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# Hyperbolic Topological Invariants and the Black Hole Geometry

## 1. Introduction

The discovery of black hole solutions in three–dimensional gravity offers a promising new area for the analysis of interesting and difficult problems that were posed in the four-dimensional case. We begin here with the discussion of some geometrical aspects of the non–rotating, three–dimensional black hole . It is known that a static Lorentzian metric is a solution of the three–dimensional vacuum Einstein equation with negative cosmological constant $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, i.e. $`R_{\mu \nu }=2\mathrm{\Lambda }g_{\mu \nu }`$ , $`R=6\mathrm{\Lambda }=6\sigma ^2`$. The sectional curvature $`k`$ is constant and negative, namely $`k=\sigma ^2`$ . The metric describes a space–time which is locally isometric to the anti–de Sitter space. The Euclidean section is obtained by the Wick rotation $`ti\tau `$, and reads

$`(1.1)`$
$$ds^2=\left(r^2\sigma ^2M\right)d\tau ^2+\left(r^2\sigma ^2M\right)^1dr^2+r^2d\phi ^2,$$

where the coordinates $`(t,r,\phi )`$ have been used (8G=1 is assumed, so that the mass $`M`$ is dimensionless), and $`\sigma `$ is a dimensional constant. The metric (1.1) has a horizon radius given by $`r_+=\sigma M^{1/2}`$. With a change of coordinates, $`(\tau ,r,\phi )(y,x_1,x_2)`$, of the form

$`(1.2)`$
$$y=\frac{r_+}{r}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{r_+}{\sigma }\phi \right),x_1+ix_2=\frac{1}{r}\left(r^2r_+^2\right)^{1/2}\mathrm{exp}\left(i\frac{r_+}{\sigma ^2}\tau +\frac{r_+}{\sigma }\phi \right),$$

the metric becomes

$`(1.3)`$
$$ds^2=\frac{\sigma ^2}{y^2}\left(dy^2+dx_1^2+dx_2^2\right).$$

As a consequence, the metric describes a manifold homeomorphic to the real hyperbolic space $`^3`$. The group of isometries of $`^3`$ is $`SL(2,)`$.

Let us now consider a discrete subgroup $`\mathrm{\Gamma }PSL(2,)SL(2,)/\{\pm Id\}`$ ($`Id`$ is the identity element), which acts discontinuously at the point $`z`$ belonging to the extended complex plane $`\{\mathrm{}\}`$. We recall that a transformation $`\gamma Id`$, $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }`$, with $`\gamma z=(az+b)(cz+d)^1`$ , $`adbc=1`$ , $`a,b,c,d`$ , is called elliptic if $`(\mathrm{Tr}\gamma )^2=(a+d)^2`$ satisfies $`0(\mathrm{Tr}\gamma )^2<4`$, hyperbolic if $`(\mathrm{Tr}\gamma )^2>4`$, parabolic if $`(\mathrm{Tr}\gamma )^2=4`$, and loxodromic if $`(\mathrm{Tr}\gamma )^2\backslash [0,4]`$. The periodicity of the angular coordinate $`\phi `$ allows to describe the black hole manifold as the quotient $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash ^3`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ being a discrete group of isometries possessing a primitive element $`\gamma _h\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, defined by the identification $`\gamma _h(y,w)=(\mathrm{exp}(2\pi r_+\sigma ^1)y`$, $`\mathrm{exp}(2\pi r_+\sigma ^1w))(y,w)`$. Therefore, the matrix

$`(1.4)`$
$$\gamma _h=\left(\begin{array}{cc}e^{\frac{r_+}{\sigma }}& 0\\ 0& e^{\frac{r_+}{\sigma }}\end{array}\right),$$

corresponds to an hyperbolic element ($`\mathrm{Tr}\gamma _h>2`$) consisting in a pure dilatation. Furthermore, since in Euclidean coordinates $`\tau `$ becomes an angular variable, with period $`\beta `$, one is led also to the identification $`\gamma _e(y,w)=(y,\mathrm{exp}(i\beta r_+\sigma ^2)w)(y,w)`$. This identification is generated by an elliptic element in the group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, namely

$`(1.5)`$
$$\gamma _e=\left(\begin{array}{cc}e^{i\beta \frac{r_+}{\sigma ^2}}& 0\\ 0& e^{i\beta \frac{r_+}{\sigma ^2}}\end{array}\right),$$

as long as $`\mathrm{Tr}\gamma _e<2`$, and a conical singularity will be present. If $`\beta r_+\sigma ^2=2\pi `$, then $`\gamma _e=Id`$ and the conical singularity is absent. As a result, the period is determined to be $`\beta _H=2\pi \sigma ^2(r_+)^1`$ and this is interpreted as the inverse of the Hawking temperature. The $`M=0`$ line element has the form $`ds_0^2=r^2\sigma ^2d\tau ^2+r^2\sigma ^2dr^2+r^2d\phi ^2`$. It is clear that $`\tau `$ can be identified with any period $`\beta `$ (in particular with $`\beta =\mathrm{}`$), and that $`\phi `$ has period $`2\pi `$. Through the coordinate change: $`r=y^1\sigma ^2`$, $`\tau =x_1`$, $`\phi =x_2\sigma ^1`$, one gets the metric of the hyperbolic space: $`ds_0^2=\sigma ^2y^2(dx_1^2+dx_2^2+dy^2)`$, and the identification $`\gamma _p(w,y)=(w+\beta +2i\pi \sigma y)(w,y)`$. This identification is generated by elements of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of the form

$`(1.6)`$
$$\gamma _{p_1}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& \beta \\ 0& 1\end{array}\right),\gamma _{p_2}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 2i\pi \sigma \\ 0& 1\end{array}\right),$$

which are parabolic. Therefore the on–shell three–dimensional black hole can be regarded as a strictly hyperbolic, non–compact manifold $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash ^3`$ (see Sect. 2).

The group $`SL(2,)`$ being the universal covering of the Lorentz group, for a Euclidean space there are one–forms which can be combined to build a single $`SL(2,)`$ connection $`A_\mu ^a`$. It has been shown  that the Einstein action can be reduced to the Chern–Simons action associated with the connection $`A_\mu ^a`$. $`SL(2,)`$ gauge transformations in the Chern–Simons formulation are equivalent to diffeomorphisms and local Lorentz transformations in the metric formulation of the black hole . In Sect. 3 we will work with the Chern–Simons formulation, which follows from the relationship (non-trivial, in fact, since it has a nonvanishing holonomy) between flat connections and geometric structures related to one–forms. Some aspects of the holographic principle for hyperbolic geometry will be considered in Sect. 4.

## 2. The Arithmetic Geometry of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=SL(2,+i)/\{\pm Id\}`$

Here we shall summarize the geometry and local isometry associated with a simple three–dimensional complex Lie group. We shall consider that the discrete subgroup $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ acts discontinuously at the points of the extended complex plane. The isometric circle of a transformation $`\gamma G=SL(2,)/\{\pm Id\}`$ for which $`\mathrm{}`$ is not a fixed point is defined to be the circle $`I(\gamma )=\{z:|\gamma z|=1\}`$, or $`I(\gamma )=\{z:|z+d/c|=|c|^1\}`$, $`c0`$. A transformation $`\gamma `$ carries its isometric circle $`I(\gamma )`$ into $`I(\gamma ^1)`$. For $`\mathrm{\Gamma }G`$, one can choose a subgroup $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of the form $`SL(2,+i)/\{\pm Id\}`$, where $``$ is the ring of integers. The element $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }`$ will be identified with $`\gamma `$. The group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ has, within a conjugation, one maximal parabolic subgroup $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{}}`$. The fundamental domain related to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ has one parabolic vertex, and can be taken to be of the form: $`F(\mathrm{\Gamma })=\{(y,w):x_1^2+x_2^2+y^2>1,1/2<x_2<x_1<1/2\}`$.

The Selberg trace formula can be constructed as an expansion in eigenfunctions of the automorphic Laplacian. Since the discrete group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ has a cusp at $`\mathrm{}`$, each element of the stabilizer $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{}}`$ is a translation. The conjugacy class $`\{\gamma \}_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{}}`$, with $`\gamma `$ different from the identity, and the centralizers related to this class of $`\gamma `$, have been calculated in Refs. 4,5. Let $`\lambda _j`$ be the isolated eigenvalues of the self–adjoint extension of the Laplace operator and let us introduce a suitable analytic function $`h(r)`$ and $`r_j^2=\lambda _j1`$. For one parabolic vertex let us introduce a subdomain $`F_𝒴`$ of the fundamental region $`F(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ by means of $`F_𝒴=\{zF(\mathrm{\Gamma }),z=\{y,𝐱\}|y𝒴\}`$, where $`𝒴`$ is a sufficiently large positive number.

Lemma 1 (Ref.  , Eq. (13)). Suppose $`h(r)`$ to be an even analytic function in the strip $`|\mathrm{}r|<1+\epsilon `$ ($`\epsilon >0`$), and $`h(r)=𝒪(1+|r|^2)^2`$. Then the following formula holds:

$$\underset{j}{}h(r_j)=\underset{𝒴\mathrm{}}{lim}\{_{F_𝒴}\underset{\{\gamma \}_\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}k(u(z,\gamma z))d\mu (z)$$

$`(2.1)`$
$$\frac{1}{2\pi }__+h(r)_{F_𝒴}|E(z,1+ir)|^2d\mu (z)dr\}\text{,}$$

where $`d\mu (z)=y^3dydx_1dx_2`$ is the invariant measure on $`^3`$, $`k(z,z^{})=k(u(z,z^{}))`$ is the kernel of the invariant operator, $`u(z,z^{})=|zz^{}|^2/yy^{}`$, and $`E(z,s)`$ is the Eisenstein–Maass series associated with one cusp.
The final result (see for detail Ref. ) could be considered as an addition to this Lemma 1.

Theorem 2 For the special discrete group $`SL(2,+i)/\{\pm Id\}`$ and $`h(r)`$ satisfying the conditions of Lemma 1, the Selberg’s trace formula holds

$$\underset{j}{}h(r_j)\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\left\{\gamma \right\}_\mathrm{\Gamma },\gamma Id,}{\gamma nonparabolic}}{}k(u(z,\gamma z))𝑑\mu (z)=\mathrm{vol}(F)__+\frac{r^2}{2\pi ^2}h(r)𝑑r$$

$`(2.2)`$
$$+\frac{1}{4\pi }_{}h(r)\left(\frac{d}{ds}\mathrm{log}S(s)|_{(s=1+ir)}\psi (1+ir/2)\right)+\frac{h(0)}{4}\left(1S(1)\right)+C\mathrm{g}(0)\text{.}$$

Here $`\mathrm{vol}(F)`$ is the (finite) volume of the fundamental domain $`F`$ with respect to the measure $`d\mu `$, the function $`S(s)`$ (in the general case it is the S–matrix) is given by a generalized Dirichlet series, convergent for $`\mathrm{}s>1`$. The functions $`E(z,s)`$ and $`S(s)`$ can be analytically extended on the whole complex $`s`$ plane, where they satisfy the functional equations $`S(s)S(1s)=Id`$, $`\overline{S(s)}=S(\overline{s})`$, $`E(z,s)=S(s)E(z,1s)`$. $`\psi (s)`$ is the logarithmic derivative of the Euler $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ function, $`C`$ a computable constant and $`\mathrm{g}(u)`$ denotes the Fourier transform of $`h(r)`$.

### 2.1. The functional determinant

In general, the determinant of an elliptic differential operator requires a regularization. It is convenient to introduce the operator $`𝔏_\mathrm{\Gamma }(\delta )=𝔏_\mathrm{\Gamma }+\delta ^21`$, with $`\delta `$ a suitable parameter. One of the most widely used regularization is the zeta–function regularization (see Refs. ). Thus one has $`\mathrm{logdet}𝔏_\mathrm{\Gamma }(\delta )=(d/ds)\zeta (s|𝔏_\mathrm{\Gamma }(\delta ))|_{(s=0)}`$. In standard cases, the zeta function at $`s=0`$ is well defined and one gets a finite result. The meromorphic structure of the analytically continued zeta function is related to the asymptotic properties of the heat–kernel trace. For the rank one symmetric space $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash ^3`$ the trace of the operator $`\mathrm{exp}[(t𝔏_\mathrm{\Gamma }(\delta ))]`$ could be computed by using Theorem 2 (Eq. (2.2)) with the choice $`h(r)=\mathrm{exp}[t(r^2+\delta ^2)]`$ (we use units in which the curvature of $`^3`$ is equal to $`1`$). Thus we have $`\mathrm{g}(u)=(4\pi t)^{1/2}\mathrm{exp}(t\delta ^2u^2(4t)^1)`$, $`\mathrm{g}(0)=(4\pi t)^{1/2}\mathrm{exp}(t\delta ^2)`$, and $`h(0)=\mathrm{exp}(t\delta ^2)`$.

We shall consider additive terms of the zeta function associated with the identity and parabolic elements of the group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ only (the heat kernel and the zeta–function analysis for co–compact discrete group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ has been done, for example, in Refs. ),

$`(2.3)`$
$$\mathrm{Tr}\left(\mathrm{exp}(t(𝔏_\mathrm{\Gamma }(\delta )\delta ^2))\right)=\frac{\mathrm{vol}(F)+4\pi tC}{(4\pi t)^{3/2}}+\frac{1}{4}\frac{1}{4\pi }_{}\psi (1+ir/2)e^{tr^2}𝑑r\text{.}$$

Making use of the trace formula, we compute the functional determinant of the Laplace–type operator on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash ^3`$. The zeta function for $`\mathrm{}s`$ sufficiently large, can be rewritten in the form

$$\zeta (s|𝔏_\mathrm{\Gamma }(\delta ))=\underset{\sigma }{}\rho _\sigma \left(\lambda _\sigma +\delta ^21\right)^s=\underset{j}{}\left(\lambda _j+\delta ^21\right)^s$$

$`(2.4)`$
$$+__+\left(\lambda +\delta ^21\right)^s\rho _\lambda 𝑑\lambda \text{,}$$

where the sum over $`j`$ runs over the discrete spectrum, $`\{\lambda _j\}\mathrm{Spec}(𝔏_\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. For the continuous spectrum, $`\rho _\lambda `$ is proportional to the logarithmic derivative of the S–matrix $`S(s)`$.

One has $`(d/ds)\zeta (s|𝔏_\mathrm{\Gamma }(\delta ))=_\sigma \rho _\sigma \left(\lambda _\sigma +\delta ^21\right)^s\mathrm{log}(\lambda _\sigma +\delta ^21)`$, and

$`(2.5)`$
$$\frac{d}{d\delta }\left(\frac{1}{2\delta }\frac{d}{d\delta }\frac{d}{ds}\zeta (s|𝔏_\mathrm{\Gamma }(\delta ))\right)=2\delta \underset{\sigma }{}\rho _\sigma \left(\lambda _\sigma +\delta ^21\right)^{s2}+𝒪(s)\text{.}$$

A standard Tauberian argument gives a Weyl’s estimate for large $`\sigma `$, namely : $`(\lambda _\sigma +\delta ^21)^1\sigma ^{2/3}`$. As a consequence, in the limit $`s0`$, the right hand side of Eq. (2.5) is finite. This works for two– and three–dimensional cases. In higher dimensions it is necessary to take further derivatives with respect to $`\delta `$ . The inclusion of the contribution related to the hyperbolic elements is almost straightforward and can be found, for example, in Refs. . It is additive and reads simply $`\mathrm{log}Z_\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\delta )`$, like before $`Z_\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)`$ is the Selberg zeta function. Summarizing, the final result ist:

Theorem 3 (Ref. , Theorem 2). The following identity holds

$`(2.6)`$
$$det𝔏_\mathrm{\Gamma }(\delta )=\frac{2}{(\pi \delta )^{1/2}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\delta /2)}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{\mathrm{vol}(F)\delta ^3}{6\pi }+C\delta \right)Z_\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\delta )\text{.}$$

## 3. Topological Invariants of the Hyperbolic Geometry

The Chern–Simons partition function may be expressed through the asymptotics which lead to a series of $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ invariants associated with triplets $`\{X;;\xi \}`$, with $`X`$ a smooth homology three-sphere, $``$ a homology class of framings of $`X`$, and $`\xi `$ an acyclic conjugacy class of orthogonal representations of the fundamental group $`\pi _1(X)`$ . In addition, the cohomology $`H(X;\mathrm{Ad}\xi )`$ of $`X`$ with respect to the local system related to $`\mathrm{Ad}\xi `$ vanishes.

We turn into Chern–Simons invariants related to real hyperbolic spaces. Let $`𝔐=G/K`$ be an irreducible rank one symmetric space of non–compact type, where $`G`$ is a connected non–compact simple split rank one Lie group with finite centre, and $`KG`$ a maximal compact subgroup . Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }G`$ be a discrete, co–compact torsion free subgroup. Then $`X=\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash 𝔐`$ is a compact Riemannian manifold with fundamental group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, i.e. $`X`$ is a compact locally symmetric space. For a real hyperbolic manifold, we have $`G=SO_1(n,1)`$$`(n_+)`$, $`K=SO(n)`$, and $`X=\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash ^n`$. Given a finite–dimensional unitary representation $`\chi `$ of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, there is the corresponding vector bundle $`V_\chi X`$ over $`X`$, given by $`V_\chi =\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash (𝔐F_\chi )`$, where $`F_\chi `$ (the fibre of $`V_\chi `$) is the representation space of $`\chi `$ and where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ acts on $`𝔐F_\chi `$ by the rule $`\gamma (m,f)=(\gamma m,\chi (\gamma )f)`$ for $`(\gamma ,m,f)(\mathrm{\Gamma }𝔐F_\chi )`$. Let $`𝔏_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be the Laplace–Beltrami operator of $`X`$ acting on smooth sections of $`V_\chi `$; we obtain $`𝔏_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ by projecting the Laplace–Beltrami operator of $`𝔐`$ (which is $`G`$ invariant and thus $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ invariant) to $`X`$. For any representation $`\chi :\mathrm{\Gamma }U(n)`$ one can construct a vector bundle $`\stackrel{~}{𝔼}_\chi `$ over a certain 4-manifold $`Y`$ with boundary $`Y=X`$ which is an extension of a flat vector bundle $`𝔼_\chi `$ over $`X`$. Let $`\stackrel{~}{A}_\chi `$ be any extension of a flat connection $`A_\chi `$ corresponding to $`\chi `$.

The index theorem of Atiyah–Patodi–Singer for the twisted Dirac operator $`D_{\stackrel{~}{A}_\chi }`$  gives here

$`(3.1)`$
$$\mathrm{Index}\left(D_{\stackrel{~}{A}_\chi }\right)=_Y\mathrm{ch}(\stackrel{~}{𝔼}_\chi )\widehat{A}(Y)\frac{1}{2}(\eta (0,𝔇_\chi )+h(0,𝔇_\chi ))\text{,}$$

where $`\mathrm{ch}(\stackrel{~}{𝔼}_\chi )`$ and $`\widehat{A}(Y)`$ are the Chern character and $`\widehat{A}`$genus respectively, $`\widehat{A}=1p_1(Y)/24,p_1(Y)`$ is the 1–st Pontryagin class, $`\eta (0,𝔇_\chi )`$ is the holomorphic eta function, $`h(0,𝔇_\chi )`$ is the dimension of the space of harmonic spinors on $`X`$ ($`h(0,𝔇_\chi )=\mathrm{dimker}𝔇_\chi `$ = multiplicity of the 0–eigenvalue of $`𝔇_\chi `$ acting on $`X`$); and $`𝔇_\chi `$ is a Dirac operator on $`X`$ acting on spinors with coefficients in $`\chi `$. The Chern–Simons invariants of $`X`$ can be derived from Eq. (3.1). Indeed we have:

$`(3.2)`$
$$CS(A_\chi )\frac{1}{2}\left(\mathrm{dim}\chi \eta (0,𝔇)\eta (0,𝔇_\chi )\right),\mathrm{mod}(/2)\text{.}$$

A remarkable formula relating $`\eta (s,𝔇)`$, to the closed geodesics on an hyperbolic manifold of $`(4n1)`$ dimension has been derived in . More explicitly the following function can be defined, initially for $`\mathrm{}(s^2)0`$, by the formula

$`(3.3)`$
$$\mathrm{log}Z_\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)\stackrel{def}{=}\underset{[\gamma ]_1(\mathrm{\Gamma })}{}(1)^q\frac{L(\gamma ,𝔇)}{|\mathrm{det}(IP_h(\gamma ))|^{1/2}}\frac{e^{s\mathrm{}(\gamma )}}{m(\gamma )}\text{,}$$

where $`_1(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is the set of those conjugacy classes $`[\gamma ]`$ for which $`X_\gamma `$ has the property that the Euclidean de Rham factor of $`\stackrel{~}{X}_\gamma `$ is 1-dimensional ($`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ is a simply connected cover of $`X`$ which is a symmetric space of noncompact type), the number $`q`$ is half the dimension of the fibre of the centre bundle $`C(TX)`$ over $`X_\gamma `$, $`\mathrm{}(\gamma )`$ is the length of the closed geodesic $`c_\gamma `$ (with multiplicity $`m(\gamma )`$) in the free homotopy class corresponding to $`[\gamma ]`$, $`P_h(\gamma )`$ is the restriction of the linear Poincaré map $`P(\gamma )`$ at $`(c_\gamma ,\dot{c}_\gamma )TX`$ to the directions normal to the geodesic flow and $`L(\gamma ,𝔇)`$ is the Lefschetz number (see Ref. 16).

### 3.1. The twisted Dirac operator

Let now $`\chi :\mathrm{\Gamma }U(F)`$ be a unitary representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ on $`F`$. The Hermitian vector bundle $`𝔽=\stackrel{~}{X}\times _\mathrm{\Gamma }F`$ over $`X`$ inherits a flat connection from the trivial connection on $`\stackrel{~}{X}\times F`$. We specialize to the case of locally homogeneous Dirac operators $`𝔇:C^{\mathrm{}}(X,𝔼)C^{\mathrm{}}(X,𝔼)`$ in order to construct a generalized operator $`𝒪_\chi `$, acting on spinors with coefficients in $`\chi `$. If $`𝔇:C^{\mathrm{}}(X,V)C^{\mathrm{}}(X,V)`$ is a differential operator acting on the sections of the vector bundle $`V`$, then $`𝔇`$ extends canonically to a differential operator $`𝔇_\chi :C^{\mathrm{}}(X,V𝔽)C^{\mathrm{}}(X,V𝔽)`$, uniquely characterized by the property that $`𝔇_\chi `$ is locally isomorphic to $`𝔇\mathrm{}𝔇`$ ($`\mathrm{dim}F`$ times) . One can repeat the arguments to construct a twisted zeta function $`Z_\mathrm{\Gamma }^\chi (s)`$. It follows that : $`Z_\mathrm{\Gamma }^\chi (0)=Z_\mathrm{\Gamma }^\chi (0)^{\mathrm{dim}\chi }\mathrm{exp}\left(2i\pi CS(A_\chi )\right)`$, and eventually the Chern–Simons functional takes the form

$`(3.4)`$
$$CS(A_\chi )\frac{1}{2i\pi }\mathrm{log}\left[\frac{Z_\mathrm{\Gamma }(0)^{\mathrm{dim}\chi }}{Z_\mathrm{\Gamma }^\chi (0)}\right],\mathrm{mod}(/2)\text{.}$$

### 3.2. Hyperbolic manifolds with cusps

We have used the formula for the relation between the eta invariant of the signature operator and the Selberg zeta function of odd type, which is defined by the geometric data for a compact hyperbolic manifold. The corresponding formula between the analytic torsion and the Ruelle zeta function for odd dimensional hyperbolic manifold has been proven in Ref. . In addition, the symmetry that is similar to the Lefschetz fixed poin theorem has been used to reduce the combination of the Selberg zeta functions to the Ruelle zeta function. Later, these results were generalized to the case of compact locally symmetric spaces of higher ranks , and they were extended to the case of non–compact locally symmetric spaces with finite volumes . In the extension of these results there are two main difficulties: the fact that the heat kernel of the Laplace operator is not a trace class operator, and the correct analysis of the weighted orbital integral term which appears in the Selberg trace formula for a non–compact locally symmetric space. These difficulties has been overcome in Ref.  with the help of relative spectral invariants  and the Fourier transform of the weighted orbital integral for the $``$ rank one cases , respectively.

### 3.3. Structure on symmetric spaces

Let us explain the results more precisely. Consider $`G`$, a noncompact semisimple Lie group with finite center $`Z_G`$, $`K`$ its maximal compact subgroup, and $`G/K`$ to be a noncompact symmetric space of $``$rank one. Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ a torsion free discrete subgroup of $`G`$ with the volume of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash G`$ finite. Taking into account the fixed Iwasawa decomposition $`G=KAN`$, consider a $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$cuspidal minimal parabolic subgroup $`P`$ of $`G`$ with the Langlands decomposition $`P=BAN`$, being $`B`$ the centralizer of $`A`$ in $`K`$. Let us define the Dirac operator $`𝔇`$, assuming a spin structure for $`X=\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash (\mathrm{Spin}(2n+1,1)/\mathrm{Spin}(2n+1))`$. The spin bundle $`E_{\tau _s}`$ is the locally homogeneous vector bundle defined by the spin representation $`\tau _s`$ of the maximal compact group $`\mathrm{Spin}(2n+1)`$. One can decompose the space of sections of $`E_{\tau _s}`$ into two subspaces, which are given by the half spin representations $`\sigma _\pm `$ of $`\mathrm{Spin}(2n)\mathrm{Spin}(2n+1)`$.

The Selberg trace formula could be used to prove a relation of the eta invariant and the Selberg zeta function of odd type. Let us consider a family of functions $`𝒦_t`$ over $`G=\mathrm{Spin}(2n+1,1)`$, which is given by taking the local trace for the integral kernel $`\mathrm{exp}(t𝔇^2)`$ (or $`𝔇\mathrm{exp}(t𝔇^2)`$). The Selberg trace formula applied to the scalar kernel $`𝒦_t`$ has the form :

$$\underset{\sigma =\sigma _\pm }{}\underset{\lambda _k\sigma _p}{}\widehat{𝒦}_t(\sigma ,i\lambda _k)\frac{d(\sigma _\pm )}{4\pi }_{}\mathrm{Tr}(S_\mathrm{\Gamma }(\sigma _\pm ,i\lambda )$$

$`(3.5)`$
$$\times (d/ds)S_\mathrm{\Gamma }(\sigma _\pm ,s)|_{s=i\lambda }\pi _\mathrm{\Gamma }(\sigma _\pm ,i\lambda )(𝒦_t))d\lambda =I_\mathrm{\Gamma }(𝒦_t)+H_\mathrm{\Gamma }(𝒦_t)+U_\mathrm{\Gamma }(𝒦_t)\text{,}$$

where $`\sigma _p\mathrm{Spec}𝔇`$, $`d(\sigma _\pm )`$ is the degree of the half spin representation of $`\mathrm{Spin}(2n)`$, $`S_\mathrm{\Gamma }(\sigma _\pm ,i\lambda )`$ is the scattering matrix and $`I_\mathrm{\Gamma }(𝒦_t),H_\mathrm{\Gamma }(𝒦_t)`$ and $`U_\mathrm{\Gamma }(𝒦_t)`$ are identity, hyperbolic and unipotent orbital integrals respectively. The analysis of the unipotent orbital integral $`U_\mathrm{\Gamma }(𝒦_t)`$ gives the following result : all the unipotent terms are vanishing in the Selberg trace formula applied to the odd kernel function. This means that we can get the same formula as the result given in Ref.  in the relation of the eta invariant and the Selberg zeta function of odd type for the compact hyperbolic manifolds without any additional terms, which might exist due to the cusps.

Note. Observe  that in the functional equation of the eta invariant and the Selberg zeta function of odd type, a term $`\mathrm{tr}_s(S_\mathrm{\Gamma }(\sigma _\pm ,z)(d/dz)S_\mathrm{\Gamma }(\sigma _\pm ,z))`$, given by the scattering matrix $`S_\mathrm{\Gamma }(\sigma _\pm ,z)`$ appears, where the supertrace $`\mathrm{tr}_s`$ is the trace taken over the subspace related to the representation space of $`\sigma _\pm `$ with weight $`\pm 1`$. This is an odd type formula, for the functional equation of Selberg zeta functions, which has been proved in Ref. .

## 4. Results on the Holographic Principle

According to the holographic principle, there exist strong ties between certain field theories on a manifold (“bulk space”) and on its boundary (at infinity). A few mathematically exact results relevant to that program are the following. The class of Euclidean AdS<sub>3</sub> spaces which we have considered here are quotients of the real hyperbolic space $`^3`$ by a Schottky group. The boundaries of these spaces can be compact oriented surfaces with conformal structure (compact complex algebraic curves).

In Ref. , a principle associated with the Euclidean AdS<sub>2</sub> holography has been established. The bulk space is there a modular curve, which is the global quotient of the hyperbolic plane $`^2`$ by a finite index group, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, of $`G=PSL(2,)`$. The boundary at infinity is then $`^1()`$. Let $``$ be a coset space $`=G/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Then, the modular curve $`X_G:=\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash ^2`$ can be presented as the quotient $`X_G=G\backslash (^2\times )`$; its non–commutative boundary (in the sense of Connes ) as the $`C^{}`$ algebra $`C(^1()\times )>G`$, Morita equivalent to $`C(^1())>\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ . The results which have been regarded as manifestations of the holography principle are :

1. There is a correspondence between the eigenfunctions of the transfer operator $`L_s`$ and the eigenfunctions of the Laplacian (Maas wave forms). This correspondence is established in Refs. .
2. The cohomology classes in $`H_1(X_G,\mathrm{cusps},)`$ can be regarded as elements in the cyclic cohomology of the algebra $`C(^1()\times )>G`$. Cohomology classes of certain geodesics in the bulk space correspond to projectors in the algebra of observables on the boundary space.
3. An explicit correspondence exists between a certain class of fields in the bulk space (Mellin transforms of modular forms of weight two) and the class of fields on the boundary.

In the three–dimensional case we can interprete the statement in Eq. (2.6) as an instance of a kind of holographic correspondence, if we regard $`\mathrm{det}𝔏_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ as a partition function in the bulk space and the right hand side as a theory related to the boundary at infinity.

Other constructions associated with the symmetric space can be considered for convex–cocompact groups. In fact, let $`X`$ be a geodesic boundary of the symmetric space $`X`$ of a real, rank one, semisimple Lie group $`G`$. If $`\mathrm{\Gamma }G`$ is a discrete torsion–free subgroup, then a $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$equivalent decomposition, $`X=\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, can be constructed, where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is the limit set of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The subgroup $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is called convex–cocompact if $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash X\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is a compact manifold with boundary . The orbit space, $`X=\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash ^n`$, may be viewed as the interior of a compact manifold with boundary, namely the Klein manifold for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ , $`\overline{X}=(\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash ^n)(\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }(\mathrm{\Gamma }))`$, so that the boundary at infinity is given by $`_{\mathrm{}}X=\overline{X}=\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.


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# Broad H𝛼 wings in Nebulae around Evolved Stars and in Young Planetary Nebulae

## 1 Introduction

As part of a study of proto-planetary nebulae and young planetary nebulae we have observed 59 objects that have been selected for fulfilling one or more of the following criteria: post-AGB stars with evidence of high mass loss rate, or PNe with low degree of ionization or with H2, CO or OH molecular emission; all the objects observed have IRAS colors typical of planetary nebulae. In the sample, 13 objects were outstanding for exhibiting extremely broad H$`\alpha `$ lines, of these, 10 have not been reported previously as having this characteristic. The H$`\alpha `$ profiles selected for being extremely broadened are presented in this work.

Very wide H$`\alpha `$ emission lines have been reported previously in other objects in the early stages of planetary nebulae phase; these include seven post-AGB stars, five young PNe and some symbiotic stars (Van de Steene, Wood & van Hoof 2000; Lee 2000; Lee & Hyung 2000; Miranda, Torrelles & Eiroa 1996; Balick 1989; López & Meaburn 1983; Van Winckel, Duerbeck & Schwarz 1993; Wallerstein 1978). Lee & Hyung (2000) advanced the proposal that the broad wings are produced by Rayleigh-Raman scattering which involves atomic hydrogen, whereby Ly$`\alpha `$ photons with a velocity width of a few $`10^2`$ $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ are converted to optical photons and fill the H$`\alpha `$ broad region. In the present work this mechanism is investigated further and alternate possibilities for H$`\alpha `$ broadening are examined.

## 2 Observations and reductions

The observations were carried out at the Observatorio Astronómico Nacional in San Pedro Mártir, Baja California with the 2.1-m telescope and the REOSC echelle spectrograph (R $``$ 18,000 at 5,000 Å) and a 1024$`\times `$1024 Tektronix detector that yields a spectral resolution of 10.6 km s-1 and a spatial resolution of 0.99″ per pixel. The 3600 to 6800Å range was covered in 29 orders. For extended objects the slit was centered on the nucleus. The observing log of those objects with wide H$`\alpha `$ wings is presented in Table 1.

The data reduction was carried out with IRAF routines using ‘echelle’ and ‘ccdred’ tasks. Calibrated spectra for most of the objects were obtained. The orders were extracted using a 10 pixel window. A HeAr lamp was used for wavelength calibration and the standard stars by Hamuy et al. (1992) were observed for the flux calibration.

In several cases the objects exhibit extremely wide H$`\alpha `$ lines, with full widths at zero intensity, FWZI, larger than 800 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$. In order to ascertain whether the wide wings are real or due to instrumental effects the “number of counts at maximum” vs. FWZI both for the brightest unsaturated lines of the comparison lamp spectra and for H$`\alpha `$ emission lines in our sample were compared. Objects with with FWZI $`>`$ 1000 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ and those with significantly broader wings in H$`\alpha `$ than what can be considered instrumental were selected for this study; namely, those with FWZI 3$`\sigma `$ above the observed ones for comparable line intensities in the HeAr lamp.

## 3 H$`\alpha `$ wings

The H$`\alpha `$ profiles for the 13 selected objects are shown on Figure 1. To better visualize the line profiles, an enlargement along the intensity to display the wings over the full H$`\alpha `$ profile is presented. In all cases the FWZI is significantly larger than expected from a gaussian fit to the core of the profile. No correlation between the line intensity and the width of the wings was found.

The main spectral characteristics of each object are presented in Table 2. It includes the ions present in emission and absorption in our spectra and the stellar spectral type (as taken from SIMBAD database). For the 13 objects H$`\alpha `$ FWZI and H$`\beta `$ FWZI where it is significantly larger than expected from a gaussian fit to the core of the profile are presented in Table 3. In this table the most common classification in the literature for each object, nebular morphology, possible binarity and type of H$`\alpha `$ line profile are included.

## 4 Possible mechanisms for wing broadening

### 4.1 Rotating disks

For this case maximum velocity would correspond to the circular velocities at the surface of the exciting star,

$$v_{max}=437\sqrt{(m/M{}_{}{}^{})/(r/R{}_{}{}^{})}\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1,$$

which for young PNe central stars of $`m=0.60.83`$ M, and $`r=118`$ R would correspond to $`v_{max}<400`$ $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$, although for symbiotic stars, where the hot component is small $`r<0.1`$ R, larger velocities could be achieved. Nevertheless, for both PNe and symbiotic stars, $`v_{max}`$ is not large enough to explain the observed broadening which reaches up to 5000 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ in some cases. Thus the possibility that in PNe emission from a rotating disk would explain by itself the extended wings can be ruled out.

### 4.2 Stellar winds

The possibility for the line wings to be formed in the region dominated by stellar winds was tested by examining the existing IUE spectra for each object looking for evidence of P Cyg profiles in resonant lines of ions like C IV, C III, He II, Al III, Mg II and Si IV.

Only one object (IRAS 20462+3416) shows P Cyg profile evidence both in our optical spectra and in the UV. Furthermore, IRAS 20462+3416 shows an anomalous broadened emission in H$`\alpha `$, that is +110 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ from the narrow emission line. This profile shows significant deviations from the $`\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda ^2`$ profile that can be fit to the other broad wings (see Figure 1). The presence of P Cyg profiles both in optical and UV spectra, and the H$`\alpha `$ wing profile suggests that stellar wind is the mechanism that is producing these features. In a separate paper (Arrieta, Torres-Peimbert, Georgiev & Koenigsberger 2003) it is shown that indeed the H$`\alpha `$ profile of this object can be explained by a very strong stellar wind. The H$`\alpha `$ profiles for the rest of the objects cannot be explained with stellar winds.

### 4.3 Electron scattering

This mechanism has been proposed, and has been intensively studied, as the line broadening mechanism in QSOs (e.g. Mathis 1970; Shields & McKee 1981; Lee 1999) and in WRs (e.g. Hillier 1991). Given that the cross section of electron scattering is independent of wavelength it is to be expected that other intense emission lines formed in the same region as H$`\alpha `$ are similarly broad.

Extended wings in other bright emission lines of our optical spectra were searched for. No broad extensions in forbidden lines in any of the objects were found. The objects IRC+10420, M 1-92, HM Sge, M 3-60, and Z And showed extended wings in H$`\beta `$. In all cases the width of H$`\beta `$ is significantly smaller than that of H$`\alpha `$ (see Table 3). It is possible that in the other objects the low signal-to-noise ratio masks the low intensity extended wings. For objects with broad H$`\beta `$ wings no correlations were found with the presence of the H$`\beta `$ wings and the width of H$`\alpha `$, nor with the H$`\alpha `$/H$`\beta `$ line ratios.

The necessary conditions for the H$`\alpha `$ wings to be produced by electron scattering were investigated. Given that no significant broadening was found in the forbidden lines, it is required for the forbidden line region to be exterior to the electron scattering region. A two-region geometry was assumed: (a) a recombination line emitting region where a substantial fraction of H$`\alpha `$ is produced, dense enough to suppress the forbidden lines, and where most of the scattering takes place ($`N_e>10^6`$, $`T_e10^4`$) (b) and an external low density forbidden line emitting region ($`N_e=10^410^6`$ cm-3, $`T_e10^4`$). It is also possible to consider that region (a) consists of a point source where most of the H$`\alpha `$ is produced surrounded by a dense scattering region.

To derive the temperature in the electron scattering region from the observed H$`\alpha `$ line profiles the treatment proposed by Mathis (1970) was followed. The main parameter is the width of the wings, defined as $`Y(2)F_{obs}(\mathrm{\Delta }v_M)/F_{obs}(2\mathrm{\Delta }v_M)`$, which essentially determines the temperature of the electron scattering region, $`T_{ES}`$. The optical depth of the scattering region, $`\tau _{ES}`$, can be derived from the ratio of the strength of the unscattered core of the line relative to its total strength $`wF(unscattered)/F(total)`$, which determines the optical depth of the scattering region, $`\tau _{ES}`$ (Osterbrock 1980). For the simple case of a spherically symmetric scattering region of uniform density and temperature for the case of M2-9 $`Y(2)=2.05`$, and $`w=0.83`$ can be obtained. From these values a temperature, $`T_e10^8`$ K, and optical depth, $`\tau _{ES}0.24`$ can be found, the latter coupled to a limiting size of $`r_{ES}<10^{12}`$ cm, given by an unresolved central core of 2″, yields a density $`N_e>10^{12}`$ cm-3 for the electron-scattering region. From the values derived for M 2-9, which is representative of the whole sample, it was considered unlikely for this configuration to be the general case surrounding an AGB star and thus to account for the extremely wide H$`\alpha `$ lines observed in young PNe.

### 4.4 Raman Scattering

Raman scattering describes the absorption of a photon, followed by the immediate re-emission of another photon at different wavelength where the intermediate state does not correspond to a true bound state of the atom. Initially this process was suggested by Schmid (1989) as the mechanism of production of the broad emission features at $`\lambda \lambda `$6830 and 7088Å found in 50% of symbiotic stars; he suggested that the emission features are due to Raman scattering of the O VI resonance doublet $`\lambda \lambda `$ 1032 and 1038Å by neutral hydrogen. Nussbaumer, Schmid & Vogel (1989) proposed a list of uv lines of different ions (including S III, He II, O I, O VI and C II), with wavelengths close to Ly$`\beta `$, as candidates for Raman scattering on the ground state of neutral hydrogen; these Raman scattered lines would be expected to be found in the 6000 - 7000Å , range. They noted the possibility that Raman scattering may also hold a clue to the broad line wings of H$`\alpha `$, occasionally observed in Seyfert galaxies and symbiotic stars.

Several of the emission features at different wavelengths that can be attributed to Raman scattering have been identified in symbiotic stars and in planetary nebulae. In symbiotic stars the identifications include, among others: $`\lambda \lambda `$6830, 7088Å from O VI $`\lambda \lambda `$1032Å and $`\lambda \lambda `$7021, 7052Å from C II $`\lambda \lambda `$1036, 1037Å in V1016 Cyg (Schmid 1989; Schild & Schmid 1996) as well as $`\lambda `$4850Å from He II (2-8) $`\lambda `$972.1Å, $`\lambda `$4331Å from He II (2-10)$`\lambda `$949.3Å, and $`\lambda `$4975Å from C III $`\lambda `$977.0Å in RR Tel (van Groningen 1993). In planetary nebulae, they include $`\lambda `$4850Å in NGC 7027 (Péquignot et al. 1997), and $`\lambda `$6545Å from He II (2-6) $`\lambda `$1025Å in M2-9 (Lee et al. 2001).

Lee & Hyung (2000) proposed that the broad H$`\alpha `$ wings of the PN IC 4997 are formed through Raman scattering that involves atomic hydrogen and, by which Ly$`\beta `$ photons with a velocity width of a few 102 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ are converted to optical photons and fill the H$`\alpha `$ broad wing region. Their model fits the observations on the blue wing from $`v`$ = 500 to 1500 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$, it requires relatively strong incident Ly$`\beta `$ flux from an unresolved core of high density ($`N10^910^{10}`$ cm-3) and a column density for the scattering region of $`n_{H^0}=24\times 10^{20}`$ cm-2. Lee (2000) further proposed that the H$`\alpha `$ wings seen in symbiotic stars can be fit to Raman scattered profiles. For the optically thin case, where almost all the Ly$`\beta `$ photons are scattered not more than once and assuming a flat incident Ly$`\beta `$ profile, to the first order the wing profile can be approximated by a curve proportional to $`f(\mathrm{\Delta }v)=\mathrm{\Delta }v^2`$. Lee adjusted this curve to H$`\alpha `$ profile observations from 200 to 1000 km s-1 from the line center for 16 symbiotic stars.

Figure 1 shows the fit of curves proportional to $`\mathrm{\Delta }v^2`$ to the wings of the 13 objects under consideration in this paper. In general the fits are satisfactory for 12 objects, excepting IRAS 20462+3416 where it does not at all fit the observed profile; the curves match the observations starting at 200 - 300 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ from the center of the line, to the outermost regions where the signal becomes too faint to be significant, this extreme velocity reaches up to 500 - 1500 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$. The differences in some objects can be explained in terms of non uniform motions in the ionized regions. The kinematics of these cases will be analyzed in later studies. In particular, CRL 618 and HM Sge show wider cores than the expected profile, while IRC+10420 shows a narrower core; M1-92 shows significant differences in the 300 \- 800 km s-1 region, which have been interpreted as a jet of material along the line of sight (Arrieta, Torres-Peimbert, & Georgiev 2000). The case of IRAS 20462+3416 is clearly different, because it does not fit at all such a $`f(\mathrm{\Delta }v)=\mathrm{\Delta }v^2`$ profile, neither in the core, nor in the wings. As mentioned in the previous section the interpretation of this profile corresponds to a very large mass loss rate (Arrieta, Torres-Peimbert, Georgiev & Koenigsberger 2003) .

The width required for Ly$`\beta `$ emission to be responsible for the H$`\alpha `$ wings has been investigated in more detail. Since the width of the scattered H$`\alpha `$ is proportional to the initial width of the Ly$`\beta `$ line, then, $`\mathrm{\Delta }v_{Ly\beta }=\mathrm{\Delta }v_{H\alpha }/6.4`$ is expected. An estimate of the Ly$`\beta `$ width can be given by other UV emission lines widths. A search in the UV high resolution spectra of MAST (Multimission Archive at Space Telescope) was carried out for the objects under consideration where data for Z And, HM Sge and IC 4997 were found. In the cases of Z And and HM Sge the Si III\] $`\lambda `$1892Å line has width of $`500`$ km s-1 , consistent with the $`\mathrm{\Delta }v_{Ly\beta }`$ width ($`625`$ and $`468`$ km s-1 ) required to produce the observed broadened H$`\alpha `$ lines (as given in Table 3). In the case of IC 4997 the width of the Si III\] $`\lambda `$1892Å line is of only $`160`$ km s-1 . Although Lee et al. (2001) consider that since the Ly$`\beta `$ underlying continuum emission is not likely to show a flat profile, it may be more plausible that the broad H$`\alpha `$ wings are formed by Raman scattering of the continuum photons around Ly$`\beta `$.

Evidence of additional Raman scattered features in our optical spectra was searched for. The $`\lambda `$6830Å feature was found to be present in Z And and weakly in HM Sge with a FWZI $``$1500 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ (this feature has been studied previously by Birriel et al. 1998; Schmid et al. 2000). Features around this wavelength were found in M 2-9, IRAS 17395-0841, IRC+10420, M 3-60, IC 4997 and possibly in M 1-92 with FWZI around a few 102 km s-1 and not a few 103 km s-1 as is the case in symbiotic stars. The $`\lambda `$6545Å feature in M 2-9 and M 1-92 as well as $`\lambda `$4851Å in IC 4997 with FWZI around few 102 of km s-1 were also found. In that same sense, the H$`\beta `$ wings found in IRC+10420, M 1-91, HM Sge, M3-60, Hb 12 and Z And (see Table 3) can be explained by Raman scattering of the Ly$`\gamma `$ line by the neutral hydrogen component.

In order to obtain additional indicators of the presence of neutral or molecular material along the line of sight a search in the literature was carried out for data on 21-cm measurements and the column density of atomic hydrogen. Only in the symbiotic star HM Sge and the planetary nebula IC 4997 21-cm column densities have been measured; in both cases values of $`n_{H^0}4\times 10^{20}`$ cm-2 were determined. Also, following Dinerstein et al. (1995), evidence of nebular Na I doublet $`\lambda \lambda `$5889, 5895Å from our optical spectra was looked for, where Na I nebular components in 11 of our 13 objects were found; those with bright optical continuum and favorable radial velocities, (objects with radial velocities well separated from those expected for the interstellar material) which allow the separation of the nebular component and the narrow interstellar one. In addition a search in the literature for CO rotational transitions in radio wavelengths, roto-vibrational ones in the near infrared and H2 roto-vibrational transitions was performed. The results are given in Table 4 where evidence of a neutral component at least in one of the indicators is listed.

## 5 Discussion and summary

We confirm that Raman scattering is the most probable mechanism for the formation of the H$`\alpha `$ broad wings in 12 of the 13 objects under consideration. This is supported by a fit of the profile to a $`\mathrm{\Delta }v^2`$ law, by the presence of Raman produced features in emission, and by additional indicators of the presence of a significant neutral hydrogen component.

Evidence of neutral components in other 29 objects observed with H$`\alpha `$ in emission was searched for, in order to compare with the sample presented here. However there was not enough information in the literature to derive significant statistical data between the objects that show extreme wing widening and those that do not show it. Only in the case of the hydrogen molecule it was found that those objects with broad H$`\alpha `$ wings have H2, while those that are not broadened, do not.

Most of the objects with broad lines seem to have common characteristics: bipolar morphology, and composite emission line profiles, furthermore, they are compact objects in the process of forming a planetary nebula and very probably they are sites of wind interaction.

More detailed studies of the conditions for Raman scattering to take place and thus for the presence of surrounding neutral hydrogen could give us information about the processes that take place in giving rise to bipolar planetary nebulae.

We are grateful to M. Bautista, L. Georgiev y E. Villaver for fruitful discussions and to H. M. Schmid for many important suggestions to the original manuscript. Support from DGAPA-IN100799, DGAPA-IN114601 and CONACyT-25451E grants is acknowledged.