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# Analytical approximation of the stress-energy tensor of a quantized scalar field in static spherically symmetric spacetimes

## I Introduction

The interest in the vacuum polarization effects in strong gravitational fields is connected mainly with investigations of the early Universe and the construction of a self-consistent model of black hole evaporation. The main objects to calculate from quantum field theory in curved spacetime are the quantities $`\phi ^2`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu `$ where $`\phi `$ is the quantum field and $`T_\nu ^\mu `$ is the stress-energy tensor operator for $`\phi `$. The latter quantity is of particular interest as a source term in the semiclassical Einstein field equations:

$$G_\nu ^\mu =8\pi GT_\nu ^\mu .$$
(1)
Except for very special spacetimes, on which quantum matter fields are propagated, and for boundary conditions with a high degree of symmetry (see, for example, DC ), it is not possible to obtain exact expressions for these quantities. Numerical computations of these quantities are as a rule extremely intensive HC ; C ; AHS ; BBK . Thus it is useful, when possible, to have analytical approximations to $`\phi ^2`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu `$. One of the most widely used techniques to obtain information about these quantities is the DeWitt-Schwinger expansion DW . It may be used to give the expansions for $`\phi ^2`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu `$ in terms of powers of $`mL`$ where $`m`$ is the mass of the quantized field and $`L`$ is the characteristic scale of change of the background gravitational field. For conformally coupled massless fields approximate calculations have also been made. For $`T_\nu ^\mu `$ in static Einstein spacetimes ($`R_{\mu \nu }=\mathrm{\Lambda }g_{\mu \nu }`$) these include the approximations of Page, Brown, and Ottewill Page ; BO ; BOP . These results have been generalized to arbitrary static spacetimes by Zannias Z . A different approach to the derivation of approximate expressions for $`\phi ^2`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu `$ for conformally coupled massless fields in static spacetimes has been proposed by Frolov and Zel’nikov FZ . Their calculations were based primarily on geometric arguments and the common properties of the stress-energy tensor rather than on a field theory. Using the methods of quantum field theory the expressions for $`\phi ^2`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu `$ of a scalar field in static spherically symmetric asymptotically flat spacetimes have been obtained by Anderson, Hiscock, and Samuel AHS . They assumed that the field is massive or massless with an arbitrary coupling $`\xi `$ to the scalar curvature and in a zero temperature quantum state or a nonzero temperature thermal state. The result was presented as a sum of two parts, numerical and analytical:

$$T_\nu ^\mu _{ren}=T_\nu ^\mu _{numeric}+T_\nu ^\mu _{analytic}.$$
(2)
The analytical part of their expression is conserved. This has a trace equal to the trace anomaly for the conformally invariant field. For these reasons they proposed to use $`T_\nu ^\mu _{analytic}`$ directly as an approximation for $`T_\nu ^\mu _{ren}`$. An analogous result has been obtained by Groves, Anderson, and Carlson GAC  in the case of a massless spin $`\frac{1}{2}`$ field in a general static spherically symmetric spacetime.

There are two questions about all of these approximations. First, what are the limits of applicability of these approximations? And second, how can one describe quantum states not considered in the above mentioned works?

The DeWitt-Schwinger expansion is independent of the quantum state. The criterion for the validity of the DeWitt-Schwinger approximation is well known: $`mL1`$. The validity of the other approximations discussed above was investigated by the authors by means of comparison with earlier known results.

In this paper, approximate expressions for $`\phi ^2_{ren}`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu _{ren}`$ of a quantized scalar field in static spherically symmetric spacetimes are derived. The field is assumed to be both massless or massive with an arbitrary coupling $`\xi `$ to the scalar curvature $`R`$, and in a zero temperature vacuum state. The expressions for $`\phi ^2_{ren}`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu _{ren}`$ are divided into low- and high-frequency parts. The Anderson-Hiscock-Samuel approach AHS  is used for derivation of the high-frequency contributions to these quantities. Being an ultraviolet effect, the high-frequency contribution is general in the sense that its value does not depend on the quantum state in which $`\phi ^2_{ren}`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu _{ren}`$ are taken. This contribution contains all the ultraviolet divergences and can be renormalized. The low-frequency contributions are determined by the quantum state and, as an example, such contributions are calculated in asymptotically flat spacetime in a quantum state corresponding to the Minkowski vacuum (in generally accepted terminology this corresponds to the choice of the Boulware quantum state). Both parts of $`T_\nu ^\mu _{ren}`$ are separately conserved. For a conformally invariant field the trace of the high-frequency part of $`T_\nu ^\mu _{ren}`$ is equal to the trace anomaly and that of the low-frequency part of $`T_\nu ^\mu _{ren}`$ is equal to zero. The validity of the approximations is discussed.

In Sec. II the expressions for the Euclidian Green’s function and the unrenormalized stress-energy tensor of a scalar field with arbitrary mass and curvature coupling in a general static spherically symmetric spacetime are derived. In Sec. III the WKB approximations for $`\phi ^2`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu `$ of a very massive field are discussed. Section IV describes the method of calculating the high-frequency contributions to these quantities and the renormalization procedure for $`\phi ^2`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu `$. The low-frequency contributions in the case of asymptotically flat spacetimes are derived and the renormalized expressions for $`\phi ^2`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu `$ are displayed in Sec. V. The results are summarized in Sec. VI. In the Appendixes some technical results are derived and long expressions are displayed.

The units $`\mathrm{}=c=1`$ are used throughout the paper.

## II An unrenormalized expression for $`\phi ^2`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu `$

In this section the main points of the Anderson-Hiscock-Samuel approach AHS  for obtaining unrenormalized expressions for $`\phi ^2`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu `$ are outlined.

First of all the metric of the static spherically symmetric spacetime is analytically continued into Euclidean form

$$ds^2=fd\tau ^2+d\rho ^2+r^2(d\theta ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta d\phi ^2),$$
(3)
where $`f`$ and $`r`$ are functions of $`\rho `$, and $`\tau `$ is the Euclidean time ($`\tau =it,`$ where $`t`$ is the coordinate corresponding to the timelike Killing vector, which always exists in static spacetime).

The regularization of $`\phi ^2`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu `$ is achieved by using the method of point splitting. When the points are separated one can show that

$`\phi ^2_{unren}`$ $`=`$ $`G_E(x,\stackrel{~}{x}),`$ (4)
$`T_\nu ^\mu _{unren}`$ $`=`$ $`(1/2\xi )(g^{\mu \stackrel{~}{\alpha }}G_{E;\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\nu }+g_\nu ^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}G_{E;}{}_{}{}^{\mu }{}_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}{}^{})+(2\xi 1/2)\delta _\nu ^\mu g^{\sigma \stackrel{~}{\alpha }}G_{E;\sigma \stackrel{~}{\alpha }}\xi (G_{E;}{}_{}{}^{\mu }_\nu `$ (5)
$`+g^{\mu \stackrel{~}{\alpha }}g_\nu ^{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}G_{E;\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\stackrel{~}{\beta }})+2\xi \delta ^\mu _\nu (m^2+\xi R)G_E+\xi (R_\nu ^\mu \delta _\nu ^\mu R/2)G_E\delta ^\mu _\nu m^2G_E/2,`$
where $`m`$ is the mass of the scalar field, $`\xi `$ is its coupling to the scalar curvature $`R`$, and $`g_\beta ^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}`$ is the bivector of parallel transport of a vector at $`\stackrel{~}{x}`$ to one at $`x`$.

The integral representation for the Euclidean Green’s function $`G_E(x,\stackrel{~}{x})`$ of a scalar field in a static spherically symmetric spacetime used by Anderson *et al.* AHS  is the following:

$`G_E(x;\stackrel{~}{x})={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\omega \mathrm{cos}[\omega (\tau \stackrel{~}{\tau })]{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(2l+1)P_l(\mathrm{cos}\gamma )C_{\omega l}p_{\omega l}(\rho _<)q_{\omega l}(\rho _>),`$ (6)
where $`P_l`$ is a Legendre polynomial, $`\mathrm{cos}\gamma \mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{cos}\stackrel{~}{\theta }+\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{sin}\stackrel{~}{\theta }\mathrm{cos}(\phi \stackrel{~}{\phi })`$, $`C_{\omega l}`$ is a normalization constant, $`\rho _<`$ and $`\rho _>`$ represent the lesser and greater of $`\rho `$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }`$, respectively, and the modes $`p_{\omega l}(\rho )`$ and $`q_{\omega l}(\rho )`$ satisfy the equation

$`\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{d^2}{d\rho ^2}}+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2f}}{\displaystyle \frac{df}{d\rho }}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{dr^2}{d\rho }}\right]{\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\rho }}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^2}{f}}+{\displaystyle \frac{l(l+1)}{r^2}}+m^2+\xi R\right]\right\}\left\{\begin{array}{c}p_{\omega l}\hfill \\ q_{\omega l}\hfill \end{array}\right\}=0`$ (9)
and the Wronskian condition

$$C_{\omega l}\left[p_{\omega l}\frac{dq_{\omega l}}{d\rho }q_{\omega l}\frac{dp_{\omega l}}{d\rho }\right]=\frac{1}{r^2f^{1/2}}.$$
(10)
Above, it is assumed that the field is in a zero temperature vacuum state defined with respect to the timelike Killing vector.

By the change of variables

$$\begin{array}{c}p_{\omega l}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2r^2W}}\mathrm{exp}\left\{^\rho Wf^{1/2}𝑑\rho \right\},\hfill \\ \\ q_{\omega l}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2r^2W}}\mathrm{exp}\left\{^\rho Wf^{1/2}𝑑\rho \right\},\hfill \end{array}$$
(11)
one sees that the Wronskian condition (10) is satisfied by $`C_{\omega l}=1`$ and the mode equation (9) gives the following equation for $`W(\rho )`$:

$$W^2=\omega ^2+\frac{f}{r^2}l(l+1)+\frac{f}{4r^2}+V+\frac{f^{}}{8}\frac{(W^2)^{}}{W^2}+\frac{f}{4}\frac{(W^2)^{\prime \prime }}{W^2}\frac{5f}{16}\frac{(W^2)^2}{W^4},$$
(12)
where

$`V`$ $`=`$ $`fm^2+\left(2\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}+f\left({\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)^{\prime \prime }}{2r^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{f^{}(r^2)^{}}{4fr^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)^2}{4r^4}}\right)`$ (13)
$`+\xi f\left({\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime }}{f}}2{\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)^{\prime \prime }}{r^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{f^2}{2f^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)^2}{2r^4}}{\displaystyle \frac{f^{}(r^2)^{}}{fr^2}}\right).`$
The prime denotes a derivative with respect to $`\rho `$.

Now one can rewrite expressions (4),(5) using expressions (6),(11) and then suppose $`\rho =\stackrel{~}{\rho },\theta =\stackrel{~}{\theta },\varphi =\stackrel{~}{\varphi }`$. The superficial divergences in the sums over $`l`$ that appear in this case can be removed as in Refs. HC ; AHS ; CH2 ; H ; A :

$$\phi ^2_{unren}=B_1,$$
(14)
$`T_t^t_{unren}`$ $`=`$ $`[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g^{t\stackrel{~}{t}}{\displaystyle \frac{\xi }{f}}\xi f(g^{t\stackrel{~}{t}})^2\xi (g^{\rho \stackrel{~}{t}})^2]{\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{\epsilon ^2}}B_1+(2\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}})g^{\rho \stackrel{~}{\rho }}B_2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r^2}}[\xi f(g^{t\stackrel{~}{\rho }})^2`$ (15)
$`+(2\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}})]B_3+\xi [{\displaystyle \frac{f^{}}{2f}}{\displaystyle \frac{ff^{}}{2}}(g^{t\stackrel{~}{t}})^2+f({\displaystyle \frac{f^{}}{2f}}{\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)^{}}{r^2}})(g^{t\stackrel{~}{\rho }})^2]B_4`$
$`+[\xi f({\displaystyle \frac{1}{4r^2}}+m^2+\xi R)(g^{t\stackrel{~}{\rho }})^2(2\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}){\displaystyle \frac{1}{4r^2}}+(2\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}})(m^2+\xi R)`$
$`+\xi R_t^t]B_1+i\xi f^{}g^{t\stackrel{~}{t}}g^{t\stackrel{~}{\rho }}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\epsilon }}B_1+i\xi [2g^{t\stackrel{~}{\rho }}+2fg^{t\stackrel{~}{t}}g^{\rho \stackrel{~}{t}}]\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\epsilon }}B_4,`$
$`T_\rho ^\rho _{unren}`$ $`=`$ $`\left[\left(2\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)g^{t\stackrel{~}{t}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\xi }{f}}+\xi (g^{\rho \stackrel{~}{t}})^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\xi }{f}}(g^{\rho \stackrel{~}{\rho }})^2\right]{\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{\epsilon ^2}}B_1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g^{\rho \stackrel{~}{\rho }}B_2`$ (16)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r^2}}\left[\xi \xi (g^{\rho \stackrel{~}{\rho }})^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right]B_3+\left[\xi \left({\displaystyle \frac{f^{}}{2f}}+{\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)^{}}{r^2}}\right)(1+(g^{\rho \stackrel{~}{\rho }})^2)+{\displaystyle \frac{\xi f^{}}{2}}(g^{\rho \stackrel{~}{t}})^2\right]B_4`$
$`+[\xi (1+(g^{\rho \stackrel{~}{\rho }})^2)({\displaystyle \frac{1}{4r^2}}m^2\xi R)(2\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}){\displaystyle \frac{1}{4r^2}}+(2\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}})(m^2+\xi R)`$
$`+\xi R_\rho ^\rho ]B_1+i\xi {\displaystyle \frac{f^{}}{f}}g^{\rho \stackrel{~}{\rho }}g^{t\stackrel{~}{\rho }}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\epsilon }}B_1+i\xi [2g^{t\stackrel{~}{\rho }}+2g^{\rho \stackrel{~}{\rho }}g^{\rho \stackrel{~}{t}}]\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\epsilon }}B_4,`$
$`T_\theta ^\theta _{unren}`$ $`=`$ $`\left(2\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)g^{t\stackrel{~}{t}}{\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{\epsilon ^2}}B_1+\left(2\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)g^{\rho \stackrel{~}{\rho }}B_2+{\displaystyle \frac{2\xi }{r^2}}B_3{\displaystyle \frac{\xi }{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)^{}}{r^2}}B_4`$ (17)
$`+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\xi }{2r^2}}+\left(2\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)(m^2+\xi R)+\xi R_\theta ^\theta \right]B_1+i2\left(2\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)g^{t\stackrel{~}{\rho }}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\epsilon }}B_4,`$
where

$`B_1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑u\mathrm{cos}(u\epsilon ){\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r^2}}\left[\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(l+1/2)}{W}}1\right],`$ (18)
$`B_2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}du\mathrm{cos}(u\epsilon ){\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r^4}}[(l+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}})\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{f}}}W+(l+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}){\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{4r^2}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{W}}`$ (19)
$`+\left(l+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)^{}}{4}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(W^2)^{}}{W^3}}+\left(l+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{16}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(W^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{W^5}}+\left(l+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{u^2}{2}}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{2f}}V{\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{4r^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2f^{}}{16f}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{f}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)^{}}{4}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{f}}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{8}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime }\left({\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{f}}\right)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{7r^2}{32}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{f}}\right)^2],`$
$`B_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}du\mathrm{cos}(u\epsilon ){\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r^2}}[\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(l+1/2)^3}{W}}(l+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}})^2+{\displaystyle \frac{u^2}{2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^4}{8f}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime }`$ (20)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{r^4f^{}}{16f^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{}{\displaystyle \frac{5r^4}{32f}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{2f}}V],`$
$`B_4`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}du\mathrm{cos}(u\epsilon ){\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\left|r\right|^3}}[(l+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}){\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{4r^2}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{W}}(l+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}){\displaystyle \frac{\left|r\right|}{4}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(W^2)^{}}{W^3}}`$ (21)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)^{}}{4\left|r\right|}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\left|r\right|f^{}}{4f}}],`$
$$\epsilon =\sqrt{\frac{f}{r^2}}(\tau \stackrel{~}{\tau }),u=w\sqrt{\frac{r^2}{f}}.$$
(22)
## III WKB approximation for $`\phi ^2`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu `$ of a very massive field

Obtaining the exact solution of Eq. (12) is a very complicated problem. However, it can be solved iteratively if there is a small parameter of the considered task.

Let us evaluate the order of terms in this equation. If the characteristic scale of variation of the gravitational field is designated as $`L`$:

$$L^1=\mathrm{max}\{|1/r|,\left|\left[\mathrm{ln}(fr^2)\right]^{}\right|,\left|\left[\mathrm{ln}(fr^2)\right]^{\prime \prime }\right|^{1/2},\left|\left[\mathrm{ln}(fr^2)\right]^{\prime \prime \prime }\right|^{1/3},\mathrm{}\},$$
(23)
then in case $`r_\mathrm{c}=1/mL`$, one can consider the quantity

$$\epsilon _{\text{WKB}}=\frac{r_\mathrm{c}}{L}1$$
(24)
as a small parameter of the iterative procedure. In this case as the zeroth-order term of the iterative procedure one can choose

$$(W^2)_{(0)}=\omega ^2+\frac{f}{r^2}l(l+1)+fm^2.$$
(25)
The term of the next order \[the iteration procedure demands the using of $`(W^2)_{(0)}`$ instead of $`W^2`$ in the right hand side of Eq. (12) for calculation of the next order term\]

$$(W^2)_{(2)}=\frac{f}{4r^2}+V+\frac{f^{}}{8}\frac{(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}}{(W^2)_{(0)}}+\frac{f}{4}\frac{(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{\prime \prime }}{(W^2)_{(0)}}\frac{5f}{16}\frac{(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}$$
(26)
has the order $`(\epsilon _{\text{WKB}})^2(W^2)_{(0)}`$, i.e., for all values of $`w`$ and $`l`$ this term is much less than the zeroth-order term. For derivation it is convenient to choose as the zeroth-order term of the iterative procedure the following:

$$(W^2)_{(0)}=\omega ^2+\frac{f}{r^2}\left(l+\frac{1}{2}\right)^2+fm^2,$$
(27)
because the addition to $`(W^2)_{(0)}`$ some of the addends from $`(W^2)_{(2)}`$ does not change the conclusions:

$$(W^2)_{(0)}(W^2)_{(2)}(W^2)_{(4)}\mathrm{}$$
(28)
or

$$(W^2)_{(2)}\epsilon _{\text{WKB}}^2(W^2)_{(0)},(W^2)_{(4)}\epsilon _{\text{WKB}}^4(W^2)_{(0)},\mathrm{}$$
(29)
and

$$W^2=(W^2)_{(0)}+(W^2)_{(2)}+(W^2)_{(4)}+\mathrm{}.$$
(30)
This approach gives (Ref. AHS ) the DeWitt-Schwinger expansions of $`\phi ^2`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu `$ in terms of powers of $`1/(mL)`$. Note that there are the different methods of derivation of the approximations for $`\phi ^2`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu `$ in the large mass limit MatK.

## IV High-frequency contribution to $`\phi ^2`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu `$

In the case $`r_\mathrm{c}L`$ or for a massless field a small parameter does not exist. But we can evaluate the contribution to $`T_\nu ^\mu `$ of the high-frequency modes. For that it is necessary to impose a lower-limit cutoff $`w_0`$ on the integrals over $`w`$ in expressions (18)-(21) ($`uu_0=w_0\sqrt{r^2/f}`$). As a small parameter of the iterative procedure we can choose

$$\epsilon _{\text{WKB}}=\frac{\sqrt{f}}{w_0L}=\frac{|r|}{u_0L}1.$$
(31)
This also means \[see the definitions of $`L`$, Eq. (23), and $`u`$, Eq. (22)\]

$$u_0\frac{|r|}{L}1.$$
(32)
The zeroth-order solution of Eq. (12) can be chosen as follows:

$$(W^2)_{(0)}=\omega ^2+\frac{f}{r^2}\left(l+\frac{1}{2}\right)^2.$$
(33)
Then the second and fourth orders are

$$(W^2)_{(2)}=V+\frac{f^{}}{8}\frac{(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}}{(W^2)_{(0)}}+\frac{f}{4}\frac{(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{\prime \prime }}{(W^2)_{(0)}}\frac{5f}{16}\frac{(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}},$$
(34)
$`(W^2)_{(4)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{f^{}}{8}}{\displaystyle \frac{(W^2)_{(2)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}}{(W^2)_{(2)}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{f}{4}}{\displaystyle \frac{(W^2)_{(2)}^{}{}_{}{}^{\prime \prime }}{(W^2)_{(2)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{5f}{16}}{\displaystyle \frac{(W^2)_{(2)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{(W^2)_{(2)}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}}`$ (35)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(W^2)_{(0)}}}[{\displaystyle \frac{f^{}V^{}}{8}}+{\displaystyle \frac{fV^{\prime \prime }}{4}}]+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}}[({\displaystyle \frac{f^{}f^{\prime \prime }}{64}}{\displaystyle \frac{5fV^{}}{8}}+{\displaystyle \frac{ff^{\prime \prime \prime }}{32}}{\displaystyle \frac{f^{}V}{8}})(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}`$
$`+({\displaystyle \frac{ff^{\prime \prime }}{8}}+{\displaystyle \frac{3f^2}{64}}{\displaystyle \frac{fV}{4}})(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{\prime \prime }+{\displaystyle \frac{3ff^{}}{16}}(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{\prime \prime \prime }+{\displaystyle \frac{f^2}{16}}(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }]`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}}}[({\displaystyle \frac{9f^2}{128}}{\displaystyle \frac{7ff^{\prime \prime }}{32}}+{\displaystyle \frac{5fV}{8}})(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}{\displaystyle \frac{15ff^{}}{16}}(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{\prime \prime }`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{9f^2}{32}}(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{\prime \prime }{}_{}{}^{2}{\displaystyle \frac{7f^2}{16}}(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{\prime \prime \prime }]+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}}}[{\displaystyle \frac{27ff^{}}{32}}(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{27f^2}{16}}(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{\prime \prime }]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{5}}}[{\displaystyle \frac{135f^2}{128}}(W^2)_{(0)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}].`$
The high-frequency contributions to the quantities $`B_1`$, $`B_2`$, $`B_3`$, and $`B_4`$ are obtained by substituting the WKB expansion of $`W^2`$ into expressions (18)-(21) and imposing a lower-limit cutoff $`u_0`$ on the integrals over $`u`$:

$`B_1^{\text{HFC}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi ^2}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r^2}}S_0^0(\epsilon ,u_0){\displaystyle \frac{V}{2f}}S_1^0(\epsilon ,u_0){\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{16f^2}}[f^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{}+2f\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime }]S_2^1(\epsilon ,u_0)`$ (36)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{5r^4}{32f^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}S_3^2(\epsilon ,u_0)+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{16f^2}}\left[6V^2f^{}V^{}2fV^{\prime \prime }\right]S_2^0(\epsilon ,u_0)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{r^4}{128f^3}}[(20Vf^{}+40fV^{}f^{}f^{\prime \prime }2ff^{\prime \prime \prime })\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{}+(40fV3f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}`$
$`8ff^{\prime \prime })\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime }12ff^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime \prime }4f^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }]S^1_3(\epsilon ,u_0)+{\displaystyle \frac{r^6}{512f^4}}[(21f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}`$
$`+56ff^{\prime \prime }280fV\left)\right({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}})^{}^2+84f^2({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}})^{\prime \prime }^2+112f^2({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\left)^{}\right({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}})^{\prime \prime \prime }`$
$`+252ff^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime }]S^2_4(\epsilon ,u_0)+{\displaystyle \frac{r^8}{512f^5}}[231ff^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}`$
$`462f^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime }]S_5^3(\epsilon ,u_0)+{\displaystyle \frac{r^{10}}{2048f^6}}\left[1155f^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\right]S_6^4(\epsilon ,u_0)\}`$
$`+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{\epsilon _{\text{WKB}}^2}{L^2}}\right),`$
$`B_2^{\text{HFC}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi ^2}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r^4}}S_1^0(\epsilon ,u_0)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4fr^6}}[\left(r^2\right)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}f2Vr^4]S_0^0(\epsilon ,u_0)`$ (37)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16f^2r^2}}\left[4f\left(r^2\right)^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{}r^2f^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{}2fr^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime }\right]S_1^1(\epsilon ,u_0)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{7r^2}{32f^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^2S_2^2(\epsilon ,u_0)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16f^2r^4}}[4fr^2(r^2)^{}V^{}2f(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}Vr^4f^{}V^{}`$
$`+2r^4V^22fr^4V^{\prime \prime }]S^0_1(\epsilon ,u_0)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{128f^3r^2}}[(56fr^4V^{}48fr^2V(r^2)^{}`$
$`2ff^{}(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}2fr^4f^{\prime \prime \prime }+12r^4Vf^{}r^4f^{}f^{\prime \prime }+4fr^2f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}\left)\right({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}})^{}`$
$`+\left(24fr^4V8fr^4f^{\prime \prime }4f^2(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+12fr^2f^{}(r^2)^{}3r^4f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime }`$
$`+(8f^2r^2(r^2)^{}12fr^4f^{})\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime \prime }4f^2r^4\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }]S^1_2(\epsilon ,u_0)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{512f^4}}[(19r^4f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+20f^2(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}80fr^2f^{}(r^2)^{}280fr^4V`$
$`+64fr^4f^{\prime \prime }\left)\right({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}})^{}^2+(268fr^4f^{}160f^2r^2(r^2)^{}\left)\right({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\left)^{}\right({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}})^{\prime \prime }`$
$`+76f^2r^4\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)_{}^{\prime \prime }{}_{}{}^{2}+128f^2r^4\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime \prime }]S^2_3(\epsilon ,u_0)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{r^4}{512f^4}}\left[\left(140f(r^2)^{}259r^2f^{}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}518fr^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime }\right]S_4^3(\epsilon ,u_0)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1365r^8}{2048f^4}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}S_5^4(\epsilon ,u_0)+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{\epsilon _{\text{WKB}}^2}{L^4}}\right),`$
$`B_3^{\text{HFC}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi ^2}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r^2}}S_0^1(\epsilon ,u_0){\displaystyle \frac{V}{2f}}S_1^1(\epsilon ,u_0){\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{16f^2}}[f^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{}+2f\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime }]S_2^2(\epsilon ,u_0)`$ (38)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{5r^4}{32f^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}S_3^3(\epsilon ,u_0)+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{16f^2}}\left[6V^2f^{}V^{}2fV^{\prime \prime }\right]S_2^1(\epsilon ,u_0)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{r^4}{128f^3}}[(40fV^{}+20f^{}V2ff^{\prime \prime \prime }f^{}f^{\prime \prime })\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{}+(40fV3f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}`$
$`8ff^{\prime \prime })\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime }12ff^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime \prime }4f^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }]S^2_3(\epsilon ,u_0)+{\displaystyle \frac{r^6}{512f^4}}[(21f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}`$
$`+56ff^{\prime \prime }280fV\left)\right({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}})^{}^2+84f^2({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}})^{\prime \prime }^2+252ff^{}({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\left)^{}\right({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}})^{\prime \prime }`$
$`+112f^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime \prime }]S^3_4(\epsilon ,u_0){\displaystyle \frac{231r^8}{512f^4}}[f^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}`$
$`+2f\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime }\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}]S_5^4(\epsilon ,u_0)+{\displaystyle \frac{1155r^{10}}{2048f^4}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}S_6^5(\epsilon ,u_0)\}+O({\displaystyle \frac{\epsilon _{\text{WKB}}^2}{L^2}}),`$
$`B_4^{\text{HFC}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi ^2}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{\left(r^2\right)^{}}{2r^4}}S_0^0(\epsilon ,u_0){\displaystyle \frac{1}{4f}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{}S_1^1(\epsilon ,u_0)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4fr^2}}[(r^2)^{}Vr^2V^{}]S_1^0(\epsilon ,u_0)`$ (39)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{32f^2}}[(f^{}(r^2)^{}r^2f^{\prime \prime }+12r^2V)\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{}+(2f(r^2)^{}3r^2f^{})\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime }`$
$`2fr^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime \prime }]S^1_2(\epsilon ,u_0)+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{64f^3}}[(10r^2f^{}5f(r^2)^{})\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}`$
$`+20fr^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}}\right)^{\prime \prime }]S^2_3(\epsilon ,u_0){\displaystyle \frac{35r^6}{128f^3}}({\displaystyle \frac{f}{r^2}})^{}^3S^3_4(\epsilon ,u_0)+O({\displaystyle \frac{\epsilon _{\text{WKB}}^2}{L^3}}).`$
The mode sums and the integrals in these expressions are of the form

$$S_n^k(\epsilon ,u_0)=_{u_0}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑u\mathrm{cos}(\epsilon u)\underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left\{\frac{\left(l+1/2\right)^{2k+1}}{\left[u^2+\left(l+1/2\right)^2\right]^{(2n+1)/2}}\text{subtraction terms}\right\},$$
(40)
where $`k`$ and $`n`$ are integers, $`k0`$ and $`n1`$. The subtraction terms for the sum over $`l`$ can be obtained by expanding the function being summed in inverse powers of $`l`$ and truncating at $`O(l^0)`$. This subtraction corresponds to the removing of the superficial divergences in the sums over $`l`$ discussed above:

$`S_{n1}^n(\epsilon ,u_0)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{u_0}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑u\mathrm{cos}(\epsilon u){\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{\left(l+1/2\right)^{2n+1}}{[u^2+\left(l+1/2\right)^2]^{(2n1)/2}}}\left(l+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)^2+(2n1){\displaystyle \frac{u^2}{2}}\right\},`$ (41)
$$S_n^n(\epsilon ,u_0)=_{u_0}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑u\mathrm{cos}(\epsilon u)\underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left\{\frac{\left(l+1/2\right)^{2n+1}}{\left[u^2+\left(l+1/2\right)^2\right]^{(2n+1)/2}}1\right\}.$$
(42)
For the other quantities $`S_n^k(\epsilon ,u_0)`$ there are no subtraction terms. The details of the calculations of $`S_n^k(\epsilon ,u_0)`$ in the limit $`\epsilon 0`$ are discussed in Appendix A:

$`S_1^0(\epsilon ,u_0)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\epsilon ^4}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{24\epsilon ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{u_0^4}{12}}{\displaystyle \frac{u_0^2}{48}}+{\displaystyle \frac{7}{1920}}\left(C+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{ln}\left|\epsilon ^2u_0^2\right|\right){\displaystyle \frac{31}{129024}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^2}}`$ (43)
$`+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^4}}\right)+O\left(\epsilon ^2\mathrm{ln}\left|\epsilon \right|\right),`$
$$S_0^1(\epsilon ,u_0)=\frac{4}{\epsilon ^4}\frac{u_0^4}{6}+\frac{7}{960}\left(C+\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{ln}\left|\epsilon ^2u_0^2\right|\right)\frac{31}{32256}\frac{1}{u_0^2}+O\left(\frac{1}{u_0^4}\right)+O\left(\epsilon ^2\mathrm{ln}\left|\epsilon \right|\right),$$
(44)
$`S_0^0(\epsilon ,u_0)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\epsilon ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{u_0^2}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{24}}(C+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{ln}|\epsilon ^2u_0^2\left|\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{7}{3840}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^2}}+\epsilon ^2[{\displaystyle \frac{u_0^4}{8}}+{\displaystyle \frac{u_0^2}{96}}{\displaystyle \frac{7}{2560}}`$ (45)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{7}{3840}}(C+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{ln}|\epsilon ^2u_0^2\left|\right){\displaystyle \frac{31}{86016}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^2}}]+O({\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^4}})+O({\displaystyle \frac{\epsilon ^2}{u_0^4}})+O(\epsilon ^4),`$
$`S_1^1(\epsilon ,u_0)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\epsilon ^2}}+u_0^2{\displaystyle \frac{7}{1920}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^2}}+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^4}}\right)+O\left(\epsilon ^2\mathrm{ln}\left|\epsilon \right|\right),`$ (46)
$`S_n^n(\epsilon ,u_0)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(2n)!!}{(2n1!!)}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\epsilon ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{(2n)!!}{(2n1!!)}}{\displaystyle \frac{u_0^2}{2}}+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^4}}\right)+O\left(\epsilon ^2\mathrm{ln}\left|\epsilon \right|\right)(n2),`$ (47)
$`S_1^0(\epsilon ,u_0)`$ $`=`$ $`(C+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{ln}|\epsilon ^2u_0^2\left|\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{48}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^2}}+\epsilon ^2[{\displaystyle \frac{u_0^2}{4}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{48}}(C+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{ln}|\epsilon ^2u_0^2\left|\right){\displaystyle \frac{1}{32}}`$ (48)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{7}{2560}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^2}}]+O({\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^4}})+O({\displaystyle \frac{\epsilon ^2}{u_0^4}})+O(\epsilon ^4),`$
$`S_2^1(\epsilon ,u_0)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\left(C+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{ln}\left|\epsilon ^2u_0^2\right|\right)+\epsilon ^2\left[{\displaystyle \frac{u_0^2}{6}}+{\displaystyle \frac{7}{3840}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^2}}\right]+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^4}}\right)+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{\epsilon ^2}{u_0^4}}\right)+O\left(\epsilon ^4\right),`$ (49)
$`S_{n+1}^n(\epsilon ,u_0)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(2n)!!}{(2n+1)!!}}\left[\left(C+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{ln}\left|\epsilon ^2u_0^2\right|\right)+\epsilon ^2{\displaystyle \frac{u_0^2}{4}}\right]+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^4}}\right)+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{\epsilon ^2}{u_0^4}}\right)`$ (50)
$`+O\left(\epsilon ^4\right)(n2),`$
$`S_2^0(\epsilon ,u_0)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6u_0^2}}+\epsilon ^2\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}\left(C+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{ln}\left|\epsilon ^2u_0^2\right|\right){\displaystyle \frac{1}{96u_0^2}}\right]+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^4}}\right)+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{\epsilon ^2}{u_0^4}}\right)`$ (51)
$`+O\left(\epsilon ^4\right)(n2),`$
$`S_{n+2}^n(\epsilon ,u_0)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(2n)!!}{(2n+3)!!}}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2u_0^2}}+\epsilon ^2\left[{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(C+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{ln}\left|\epsilon ^2u_0^2\right|\right)\right]\right\}+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^4}}\right)`$ (52)
$`+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{\epsilon ^2}{u_0^4}}\right)+O\left(\epsilon ^4\right)(n1),`$
$`S_{n+3}^n(\epsilon ,u_0)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(2n)!!}{(2n+5)!!}}{\displaystyle \frac{3\epsilon ^2}{4u_0^2}}+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^4}}\right)+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{\epsilon ^2}{u_0^4}}\right)+O\left(\epsilon ^4\right)(n0),`$ (53)
$`S_n^k(\epsilon ,u_0)`$ $`=`$ $`O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^4}}\right)+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{\epsilon ^2}{u_0^4}}\right)+O\left(\epsilon ^4\right)(k0,nk+4).`$ (54)
The substitution of these expressions into Eqs. (36)-(39) and then into Eqs. (15)-(17) gives $`\phi ^2_{unren}^{\text{HFC}}`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu _{unren}^{\text{HFC}}`$ \- the high-frequency contributions to $`\phi ^2_{unren}`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu _{unren}`$. Let us note that the expansions of $`\phi ^2_{unren}^{\text{HFC}}`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu _{unren}^{\text{HFC}}`$ in terms of powers of $`u_0`$ correspond to the DeWitt-Schwinger expansions of $`\phi ^2_{unren}`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu _{unren}`$ in terms of powers of $`mL`$.

The renormalizations of $`\phi ^2`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu `$ are achieved by subtracting the renormalization counterterms from $`\phi ^2_{unren}`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu _{unren}`$ and then letting $`\stackrel{~}{\tau }\tau `$:

$$\phi ^2_{ren}=\underset{\stackrel{~}{\tau }\tau }{lim}\left[\phi ^2_{unren}\phi ^2_{\text{DS}}\right],$$
(55)
$$T_\nu ^\mu _{ren}=\underset{\stackrel{~}{\tau }\tau }{lim}\left[T_\nu ^\mu _{unren}T_\nu ^\mu _{\text{DS}}\right],$$
(56)
where

$`\varphi ^2_{\text{DS}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\pi ^2\sigma }}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\pi ^2}}\left[m^2+\left(\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}\right)R\right]\left[C+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m_{\text{DS}}^2|\sigma |}{2}}\right)\right]`$ (57)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{16\pi ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{96\pi ^2}}R_{\alpha \beta }{\displaystyle \frac{\sigma ^\alpha \sigma ^\beta }{\sigma }},`$
$`C`$ is Euler’s constant, $`R_{\alpha \beta }`$ is the Ricci tensor, $`R=R_\alpha ^\alpha `$, $`\sigma `$ is one-half the square of the distance between the points $`x`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{x}`$ along the shortest geodesic connecting them, $`\sigma ^\mu `$ is the covariant derivative of $`\sigma `$, and the constant $`m_{\text{DS}}`$ is equal to the mass $`m`$ of the field for a massive scalar field. For a massless field $`m_{\text{DS}}`$ is an arbitrary parameter due to the infrared cutoff in $`\phi ^2_{\text{DS}}`$. A particular choice of the value of $`m_{\text{DS}}`$ corresponds to a finite renormalization of the coefficients of terms in the gravitational Lagrangian and must be fixed by experiment or observation. The expression for $`T_\nu ^\mu _{\text{DS}}`$ is displayed in Ref. Chris  and is too long to be displayed here.

For the metric (3) the calculations of quantities $`\sigma ^\mu `$ and $`g^{\mu \stackrel{~}{\nu }}`$ are similar to those in Ref. AHS :

$`\sigma ^t`$ $`=`$ $`(t\stackrel{~}{t})+{\displaystyle \frac{f^2}{24f}}(t\stackrel{~}{t})^3{\displaystyle \frac{1}{120}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4}}}{8f^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8}}{\displaystyle \frac{f^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}}f^{\prime \prime }}{f}}\right)(t\stackrel{~}{t})^5+O\left((t\stackrel{~}{t})^7\right),`$
$`\sigma ^\rho `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{f^{}}{4}}(t\stackrel{~}{t})^2{\displaystyle \frac{f^{}f^{\prime \prime }}{96}}(t\stackrel{~}{t})^4+O\left((t\stackrel{~}{t})^6\right),`$
$`\sigma ^\theta `$ $`=`$ $`\sigma ^\varphi =0,`$
$`\sigma `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g_{\mu \nu }\sigma ^\mu \sigma ^\nu ,`$ (58)
$`g^{t\stackrel{~}{t}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g^{\rho \stackrel{~}{\rho }}}{f}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{f}}{\displaystyle \frac{f^2}{8f^2}}(t\stackrel{~}{t})^2+\left({\displaystyle \frac{f^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4}}}{384f^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{f^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}}f^{\prime \prime }}{96f^2}}\right)(t\stackrel{~}{t})^4+O\left((t\stackrel{~}{t})^6\right),`$
$`g^{t\stackrel{~}{\rho }}`$ $`=`$ $`g^{\rho \stackrel{~}{t}}={\displaystyle \frac{f^{}}{2f}}(t\stackrel{~}{t})\left({\displaystyle \frac{f^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}3}}}{96f^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{f^{}f^{\prime \prime }}{48f}}\right)(t\stackrel{~}{t})^3+O\left((t\stackrel{~}{t})^5\right).`$ (59)
The high-frequency contributions to $`\phi ^2_{unren}`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu _{unren}`$ contain all the ultraviolet divergences and can also be renormalized. This procedure gives the second-order WKB approximation for $`\phi ^2_{ren}`$ and the fourth-order one for components of $`T_\nu ^\mu _{ren}`$ that contain the contributions of high-frequency modes only ($`w>w_0`$):

$$\phi ^2_{\text{WKB}}=\underset{\stackrel{~}{\tau }\tau }{lim}\left[\phi ^2_{unren}^{\text{HFC}}\phi ^2_{\text{DS}}\right]=\left(\phi ^2\right)_{(0)}+\left(\phi ^2\right)_{(2)}+O\left(\frac{1}{u_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}L^2}\right),$$
(60)
$$T_\nu ^\mu _{\text{WKB}}=\underset{\stackrel{~}{\tau }\tau }{lim}\left[T_\nu ^\mu _{unren}^{\text{HFC}}T_\nu ^\mu _{\text{DS}}\right]=\left(T_\nu ^\mu \right)_{(0)}+\left(T_\nu ^\mu \right)_{(2)}+\left(T_\nu ^\mu \right)_{(4)}+O\left(\frac{1}{u_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}L^4}\right),$$
(61)
where $`\left(\phi ^2\right)_{(0)}`$, $`\left(\phi ^2\right)_{(2)}`$, and the nontrivial components of $`T_\nu ^\mu _{\text{WKB}}`$ of zeroth and second WKB orders have the form

$$\left(\phi ^2\right)_{(0)}=\frac{u_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{8\pi ^2r^2},$$
(62)
$`\left(\phi ^2\right)_{(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{16\pi ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16\pi ^2}}\left[m^2+\left(\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}\right)R\right]\mathrm{ln}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{4u_0^2}{m_{\text{DS}}^2r^2}}\right|{\displaystyle \frac{f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{96\pi ^2f^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime }}{96\pi ^2f^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{f^{}(r^2)^{}}{96\pi ^2fr^2}},`$ (63)
$`\left(T_t^t\right)_{(0)}={\displaystyle \frac{u_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}}{16\pi ^2r^4}},`$ (64)
$`\left(T_\rho ^\rho \right)_{(0)}={\displaystyle \frac{u_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}}{48\pi ^2r^4}},`$ (65)
$`\left(T_\theta ^\theta \right)_{(0)}=\left(T_\phi ^\phi \right)_{(0)}={\displaystyle \frac{u_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}}{48\pi ^2r^4}},`$ (66)
$`\left(T_t^t\right)_{(2)}={\displaystyle \frac{u_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{4\pi ^2r^2}}\left[\left(\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2r^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{5f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{4f^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{f^{}(r^2)^{}}{fr^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{8r^4}}{\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime }}{f}}{\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)^{\prime \prime }}{2r^2}}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{4}}\right],`$ (67)
$`\left(T_\rho ^\rho \right)_{(2)}={\displaystyle \frac{u_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{4\pi ^2r^2}}\left[\left(\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2r^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{4f^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{f^{}(r^2)^{}}{4fr^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{8r^4}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{4}}\right],`$ (68)
$`\left(T_\theta ^\theta \right)_{(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`\left(T_\phi ^\phi \right)_{(2)}={\displaystyle \frac{u_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{4\pi ^2r^2}}\left[\left(\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{5f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{8f^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{f^{}(r^2)^{}}{8fr^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{8r^4}}{\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime }}{4f}}+{\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)^{\prime \prime }}{4r^2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{4}}\right],`$ (69)
$$u_0=w_0\sqrt{r^2/f}1.$$
(70)
The quantities of the second WKB order $`\left(\phi ^2\right)_{(2)}`$ and the fourth WKB order $`\left(T_\nu ^\mu \right)_{(4)}`$ are equivalent to the analytical approximations $`\phi ^2_{analytic}`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu _{analytic}`$ of Anderson, Hiscock, and Samuel AHS  (the constants $`m_{\text{DS}}`$ and $`w_0`$ are equal to $`\mu `$ and $`\lambda `$ in their expressions for $`\phi ^2_{analytic}`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu _{analytic}`$, respectively). In the coordinates (3) the expressions for $`\left(T_\nu ^\mu \right)_{(4)}`$ are given in Appendix B.

The quantity $`T_\nu ^\mu _{\text{WKB}}`$ is conserved and has the trace

$`T_\mu ^\mu _{\text{WKB}}={\displaystyle \frac{u_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{4\pi ^2r^2}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{2}}+\left(\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{9f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{4f^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{3f^{}(r^2)^{}}{2fr^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{3f^{\prime \prime }}{2f}}\right)\right]+\left(T_\mu ^\mu \right)_{(4)}.`$ (71)
For a conformally invariant field this trace is equal to the trace anomaly.

## V Low-frequency contribution to $`\phi ^2`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu `$

The behavior of low-frequency modes is determined by the boundary conditions and the topological structure of the spacetime. If the spacetime is asymptotically flat and the characteristic scale of the gravitational field inhomogeneity $`\lambda `$ is much less than the parameter $`\sqrt{f}/\omega _0`$,

$$\frac{\lambda }{\sqrt{f}/\omega _0}1,$$
(72)
the low-frequency contributions to $`\phi ^2`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu `$ can be expanded in terms of powers of this small parameter. In the following the zeroth term of this expansion will be used for approximation of the low-frequency contributions to $`\phi ^2`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu `$. This means that we choose the long-wave modes approximately coincident with long-wave modes of the Minkowski vacuum (in generally accepted terminology this corresponds to the choice of the Boulware quantum state). For these modes \[$`ds^2=dT^2+dx^2+dy^2+dz^2=dT^2+dr^2+r^2(d\theta ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta d\phi ^2)`$\]

$`G_E(x,\stackrel{~}{x})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^4}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Omega }d^3p\frac{\mathrm{exp}\left(i\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Delta }T+ip_\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }x^\alpha \right)}{\left(\mathrm{\Omega }^2+p_x^2+p_y^2+p_z^2+m^2\right)}}`$ (73)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi ^3}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Omega }e^{i\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Delta }T}_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑p\frac{p\mathrm{sin}(p\mathrm{\Delta }r)}{\mathrm{\Delta }r\left(\mathrm{\Omega }^2+p^2+m^2\right)}}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Omega }e^{i\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Delta }T}\frac{\mathrm{exp}\left(\mathrm{\Delta }r\sqrt{\mathrm{\Omega }^2+m^2}\right)}{\mathrm{\Delta }r}}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Omega }e^{i\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Delta }T}\left[\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }r}\sqrt{\mathrm{\Omega }^2+m^2}+O(\mathrm{\Delta }r)\right]}.`$
The first addend in the subintegral function must be removed because it gives a superficial divergence similar to that discussed above. Then the low-frequency contribution to $`\phi ^2`$ is

$`\phi ^2_{\text{LFC}}`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{\mathrm{\Delta }\tau 0}{lim}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{\Omega }_0}^{\mathrm{\Omega }_0}}𝑑\mathrm{\Omega }e^{i\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Delta }\tau }\sqrt{\mathrm{\Omega }^2+m^2}\right\}`$ (74)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\pi ^2}}\left(\mathrm{\Omega }_0\sqrt{\mathrm{\Omega }_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+m^2}+m^2\mathrm{ln}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Omega }_0+\sqrt{\mathrm{\Omega }_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+m^2}}{m}}\right|\right).`$
In the case of a massless field or if $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0m`$ this expression can be rewritten as

$`\phi ^2_{\text{LFC}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Omega }_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{8\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{16\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{16\pi ^2}}\mathrm{ln}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{4\mathrm{\Omega }_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{m^2}}\right|+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{m^4}{\mathrm{\Omega }_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}}\right).`$ (75)
If we take into account $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0=\omega _0/\sqrt{f}`$ then

$`\phi ^2_{ren}`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{\stackrel{~}{\tau }\tau }{lim}\left[\phi ^2_{unren}\phi ^2_{\text{DS}}\right]=\underset{\stackrel{~}{\tau }\tau }{lim}\left[\phi ^2_{unren}^{\text{HFC}}\phi ^2_{\text{DS}}\right]+\phi ^2_{\text{LFC}}=\phi ^2_{\text{WKB}}+\phi ^2_{\text{LFC}}`$ (76)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{R}{16\pi ^2}}\left(\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}\right)\mathrm{ln}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{4u_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{m_{\text{DS}}^2r^2}}\right|{\displaystyle \frac{f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{96\pi ^2f^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime }}{96\pi ^2f}}+{\displaystyle \frac{f^{}(r^2)^{}}{96\pi ^2fr^2}}+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{L^2u_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}}\right).`$
The corresponding expressions for $`T_\mu ^\mu _{\text{LFC}}`$ are

$`T_t^t_{\text{LFC}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Omega }_0^4}{16\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{m^2\mathrm{\Omega }_0^2}{16\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{m^4}{128\pi ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{m^4}{64\pi ^2}}\mathrm{ln}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{4\mathrm{\Omega }_0^2}{m^2}}\right|+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{m^6}{\mathrm{\Omega }_0^2}}\right),`$ (77)
$`T_r^r_{\text{LFC}}`$ $`=`$ $`T_\theta ^\theta _{\text{LFC}}=T_\phi ^\phi _{\text{LFC}}={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Omega }_0^4}{48\pi ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{m^2\mathrm{\Omega }_0^2}{16\pi ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{3m^4}{128\pi ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{m^4}{64\pi ^2}}\mathrm{ln}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{4\mathrm{\Omega }_0^2}{m^2}}\right|+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{m^6}{\mathrm{\Omega }_0^2}}\right).`$ (78)
The analytical approximation for $`T_\nu ^\mu _{ren}`$ in the case of asymptotically flat spacetimes is

$`T_\nu ^\mu _{ren}`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{\stackrel{~}{\tau }\tau }{lim}\left[T_\nu ^\mu _{unren}T_\nu ^\mu _{\text{DS}}\right]=\underset{\stackrel{~}{\tau }\tau }{lim}\left[T_\nu ^\mu _{unren}^{\text{HFC}}T_\nu ^\mu _{\text{DS}}\right]+T_\nu ^\mu _{\text{LFC}}`$ (79)
$`=`$ $`T_\nu ^\mu _{\text{WKB}}+T_\nu ^\mu _{\text{LFC}},`$
$`T_t^t_{ren}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{u_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{4\pi ^2r^2}}\left(\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2r^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{5f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{4f^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{f^{}(r^2)^{}}{fr^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{8r^4}}{\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime }}{f}}{\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)^{\prime \prime }}{2r^2}}\right)`$ (80)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{m^4}{128\pi ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{m^4}{64\pi ^2}}\mathrm{ln}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{4u_0^2}{m^2r^2}}\right|+\left(T_t^t\right)_{(4)}+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^2L^4}}\right)+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda u_0}{rL^4}}\right),`$
$`T_\rho ^\rho _{ren}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{u_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{4\pi ^2r^2}}\left(\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2r^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{4f^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{f^{}(r^2)^{}}{4fr^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{8r^4}}\right)`$ (81)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{3m^4}{128\pi ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{m^4}{64\pi ^2}}\mathrm{ln}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{4u_0^2}{m^2r^2}}\right|+\left(T_\rho ^\rho \right)_{(4)}+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^2L^4}}\right)+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda u_0}{rL^4}}\right),`$
$`T_\theta ^\theta _{ren}`$ $`=`$ $`T_\phi ^\phi _{ren}={\displaystyle \frac{u_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{4\pi ^2r^2}}\left(\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)^{\prime \prime }}{4r^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime }}{4f}}+{\displaystyle \frac{5f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{8f^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{8r^4}}{\displaystyle \frac{f^{}(r^2)^{}}{8fr^2}}\right)`$ (82)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{3m^4}{128\pi ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{m^4}{64\pi ^2}}\mathrm{ln}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{4u_0^2}{m^2r^2}}\right|+\left(T_\theta ^\theta \right)_{(4)}+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^2L^4}}\right)+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda u_0}{rL^4}}\right).`$
This tensor is conserved,

$$T_\nu ^\mu _{ren;\mu }=O\left(\frac{1}{u_0^2L^5}\right)+O\left(\frac{\lambda u_0}{rL^5}\right),$$
(83)
and has the trace

$`T_\mu ^\mu _{ren}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{u_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{4\pi ^2r^2}}\left(\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{9f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{4f^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{3f^{}(r^2)^{}}{2fr^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{3f^{\prime \prime }}{2f}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{m^4}{16\pi ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{m^4}{16\pi ^2}}\mathrm{ln}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{4u_0^2}{m^2r^2}}\right|`$ (84)
$`+\left(T_\mu ^\mu \right)_{(4)}+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{u_0^2L^4}}\right)+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda u_0}{rL^4}}\right).`$
For a conformally invariant scalar field this trace is also equal to the trace anomaly.

## VI Conclusion

In this paper, analytical approximations for $`\phi ^2_{ren}`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu _{ren}`$ of quantized scalar fields in static spherically symmetric asymptotically flat spacetimes have been obtained. The field is assumed to be in a zero temperature vacuum state, with mass $`m<1/L`$ \[$`L(\rho )`$ is the characteristic scale of variation of the gravitational field at the considered point\] and with an arbitrary coupling $`\xi `$ to the scalar curvature.

The necessary conditions for the validity of the analytical approximations (76),(80)-(82) are

$$\lambda \frac{\sqrt{f(\rho )}}{w_0}L(\rho ),$$
(85)
where $`\lambda `$ is the characteristic scale of the gravitational field inhomogeneity in asymptotically flat spacetime and $`w_0`$ is the constant of the WKB expansion.

If we consider a spherical body with radius $`r_0>r_g`$ ($`r_g`$ is the gravitational radius of this body, $`\lambda r_0`$) then the metric spacetime outside this body is

$$ds^2=\left(1\frac{r_g}{r(\rho )}\right)dt^2+d\rho ^2+r(\rho )^2(d\theta ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta d\phi ^2),$$
(86)
where $`r(\rho )`$ is the inverse function to the function

$`\rho (r)`$ $`=`$ $`\rho _0+r_g[\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{r}{r_g}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{r}{r_g}}1\right)}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{r_0}{r_g}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{r_0}{r_g}}1\right)}`$ (87)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{ln}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\sqrt{r/r_g1}+\sqrt{r/r_g}\right)\left(\sqrt{r_0/r_g1}\sqrt{r_0/r_g}\right)}{\left(\sqrt{r/r_g1}\sqrt{r/r_g}\right)\left(\sqrt{r_0/r_g1}+\sqrt{r_0/r_g}\right)}}\right|].`$
When $`r(\rho )r_0`$

$$f(\rho )1,L(\rho )r(\rho ),$$
(88)
and the conditions (85) can be satisfied by the choice of $`w_0`$,

$$r_0w_0r(\rho ).$$
(89)
This means that, far from the body where $`r(\rho )r_0`$, the approximations (76),(80)-(82) are valid.

The presence in expressions (76),(80)-(82) the arbitrary parameter $`u_0=w_0r/\sqrt{f}`$ is a generic feature of local approximation schemes AHS ; GAC ; A ; PS ; P . For a conformally invariant field this parameter can be absorbed into the definition of the constant $`m_{\text{DS}}`$.

When the massless conformally coupled scalar field is in a zero temperature vacuum state and propagating in static spherically symmetric asymptotically flat spacetimes the expressions (76),(80)-(82) are equivalent to the approximations of Page, Brown, and Ottewill Page ; BO ; BOP , Zannias Z , and Frolov and Zel’nikov FZ  (for the particular choice of the arbitrary parameters in their expressions), and the analytical approximation of Anderson, Hiscock, and Samuel AHS . Let us note that in this case the low-frequency contributions to $`\phi ^2_{ren}`$ and $`T_\nu ^\mu _{ren}`$ are equivalent to the low-frequency contributions which are given by the procedure of AHS  for modes with $`w<w_0`$. This means that using such calculations in BFNFSZ ; FSZ ; BFNS  is correct in the case of a conformally invariant field. Let us note also that the more exact procedure Sushkov3  gives different result.

## Acknowledgments

I would like to thank S. V. Sushkov and N. R. Khusnutdinov for helpful discussions. This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research Grant No. 02-02-17177 and by the SRPED Foundation of Tatarstan Republic Grant No. 06-6.5-110.

## Appendix A

To calculate the quantities $`S_n^k(\epsilon ,u_0)`$ it is necessary to compute the various sums over $`l`$. We start from the sum in expression (41):

$`S(u,n)={\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{\left(l+\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2n+1}}{[u^2+\left(l+1/2\right)^2]^{(2n1)/2}}}\left(l+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)^2+(2n1){\displaystyle \frac{u^2}{2}}\right\},n0.`$ (A1)
For calculation of this sum we can use the Abel-Plana method Evg ; Sushkov2 ; P

$$\underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}F(l+1/2)=_q^{\mathrm{}}F(x)𝑑x+_{qi\mathrm{}}^q\frac{F(z)}{1+e^{i2\pi z}}𝑑z_q^{q+i\mathrm{}}\frac{F(z)}{1+e^{i2\pi z}}𝑑z,$$
(A2)
where $`1/2<q<1/2`$, $`f(z)`$ is a holomorphic function for $`Rezq`$, $`f(z)`$ satisfies the condition

$$\left|F(x+iy)\right|<ϵ(x)e^{a|y|},0<a<2\pi ,$$
(A3)
and $`ϵ(x)`$ is an arbitrary function with asymptotic behavior

$$ϵ(x)0\text{for}x+\mathrm{}.$$
(A4)
Using this formula we can calculate the sum (A1):

$`S(u,n)`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{q+0}{lim}\{{\displaystyle _q^{\mathrm{}}}[{\displaystyle \frac{x^{2n+1}}{(u^2+x^2)^{(2n1)/2}}}x^2+(2n1){\displaystyle \frac{u^2}{2}}]dx`$ (A5)
$`+{\displaystyle _{qi\mathrm{}}^q}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{z^{2n+1}}{(u^2+z^2)^{(2n1)/2}}}z^2+(2n1){\displaystyle \frac{u^2}{2}}\right]{\displaystyle \frac{dz}{(1+e^{i2\pi z})}}`$
$`{\displaystyle _q^{q+i\mathrm{}}}[{\displaystyle \frac{z^{2n+1}}{(u^2+z^2)^{(2n1)/2}}}z^2+(2n1){\displaystyle \frac{u^2}{2}}]{\displaystyle \frac{dz}{(1+e^{i2\pi z})}}\}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{(2n1)}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{(2n)!!u^3}{(2n1)!!}}+2(1)^m\underset{\delta +0}{lim}[{\displaystyle _0^{u+\delta }}{\displaystyle \frac{x^{2n+1}dx}{(u^2x^2)^{(2n1)/2}(1+e^{2\pi x})}}`$
$`\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\text{terms of this integral that}}{\text{diverge in the limit}\delta +0}}\right)]`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{(2n1)u^3}{(2n1)!!}}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{(2n)!!}{3}}2\left({\displaystyle \frac{d}{udu}}\right)^n\left[u^{2n}{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{y\sqrt{1y^2}dy}{1+e^{2\pi uy}}}\right]\right\}(n0).`$
The sum in expression (42) can be calculated by the differentiation of $`S(u,n)`$:

$`{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{\left(l+\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2n+1}}{[u^2+\left(l+1/2\right)^2]^{(2n+1)/2}}}1\right\}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2n1)}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{d}{udu}}\right)S(u,n)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{(2n)!!u}{(2n1)!!}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{(2n1)!!}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{d}{udu}}\right)\left\{u^3\left({\displaystyle \frac{d}{udu}}\right)^n\left[u^{2n}{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{y\sqrt{1y^2}dy}{1+e^{2\pi uy}}}\right]\right\}(n0).`$ (A6)
The other sums in the expression for $`S_n^k(\epsilon ,u_0)`$ \[Eq. (40)\] can also be calculated by the differentiation of $`S(u,n)`$:

$`{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(l+\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2n+1}}{[u^2+\left(l+1/2\right)^2]^{(2n+2k+3)/2}}}={\displaystyle \frac{(1)^k(2n1)!!}{(2n1)(2n+2k+1)!!}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{d}{udu}}\right)^{k+2}S(u,n)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{(2n)!!}{(2n+2k+1)!!}}{\displaystyle \frac{(2k1)!!}{u^{2k+1}}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2(1)^k}{(2n+2k+1)!!}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{d}{udu}}\right)^{k+2}\left\{u^3\left({\displaystyle \frac{d}{udu}}\right)^n\left[u^{2n}{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{y\sqrt{1y^2}dy}{1+e^{2\pi uy}}}\right]\right\}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n0,}{k0}}\right).`$ (A7)
The integral over $`y`$ in all these expressions can be calculated approximately. In this integral the integrand decreases exponentially for $`y>1/(2\pi u)`$. The parameter $`u`$ in all expressions (40) satisfies the condition $`u>u_01`$. Therefore the main contribution to this integral gives a small value of $`y`$ ($`y1`$) and the square root in the integrand can be expanded. Then the up limit can be gone to infinity:

$`{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{y\sqrt{1y^2}dy}{1+e^{2\pi uy}}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{ydy}{1+e^{2\pi uy}}}\left[1{\displaystyle \frac{y^2}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1!!}{4!!}}y^4{\displaystyle \frac{3!!}{6!!}}y^6+O(y^8)\right]`$ (A8)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{48u^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{7}{3840u^4}}{\displaystyle \frac{31}{129024u^6}}+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{u^{10}}}\right).`$
Substituting this expression into Eqs. (A5)-(Appendix A) and integrating in Eq. (40) we obtain the resulting expressions (43)-(54).

## Appendix B

$`\left(T_t^t\right)_{(4)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{46080\pi ^2r^8f^4}}\{360r^8f^4m^4+[360r^8f^2f^2480r^6f^3f^{}(r^2)^{}480r^8f^3f^{\prime \prime }]m^2`$ (B1)
$`+32r^4f^432(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }r^6f^412f^{\prime \prime 2}r^8f^2+56(r^2)^{\prime \prime 2}r^4f^4+16f^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }r^8f^3+7f^4r^8`$
$`32f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^6f^316f^{}(r^2)^3r^2f^3+40f^2(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^6f^216f^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }r^8f^2+16f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^2r^4f^3`$
$`+4f^2f^{\prime \prime }r^8f12f^3(r^2)^{}r^6f14f^2(r^2)^2r^4f^248f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime }r^6f^3+48(r^2)^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime }r^4f^4`$
$`112(r^2)^2(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^2f^4+32f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}r^4f^3+40(r^2)^4f^4+32(r^2)^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }r^6f^3`$
$`+[5760r^4f^411520(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^4f^4+2880(r^2)^2r^2f^4+8640f^2r^6f^211520f^{\prime \prime }r^6f^3`$
$`+5760(r^2)^{\prime \prime 2}r^4f^4+4320f^{\prime \prime 2}r^8f^2+7560f^4r^8+360(r^2)^4f^4+11520f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^6f^3`$
$`+2880f^{}(r^2)^3r^2f^32880f^2(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^6f^2+5760f^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }r^8f^22880f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^2r^4f^3`$
$`17280f^2f^{\prime \prime }r^8f11520f^3(r^2)^{}r^6f+720f^2(r^2)^2r^4f^2+11520f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime }r^6f^3`$
$`2880(r^2)^2(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^2f^4+14400f^{}f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}r^6f^25760f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}r^4f^3\left]\right(\xi 1/6)^2`$
$`+[(2880r^6f^45760r^8f^3f^{\prime \prime }5760r^6f^3f^{}(r^2)^{}+4320r^8f^2f^2+720r^4f^4(r^2)^2`$
$`2880r^6f^4(r^2)^{\prime \prime })m^2960f^{\prime \prime }r^6f^3+960(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^4f^4+720f^2r^6f^2960(r^2)^2r^2f^4`$
$`960(r^2)^4f^4+1920(r^2)^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }r^6f^3+960(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }r^6f^42160f^{\prime \prime 2}r^8f^21440(r^2)^{\prime \prime 2}r^4f^4`$
$`+960f^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }r^8f^3+2880f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^6f^3+1200f^{}(r^2)^3r^2f^32160f^2(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^6f^2`$
$`2880f^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }r^8f^21200f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^2r^4f^3+7920f^2f^{\prime \prime }r^8f+2640f^3(r^2)^{}r^6f`$
$`+900f^2(r^2)^2r^4f^2+1920f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime }r^6f^3+2880(r^2)^2(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^2f^43780f^4r^8`$
$`1440(r^2)^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime }r^4f^42400f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}r^4f^34320f^{}f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}r^6f^2\left]\right(\xi 1/6)`$
$`+[720m^4r^8f^416r^4f^420(r^2)^4f^4+56(r^2)^2(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^2f^4+8f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}r^4f^3`$
$`28(r^2)^{\prime \prime 2}r^4f^416f^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }r^8f^3+52f^{}f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}r^6f^2+16(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }r^6f^4+36f^{\prime \prime 2}r^8f^2`$
$`+49f^4r^84f^{}(r^2)^3r^2f^34f^2(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^6f^2+48f^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }r^8f^2+4f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^2r^4f^3`$
$`116f^2f^{\prime \prime }r^8f22f^3(r^2)^{}r^6f3f^2(r^2)^2r^4f^2+8f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime }r^6f^332(r^2)^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }r^6f^3`$
$`24(r^2)^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime }r^4f^48f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^6f^3+(2880r^4f^4+4320(r^2)^2r^2f^4+5580(r^2)^4f^4`$
$`+5760f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}r^4f^315840(r^2)^2(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^2f^4+6480f^{\prime \prime 2}r^8f^2+5760(r^2)^{\prime \prime 2}r^4f^4`$
$`2880f^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }r^8f^35760(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }r^6f^42880f^{}(r^2)^3r^2f^3+5760f^2(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^6f^2`$
$`+15840f^{}f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}r^6f^2+8640f^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }r^8f^2+2880f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^2r^4f^320880f^2f^{\prime \prime }r^8f`$
$`9360f^3(r^2)^{}r^6f2160f^2(r^2)^2r^4f^22880f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime }r^6f^35760(r^2)^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }r^6f^3`$
$`+8640(r^2)^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime }r^4f^45760f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^6f^3+8820f^4r^8\left)\right(\xi 1/6)^2`$
$`+(2880r^6f^4(r^2)^{\prime \prime }720r^4f^4(r^2)^22880r^6f^4)(\xi 1/6)m^2]\mathrm{ln}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{4u_0^2}{m_{\text{DS}}^2r^2}}\right|\},`$
$`\left(T_\rho ^\rho \right)_{(4)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{46080\pi ^2r^8f^4}}\{1080m^4r^8f^4120f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}m^2r^8f^2+f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}r^8+32f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}r^4f^3`$ (B2)
$`4f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}f^{\prime \prime }r^8f24f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}r^4f^316f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime }r^6f^316(r^2)^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }r^6f^38f^{}(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}r^2f^3`$
$`24f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^6f^2+12f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}r^4f^2+8f^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }r^8f^24f^{\prime \prime 2}r^8f^2+16f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^6f^3`$
$`8f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}(r^2)^{}r^6f+32f^{}f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}r^6f^2+[5760f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}r^4f^31440f^{}(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}r^2f^3`$
$`5760f^{}(r^2)^{}r^4f^32880f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}r^6f^2+2880f^{}f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}r^6f^2+2160f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}r^4f^2`$
$`720f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}r^8+1440f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}f^{\prime \prime }r^8f+2880f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^6f^2\left]\right(\xi 1/6)^2`$
$`+[240f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}r^6f^2+(720(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}r^4f^41440f^{}(r^2)^{}r^6f^31440f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}r^8f^2`$
$`2880r^6f^4)m^21260f^{}^2(r^2)^{}^2r^4f^2+540f^{}^4r^8+480(r^2)^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }r^6f^3720f^{}^2f^{\prime \prime }r^8f`$
$`+480f^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }r^8f^2480f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^6f^3720f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}r^4f^31200f^{}f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}r^6f^2`$
$`+1200f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^6f^2+480f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime }r^6f^3+720f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}(r^2)^{}r^6f+720f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}r^4f^3`$
$`+480f^{}(r^2)^{}r^4f^3240f^{\prime \prime 2}r^8f^2\left]\right(\xi 1/6)+[720m^4r^8f^4+12f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}r^4f^3`$
$`16r^4f^44(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}f^4+8f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^6f^2+12f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}f^{\prime \prime }r^8f+8(r^2)^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }r^6f^38f^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }r^8f^2`$
$`+8f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime }r^6f^324f^{}f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}r^6f^23f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}r^4f^2+4f^{}(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}r^2f^3`$
$`16f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}r^4f^3+8(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^2f^48(r^2)^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime }r^4f^4+10f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}(r^2)^{}r^6f`$
$`7f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}r^88f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^6f^3+4f^{\prime \prime 2}r^8f^2+4(r^2)^{\prime \prime 2}r^4f^4+(2880r^4f^4`$
$`4320(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}r^2f^42880f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^6f^22340(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}f^41440f^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }r^8f^2`$
$`+2880f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^6f^3+4320f^{}f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}r^6f^21440f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}(r^2)^{}r^6f+4320f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}r^4f^2`$
$`+720f^{}(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}r^2f^32880f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime }r^6f^3+5760(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }r^2f^45760(r^2)^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime }r^4f^4`$
$`+1440f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}r^4f^31260f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}r^82880(r^2)^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }r^6f^3+2160f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}f^{\prime \prime }r^8f`$
$`4320f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}r^4f^3+720f^{\prime \prime 2}r^8f^2+2880(r^2)^{\prime \prime 2}r^4f^4\left)\right(\xi 1/6)^2+(2880r^6f^4`$
$`+720(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}r^4f^4+1440f^{}(r^2)^{}r^6f^3)(\xi 1/6)m^2]\mathrm{ln}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{4u_0^2}{m_{\text{DS}}^2r^2}}\right|\},`$
$`\left(T_\theta ^\theta \right)_{(4)}`$ $`=`$ $`\left(T_\varphi ^\varphi \right)_{(4)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{46080\pi ^2r^8f^4}}\{1080r^8f^4m^4+120r^8f^2f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}m^28r^4f^3f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}`$ (B3)
$`+16r^6f^2f^{}f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}+17r^8f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}16r^8f^3f^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }8r^6ff_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}(r^2)^{}+16r^6f^3f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime }`$
$`+16r^4f^3f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}52r^8ff_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}f^{\prime \prime }+24r^8f^2f^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }4r^4f^2f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}`$
$`+8r^6f^2f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }+28r^8f^2f^{\prime \prime 2}24r^6f^3(r^2)^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }16r^6f^3f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{\prime \prime }`$
$`+[5760r^6f^3f^{\prime \prime }1440r^4f^3f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+2880r^6f^2f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}14400r^4f^3f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}`$
$`+11520r^6f^3f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime }+2880r^8f^2f^{\prime \prime 2}+5760r^6f^3f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{\prime \prime }7920r^6ff_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}(r^2)^{}`$
$`3600r^4f^2f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}14400r^8ff_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}f^{\prime \prime }+8640r^4f^3f^{}(r^2)^{}+2880r^6f^2f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }`$
$`+5040r^2f^3f^{}(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}+6480r^8f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}+5760r^8f^2f^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }+10080r^6f^2f^{}f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}\left]\right(\xi 1/6)^2`$
$`+[240r^6f^2f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+480r^6f^3f^{\prime \prime }+(720r^4f^4(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}1440r^8f^3f^{\prime \prime }+720r^8f^2f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}`$
$`+1440r^6f^4(r^2)^{\prime \prime }720r^6f^3f^{}(r^2)^{})m^21440r^8f^2f^{\prime \prime 2}720r^4f^3f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}`$
$`1920r^8f^2f^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }+5400r^8ff_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}f^{\prime \prime }2580r^8f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}+720r^6f^3f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{\prime \prime }+480r^8f^3f^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }`$
$`2280r^6f^2f^{}f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}+720r^6f^3(r^2)^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }720r^4f^3f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+1440r^6ff_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}(r^2)^{}`$
$`+480r^2f^3f^{}(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}+660r^4f^2f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}960r^6f^2f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }\left]\right(\xi 1/6)`$
$`+[720r^8f^4m^4+16r^4f^420r^8f^2f^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }+12f^4(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}14r^6f^2f^{}f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}`$
$`+12r^6f^3(r^2)^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }+8r^6f^3f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{\prime \prime }+6r^6ff_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}(r^2)^{}2r^6f^2f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }8r^6f^3f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime }`$
$`+12r^4f^4(r^2)^{\prime \prime 2}20r^8f^2f^{\prime \prime 2}+4r^4f^3f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}8r^4f^3f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+3r^4f^2f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}`$
$`+16r^4f^4(r^2)^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime }+52r^8ff_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}f^{\prime \prime }+8r^8f^3f^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }8r^6f^4(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }32r^2f^4(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }`$
$`+(2880r^4f^421r^8f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}8640r^4f^4(r^2)^{\prime \prime }4320r^4f^3f^{}(r^2)^{}+8640r^2f^4(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}`$
$`+9360r^6f^2f^{}f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}+7200r^8f^2f^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }3240r^4f^2f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+5040r^6f^2f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }`$
$`+7020f^4(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}5400r^2f^3f^{}(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}20880r^2f^4(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }+11520r^4f^4(r^2)^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime }`$
$`16560r^8ff_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}f^{\prime \prime }5400r^6ff_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}(r^2)^{}+8640r^4f^4(r^2)^{\prime \prime 2}+11520r^4f^3f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{}`$
$`5760r^6f^3f^{}(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime }7200r^6f^3f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)^{\prime \prime }4320r^6f^3(r^2)^{}f^{\prime \prime \prime }2880r^8f^3f^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }`$
$`+5040r^8f^2f^{\prime \prime 2}+5040r^4f^3f^{\prime \prime }(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}5760r^6f^4(r^2)^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }+7020r^8f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\left)\right(\xi 1/6)^2`$
$`+(720r^4f^4(r^2)_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+720r^6f^3f^{}(r^2)^{}+1440r^6f^4(r^2)^{\prime \prime }+1440r^8f^3f^{\prime \prime }`$
$`720r^8f^2f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})(\xi 1/6)m^2]\mathrm{ln}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{4u_0^2}{m_{\text{DS}}^2r^2}}\right|\}.`$


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# The radio halo in the merging cluster A3562

## 1 Radio halos and the case of A3562

The existence of cluster radio halos and relics is well established, and their number has considerably increased over the past few years (e.g. Giovannini & Feretti 2000, 2002; Govoni et al. 2001a; Bacchi et al. 2003). At present about 40 objects are known, supporting the evidence that many different components coexist in clusters of galaxies over the whole cluster scale. In particular, beyond the galaxies themselves and the hot thermal gas, visible in the soft X–ray band, halos and relics reveal the existence of cluster scale magnetic fields, with intensity of the order of $`\mu `$G, and of relativistic electrons spread over the same large volume.

Both halos and relics are characterised by steep integrated radio spectra ($`\alpha >`$ 1). In few well studied cases, halos show a remarkable steepening of the spectrum going from the centre to the peripheral regions. Halos are located at the centre of the hosting cluster and are unpolarised, while relics are usually found at the cluster outskirts, are more irregular in shape and show high fractional polarisation. The linear size for both types of sources ranges from $``$ 0.5 up to more than 1 Mpc (Feretti & Giovannini 1996, Giovannini & Feretti 2002).

The considerable number of radio halos known to date allows us to search for correlations and other statistical properties. It is found that the radio power of halos strongly correlates with the cluster bolometric luminosity LX, the intracluster gas temperature kT (Liang et al. 2000; Colafrancesco 1999; Feretti 2000) and the cluster mass M (Govoni et al. 2001a). In particular, logP$`_{1.4GHz}`$ increases with increasing LX, T and cluster mass, and the detection rate of radio halos is as high as $``$ 30% in clusters with L$`{}_{X}{}^{}>10^{45}`$ erg s-1 (Giovannini et al. 1999). Finally, Govoni et al. (2001b) found a spatial correlation between the halo radio brightness and the X–ray brightness of the intracluster gas, suggesting some connection between these two components.

The major energy release ($`10^{63}10^{64}`$ erg s-1) during cluster mergers has been invoked to explain the formation of halos and relics. Absence of cooling flows, substructure and distortions in the galaxy and gas distribution, galaxy velocity structure, gas temperature gradients are all considered signatures of cluster mergers (see Böhringer & Schuecker 2002 for a review on this topic). All these are known to be common properties of clusters containing radio halos. Based on a quantitative analysis of the cluster dynamical state, Buote (2001) proposed that massive clusters experiencing violent mergers, i.e. those that have seriously disrupted the core, are most likely to host a radio halo. On the other hand, many clusters with clear signs of merger do not possess a halo, suggesting that our understanding of the whole picture is not yet complete. In situ acceleration of relativistic electrons during a merger event, may be due to merger shocks (e.g. Sarazin 1999) or to turbulence (e.g. Schlickeiser et al. 1987; Brunetti et al. 2001; Ohno et al. 2002). Recently, Gabici & Blasi (2002) claimed that shock acceleration provides efficient particle acceleration only in the case of minor mergers.

A3562 (z=0.048, B–M type I and richness class 2) is located in the central region of the Shapley Concentration, where major cluster merging processes and group accretion are known to take place (Ettori et al. 1997; Bardelli et al. 1996 and 1998). The cluster has a temperature of kT = 5.1$`\pm `$0.2 keV, a bolometric luminosity L$`{}_{X}{}^{}=4.3\times 10^{44}`$ erg s-1 and a total mass M$`{}_{tot}{}^{}=5.5\times 10^{14}`$ M (Ettori et al. 2000). The core region is characterised by a small cooling flow (Peres et al. 1998). Beyond the central cooling flow, excess X–ray emission over the fitted $`\beta `$–model (significant at the 95% confidence level) was detected with Beppo–SAX west of the cluster centre, in the direction of A3558, and at the extreme eastern periphery of the cluster, while no significant excess hard X–ray emission over the thermal Bremsstrahlung component was found (Ettori et al. 2000).

Radio observations at 1.38 GHz and 2.36 GHz (22 cm 13 cm respectively), carried out with the Australia Telescope Compact Array, revealed the presence of a head–tail radio galaxy, J1333–3141, located at a projected distance of $`1^{}`$ from the cluster centre. Furthermore, hints of cluster scale emission were found, on the basis of a MOST 843 MHz image and inspection of the NVSS (Venturi et al. 2000, hereinafter V2000). The radio survey revealed the presence of six more radio galaxies located east of the cluster centre, in the same region where the excess X–ray emission was noted.

In this paper we confirm the presence of a radio halo in the cluster A3562, thanks to new 1.4 GHz Very Large Array (VLA) observations, and perform an analysis of its properties and origin. Furthermore, we carry out a thorough study of the head–tail radio galaxy J1333–3141, embedded in the halo emission, based on the data published in V2000 and on new VLA observations over a wide range of frequencies.

The observations and data analysis are reported in Section 2 and 3; the discussion on the halo origin in the light of the two–phase model (Brunetti et al. 2001), its connection with the head–tail galaxy J1333–3141 and with the cluster merging in A3562 are given in Section 4; conclusions are summarised in Section 5.

We will assume S $`\nu ^\alpha `$, Ho = 50 km s-1Mpc-1, qo=0.5. With our cosmology, at the distance of A3562 1′′ corresponds to 1.28 kpc.

## 2 The head–tail radio galaxy J1333–3141

The radio emission of the halo is blended with that of the head–tail galaxy J1333–3141, both in the 1.4 GHz image presented here and in the 843 MHz image (V2000). For this reason, in order to estimate the integrated spectral index of the halo between 843 MHZ and 1.4 GHZ and to study its properties, a detailed knowledge of the head–tail radio galaxy is also necessary.

J1333–3141 is associated with the cluster galaxy MT 4108 (v=14438 km/s and bJ = 17.25), which is located at a projected distance of $`1^{}`$ from the central cD galaxy (V2000).

### 2.1 Radio Observations

The source was observed at 330 MHz, 4.86 and 8.46 GHz with the VLA in the BnA configuration on 22 May 2002. Details of the observations are given in Table 1.

Standard calibration, imaging and data analysis were carried out with the NRAO AIPS package.

The 330 MHz image and the final full resolution images at 4.86 GHz (overlaid on the DSS–2 red plate) and at 8.46 GHz are given respectively in Figs. 1, 2 and 3. Details of all images are given in Table 2. The error on the total source flux density is $``$3% at 4.86 GHz and 8.46 GHz, based on gain variations on different scans on the secondary calibrators. This error can be as high as 10% at 330 MHz, due to the shorter duration of the observations and to rapid phase fluctuations introduced by the ionosphere at this low frequency.

A set of images obtained with natural weighting (not shown here) were also produced at 4.86 GHz and 8.46 GHz, in order to derive the integrated spectrum of J1333–3141 (see next subsection). We note that the total flux density in these natural weighted images is $`510`$% higher than the values given in Table 2.

Finally, for an accurate point–to–point spectrum evaluation, necessary for the study carried out in Sections 2.3 and 4, we used the data presented here and re–analysed the ATCA data published in V2000 to produce various sets of images using the same common portion of the u–v coverage, gridding and restoring beam $`\theta _R`$, as follows (see also Table 3 for a summary):

(a) images at 330 MHz, 1.38 GHz and 2.36 GHz, obtained using the data points in the u–v range 0.5 – 15 k$`\lambda `$, $`\theta _R=25^{\prime \prime }\times 12^{\prime \prime }`$, p.a. $`50^{}`$;

(b) images at 2.36, 4.86 and 8.46 GHz, u–v range = 3 – 50 k$`\lambda `$, $`\theta _R=6^{\prime \prime }\times 3^{\prime \prime }`$, p.a. 0;

(c) images at 4.86 and 8.46 GHz, u–v = range 6 – 250 k$`\lambda `$ $`\theta _R=1^{\prime \prime }\times 0.5^{\prime \prime }`$, p.a. 1.

### 2.2 Morphology and integrated spectrum

The high resolution images at 4.86 and 8.46 GHz (Figs. 2 and 3) suggest that the observed morphology of J1333–3141 is the result of projection effects coupled with strong interaction with the intracluster gas.

The northernmost and most compact knot, visible at both frequencies, is coincident with the nucleus of the host galaxy and has the flattest spectrum (see Section 2.3). Therefore we conclude that it hosts the radio core. In Fig. 3 the nucleus, labelled as component C, clearly shows up because of its flat spectrum and to the higher resolution, and the continuous bend of the northern jet is evident. The northern jet bends by 180 within the first kpc from the core, and its tail blends with the southern one. The radio tail bends smoothly eastwards at $`25^{\prime \prime }30^{\prime \prime }`$ from the core ($`3238`$ kpc), as first noted in the ATCA 1.38 and 2.36 GHz images (V2000).

We note the similarity between J1333–3141 and the head–tail radio galaxy associated with NGC 4869 at the centre of the Coma cluster, whose jets bend sharply well within the optical counterpart (Feretti et al. 1990).

Using the data presented in this paper (see Section 2.1) and those published in V2000, we derived the total spectrum of the source in the range 330 MHz – 8.46 GHz (see Fig. 4). We note the good consistency between the full resolution 1.38 GHz and the NVSS 1.40 GHz flux density measurements, despite the difference in resolution.

The spectrum of J1333–3141 can be considered a power law for $`\nu >1.38`$ GHz, with $`\alpha _{1.38}^{8.46}=0.99\pm 0.06`$, and it flattens to $`\alpha _{0.33}^{1.38}=0.67\pm 0.07`$.

In order to estimate the flux density of the head–tail at 843 MHz we fitted its total spectrum with a continuum injection model, and obtained S$`{}_{843MHz}{}^{}=146\pm 6`$ mJy.

### 2.3 Spectral evolution along the tail

We studied the evolution of the spectrum along the tail of J1333–3141 using the proper set of images (see Section 2.1 and Table 3) and the software Synage (Murgia 2001). The analysis allowed us to identify the nucleus of the radio emission with the northernmost knot, coincident with the central part of the associated galaxy (Fig. 2). The spectral index in the radio core (see Fig. 3), is $`\alpha _{4.86}^{8.46}=0.44\pm 0.07`$.

The most important signature in the synchrotron spectrum along the tail is the presence of a frequency break. We could place only a lower limit to the break frequency within the first $``$ 8 kpc from the core, i.e. $`\nu _{br}>10`$GHz. We considered three more regions along the ridgeline of the jet, chosen to be independent and to have good signal–to–noise ratio on all the images, and found that the break frequency progressively lowers at increasing distance from the nuclear region. Our results are reported in Table 4 and can be interpreted as the combination of electron aging and magnetic field decrement due to the jet expansion.

We note that the spectra were fitted with the model discussed in Jaffe & Perola (1974), thus assuming that there is a redistribution of the electron pitch angles on timescales short compared to their radiative life. In order to avoid the uncertainties in the source volume evaluation and the unknown evolution of the magnetic field with time, we computed the electron radiative age trad along the tail (reported also in Table 4) considering a constant magnetic field, computed over the whole source volume (B$`{}_{eq}{}^{}=5\mu `$G). We note that if we took into account the magnetic field decrement in the calculation of the electron radiative age, the values given in Table 4 would be overestimated by up to a factor of 3, depending on how the magnetic field varies along the tail.

## 3 The radio halo

### 3.1 Radio Observations

We observed A3562 at 1.4 GHz with the VLA in the DnC configuration on 10 July 2000, as part of a larger project whose aim is the study of the merging region between the centres of A3558 and A3562 at sub–mJy flux density levels. In order to obtain uniform sensitivity, the observations were carried out in mosaic mode, covering the region of interest with four fields. The total length of the observations was 4 hours, and we switched among the four fields every 4.5 minutes. In Table 1 we report the coordinates and observing parameters only for the field relevant for the present paper.

The data reduction was carried out with the NRAO Astronomical Imaging Package System (AIPS). Each field was calibrated and imaged separately, then the four images were combined together with the task LTESS. The rms in the final mosaic image is $`60\mu `$Jy/beam, and the resolution is FWHM $`41.9^{\prime \prime }\times 35.1^{\prime \prime }`$, in p.a. $`55^{}`$.

Further details concerning the observations and data reduction will be presented in Venturi et al. (2003).

### 3.2 The morphology

The portion of our final mosaic image including the halo emission at the centre of A3562 is shown in Fig. 5, overlaid on the optical red frame taken from the Digitised Sky Survey DSS–2. Details of the image are given in Table 2.

The radio halo at the centre of A3562 has low surface brightness ($`0.175`$ mJy/beam, i.e. $`7\times 10^5`$ mJy/arcsec2) and irregular shape, and encompasses the head–tail radio galaxy J1333–3141, as clear from Fig. 6. The overall morphology recorded in our images is in very good agreement with the NVSS image. The largest angular size is $`8^{}`$, corresponding to $``$ 620 kpc. The extension of the radio halo is smaller than that of the X–ray emission, imaged by ROSAT, however it is coincident with its brightest part, as clearly visible from Fig. 7. Together with those found in A1300 and A2218 (Feretti 2000), it is one of the smallest and faintest radio halos known to date.

We note that the observed size of halos depends both on the sensitivity of the observations and on the intrinsic brightness distribution. As a consequence, it is possible that we are underestimating the size of our halo, as the presence of positive residuals south of the halo and of J1333–3141 may suggest (see Fig. 5). A tool to estimate the intrinsic size of the radio halo in A3562 is the radio and X–brightness relation (Govoni et al. 2001b). However, our attempt in this direction was unfruitful since this relation shows broad dispersion at low brightness levels, and its slope is not unique.

In order to estimate the flux density of the halo, we subtracted the point–like components from the u–v data, and obtained a value S$`{}_{1.4GHz}{}^{}=20\pm `$ 2 mJy. Given the source extension, the flux density error is dominated by the thermal noise rather than by the calibration uncertainties. The radio power is P$`{}_{1.4GHz}{}^{}=2\times 10^{23}`$ W Hz-1.

We note that the western part of the halo has a filamentary shape, which might be suggestive of a faint relic. It contributes with $`1.8`$ mJy to the total flux density of the halo. However, from the present radio observations and from the X–ray information available in the literature (Ettori et al. 2000), it is impossible to test if the imaged radio emission is the result of a radio halo and a relic. Awarded high resolution Chandra X–ray observations and low frequency radio observations will provide the critical information necessary to interpret the observed radio features.

### 3.3 The radio spectrum

We estimated the spectral index of the radio halo in the frequency range 843 MHz – 1.4 GHz using its flux density at 1.4 GHz reported in Table 2, the radio spectrum of J1333–3141 and the MOST 843 MHz image shown in V2000. After subtracting the contribution of J1333–3141 to the 843 MHz image, we obtain S$`{}_{843MHz}{}^{}=59\pm 6`$ mJy. We note that the extension of the radio halo at 1.4 GHz (Fig. 5) is larger than at 843 MHz, due to its low surface brightness and to the better sensitivity of the 1.4 GHz data. Considering all the uncertainties, we conclude that $`\alpha _{843MHz}^{1.4GHz}`$ is in the range $``$ 1.9 – 2.3.

## 4 Discussion

### 4.1 The radio halo and the cluster properties

The total power and linear size of the halo are respectively P$`{}_{1.4GHz}{}^{}=2\times 10^{23}`$ W/Hz and $``$ 620 kpc. These values are smaller than those found for the other halos known in the literature. For comparison, the cluster radio core and the cooling flow region are both of the order of 1.2 arcmin, i.e. $`90`$ kpc (Peres et al. 1998; Ettori et al. 2000).

Assuming that standard equipartition conditions hold in the source ($`\mathrm{\Phi }=1`$, k=1, $`\nu _1`$ = 10 MHz, $`\nu _2`$=100 GHz), the magnetic field in the halo is B$`{}_{min}{}^{}0.4\mu `$G, and the internal energy u$`{}_{min}{}^{}1.5\times 10^{14}`$ erg cm-3. These values are in the range found for the halos known to date (Feretti 2000).

In Fig. 8, left and right panel respectively, we show the logLX (bolometric) – logP1.4GHz relation and the Temperature – logP1.4GHz relation for the halos in the literature (note that the plot shows only halos, i.e. relics and mini–halos were not included) and for A3562, whose X–ray data were derived from Beppo-SAX observations (see Section 1, Ettori et al. 2000). The figure indicates that the halo in A3562 fills a new region of the two diagrams, and nicely fits the extension of the correlation found by Bacchi et al. (2003) for large size halos. In particular, we note that the inclusion of A3562 in their correlation is consistent, within the errors, with their fit. This result suggests that radio halos exist and can be detected also in clusters with L$`{}_{X}{}^{}<10^{45}`$ erg s-1, and that the correlation linking the X–ray properties and the radio power holds over three orders of magnitude in logP1.4GHz and one order of magnitude in temperature and X–ray bolometric luminosity. We note that many faint radio halos with surface brightness lower than in A3562 are expected according to the the radio halo luminosity function study of Enßlin & Röttgering (2002), which was based on an extrapolation of the observed LX – P1.4GHz relation. Our measurements seem to support the validity of this extrapolation.

### 4.2 Origin of the halo

The radio power and size of the halo in A3562 lead to a fundamental question: has the source already fully developed or is it still growing at the present time?

The region of the logP – logLX correlation where A3562 is located, is of crucial importance for testing current models of the halo formation, in particular the two–phase model (Brunetti et al. 2001), which includes an initial injection of relativistic particles (phase 1), and subsequent reacceleration due to turbulence powered by cluster merger (phase 2). In the framework of this model, A3562 may be interpreted either as (a) the result of a modest reacceleration phase, or as (b) a radio halo at the beginning of an energetic reacceleration process. In both cases, A3562–like halos are crucial to our understanding of the merger–halo connection. In particular, radio halos in the logP – logLX region occupied by A3562 are predicted to have a spectrum in the range 1.5 – 2 at frequencies lower than 1.4 GHz. The spectral index of A3562 $`\alpha _{843MHz}^{1.4GHz}`$ in the range $``$ 1.9 – 2.3 (Section 3.3). However this frequency range is not wide enough to discriminate between the two possibilities (a) and (b). In Fig. 9 synchrotron radio spectra from a reaccelerated electron population are shown. The plot shows that the spectra flatten with increasing duration of the reacceleration phase, going from 0.1 Gyr (solid line) to 0.4 Gyr (dashed line). For a given duration of the reacceleration phase a qualitatively similar trend is also obtained increasing the acceleration efficiency. From Fig. 9 it is clear that additional observations at very low frequency (few hundreds of MHz) will be of crucial importance to confirm this.

### 4.3 Electron injection in the halo

The head–tail radio galaxy J1333–3141 is completely embedded in the halo emission (see Fig. 6), and it is the best candidate for the replenishment of the electron population in the central part of the cluster. We computed the number of electrons N$`_e^{}`$ the radio galaxy injected in the intracluster medium in order to see if it is high enough to feed the halo. We carried out our calculation considering the formulae for the equipartition magnetic field given in Brunetti (2002), where low energy electrons are also taken into account (Beq(J1333–3141) $`8.0\times 10^6`$ G).

We derived N$`_e^{}`$ (J1333–3141) $`9\times 10^{59}(\frac{\gamma _{min}}{10})^{1.46}`$, where $`\gamma _{min}`$ is the minimum Lorentz factor of the radiating electrons.

Based on the two–phase models used to reproduce the spectrum shown in Fig. 9 we estimated the minimum number of relic electrons necessary to obtain the observed radio halo, i.e. N$`{}_{e^{}}{}^{}(\mathrm{halo})6\times 10^{60}`$. Assuming that the tail is the only source of electrons injected in the halo, it should be N$`_e^{}`$(halo) $``$ t$`{}_{min}{}^{}\times `$ N$`_e^{}`$(J1333–3141)/ tdyn, where tdyn is the time the galaxy needed to cross the length of the radio tail. We thus derive that the minimum injection time tmin is:

$$\mathrm{t}_{min}3\times 10^8\left(\frac{\gamma _{min}}{10}\right)^\chi \left(\frac{\mathrm{v}}{1000\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1}\right)^1\mathrm{\Delta }^{(3+\alpha )}\mathrm{yr}$$
(1)
where $`\chi =2(\alpha ^2+5\alpha 1)/(3+\alpha )`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }=\mathrm{B}_{eq}/\mathrm{B}`$ and v is the velocity of the tail (km s-1).

This value of tmin should be compared with the time required for the host galaxy to cross the radio halo region ($``$ 600 kpc), i.e. t$`{}_{cross}{}^{}6\times 10^8(\mathrm{v}/1000)^1`$ yrs. If we assume that v is of the order of the dispersion velocity in the cluster ($`\sigma _\mathrm{v}`$ = 987 km s-1, Bardelli et al. 1998), equipartition conditions ($`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ = 1), $`\alpha =0.65`$, and a typical value for $`\gamma _{min}1030`$, we conclude that the tail must be active for a considerable fraction of the crossing time.

If the above scenario is correct, the reacceleration phase started less than few $`\times 10^8`$ yrs ago, leading us to the conclusion that this radio halo is young and at the beginning of a reacceleration.

## 5 Conclusions

In this paper we present a thorough multifrequency study of the radio halo, located at the centre of the merging cluster of galaxies A3562, and of the head–tail radio galaxy J1333–3141. Our results can be summarised as follows:

– the halo has a steep spectrum, with $`\alpha _{843MHz}^{1.4GHz}2`$, an equipartition magnetic field B$`{}_{min}{}^{}0.4\mu `$G and internal energy u$`{}_{min}{}^{}1.5\times 10^{14}`$ erg cm-3;

– its size and radio power at 1.4 GHz are amongst the lowest found for this class of sources and they nicely fit the correlations with other cluster parameters (such as bolometric X–ray luminosity and temperature) found in the literature, extending them to lower values for all quantities involved (Feretti 2000; Govoni et al. 2001a);

– the total number of electrons injected in the central region of the cluster by the head–tail radio galaxy J1333–3141 are enough to feed the radio halo if we assume that the galaxy has been radio active over a considerable fraction of its crossing time (t$`{}_{cross}{}^{}6\times 10^8`$ yrs);

– in the framework of the reacceleration models, the scenario in A3562 could be due either to a modest reacceleration phase, or to an initial stage of an energetic reacceleration process. The connection between the radio halo and J1333–3141 might suggest that this second possibility is best matched to the observations. However very low frequency radio observations are necessary to discriminate between the two possibilities.

###### Acknowledgements.

The authors wish to thank the referee, Dr. T. Enßlin, for fruitful comments. Thanks are due to Dr. M. Murgia for insightful discussion and help in running the program Synage. G.B. acknowledges financial support by CNR, under grant CNRG00CF0A. This work has been partially supported by the Italian Space Agency grants ASI-I-R-105-00 and ASI-I-R-037-01, and by the Italian Ministery (MIUR) grant COFIN2001 “Clusters and groups of galaxies: the interplay between dark and baryonic matter”. NRAO is a facility of the National Science Foundation, operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. This work has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database NED which is operated by the JPL, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.