format: text

text:
# Properties of the Solomon algebra homomorphism

## 1 Introduction

Let $`(W,S)`$ be a finite Coxeter system. Let $`IS`$ and $`W_I`$ be the parabolic subgroup of $`W`$ generated by $`I`$. We denote $`X_I`$ the cross section of $`W/W_I`$ consisting of the unique coset representatives of minimal length. Its elements are called the minimal coset representatives (see , , 5.12).

The Solomon descent algebra $`\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$ (first defined in ) is the subalgebra of $`W`$ generated by $`\{x_I\}_{IS}`$, where $`x_I=_{wX_I}w`$.

Solomon has also shown that the linear function $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ which maps $`x_I`$ to $`1_{W_I}^W`$, the induced character of the trivial representation on $`W_I`$ to $`W`$, is an algebra homomorphism called  the Solomon homomorphism.

For the symmetric groups (which are Coxeter groups of type $`A`$), properties of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ are related to enumerative results: certain joint statistics on the symmetric group may be enumerated by the scalar products of appropriate characters.

For example, Gessel has shown () that the number of element in $`X_IX_J^1`$ is the scalar product of the characters $`1_{W_I}^W`$ and $`1_{W_J}^W`$. We show that this result is equivalent to the following: $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is an isometry for a particular scalar product on $`S_n`$ (defined by $`<w,v>=1`$ if $`w=v^1`$, $`=0`$ otherwise). In Section 3, we extend this result of Gessel on symmetric groups to all finite Coxeter groups.

As another example, there is a set of orthogonal idempotents $`E_\lambda \mathrm{\Sigma }S_n`$, indexed by the partitions $`\lambda `$ of $`n`$, which decompose $`S_n`$ (see ). Gessel and Reutenauer have shown () that the scalar product of $`1_{W_I}^W`$ and $`\chi _\lambda `$ \- the character of the left action of $`S_n`$ on $`S_nE_\lambda `$ \- is the number of elements in $`X_I`$ of cycle type $`\lambda `$ (equivalently, in the conjugation class corresponding to $`\lambda `$. By this way, Jöllenbeck and Reutenauer in  have shown that $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ has the following symmetry property:

$$()\mathrm{\Phi }(x)(y)=\mathrm{\Phi }(y)(x)$$

for all $`x,y\mathrm{\Sigma }S_n`$ ($`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ is linearly extended to $`S_n`$). In other words

$$\underset{wX_I}{}1_{W_J}^W(w)=\underset{gX_J}{}1_{W_I}^W(g),\text{ for all }I,JS.$$

Conversely, the symmetry property implies the previous enumerative result.

In our attempt to extend to all finite Coxeter groups the symmetry property $`()`$, we use the work of Bergeron, Bergeron, Howlett and Taylor (): they have found for each finite Coxeter group a set of orthogonal idempotents $`E_\lambda `$, indexed by Coxeter classes which decompose $`W`$ (a Coxeter class is an equivalence class of subsets of $`S`$ conjugated under $`W`$). In Section 4, we prove the scalar product of $`1_{W_I}^W`$ and $`\chi _\lambda `$ \- the character of the right action of $`W`$ on $`E_\lambda W`$ \- is equal to the number of elements in $`X_I`$ of Coxeter type $`\lambda `$ if and only if $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ has the symmetry property $`()`$ (the Coxeter type may be viewed as the cycle type of a permutation). Thus, again, properties of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ are strongly related to enumerative results.

We show that $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ has property $`()`$ for all finite Coxeter groups whose irreducible components are of type $`A_n`$, $`E_6`$, $`E_7`$, $`E_8`$, $`F_4`$, $`H_3`$, $`H_4`$ or $`I_2(m)`$. Whether this is true for all finite Coxeter groups is an open conjecture. Moreover, we state a stronger conjecture (obtained jointly with M. Schocker) that depends on two subsets $`I,J`$ of $`S`$; we prove this new conjecture in the following cases: $`I=\mathrm{}`$, $`I=S`$ and $`I`$ is a singleton. In particular, the new conjecture is true for dihedral groups. The general case remains open.

As a byproduct of our techniques, in Section 2, we give a quick proof of the following result: For each conjugacy class $`C`$, if $`I,J`$ are conjugated under $`W`$, then $`|CX_I|=|CX_J|`$. This result has been obtained independently for all Coxeter groups by Fleischmann in . We introduce the image of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ in the algebra of class functions and we describe it using some results of Bergeron, Bergeron, Howlett and Taylor (). Moreover, we show that $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is surjective if and only if $`W`$ is a direct product of symmetric groups.

## 2 The Solomon homomorphism

### 2.1 The Solomon descent algebra

Let $`wW`$. We denote by $`\mathrm{}(w)`$ the length of $`w`$ as a word in the elements of $`S`$. The ascent set of $`w`$ is the set

$$S(w)=\{sS|\mathrm{}(ws)>\mathrm{}(w)\}.$$

The descent set of $`w`$ is the set

$$D(w)=\{sS|\mathrm{}(ws)<\mathrm{}(w)\}.$$

Observe that $`D(w)S(w)=S`$. Let $`IS`$, then the set of minimal coset representatives $`X_I`$ can also be viewed as

$`X_I`$ $`=`$ $`\{xW|\mathrm{}(xs)>\mathrm{}(x),sI\}`$
$`=`$ $`\{wW|S(w)I\}`$
$`=`$ $`\{wW|D(w)SI\}.`$
Parabolic components: Any $`wW`$ has a unique factorization $`w=w^Iw_I`$ such that $`w^IX_I`$ and $`w_IW_I`$. Moreover, $`\mathrm{}(w)=\mathrm{}(w^I)+\mathrm{}(w_I)`$ (, 5.12). We call the couple $`(w^I,w_I)`$ the parabolic components of $`w`$.

Let $`I,JS`$ and $`X_I^1=\{x^1|xX_I\}`$. Then the set

$$X_{IJ}=X_I^1X_J$$

is a cross section of the double cosets $`W_I\backslash W/W_J`$, consisting again of the unique representatives of minimal length (, Lemma $`1`$).

Following , Section $`2`$, for $`I,KS`$, we denote $`X_{IK}^I=W_IX_K`$. Then $`X_{IK}^I`$ is a cross section of $`W_I/W_{IK}`$ which is constituted by the minimal coset representatives of $`W_{KI}`$ in $`W_I`$. Finally, we have the following properties:

1. for $`KIS`$, $`X_IX_K^I=X_K`$;
2. for $`I,JS`$, $`X_J`$ is the disjoint union of $`X_{IbJb^1}^Ib`$ for all $`bX_{IJ}`$ and $`W_IbW_Jb^1=W_{IbJb^1}`$. In particular, for all $`wW`$, there is a unique $`bX_{IJ}`$ such that $`w^JX_{IbJb^1}^Ib`$;
3. for $`K,LS`$ and $`bX_{KL}`$ such that $`bLb^1=K`$, we have $`X_Kb=X_L`$.

Double parabolic components: We have an analogue decompostion in parabolic components for double cosets: any $`wW`$ has a unique factorization $`w=abc`$ such that $`bX_{IJ}`$, $`aX_{IbJb^1}^I`$ and $`cW_J`$. Moreover, $`\mathrm{}(w)=\mathrm{}(a)+\mathrm{}(b)+\mathrm{}(c)`$ (, Lemma $`1`$). We call the triplet $`(a,b,c)`$ the double parabolic components of $`w`$.

For $`IS`$, we consider the element $`x_I=_{wX_I}w`$ in $`W`$. Solomon has shown in  that the vector subspace $`\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$ of $`W`$ generated by these elements is a subalgebra. Moreover $`\{x_I\}_{IS}`$ is a basis that satisfies

$$x_Ix_J=\underset{KS}{}a_{IJK}x_K,$$

where $`a_{IJK}=|\{wX_{IJ}|w^1W_IwW_J=W_K\}|`$.

Following the case of $`A_n`$ and $`B_n`$ (symmetric and hyperoctahedral groups, see , ), we call $`\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$ the Solomon descent algebra. Note that in these two case, the basis $`\stackrel{~}{x}_I=x_{SI}=_{D(w)I}w`$ is more commonly used. Note also that $`dim\mathrm{\Sigma }W=2^{|S|}`$.

We use a basis of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$ which is useful to enumerate the elements of $`W`$ which have a given descent or ascent set. Let $`I,JS`$. The set of elements of $`W`$, which have as ascent set $`I`$, is $`Y_I=\{wW|S(w)=I\}`$. We consider the following element in $`W`$:

$$y_I=\underset{wY_I}{}w.$$

Then

$$x_J=\underset{IJ}{}y_I$$

and, by inclusion-exclusion,

$$y_I=\underset{JI}{}(1)^{|IJ|}x_I.$$

Therefore $`\{y_I\}_{IS}`$ is a basis of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$.

### 2.2 Coxeter classes

Let $`I,JS`$. We say that $`I`$ and $`J`$ are $`W`$-conjugate if there is $`wW`$ such that $`wIw^1=J`$. In this case, we write $`I_WJ`$.

The relation $`_W`$, on the set of subsets of $`S`$, is an equivalence relation. For this relation, an equivalence class is called a Coxeter class. The set of Coxeter classes of $`W`$ is denoted $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(W)`$. For $`IS`$, write $`\lambda (I)`$ its Coxeter class.

An element $`cW`$ with $`c=s_1\mathrm{}s_n`$ ($`s_iS`$) is a Coxeter element if the $`s_i`$ are all distinct and if $`S=\{s_1,\mathrm{},s_n\}`$ ($`c`$ is the product of all elements of $`S`$, without repetition). We write $`c_I`$ for a Coxeter element of $`W_I`$. It is well-known that the following statements give three equivalent characterisations of the $`W`$-conjugation ( See , Proposition $`4.4`$ and , Proposition $`\mathrm{3.1.15}`$):

1. $`I_WJ`$,
2. the subgroups $`W_I`$ and $`W_J`$ are conjugated,
3. the Coxeter elements $`c_I`$ of $`W_I`$ and $`c_J`$ of $`W_J`$ are conjugated.

Denote by $`C(w)`$ the conjugacy class of an element $`wW`$ and $`Cl(W)`$ the set of conjugacy classes of $`W`$. A cuspidal class is a conjugacy class $`C`$ such that $`CW_I=\mathrm{}`$ for all $`IS`$. A $`I`$-cuspidal class is a cuspidal class of the parabolic subgroup $`W_I`$. As example, the Coxeter elements are all conjugated and their conjugacy class is cuspidal (see , Proposition $`\mathrm{3.1.6}`$).

An element $`wW`$ is an $`I`$-element ($`IS`$) if $`C(w)W_I`$ is a $`I`$-cuspidal class. If $`J\lambda (I)`$, then $`w`$ is also a $`J`$-element (since $`W_J`$ is conjugated to $`W_I`$, $`C(w)W_I`$ is conjugated to $`C(w)W_J`$. As subgroups of $`W_J`$ are conjugated to subgroups of $`W_I`$, $`C(w)W_J`$ is a $`J`$-cuspidal class).

More generally, for any $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }`$, we say that $`wW`$ is a $`\lambda `$-element (or is of Coxeter type $`\lambda `$) if $`w`$ is a $`I`$-element for some $`I\lambda `$. Denote by $`C(\lambda )`$ the set of $`\lambda `$-elements. We call it the $`\lambda `$-set.

It is well-known that conjugacy classes and Coxeter classes coincide in the symmetric group. The subclass of finite Coxeter groups that have this property is given by the following proposition. We will see that this is also the subclass of finite Coxeter groups for which the Solomon homomorphism is surjective.

###### Proposition 2.1.

Let $`(W,S)`$ be a finite Coxeter system then the following propositions are equivalent:

1. $`W`$ is a direct product of symmetric groups;
2. $`|\mathrm{\Lambda }(W)|=|Cl(W)|`$;
3. Coxeter classes coincide with conjugacy classes.

We need two lemmas to prove Proposition 2.1. The first one implies that there are more conjugacy classes than Coxeter classes.

###### Lemma 2.2.

Let $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }`$, then $`C(\lambda )=C`$, where the disjoint union is taken over all $`CCl(W)`$ such that $`CC(\lambda )`$. Moreover, $`W`$ is the disjoint union of its $`\lambda `$-sets, for $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }`$.

###### Proof.

If $`wC(\lambda )`$, then $`C(w)W_I`$ is a cuspidal class of $`W_I`$ (for some $`I\lambda `$). Thus all $`gC(w)`$ are $`\lambda `$-elements. Therefore $`C(w)C(\lambda )`$. Finally, for all $`wC(\lambda )`$, there is a conjugacy class $`C`$ such that $`wCC(\lambda )`$ and the lemma is proved. ∎

It is well-known that the conjugacy classes of $`W`$ are the direct product of conjugacy classes of its ireducible components (as $`W`$ is isomorphic to the direct product of them). This second lemma gives an analogue for Coxeter classes.

###### Lemma 2.3.

Let $`(W,S)`$ be a finite Coxeter system. For $`i=1,\mathrm{}n`$, let $`(W_i,K_i)`$ be the irreducible components of $`(W,S)`$. For $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)`$ and $`I\lambda `$, denote $`I_p=IK_p`$ and $`\pi _p(\lambda )=\lambda (I_p)\mathrm{\Lambda }(W_p)`$. Then the following mapping

$`\pi :\mathrm{\Lambda }(W)`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(W_1)\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Lambda }(W_n)`$
$`\lambda `$ $``$ $`(\pi _1(\lambda ),\mathrm{},\pi _n(\lambda ))`$
is a bijection. Moreover, for any $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)`$

$$|C(\lambda )|=\underset{p=1}{\overset{n}{}}|C(\pi _p(\lambda ))|.$$

###### Proof.

It is readily seen that one just has to prove the lemma in the case $`n=2`$ (and conclude by induction on $`n`$). As $`W_p`$, $`p=1,2`$, are the irreducible components of $`W`$, they can be viewed as normal parabolic subgroup of $`W`$ such that $`W=W_1W_2`$. Therefore, for any $`wW`$, $`w=w_1w_2=w_2w_1`$ with $`w_pW_p`$. Observe that $`w^{K_1}=w_{K_2}=w_2`$ and $`w_{K_1}=w^{K_2}=w_1`$. For $`IS`$ and $`p=1,2`$, $`W_pIW_pS=K_p`$. Thus $`I_p=IK_p=IW_p`$ and $`I`$ is the disjoint union of $`I_1`$ and $`I_2`$. Finally, since each element of $`W_1`$ commutes with each element of $`W_2`$, $`wI_pw^1=w_pI_pw_p^1`$.

One first shows that $`\pi `$ is well defined. Let $`I,J\lambda `$, there is $`wW`$ such that $`wIw^1=J`$. As $`W_p`$ is a normal subgroup, for $`p=1,2`$, $`wI_pw^1=J_p`$. Moreover, since $`wI_pw^1=w_pI_pw_p^1`$, one has $`w_pW_p`$ such that $`w_pI_pw_p^1=J_p`$, hence $`\lambda (I_p)=\lambda (J_p)\mathrm{\Lambda }(W_p)`$. Then $`\pi _p`$, and therefore $`\pi `$, are well defined.

Let $`(\lambda _1,\lambda _2)\mathrm{\Lambda }(W_1)\times \mathrm{\Lambda }(W_2)`$ and $`I_p\lambda _p`$. Then $`I=I_1I_2S`$ and $`\lambda (I)\mathrm{\Lambda }(W)`$. It is readily seen that $`\pi _p(\lambda (I))=\lambda _p`$ hence $`\pi (\lambda (I)=(\lambda _1,\lambda _2)`$. Therefore, $`\pi `$ is surjective.

Let $`\lambda ,\mu \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)`$ such that $`\pi (\lambda )=\pi (\mu )`$. So $`\pi _p(\lambda )=\pi _p(\mu )`$. Let $`I\lambda `$ and $`J\mu `$, then $`I_p`$ and $`J_p`$ are $`W_p`$-conjugate by an element $`w_pW_p`$. Write $`w=w_1w_2=w_2w_1`$, then one has $`wIw^1=J`$. Therefore, $`I_WJ`$ so $`\lambda =\mu `$. One concludes that $`\pi `$ is injective, hence bijective.

Let $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)`$ and $`I\lambda `$. If $`wC(\lambda )`$, then $`C(w)W_I`$ is a $`I`$-cuspidal class. it is well-known that $`C^p(w_p)`$ is a conjugacy class of $`W_p`$ and $`C^p(w_p)W_{I_p}`$ is an $`I_p`$-cuspidal class (see , exercise $`3.10`$). Therefore, the mapping

$`\eta :C(\lambda )`$ $``$ $`C(\pi _1(\lambda ))\times C(\pi _2(\lambda ))`$
$`w`$ $``$ $`(w_1,w_2)`$
is well defined and injective since the parabolic components $`(w_1,w_2)`$ of $`w`$ are uniquely determinated. Moreover, $`\eta `$ is easily seen to be surjective, hence the lemma is proved. ∎

###### Proof of Proposition 2.1.

One may assume that $`W`$ is irreducible, by Lemma 2.3.

1. $`|\mathrm{\Lambda }(W)||Cl(W)|`$, and $`|\mathrm{\Lambda }(W)|<|Cl(W)|`$ if $`W`$ contains a parabolic subgroup $`W_I`$ that has at least two cuspidal classes. Indeed, denote by $`C_1^I`$ and $`C_2^I`$ two distinct cuspidal classes of $`W_I`$. Let $`w_1C_1^I`$ and $`w_2C_2^I`$. Recall a useful result about cuspidal classes: if $`IS`$, if $`C^ICl(W_I)`$ is a $`I`$-cuspidal class and if $`wC^I`$, then $`C^I=C(w)W_I`$ (see , Theorem $`\mathrm{3.2.11}`$). This implies that the conjugacy classes $`C(w_1)`$ and $`C(w_2)`$ of $`W`$ are distinct and contained in $`C(\lambda (I))`$. Therefore $`|\mathrm{\Lambda }(W)|<|Cl(W)|`$.
2. The Coxeter group of type $`I_2(m)`$, $`m4`$ has at least two cuspidal classes. Indeed, let $`S=\{s,t\}`$, then the conjugacy class $`C_1`$ of the Coxeter element $`st`$ is cuspidal. Moreover, $`stst`$ is an element of minimal length in its conjugacy class $`C_2`$. As $`\mathrm{}(st)=2<4=\mathrm{}(stst)`$, $`C_2`$ is distinct of $`C_1`$. Observe that $`C_2`$ is cuspidal, hence $`C_1,C_2`$ are two distinct cuspidal classes.
3. The Coxeter group of type $`D_4`$ has at least two cuspidal classes. Indeed, $`S=\{1,2,3,4\}`$ with $`m(1,2)=m(2,3)=m(2,4)=3`$. The conjugacy class $`C_1`$ of the Coxeter element $`1234`$ is cuspidal. Moreover $`12342`$ is an element of minimal length in its conjugacy class $`C_2`$ thus $`C_2`$ is distinct of $`C_1`$. Observe that $`C_2`$ is cuspidal.
4. The only irreducible Coxeter group that has no parabolic subgroup of type $`D_4`$ and $`I_2(m)`$ is the symmetric group (type $`A`$, see classification of finite Coxeter groups in ).

### 2.3 The Solomon homomorphism

Denote by $`_{class}W`$ the set of class functions on $`W`$. In his article , Solomon shows that the following linear homomorphism

$`\mathrm{\Phi }:\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$ $``$ $`_{class}W`$
$`x_I`$ $``$ $`1_{W_I}^W`$
is an algebra homomorphism. Moreover he shows that

$$\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Phi }=Rad\mathrm{\Sigma }W$$

is generated by the elements $`x_Ix_J`$ with $`I_WJ`$.

#### Remark:

Note that the theorem implies that if $`I_WJ`$, then $`1_{W_I}^W=1_{W_J}^W`$; this may also be deduced from general results on induction of characters, since $`W_I`$, $`W_J`$ are conjugated in $`W`$.

The following proposition has been obtained independently for all Coxeter groups by Fleischmann ().

###### Proposition 2.4.

Let $`I,JS`$ such that $`I_WJ`$ then

1. for any conjugacy class $`C`$, $`|X_IC|=|X_JC|`$;
2. for any Coxeter class $`\lambda `$, $`|X_IC(\lambda )|=|X_JC(\lambda )|`$.

###### Lemma 2.5.

Extend linearly class functions to $`W`$. Let $`x\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Phi }`$, then

$$f(x)=0,f_{class}W.$$

###### Proof.

Let $`f_{class}W`$. As $`f`$ is a linear combination of characters, one can assumes that $`f`$ is a character, associated to some representation $`\mu `$ of $`W`$, of degree $`n`$. As $`x\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Phi }=Rad\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$, $`x`$ is a nilpotent element of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$. Thus, the characteristic polynomial of $`\mu x`$ is $`X^n`$. As $`f(x)=tr(\mu x)`$ is the coefficient of $`\pm X^{n1}`$ in this polynomial, one has $`f(x)=0`$. ∎

###### Proof of Proposition 2.4.

Let $`f_C`$ be the characteristic function of the conjugacy class $`C`$. It is well-known that $`f_C_{class}W`$. Then $`f_C(x_Ix_J)=0`$, by Lemma 2.5. Hence

$$|X_IC|=f_C(x_I)=f_C(x_J)=|X_JC|.$$

The second statement is immediate from $`1`$ and Lemma 2.2. ∎

### 2.4 Image of the Solomon homomorphism

Let $`\lambda `$ be a Coxeter class. As $`1_{W_I}^W=1_{W_J}^W`$ for all $`I,J\lambda `$, we denote $`\phi _\lambda `$ instead of $`1_{W_I}^W`$ for all $`I\lambda `$. Following  (Theorem $`4.5`$), we consider the matrix

$$A=\left(\phi _\lambda (c_\mu )\right)_{\lambda ,\mu \mathrm{\Lambda }},$$

where $`c_\mu `$ is an arbitrary $`\mu `$-element (for example a Coxeter $`\mu `$-element). In , the authors have shown that:

1. $`A`$ is an invertible matrix;
2. $`dimRad\mathrm{\Sigma }=dim\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Phi }=2^{|S|}|\mathrm{\Lambda }(W)|`$.

They have also introduced the characteristic class function of $`\lambda `$-elements

$$\xi _\lambda =\{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{if}wC(\lambda );\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}.$$

Following , we denote by $`\nu _{\lambda \mu }`$ the coefficients of $`A^1`$. Observe that if $`wC(\mu )`$, then $`\xi _\lambda (w)=\xi _\lambda (c_\mu )`$, for a Coxeter $`\mu `$-element $`c_\mu `$. Then we have

$$\xi _\lambda =,\underset{\beta \mathrm{\Lambda }}{}\nu _{\lambda \beta }\phi _\beta $$

since $`_{\beta \mathrm{\Lambda }}\nu _{\lambda \beta }\phi _\beta (c_\mu )=\delta _{\lambda ,\mu }`$.

We denote $`\mathrm{\Gamma }W`$ the image of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ in $`_{class}W`$ (spanned by $`\{1_{W_I}^W\}_{IS}`$). As $`\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$ is a $``$-algebra, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }W`$ is also a $``$-algebra. The results of Bergeron, Bergeron, Howlett and Taylor can be rewritten as follow: $`\{\phi _\lambda \}_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)}`$, $`(\xi _\lambda )_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ are two basis of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }W`$ and $`dim\mathrm{\Gamma }W=|\mathrm{\Lambda }(W)|`$. Therefore, the result of Bergeron, Bergeron, Howlett and Taylor about the basis $`(\xi _\lambda )_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ implies the following proposition, which states that, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }W`$ is the set of functions on $`W`$ stable on Coxeter classes.

###### Proposition 2.6.

A class function $`f`$ is in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }W`$ if and only if $`f`$ is a $``$ valued function and is stable on $`\lambda `$-sets, for all $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }`$.

###### Proof.

By Lemma 2.2, $`\xi _\lambda =_{CC(\lambda )}f_C`$ where $`f_C`$ is the characteristic function of the conjugacy class $`C`$. If $`f`$ is stable on $`\lambda `$-set, for any $`\lambda `$, the coefficients of $`f`$ in the basis $`\{f_C\}_{CCl(W)}`$ are equal if the conjugacy classes are in the same $`\lambda `$-set. Therefore $`f`$ may be written in the basis $`\{\xi _\lambda \}_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }W}`$ with coefficients in $``$ if $`f`$ is a $``$ valued function. On the other side, if $`f\mathrm{\Gamma }W`$, it is readily seen that $`f`$ is $``$-valued and is stable on all $`\lambda `$-sets. ∎

We conclude the study of the image of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ with the following corollary.

###### Corollary 2.7 (of Proposition 2.1).

Let $`(W,S)`$ be a finite Coxeter system. Then $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is surjective if and only if $`W`$ is a direct product of symmetric groups.

## 3 Character formula and enumeration

### 3.1 The Solomon homomorphism is an isometry

It is well known that irreducible characters of $`W`$ are $``$-valued. More precisely, there is a finite field extension $`𝕂`$ of $``$ such that the characters of $`W`$ can be realized over $`𝕂`$ (see , Chapter $`5`$). For example, for type $`A_n`$, $`B_n`$ and $`D_n`$, $`𝕂=`$. As a well-known consequence, each element of $`W`$ is conjugated to its inverse and the classical scalar product on $`_{class}W`$ is given by

$$<f,g>_W=\frac{1}{|W|}\underset{wW}{}f(w)g(w).$$

We consider the following scalar product on $`W`$. For $`w,gW`$ let

$$<w,g>=\{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{if}w=g^1;\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}$$

This scalar product is of great interest concerning the problems of enumeration: Let $`MW`$ and $`z_M=_{wM}wW`$. Then the number of elements of $`W`$ which are in $`N`$ and whose inverse is in $`NW`$ is equal to $`<z_M,z_N>`$.

For example, let $`I,JS`$; then

1. $`<x_I,x_J>=|X_{IJ}|`$ is the number of $`w`$ in $`W`$ such that the ascent set of $`w`$ contains $`I`$ and that the ascent set of $`w^1`$ contains $`J`$;
2. $`<y_I,y_J>`$ is the number of $`w`$ in $`W`$ such that the ascent set of $`w`$ equals $`I`$ and that the ascent set of $`w^1`$ equals $`J`$, that is, the number of $`w`$ in $`W`$ such that the descent set of $`w`$ equals $`SI`$ and that the descent set of $`w^1`$ equals $`SJ`$.

The following theorem gives an isometry property of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ for this scalar product and the classical scalar product on $`_{class}W`$. This is a generalization of Gessel’s result for symmetric groups (see ).

###### Theorem 3.1.

Let $`x,y\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$, then $`<\mathrm{\Phi }(x),\mathrm{\Phi }(y)>_W=<x,y>`$.

###### Proof.

As $`\{x_I\}_{IS}`$ is a basis of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$, one just has to prove the theorem for these elements. Let $`I,JS`$, let $`\chi _I`$ (resp. $`\chi _J`$) be a character on $`W_I`$ (resp. $`W_J`$). Denote $`\chi _I^W`$ (resp. $`\chi _J^W`$) be the character induced by $`\chi _I`$ (resp. $`\chi _J`$) on $`W`$. As $`X_{IJ}`$ is a set of representatives of double coset $`W_IwW_J`$, Mackey’s Theorem (see , Theorem $`3.3`$, p.$`86`$) implies

$$\chi _I^W\chi _J^W=\underset{xX_{IJ}}{}\beta _x^W,$$

where $`\beta _x^W`$ denote the induced character on $`W`$ of the character $`\beta _x`$ on the subgroup $`W_IxW_Jx^1=W_{IxJx^1}`$ defined by

$$\beta _x(w)=\chi _I(w)\chi _J(x^1wx),$$

for $`wW_{IxJx^1}`$. Applying this to $`\chi _I=1_{W_I}`$ and $`\chi _J=1_{W_J}`$, one has

$$1_{W_I}^W1_{W_J}^W=\underset{xX_{IJ}}{}1_{W_{IxJx^1}}^W.$$

Therefore

$`<\mathrm{\Phi }(x_I),\mathrm{\Phi }(x_J)>_W`$ $`=`$ $`<1_{W_I}^W1_{W_J}^W,1>_W`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{xX_{IJ}}{}}<1_{W_{IxJx^1}}^W,1>_W`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{xX_{IJ}}{}}<1,1>_{W_{IxJx^1}},\text{by Frobenius reciprocity}`$
$`=`$ $`|X_{IJ}|`$
$`=`$ $`<x_I,x_J>.`$
###### Corollary 3.2 (of proof).

Let $`I,JS`$, then

$$|X_{IJ}|=<1_{W_I}^W,1_{W_J}^W>_W.$$

Equivalently, the number of $`w`$ in $`W`$ such that the ascent set of $`w`$ contains $`I`$ and that the ascent set of $`w^1`$ contains $`J`$ is equal to $`<1_{W_I}^W,1_{W_J}^W>_W`$.

### 3.2 Idempotents in the group algebra

Let $`e=_{wW}e_wwW`$ be an idempotent. Then $`eW`$ (resp. $`We`$) is a right (resp. left) $`W`$-module by right (resp. left) multiplication. Denote by $`\chi _R`$ (resp. $`\chi _L`$) the character of the representation $`eW`$ (resp. $`We`$).

###### Proposition 3.3.

The right $`W`$-module $`eW`$ and the left $`W`$-module $`We`$ have the same character $`\chi _e(w)=\chi _L(w)=\chi _R(w)`$. In particular $`dimWe=dimeW`$.

The proposition is an immediate corollary of the following well-known lemma. For a proof, see , Lemma $`8.4`$, where it is given for any finite group and for the classical scalar product on $`W`$ (for which $`W`$ is an orthonormal basis).

###### Lemma 3.4.

For any idempotent $`eW`$ and any $`wW`$ we have

$$\chi _L(w)=\chi _R(w)=\underset{xW}{}<x^1ex,w>.$$

The next well-known lemma is a important tool for the following.

###### Lemma 3.5.

For any idempotents $`e`$ and $`e^{}`$ in $`W`$ we have:

$$<\chi _e,\chi _e^{}>_W=\chi _e^{}(e).$$

###### Proof.

$`<\chi _e,\chi _e^{}>_W`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{|W|}}{\displaystyle \underset{wW}{}}\chi _e(w)\chi _e^{}(w)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{|W|}}{\displaystyle \underset{wW}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{xW}{}}<x^1ex,w>\chi _e^{}(w),\text{by Lemma }\text{3.4}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{|W|}}{\displaystyle \underset{xW}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{wW}{}}e_{xw^1x^1}\chi _e^{}(w)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{|W|}}{\displaystyle \underset{xW}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{wW}{}}e_{xw^1x^1}\chi _e^{}(w^1),\text{ since }ww^1`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{|W|}}{\displaystyle \underset{xW}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{wW}{}}e_{xw^1x^1}\chi _e^{}(xw^1x^1)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{|W|}}{\displaystyle \underset{xW}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{gW}{}}e_g\chi _e^{}(g)`$
$`=`$ $`\chi _e^{}(e).`$
For $`IS`$, $`e_I=\frac{1}{|W_I|}_{wW_I}w`$ is an idempotent of $`W`$. Observe that $`\chi _{e_I}=1_{W_I}^W`$. Let

$$Fix_{W_I}(eW)=\{xeW|xu=x,uW_I\}.$$

Observe that $`eW`$ is a right $`W_I`$-module and that $`W_I`$ acts trivially on $`eWe_I`$. Therefore

$$Fix_{W_I}(eW)=eWe_I$$

and

$$dimFix_{W_I}(eW)=<\chi _e,1_{W_I}^W>_W,$$

see , p.$`1516`$. Hence

$$dimeWe_I=<\chi _e,1_{W_I}^W>_W=\chi _e(e_I).$$

In , the author has looked at the following idempotents: Let $`IS`$ and $`ϵ`$ be the sign character, denote

$$\stackrel{~}{e}_I=\frac{1}{|W_I|}\underset{wW_I}{}ϵ(w)w.$$

Solomon has shown in  that the character $`\stackrel{~}{\chi }_I`$ of the action of $`W`$ on $`\stackrel{~}{e}_{SI}e_IW`$ is $`\mathrm{\Phi }(y_I)`$. We deduce, from Theorem 3.1, the following corollary which generalize to finite Coxeter groups a Gessel’s result for symmetric groups () and a Poirier’s result for hyperoctaedral groups ().

###### Corollary 3.6.

Let $`I,JS`$, then

1. the number of $`w`$ in $`X_J`$ such that the descent set of $`w^1`$ equals $`SI`$ is $`<\stackrel{~}{\chi }_I,1_{W_J}^W>_W=dimFix_{W_J}(\stackrel{~}{e}_{SI}e_IW)`$;
2. the number of $`w`$ in $`W`$ such that the descent set of $`w`$ equals $`SI`$ and that the descent set of $`w^1`$ equals $`SJ`$ is $`<\stackrel{~}{\chi }_I,\stackrel{~}{\chi }_J>_W`$.

###### Proof.

$`<\stackrel{~}{\chi }_I,\stackrel{~}{\chi }_J>_W`$ $`=`$ $`<\mathrm{\Phi }(y_I),\mathrm{\Phi }(y_J)>_W`$
$`=`$ $`<y_I,y_J>,\text{by Theorem }\text{3.1}.`$
As $`<y_I,y_J>`$ is the number of $`w`$ in $`W`$ such that the descent set of $`w`$ equals $`SI`$ and that the descent set of $`w^1`$ equals $`SJ`$, the second statement is proved. As $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is an algebra homomorphism, the first one follows from

$$x_J=\underset{KJ}{}y_K.$$

## 4 Conjectures and results

### 4.1 The symmetry conjecture

First, as for each $`x\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$, $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ is a class function on $`W`$, we can linearly extend it to $`W`$.

In , Jöllenbeck and Reutenauer prove that if $`W`$ is a Coxeter group of type $`A_n`$, then $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)(y)=\mathrm{\Phi }(y)(x)`$, for all $`x,y\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$. They sketch the following conjecture.

###### Conjecture 4.1 (Symmetry conjecture).

Let $`W`$ be a finite Coxeter group. Then for all $`x,y\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$ we have

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(x)(y)=\mathrm{\Phi }(y)(x).$$

The purpose of this section is to show the following theorem, which solves this conjecture for a subclass of finite Coxeter groups.

###### Theorem 4.2.

Let $`W`$ be a finite Coxeter group whose irreducible components are of type $`A_n`$, $`E_6`$, $`E_7`$, $`E_8`$, $`F_4`$, $`H_3`$, $`H_4`$ or $`I_2(m)`$. Then for all $`x,y\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$ we have

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(x)(y)=\mathrm{\Phi }(y)(x).$$

###### Corollary 4.3.

With the same hypothesis than Theorem 4.2 one has for any $`I,JS`$:

$$\underset{wX_I}{}1_{W_J}^W(w)=\underset{gX_J}{}1_{W_I}^W(g).$$

#### Restriction to a basis.

In the next proposition, one readily sees that our investigation can be restricted to $`x_I,x_J\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$, for $`I,JS`$. It also proves Corollary 4.3.

###### Proposition 4.4.

Let $`W`$ be a finite Coxeter group. Then the following propositions are equivalent:

1. $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)(y)=\mathrm{\Phi }(y)(x)`$, $`x,y\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$;
2. $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x_I)(x_J)=\mathrm{\Phi }(x_J)(x_I)`$, $`I,JS`$;
3. $`_{wX_I}1_{W_J}^W(w)=_{gX_J}1_{W_I}^W(g)`$, $`I,JS`$.

#### Restriction to irreducible Coxeter systems.

Now, we show that it is enough to look at irreducible finite Coxeter groups to prove the conjecture. Let $`(W,S)`$ be a finite Coxeter system with $`(W_1,I_1),\mathrm{},(W_n,I_n)`$ its irreducible components. Thus $`W`$ is isomorphic to $`W_1\times \mathrm{}\times W_n`$.

It is well-known that if $`\chi _i_{class}W_i`$ and $`\chi _j_{class}W_j`$ then the tensor product

$$\chi _i\chi _j(w_1,w_2)=\chi _i(w_1)\chi _j(w_j),(w_i,w_j)W_i\times W_j.$$

is a class function in $`_{class}(W_i\times W_j)`$. For any $`wW`$, there is a unique $`w_iW_i`$ such that $`w=w_1\mathrm{}w_n`$. Then

$$\chi _1\mathrm{}\chi _n(w)=\chi _1(w_1)\mathrm{}\chi _n(w_n).$$

Denote by $`\mathrm{\Phi }_p`$ the Solomon algebra homomorphism from $`\mathrm{\Sigma }W_p`$ to $`_{class}W_p`$.

###### Proposition 4.5.

If for $`p=1,\mathrm{},n`$,

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_p(x_p)(y_p)=\mathrm{\Phi }_p(y_p)(x_p),x_p,y_p\mathrm{\Sigma }W_p$$

then

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(x)(y)=\mathrm{\Phi }(y)(x),x,y\mathrm{\Sigma }W.$$

###### Proof.

Proposition 4.4 implies that one just has to show $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x_K)(x_L)=\mathrm{\Phi }(x_L)(x_K)`$, for all $`K,LS`$. Following the proof of Lemma 2.3, one just shows the proposition for $`p=1,2`$ and for $`MS`$, one denotes $`M_p=MI_pI_p`$, $`p=1,2`$. Remember that $`X_{M_p}^{I_p}=W_pX_p`$. By , Lemma $`3.1`$, one has

$$X_M=X_{M_1}^{I_1}X_{M_2}^{I_2}$$

hence in $`W`$,

$$x_M=x_{M_1}^{I_1}x_{M_2}^{I_2}.$$

It is well-known that

$$1_{W_M}^W=1_{W_{M_1}}^{W_1}1_{W_{M_2}}^{W_2},$$

therefore, for $`K,LS`$ one has

$`\mathrm{\Phi }(x_K)(x_L)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{wX_L}{}}1_{W_K}^W(w)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{(w_1,w_2)X_{L_1}^{I_1}\times X_{L_2}^{I_2}}{}}1_{W_{K_1}}^{W_1}1_{W_{K_2}}^{W_2}(w_1w_2)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{(w_1,w_2)X_{L_1}^{I_1}\times X_{L_2}^{I_2}}{}}1_{W_{K_1}}^{W_1}(w_1)1_{W_{K_2}}^{W_2}(w_2)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{w_1X_{L_1}^{I_1}}{}}1_{W_{K_1}}^{W_1}(w_1){\displaystyle \underset{w_2X_{L_2}^{I_2}}{}}1_{W_{K_2}}^{W_2}(w_2)`$
$`=`$ $`1_{W_{K_1}}^{W_1}({\displaystyle \underset{w_1X_{L_1}^{I_1}}{}}w_1)1_{W_{K_2}}^{W_2}({\displaystyle \underset{w_2X_{L_2}^{I_2}}{}}w_2)`$
$`=`$ $`1_{W_{K_1}}^{W_1}(x_{L_1}^{I_1})1_{W_{K_2}}^{W_2}(x_{L_2}^{I_2})`$
$`=`$ $`1_{W_{L_1}}^{W_1}(x_{K_1}^{I_1})1_{W_{L_2}}^{W_2}(x_{K_2}^{I_2}),\text{as}x_{K_p}^{I_p},x_{L_p}^{I_p}\mathrm{\Sigma }W_p`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x_L)(x_K).`$
#### Restriction to Coxeter classes.

###### Proposition 4.6.

Let $`I,JS`$. If $`I_WJ`$ then $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x_I)(x_J)=\mathrm{\Phi }(x_J)(x_I)`$.

###### Proof.

As $`x_Ix_J\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Phi }`$, one has $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x_I)=\mathrm{\Phi }(x_J)`$. By Lemma 2.5, one has $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x_J)(x_Jx_I)=0`$. Finally,

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(x_I)(x_J)=\mathrm{\Phi }(x_J)(x_J)=\mathrm{\Phi }(x_J)(x_I).$$

### 4.2 Othogonal idempotents and character formulas

In , the authors have shown that for any finite Coxeter group $`W`$, there is a family of idempotents $`E_\lambda \mathrm{\Sigma }W`$ indexed by the Coxeter classes $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)`$ satisfying $`\mathrm{\Phi }(E_\lambda )=\xi _\lambda `$. We call a family of good idempotents such a family. We denote $`\chi _\lambda `$ the character of the right action of $`W`$ on $`E_\lambda W`$.

Recall that if $`e,e^{}`$ are idempotents in $`W`$, with associated characters $`\chi `$, $`\chi ^{}`$, then $`dim(eWe^{})=<\chi ,\chi ^{}>_W`$. In particular, if $`e^{}=e_I=\frac{1}{|W_I|}_{wW_I}w`$, then $`dim(eWe_I)=dim(Fix_{W_I}(eW))=<\chi ,1_{W_I}^W>_W`$. The purpose of this section is to show the following theorem and corollary. The theorem states that the symmetry conjecture (Conjecture 4.1) is equivalent to the calculation of the cardinality of $`C(\lambda )X_I`$ as the scalar product of $`1_{W_I}^W`$ with $`\chi _\lambda `$.

###### Theorem 4.7.

Let $`W`$ be a finite Coxeter group. Then the following items are equivalent:

1. The symmetry conjecture holds;
2. For any family of good idempotents $`(E_\lambda )_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)}\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$, we have

$`|C(\lambda )X_I|`$ $`=`$ $`<\chi _\lambda ,1_{W_I}^W>_W,`$
for all $`IS`$ and for all $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)`$.

#### Remark.

In the case $`A_{n1}=S_n`$, Coxeter classes and conjugacy classes are in bijection. Moreover, they are indexed by the partitions of $`n`$.

In  (see also , Section $`9.2`$), the authors have shown the existence of a good family in the case $`A_{n1}`$. They have also shown that each indecomposable projective right module generated by $`E_\lambda `$, $`\lambda `$ partition of $`n`$, is the multilinear part of the subspaces generated by symmetrized Lie polynomiales of type $`\lambda `$.

Finally, in , the authors found an analog of Theorem 4.7 for the case $`A_{n1}`$ and they proved Theorem 4.2 in the case of symmetric group using , Corollary $`9.44`$ that is they proved that the second part of Theorem 4.7 appear if $`W=A_{n1}`$. This is how Jöllenbeck and Reutenauer proved Theorem 4.2 in this case.

The following corollary, which generalizes a result by Gessel and Reutenauer on the symmetric groups () and Poirier for hyperoctahedral groups (), is an immediate consequence of Theorem 4.7 and Theorem 4.2.

###### Corollary 4.8.

Let $`W`$ be a finite Coxeter group such that its irreducible components are of type $`A_n`$, $`E_6`$, $`E_7`$, $`E_8`$, $`F_4`$, $`H_3`$, $`H_4`$ or $`I_2(m)`$. Then the number of $`\lambda `$-elements of $`W`$ which have $`I`$ as ascent set is $`<\chi _\lambda ,\stackrel{~}{\chi }_I>_W`$, where $`\stackrel{~}{\chi }_I=\mathrm{\Phi }(y_I)`$.

We need the following lemma to prove Theorem 4.7. It is the consequence of the results on $`\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Phi }`$ () and $`Im\mathrm{\Phi }`$ ().

###### Lemma 4.9.

Let $`(E_\lambda )_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)}\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$ be a family of good idempotents and denote $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{\Lambda }W`$ the subspace of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$ generated by $`\{E_\lambda \}_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)}`$ then

1. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{\Lambda }W`$ is a subalgebra of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$ and $`(E_\lambda )_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)}`$ is one of its bases;
2. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }W=\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{\Lambda }W`$;
3. $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is an isomorphism from $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{\Lambda }W`$ to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }W`$.

###### Proof.

As the $`E_\lambda `$ are orthogonal idempotents, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{\Lambda }W`$ is an algebra. To prove that $`(E_\lambda )_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)}`$ is a basis of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{\Lambda }W`$, one just has to show that $`(E_\lambda )_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)}`$ is free. Let $`a_\lambda `$ such that

$$\underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)}{}a_\lambda E_\lambda =0.$$

As $`E_\lambda \mathrm{\Sigma }W`$, this implies

$`\mathrm{\Phi }({\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)}{}}a_\lambda E_\lambda )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)}{}}a_\lambda \mathrm{\Phi }(E_\lambda )`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)}{}}a_\lambda \xi _\lambda `$
$`=`$ $`0.`$
As $`(\xi _\lambda )_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)}`$ is a basis of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }W`$, $`a_\lambda =0`$ for all $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)`$. Therefore, $`(E_\lambda )_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)}`$ is a basis of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{\Lambda }W`$ and $`dim\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{\Lambda }W=|\mathrm{\Lambda }(W)|`$.

Let $`x\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{\Lambda }W`$, then $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)=_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)}a_\lambda \xi _\lambda =0`$ where $`a_\lambda `$. For any $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)`$ and $`w`$ a $`\lambda `$-element, $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)(w)=a_\lambda =0`$. Therefore $`x=0`$. This implies $`\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Sigma }_\lambda W=\{0\}`$ thus $`\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{\Lambda }W`$. As $`dim\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{\Lambda }W+dim\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Phi }=dim\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }W=\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{\Lambda }W`$.

Therefore, the restriction of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\lambda W`$ is an isomorphism from $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\lambda W`$ to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }W`$. ∎

###### Corollary 4.10.

Any family of good idempotents is a family of othogonal idempotents.

###### Proof.

Let $`\lambda ,\mu `$ be two distincts Coxeter classes. Then $`\mathrm{\Phi }(E_\lambda E_\mu )=\xi _\lambda \xi _\mu =0`$, hence $`E_\lambda E_\mu \mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Phi }`$. As $`E_\lambda E_\mu \mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{\Lambda }W`$, one has $`E_\lambda E_\mu =0`$ by Lemma 4.9 $`(2)`$. ∎

#### Remark.

In , the authors have obtained a set of good idempotents $`(E_\lambda )_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)}\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$ such that their sum for $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)`$ equals the identity of $`W`$. In this case, $`W=_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)}E_\lambda W`$.

###### Proof of Theorem 4.7..

One may assume that $`x=x_I`$ and $`y=x_J`$ for some $`I,JS`$, by Proposition 4.4.

One has $`|C(\lambda )X_I|=\xi _\lambda (x_I)=\mathrm{\Phi }(E_\lambda )(x_I)`$. By Lemma 3.5, $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x_I)(E\lambda )=1_{W_I}^W(E_\lambda )=<\chi _\lambda ,1_{W_I}^W>_W`$, hence ($`1`$) implies ($`2`$).
($`2`$) implies ($`1`$): As $`\{E_\lambda \}_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }W}`$ is a basis of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{\Lambda }W`$ (Lemma 4.9) and $`\{x_I\}_{IS}`$ is a basis of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }W`$, one just has to show that $`1_{W_I}^W(E_\lambda )=\mathrm{\Phi }(E_\lambda )(x_I)`$. One has

$`\xi _\lambda (x_I)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Phi }(E_\lambda )(x_I)`$
$`=`$ $`|X_IC(\lambda )|`$
$`=`$ $`<\chi _\lambda ,1_{W_I}^W>_W`$
$`=`$ $`1_{W_I}^W(E_\lambda ),\text{by Lemma }\text{3.5}\text{.}`$
### 4.3 The double coset conjecture

Let $`I,JS`$ and $`bX_{IJ}`$. We consider the set

$$W(I,J,b)=\{wW|w^Jb^1=(wb^1)_I\},$$

where $`(w^J,w_J)`$ (resp. $`((wb^1)^I,(wb^1)_I)`$) are the parabolic components of $`w`$ (resp . $`wb^1`$).

In , the authors have shown that $`W(I,J,e)=W(J,I,e)`$, for all $`I,JS`$. For $`be`$, $`W(I,J,b)`$ is not generally equal to $`W(J,I,b^1)`$. They stated the following conjecture.

###### Conjecture 4.11.

If $`I,JS`$ then for all $`bX_{IJ}`$, $`|W(I,J,b)|=|W(J,I,b^1)|`$.

The following proposition shows that Conjecture 4.11 implies Conjecture 4.1.

###### Proposition 4.12.

Let $`I,JS`$ then

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(x_J)(x_I)=\underset{bX_{IJ}}{}|W(I,J,b)|.$$

###### Lemma 4.13.

Let $`I,JS`$ and $`bX_{IJ}`$. Let $`wW`$ then

1. if $`wX_{Jb^1Ib}`$, $`w_JX_{Jb^1Ib}^J`$;
2. If $`wW(I,J,b)`$, $`wW_IbW_J`$ and $`w^JX_{IbJb^1}^Ib`$;
3. $`wW(I,J,b)`$ if and only if there are $`aX_{IbJb^1}^I`$, $`cX_{Jb^1Ib}^J`$ and $`uX_I`$ such that $`w=abc=uab`$. Moreover, $`a,c,u`$ are unique.

###### Proof.

1. As $`X_JX_{Jb^1Ib}^J=X_{Jb^1Ib}`$, $`w_JX_{Jb^1Ib}^J`$.
2. One has

$$W_IwW_J=W_Iw^Jw_JW_J=W_Iw^JW_J=W_I(wb^1)_IbW_J=W_IbW_J.$$

As seen in Section 2.1, $`w^JX_{IbJb^1}^Ib`$.
3. One has $`w^J=ab`$ with a unique $`aX_{IbJb^1}^I`$, by Lemma 2. Let $`u=w^IX_I`$ and $`c=w_J`$ uniquely determined as parabolic components. Then

$`w=uab`$ $``$ $`X_IX_{IbJb^1}^Ib`$
$`=`$ $`X_{IbJb^1}b,\text{see Section }\text{2.1}`$
$`=`$ $`X_{Jb^1Jb},\text{see Section }\text{2.1}.`$
By (1), $`c=X_{Jb^1Ib}^J`$.

If they are $`aX_{IbJb^1}^I`$, $`cX_{Jb^1Ib}^J`$ and $`uX_I`$ such that $`w=abc=uab`$, then $`w^Jb^1=abb^1=a=(wb^1)_I`$. Thus $`wW(I,J,b)`$.

###### Proof of Proposition 4.12.

As $`1_{W_J}^W(u)=|\{gX_J|uggW_J\}|`$ (see , Section $`3.14`$),

$`\mathrm{\Phi }(x_J)(x_I)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{uX_I}{}}1_{W_J}^W(u)`$
$`=`$ $`|\{(u,g)X_I\times X_J|uggW_J\}|.`$
As $`X_J`$ is the disjoint union of $`X_{IbJb^1}^Ib`$ for all $`bX_{IJ}`$, the double parabolic components of $`gX_{IbJb^1}^Ib`$ are $`(a,b,e)`$. Hence,

$`\mathrm{\Phi }(x_J)(x_I)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{bX_{IJ}}{}}|\{(u,a)X_I\times X_{IbJb^1}^I|uababW_J\}|`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{bX_{IJ}}{}}|W^{}(I,J,b)|.`$
One just has to show that $`|W(I,J,b)|=|W^{}(I,J,b)|`$.

By Lemma 4.13, ($`3`$), for any $`wW`$ one has unique $`aX_{IbJb^1}^I`$, $`cX_{Jb^1Ib}^J`$ and $`uX_I`$ such that $`w=abc=uab`$. Therefore, the following mapping

$`f:W(I,J,b)`$ $``$ $`W^{}(I,J,b)`$
$`w`$ $``$ $`(u,a)`$
is well defined and is injective (parabolic components are unique and determine uniquely each $`wW`$).

Let $`(w,a)W^{}(I,J,b)`$, then

$$(wab)^Jb^1=(ab)b^1=a=((wab)b^1)_I.$$

Then $`wabW(I,J,b)`$ and $`f(wab)=(w,a)`$. Therefore $`f`$ is a bijection and the proposition is proved. ∎

### 4.4 Results

The following proposition proves Conjecture 4.11 for any $`IS`$ and $`J=\mathrm{},S`$.

###### Proposition 4.14.

If $`(W,S)`$ is a finite Coxeter system and if $`IS`$, then

1. $`|W(I,\mathrm{},b)|=|W(\mathrm{},I,b^1)|=|W_I|`$, for all $`bX_I\mathrm{}`$;
2. $`X_{IS}=\{e\}`$ and $`W(I,S,e)=W(S,I,e)=X_I`$.

###### Proof.

1. Observe that $`X_\mathrm{}I=X_I`$. If $`wW`$ then $`(w^{\mathrm{}},w_{\mathrm{}})=(w,e)`$. Let $`bX_I^1`$. Then, on one hand,

$`W(I,\mathrm{},b)`$ $`=`$ $`\{wW|w^{\mathrm{}}b^1=(wb^1)_I\}`$
$`=`$ $`\{wW|w=(wb^1)_Ib\}`$
$`=`$ $`\{wW|wW_Ib\}`$
$`=`$ $`W_Ib`$
On the other hand,

$`W(\mathrm{},I,b^1)`$ $`=`$ $`\{wW|w^Ib=(wb)_{\mathrm{}}\}`$
$`=`$ $`\{wW|w^Ib=e\}`$
$`=`$ $`\{wW|w^I=b^1\}`$
$`=`$ $`\{wW|wb^1W_I\}`$
$`=`$ $`b^1W_I`$
2. Observe that $`X_{IS}=\{e\}`$ then $`(w^S,w_S)=(e,w)`$. On one hand,

$`W(I,S,b)`$ $`=`$ $`W(I,S,e)`$
$`=`$ $`\{wW|w^S=w_I\}`$
$`=`$ $`\{wW|e=w_I\}`$
$`=`$ $`\{wW|w^IX_I\}`$
$`=`$ $`X_I`$
On the other hand,

$`W(S,I,b^1)`$ $`=`$ $`W(S,I,e)`$
$`=`$ $`\{wW|w^I=w_S\}`$
$`=`$ $`\{wW|W^I=w\}`$
$`=`$ $`X_I`$

The following corollary, that proves Conjecture 4.1 for any $`IS`$ and $`J=\mathrm{},S`$, may be proved directly using Proposition 4.4.

###### Corollary 4.15.

Let $`(W,S)`$ be a finite Coxeter system then for any $`IS`$

1. $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x_{\mathrm{}})(x_I)=\mathrm{\Phi }(x_I)(x_{\mathrm{}})`$,
2. $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x_S)(x_I)=\mathrm{\Phi }(x_I)(x_S)`$.

###### Proof.

It is an immediate consequence of Proposition 4.14 and Propostion 4.12. ∎

###### Proposition 4.16.

Let $`(W,S)`$ be a finite Coxeter system, $`I,JS`$ and $`bX_{IJ}`$ such that $`bJb^1I`$. Then

$$|W(I,J,b)|=|W(J,I,b^1)|=\frac{|W_I|}{|W_J|}.$$

###### Proof.

On one hand, observe that $`X_{Jb^1Ib}^J=X_J^J=\{e\}`$. Thus $`W(I,J,b)=X_{IbJb^1}^Ib`$, by Lemma 4.13. Therefore,

$`|W(I,J,b)|`$ $`=`$ $`|X_{IbJb^1}^I|`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{|W_I|}{|W_{IbJb^1}|}}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{|W_I|}{|W_IbW_Jb^1|}}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{|W_I|}{|bW_Jb^1|}}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{|W_I|}{|W_J|}},\text{as }bW_Jb^1W_I.`$
On the other hand, $`W(J,I,b^1)b^1X_{IbJb^1}^I`$ by Lemma 4.13. Let $`aX_{IbJb^1}^I`$, then

$`b^1ab`$ $``$ $`X_IX_{IbJb^1}^Ib`$
$`=`$ $`X_{Jb^1Ib}`$
$`=`$ $`X_J,\text{as }Jb^1Ib.`$
Hence $`b^1a=uabW(J,I,b^1)`$ by Lemma 4.13. Therefore $`W(J,I,b^1)=b^1X_{IbJb^1}^I`$ and the lemma is proved. ∎

### 4.5 The case of a single generator

We denote $`t`$ for $`\{t\}S`$ to simplify the notations.

###### Theorem 4.17.

Let $`(W,S)`$ be a finite Coxeter system, $`tS`$ and $`IS`$ then for all $`bX_{It}`$

$`|W(I,t,b)|`$ $`=`$ $`|W(t,I,b^1)|.`$
###### Corollary 4.18.

The double coset conjecture holds for dihedral groups.

###### Proof.

As for $`I_2(m)`$, $`S=\{s,t\}`$, the subsets of $`S`$ are $`\mathrm{}`$, $`s`$, $`t`$, $`S`$, one concludes with Corollary 4.15 and Theorem 4.17. ∎

###### Corollary 4.19.

Let $`(W,S)`$ be a finite Coxeter system. Then

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(x_I)(x_t)=\mathrm{\Phi }(x_t)(x_I),$$

for any $`tS`$ and any $`IS`$. On other words,

$$\underset{wX_I}{}1_{W_t}^W(w)=\underset{gX_t}{}1_{W_I}^W(g),$$

for any $`tS`$ and any $`IS`$.

###### Proof of the theorem.

1. If $`btb^1I`$, one concludes by Proposition 4.16.
2. From now on, one supposes that $`btb^1I`$. Thus

$$X_{Ibtb^1}^I=W_IW_IbX_t$$

and

$$X_{tb^1Ib}^t=W_tW_tb^1X_I.$$
3. Let $`dX_{II}`$ such that $`btbW_IdW_I`$. Then $`d^2=e`$. Indeed, as $`dX_{II}`$ is the unique element of minimal length in $`W_IdW_I`$ and as

$$(btb^1)^1=btb^1W_Id^1W_I=W_IdW_I,$$

one has $`d=d^1`$.
4. There is a unique $`a_0X_{IdId}^I`$ such that $`btb^1=a_0da_0^1`$. Indeed, there is a unique $`(a_0,a_1)X_{IdId}^I\times W_I`$ such that $`btb^1=a_0da_1`$. Thus

$$tb^1a_1=b^1a_0dX_IX_{IdId}^Id=X_{IdId}d=X_{IdId}.$$

Then $`a_1X_{IdId}^I`$, by Lemma 4.13 $`(1)`$.

Finally one has

$$btb^1=(btb^1)^1=a_oda_1^1=a_1da_0^1.$$

By unicity of double parabolic components, $`a_0=a_1`$.
5. One defines a mapping:

$`\sigma :W_I`$ $``$ $`btb^1W_Ibtb^1`$
$`a`$ $``$ $`btb^1abtb^1`$
As $`\sigma `$ is the restriction of the conjugation by $`btb^1`$ on $`W_I`$, it is a isomorphism. Denote

$$Fix_\sigma W_I=\{aW_I|\sigma (a)=a\}.$$

As $`eW_I`$ and $`\sigma (e)=e`$, this set is non empty. One will show that

$$|W(I,t,b)|=|W_I|+|Fix_\sigma W_I|.$$

In fact, one will prove that

$$()W(I,t,b)=W_Iba_0^1Fix_\sigma W_Ibt.$$

It is immediate that $`W_IbW(I,t,b)`$.
Let $`w=a_0^1abtFix_\sigma W_I`$. As $`a_0^1aW_I`$, $`a_0^1abX_t`$, by $`2`$. Moreover,

$`a_0^1abtb^1a^1a_0`$ $`=`$ $`a_0^1(aa_0da_0^1)a^1a_0,\text{as }btb^1=a_0da_0^1`$
$`=`$ $`a_0^1(a_0da_0^1a)a^1a_0,\text{as }aFix_\sigma W_I`$
$`=`$ $`dX_{II}X_I.`$
Therefore $`wW(I,t,b)`$ that implies $`a_0^1Fix_\sigma W_IbtW(I,t,b)`$.

Conversely, let $`wW(I,t,b)`$, then there is $`aW_I`$ such that $`w=abW_Ib`$ or $`w=abt`$. In the second case $`abtb^1a^1=uX_I`$, by Lemma 4.13. As $`u`$ is an involution, $`uX_{II}`$. But $`uaW_IdW_Ia^1=W_IdW_I`$ therefore $`u=d`$.
One writes $`w=a_0^1(a_0a)bt`$. Denote $`a^{}=a_0aW_I`$ thus

$$a_0^1a^{}btb^1a^1a_0=abtb^1a^1=d.$$

therefore

$$a^{}btb^1a^1=a_0da_0^1=btb^1.$$

This implies $`a^{}Fix_\sigma W_I`$ thus $`wa_0^1Fix_\sigma W_Ibt`$ and $`()`$ is proved.
6. If $`aW_I`$ and $`d_aX_{t\{t\}}`$ such that $`b^1abW_td_aW_t`$. Then the following propositions are equivalent:

1. $`td_a=d_at`$,
    2. $`b^1ab=tb^1abt=d_a`$,
    3. $`\{b^1a,tb^1a\}W(t,I,b^1)`$,
    4. $`b^1ab=tb^1abt`$.

$`i)ii)`$: If $`td_a=d_at`$ then $`X_{td_atd_a^1}^t=\{e\}`$ and $`W_td_aW_t=\{d_a,d_at\}`$. As $`b^1abW_td_aW_t`$, $`b^1ab=d_a`$ or $`b^1ab=d_at`$. In the second case, that is $`ab=bd_at`$, one has $`bd_aX_td_a=X_{d_a^1td_a}=X_t`$. Thus $`ab=bd_atX_t`$, which is a contradiction with $`abW_IbX_t`$. Therefore $`b^1ab=d_a=td_at=tb^1abt`$.
$`ii)iii)`$: If $`b^1ab=tb^1abt=d_a`$, then $`b^1a=d_ab`$ and $`tb^1a=d_atb`$. Therefore, $`\{b^1a,tb^1a\}W(t,I,b^1)`$, by Lemma 4.13 $`3`$.
$`iii)i)`$: If $`\{b^1a,tb^1a\}W(t,I,b^1)`$, thus $`b^1ab`$ and $`tb^1abt`$ are in $`X_t`$. One supposes that $`td_ad_at`$. Then $`X_{td_atd_a^1}^t=W_t`$, hence $`W_td_aX_t`$.
Therefore,

$$b^1ab=\{\begin{array}{cc}d_aX_t& \text{ or}\\ td_aX_t& \end{array}.$$

Thus

$$tb^1abt=\{\begin{array}{cc}td_atX_t& \text{ or}\\ d_atX_t& \end{array}.$$

Which is a contradiction with $`iii)`$. Hence $`b^1ab=tb^1abtX_t`$. Therefore,

$$b^1ab=tb^1abt=\{\begin{array}{cc}d_aX_t& \text{ or}\\ td_aX_t& \end{array}.$$

Finally, either $`b^1ab=d_a`$, then $`tb^1abt=td_at=d_a`$ hence $`d_at=td_a`$; or $`b^1ab=td_a`$, then $`tb^1abt=d_at=td_a`$ hence $`d_at=td_a`$.
$`i)iv)`$: As $`i)ii)`$, one has in particular $`b^1ab=tb^1abt`$ thus $`i)iv)`$.

If $`b^1ab=tb^1abt`$, so

$$b^1ab=tb^1abt=\{\begin{array}{cccc}d_a=td_atX_I& \text{ or}& & \\ td_a=d_atX_I& \text{ or}& & \\ d_at=td_aX_I& \text{ or}& & \\ td_at=d_aX_I& & & \end{array}.$$

Observe that $`td_a=d_at`$ in all the cases.
7. One has:

$$|W(I,t,b^1)|=|W_I|+|\{aW_I|d_at=td_a\}|.$$

Indeed, let $`aW_I`$ such that $`d_attd_a`$ thus $`X_{td_atd_a^1}^t=W_t`$. As $`b^1abW_td_aW_t`$, one has

$$b^1ab=\{\begin{array}{cc}d_aX_I& \text{ or}\\ td_aX_I& \text{ or}\\ d_atX_I& \text{ or}\\ td_atX_I& \end{array}.$$

Observe that either

$$b^1aW(t,I,b^1)\text{ and }tb^1aW(t,I,b^1)$$

or

$$b^1aW(t,I,b^1)\text{ and }tb^1aW(t,I,b^1).$$

As $`W_I`$ is the disjoint union of $`\{aW_I|d_at=td_a\}`$ and $`\{aW_I|d_attd_a\}`$, one has:

$`|W(t,I,b^1)|`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{aW_I|d_at=td_a}{}}2+{\displaystyle \underset{aW_I|d_attd_a}{}}1,\text{ by (}\text{6}\text{)}`$
$`=`$ $`2|\{aW_I|d_at=td_a\}|+|\{aW_I|d_attd_a\}|`$
$`=`$ $`|W_I|+|\{aW_I|d_at=td_a\}|.`$
8. By 5 and 7, one just has to show that $`|Fix_\sigma W_I|=|\{wW_I|d_at=td_a\}|`$ to finish the proof.

$`aFix_\sigma W_I`$ $``$ $`abtb^1=btb^1a`$
$``$ $`b^1ab=tb^1abt`$
$``$ $`d_at=td_a,\text{by }\text{6}`$
$``$ $`a\{wW_I|d_at=td_a\}`$

### 4.6 Proof of Theorem 4.2

By Proposition 4.4 and Proposition 4.5, one shows the theorem by using the classification of irreducible finite Coxeter groups (see ).

#### Case $`A_n`$:

This case has been shown by Jöllenbeck and Reutenauer in . An idea of their proof is to be found in the remark following Theorem 4.7.

#### Case $`I_2(m)`$:

It is given by Proposition 4.12 and Corollary 4.18.

#### Cases $`E_6`$, $`E_7`$, $`E_8`$, $`F_4`$, $`H_3`$, $`H_4`$:

We begin to give a lemma.

###### Lemma 4.20.

Let $`I,JS`$, then

$$\underset{wX_I}{}1_{W_J}^W(w)=\underset{CCl(W)}{}|X_IC|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}_{W_J}^W(w_C),$$

where $`w_C`$ is an arbitrary element in $`C`$.

###### Proof.

One has

$$\underset{wX_I}{}1_{W_J}^W(w)=\underset{CCl(W)}{}\underset{wX_IC}{}1_{W_J}^W(w).$$

As $`1_{W_J}^W`$ is constant in conjugacy classes, one chooses an arbitrary element $`w_CC`$. Hence

$`{\displaystyle \underset{wX_I}{}}1_{W_J}^W(w)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{CCl(W)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{wX_IC}{}}1_{W_J}^W(w_C)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{CCl(W)}{}}1_{W_J}^W(w_C){\displaystyle \underset{wX_IC}{}}1`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{CCl(W)}{}}|X_IC|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}_{W_J}^W(w_C).`$
As, if $`JJ^{}`$, $`1_{W_J}^W=1_{W_J^{}}^W`$ and $`|X_IC|=|X_JC|`$ for some conjugacy class $`C`$ (see Proposition 2.4), it is sufficient to consider Coxeter Classes of $`I`$ and $`J`$ in Lemma 4.20. Therefore, we construct two matrices

$$A=(a_{\lambda C})_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }(W),CCl(W)}\text{ and }B=(b_{C^{}\mu })_{C^{}Cl(W),\mu \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)},$$

where $`a_{\lambda C}=|X_IC|,\text{for some }I\lambda `$ and $`b_{C^{}\mu }=\phi _\mu (w_C^{})`$. Then $`AB=D=(d_{\lambda \mu })_{\lambda ,\mu \mathrm{\Lambda }(W)}`$ where

$$d_{\lambda \mu }=\underset{CCl(W)}{}|X_IC|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}_{W_J}^W(w_C)=\underset{wX_I}{}1_{W_J}^W(w),\text{for some }I\lambda ,J\mu .$$

Hence to prove Conjecture 4.1 amounts to prove that $`D`$ is a symmetric matrix.

For these exceptional cases, we used the GAP part of CHEVIE ( and ) to obtain $`D`$. This program contains some useful functions to compute the matrix $`A`$ and the matrix $`B`$, therefore the matrix $`D`$.

1. the GAP functions CharTable, PositionId, StoreFusion and Induced are used to compute the coefficients of $`A`$;
2. The functions ReflectionSubgroup, ReducedRightCosetRepresentatives and PositionClass are used to compute the coefficients of $`B`$.

We just have to give a set of representants of Coxeter classes. Following the notation in , the following algorithm determines a set of representants for each Coxeter Class.

###### Algorithm 4.21.

\[Construction of Representant of Coxeter Classes\] Given a finite Coxeter System $`(W,S)`$ $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(W)_{rep}`$ \- a set of representant of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(W)`$ \- is determinated. As $`IJ`$ iff $`|I|=|J|`$, one just has to consider the subset of $`S`$ of cardinality $`i`$, for $`i=1,\mathrm{},|S|`$ to construct $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(W)_{rep}`$.

1. \[Initialize\] Let $`PS_i=\{I_1,\mathrm{},I_m\}`$ be the set of subsets of $`S`$ of cardinality $`i`$. Set $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(W)_{rep}^iI_1`$ and

$$E_1\{I_p|c_{I_p}c_{I_1}\}.$$
2. \[Next $`\mathrm{k}`$\] If $`I_kE_{k1}`$, then set $`kk+1`$, $`E_{k+1}E_k`$. Otherwise set

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }(W)_{rep}^i\mathrm{\Lambda }(W)_{rep}^iI_k$$

and

$$E_kE_{k1}\{I_p|c_{I_p}c_{I_k}\}$$

and $`kk+1`$.
At this step, each subset of $`S`$ in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(W)_{rep}^i`$ is not conjugated to each of the others and each subset of $`S`$ in $`E_k`$ has a representant of it Coxeter class in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(W)_{rep}^i`$.
3. \[Loop\] If $`k<m+1`$ repeat step $`2`$ else stop.

Then

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }(W)_{rep}=\underset{i=0}{\overset{|S|}{}}\mathrm{\Lambda }(W)_{rep}^i.$$

By Corollary 4.19, one just has to take the submatrix $`A^{}`$ of $`A`$ and $`B^{}`$ of $`B`$ indexed by Coxeter Classes $`\lambda ,\mu `$ such that $`|I|,|J|2`$ for some $`I\lambda `$ and $`J\mu `$. The above algorithm can be initialize to $`i=2`$.

As $`|E_8|>6.10^8`$, using Corollary 4.19 is necessary to restrain the cardinality of cosets in this very large case. Finally, still in this case, we cannot directly construct and stock the set of minimal coset representatives $`X_I`$ with GAP. Indeed for a set of two commuting generators in $`E_8`$, $`|X_I|>150.10^6`$. So we used the fact that for $`IS`$ and $`sSI`$ then

$$X_I=X_KX_I^K,$$

where $`K=S\{s\}`$. If we keep in memory $`X_I`$, it take the memory of $`X_K`$ times $`X_I^K`$, rather than if we keep in memory $`X_K`$ and $`X_I^K`$, they take the memory for $`X_K`$ plus $`X_I^K`$.

Finally, we just have to compute the submatrix $`D^{}`$ of $`D`$, indexed by Coxeter Classes $`\lambda ,\mu `$ such that $`|I|,|J|2`$. Observe in the following that $`D^{}`$ is a symmetric matrix. (The following matrix and tables have been obtained by one week of computation with GAP-CHEVIE; the original program also verifyied that $`D^{}`$ is symmetric). This complete our proof.

#### Remark about GAP-CHEVIE notations:

The set $`S`$ of generators are given in CHEVIE by integers from $`1`$ to $`n`$, see  for more informations. The set of representants {I} of Coxeter classes is given as a set of Coxeter $`I`$–elements.

#### Coxeter group of type $`H_3`$

The set of representants of Coxeter classes that we consider is:

$$\left\{\begin{array}{cccc}12,& 123,& 13,& 23\end{array}\right\}.$$

Therefore the submatrix of $`D^{}`$ indexed by them is

$$\left(\begin{array}{cccc}24\hfill & 12\hfill & 40\hfill & 32\hfill \\ 12\hfill & 1\hfill & 30\hfill & 20\hfill \\ 40\hfill & 30\hfill & 52\hfill & 46\hfill \\ 32\hfill & 20\hfill & 46\hfill & 38\hfill \end{array}\right)$$

#### Coxeter group of type $`H_4`$

The set of representants of Coxeter classes that we consider is

$$\left\{\begin{array}{cccccccc}12,& 123,& 1234,& 124,& 13,& 134,& 23,& 234\end{array}\right\}.$$

Therefore the submatrix of $`D^{}`$ indexed by them is

$$\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc}4080& 2040& 1440& 2840& 5760& 3280& 4800& 2640\\ 2040& 404& 120& 1116& 4112& 1602& 2952& 958\\ 1440& 120& 1& 720& 3600& 1200& 2400& 600\\ 2840& 1116& 720& 1828& 4744& 2288& 3672& 1664\\ 5760& 4112& 3600& 4744& 7144& 5104& 6360& 4592\\ 3280& 1602& 1200& 2288& 5104& 2730& 4080& 2132\\ 4800& 2952& 2400& 3672& 6360& 4080& 5484& 3504\\ 2640& 958& 600& 1664& 4592& 2132& 3504& 1510\end{array}\right)$$

#### Coxeter group of type $`F_4`$

The set of representants of Coxeter classes that we consider is:

$$\left\{\begin{array}{ccccccccc}12,& 123,& 1234,& 124,& 13,& 134,& 23,& 234,& 34\end{array}\right\}.$$

Therefore the submatrix of $`D^{}`$ indexed by them is:

$$\left(\begin{array}{ccccccccc}396& 252& 192& 324& 552& 396& 456& 312& 600\\ 252& 70& 24& 148& 364& 170& 232& 84& 312\\ 192& 24& 1& 96& 288& 96& 144& 24& 192\\ 324& 148& 96& 224& 432& 250& 312& 170& 396\\ 552& 364& 288& 432& 600& 432& 512& 364& 552\\ 396& 170& 96& 250& 432& 224& 312& 148& 324\\ 456& 232& 144& 312& 512& 312& 416& 232& 456\\ 312& 84& 24& 170& 364& 148& 232& 70& 252\\ 600& 312& 192& 396& 552& 324& 456& 252& 396\end{array}\right).$$

#### Coxeter group of type $`E_6`$

The set of representants of Coxeter classes that we consider is

$$\{12,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}123},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1234},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}12345},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}123456},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}12346},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1235},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}12356},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1245},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}125},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}13},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}134},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}13456},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1356},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2345}\}.$$

Therefore the submatrix of $`D^{}`$ indexed by them is:

$$\left(\begin{array}{ccccccccccccccc}29136& 21744& 16128& 13728& 12960& 14544& 18144& 15456& 17088& 23040& 26784& 19776& 14448& 17856& 15408\\ 21744& 12858& 6882& 4890& 4320& 5616& 9252& 6564& 7950& 14712& 18432& 10488& 5412& 8640& 6300\\ 16128& 6882& 1704& 642& 432& 1088& 3976& 1864& 2648& 9108& 12024& 4432& 840& 3144& 1380\\ 13728& 4890& 642& 87& 27& 341& 2540& 926& 1378& 7092& 9432& 2632& 162& 1776& 444\\ 12960& 4320& 432& 27& 1& 216& 2160& 720& 1080& 6480& 8640& 2160& 72& 1440& 270\\ 14544& 5616& 1088& 341& 216& 661& 3080& 1304& 1882& 7800& 10368& 3336& 464& 2304& 852\\ 18144& 9252& 3976& 2540& 2160& 3080& 6152& 3894& 4908& 11256& 14472& 6976& 2878& 5460& 3576\\ 15456& 6564& 1864& 926& 720& 1304& 3894& 1996& 2690& 8700& 11448& 4320& 1104& 3132& 1602\\ 17088& 7950& 2648& 1378& 1080& 1882& 4908& 2690& 3604& 10080& 13176& 5552& 1652& 4140& 2274\\ 23040& 14712& 9108& 7092& 6480& 7800& 11256& 8700& 10080& 16392& 20016& 12576& 7644& 10752& 8544\\ 26784& 18432& 12024& 9432& 8640& 10368& 14472& 11448& 13176& 20016& 23832& 15984& 10224& 14112& 11160\\ 19776& 10488& 4432& 2632& 2160& 3336& 6976& 4320& 5552& 12576& 15984& 7888& 3088& 6264& 3864\\ 14448& 5412& 840& 162& 72& 464& 2878& 1104& 1652& 7644& 10224& 3088& 250& 2052& 624\\ 17856& 8640& 3144& 1776& 1440& 2304& 5460& 3132& 4140& 10752& 14112& 6264& 2052& 4644& 2784\\ 15408& 6300& 1380& 444& 270& 852& 3576& 1602& 2274& 8544& 11160& 3864& 624& 2784& 1074\end{array}\right).$$

#### Coxeter group of type $`E_7`$

The set of representants of Coxeter classes that we consider is
$`\{\lambda _1=12,\lambda _2=123,\lambda _3=1234,\lambda _4=12345,\lambda _5=123456,\lambda _6=1234567,\lambda _7=123457,\lambda _8=12346,\lambda _9=123467,\lambda _{10}=1235,\lambda _{11}=12356,\lambda _{12}=123567,\lambda _{13}=12357,\lambda _{14}=1245,\lambda _{15}=124567,\lambda _{16}=12457,\lambda _{17}=125,\lambda _{18}=1257,\lambda _{19}=13,\lambda _{20}=134,\lambda _{21}=13456,\lambda _{22}=134567,\lambda _{23}=13467,\lambda _{24}=1356,\lambda _{25}=2345,\lambda _{26}=234567,\lambda _{27}=23457,\lambda _{28}=24567,\lambda _{29}=2457,\lambda _{30}=257\}.`$
We give here the submatrix of $`D^{}`$ indexed by this Coxeter classes. We have decomposed this matrix into three tables.

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccccc}& & & & & & & & & & \\ & \lambda _1& \lambda _2& \lambda _3& \lambda _4& \lambda _5& \lambda _6& \lambda _7& \lambda _8& \lambda _9& \lambda _{10}\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ \lambda _1& 1733376& 1320192& 981504& 823296& 749568& 725760& 774912& 877824& 800256& 1111296\\ \lambda _2& 1320192& 818544& 452496& 314592& 258816& 241920& 278976& 365568& 300480& 601968\\ \lambda _3& 981504& 452496& 129972& 50868& 29412& 24192& 38160& 84180& 50220& 271872\\ \lambda _4& 823296& 314592& 50868& 8896& 2508& 1512& 5432& 28056& 11804& 169328\\ \lambda _5& 749568& 258816& 29412& 2508& 222& 56& 1330& 15060& 5294& 131864\\ \lambda _6& 725760& 241920& 24192& 1512& 56& 1& 756& 12096& 4032& 120960\\ \lambda _7& 774912& 278976& 38160& 5432& 1330& 756& 3198& 20466& 8122& 145800\\ \lambda _8& 877824& 365568& 84180& 28056& 15060& 12096& 20466& 52152& 28862& 208448\\ \lambda _9& 800256& 300480& 50220& 11804& 5294& 4032& 8122& 28862& 13762& 161392\\ \lambda _{10}& 1111296& 601968& 271872& 169328& 131864& 120960& 145800& 208448& 161392& 410472\\ \lambda _{11}& 936960& 427152& 134928& 66140& 45756& 40320& 53716& 93912& 63908& 261352\\ \lambda _{12}& 827904& 326304& 67260& 22032& 12334& 10080& 16286& 41510& 23056& 181688\\ \lambda _{13}& 969984& 463968& 167688& 92004& 67416& 60480& 76680& 121980& 88332& 295176\\ \lambda _{14}& 1044480& 522096& 191568& 98680& 68648& 60480& 80272& 135896& 94472& 333824\\ \lambda _{15}& 798720& 297600& 46452& 8768& 3026& 2016& 5490& 25720& 11126& 158296\\ \lambda _{16}& 933888& 419808& 123504& 54780& 35364& 30240& 42828& 83056& 53392& 252776\\ \lambda _{17}& 1398528& 924672& 577632& 440352& 381312& 362880& 402240& 489408& 423648& 716544\\ \lambda _{18}& 1177344& 678720& 347808& 237840& 194688& 181440& 210000& 278736& 227424& 485568\\ \lambda _{19}& 1612800& 1147680& 761760& 586080& 508320& 483840& 535680& 649440& 564480& 914400\\ \lambda _{20}& 1217280& 689184& 312000& 181920& 134496& 120960& 152448& 232896& 173088& 472032\\ \lambda _{21}& 847872& 335136& 61764& 14212& 5636& 4032& 9396& 35372& 16456& 183680\\ \lambda _{22}& 773376& 276576& 36156& 4580& 1012& 576& 2674& 19092& 7298& 143496\\ \lambda _{23}& 903936& 389328& 100488& 39404& 23928& 20160& 30192& 64996& 39184& 227136\\ \lambda _{24}& 1072128& 551424& 218304& 122088& 89688& 80640& 101976& 159696& 116328& 359904\\ \lambda _{25}& 956160& 427680& 111312& 37824& 19344& 15120& 27168& 69696& 38688& 252720\\ \lambda _{26}& 772608& 274896& 34200& 3424& 402& 126& 1806& 17714& 6392& 141928\\ \lambda _{27}& 876288& 360672& 76800& 21824& 10096& 7560& 14992& 45960& 23512& 203488\\ \lambda _{28}& 870912& 351792& 67284& 15480& 5892& 4032& 9900& 38460& 17760& 194280\\ \lambda _{29}& 1067520& 539280& 198096& 100752& 69264& 60480& 80976& 139728& 96288& 345264\\ \lambda _{30}& 1421568& 942336& 585216& 443520& 382464& 362880& 403200& 494208& 426240& 729216\end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccccc}& & & & & & & & & & \\ & \lambda _{11}& \lambda _{12}& \lambda _{13}& \lambda _{14}& \lambda _{15}& \lambda _{16}& \lambda _{17}& \lambda _{18}& \lambda _{19}& \lambda _{20}\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ \lambda _1& 936960& 827904& 969984& 1044480& 798720& 933888& 1398528& 1177344& 1612800& 1217280\\ \lambda _2& 427152& 326304& 463968& 522096& 297600& 419808& 924672& 678720& 1147680& 689184\\ \lambda _3& 134928& 67260& 167688& 191568& 46452& 123504& 577632& 347808& 761760& 312000\\ \lambda _4& 66140& 22032& 92004& 98680& 8768& 54780& 440352& 237840& 586080& 181920\\ \lambda _5& 45756& 12334& 67416& 68648& 3026& 35364& 381312& 194688& 508320& 134496\\ \lambda _6& 40320& 10080& 60480& 60480& 2016& 30240& 362880& 181440& 483840& 120960\\ \lambda _7& 53716& 16286& 76680& 80272& 5490& 42828& 402240& 210000& 535680& 152448\\ \lambda _8& 93912& 41510& 121980& 135896& 25720& 83056& 489408& 278736& 649440& 232896\\ \lambda _9& 63908& 23056& 88332& 94472& 11126& 53392& 423648& 227424& 564480& 173088\\ \lambda _{10}& 261352& 181688& 295176& 333824& 158296& 252776& 716544& 485568& 914400& 472032\\ \lambda _{11}& 138040& 78624& 167784& 188688& 60868& 128288& 547776& 332976& 718560& 297216\\ \lambda _{12}& 78624& 33508& 104076& 113584& 20118& 67948& 448992& 248496& 596160& 198912\\ \lambda _{13}& 167784& 104076& 197748& 222384& 84948& 157728& 583104& 366336& 756000& 335808\\ \lambda _{14}& 188688& 113584& 222384& 254328& 91056& 178592& 642624& 410064& 835200& 385344\\ \lambda _{15}& 60868& 20118& 84948& 91056& 8150& 49644& 421152& 223440& 563040& 169824\\ \lambda _{16}& 128288& 67948& 157728& 178592& 49644& 117004& 542112& 323568& 714240& 288096\\ \lambda _{17}& 547776& 448992& 583104& 642624& 421152& 542112& 1023360& 790080& 1238400& 806112\\ \lambda _{18}& 332976& 248496& 366336& 410064& 223440& 323568& 790080& 558336& 990720& 554400\\ \lambda _{19}& 718560& 596160& 756000& 835200& 563040& 714240& 1238400& 990720& 1470240& 1023840\\ \lambda _{20}& 297216& 198912& 335808& 385344& 169824& 288096& 806112& 554400& 1023840& 546624\\ \lambda _{21}& 75116& 27576& 102048& 111768& 13228& 63656& 460512& 252768& 614880& 201792\\ \lambda _{22}& 51936& 15250& 74904& 78088& 4752& 41176& 399936& 207744& 534240& 149952\\ \lambda _{23}& 108044& 52608& 137052& 153784& 35912& 97240& 512640& 298032& 679680& 256704\\ \lambda _{24}& 212328& 135576& 246192& 281328& 112752& 202368& 669792& 434880& 869760& 417408\\ \lambda _{25}& 120048& 55344& 152688& 171888& 35088& 108672& 555360& 330480& 728640& 285120\\ \lambda _{26}& 50604& 14118& 73320& 76240& 3694& 39412& 398688& 205776& 532800& 147648\\ \lambda _{27}& 88616& 36032& 116664& 129440& 19904& 76672& 486528& 273984& 645120& 225792\\ \lambda _{28}& 80400& 29436& 108072& 120144& 13788& 67728& 478176& 263520& 640800& 216576\\ \lambda _{29}& 194832& 115728& 228672& 263712& 91584& 182640& 660864& 420240& 862560& 402048\\ \lambda _{30}& 555264& 451584& 589824& 653184& 421632& 546048& 1042560& 799488& 1267200& 824832\end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccccc}& & & & & & & & & & \\ & \lambda _{21}& \lambda _{22}& \lambda _{23}& \lambda _{24}& \lambda _{25}& \lambda _{26}& \lambda _{27}& \lambda _{28}& \lambda _{29}& \lambda _{30}\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ \lambda _1& 847872& 773376& 903936& 1072128& 956160& 772608& 876288& 870912& 1067520& 1421568\\ \lambda _2& 335136& 276576& 389328& 551424& 427680& 274896& 360672& 351792& 539280& 942336\\ \lambda _3& 61764& 36156& 100488& 218304& 111312& 34200& 76800& 67284& 198096& 585216\\ \lambda _4& 14212& 4580& 39404& 122088& 37824& 3424& 21824& 15480& 100752& 443520\\ \lambda _5& 5636& 1012& 23928& 89688& 19344& 402& 10096& 5892& 69264& 382464\\ \lambda _6& 4032& 576& 20160& 80640& 15120& 126& 7560& 4032& 60480& 362880\\ \lambda _7& 9396& 2674& 30192& 101976& 27168& 1806& 14992& 9900& 80976& 403200\\ \lambda _8& 35372& 19092& 64996& 159696& 69696& 17714& 45960& 38460& 139728& 494208\\ \lambda _9& 16456& 7298& 39184& 116328& 38688& 6392& 23512& 17760& 96288& 426240\\ \lambda _{10}& 183680& 143496& 227136& 359904& 252720& 141928& 203488& 194280& 345264& 729216\\ \lambda _{11}& 75116& 51936& 108044& 212328& 120048& 50604& 88616& 80400& 194832& 555264\\ \lambda _{12}& 27576& 15250& 52608& 135576& 55344& 14118& 36032& 29436& 115728& 451584\\ \lambda _{13}& 102048& 74904& 137052& 246192& 152688& 73320& 116664& 108072& 228672& 589824\\ \lambda _{14}& 111768& 78088& 153784& 281328& 171888& 76240& 129440& 120144& 263712& 653184\\ \lambda _{15}& 13228& 4752& 35912& 112752& 35088& 3694& 19904& 13788& 91584& 421632\\ \lambda _{16}& 63656& 41176& 97240& 202368& 108672& 39412& 76672& 67728& 182640& 546048\\ \lambda _{17}& 460512& 399936& 512640& 669792& 555360& 398688& 486528& 478176& 660864& 1042560\\ \lambda _{18}& 252768& 207744& 298032& 434880& 330480& 205776& 273984& 263520& 420240& 799488\\ \lambda _{19}& 614880& 534240& 679680& 869760& 728640& 532800& 645120& 640800& 862560& 1267200\\ \lambda _{20}& 201792& 149952& 256704& 417408& 285120& 147648& 225792& 216576& 402048& 824832\\ \lambda _{21}& 20172& 8284& 47200& 135144& 48192& 7024& 28968& 21756& 113808& 463104\\ \lambda _{22}& 8284& 2150& 28592& 99576& 25344& 1392& 13744& 8688& 78720& 400896\\ \lambda _{23}& 47200& 28592& 78284& 177432& 85920& 27228& 58968& 50748& 157776& 517248\\ \lambda _{24}& 135144& 99576& 177432& 307128& 199536& 97872& 153744& 143544& 289920& 678528\\ \lambda _{25}& 48192& 25344& 85920& 199536& 92688& 23376& 62304& 53568& 179424& 565632\\ \lambda _{26}& 7024& 1392& 27228& 97872& 23376& 596& 12120& 7068& 76224& 398592\\ \lambda _{27}& 28968& 13744& 58968& 153744& 62304& 12120& 39088& 31224& 132096& 489600\\ \lambda _{28}& 21756& 8688& 50748& 143544& 53568& 7068& 31224& 22656& 120672& 478080\\ \lambda _{29}& 113808& 78720& 157776& 289920& 179424& 76224& 132096& 120672& 269952& 665856\\ \lambda _{30}& 463104& 400896& 517248& 678528& 565632& 398592& 489600& 478080& 665856& 1051776\end{array}$$

#### Coxeter group of type $`E_8`$

The set of representants of Coxeter classes that we consider is:
$`(\lambda _1=12,\lambda _2=123,\lambda _3=1234,\lambda _4=12345,\lambda _5=123456,\lambda _6=1234567,\lambda _7=12345678,\lambda _8=1234568,\lambda _9=123457,\lambda _{10}=1234578,\lambda _{11}=12346,\lambda _{12}=123467,\lambda _{13}=1234678,\lambda _{14}=123468,\lambda _{15}=1235,\lambda _{16}=12356,\lambda _{17}=123567,\lambda _{18}=1235678,\lambda _{19}=123568,\lambda _{20}=12357,\lambda _{21}=1245,\lambda _{22}=124567,\lambda _{23}=1245678,\lambda _{24}=12457,\lambda _{25}=125,\lambda _{26}=1257,\lambda _{27}=13,\lambda _{28}=134,\lambda _{29}=13456,\lambda _{30}=134567,\lambda _{31}=1345678,\lambda _{32}=13467,\lambda _{33}=134678,\lambda _{34}=1356,\lambda _{35}=2345,\lambda _{36}=234567,\lambda _{37}=2345678,\lambda _{38}=23457,\lambda _{39}=234578).`$
We give here the submatrix of $`D^{}`$ indexed by this Coxeter classes. We have decomposed this matrix into four tables.

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccccc}& & & & & & & & & & \\ & \lambda _1& \lambda _2& \lambda _3& \lambda _4& \lambda _5& \lambda _6& \lambda _7& \lambda _8& \lambda _9& \lambda _{10}\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ \lambda _1& 437160960& 339793920& 255744000& 214179840& 192015360& 180034560& 174182400& 183121920& 198650880& 186301440\\ \lambda _2& 339793920& 219699360& 126612000& 88485120& 70796160& 62082720& 58060800& 64477440& 76479840& 66998880\\ \lambda _3& 255744000& 126612000& 41733360& 17606160& 9810000& 6918480& 5806080& 7849680& 12730800& 8969280\\ \lambda _4& 214179840& 88485120& 17606160& 3848832& 1146672& 530880& 362880& 767760& 2308128& 1171296\\ \lambda _5& 192015360& 70796160& 9810000& 1146672& 143460& 29772& 13440& 80592& 611292& 236028\\ \lambda _6& 180034560& 62082720& 6918480& 530880& 29772& 1596& 240& 15242& 270192& 93484\\ \lambda _7& 174182400& 58060800& 5806080& 362880& 13440& 240& 1& 6720& 181440& 60480\\ \lambda _8& 183121920& 64477440& 7849680& 767760& 80592& 15242& 6720& 44802& 403548& 151210\\ \lambda _9& 198650880& 76479840& 12730800& 2308128& 611292& 270192& 181440& 403548& 1353996& 658812\\ \lambda _{10}& 186301440& 66998880& 8969280& 1171296& 236028& 93484& 60480& 151210& 658812& 293848\\ \lambda _{11}& 228648960& 102617280& 27612240& 10012704& 5163984& 3517500& 2903040& 4058736& 7034268& 4761696\\ \lambda _{12}& 205424640& 82549440& 16471440& 4418016& 1919700& 1213572& 967680& 1455716& 2934284& 1824168\\ \lambda _{13}& 189527040& 69662880& 10325040& 1800768& 575808& 320262& 241920& 413784& 1105044& 598522\\ \lambda _{14}& 209064960& 86107680& 18873840& 5760384& 2723772& 1788716& 1451520& 2102964& 3929460& 2548040\\ \lambda _{15}& 289059840& 165227040& 78967200& 49372800& 37176768& 31559040& 29030400& 33144576& 41255520& 34897344\\ \lambda _{16}& 244039680& 118974240& 41486880& 20691600& 13721040& 10883304& 9676800& 11728152& 16206312& 12737136\\ \lambda _{17}& 212613120& 89501760& 21350160& 7495728& 4031292& 2868280& 2419200& 3241876& 5366368& 3749372\\ \lambda _{18}& 192890880& 72646560& 12023040& 2620992& 1017696& 617378& 483840& 758036& 1687240& 997262\\ \lambda _{19}& 220078080& 97133760& 27315840& 11716608& 7220784& 5533552& 4838400& 6049880& 8880696& 6707120\\ \lambda _{20}& 252288000& 128331360& 50086080& 27667872& 19535400& 16043784& 14515200& 17056944& 22359768& 18235608\\ \lambda _{21}& 272010240& 144900000& 58440480& 30997632& 20717568& 16357344& 14515200& 17662080& 24329280& 19130976\\ \lambda _{22}& 202014720& 79449120& 14485680& 3241824& 1157268& 644524& 483840& 830428& 2034528& 1140620\\ \lambda _{23}& 186301440& 67004640& 8979360& 1183392& 248676& 103974& 69120& 161932& 670552& 304712\\ \lambda _{24}& 240215040& 114829920& 37707360& 17456208& 10890768& 8315728& 7257600& 9104720& 13278240& 10052528\\ \lambda _{25}& 359009280& 245329920& 156637440& 119022336& 100806912& 91517184& 87091200& 93984768& 106502400& 96609024\\ \lambda _{26}& 302561280& 182062080& 96975360& 66309888& 52937856& 46522368& 43545600& 48278784& 57293184& 50215296\\ \lambda _{27}& 410572800& 301190400& 205804800& 159148800& 134887680& 122135040& 116121600& 125556480& 142352640& 128977920\\ \lambda _{28}& 316477440& 189504000& 92640000& 55407360& 39456000& 32179200& 29030400& 34310400& 44862720& 36564480\\ \lambda _{29}& 217912320& 92171520& 20264400& 5483088& 2181720& 1266912& 967680& 1591872& 3538656& 2079576\\ \lambda _{30}& 195425280& 73762560& 11420880& 1850592& 459240& 204064& 138240& 304136& 1076372& 515792\\ \lambda _{31}& 183121920& 64434240& 7825680& 785184& 101592& 29822& 17280& 60852& 420692& 166672\\ \lambda _{32}& 232657920& 106981920& 31490400& 13092576& 7648560& 5640672& 4838400& 6269376& 9679568& 7059296\\ \lambda _{33}& 205655040& 82964160& 16991040& 4849920& 2253600& 1486784& 1209600& 1744056& 3295576& 2127960\\ \lambda _{34}& 276480000& 150465600& 64491840& 36772128& 26098848& 21407328& 19353600& 22766976& 29768256& 24300000\\ \lambda _{35}& 251596800& 121875840& 37313280& 14054400& 6943104& 4503168& 3628800& 5326848& 9694080& 6350976\\ \lambda _{36}& 192199680& 71055360& 10046880& 1273920& 198048& 55904& 30240& 117144& 694728& 284088\\ \lambda _{37}& 180126720& 62232480& 7044960& 581664& 43704& 5694& 2160& 23510& 300392& 107758\\ \lambda _{38}& 225054720& 99004320& 24805440& 8013312& 3656160& 2289504& 1814400& 2759136& 5386368& 3393840\\ \lambda _{39}& 202245120& 79833600& 14928480& 3561984& 1361136& 789948& 604800& 993696& 2276868& 1320864\end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccccc}& & & & & & & & & & \\ & \lambda _{11}& \lambda _{12}& \lambda _{13}& \lambda _{14}& \lambda _{15}& \lambda _{16}& \lambda _{17}& \lambda _{18}& \lambda _{19}& \lambda _{20}\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ \lambda _1& 228648960& 205424640& 189527040& 209064960& 289059840& 244039680& 212613120& 192890880& 220078080& 252288000\\ \lambda _2& 102617280& 82549440& 69662880& 86107680& 165227040& 118974240& 89501760& 72646560& 97133760& 128331360\\ \lambda _3& 27612240& 16471440& 10325040& 18873840& 78967200& 41486880& 21350160& 12023040& 27315840& 50086080\\ \lambda _4& 10012704& 4418016& 1800768& 5760384& 49372800& 20691600& 7495728& 2620992& 11716608& 27667872\\ \lambda _5& 5163984& 1919700& 575808& 2723772& 37176768& 13721040& 4031292& 1017696& 7220784& 19535400\\ \lambda _6& 3517500& 1213572& 320262& 1788716& 31559040& 10883304& 2868280& 617378& 5533552& 16043784\\ \lambda _7& 2903040& 967680& 241920& 1451520& 29030400& 9676800& 2419200& 483840& 4838400& 14515200\\ \lambda _8& 4058736& 1455716& 413784& 2102964& 33144576& 11728152& 3241876& 758036& 6049880& 17056944\\ \lambda _9& 7034268& 2934284& 1105044& 3929460& 41255520& 16206312& 5366368& 1687240& 8880696& 22359768\\ \lambda _{10}& 4761696& 1824168& 598522& 2548040& 34897344& 12737136& 3749372& 997262& 6707120& 18235608\\ \lambda _{11}& 17498496& 9734340& 5677848& 11465916& 60756288& 29139360& 13445220& 6837720& 18242544& 36592632\\ \lambda _{12}& 9734340& 4762868& 2383000& 5924412& 45895296& 19414512& 7478296& 3101068& 11268400& 25837632\\ \lambda _{13}& 5677848& 2383000& 948816& 3182820& 36815232& 13934304& 4443900& 1404342& 7543112& 19588272\\ \lambda _{14}& 11465916& 5924412& 3182820& 7197180& 48708288& 21425424& 8819584& 3992964& 12776752& 27992592\\ \lambda _{15}& 60756288& 45895296& 36815232& 48708288& 115584864& 75212064& 51515040& 39026592& 57994176& 83879424\\ \lambda _{16}& 29139360& 19414512& 13934304& 21425424& 75212064& 41410752& 23615184& 15378384& 28820496& 49126992\\ \lambda _{17}& 13445220& 7478296& 4443900& 8819584& 51515040& 23615184& 10498956& 5317000& 14573384& 30287568\\ \lambda _{18}& 6837720& 3101068& 1404342& 3992964& 39026592& 15378384& 5317000& 1930534& 8569664& 21186744\\ \lambda _{19}& 18242544& 11268400& 7543112& 12776752& 57994176& 28820496& 14573384& 8569664& 18901640& 35693808\\ \lambda _{20}& 36592632& 25837632& 19588272& 27992592& 83879424& 49126992& 30287568& 21186744& 35693808& 56943600\\ \lambda _{21}& 41920320& 28605120& 20803008& 31287360& 95738400& 56280480& 33963456& 22816416& 40300608& 65026656\\ \lambda _{22}& 8273472& 3741876& 1643036& 4821348& 43491840& 17712384& 6318552& 2293132& 9973912& 24004224\\ \lambda _{23}& 4773192& 1836244& 609716& 2559460& 34903776& 12747216& 3760768& 1008216& 6716768& 18242856\\ \lambda _{24}& 25772256& 16401888& 11196960& 18379008& 71406624& 37965408& 20531616& 12598624& 25688512& 45662208\\ \lambda _{25}& 132655104& 112520448& 99330048& 115941888& 192948480& 148253184& 119280384& 102279168& 126604800& 157102848\\ \lambda _{26}& 77854848& 62131968& 52286976& 64998528& 132725760& 92219520& 67873152& 54608640& 74390016& 100761600\\ \lambda _{27}& 175737600& 149921280& 132503040& 154172160& 244166400& 193363200& 158112000& 136339200& 166717440& 202901760\\ \lambda _{28}& 69719040& 50734080& 39014400& 54366720& 133651200& 86676480& 57722880& 41913600& 65579520& 96606720\\ \lambda _{29}& 11999184& 5813304& 2791248& 7258320& 52382496& 22940424& 9063408& 3704664& 13435968& 30030528\\ \lambda _{30}& 6229488& 2529564& 915192& 3432572& 39367392& 15106488& 4810340& 1432848& 8168688& 21089976\\ \lambda _{31}& 4057860& 1468100& 428652& 2111844& 33130848& 11729184& 3251596& 771600& 6059208& 17058936\\ \lambda _{32}& 20798256& 12513072& 8054880& 14307584& 64718688& 32587152& 16345568& 9287520& 21236736& 40084896\\ \lambda _{33}& 10187232& 5144832& 2701152& 6313696& 46364160& 19874784& 7876864& 3430720& 11676352& 26291712\\ \lambda _{34}& 47684160& 34102080& 26024832& 36765504& 101408256& 61969248& 39464928& 28053504& 45759168& 70604352\\ \lambda _{35}& 23837184& 13286016& 7615872& 15634944& 74620800& 37613952& 18058752& 9239040& 23968512& 46244736\\ \lambda _{36}& 5339088& 2029112& 636624& 2847288& 37450368& 13938816& 4168160& 1092280& 7383336& 19768752\\ \lambda _{37}& 3601860& 1258932& 341066& 1843456& 31700928& 10988856& 2929372& 645916& 5608648& 16158480\\ \lambda _{38}& 15251184& 7964928& 4245936& 9629280& 57751776& 26730960& 11561520& 5340288& 16268256& 34126176\\ \lambda _{39}& 8629560& 4008432& 1838640& 5103384& 43913952& 18091512& 6611700& 2505792& 10290600& 24394272\end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccccc}& & & & & & & & & & \\ & \lambda _{21}& \lambda _{22}& \lambda _{23}& \lambda _{24}& \lambda _{25}& \lambda _{26}& \lambda _{27}& \lambda _{28}& \lambda _{29}& \lambda _{30}\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ \lambda _1& 272010240& 202014720& 186301440& 240215040& 359009280& 302561280& 410572800& 316477440& 217912320& 195425280\\ \lambda _2& 144900000& 79449120& 67004640& 114829920& 245329920& 182062080& 301190400& 189504000& 92171520& 73762560\\ \lambda _3& 58440480& 14485680& 8979360& 37707360& 156637440& 96975360& 205804800& 92640000& 20264400& 11420880\\ \lambda _4& 30997632& 3241824& 1183392& 17456208& 119022336& 66309888& 159148800& 55407360& 5483088& 1850592\\ \lambda _5& 20717568& 1157268& 248676& 10890768& 100806912& 52937856& 134887680& 39456000& 2181720& 459240\\ \lambda _6& 16357344& 644524& 103974& 8315728& 91517184& 46522368& 122135040& 32179200& 1266912& 204064\\ \lambda _7& 14515200& 483840& 69120& 7257600& 87091200& 43545600& 116121600& 29030400& 967680& 138240\\ \lambda _8& 17662080& 830428& 161932& 9104720& 93984768& 48278784& 125556480& 34310400& 1591872& 304136\\ \lambda _9& 24329280& 2034528& 670552& 13278240& 106502400& 57293184& 142352640& 44862720& 3538656& 1076372\\ \lambda _{10}& 19130976& 1140620& 304712& 10052528& 96609024& 50215296& 128977920& 36564480& 2079576& 515792\\ \lambda _{11}& 41920320& 8273472& 4773192& 25772256& 132655104& 77854848& 175737600& 69719040& 11999184& 6229488\\ \lambda _{12}& 28605120& 3741876& 1836244& 16401888& 112520448& 62131968& 149921280& 50734080& 5813304& 2529564\\ \lambda _{13}& 20803008& 1643036& 609716& 11196960& 99330048& 52286976& 132503040& 39014400& 2791248& 915192\\ \lambda _{14}& 31287360& 4821348& 2559460& 18379008& 115941888& 64998528& 154172160& 54366720& 7258320& 3432572\\ \lambda _{15}& 95738400& 43491840& 34903776& 71406624& 192948480& 132725760& 244166400& 133651200& 52382496& 39367392\\ \lambda _{16}& 56280480& 17712384& 12747216& 37965408& 148253184& 92219520& 193363200& 86676480& 22940424& 15106488\\ \lambda _{17}& 33963456& 6318552& 3760768& 20531616& 119280384& 67873152& 158112000& 57722880& 9063408& 4810340\\ \lambda _{18}& 22816416& 2293132& 1008216& 12598624& 102279168& 54608640& 136339200& 41913600& 3704664& 1432848\\ \lambda _{19}& 40300608& 9973912& 6716768& 25688512& 126604800& 74390016& 166717440& 65579520& 13435968& 8168688\\ \lambda _{20}& 65026656& 24004224& 18242856& 45662208& 157102848& 100761600& 202901760& 96606720& 30030528& 21089976\\ \lambda _{21}& 75382176& 26365632& 19138656& 52452096& 173882880& 113431680& 224570880& 111989760& 33873792& 22662144\\ \lambda _{22}& 26365632& 2781016& 1153396& 14736768& 109458432& 59635968& 146085120& 47696640& 4562088& 1696248\\ \lambda _{23}& 19138656& 1153396& 316042& 10062240& 96609024& 50216832& 128977920& 36564480& 2094384& 529212\\ \lambda _{24}& 52452096& 14736768& 10062240& 34527840& 144317952& 88473216& 189008640& 82394880& 19656384& 12217728\\ \lambda _{25}& 173882880& 109458432& 96609024& 144317952& 269266176& 208760832& 323066880& 217232640& 122595840& 103799808\\ \lambda _{26}& 113431680& 59635968& 50216832& 88473216& 208760832& 149380608& 259614720& 151741440& 69357312& 55273728\\ \lambda _{27}& 224570880& 146085120& 128977920& 189008640& 323066880& 259614720& 380816640& 274648320& 163296000& 138620160\\ \lambda _{28}& 111989760& 47696640& 36564480& 82394880& 217232640& 151741440& 274648320& 157002240& 59082240& 42251520\\ \lambda _{29}& 33873792& 4562088& 2094384& 19656384& 122595840& 69357312& 163296000& 59082240& 7227744& 2992704\\ \lambda _{30}& 22662144& 1696248& 529212& 12217728& 103799808& 55273728& 138620160& 42251520& 2992704& 858964\\ \lambda _{31}& 17628864& 845324& 177668& 9098832& 93987072& 48285696& 125452800& 34218240& 1604760& 322976\\ \lambda _{32}& 45871008& 10992384& 7072288& 29190720& 136832256& 81780096& 180195840& 74215680& 15152928& 8804144\\ \lambda _{33}& 29095296& 4115744& 2140864& 16857120& 112909824& 62584320& 150128640& 51194880& 6258240& 2881408\\ \lambda _{34}& 81255744& 31848480& 24312672& 58146048& 179071488& 118874880& 229547520& 117849600& 39694752& 28099584\\ \lambda _{35}& 54028800& 11355264& 6352128& 33866496& 152239104& 92799360& 201139200& 87736320& 16608384& 8449920\\ \lambda _{36}& 20966976& 1254496& 297368& 11094080& 101090304& 53230848& 134991360& 39705600& 2326656& 531624\\ \lambda _{37}& 16495872& 682704& 118388& 8417920& 91657728& 46665984& 122238720& 32348160& 1329144& 228012\\ \lambda _{38}& 38966976& 6556128& 3402288& 23387376& 129238272& 74884992& 171590400& 66055680& 9916080& 4642992\\ \lambda _{39}& 26796672& 3034584& 1332756& 15110736& 109840896& 60064128& 146292480& 48142080& 4887600& 1918056\end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{cccccccccc}& & & & & & & & & \\ & \lambda _{31}& \lambda _{32}& \lambda _{33}& \lambda _{34}& \lambda _{35}& \lambda _{36}& \lambda _{37}& \lambda _{38}& \lambda _{39}\\ & & & & & & & & & \\ \lambda _1& 183121920& 232657920& 205655040& 276480000& 251596800& 192199680& 180126720& 225054720& 202245120\\ \lambda _2& 64434240& 106981920& 82964160& 150465600& 121875840& 71055360& 62232480& 99004320& 79833600\\ \lambda _3& 7825680& 31490400& 16991040& 64491840& 37313280& 10046880& 7044960& 24805440& 14928480\\ \lambda _4& 785184& 13092576& 4849920& 36772128& 14054400& 1273920& 581664& 8013312& 3561984\\ \lambda _5& 101592& 7648560& 2253600& 26098848& 6943104& 198048& 43704& 3656160& 1361136\\ \lambda _6& 29822& 5640672& 1486784& 21407328& 4503168& 55904& 5694& 2289504& 789948\\ \lambda _7& 17280& 4838400& 1209600& 19353600& 3628800& 30240& 2160& 1814400& 604800\\ \lambda _8& 60852& 6269376& 1744056& 22766976& 5326848& 117144& 23510& 2759136& 993696\\ \lambda _9& 420692& 9679568& 3295576& 29768256& 9694080& 694728& 300392& 5386368& 2276868\\ \lambda _{10}& 166672& 7059296& 2127960& 24300000& 6350976& 284088& 107758& 3393840& 1320864\\ \lambda _{11}& 4057860& 20798256& 10187232& 47684160& 23837184& 5339088& 3601860& 15251184& 8629560\\ \lambda _{12}& 1468100& 12513072& 5144832& 34102080& 13286016& 2029112& 1258932& 7964928& 4008432\\ \lambda _{13}& 428652& 8054880& 2701152& 26024832& 7615872& 636624& 341066& 4245936& 1838640\\ \lambda _{14}& 2111844& 14307584& 6313696& 36765504& 15634944& 2847288& 1843456& 9629280& 5103384\\ \lambda _{15}& 33130848& 64718688& 46364160& 101408256& 74620800& 37450368& 31700928& 57751776& 43913952\\ \lambda _{16}& 11729184& 32587152& 19874784& 61969248& 37613952& 13938816& 10988856& 26730960& 18091512\\ \lambda _{17}& 3251596& 16345568& 7876864& 39464928& 18058752& 4168160& 2929372& 11561520& 6611700\\ \lambda _{18}& 771600& 9287520& 3430720& 28053504& 9239040& 1092280& 645916& 5340288& 2505792\\ \lambda _{19}& 6059208& 21236736& 11676352& 45759168& 23968512& 7383336& 5608648& 16268256& 10290600\\ \lambda _{20}& 17058936& 40084896& 26291712& 70604352& 46244736& 19768752& 16158480& 34126176& 24394272\\ \lambda _{21}& 17628864& 45871008& 29095296& 81255744& 54028800& 20966976& 16495872& 38966976& 26796672\\ \lambda _{22}& 845324& 10992384& 4115744& 31848480& 11355264& 1254496& 682704& 6556128& 3034584\\ \lambda _{23}& 177668& 7072288& 2140864& 24312672& 6352128& 297368& 118388& 3402288& 1332756\\ \lambda _{24}& 9098832& 29190720& 16857120& 58146048& 33866496& 11094080& 8417920& 23387376& 15110736\\ \lambda _{25}& 93987072& 136832256& 112909824& 179071488& 152239104& 101090304& 91657728& 129238272& 109840896\\ \lambda _{26}& 48285696& 81780096& 62584320& 118874880& 92799360& 53230848& 46665984& 74884992& 60064128\\ \lambda _{27}& 125452800& 180195840& 150128640& 229547520& 201139200& 134991360& 122238720& 171590400& 146292480\\ \lambda _{28}& 34218240& 74215680& 51194880& 117849600& 87736320& 39705600& 32348160& 66055680& 48142080\\ \lambda _{29}& 1604760& 15152928& 6258240& 39694752& 16608384& 2326656& 1329144& 9916080& 4887600\\ \lambda _{30}& 322976& 8804144& 2881408& 28099584& 8449920& 531624& 228012& 4642992& 1918056\\ \lambda _{31}& 76360& 6271344& 1757552& 22752288& 5300352& 138008& 38334& 2758608& 1007208\\ \lambda _{32}& 6271344& 24146240& 12973696& 51653952& 27668736& 7839456& 5731696& 18505056& 11352048\\ \lambda _{33}& 1757552& 12973696& 5530880& 34602912& 13800960& 2368040& 1534416& 8413056& 4383360\\ \lambda _{34}& 22752288& 51653952& 34602912& 87158304& 60018048& 26369280& 21546720& 44713152& 32272992\\ \lambda _{35}& 5300352& 27668736& 13800960& 60018048& 33041664& 7168896& 4625280& 21125376& 11822976\\ \lambda _{36}& 138008& 7839456& 2368040& 26369280& 7168896& 256784& 72328& 3819456& 1460880\\ \lambda _{37}& 38334& 5731696& 1534416& 21546720& 4625280& 72328& 11002& 2368224& 830520\\ \lambda _{38}& 2758608& 18505056& 8413056& 44713152& 21125376& 3819456& 2368224& 13069968& 6915312\\ \lambda _{39}& 1007208& 11352048& 4383360& 32272992& 11822976& 1460880& 830520& 6915312& 3292116\end{array}$$

### Acknowledgments

The author is indebted to C. Reutenauer for his invaluable contribution during this work. He also thanks M. Schocker for the many hours passed on the double coset conjecture; and R.B Howlett for our useful discussions. Finally, he is grateful to F. Lübeck for his helpful remarks about CHEVIE and GAP.