill \end{array}$$

and we can check that $`\lambda _1,\lambda _2`$ are Kleshchev and the other four bipartitions are not. Useful criteria for this are

* Assume that $`f=0`$. Then $`\lambda `$ with $`\lambda ^{(1)}\mathrm{}`$ and $`\lambda ^{(2)}=\mathrm{}`$ is not Kleshchev.
* Assume that $`f=0`$ and $`e>n`$ and that both $`\lambda ^{(1)}`$ and $`\lambda ^{(2)}`$ are hooks. Then $`\lambda `$ is Kleshchev if and only if $`\lambda ^{(1)}\lambda ^{(2)}`$.
* Assume that $`f=0`$ and $`e>n=s+4`$. Then $`((2^2),(s))`$ and $`((2^2),(1^s))`$, for $`s0`$, are not Kleshchev,
* Assume that $`f=0`$ and $`e>n=s+4`$. Then $`((s),(2^2))`$ and $`((1^s),(2^2))`$, for $`s3`$, are not Kleshchev.

Thus, the decomposition matrix follows.

If we set $`\mu _1=((1),(3,2))`$ and $`\mu _2=((2),(2^2))`$ then we can verify the conditions for $`\mu _i`$, for $`i=1,2`$. Note that $`[S^{\lambda _1}]=[D^{\lambda _1}]`$ and $`[S^{\lambda _2}]=[D^{\lambda _1}]+[D^{\lambda _2}]`$.

In the second case,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill G(\lambda _1)& =f_1f_0f_1f_2f_1f_0^{(2)}((0),(0))=\lambda _1+v\lambda _2+v\lambda _2^{\mathrm{}}+v^2\lambda _1^{\mathrm{}},\hfill \\ \hfill G(\lambda _2)& =f_0f_1f_2f_1^{(2)}f_0^{(2)}((0),(0))=\lambda _2+v\lambda _3+v\lambda _3^{\mathrm{}}+v^2\lambda _2^{\mathrm{}},\hfill \end{array}$$

and we can check that $`\lambda _1,\lambda _2`$ are Kleshchev and the other four bipartitions are not. We set $`\mu _1=((1),(2^2,1))`$ and $`\mu _2=((1^2),(2^2))`$.

Next, the possibilities for $`n=8`$ are six cases given in the table below. We always have

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill G(\lambda _1)& =\lambda _1+v\lambda _2+v\lambda _2^{\mathrm{}}+v^2\lambda _1^{\mathrm{}},\hfill \\ \hfill G(\lambda _2)& =\lambda _2+v\lambda _3+v\lambda _3^{\mathrm{}}+v^2\lambda _2^{\mathrm{}}.\hfill \end{array}$$

The verification of the conditions for $`\mu _i`$, for $`i=1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}`$, given in the table, are left to the reader.

| $`\lambda _1`$ | $`\lambda _2`$ | $`\lambda _3`$ | $`\mu _1`$ | $`\mu _2`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`((1),(4,3))`$ | $`((2),(4,2))`$ | $`((2^2),(4))`$ | $`((1),(4,2))`$ | $`((2),(4))`$ |
| $`((1),(3^2,1))`$ | $`((2),(3,2,1))`$ | $`((3),(2^2,1))`$ | $`((1),(3,2,1))`$ | $`((2),(2^2,1))`$ |
| $`((1),(3,2^2))`$ | $`((1^2),(3,2,1))`$ | $`((1^3),(3,2))`$ | $`((1),(3,2,1))`$ | $`((1^2),(3,2))`$ |
| $`((1),(2^3,1))`$ | $`((1^2),(2^2,1^2))`$ | $`((1^4),(2^2))`$ | $`((1),(2^2,1^2))`$ | $`((1^2),(2^2))`$ |
| $`((2),(2^3))`$ | $`((2,1),(2^2,1))`$ | $`((2,1^2),(2^2))`$ | $`((2),(2^2,1))`$ | $`((2,1),(2^2))`$ |
| $`((1^2),(3^2))`$ | $`((2,1),(3,2))`$ | $`((2^2),(3,1))`$ | $`((1^2),(3,2))`$ | $`((2,1),(3,1))`$ |

We turn to the cases where $`S^\lambda `$ with $`\lambda ^{(1)}=\mathrm{}`$ belongs to $`B`$. For $`n=4`$, there is only one possibility $`\lambda ^{(2)}=(2^2)`$. For $`n=5`$, $`\lambda ^{(2)}=(3,2)`$ or $`(2^2,1)`$. For $`n=6`$, $`\lambda ^{(2)}`$ is one of $`(4,2),(3^2),(3,2,1),(2^3),(2^2,1^2)`$. For $`n=7`$, there are $`8`$ possibilities: $`\lambda ^{(2)}`$ is one of $`(5,2),(4,3),(4,2,1),(3^2,1)`$ and their transposes. For $`n=8`$, there are $`14`$ possibilities: $`\lambda ^{(2)}`$ is one of

$$(6,2),(5,3),(5,2,1),(4^2),(4,3,1),(4,2^2),(4,2,1^2),(3^2,2)$$

and their transposes. Note that the last two are symmetric partitions.

In these cases, $`\lambda ^{(2)}`$ is of the form

$$(j+1,i+2,2^{k1},1^{lk})(0i<j,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}1}kl)$$

That is, $`\lambda ^{(2)}`$ is obtained from $`(j+1,1^l)`$ by adding the hook $`(i+1,1^{k1})`$. Let $`\lambda _1`$ be the bipartition $`\lambda =(\mathrm{},\lambda ^{(2)})`$ and define $`\lambda _2`$ and $`\lambda _3`$ by

$$\lambda _2=((i+1,1^{k1}),(j+1,1^l)),\lambda _3=((j+1,1^{k1}),(i+1,1^l)).$$

Then,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill G(\lambda _1)& =f_{k+1}\mathrm{}f_1f_i\mathrm{}f_0f_l\mathrm{}f_1f_j\mathrm{}f_0((0),(0))\hfill \\ & =\lambda _1+v\lambda _2+v\lambda _2^{\mathrm{}}+v^2\lambda _1^{\mathrm{}},\hfill \\ \hfill G(\lambda _2)& =f_l\mathrm{}f_kf_j\mathrm{}f_{i+1}f_{k+1}^{(2)}\mathrm{}f_1^{(2)}f_i^{(2)}\mathrm{}f_0^{(2)}((0),(0))\hfill \\ & =\lambda _2+v\lambda _3+v\lambda _3^{\mathrm{}}+v^2\lambda _2^{\mathrm{}}.\hfill \end{array}$$

We can check that the other four bipartitions are not Kleshchev.

We define $`\mu _1`$ to be the bipartition obtained from $`\lambda _1`$ by deleting the hook $`(i+1,1^{k1})`$, and $`\mu _2`$ to be the bipartition obtained from $`\lambda _2`$ by deleting $`(ji)`$ nodes from the first row. It is easy to check the conditions for $`\mu _i`$. ∎

Now, we are in a position to determine the radical structure of $`P^{\lambda _1}`$ and $`P^{\lambda _2}`$ for all of the blocks with six Specht modules. Let $`B`$ be such a block algebra of $`_n(q,1)`$. By Proposition 55, $`P^{\lambda _i}`$ has a submodule which is isomorphic to $`M_i`$, which implies that $`\mathrm{Soc}M_i=D^{\lambda _i}`$. As $`M_i`$ is self–dual and $`[M_i]=2[D^{\lambda _i}]+[D^{\lambda _{3i}}]`$, $`M_i`$ is uniserial of length $`3`$, whose top and bottom are $`D^{\lambda _i}`$.

Let $`n_i=|\mu _i|`$, for $`i=1,2`$. As $`_n(q,1)`$ is projective as a right $`_{n_i}(q,1)`$–module, the Eckmann–Shapiro lemma \[B2, Corollary 2.8.4\] implies that

$$\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(M_i,D^{\lambda _j})\mathrm{Ext}_{_{n_i}(q,1)}^1(D^{\mu _i},D^{\lambda _j}_{_{n_i}(q,1)})=\mathrm{Ext}_{B_i}^1(D^{\mu _i},D^{\lambda _j}_{B_i}).$$

Thus, $`\mathrm{dim}_F\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(M_i,D^{\lambda _j})=\delta _{ij}`$. Since $`M_i`$ and $`D^{\lambda _i}`$ is self–dual, this also implies that $`\mathrm{dim}_F\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _i},M_j)=\delta _{ij}`$. As

$$\begin{array}{c}0=\mathrm{Hom}_B(D^{\lambda _2},M_1)\mathrm{Hom}_B(D^{\lambda _2},M_1/\mathrm{Soc}M_1)\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _2},D^{\lambda _1})\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _2},M_1)=0,\end{array}$$

we conclude that $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _1},D^{\lambda _2})\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _2},D^{\lambda _1})=F`$.

Nextly, we consider the long exact sequences

$$\begin{array}{c}0=\mathrm{Hom}_B(D^{\lambda _i},M_i/\mathrm{Soc}M_i)\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _i},D^{\lambda _i})\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _i},M_i)\stackrel{f_i}{}\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _i},M_i/\mathrm{Soc}M_i),\end{array}$$

for $`i=1,2`$. We show that $`f_i=0`$. Assume to the contrary that $`f_i0`$. Then, $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _i},M_i)=F`$ implies that $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _i},D^{\lambda _i})=0`$. Thus, $`H(P^{\lambda _i})`$ has the simple head and the simple socle, and the heart of $`H(P^{\lambda _i})`$ has composition factors $`2[D^{\lambda _i}]`$. As $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _i},D^{\lambda _i})=0`$, the heart of $`H(P^{\lambda _i})`$ must be semisimple. Hence, $`\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _i}/\mathrm{Soc}^2P^{\lambda _i}`$ has the following radical structure.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _j}\hfill \\ \hfill D^{\lambda _i}& D^{\lambda _i}\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`j=3i`$. However, this contradicts to $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _1},D^{\lambda _2})=F`$. We have proved that $`f_i=0`$. This implies that $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _i},D^{\lambda _i})=F`$, for $`i=1,2`$. In particular, the bipartite graph associated with the Gabriel quiver of $`B`$ is not a Dynkin diagram and Theorem 28 implies that $`B`$ is not finite.

We shall show

$$H(P^{\lambda _1})=D^{\lambda _1}\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \end{array},H(P^{\lambda _2})=D^{\lambda _2}\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \end{array}.$$

First suppose that $`H(P^{\lambda _1})`$ has radical length $`2`$. $`H(P^{\lambda _1})`$ has Specht filtration whose successive quotients are $`S^{\lambda _2}`$ and $`S^{\lambda _2^{\mathrm{}}}`$. As $`S^{\lambda _2^{\mathrm{}}}`$ is a submodule of $`P^{\lambda _2}`$, the decomposition matrix tells us that $`S^{\lambda _2^{\mathrm{}}}`$ is uniserial of length $`2`$ with $`\mathrm{Top}S^{\lambda _2^{\mathrm{}}}=D^{\lambda _1}`$ and $`\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _2^{\mathrm{}}}=D^{\lambda _2}`$, which is the dual of $`S^{\lambda _2}`$. Our assumption implies that

$$H(P^{\lambda _1})=S^{\lambda _2}S^{\lambda _2^{\mathrm{}}}.$$

Let $`\mu \mathrm{Hom}_B(P^{\lambda _1},P^{\lambda _2})`$ be such that $`\mathrm{Im}\mu `$ is equal to $`D^{\lambda _1}\mathrm{Top}(\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _2})`$ modulo $`\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _2}`$. $`\mathrm{Im}\mu `$ has the simple socle $`\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _2}`$. Thus, $`\mu `$ factors through $`P^{\lambda _1}/\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _1}`$ and $`D^{\lambda _1}=\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _2}\mathrm{Soc}(P^{\lambda _1}/\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _1})`$ must vanish. Therefore, $`\mathrm{Im}\mu `$ is uniserial of the following form.

$$\mathrm{Im}\mu \begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \end{array}$$

As $`H(P^{\lambda _2})`$ contains the submodule $`\mathrm{Im}\mu /\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _2}`$ and $`H(P^{\lambda _2})`$ is self–dual, this implies

$$0\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \end{array}H(P^{\lambda _2})\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \end{array}0$$

because $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _2},D^{\lambda _2})=F`$ implies that $`[\mathrm{Soc}(H(P^{\lambda _2})):D^{\lambda _2}]=1`$. Since we have the submodule $`\mathrm{Im}\mu /\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _2}`$, this exact sequence splits. This leads to the following contradiction.

$$M_2/\mathrm{Soc}M_2\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \end{array}H(P^{\lambda _2})\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \end{array}\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \end{array}$$

Hence, the radical length of $`H(P^{\lambda _1})`$ is greater than $`2`$.

Recall that $`\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _1}/\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _1}=D^{\lambda _1}D^{\lambda _2}`$. Further, $`D^{\lambda _1}`$ must appear in $`\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _1}/\mathrm{Rad}^3P^{\lambda _1}`$ because $`S^{\lambda _2}`$ is a factor module of $`\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _1}`$. Hence the radical series of $`P^{\lambda _1}`$ is as follows.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ \hfill D^{\lambda _1}& D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \end{array}$$

Let $`\nu \mathrm{Hom}_B(P^{\lambda _2},P^{\lambda _1})`$ be such that $`\mathrm{Im}\nu `$ is equal to $`D^{\lambda _2}\mathrm{Top}(\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _1})`$ modulo $`\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _1}`$. We also choose $`\alpha \mathrm{End}_B(P^{\lambda _1})`$ in such a way that $`\mathrm{Im}\alpha `$ is equal to $`D^{\lambda _1}\mathrm{Top}(\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _1})`$ modulo $`\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _1}`$.

If $`\mathrm{Rad}(\mathrm{Im}\alpha )`$ contained $`\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _1}`$ then $`\mathrm{Rad}^2(\mathrm{Im}\alpha )/\mathrm{Rad}^3(\mathrm{Im}\alpha )=D^{\lambda _2}`$ would appear in $`\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _1}/\mathrm{Rad}^3P^{\lambda _1}`$, a contradiction. Thus $`\mathrm{Rad}(\mathrm{Im}\nu )`$ contains $`\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _1}`$:

$$\mathrm{Im}\nu \begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \end{array}$$

We have the following exact sequence.

$$0\mathrm{Ker}\nu =\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \end{array}\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _2}\mathrm{Rad}(\mathrm{Im}\nu )=\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \end{array}0$$

As $`\mathrm{Top}(\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _2})=D^{\lambda _1}D^{\lambda _2}`$, this implies that $`H(P^{\lambda _2})=D^{\lambda _2}N_2`$, for some submodule $`N_2`$. Now $`N_2\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _2}/\mathrm{Ker}\nu `$ implies that $`H(P^{\lambda _2})`$ has the desired form. In particular, the radical series of $`P^{\lambda _2}`$ is as follows.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ \hfill D^{\lambda _1}& D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \end{array}$$

Let $`\beta \mathrm{End}_B(P^{\lambda _2})`$ be such that $`\mathrm{Im}\beta `$ is equal to $`D^{\lambda _2}\mathrm{Top}(\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _2})`$ modulo $`\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _2}`$. More precisely, we choose $`\beta `$ as follows.

$$\mathrm{Im}\beta /\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _2}=D^{\lambda _2}D^{\lambda _2}N_2=H(P^{\lambda _2}).$$

As $`\mathrm{Rad}(\mathrm{Im}\beta )=\mathrm{Rad}^4P^{\lambda _2}`$, $`\mathrm{Rad}(\mathrm{Im}\mu )`$ contains $`\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _2}`$:

$$\mathrm{Im}\mu \begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \end{array}$$

This implies that we can choose $`N_2=\mathrm{Im}\mu /\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _2}`$ and

$$H(P^{\lambda _2})=\mathrm{Im}\beta /\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _2}\mathrm{Im}\mu /\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _2}.$$

If we consider

$$0\mathrm{Ker}\mu =\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \end{array}\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _1}\mathrm{Rad}(\mathrm{Im}\mu )=\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \end{array}0$$

and argue in the same way as above, we can write $`H(P^{\lambda _1})=D^{\lambda _1}N_1`$, for some $`N_1`$, and then we can choose $`\alpha `$ so that $`\mathrm{Im}\alpha /\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _1}=D^{\lambda _1}`$ and $`N_1=\mathrm{Im}\nu /\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _1}`$. Thus, $`H(P^{\lambda _1})`$ has the desired form and

$$H(P^{\lambda _1})=\mathrm{Im}\alpha /\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _2}\mathrm{Im}\nu /\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _1}.$$

It is now straightforward to check that $`\mathrm{End}_B(P^{\lambda _1}P^{\lambda _2})`$ is generated by $`\alpha ,\beta ,\mu ,\nu `$ subject to the relations

$$\mu \alpha =0,\alpha \nu =0,\beta \mu =0,\nu \beta =0,$$

$$\alpha ^2=(\nu \mu )^2,\beta ^2=(\mu \nu )^2.$$

The basis is given by

$$\{e_1,e_2,\alpha ,\beta ,\mu ,\nu ,\alpha ^2,\beta ^2,\mu \nu ,\nu \mu ,\mu \nu \mu ,\nu \mu \nu \}.$$

This is a special biserial algebra and we have already proved that it is not finite. Thus, Theorem 32 implies that $`B`$ is tame, and Lemma 37 says that there is an indecomposable $`B`$-module with complexity $`2`$.

Finally, assume that we are in (case 6a). Define $`\lambda _i`$, for $`1i10`$, by

$$\lambda _1=((0),(3^3)),\lambda _2=((1),(3^2,2)),\lambda _3=((1^2),(3^2,1)),\lambda _4=((2),(3,2^2)),$$

$$\lambda _5=((1^3),(3^2)),\lambda _6=((2,1),(3,2,1)),\lambda _7=((3),(2^3)),$$

$$\lambda _8=((2,1^2),(3,2)),\lambda _9=((2^2),(3,1^2)),\lambda _{10}=((3,1),(2^2,1)).$$

Then, $`\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\lambda _3,\lambda _4`$ and $`\lambda _6`$ are Kleshchev and the others are not. The canonical basis elements are as follows.

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill G(\lambda _1)& =f_0f_1f_2f_1f_0f_1f_2f_1f_0((0),(0))\hfill \\ & =\lambda _1+v\lambda _2+v\lambda _6+v^2\lambda _9+v\lambda _9^{\mathrm{}}+v^2\lambda _6^{\mathrm{}}+v\lambda _1^{\mathrm{}}\hfill \\ \hfill G(\lambda _2)& =f_1f_2f_1f_0f_1f_2f_1f_0^{(2)}((0),(0))\hfill \\ & =\lambda _2+v\lambda _3+v\lambda _4+v^2\lambda _6+v^2\lambda _6^{\mathrm{}}+v^3\lambda _4^{\mathrm{}}+v^3\lambda _3^{\mathrm{}}+v^4\lambda _2^{\mathrm{}}\hfill \\ \hfill G(\lambda _3)& =f_1f_2f_0f_1f_2f_1^{(2)}f_0^{(2)}((0),(0))\hfill \\ & =\lambda _3+v\lambda _5+v\lambda _6+v^2\lambda _8++v\lambda _8^{\mathrm{}}+v^2\lambda _6^{\mathrm{}}+v^2\lambda _5^{\mathrm{}}+v^3\lambda _3^{\mathrm{}}\hfill \\ \hfill G(\lambda _4)& =f_2f_1f_0f_2f_1f_1^{(2)}f_0^{(2)}((0),(0))\hfill \\ & =\lambda _4+v\lambda _6+v\lambda _7+v^2\lambda _{10}++v\lambda _{10}^{\mathrm{}}+v^2\lambda _7^{\mathrm{}}+v^2\lambda _6^{\mathrm{}}+v^3\lambda _4^{\mathrm{}}\hfill \\ \hfill G(\lambda _6)& =f_2f_0f_2f_1^{(2)}f_1^{(2)}f_0^{(2)}((0),(0))\hfill \\ & =\lambda _6+v\lambda _8+v\lambda _9+v\lambda _{10}++v^2\lambda _{10}^{\mathrm{}}+v^2\lambda _9^{\mathrm{}}+v^2\lambda _8^{\mathrm{}}+v^3\lambda _6^{\mathrm{}}\hfill \end{array}$$

Thus, the bipartitions $`\lambda _i`$ and $`\lambda _i^{\mathrm{}}`$, for $`1i10`$, form a block algebra of $`_9(q,1)`$, which we denote by $`B`$. We have

$$S^{\lambda _2}=\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \end{array},S^{\lambda _3}=\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _3}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \end{array},S^{\lambda _4}=\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _4}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \end{array}.$$

Let $`\mu _1=((1^2),(3^2))`$ and $`\mu _2=((2,1),(3,2))`$. These bipartitions appeared in the last line of the table in (case 5a) as $`\lambda _1`$ and $`\lambda _2`$. Thus, $`D^{\mu _1}`$ and $`D^{\mu _2}`$ belong to a tame block, say $`B^{}`$, of $`_8(q,1)`$ and we have the following.

$$S^{\mu _1}=D^{\mu _1},S^{\mu _2}=\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\mu _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\mu _1}\hfill \end{array}$$

Hence, by $`[S^{\mu _1}^B]=[S^{\lambda _3}]+[S^{\lambda _5}]`$ and $`[S^{\mu _2}^B]=[S^{\lambda _6}]+[S^{\lambda _8}]`$, we have

$$[D^{\mu _2}^B]=[D^{\lambda _1}]+[D^{\lambda _4}]+2[D^{\lambda _6}].$$

Now $`D^{\lambda _1}=S^{\lambda _1}`$ and $`D^{\lambda _4}=S^{\lambda _7}`$ imply $`D^{\lambda _1}_B^{}=0`$, $`D^{\lambda _4}_B^{}=0`$, thus

$$dim\mathrm{Hom}_B(D^{\mu _2}^B,D^{\lambda _i})dim\mathrm{Hom}_B^{}(D^{\mu _2},D^{\lambda _i}_{_8(q,1)})=0,$$

for $`i=1,4`$. Hence $`D^{\mu _2}^B`$ is not semisimple. If the radical length was $`2`$ then $`D^{\lambda _1}D^{\lambda _4}`$ would appear in $`\mathrm{Soc}(D^{\mu _2}^B)`$. However, as $`D^{\mu _2}^B`$ is self–dual, $`D^{\lambda _1}D^{\lambda _4}`$ would also appear in $`\mathrm{Top}(D^{\mu _2}^B)`$, a contradiction. If $`D^{\lambda _6}`$ appeared twice in $`\mathrm{Top}(D^{\mu _2}^B)`$, $`D^{\lambda _6}D^{\lambda _6}`$ would be a direct summand of $`D^{\mu _2}^B`$. Then $`D^{\lambda _1}`$ or $`D^{\lambda _4}`$ would appear in $`\mathrm{Top}(D^{\mu _2}^B)`$, a contradiction again. Therefore,

$$\mathrm{Top}(D^{\mu _2}^B)=D^{\lambda _6}=\mathrm{Soc}(D^{\mu _2}^B)$$

and the heart of $`D^{\mu _2}^B`$ must be $`D^{\lambda _1}D^{\lambda _4}`$ as it is self–dual. We have proved that the radical series of $`D^{\mu _2}^B`$ is as follows.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _6}\hfill \\ \hfill D^{\lambda _1}& D^{\lambda _4}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _6}\hfill \end{array}$$

To summarize, the Gabriel quiver contains the following quiver as a subquiver.

Thus, Lemma 17 implies that $`_9(q,1)`$ with $`e>n=9,f=0`$ is wild.

### 3.6.

In this subsection we prove Theorem 42(2). Thus, we assume that $`e=2`$. This implies that $`e2f+4`$. As we also assume that $`0f\frac{e}{2}`$, we have $`f=0`$ or $`f=1`$. The cases to consider are as follows.

* $`n=2`$ and $`f=0`$.
* $`n=2`$ and $`f=1`$.
* $`n=3`$ and $`f=0`$.
* $`n=3`$ and $`f=1`$.
* $`n=4`$ and $`f=1`$.

Our aim is to show that $`_n(q,Q)`$ is tame in (case 1b), (case 2b) and (case 4b), and wild in (case 3b) and (case 5b). We also prove that, in the tame cases, the tame block algebras of $`_n(q,Q)`$ are special biserial algebras. We will also show, by using Lemma 36 and Lemma 37, that there is an indecomposable $`_n(q,Q)`$–module with complexity $`2`$ in these cases.

Before going into the case–by–case analysis, we write the first three layers of the crystal graphs $`B(2\mathrm{\Lambda }_0)`$ and $`B(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0+\mathrm{\Lambda }_1)`$. As was explained before, the nodes of each of the layers of the crystal graphs parametrize simple $`_n(1,1)`$–modules and simple $`_n(1,1)`$–modules, for $`n=1,2,3`$, respectively. Further, we can compute the full decomposition matrices in these cases.

First assume that we are in (case 1b). Then, $`_2(q,Q)`$ has two blocks. One is a semisimple block algebra $`\mathrm{End}_F(S^{((1),(1))})`$. We denote the other block algebra by $`B`$. Let $`\lambda _1=((0),(1^2))`$. Then, $`B`$ has the unique simple module $`D^{\lambda _1}`$ and $`[P^{\lambda _1}:D^{\lambda _1}]=4`$. If $`P^{\lambda _1}`$ is uniserial, then $`B`$ is finite by Lemma 1. However, $`B`$ is not finite by \[AM2, Theorem 1.4\]. Thus, the radical series of $`P^{\lambda _1}`$ has the following form.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ \hfill D^{\lambda _1}& D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \end{array}$$

$`\mathrm{End}_B(P^{\lambda _1})`$ is the Kronecker algebra $`F[X,Y]/(X^2,Y^2)`$, which is a special biserial algebra. Thus, $`B`$ is tame. Applying Lemma 37, we know that all simple $`B`$–modules have complexity $`2`$.

Next assume that we are in (case 2b). Then $`_2(q,Q)`$ has one block. So we write $`B`$ for $`_2(q,Q)`$. We denote $`((0),(1^2))`$ and $`((1),(1))`$ by $`\lambda _1`$, $`\lambda _2`$ respectively. Then, the decomposition matrix of $`B`$ is as follows.

|  | $`\lambda _1`$ | $`\lambda _2`$ |
| --- | --- | --- |
| $`((0),(1^2))`$ | 1 | 0 |
| $`((0),(2))`$ | 1 | 0 |
| $`((1),(1))`$ | 1 | 1 |
| $`((1^2),(0))`$ | 0 | 1 |
| $`((2),(0))`$ | 0 | 1 |

Thus, $`D^{\lambda _1}`$ and $`D^{\lambda _2}`$ are given by

$`D^{\lambda _1}:`$ $`T_01,`$ $`T_11,`$
$`D^{\lambda _2}:`$ $`T_01,`$ $`T_11,`$
Let us consider the following three representations.

$$T_0\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right),T_1\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 1\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right),$$

$$T_0\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right),T_1\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 1\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right),$$

$$T_0\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right),T_1\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 1\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right).$$

These are indecomposable representations. So, $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _i},D^{\lambda _j})0`$, for all $`i`$ and for all $`j`$. Hence, the radical structure of $`P^{\lambda _1}`$ and $`P^{\lambda _2}`$ are as follows.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ \hfill D^{\lambda _1}& D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \end{array}\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ \hfill D^{\lambda _1}& D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \end{array}$$

Observe that there is a uniserial submodule $`U_j^i`$ of $`\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _j}`$ whose top is $`D^{\lambda _i}`$ and whose socle is $`\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _j}=D^{\lambda _j}`$.

Define $`\alpha \mathrm{End}_B(P^{\lambda _1})`$ and $`\beta \mathrm{End}_B(P^{\lambda _2})`$ by $`\mathrm{Im}\alpha =U_1^1`$, $`\mathrm{Im}\beta =U_2^2`$. Then, $`\mathrm{Ker}\alpha =U_1^2`$, $`\mathrm{Ker}\beta =U_2^1`$.

Similarly, define $`\mu \mathrm{Hom}_B(P^{\lambda _1},P^{\lambda _2})`$ and $`\nu \mathrm{Hom}_B(P^{\lambda _2},P^{\lambda _1})`$ by $`\mathrm{Im}\mu =U_2^1`$, $`\mathrm{Im}\nu =U_1^2`$. Then, $`\mathrm{Ker}\mu =U_1^1`$, $`\mathrm{Ker}\nu =U_2^2`$.

Therefore, $`\mathrm{End}_B(P^{\lambda _1}P^{\lambda _2})FQ/I`$ where $`Q`$ is the directed graph with adjacency matrix $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{1\hspace{0.33em}1}}{\mathrm{1\hspace{0.33em}1}}\right)`$ and the relations are given by

$$\mu \alpha =0,\beta \mu =0,\alpha \nu =0,\nu \beta =0,$$

$$\alpha ^2=\nu \mu ,\beta ^2=\mu \nu ,$$

because both $`\mathrm{End}_B(P^{\lambda _1}P^{\lambda _2})`$ and $`FQ/I`$ are $`8`$–dimensional. Note that $`FQ/I`$ has the basis

$$\{e_1,e_2,\alpha ,\beta ,\mu ,\nu ,\alpha ^2,\beta ^2\}.$$

Since $`FQ/I`$ is a special biserial algebra, $`B`$ is tame or finite. However, as $`B`$ is not finite by \[AM2, Theorem 1.4\], $`B`$ is tame. Applying Lemma 37 again, we know that all simple $`B`$–modules have complexity $`2`$.

Now, we assume that we are in (case 3b). Then, $`_3(q,Q)`$ has two blocks. One has $`D^{((0),(2,1))}`$ as the unique simple module and $`[P^{((0),(2,1))}:D^{((0),(2,1))}]=2`$. Thus, $`P^{((0),(2,1))}`$ is uniserial of length $`2`$. Then, Lemma 1 implies that this block algebra is finite.

We denote the other block algebra by $`B`$. We write $`\lambda _1`$ and $`\lambda _2`$ for $`((0),(1^3))`$ and $`((1),(1^2))`$ respectively. Then, by the computation of the canonical basis as before, $`B`$ has the following decomposition matrix.

|  | $`\lambda _1`$ | $`\lambda _2`$ |
| --- | --- | --- |
| $`((0),(1^3))`$ | 1 | 0 |
| $`((0),(3))`$ | 1 | 0 |
| $`((1),(1^2))`$ | 1 | 1 |
| $`((1),(2))`$ | 1 | 1 |
| $`((1^2),(1))`$ | 1 | 1 |
| $`((2),(1))`$ | 1 | 1 |
| $`((1^3),(0))`$ | 1 | 0 |
| $`((3),(0))`$ | 1 | 0 |

As the dual of $`S^{\lambda _2}`$ is uniserial of length $`2`$ whose top is $`D^{\lambda _1}`$ and whose socle is $`D^{\lambda _2}`$, we have $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _1},D^{\lambda _2})0`$. We shall show that $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _1},D^{\lambda _1})=F^2`$. Then, the Gabriel quiver of $`B`$ contains the directed graph $`Q`$ with adjacency matrix $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.33em}1}}{\mathrm{0\hspace{0.33em}0}}\right)`$. Thus, Lemma 29 implies that $`B`$ is wild.

The computation of $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _1},D^{\lambda _1})`$ is easy. In fact, $`D^{\lambda _1}`$ is given by

$$T_01,T_11,T_21,$$

and the result is a family of representations

$$T_0\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& x\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right),T_1,T_2\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& y\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right),\text{where }x,yF\text{.}$$

Denote the corresponding module by $`M(x,y)`$. This is indecomposable if and only if $`(x,y)(0,0)`$. Assume that $`M(x,y)`$ and $`M(x^{},y^{})`$ are indecomposable. Then, $`M(x,y)M(x^{},y^{})`$ if and only if $`(x,y)`$ and $`(x^{},y^{})`$ define the same element in the projective space $`P^1(F)`$.

Assume that we are in (case 4b). Then, $`_3(q,Q)`$ has two blocks $`B`$ and $`B^{}`$, and if we denote $`((0),(2,1))`$ and $`((1),(1^2))`$ by $`\lambda _1`$, $`\lambda _2`$, and $`((0),(1^3))`$ and $`((1^2),(1))`$ by $`\lambda _1^{}`$, $`\lambda _2^{}`$, then the decomposition matrices are as follows.

$`B:`$     $`\lambda _1`$ $`\lambda _2`$    $`((0),(2,1))`$ 1 0  $`((1),(1^2))`$ 1 1  $`((1),(2))`$ 1 1  $`((1^3),(0))`$ 0 1  $`((3),(0))`$ 0 1   $`B^{}:`$     $`\lambda _1^{}`$ $`\lambda _2^{}`$    $`((0),(1^3))`$ 1 0  $`((0),(3))`$ 1 0  $`((1^2),(1))`$ 1 1  $`((2),(1))`$ 1 1  $`((2,1),(0))`$ 0 1

Thus, $`D^{\lambda _2}=S^{((1^3),(0))}`$ and $`D^{\lambda _1^{}}=S^{((0),(1^3))}`$ imply that

$`D^{\lambda _2}:`$ $`T_0\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.33em}1},`$ $`T_11,`$ $`T_21,`$
$`D^{\lambda _1^{}}:`$ $`T_01,`$ $`T_11,`$ $`T_21.`$
We have an algebra automorphism defined by $`T_0T_0`$ and $`T_i2T_i`$, for $`i=1,2`$. We denote this automorphism by $`\omega `$ again. Then $`\omega `$ interchanges $`D^{\lambda _2}`$ and $`D^{\lambda _1^{}}`$, which implies that $`\omega `$ interchanges $`B`$ and $`B^{}`$. Hence, to show that $`_3(q,Q)`$ is tame, it is enough to consider $`B`$ only.

As $`S^{((1),(2))}`$ is a submodule of $`P^{\lambda _1}`$, there is a uniserial module whose top is $`D^{\lambda _2}`$ and whose socle is $`D^{\lambda _1}`$. Hence, $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _1},D^{\lambda _2})0`$.

###### Lemma 56.

* Choosing a suitable basis of $`D^{\lambda _1}`$, $`D^{\lambda _1}`$ can be represented by the following matrices.

$$T_0\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right),T_1\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 1\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right),T_2\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 1& 2\end{array}\right).$$
* $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _1},D^{\lambda _1})=0`$ and $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _2},D^{\lambda _2})0`$.

###### Proof.

As $`D^{\lambda _1}=S^{\lambda _1}`$, we can obtain the matrix representation by reduction from the seminormal representation. To obtain the same matrix representation as above, we take a nonzero vector $`v`$ such that

$$L_1v=qv,L_2v=q^2v,L_3v=v,T_1v=qv,$$

where $`L_1=T_0`$, $`L_2=q^1T_1T_0T_1`$ and $`L_3=q^2T_2T_1T_0T_1T_2`$. We choose the basis $`\{v,T_2v\}`$. Then, after some computations, we obtain (1). Now we consider (2). As the second assertion is easy to verify, we focus on the first assetion. Verification of the details is left to the reader. Let $`T_i`$, for $`i=0,1,2`$, be the matrices given in (1) and define $`\widehat{T}_i`$ as follows.

$$\widehat{T}_0=\left(\begin{array}{cc}T_0& X\\ 0& T_0\end{array}\right),\widehat{T}_1=\left(\begin{array}{cc}T_1& Y\\ 0& T_1\end{array}\right),\widehat{T}_2=\left(\begin{array}{cc}T_2& Z\\ 0& T_2\end{array}\right),$$

where $`X,Y,ZM(2,2,F)`$. We require the defining relations and write down the relations among $`X,Y,Z`$. The quadratic relations imply that $`X`$ is the zero matrix and $`Y`$, $`Z`$ are given by

$$Y=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ 0& a\end{array}\right)\text{and}Z=\left(\begin{array}{cc}c& d\\ 2c+d& c\end{array}\right),\text{where }a,b,c,dF\text{.}$$

Further, the braid relation between $`\widehat{T}_1`$ and $`\widehat{T}_2`$ implies $`2a+b=2c+d`$. Then, using these equalities, we compute the socle of this $`4`$–dimensional matrix representation. Then, the $`2`$–dimensional subspaces

$$F\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right)F\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right)\text{and}F\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ a\\ 1\\ 0\end{array}\right)F\left(\begin{array}{c}ca\\ b\\ 0\\ 1\end{array}\right)$$

are submodules, both of which are isomorphic to $`D^{\lambda _1}`$. This shows that a short exact sequence

$$0D^{\lambda _1}MD^{\lambda _1}0$$

always splits. Hence the result. ∎

We shall determine the heart $`H(P^{\lambda _i})`$ of $`P^{\lambda _i}`$, for $`i=1,2`$. More precisely, our goal is to show

$$H(P^{\lambda _1})=\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \end{array}\text{and}H(P^{\lambda _2})=D^{\lambda _2}\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \end{array}.$$

We start with $`P^{\lambda _1}`$. Lemma 56 implies that

$$[\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _1}]=2[D^{\lambda _1}]+[D^{\lambda _2}].$$

As $`S^{((1),(2))}`$ is a submodule of $`P^{\lambda _1}`$, $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _1},D^{\lambda _2})0`$ and the radical length of $`\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _1}`$ is greater than or equal to $`2`$. If the radical length of $`\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _1}`$ is $`2`$, then

$$\mathrm{Soc}^2P^{\lambda _1}/\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _1}=D^{\lambda _1}D^{\lambda _2},$$

which implies that $`D^{\lambda _1}`$ appears in $`\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _1}/\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _1}`$, a contradiction. Hence $`P^{\lambda _1}`$ is uniserial and $`H(P^{\lambda _1})`$ has the desired form.

Next consider $`P^{\lambda _2}`$. $`H(P^{\lambda _2})`$ has a Specht filtration whose successive quotients are $`\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _2}=D^{\lambda _1}`$, $`S^{((1),(2))}`$ and $`S^{((1^3),(0))}=D^{\lambda _2}`$. Recalling that $`S^{((1),(2))}`$ is a uniserial submodule of $`P^{\lambda _1}`$, we know that $`H(P^{\lambda _2})`$ is not semisimple.

As $`\mathrm{Ext}_B^1(D^{\lambda _1},D^{\lambda _2})0`$, there exists a surjective $`B`$–module homomorphism which is the composition of maps given as follows.

$$\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _2}\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _2}/\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _2}D^{\lambda _1}$$

Hence, we have $`\varphi :P^{\lambda _1}\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _2}`$ which is a lift of this homomorphism. Taking the radical structure of $`P^{\lambda _1}`$ and $`[H(P^{\lambda _2}):D^{\lambda _1}]=2`$ into consideration, its image in $`H(P^{\lambda _2})`$ is either

$$D^{\lambda _1}\text{or}\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _2}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \end{array}$$

If the image is $`D^{\lambda _1}`$, then this appears both in the top and in the socle of $`H(P^{\lambda _2})`$. Thus we can write

$$H(P^{\lambda _2})=D^{\lambda _1}M.$$

As $`H(P^{\lambda _2})`$ is self–dual and not semisimple, $`[M]=[D^{\lambda _1}]+2[D^{\lambda _2}]`$ implies that $`M`$ is uniserial with $`\mathrm{Top}M=D^{\lambda _2}`$, $`\mathrm{Soc}M=D^{\lambda _2}`$ and $`H(M)=D^{\lambda _1}`$. However, as $`D^{\lambda _2}`$ appears in $`\mathrm{Rad}^3P^{\lambda _1}/\mathrm{Rad}^4P^{\lambda _1}`$, Landrock’s theorem \[B2, Theorem 1.7.8\] implies that $`D^{\lambda _1}`$ must appear in $`\mathrm{Rad}^3P^{\lambda _2}/\mathrm{Rad}^4P^{\lambda _2}`$, a contradiction. We have proved that the image of $`\varphi `$ in $`H(P^{\lambda _2})`$ is uniserial of length $`3`$. Consider the surjection $`\psi :P^{\lambda _2}\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _1}`$ again. This induces the surjection $`H(P^{\lambda _2})\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _1}`$. If $`D^{\lambda _2}`$ does not appear in $`\mathrm{Soc}H(P^{\lambda _2})`$ then $`\mathrm{Soc}H(P^{\lambda _2})=D^{\lambda _1}`$, which must vanish under this surjection. This is a contradiction because $`D^{\lambda _1}`$ must appear in the image twice. Therefore, $`D^{\lambda _2}`$ appears in $`\mathrm{Soc}H(P^{\lambda _2})`$ and this $`D^{\lambda _2}`$ also appears in $`\mathrm{Top}H(P^{\lambda _2})`$. Thus, $`H(P^{\lambda _2})`$ is the direct sum of $`D^{\lambda _2}`$ and the image of $`\varphi `$ in $`H(P^{\lambda _2})`$, proving that $`H(P^{\lambda _2})`$ has the desired form. As this $`D^{\lambda _2}`$ must vanish under the map $`H(P^{\lambda _2})\mathrm{Rad}^2P^{\lambda _1}`$, we have also proved that $`\mathrm{Ker}\psi `$ is uniserial of length $`2`$ whose top and socle are $`D^{\lambda _2}`$.

Denote the submodule $`\mathrm{Im}\varphi `$ of $`P^{\lambda _2}`$ by $`N_1`$ and the submodule $`\mathrm{Ker}\psi `$ of $`P^{\lambda _2}`$ by $`N_2`$. We define $`\beta \mathrm{End}_B(P^{\lambda _2})`$ by $`\mathrm{Im}\beta =N_2`$. Then $`\mathrm{Ker}\beta =N_1`$. Nextly, we define $`\mu \mathrm{Hom}_B(P^{\lambda _1},P^{\lambda _2})`$ and $`\nu \mathrm{Hom}_B(P^{\lambda _2},P^{\lambda _1})`$ by $`\mu =\varphi `$, $`\nu =\psi `$. Thus, $`\mathrm{Im}\mu =N_1`$, $`\mathrm{Im}\nu =\mathrm{Rad}P^{\lambda _1}`$, $`\mathrm{Ker}\mu =\mathrm{Soc}P^{\lambda _1}`$ and $`\mathrm{Ker}\nu =N_2`$. Let $`Q`$ be the directed graph with adjacency matrix $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{0\hspace{0.33em}1}}{\mathrm{1\hspace{0.33em}1}}\right)`$ as in Lemma 36 and define $`A=FQ/I`$ by the relations

$$\nu \beta =0,\beta \mu =0,\beta ^2=(\mu \nu )^2.$$

Note that $`A`$ has the following basis.

$$\{e_1,e_2,\mu ,\nu ,\beta ,\mu \nu ,\nu \mu ,\beta ^2,\mu \nu \mu ,\nu \mu \nu ,(\nu \mu )^2\}.$$

Then, by multiplying $`\mu `$ or $`\nu `$ with a suitable scalar, we obtain the surjective algebra homomorphism

$$A\mathrm{End}_B(P^{\lambda _1}P^{\lambda _2}),$$

which is an isomorphism because both are $`11`$ dimensional. As $`A`$ is a special biserial algebra, $`B`$ is tame. Note that $`A`$ is self–injective, and if we set $`S=_{iQ_0}\mathrm{Soc}Ae_i`$ then $`A/S`$ is the algebra $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ in Lemma 36. Therefore, using the self–injectivity of $`A`$, we know that the simple $`A`$–module corresponding to the node $`2`$ has complexity $`2`$.

Finally, assume that we are in (case 5b). We consider the parabolic subalgebra $`_2(q,Q)_2^A(q)`$ of $`_4(q,Q)`$. Then, as in the proof of Corollary 4, the Mackey decomposition theorem implies that Proposition 3 applies. Hence, it is enough to prove that $`_2(q,Q)_F_2^A(q)`$ is wild. In (case 2b) we proved that $`_2(q,Q)`$ is a symmetric tame special biserial algebra whose Gabriel quiver satisfies the assumptions of Lemma 37. Thus, there is an $`_2(q,Q)`$–module $`M`$ with complexity $`2`$. On the other hand, as $`_2^A(q)`$ is not semisimple, Theorem 14(1) implies that there is an $`_2^A(q)`$–module $`N`$ whose complexity is greater than or equal to $`1`$. As the complexity of $`MN`$ is greater than or equal to $`3`$, Theorem 14(3) implies the result.

## 4. The case of one parameter Hecke algebras

### 4.1.

Let $`(W,S)`$ be a finite Coxeter system. The Poincaré polynomial $`P_W(x)`$ of $`(W,S)`$ is defined by

$$P_W(x)=\underset{wW}{}x^{\mathrm{}(w)}$$

where $`\mathrm{}(w)`$ is the length of $`w`$. According to $`W=W(A_{n1})`$, $`W(B_n)`$ or $`W(D_n)`$, we denote the Poincaré polynomial $`P_W(x)`$ by $`P_n^A(x)`$, $`P_n^B(x)`$ and $`P_n^D(x)`$ respectively.

It is well–known that the semisimplicity of a Hecke algebra is governed by its Poincaré polynomial \[GU\]. Our aim in the subsequent sections is to show that the Poincaré polynomial governs other representation types also if the Hecke algebra is of classical type. In this section, we consider Hecke algebras associated with an irreducible Weyl group, and prove the following theorem. The general case where the Weyl group is not assumed to be irreducible will be considered in the next section. Note that the finiteness result, for $`_n^X(q)`$, $`X=A,B,D`$, was proved in \[A4\], and for $`_n(q,Q)`$, in \[AM3\].

###### Theorem 57.

Let $`e`$ be the multiplicative order of $`q1`$.

* Assume that $`e3`$. Then, for $`X=A`$, $`B`$ or $`D`$, $`_n^X(q)`$ is

+ finite if $`(xq)^2`$ does not divide $`P_n^X(x)`$.
    + wild otherwise.
* Assume that $`e=2`$. Then, for $`X=A`$, $`B`$ or $`D`$, $`_n^X(q)`$ is

+ finite if $`(xq)^2`$ does not divide $`P_n^X(x)`$.
    + tame if $`(xq)^2`$ divides but $`(xq)^3`$ does not divide $`P_n^X(x)`$.
    + wild otherwise.

### 4.2.

First we consider $`_n^A(q)`$. Note that the result in this case is nothing but \[U, Proposition 3.7, Theorem 3.8\]. We give a proof for the sake of comleteness. $`P_n^A(x)`$ is given by

$$P_n^A(x)=\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{x^k1}{x1}.$$

If $`n2e`$ then $`x^e1`$ and $`x^{2e}1`$ are divisible by $`xq`$. If $`n<2e`$ then $`q^k1`$, for $`1ke1`$ and $`e+1k2e1`$. Thus, $`(xq)^2`$ does not divide $`P_n^A(x)`$ if and only if $`n<2e`$.

Assume that $`e3`$. Then, Theorem 39 implies that if $`n<2e`$ then $`_n^A(q)`$ is finite, and that if $`n2e`$ then $`_n^A(q)`$ is wild. Hence (1).

Next assume that $`e=2`$. Then, the characteristic of $`F`$ is odd, and $`P_n^A(x)`$ is divisible by $`(x+1)^3`$ if and only if $`\left[\frac{n}{2}\right]3`$, that is, $`n6`$. By Theorem 39 again, we have that $`(x+1)^3`$ divides $`P_n^A(x)`$ if and only if $`_n^A(q)`$ is wild. Hence (2).

### 4.3.

Next consider $`_n^B(q)`$, which is $`_n(q,Q)`$ with $`Q=q`$. The result in this case is essentially \[A5, Theorem 2.1\]. Here, we prove this case as a corollary of Theorem 40 and Theorem 42. $`P_n^B(x)`$ is given by

$$P_n^B(x)=\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{x^{2k}1}{x1}.$$

Assume that the multiplicative order $`e`$ of $`q`$ is odd. Then $`Qq^{}`$, and $`(xq)^2`$ does not divide $`P_n^B(x)`$ if and only if $`n<2e`$. Thus, Theorem 40 implies the result.

Next assume that $`e`$ is even. Then $`Q=q^{\frac{e}{2}+1}`$ and $`(xq)^2`$ does not divide $`P_n^B(x)`$ if and only if $`n<e`$. If $`e4`$ then $`f0`$ also holds. If $`e=2`$ then $`f=0`$ and the characteristic of $`F`$ is odd. Further, $`(x+1)^3`$ divides $`P_n^B(x)`$ if and only if $`n3`$. Hence, Theorem 42 implies the result.

### 4.4.

Finally, we consider $`_n^D(q)`$. Note that $`n4`$ and $`_n^D(q)`$ is the $`F`$–algebra defined by generators $`S_0`$, $`S_1,\mathrm{},S_{n1}`$ and relations

$$(S_iq)(S_i+1)=0(0in1),$$

$$S_0S_2S_0=S_2S_0S_2,S_0S_i=S_iS_0(i2),$$

$$S_{i+1}S_iS_{i+1}=S_iS_{i+1}S_i(1in2),$$

$$S_iS_j=S_jS_i(1i<j1n2).$$

$`P_n^D(x)`$ is given by

$$P_n^D(x)=\frac{x^n1}{x1}\underset{k=1}{\overset{n1}{}}\frac{x^{2k}1}{x1}.$$

We embed $`_n^D(q)`$ into $`_n(q,1)`$ by the injective algebra homomorphism

$$_n^D(q)_n(q,1)$$

defined by $`S_0T_0T_1T_0`$ and $`S_iT_i`$, for $`1in1`$, and we identify $`_n^D(q)`$ with its image. Then

$$_n(q,1)=_n^D(q)T_0_n^D(q)\text{ and }T_0_n^D(q)=_n^D(q)T_0.$$

First assume that $`e`$ is odd. If $`n<2e`$ then Theorem 40 implies that $`_n(q,1)`$ is finite. Thus, so is $`_n^D(q)`$ by \[AM2, Lemma 2.5\]. If $`n=2e`$ then $`_n^A(q)`$ is wild. Then, by the Mackey decomposition again, Proposition 3 is applicable and $`_n^D(q)`$ is wild. Thus, $`_n^D(q)`$, for $`n2e`$, is also wild by Corollary 4(2).

Next assume that $`e`$ is even. In particular, the characteristic of $`F`$ is odd again.

(case $`e=2`$) As $`P_n^D(x)`$, for $`n4`$, is always divisible by $`(x+1)^3`$, our aim is to show that $`_n^D(q)`$, for $`n4`$, is wild. Recall that $`_2^A(q)`$ is not semisimple. Thus, $`_2^A(q)_2^A(q)_2^A(q)`$ is wild by Theorem 14. Applying Proposition 3 to $`_2^A(q)_2^A(q)_2^A(q)_4^D(q)`$, we know that $`_4^D(q)`$ is wild. Thus, $`_n^D(q)`$, for $`n4`$, is wild by Corollary 4.

(case $`e4`$) Note that $`_n(q,1)`$ is of the form $`_n(q,q^f)`$ with $`f=\frac{e}{2}`$.

If $`n<e`$ then $`x^{2k}1`$ with $`k=\frac{e}{2}`$ is the only term in $`P_n^D(x)`$ which may be divisible by $`xq`$. On the other hand, $`n<e`$ implies that $`_n(q,1)`$ is finite by Theorem 42. Thus, $`_n^D(q)`$ is finite by \[AM2, Lemma 2.5\].

Next assume that $`n=e`$. Then both $`x^n1`$ and $`x^{2k}1`$ with $`k=\frac{e}{2}`$ are divisible by $`xq`$, and our aim is to show that $`_n^D(q)`$ is wild in this case. To apply the Fock space theory, we set $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\mathrm{\Lambda }_0+\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\frac{e}{2}}`$ and consider the Fock space $`_v(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$. By Theorem 46(1), simple $`_n(q,1)`$–modules are those $`D^\lambda `$ with $`\lambda n`$ and $`\lambda B(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$.

Our assumption that $`f=\frac{e}{2}`$ and $`e4`$ imply that $`f2`$ and $`ef2`$. So, we are in (case 1a) and (case 2a) of subsection (3.3). In both cases,

$$[S^{\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1}}]=[D^{\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1}}]+[D^{\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}}]+[D^{\lambda _1}]$$

and $`S^{\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1}}`$ is a submodule of $`P^{\lambda _1}`$. Thus, the radical series of $`S^{\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1}}`$ has the following form.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1}}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \end{array}$$

In particular, we have the following uniserial $`_n(q,1)`$–modules.

$$\mathrm{Rad}S^{\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1}}=\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}\hfill \end{array},(S^{\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1}}/\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1}})^{}=\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1}}\hfill \end{array}.$$

Define an algebra automorphism $`\tau `$ of $`_n(q,1)`$ by

$$\tau (T_1)=T_0T_1T_0\text{ and }\tau (T_i)=T_i\text{ for }i1\text{.}$$

Then $`\tau ^2=1`$ and $`\tau `$ induces the Dynkin automorphism of $`_n^D(q)`$ given by $`S_iS_{1i}`$ for $`i=0,1`$ and $`S_iS_i`$ for $`i2`$.

Define another algebra automorphism $`\sigma `$ of $`_n(q,1)`$ by

$$\sigma (T_0)=T_0\text{ and }\sigma (T_i)=T_i\text{ for }i0\text{.}$$

Then $`_n^D(q)`$ is the fixed point subalgebra $`_n(q,1)^\sigma `$. Now we apply the Clifford theory to the pair $`_n^D(q)`$ and $`_n(q,1)`$. Note that $`\sigma \tau =\tau \sigma `$.

Let $`\lambda n`$ be a Kleshchev bipartition. We define another Kleshchev bipartition $`h(\lambda )`$ by $`(D^\lambda )^\sigma =D^{h(\lambda )}`$. Then the Clifford theory tells us the following. Recall that we are in the case where the characteristic of $`F`$ is odd.

###### Theorem 58 (\[Hu1, 4.3, 4.4\]).

Assume that the characteristic of $`F`$ is odd.

* If $`h(\lambda )\lambda `$ then $`D^\lambda _{_n^D(q)}`$ remains irreducible and $`D^\lambda _{_n^D(q)}D^{h(\lambda )}_{_n^D(q)}`$.
* If $`h(\lambda )=\lambda `$ then $`D^\lambda _{_n^D(q)}`$ is a direct sum of two pairwise non–isomorphic simple $`_n^D(q)`$–modules. If we denote them by $`D^{\lambda _\pm }`$ then $`(D^{\lambda _+})^\tau =D^\lambda _{}`$.
* The simple $`_n^D(q)`$–modules in (1) and (2) constitute a complete set of simple $`_n^D(q)`$–modules.

The following result of Hu enables us to compute $`h(\lambda )`$ explicitly.

###### Theorem 59 (\[Hu2, Theorem 1.5\]).

Let $`\lambda `$ be a Kleshchev bipartition. Take a path from the empty bipartition $`\mathrm{}`$ to $`\lambda `$ in the crystal graph $`B(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ and write

$$\lambda =\stackrel{~}{f}_{i_1}\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{f}_{i_n}\mathrm{}.$$

Then $`h(\lambda )`$ is given by

$$h(\lambda )=\stackrel{~}{f}_{i_1+\frac{e}{2}}\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{f}_{i_n+\frac{e}{2}}\mathrm{}.$$

in $`B(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$.

If $`h(\lambda )=\lambda `$ then we denote the projective cover of $`D_+^\lambda `$ and $`D_{}^\lambda `$ by $`P_+^\lambda `$ and $`P_{}^\lambda `$ respectively. If $`h(\lambda )\lambda `$ then we denote the projective cover of $`D^\lambda _{_n^D(q)}`$ by $`\overline{P}^\lambda `$.

###### Lemma 60.

* Suppose that $`h(\lambda )=\lambda `$. Then, $`P^\lambda _{_n^D(q)}=P_+^\lambda P_{}^\lambda `$.
* Suppose that $`h(\lambda )\lambda `$. Then, $`\overline{P}^\lambda =P^\lambda _{_n^D(q)}`$.

###### Proof.

(1) Theorem 58(2) implies that $`(P_+^\lambda )^\tau =P_{}^\lambda `$ and, by the Mackey decomposition theorem, $`P^\lambda _{_n^D(q)}`$ is a projective $`_n^D(q)`$–module. As we have surjective $`_n^D(q)`$–module homomorphisms

$$P^\lambda _{_n^D(q)}D_+^\lambda ,P^\lambda _{_n^D(q)}D_{}^\lambda ,$$

and $`D_+^\lambda \simeq ̸D_{}^\lambda `$, $`P_+^\lambda P_{}^\lambda `$ is a direct summand of $`P^\lambda _{_n^D(q)}`$. Thus, we have

$$\mathrm{dim}_FP_+^\lambda +\mathrm{dim}_FP_{}^\lambda \mathrm{dim}_FP^\lambda .$$

On the other hand, we have a surjective $`_n(q,1)`$–module homomorphism

$$P_+^\lambda ^{_n(q,1)}D_+^\lambda ^{_n(q,1)}=D^\lambda ,$$

and this implies that $`P^\lambda `$ is a direct summand of $`P_+^\lambda ^{_n(q,1)}`$. Thus,

$$\mathrm{dim}_FP^\lambda 2\mathrm{dim}_FP_+^\lambda .$$

Therefore,

$$2\mathrm{dim}_FP_+^\lambda =\mathrm{dim}_FP_+^\lambda +\mathrm{dim}_FP_{}^\lambda \mathrm{dim}_FP^\lambda 2\mathrm{dim}_FP_+^\lambda ,$$

which proves the result.

(2) As we have a surjective $`_n(q,1)`$–module homomorphism

$$\overline{P}^\lambda ^{_n(q,1)}(D^\lambda _{_n^D(q)})^{_n(q,1)}=D^\lambda D^{h(\lambda )},$$

and $`\lambda h(\lambda )`$, $`P^\lambda P^{h(\lambda )}`$ is a direct summand of $`\overline{P}^\lambda ^{_n(q,1)}`$. As $`P^\lambda `$ and $`P^{h(\lambda )}`$ have the same dimension, this implies that

$$\mathrm{dim}_FP^\lambda \mathrm{dim}_F\overline{P}^\lambda .$$

On the other hand, we have a surjective $`_n^D(q)`$–module homomorphism

$$P^\lambda _{_n^D(q)}D^\lambda _{_n^D(q)},$$

which implies that $`\overline{P}^\lambda `$ is a direct summand of $`P^\lambda _{_n^D(q)}`$. The result follows. ∎

We apply Theorem 59 in our setting. For our purposes, it suffices to compute $`h(\lambda _1)`$, $`h(\lambda _2)`$, $`h(\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1})`$ and $`h(\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1})`$. Then, since

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \lambda _1& =\stackrel{~}{f}_{\frac{e}{2}+1}\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{f}_{e1}\stackrel{~}{f}_0\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{f}_{\frac{e}{2}}\mathrm{},\hfill \\ \hfill \lambda _2& =\stackrel{~}{f}_{\frac{e}{2}+2}\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{f}_{e1}\stackrel{~}{f}_0\stackrel{~}{f}_{\frac{e}{2}+1}\stackrel{~}{f}_1\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{f}_{\frac{e}{2}}\mathrm{},\hfill \\ \hfill \lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}& =\stackrel{~}{f}_1\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{f}_{\frac{e}{2}1}\stackrel{~}{f}_{\frac{e}{2}+1}\stackrel{~}{f}_{\frac{e}{2}}\stackrel{~}{f}_{\frac{e}{2}+2}\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{f}_{e1}\stackrel{~}{f}_0\mathrm{},\hfill \\ \hfill \lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1}& =\stackrel{~}{f}_1\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{f}_{e1}\stackrel{~}{f}_0\mathrm{},\hfill \end{array}$$

we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill h(\lambda _1)& =\stackrel{~}{f}_1\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{f}_{e1}\stackrel{~}{f}_0\mathrm{}=\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1},\hfill \\ \hfill h(\lambda _2)& =\stackrel{~}{f}_2\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{f}_{\frac{e}{2}}\stackrel{~}{f}_1\stackrel{~}{f}_{\frac{e}{2}+1}\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{f}_{e1}\stackrel{~}{f}_0\mathrm{}=\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}2},\hfill \\ \hfill h(\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1})& =\stackrel{~}{f}_{\frac{e}{2}+1}\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{f}_{e1}\stackrel{~}{f}_1\stackrel{~}{f}_0\stackrel{~}{f}_2\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{f}_{\frac{e}{2}}\mathrm{}=\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1},\hfill \\ \hfill h(\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1})& =\stackrel{~}{f}_{\frac{e}{2}+1}\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{f}_{e1}\stackrel{~}{f}_0\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{f}_{\frac{e}{2}}\mathrm{}=\lambda _1.\hfill \end{array}$$

Therefore, Theorem 59 implies that $`D^{\lambda _1}_{_n^D(q)}`$, $`D^{\lambda _2}_{_n^D(q)}`$, $`D^{\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1}}_{_n^D(q)}`$ are simple $`_n^D(q)`$–modules, and that

$$D^{\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}}_{_n^D(q)}=D_+^{\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}}D_{}^{\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}}.$$

Since $`\mathrm{Rad}S^{\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1}}`$ is a uniserial $`_n(q,1)`$–module whose top is $`D^{\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}}`$ and whose socle is $`D^{\lambda _1}`$, there is a surjective $`_n^D(q)`$–module homomorphism

$$P^{\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}}_{_n^D(q)}=P_+^{\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}}P_{}^{\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}}\mathrm{Rad}S^{\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1}}_{_n^D(q)}.$$

$`\mathrm{Rad}S^{\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1}}_{_n^D(q)}`$ is not semisimple: if otherwise, then the simple $`_n^D(q)`$–module $`D^{\lambda _1}_{_n^D(q)}`$ would appear in $`\mathrm{Top}(\mathrm{Rad}S^{\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1}}_{_n^D(q)})`$. However, this would imply that the morphism is not surjective. Hence, the radical series of $`\mathrm{Rad}S^{\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1}}_{_n^D(q)}`$ is one of the following.

$$D_+^{\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}}\begin{array}{cc}& D_{}^{\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}_{_n^D(q)}\hfill \end{array},\begin{array}{c}D_+^{\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}}D_{}^{\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}}\\ D^{\lambda _1}_{_n^D(q)}\end{array},\begin{array}{cc}& D_+^{\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}_{_n^D(q)}\hfill \end{array}D_{}^{\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}}.$$

In any case, by applying $`\tau `$ if necessary, we conclude that there are uniserial $`_n^D(q)`$–modules of the following form.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D_+^{\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}_{_n^D(q)}\hfill \end{array}\text{and}\begin{array}{cc}& D_{}^{\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}_{_n^D(q)}\hfill \end{array}$$

If we consider the dual of $`S^{\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1}}/\mathrm{Soc}S^{\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1}}`$, and arguing in the same way, we prove the existence of $`_n^D(q)`$–modules with the following radical structure.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D_+^{\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1}}_{_n^D(q)}\hfill \end{array}\text{and}\begin{array}{cc}& D_{}^{\lambda _{2,\frac{e}{2}1}}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _{1,\frac{e}{2}1}}_{_n^D(q)}\hfill \end{array}$$

Consider the $`_n(q,1)`$–module $`S^{\lambda _2}`$. $`S^{\lambda _2}`$ is uniserial of length $`2`$ whose top is $`D^{\lambda _2}`$ and whose socle is $`D^{\lambda _1}`$. Then, we have a surjective $`_n^D(q)`$–module homomorphism

$$\overline{P}^{\lambda _2}=P^{\lambda _2}_{_n^D(q)}S^{\lambda _2}_{_n^D(q)}.$$

By the same reasoning as above, $`S^{\lambda _2}_{_n^D(q)}`$ is not semisimple. Thus, the radical series of $`S^{\lambda _2}_{_n^D(q)}`$ is as follows.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^{\lambda _2}_{_n^D(q)}\hfill \\ & D^{\lambda _1}_{_n^D(q)}\hfill \end{array}$$

As a consequence, by considering the dual of these simple $`_n^D(q)`$–modules, we know that the Gabriel quiver of $`_n^D(q)`$ contains the following quiver as a subquiver.

Therefore, Lemma 17 implies that $`_n^D(q)`$ is wild when $`n=e`$. So, $`_n^D(q)`$, for $`ne`$, is wild by Corollary 4.

## 5. The general case

We begin by analysing the case where $`_n^X(q)`$, for $`X=A,B,D`$, is finite but not semisimple.

###### Lemma 61.

Suppose that $`e=2`$. If a non–semisimple block algebra of $`_n^A(q)`$, $`_n^B(q)`$ or $`_n^D(q)`$ is finite, then it is Morita–equivalent to $`F[X]/(X^2)`$.

###### Proof.

If $`_n^A(q)`$ is finite but not semisimple, then $`n=2`$ or $`n=3`$ and non–semisimple blocks are Morita–equivalent to the algebra $`F[X]/(X^2)`$. If $`_n(q,Q)`$ is finite but not semisimple, then Theorem 40(2) and Theorem 42(2) imply that the same holds. In particular, we have the result for $`_n^B(q)`$. $`_n^D(q)`$ cannot be finite. Thus, the result follows. ∎

###### Lemma 62.

Suppose that $`e3`$.

* If $`_n^A(q)`$ is finite but not semisimple and $`B`$ is a non–semisimple block algebra of $`_n^A(q)`$, then

+ the number of pairwise non–isomorphic simple $`B`$–modules is $`e1`$,
    + $`B`$ is a Brauer tree algebra with the tree being a straight line such that all indecomposable projective $`B`$–modules have radical length $`3`$.
* If $`_n(q,Q)`$ is finite but not semisimple and $`B`$ is a non–semisimple block algebra of $`_n(q,Q)`$, then

+ if $`Qq^{}`$ then the number of pairwise non–isomorphic simple $`B`$–modules is $`e1`$,
    + if $`Q=q^f`$, for $`0fe1`$, then the number of pairwise non–isomorphic simple $`B`$–modules is either $`ef+1`$ or $`f+1`$,
    + $`B`$ is a Brauer tree algebra with the tree being a straight line such that all indecomposable projective $`B`$–modules have radical length $`3`$ unless $`f=0`$ and either $`e=3`$ and $`n=1,2`$ or $`e4`$ and $`n=1,2,3`$.

###### Proof.

(1) The statements follow from the computation of the decomposition numbers of $`B`$ by using the Jantzen–Schaper sum formula. See \[Ma, Exercise 5.10\] for example. We may prove these in another way: it is shown in \[Jo, Theorem 8.2\] that $`B`$ is Morita–equivalent to the non–semisimple block algebra of $`_e^A(q)`$ when the characteristic of $`F`$ is zero, and it is observed in \[EN\] that this result is valid without the assumption on the characteristic. Hence, the results follow from the computation of the radical structure of indecomposable projective $`_e^A(q)`$–modules given in \[U\]. See also \[Ge1\] for a more general result in the characteristic zero case.

(2) When $`e`$ is odd, then they follow from Theorem 38 and (1). When $`e`$ is even, they were proved in the proof of \[AM2, Theorem 6.30\]. ∎

The similar results hold for $`_n^D(q)`$ as follows.

###### Proposition 63.

Let $`e3`$ as before, and assume that $`_n^D(q)`$ is finite but not semisimple. Then, the radical series of an indecomposable projective $`_n^D(q)`$–module is one of the following form.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^\lambda \hfill \\ & D^\lambda \hfill \\ & D^\lambda \hfill \end{array}\text{where }h(\lambda )\lambda \text{,}\begin{array}{cc}& D^\lambda \hfill \\ & D^\mu \hfill \\ & D^\lambda \hfill \end{array}\text{where }\{\begin{array}{cc}h(\lambda )\lambda ,\mu ,\hfill & \\ h(\mu )\mu .\hfill & \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^\lambda \hfill \\ \hfill D_+^\mu & D_{}^\mu \hfill \\ & D^\lambda \hfill \end{array}\text{where }\{\begin{array}{cc}h(\lambda )\lambda ,\hfill & \\ h(\mu )=\mu .\hfill & \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D_+^\lambda \hfill \\ & D_+^\mu \hfill \\ & D_+^\lambda \hfill \end{array}\text{and}\begin{array}{cc}& D_{}^\lambda \hfill \\ & D_{}^\mu \hfill \\ & D_{}^\lambda \hfill \end{array}\text{or}\begin{array}{cc}& D_+^\lambda \hfill \\ & D_{}^\mu \hfill \\ & D_+^\lambda \hfill \end{array}\text{and}\begin{array}{cc}& D_{}^\lambda \hfill \\ & D_+^\mu \hfill \\ & D_{}^\lambda \hfill \end{array}\text{where }\{\begin{array}{cc}h(\lambda )=\lambda ,\hfill & \\ h(\mu )=\mu .\hfill & \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^\lambda \hfill \\ \hfill D^\mu & D^\mu \hfill \\ & D^\lambda \hfill \end{array}\text{where }\{\begin{array}{cc}h(\lambda )\lambda ,\mu ,\hfill & \\ h(\mu )\mu .\hfill & \end{array}\begin{array}{cc}& D^\lambda \hfill \\ \hfill D^\lambda & D^\nu \hfill \\ & D^\lambda \hfill \end{array}\text{where }\{\begin{array}{cc}h(\lambda )\lambda ,\nu ,\hfill & \\ h(\nu )\nu .\hfill & \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^\lambda \hfill \\ \hfill D^\mu & D^\nu \hfill \\ & D^\lambda \hfill \end{array}\text{where }\{\begin{array}{cc}h(\lambda )\lambda ,\mu ,\nu ,\hfill & \\ h(\mu )\mu ,\nu \hfill & \\ h(\nu )\nu .\hfill & \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^\lambda \hfill \\ \hfill D^\lambda & D_+^\nu D_{}^\nu \hfill \\ & D^\lambda \hfill \end{array}\text{where }h(\lambda )\lambda ,h(\nu )=\nu \text{.}$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^\lambda \hfill \\ \hfill D^\mu & D_+^\nu D_{}^\nu \hfill \\ & D^\lambda \hfill \end{array}\text{where }\{\begin{array}{cc}h(\lambda )\lambda ,\mu \hfill & \\ h(\mu )\mu ,\hfill & \\ h(\nu )=\nu .\hfill & \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^\lambda \hfill \\ \hfill D_+^\mu D_{}^\mu & D_+^\nu D_{}^\nu \hfill \\ & D^\lambda \hfill \end{array}\text{where }\{\begin{array}{cc}h(\lambda )\lambda ,\hfill & \\ h(\mu )=\mu ,h(\nu )=\nu ,\hfill & \\ \mu \nu .\hfill & \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D_+^\lambda \hfill \\ & D^\mu \hfill \\ & D_+^\lambda \hfill \end{array}\text{and}\begin{array}{cc}& D_{}^\lambda \hfill \\ & D^\mu \hfill \\ & D_{}^\lambda \hfill \end{array}\text{where }\{\begin{array}{cc}h(\lambda )=\lambda ,\hfill & \\ h(\mu )\mu .\hfill & \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D_\pm ^\lambda \hfill \\ \hfill D_\pm ^\mu & D_\pm ^\nu \hfill \\ & D_\pm ^\lambda \hfill \end{array}\text{or}\begin{array}{cc}& D_\pm ^\lambda \hfill \\ \hfill D_\pm ^\mu & D_{}^\nu \hfill \\ & D_\pm ^\lambda \hfill \end{array}\text{where }\{\begin{array}{cc}h(\lambda )=\lambda ,h(\mu )=\mu ,h(\nu )=\nu ,\hfill & \\ \lambda \text{}\mu \text{}\nu \text{ are pairwise distinct.}\hfill & \end{array}$$

Here, we write $`D^\lambda `$ instead of $`D^\lambda _{_n^D(q)}`$ for short.

###### Proof.

As $`_n^D(q)`$ is finite, $`_n(q,1)`$ is also finite. So, Lemma 62 implies that if $`B`$ is a block algebra of $`_n(q,1)`$ then the number of pairwise non–isomorphic $`B`$–modules is greater than or equal to $`2`$ and that if $`\lambda `$ is a Kleshchev bipartition then the radical structure of $`P^\lambda `$ is either

$$\begin{array}{cc}& D^\lambda \hfill \\ & D^\mu \hfill \\ & D^\lambda \hfill \end{array}\text{or}\begin{array}{cc}& D^\lambda \hfill \\ \hfill D^\mu & D^\nu \hfill \\ & D^\lambda \hfill \end{array}$$

where $`\lambda `$, $`\mu `$ and $`\nu `$ are pairwise distinct.

Firstly, we consider the case where the $`_n(q,1)`$–module $`P^\lambda `$ is uniserial. Assume that $`h(\lambda )\lambda `$. Then, Lemma 60(2) implies that $`P^\lambda _{_n^D(q)}=\overline{P}^\lambda `$. Thus, $`\overline{P}^\lambda `$ has radical length $`3`$ and $`H(\overline{P}^\lambda )=D^\mu _{_n^D(q)}`$. If $`\mu =h(\lambda )`$ then we are in the first case of the list above. If $`h(\mu )\mu `$ and $`\mu h(\lambda )`$ then we are in the second case of the list. If $`h(\mu )=\mu `$ then we are in the third case. Note that this case does not appear if the number of the isomorphism classes of simple $`_n(q,1)`$–modules in the block is $`2`$. Assume that $`h(\lambda )=\lambda `$. Then, $`(P_+^\lambda )^\tau =P_{}^\lambda `$ implies that $`h(\mu )\mu `$ cannot happen. Thus, $`h(\mu )=\mu `$ and we are in the fourth case or in the fifth case.

Nextly, we consider the case where the $`_n(q,1)`$–module $`P^\lambda `$ is not uniserial. Then, the similar argument gives us the remaining cases. ∎

A consequence of this proposition is the following.

###### Corollary 64.

Assume that $`e3`$ and $`_n^D(q)`$ is finite but not semisimple. Then, for simple $`_n^D(q)`$–modules $`S`$ and $`T`$, we have $`\mathrm{Ext}_{_n^D(q)}^1(S,T)0`$ if and only if $`\mathrm{Ext}_{_n^D(q)}^1(T,S)0`$.

###### Proposition 65.

Let $`B`$ be a block algebra of $`_n^A(q)`$, $`_n^B(q)`$ or $`_n^D(q)`$, and suppose that $`e3`$ and that $`B`$ is finite but not semisimple. Then one of the following holds.

* The Gabriel quiver of $`B`$ contains a straight line of length $`2`$ (with $`3`$ nodes), or a directed graph with adjacency matrix $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{1\hspace{0.33em}1}}{\mathrm{1\hspace{0.33em}0}}\right)`$ or $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{0\hspace{0.33em}2}}{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.33em}0}}\right)`$.
* There are indecomposable projective $`B`$–modules of the following form.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& S\hfill \\ & T\hfill \\ & S\hfill \end{array}\text{and}\begin{array}{cc}& T\hfill \\ & S\hfill \\ & T\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`S`$ and $`T`$ are non–isomorphic simple $`B`$–modules.

###### Proof.

Assume that $`B`$ is a block algebra of $`_n^A(q)`$. Then Lemma 62(1) implies that the number of pairwise non–isomorphic simple $`B`$–modules is equal to $`e12`$. Hence, we are in the case (a) if the number is greater than $`2`$ and in the case (b) if the number is equal to $`2`$, by Lemma 62(1).

Assume that $`B`$ is a block algebra of $`_n^B(q)`$. If $`e`$ is odd then Theorem 38 implies that $`B`$ is Morita–equivalent to a block algebra of $`_k^A(q)`$, for some $`k`$. If $`e`$ is even then Lemma 62(2) implies that the number of pairwise non–isomorphic simple $`B`$–modules is equal to $`\frac{e}{2}+2`$ or $`\frac{e}{2}2`$. Hence, by the same argument as above, we are either in the case (a) or in the case (b) again.

Assume that $`B`$ is a block algebra of $`_n(q,1)`$. Then, by Lemma 62(2) again, the number of pairwise non–isomorphic simle $`B`$–modules is equal to $`\frac{e}{2}+13`$. Thus, the Gabriel quiver of $`B`$ contains a straight line of length $`2`$. We denote the nodes of the line as follows.

Assume that $`h(\lambda )\lambda `$, $`h(\mu )\mu `$ and $`h(\nu )\nu `$. If $`h(\lambda )\mu ,\nu `$ and $`h(\mu )\nu `$ then Lemma 60 and Proposition 63 imply that the Gabriel quiver of $`_n^D(q)`$ also contains a straight line of length $`2`$. If $`h(\lambda )=\mu `$ or $`h(\lambda )=\nu `$ then we obtain one of the other two quivers listed in the case (a).

Assume that $`h(\lambda )=\lambda `$ and $`h(\mu )\mu `$ or $`h(\lambda )\lambda `$ and $`h(\mu )=\mu `$. Then the Gabriel quiver of $`_n^D(q)`$ contains the straight line whose nodes are $`\lambda _+,\mu ,\lambda _{}`$ or $`\mu _+,\lambda ,\mu _{}`$.

Assume that $`h(\lambda )=\lambda `$, $`h(\mu )=\mu `$ and $`h(\nu )\nu `$. Then the Gabriel quiver of $`_n^D(q)`$ contains the straight line whose nodes are $`\mu _+`$, $`\nu `$ and either $`\lambda _+`$ or $`\lambda _{}`$.

Assume that $`h(\lambda )=\lambda `$, $`h(\mu )=\mu `$ and $`h(\nu )=\nu `$. Then, the similar argument shows that the Gabriel quiver of $`_n^D(q)`$ contains a straight line of length $`2`$. ∎

###### Lemma 66.

Assume that $`A`$ and $`B`$ are block algebras of $`_n^A(q)`$, $`_n^B(q)`$, $`_n^D(q)`$ or $`_n(q,Q)`$ and that they are finite but not semisimple.

* Suppose that $`e3`$. Then $`AB`$ is wild.
* Suppose that $`e=2`$. Then $`AB`$ is tame.

###### Proof.

(1) Assume that the Gabriel quiver of $`A`$ contains one of the directed graphs listed in the case (a) of Proposition 65. As the Gabriel quiver of $`B`$ always contains a straight line of length $`1`$ by Proposition 65, the Gabriel quiver of $`AB`$ contains the product of these quivers as a subquiver. In any of these three cases, Lemma 30 implies that $`AB`$ is wild.

Now assume that both $`A`$ and $`B`$ are as in the case (b) of Proposition 65. Let $`S`$ and $`T`$ be the simple $`A`$–modules. We denote the projective covers of $`S`$ and $`T`$ by $`P(S)`$, $`P(T)`$ respectively. Similarly, we denote the simple $`B`$–modules by $`S^{}`$ and $`T^{}`$, the projective covers $`P(S^{})`$ and $`P(T^{})`$. We define indecomposable projective $`AB`$–modules $`P_1`$ and $`P_2`$ by

$$P_1=P(S)P(S^{}),P_2=P(T)P(T^{}).$$

We shall show that $`\mathrm{End}_{AB}(P_1P_2)`$ is wild. This implies the result because its opposite algebra may be identified with an algebra of the form $`p(AB)p`$ where $`p`$ is an idempotent of $`AB`$. Define a factor algebra $`R`$ of $`\mathrm{End}_{AB}(P_1P_2)`$ by

$$R=\mathrm{End}_{AB}(P_1/\mathrm{Rad}^3P_1P_2/\mathrm{Rad}P_2).$$

Note that $`P_1/\mathrm{Rad}^3P_1`$ has the radical series of the following form.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& SS^{}\hfill \\ \hfill ST^{}& ST^{}\hfill \\ \hfill SS^{}& TT^{}SS^{}\hfill \end{array}$$

Hence, $`R`$ has the form $`FQ/I`$ where $`Q_0=\{1,2\}`$ and $`Q_1`$ consists of two loops on the node $`1`$ and the arrow $`12`$. This implies that $`R`$ is wild by Lemma 29.

(2) By Lemma 61, we may assume that both $`A`$ and $`B`$ are isomorphic to $`F[X]/(X^2)`$. Thus, $`ABF[X,Y]/(X^2,Y^2)`$, which is tame. ∎

Let $`(W,S)`$ be a finite Weyl group of classical type, and let $`P_W(x)`$ be its Poincaré polynomial. Fix $`qF^\times `$ and denote the Hecke algebra associated with $`(W,S)`$ and $`q`$ by $`_W(q)`$. We assume that $`q`$ is a primitive $`e^{th}`$ root of unity with $`e2`$. Note that if $`q=1`$ then $`_W(q)=FW`$ and we can also tell the representation type.

###### Theorem 67.

Let $`P_W(x)`$, $`_W(q)`$ and $`e2`$ be as above. Then,

* Assume that $`e3`$. Then $`_W(q)`$ is

+ finite if $`(xq)^2`$ does not divide $`P_W(x)`$.
    + wild otherwise.
* Assume that $`e=2`$. Then, $`_W(q)`$ is

+ finite if $`(xq)^2`$ does not divide $`P_W(x)`$.
    + tame if $`(xq)^2`$ divides but $`(xq)^3`$ does not divide $`P_W(x)`$.
    + wild otherwise.

###### Proof.

We write $`W=W_1\times \mathrm{}\times W_s`$ where $`W_i`$ are irreducible Weyl groups.

(1) If $`(xq)^2`$ does not divide $`P_W(x)`$, then $`xq`$ divides at most one $`P_{W_i}(x)`$ and $`(xq)^2`$ does not divide $`P_{W_i}(x)`$. Thus, $`_{W_i}(q)`$ is finite by Theorem 57, and all the other $`_{W_j}(q)`$, for $`ji`$, are semisimple. Hence, the result follows. If $`xq`$ divides $`P_{W_i}(x)`$ and $`P_{W_j}(x)`$, for $`ij`$, then $`_{W_i}(q)`$ and $`_{W_j}(q)`$ are finite but not semisimple. Thus, Lemma 66(1) implies the result. The result for the case where $`(xq)^2`$ divides some $`P_{W_i}(x)`$ was proven in Theorem 57.

(2) We have already proved that if $`_n(q,Q)`$ is tame then there is an $`_n(q,Q)`$–module with complexity $`2`$. Assume that $`_n^A(q)`$ is tame. Thus, $`e=2`$ and $`n=4`$ or $`n=5`$. \[EN, Proposition A\] asserts that $`_4^A(q)`$ is Morita–equivalent to the path algebra which is considered in (case 4b) of the proof of Theorem 42(2). Thus, there is an $`_4^A(q)`$–module with comlexity $`2`$. Similarly, \[EN, Proposition B\] asserts that the unique non–semisimple block algebra of $`_5^A(q)`$ has the directed graph $`Q`$ with adjacency matrix $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{1\hspace{0.33em}1}}{\mathrm{1\hspace{0.33em}1}}\right)`$ as its Gabriel quiver, and if we denote the loops on the nodes $`1`$ and $`2`$ by $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$, and $`12`$, $`12`$ by $`\mu `$ and $`\nu `$, then the relations are given by

$$\alpha ^2=0,\beta ^2=0,\mu \alpha =0,\alpha \nu =0,\beta \mu =0,\nu \beta =0.$$

This is a special biserial algebra which satisfies the assumptions of Lemma 37. Thus, there is an $`_5^A(q)`$–module with complexity $`2`$. $`_n^D(q)`$ cannot be tame.

Hence, if $`_n^X(q)`$, for some $`n`$ and $`X`$, is tame then there is an $`_n^X(q)`$–module with complexity $`2`$.

Assume that $`(xq)^2`$ does not divide $`P_W(x)`$. Then, $`_{W_i}(q)`$ is semisimple for all but at most one $`i`$, say $`i_0`$. Then, $`_{W_{i_0}}(q)`$ is finite by Theorem 57 and so is $`_W(q)`$. Assume that $`(xq)^2`$ divides $`P_W(x)`$ but $`(xq)^3`$ does not divide $`P_W(x)`$. If $`(xq)^2`$ divides $`P_{W_i}(x)`$, for some $`i`$, then all the other $`_{W_j}(q)`$, $`ji`$, are semisimple and the result follows from Theorem 57. If $`xq`$ divide $`P_{W_i}(x)`$ and $`P_{W_j}(x)`$ for distinct $`i`$ and $`j`$, then $`_{W_i}(q)`$ and $`_{W_j}(q)`$ are finite and not semisimple. All the other $`_{W_k}(q)`$, $`k\{i,j\}`$, are semisimple. Thus, Lemma 66(2) implies that $`_W(q)`$ is tame. Assume that $`(xq)^3`$ divides $`P_W(x)`$. If there are distinct $`i,j,k`$ such that $`xq`$ divides $`P_{W_i}(x)`$, $`P_{W_j}(x)`$ and $`P_{W_k}(x)`$ then $`_{W_i}(q)`$, $`_{W_j}(q)`$ and $`_{W_k}(q)`$ are finite but not semisimple. Thus, there are modules $`M_i`$, $`M_j`$ and $`M_k`$ of these algebras such that they have complexity greater than or equal to $`1`$. As $`M_iM_jM_k`$ has complexity greater than or equal to $`3`$, the result follows from Theorem 14(3). If $`(xq)^2`$ divides $`P_{W_i}(x)`$ but $`(xq)^3`$ does not divide $`P_{W_i}(x)`$ and $`xq`$ divides $`P_{W_j}(x)`$, for $`ji`$, then, the same complexity argument works: $`_{W_i}(q)`$ is tame by Theorem 57(2) and there is an $`_{W_i}(q)`$–module with complexity $`2`$, as is remarked above. The case where $`(xq)^3`$ divides $`P_{W_i}(x)`$, for some $`i`$, reduces to Theorem 57 as before. ∎

## 6. Appendix

The following is a list of corrections and remarks for \[A1\]. The author is grateful to Professor Kashiwara for pointing out many of these.

* In Assertion 4. If we consider $`UU(𝔤)`$ and use the universal property of $`U(𝔤)`$, the proof would be much shorter.
* As $`\stackrel{~}{M}(\lambda )`$ is a $`T(V)`$–module, it is also a $`𝔤(V)`$–module. Similarly, the algebra homomorphism $`T(V_{})U(\stackrel{~}{𝔫}_{})`$ induced by $`V_{}\stackrel{~}{𝔫}_{}`$ gives the surjection $`𝔤(V_{})\stackrel{~}{𝔫}_{}`$.
* In the proof of Proposition 4.5. After “We can choose $`m0`$”, add “in $`M_0_K\overline{K}`$”. After “$`c=\pm v^l`$.”, add “Hence, we can choose $`m`$ in $`M_0`$.”.
* In Definition 4.6. $`vtv^1t^1vt+v^1t^1`$ and $`\pm \frac{[l+1]}{vv^1}\pm \frac{v^{l+1}+v^{l1}}{(vv^1)^2}`$.
* in l.-10; $`R_i(\lambda )\{y_1,\mathrm{},y_s,x_1,\mathrm{},x_t\}R_i(\lambda )\{x_1,\mathrm{},x_t\}`$.
* in l.5; $`\lambda (\sigma ,k,S)\{x,\stackrel{~}{x}\}\{\lambda (\sigma ,k,S)\{x,\stackrel{~}{x}\}|SN_iR_\lambda \}`$.
* Just above (12.1); $`g_{\mu ,\mu }(v)=1`$ $``$ $`g_{\mu ,\mu }(v)=1,g_{\lambda ,\mu }(0)=\delta _{\lambda ,\mu }`$.
* in l.-5; $`[v,v^1][v]v^1[v^1]`$ must be $`[v,v^1]v[v][v^1]`$.
* the denominator of (1.3); $`v_{c_i}q^{k_i}v_{c_{i1}}q^{k_i}v_{c_i}v_{c_{i1}}`$ and the $`(1,1)`$–entry; $`(q1)v_{c_i}q^{k_i}(q1)v_{c_i}`$, the $`(2,2)`$–entry; $`(1q)v_{c_i}(1q)v_{c_{i1}}`$.
* In the definition of the $`\lambda `$-separatedness; $`v_{c_i}q^{k_i}v_{c_{i1}}q^{k_i}v_{c_i}v_{c_{i1}}`$.
* in l.14; Delete the sentence “To prove this, …”, and change “If we consider … requirement.”to “Consider $`wS_n`$ such that $`w𝐭=𝐬`$. We argue by induction on $`l(w)`$. Choose $`s_i=(i1,i)`$ with $`s_iw<w`$ so that $`𝐬^{}=s_i𝐬`$ is standard. By the induction hypothesis, $`𝐬^{}W`$. Then $`a_i𝐬^{}W`$ because $`𝐬`$ appears in $`a_i𝐬^{}`$ with a nonzero coefficient.”

Note that if there is no such $`s_i`$ then the entry, say $`j`$, in $`𝐬`$ of the node $`n`$ of $`𝐭`$ must be $`n`$: otherwise we could choose $`s_{j+1}`$. We delete $`n`$ and continue the same argument to conclude that $`𝐬=𝐭`$.
* in l.5; $`v_{c_i}q^{k_i}v_{c_{i1}}q^{k_i}v_{c_i}v_{c_{i1}}`$.
* In Proposition 13.10(2); Add “and $`V_𝕂^\lambda `$ is irreducible.”
* Let $`L^{\prime \prime }=\pi ^{N1}L^{}+L`$. Then, we have $`\pi L^{\prime \prime }LL^{\prime \prime }`$ and $`\pi ^{N1}L^{}L^{\prime \prime }L^{}`$. Hence, we can also prove the result by induction on $`N`$.
* The statement of Lemma 13.19 is not accurate. We must consider the subcategory of $`\widehat{H}_{n,𝕂}mod`$ whose objects are those modules which admits an $`𝕊`$–lattice here. In practice, we work with the category $`𝒞`$ (Corollary 13.26). As any module in $`𝒞`$ admits an $`𝕊`$–lattice, this inaccuracy does not affect the rest of the chapters.
* Murphy’s lemma, which says that $`𝐬\mathrm{}𝐭`$ if and only if $`d(𝐬)d(𝐭)`$, is used to show that $`m_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐭}^\lambda }𝐭^\lambda V_𝕂^\lambda `$ belongs to $`_{𝐮\mathrm{}𝐬}𝕂𝐮`$. The lemma easily follows from Ehresmann’s characterization of the Bruhat order, which says that $`w_1w_2`$ if and only if $`|\{i|ip,w_1(i)q\}||\{i|ip,w_2(i)q\}|`$ for all $`p`$ and $`q`$.
* In Corollary 13.24; Replace $`\widehat{H}_{n,𝕂}mod`$ with the subcategory of modules which admits an $`𝕊`$–lattice.
* in l.5; the Grothendieck group $`V(𝔽)`$ $``$ the Grothendieck groups $`K_0(_{n,𝔽}mod)`$
* At the bottom of Definition 14.15; Add “where we fix a square root $`\sqrt{p}`$ of $`p`$ and we choose the square root $`p^{e/2}`$ of $`p^e`$ to be $`\sqrt{p}^e`$.”.
* Proof of Lemma 14.25 is absurd. To save this, we let $`C\overline{}_l^\times `$ be the multiplicative group of pure numbers, $`C`$ its group algebra, and change the statement of Lemma 14.25 as follows. Then the same proof (but we do not assert the “(a root of unity)”part) works.

“Then there exists an element $`F_{\underset{¯}{m},\underset{¯}{m}^{}}^{\underset{¯}{m}^{\prime \prime }}C`$ such that if we write $`F_{\underset{¯}{m},\underset{¯}{m}^{}}^{\underset{¯}{m}^{\prime \prime }}=n_i[c_i]`$, where $`n_i`$ and $`c_iC`$, then the following holds for all $`e`$: $`F_{\underset{¯}{m},\underset{¯}{m}^{}}^{\underset{¯}{m}^{\prime \prime }}(𝔽_{p^e})=n_ic_i^e`$.”
* In Definition 14.26; Change “Let $`H_A`$ be”to “Let $`v=[\sqrt{p}^1]`$, $`A=[v,v^1]`$ and define $`H_A`$ to be”, and change “Define an $`A`$-bilinear map”to “Then let $`H_C=H_A_AC`$ and define a $`C`$-bilinear map”, and replace “$`F_{\underset{¯}{m},\underset{¯}{m}^{}}^{\underset{¯}{m}^{\prime \prime }}(v)`$”with “$`F_{\underset{¯}{m},\underset{¯}{m}^{}}^{\underset{¯}{m}^{\prime \prime }}`$”.

$`H_A`$ is an $`A`$-algebra.”$``$$`H_C`$ is a $`C`$-algebra.”

At the end of the definition, add “We call $`H_A`$ the Hall module.”
* In Lemma 14.27; Change “$`H_A`$”to “$`H_C`$”in (1) and add “In particular, $`H_A`$ is a right $`U_A^{}`$-module.”to the end of (2).

As a $`C`$-module, $`H_C`$ is nothing but the Grothendieck group of equivariant mixed Weil sheaves. By Lemma 14.27, $`H_A`$ is a $`U_A^{}`$-module.

Note that we only need $`H_A`$ at $`v=1`$ to prove Theorem 12.5, and that the statements Lemma 14.27(2) and Proposition 14.28 for $`H_A`$ remain unchanged.
* Lemma 14.34; “… makes $``$ into a unital associative algebra, which is isomorphic to $`H_A`$.”$``$ “… restricts to an isomorphism between the $`A`$-subalgebras of $``$ and $`H_A`$ generated by $`f_i^{(n)}`$’s. More precisely, each object $`F^.`$ which appears in $`U_A^{}`$ is given a unique mixed structure such that the identification of $`[F^.]`$ with $`_j(1)^j[^j(F^.)]H_C`$ gives the identification of $`U_A^{}`$ with $`U_A^{}H_A`$.”
* in l.-8 and l.-7; $`^i(Rp_{3}^{}{}_{!}{}^{}C^.)^p^i(Rp_{3}^{}{}_{!}{}^{}C^.)`$.
* in l.-4; “take $`\mathrm{Fr}_{}^{e}{}_{}{}^{}(F^.)F^.`$$``$ “take $`\mathrm{Fr}_{}^{e}{}_{}{}^{}(F^.)F^.`$ as in \[cb-E, Theorem 5.2\]”
* At the end of the proof of Lemma 14.34; “To summarize, …”$``$ “Thus, if we expand the product of canonical basis elements $`b_1b_2`$ into a linear combination of canonical basis elements $`c_{b_1b_2}^{b_3}(v)b_3`$ in $``$, \[cb-E, Theorem 5.4\] shows that the polynomial $`c_{b_1b_2}^{b_3}(v)`$ in the shift $`v`$ corresponds to the polynomial $`c_{b_1b_2}^{b_3}(v)`$ in $`v=[\sqrt{p}^1]`$ under the identification. Thus we get the isomorphism of the subalgebras $`U_A^{}`$ and $`U_A^{}H_A`$.”
* $`Rp_{3}^{}{}_{!}{}^{}_i^i[i][Rp_{3}^{}{}_{!}{}^{}]=_i[^i(Rp_{3}^{}{}_{!}{}^{})[i]]`$.
* After Theorem 14.41; Add “The second part follows from Lemma 14.27(2) and \[CG, Theorem 8.6.23\]. Recall that canonical basis elements are given mixed structure as in Lemma 14.34.”
* specialized Hall algebra$``$specialized Hall module