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# Untitled Document

LIENARD-WIECHERT POTENTIALS FOR MODEL OF EXTENDED SPACE

D.Yu.Tsipenyuk and V.A.Andreev

General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Russia, Moscow, Vavilova str.38.

E-mail: TSIP@KAPELLA.GPI.RU

In the extended (1 + 4) -dimensional space $`G(T;\stackrel{}{X},S)`$ it is considered a model joining electromagnetic and gravitational fields. For the equations circumscribing these fields, the exact solutions adequate dot moving sources are found. Such solutions express through potentials Lienard-Wiechert in space $`G(T;\stackrel{}{X},S)`$. Their properties are analyzed.

In works  was offered the model which extended special theory of relativity (STR) on 5-dimentional extended space $`G(T;\stackrel{}{X},S)`$ with metric

$$(+,,,,).$$

Within the framework of this extended space model (ESM) was considered possibility to join the gravitation and electromagnetism in one uniform field. The various details concern to the structure of the ESM is contained in works \[3-7\]. The experiment on check of predictions ESM  was made. For it quantitative analysis it is necessary to know exact solutions of the equations of the field, which were formulated in . In the given work we shall found solutions, which appropriate to the point sources.

The principal difference ESM from STR is, that ESM allows to study processes during which the mass of a particle $`m`$ varies. Under a mass of a particle $`m`$ we, following the recommendations of the review , shall understand it a rest-mass, which is a Lorentz scalar. In our model mass of a particle - component of a 5-vector in space $`G(T;\stackrel{}{X},S)`$, other components of this 5-vector are energy and impulse. Thus, the mass of a particle, generally speaking, varies during transformations in space $`G(T;\stackrel{}{X},S)`$. But the charge, we assume, remains constant. We shall emanate also that the charge $`e`$ is always connected to some mass $`m`$ and we compare to a charged particle a parameter $`me`$. As a charge $`e`$ \- scalar in extended space $`G(T;\stackrel{}{X},S)`$, parameter $`me`$ \- component of a vector in this space. As the 5-th additional coordinate we propose to use the interval $`S`$ which already exists in the Minkowski space.

$$s^2=(ct)^2x^2y^2z^2.$$
$`(1)`$
This magnitude is saved in case of usual Lorentz transformations in Minkowski space $`M(T;\stackrel{}{X})`$, but varies in case of turns in extended space $`G(T;\stackrel{}{X},S)`$. Thus, Minkowski space $`M(T;\stackrel{}{X})`$ is a cone in extended space $`G(T;\stackrel{}{X},S)`$. A 5-vector in space $`G(T;\stackrel{}{X},S)`$ we shall designate by a hyphen $`(\overline{r})`$, vector in 4-d Euclidean space with coordinates $`(x,y,z,s)`$. Vector in it 3-d subspaces are designated by upper narrow and figure below, indicating dimensionality of space, to which this vector concerns: $`(\stackrel{}{v}_{(3)},(\stackrel{}{v}_{(4)})`$. As a rule, from a context it is clear, about what of 3-d subspace there is a speech and it data in the nomenclature of a vector we not indicate. In work  was shown, that the uniform field joining a gravitation and an electromagnetism, is generated by a current, which in case of one particle is an isotropic 5-vector

$$\overline{J}=(j_t,\stackrel{}{j},j_s)=(\frac{qc}{\sqrt{1\beta ^2}},\frac{q\stackrel{}{u}}{\sqrt{1\beta ^2}},qc),$$
$`(2)`$
where

$$q=me,q\stackrel{}{u}=me\stackrel{}{u}(t,x,y,z).$$
$`(3)`$
If there are some particles, their common current is a sum of currents of separate particles. The additional transformations, which are available in extended space $`G(T;\stackrel{}{X},S)`$, change magnitude $`q`$ similarly to that, as they change a rest-mass $`m`$ .

In  the extended set of Maxwell equations circumscribing this field was constructed. As well as in case of a usual electrodynamics, the strengths express through the components of 5-vector potential

$$(\phi ,\stackrel{}{A},A_s)=(A_t,A_x,A_y,A_z,A_s).$$
$`(4)`$
Potential (4) and current (2) are connected by the equations

$$\mathrm{}A_t=\frac{4\pi }{c}j_t,$$
$`(5)`$
$$\mathrm{}\stackrel{}{A}=\frac{4\pi }{c}\stackrel{}{j},$$
$`(6)`$
$$\mathrm{}A_s=\frac{4\pi }{c}j_s.$$
$`(7)`$
Here

$$\mathrm{}=\frac{^2}{s^2}+\frac{^2}{x^2}+\frac{^2}{y^2}+\frac{^2}{z^2}\frac{1}{c^2}\frac{^2}{t^2}.$$
$`(8)`$
To receive from system (5) - (7) usual set of equations for vector potential, which is used in an electrodynamics, it is necessary to take into account, that a mass $`m`$ \- scalar, concerning Lorentz transformations, to divide each of the equations (5) and (6) by this mass $`m`$, and equation (7) divide by charge $`e`$, and also to take into account that now all magnitudes do not depend on a variable $`s`$. Therefore operator (8) turns in usual dalembertian. After that the system (5) - (7) will come to a set of equations for potentials of a usual classical electrodynamics and equation for a gravitational field, which is a scalar on to Lorentz transformations. These sets of equations look like

$$A_t=4\pi \rho ,$$
$`(9)`$
$$\stackrel{}{A}=\frac{4\pi }{c}\stackrel{}{\rho },$$
$`(10)`$
$$A_s=\frac{4\pi }{c}\rho _s.$$
$`(11)`$
Here in right parts of equations (9) - (11) there are components of the current

$$\overline{\rho }=(\frac{ec}{\sqrt{1\beta ^2}},\frac{e\stackrel{}{v}}{\sqrt{1\beta ^2}},mc).$$
$`(12)`$
The equations (9), (10) describe an electromagnetic field of a moving dot charge, and equation (11) scalar potentials of a gravitational field. Thus, in case, when the mass is fixed, i.e. there is no association from fifth coordinates $`s`$, the gravitational and electromagnetic fields can be considered separately, dividing the equations (9), (10) and (11). If such association has a place, they should be considered as one uniform field.

For a set of equations of the Maxwell the major role is played by the solution called as Lienard-Wiechert potentials. This solution gives an obvious aspect of an electromagnetic field, which creates by a charge driven by any, but quite definitely way. The law of motion of a charge is the environmental condition, defining structure of a solution. In the given section we shall construct Lienard-Wiechert potentials for a system (5) - (7). On the formal structure they look like retarded potentials. The idea of a construction of retarded potentials is based that the magnitude of strength of a field in a point $`(x,y,z)`$ in an instant $`t`$, created by a driven charge, is set by a position of a charge in some previous instant $`t^{}<t`$, which magnitude is determined by the law of motion of a particle. In a usual electrodynamics the distance between a radiant of a field and view point is a distance in 3-d Euclidean space. In our model to two points in extended space $`G(T;\stackrel{}{X},S)`$ is compared 4-d space interval

$$R_{(4)}^2=(xx^{})^2+(yy^{})^2+(zz^{})^2+(ss^{})^2,$$
$`(13)`$
being a part of a full interval (1).

Let’s discuss a problem - what parameters should be substituted in the formula (13) for calculation of the Lienard-Wiechert potentials.

Space coordinates $`(x,y,z),(x^{},y^{},z^{})`$ determine accordingly position of a point in which measure strength of a field in an instant $`t`$ position of a charge in an instant $`t^{}`$.

In works  was shown, that fifth the coordinate $`s`$ can be connected with an index of refraction $`n`$. Distance by the 5-th coordinate $`(ss^{})^2`$ we shall define as follows. If the particle is move in blank space and this particle did not intersected fields with $`n>1`$, then in (13) $`(ss^{})=0`$. If such sites meet, i.e. the segment connecting charge with a viewpoint lies in not empty 4-d Euclidean space with fields with $`n>1`$, the space interval describes by (13). The magnitude of a component $`(ss^{})=R_s`$ depends not on a value of an index of refraction in these points, but from its value in all points along connecting this points path. Let’s mark, that this path can and be not a rectilinear segment, it the geometry depends on distribution of factor of a refraction $`n(x,y,z)`$. Let viewpoint of a field and source are from each other at 3-d distance

$$R_{(3)}^2=(xx^{})^2+(yy^{})^2+(zz^{})^2$$
$`(14)`$
And light passes this distance during $`\mathrm{\Delta }t`$. Then under the interval definition

$$(ss^{})^2=c^2(\mathrm{\Delta }t)^2R_{(3)}^2=R_s^2.$$
$`(15)`$
In this expression $`s`$ and $`s^{}`$ are not values of a parameter $`S`$ in a view point of a field and in the source point. As the residual $`(ss^{})`$ characterizes all segment connecting radiant with a viewpoint, we shall use hereinafter for it label $`R_s`$. In these designations the velocity of a charge on a variable $`s`$ is $`u_s`$, and it acceleration is $`\dot{u}_s`$. The velocity $`v_s`$ of light distributions along a coordinate $`S`$ is determined with the help of relation

$$v_s^2=c^2\frac{R_{(3)}^2}{(\mathrm{\Delta }t)^2}.$$
$`(16)`$
For the definition 4-d distance $`R_{(4)}`$ it is necessary magnitude (15) to substitute in the formula (13). 4-d distance $`R_{(4)}`$, speed of light $`c`$, 3-d distance $`R_{(3)}`$ and speed of light in a medium $`v`$ are connected one another by relation

$$\frac{R_{(3)}}{v}=\frac{R_{(4)}}{c}$$
$`(17)`$
or

$$R_{(3)}n=R_{(4)},$$

Where $`n`$ \- index of refraction of a medium. Connection of a moment of an emission of a field $`t^{}`$ with a moment of it observation $`t`$ is determined with the help of relations

$$t^{}+\frac{R_{(4)}(t^{})}{c}=t,$$
$`(18)`$
which is the same, as the similar relation in usual electrodynamics. The only difference is that instead of 3-d distance in this relation stands 4-d distance. The expression (18) is the equation on time of an emission $`t^{}`$, expressing it in time of observation $`t`$. In a free space it has only one solution , however it is known, that in a medium it not and it can have few solutions . We shall discuss this problem more in detail later. Let’s construct now potentials Lienard-Wiechert. For this purpose, as well as usually, at first we shall write potentials of a fixed charged particle, and then we shall rewrite them in the form, invariant concerning transformations in extended space $`G(T;\stackrel{}{X},S)`$. If we have a dot particle with a charge $`e`$ and mass $`m`$. Appropriated to this particle 5-vector current

$$\overline{J}=em\overline{\delta }(\overline{r}\overline{r}^{})(\frac{c}{\sqrt{1\beta ^2}},\frac{\stackrel{}{u}}{\sqrt{1\beta ^2}},c).$$
$`(19)`$
Substituting these values of components of a current in right parts of the equations (5) - (7) we shall receive, that in the case of zero velocity of a particle ($`\stackrel{}{u}=0`$) the potentials look like

$$A_t=\phi =\frac{em}{R_{(4)}(t^{})},\stackrel{}{A}=\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}0},A_s=\frac{em}{R_{(4)}(t^{})}.$$
$`(20)`$
Here $`R_{(4)}(t^{})`$ \- distance in 4-d space from a source of the field up to a view point. Using a relation (18) expressions for potentials can be written as

$$A_t=\phi =\frac{em}{c(tt^{})},\stackrel{}{A}=\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}0},A_s=\frac{em}{c(tt^{})}.$$
$`(21)`$
As the potential is a vector in extended space $`G(T;\stackrel{}{X},S)`$, expression (21) is easily generalized on case of moving particles.

$$\overline{A}=\frac{em\overline{u}}{(\overline{R},\overline{u})}.$$
$`(22)`$
Here $`\overline{u}(t^{})`$ \- 5-vector of a velocity of a charged particle, $`\overline{R}(t^{})`$ a position vector connecting radiant of a field with a view point, and $`(\overline{R},\overline{u})`$ \- their scalar product. The values of both these vectors undertake in an instant $`t^{}`$.

$$\overline{R}=\{c(tt^{}),(\stackrel{}{r}\stackrel{}{r}^{}(t^{})),R_s\},$$
$`(23)`$
$$\overline{u}=\{u_t(t^{}),u_x(t^{}),u_y(t^{}),u_z(t^{}),u_s(t^{})\}.$$

Both these vector are isotropic. Structure of the radius vector $`\overline{R}`$ is similar to vector of an energy-momentum-mass of a photon , and vector of a velocity $`\overline{u}`$ similar to vector of an energy-momentum-mass of a massive particle. In blank space

$$\overline{R}=\{c(tt^{}),(\stackrel{}{r}\stackrel{}{r}^{}(t^{})),0\},\overline{u}=\{\frac{c}{\sqrt{1\beta ^2}},\frac{\stackrel{}{u}}{\sqrt{1\beta ^2}},c\}.$$
$`(24)`$
If we shell write by components scalar product $`(\overline{R},\overline{u})`$ the expression (22) for Lienard-Wiechert potentials is

$$A_t=\phi (t)=\frac{emc}{cR_{(4)}(t^{})(\stackrel{}{R}_{(4)}(t^{}),\stackrel{}{u}_{(4)}(t^{}))}.$$
$`(25)`$
Here values $`\stackrel{}{R}_{(4)},\stackrel{}{u}_{(4)}`$ designate space parts of 5-vectors $`\overline{R},\overline{u}`$

$$\stackrel{}{R}_{(4)}=((xx^{}),(yy^{}),(zz^{}),(ss^{})),$$
$`(26)`$
$$\stackrel{}{u}_{(4)}=(u_x,u_y,u_z,u_s)=(\dot{x}^{},\dot{y}^{},\dot{z}^{},\dot{s}^{}),$$

And their scalar product $`(\stackrel{}{R}_{(4)},\stackrel{}{u}_{(4)})`$ is

$$(\stackrel{}{R}_{(4)},\stackrel{}{u}_{(4)})=(\stackrel{}{R}_{(4)},\stackrel{}{\dot{R}}_{(4)})=$$
$`(27)`$
$$((xx^{})\dot{x}^{}+(yy^{})\dot{y}^{}+(zz^{})\dot{z}^{}+(ss^{})\dot{s}^{}).$$

We shall use definition

$$_{(4)}=R_{(4)}(t^{})\frac{1}{c}(\stackrel{}{R}_{(4)}(t^{}),\stackrel{}{u}_{(4)}(t^{})).$$
$`(28)`$
With the help of (28) the potentials (22) can be noted as

$$A_t(t)=\frac{em}{_{(4)}(t^{})},$$
$`(29)`$
$$A_x(t)=\frac{emu_x}{c_{(4)}(t^{})},A_y(t)=\frac{emu_y}{c_{(4)}(t^{})},$$

$$A_z(t)=\frac{emu_z}{c_{(4)}(t^{})},A_s(t)=\frac{emu_s}{c_{(4)}(t^{})}.$$

The parameters $`t`$ and $`t^{}`$ are connected one another by relation (18). Let’s note that the found in such a way Lienard-Wiechert potentials in extended space $`G(T;\stackrel{}{X},S)`$ as a special case is given by usual Lienard-Wiechert potentials in a continuous medium . Their connection is defined with the help of relation (17). The potentials (29) are solutions of a system (5) - (7)

$$f=f((\stackrel{}{R}_4,\stackrel{}{v}_4)).$$

This not spherical-symmetrical solution, therefore for this statement is not spreaded the theorem that $`n`$ -dimensional Laplacian has solution in form of

$$f=r^{n+2},n>2,f=\mathrm{ln}rn=2.$$

That fact that for fixed particles the solution (29) gives usual Coulomb potential immediately follows from the formula (21). Really, solution (29) we have received by passing from a fixed particle to driven. Therefore, if we stopping particle we shall return from a common solution (29) to special solution (21). This solution can be rewrite in the form (20), which in case of blank space $`(v=c,R_3=R_4)`$ gives usual Coulomb potential. Let’s found now strengths of fields appropriate to Lienard-Wiechert potentials (29). For this purpose we shall use the formula

$$F_{ik}=\frac{A_i}{x_k}\frac{A_k}{x_i},i,k=0,1,2,3,4$$
$`(30)`$
which connecting strength with potentials. At first we shall calculate strength of an electrical field $`\stackrel{}{E}`$. For this purpose it is necessary to use the formula

$$\stackrel{}{E}=\frac{1}{mc}\frac{\stackrel{}{A}}{t}\frac{1}{m}gradA_t,$$
$`(31)`$
similar on which calculates an electromagnetic field in a usual electrodynamics . The difference is, that in the formula (31) right parts is divided by a rest-mass of a source of a current $`m`$. In a usual electrodynamics such division is carried out for stages of a construction of a 4-vector of a current from a 4-vector of an energy - impulse, in our model we refer this procedure on a moment of an evaluation of strengths of an electromagnetic field. Let’s mark, that so defined field $`\stackrel{}{E}`$ is a 2-component tensor in space of the Minkowski $`M(T;\stackrel{}{X})`$, but it not a tensor in extended space $`G(T;\stackrel{}{X},S)`$. In this space tensors are the magnitudes (30), and the strength (31) will be transformed during rotations in space $`G(T;\stackrel{}{X},S)`$ under the much more complicated law.

Substituting here expressions for potentials (29), we shall receive

$$\stackrel{}{E}=\frac{e}{c^2_{(4)}^3}\left((c^2\stackrel{}{u}_{(4)}^2)\left(\stackrel{}{R}_{(3)}\frac{1}{c}\stackrel{}{u}_{(3)}R_{(4)}\right)+\left(\stackrel{}{R}_{(3)}\frac{\stackrel{}{u}_{(3)}}{c}R_{(4)}\right)(\stackrel{}{R}_{(4)},\stackrel{}{\dot{u}}_{(4)})\right)$$

$$\frac{e}{c^2_{(4)}^3}\left(\left(R_{(4)}^2\frac{R_{(4)}}{c}(\stackrel{}{R}_{(4)},\stackrel{}{u}_{(4)})\right)\stackrel{}{\dot{u}}_{(3)}\right).$$
$`(32)`$
The magnetic field has form

$$\stackrel{}{H}=\frac{1}{m}rot\stackrel{}{A}.$$
$`(33)`$
Substituting here values of potentials, we obtain

$$\stackrel{}{H}=\frac{e}{c^2_{(4)}^2}[\stackrel{}{R}_{(3)},\stackrel{}{\dot{u}}_{(3)}]+\frac{e}{c^2R_{(4)}_{(4)}^2}\times $$

$$[\stackrel{}{u}_{(3)},\left(c\stackrel{}{R}_{(3)}R_{(4)}\stackrel{}{u}_{(3)}+\left(c(\stackrel{}{R}_{(4)},\stackrel{}{u}_{(4)})+R_{(4)}(\stackrel{}{R}_{(4)},\stackrel{}{\dot{u}}_{(4)})R_{(4)}u_{(4)}^2\right)\frac{\stackrel{}{R}_{(3)}}{c^2_{(4)}}\right)].$$
$`(34)`$
As well as usually, the fields $`\stackrel{}{E}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{H}`$ are connected by a relation

$$\stackrel{}{H}=\frac{1}{R_{(4)}}[\stackrel{}{R}_{(3)},\stackrel{}{E}].$$
$`(35)`$
The formulas (32) - (35) are similar to the formulas for electric and magnetic fields in case of a usual electrodynamics . The difference is, that into the formulas (32) - (35) enter as 3-d vector $`\stackrel{}{R}_3`$, and the module 4-d vector $`R_4`$, in usual electrodynamics in the appropriate formulas instead of the module 4-d vector $`R_4`$ stands the module 3-d vector $`R_3`$.

The formulas (32), (34) give expressions for electrical and magnetic fields, but with their help it is possible to receive expressions and for all other strengths (30). For this purpose it is necessary to take into account, that vector $`\stackrel{}{u}_{(3)},\stackrel{}{R}_{(3)}`$ in the formulas (32), (34) is 3-d vector, which components are selected from the 4-th components 4-d vectors $`\stackrel{}{u}_{(4)},\stackrel{}{R}_{(4)}`$. Such triples of components can be selected by a different mode. If we have selected components $`x,y,z`$, we shall receive electrical and magnetic fields, which differ from usual fields only by that now their components depend also on a variable $`s`$. If we shall select other triple of variables, we shall receive other components of a tensor of strength (30). So for example, if we have selected variables $`y,z,s`$, in the formulas (31), (33) there will be a 3-vector potential $`\stackrel{}{A}_{(3)}`$ with components $`(A_y,A_z,A_s)`$. Accordingly and in the left part of the formula (31) there will be same components of a 4-vector $`\stackrel{}{E}_{(4)}`$: $`(E_y,E_z,E_s=Q=F_{40})`$. The formula (33) gives in this case strengths $`H_x,G_y=F_{42},G_z=F_{43}`$. The new fields $`Q,\stackrel{}{G}`$ occur because now there are 5 potentials $`(A_t,\stackrel{}{A},A_s)`$ and all of them depend also on a new variable $`s`$. Let’s write these fields

$$Q=\frac{e}{c^2_{(4)}^3}\left((c^2\stackrel{}{u}_{(4)}^2)\left(R_s\frac{1}{c}u_sR_{(4)}\right)+\left(R_s\frac{u_s}{c}R_{(4)}\right)(\stackrel{}{R}_{(4)},\stackrel{}{\dot{u}}_{(4)})\right)$$

$$\frac{e}{c^2_{(4)}^3}\left(\left(R_{(4)}^2\frac{R_{(4)}}{c}(\stackrel{}{R}_{(4)},\stackrel{}{u}_{(4)})\right)\dot{u}_s\right).$$
$`(36)`$
To find components of a vector $`\stackrel{}{G}`$, we shall introduce follow designations

$$\stackrel{}{D}=(H_x,G_y,G_z),\stackrel{}{R}_{(3)}^{(x)}=(R_y,R_z,R_s),\stackrel{}{u}_{(3)}^{(x)}=(u_y,u_z,u_s).$$
$`(37)`$
The superscript $`(x)`$ of the 3-d vectors specifies that coordinate 4-d space, which is absent in this 3-d vector.

Using these designations we shall receive expression for a vector $`\stackrel{}{D}`$

$$\stackrel{}{D}=\frac{e}{c^2_{(4)}^2}[\stackrel{}{R}_{(3)}^{(x)},\stackrel{}{\dot{u}}_{(3)}^{(x)}]+\frac{e}{c^2R_{(4)}_{(4)}^2}\times $$

$$[\stackrel{}{u}_{(3)}^{(x)},\left(c\stackrel{}{R}_{(3)}^{(x)}R_{(4)}\stackrel{}{u}_{(3)}^{(x)}+\left(c(\stackrel{}{R}_{(4)},\stackrel{}{u}_{(4)})+R_{(4)}(\stackrel{}{R}_{(4)},\stackrel{}{\dot{u}}_{(4)})R_{(4)}u_{(4)}^2\right)\frac{\stackrel{}{R}_{(3)}^{(x)}}{c^2_{(4)}}\right)].$$
$`(38)`$
If in the formula (38) to replace a superscript $`(x)`$ on $`(y)`$, it instead of vector $`\stackrel{}{D}`$ with components (37) will give a vector $`\stackrel{}{D}^{}`$ with components

$$\stackrel{}{D}^{}=(H_y,G_z,G_x).$$
$`(39)`$
Here we take into account that

$$\stackrel{}{R}_{(3)}^{(y)}=(R_z,R_s,R_x),\stackrel{}{u}_{(3)}^{(y)}=(u_z,u_s,u_x).$$

Thus, we see, that in dependence from what components of the 4-d vectors $`\stackrel{}{u}_{(4)},\stackrel{}{R}_{(4)}`$ are included into the formulas (32), (34), they allow to calculate various gangs of components of strength tensor (30). Let’s consider now concrete example of a particle with a mass $`m`$ and charge $`e`$, with fixed space coordinates $`x,y,z`$, but the coordinate $`s`$ can vary. This particle has follows 4-d state, velocities and acceleration vectors

$$\stackrel{}{R}_{(4)}=(x,y,z,R_s),\stackrel{}{u}_{(4)}=(0,0,0,u_s),\stackrel{}{\dot{u}}_{(4)}=(0,0,0,\dot{u}_s).$$
$`(40)`$
Here we use the entered earlier designation $`R_s`$, for a distance in 4-d Euclidean space between source of the field and view point. Let’s mark, that for charge moving with a velocity $`u_s`$ the modification of the distance $`R_s`$ happens, but the connection between them is rather complicated and is determined by distribution of an index of refraction $`n(\stackrel{}{r})`$ in all space between them. For it evaluation should be taken into account relations (16) - (18) and property of a medium. Using the formula (32), we obtain expression for electric field strengths

$$\stackrel{}{E}=ec\frac{c^2u_s^2+R_s\dot{u}_s}{(cR_{(4)}R_su_s)^3}\stackrel{}{R}_{(3)}.$$
$`(41)`$
The denominator of this expression always is more than zero

$$cR_{(4)}R_su_s>\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}0},$$
$`(42)`$
as the velocity of the charge $`u_s`$ always is less than speed of light in a hollow $`c`$, and the distance $`R_s`$ along the coordinate $`s`$ always is less than the full distance $`R_{(4)}`$, due to the source and view point always are divided spatially. But the numerator of expression (41) can change a sign in an association with magnitude and sign of acceleration $`\dot{u}_s`$. If this acceleration is rather great, i.e. the velocity of a modification of an optical density of a medium around fixed charge is great, the voltage of an electrical field $`\stackrel{}{E}`$ will interchange the sign. Thus the of the charges with the same signs will begin to be attracted, and charges with opposite signs to be repelled. It is interesting to compare expression (41) with expression for electric field strength, which is received with the help of usual Lienard-Wiechert potential . If the 3-d velocity is directed along an axes $`X`$

$$\stackrel{}{u}_3=(u_x,0,0).$$
$`(43)`$
In this case electric field component $`E_x`$

$$E_x=\frac{e}{c^2_{(3)}^3}\left((c^2u_x^2)\left(R_x\frac{u_x}{c}R_{(3)}\right)(R_y^2+R_z^2)\dot{u}_x\right).$$
$`(44)`$
Here magnitude $`_{(3)}`$ are similar to (28), only instead 4-d vectors there are 3-d vectors

$$_{(3)}=R_{(3)}(t^{})\frac{1}{c}(\stackrel{}{R}_{(3)}(t^{}),\stackrel{}{u}_{(3)}(t^{})).$$

From the formula (44) it is visible, that the component of strength $`E_x`$ can change the sign in an association with magnitude and sign of acceleration $`\dot{u}_x`$. However, in practice such modification of a sign, i.e. changing of an attraction in repulsion and on the contrary is rather inconveniently to observe. This is due to the superlarge magnitudes acceleration can be created only on very short time intervals. And this acceleration should be positive, i.e. the velocity of the charged particle must sharply increase. The effect of change of a sign of a force of interaction arises only in that case, when the velocity of a particle is directed not on a line connecting particle and view point. In other words, the magnitude $`(R_y^2+R_z^2)`$ in the formula (44) should not be equal to zero. From here follows, that in the case of frontal motion of charged particles to each other changes of a sign of a force of interaction does not happen. This case has place only, when the aim parameter is not equal to zero. Such situation can arise, for example, in the case of falling of a charged particle on the Coulomb center. Near to this center the strength of a field is so great that can cause large acceleration of the incident particle and change of an attraction by repulsion. Let’s return to the analysis of strength (30) under condition of (40). The field $`Q`$ has an view

$$Q=\frac{e}{c^2_{(4)}^3}\left((c^2u_s^2)\left(R_s\frac{R_s}{c}R_{(4)}\right)(R_x^2+R_y^2+R_z^2)\dot{u}_s\right).$$
$`(45)`$
From the formula (45) it is visible, that a field $`Q`$ also, as well as the field $`\stackrel{}{E}`$, can change the sign in an association with a sign and magnitude of acceleration $`\dot{u}_s`$. As the strengths $`\stackrel{}{H},\stackrel{}{G}`$ express through fields $`\stackrel{}{E},Q`$ with the help of of formulas (35), (38) they also change the sign in that moment, when it is done by fields $`\stackrel{}{E},Q`$. Such changing of a field strength sign and, as a result, change of a Lorentz force sign it is possible to connect with a response of a radiation of these fields, which arises, when charged particles moves with acceleration. The results obtained in the given work, show, that in the case of generalization of an electrodynamics on extended space it is possible to save all basic elements of the theory. The fields of dot charges are described by generalized Lienard-Wiechert potentials, which allow analyzing their behavior in a series of concrete cases. This result defines connection between electromagnetic and gravitational fields and determines direction, in which it is necessary to move with the purpose of a construction of their share theory.

References

*
* D.Yu.Tsipenyuk and V.A.Andreev, Kratkie soobstcheniya po fizike No 6, p. 23-34 (2000) (Bulletin Lebedev Physics Institute (Russian Academy of Sciences), Allerton Press, Inc., N.Y,2001); gr-qc/0106093
* D.Yu.Tsipenyuk and V.A.Andreev, Issledovano v Rossii (Russian electronic journal), 60 (1999);

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http://theory.sinp.msu.ru/ qfthep/2001/Proc2001.html


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# THE H𝛼 LUMINOSITY FUNCTION AND STAR FORMATION RATE AT 𝑧≈0.24 BASED ON SUBARU DEEP IMAGING DATABased on data collected at Subaru Telescope, which is operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.

## 1 INTRODUCTION

The star formation rate density is one of the important observables for our understanding of galaxy formation and evolution. Madau et al. (1996) compiled the evolution of star formation rate (SFR) density, $`\rho _{\mathrm{SFR}}`$, as a function of redshift from the local universe to high-redshift. It is known that $`\rho _{\mathrm{SFR}}`$ steeply increases from $`z0`$ to $`z1`$ (Gallego et al. 1995; Tresse & Maddox 1998, hereafter TM98; Songaila et al. 1994; Ellis et al. 1996; Lilly et al. 1996; Hogg et al. 1998). However, $`\rho _{\mathrm{SFR}}`$ appears to be flat beyond $`z=2`$ (Madau, Pozzetti, & Dickinson 1998; Pettini et al 1998; Steidel et al. 1999; Barger et al. 2000; Fujita et al. 2003a; see also Trentham, Blain, & Goldader 1999).

Although recent investigations have been devoted to new estimates of $`\rho _{\mathrm{SFR}}`$ at high redshift, it seems also important to provide new estimates in nearby universe because only several investigations have been available between $`z0`$ to $`z1`$. For example, $`\rho _{\mathrm{SFR}}`$ at $`z0.20.3`$ is based solely on the observation by TM98. In this Letter, we present a new estimate of $`\rho _{\mathrm{SFR}}`$ at $`z0.24`$ based on the largest sample (more than 300 galaxies) studied so far, which was obtained with Suprime-Cam on the Subaru Telescope.

Throughout this paper, magnitudes are given in the AB system. We adopt a flat universe with $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mathrm{matter}}=0.3`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{\Lambda }=0.7`$, and $`h=0.7`$ where $`h=H_0/(`$100 km s-1 Mpc-1).

## 2 OBSERVATIONS AND DATA REDUCTION

We have made a very deep optical imaging survey of H$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z0.24`$ in a sky area surrounding the SDSSp J104433.04$``$012502.2 at redshift of 5.74 (Fan et al. 2000; Djorgovski et al. 2001; Goodrich et al. 2001) using the Suprime-Cam (Miyazaki et al. 2002) on the 8.2 m Subaru telescope (Kaifu 1998) at Mauna Kea Observatories. The Suprime-Cam consists of ten 2k$`\times `$4k CCD chips and provides a very wide field of view; $`34^{}\times 27^{}`$.

In this survey111This survey is originally intended to search for Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z5.7`$ (Ajiki et al. 2002; Shioya et al. 2002)., we used the narrow-passband filter, NB816, centered at 8150 Å with the passband of $`\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda `$(FWHM) = 120 Å; the central wavelength corresponds to a redshift of 0.24 for H$`\alpha `$ emission. We also used broad-passband filters, $`B`$, $`R_\mathrm{C}`$, $`I_\mathrm{C}`$, and $`z^{}`$. All the observations were done under photometric condition and the seeing size was between 0.7 arcsec and 1.3 arcsec during the run.

The individual CCD data were reduced and combined using IRAF and the mosaic-CCD data reduction software developed by Yagi et al. (2002). Detail of flux calibration will be presented in Fujita et al. (2003b). The combined images for the individual bands were aligned and smoothed with Gaussian kernels to match their seeing sizes. The region contaminated by fringing pattern is masked. The final images cover a contiguous 706 arcmin2 area with a PSF FWHM of $`1.^{\prime \prime }4`$. A total volume of $`3.9\times 10^3`$Mpc3 is probed in our NB816 image. The net exposure times of the final images are 28, 80, 56, 86, and 600 minutes for $`B`$, $`R_\mathrm{C}`$, $`I_\mathrm{C}`$, $`z^{}`$, and NB816, respectively. The limiting magnitudes are $`B=26.6`$, $`R_\mathrm{C}=26.2`$, $`I_\mathrm{C}=25.9`$, $`z^{}=25.3`$, and NB816$`=26.0`$ for a $`3\sigma `$ detection on a $`2^{\prime \prime }.8`$ diameter aperture.

Catalogues of the objects are made using SExtractor (Bertin & Arnouts 1996). The objects are detected using the *double-image mode*: the narrowband frame is used as a reference image for detection and then the flux is summed up in 14-pixel diameter apertures in all images. This aperture size is $`2^{\prime \prime }.8`$, i.e., 2$`\times `$FWHM of the stellar objects in the final image of $`R_\mathrm{C}`$-band.

## 3 RESULTS

### 3.1 Selection of NB816-Excess Objects

Since the central wavelength of the $`I_\mathrm{C}`$ is bluer than that of the NB816 filter, we calculated magnitude that we refer to as the “$`Iz`$ continuum”, using a linear combination ($`Iz=0.76I_\mathrm{C}+0.24z^{}`$) of the $`I_\mathrm{C}`$ and $`z^{}`$ flux densities; a 3 $`\sigma `$ photometric limit of $`Iz26.0`$ in a $`2^{\prime \prime }.8`$ diameter aperture. This enables us to more precisely sample the continuum at the same effective wavelength as that of the NB816 filter. Following the manner of the previous surveys using narrowband filter and taking the scatter in the $`Iz`$-NB816 color and our survey depth into account, candidate line-emitting objects are selected with the criterion of $`Iz`$-NB816 $``$ max(0.1, $`3\sigma `$ error of $`Iz`$-NB816); note that $`Iz`$-NB816 = 0.1 corresponds to $`EW_{\mathrm{obs}}12`$ Å. We compute the $`3\sigma `$ of the color as $`3\sigma _{Iz\mathrm{𝑁𝐵}816}=2.5\mathrm{log}(1\sqrt{(f_{3\sigma _{\mathrm{𝑁𝐵}816}})^2+(f_{3\sigma _{Iz}})^2}/f_{\mathrm{𝑁𝐵}816})`$. This criterion is shown by the solid and dashed lines in Figure 1. There are 1224 sources that satisfy the above criterion. They are brighter than the limiting magnitude at each band.

### 3.2 Selection of NB816-Excess Objects at $`z0.24`$

A narrowband survey of emission line galaxies can potentially detect galaxies with different emission lines at different redshifts. If the source redshift and the rest frame wavelength of the line act to place it inside the narrowband filter, the line will be detected if it is sufficiently strong. The emission lines we would expect to detect are H$`\alpha `$, H$`\beta `$, \[O iii\]$`\lambda \lambda `$4959,5007, and \[O ii\]$`\lambda 3727`$ (Tresse et al. 1999; Kennicutt 1992b) as the narrowband filter passband is too wide to separate \[N ii\]$`\lambda \lambda 6548,6584`$ from $`\mathrm{H}\alpha `$. In Table 1 we show the different redshift coverage for each line.

In order to distinguish H$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z0.24`$ from emission-line objects at other redshifts, we investigate their broad-band color properties comparing observed colors of our 1224 emitters with model ones that are estimated by using the population synthesis model GISSEL96 (Bruzual & Charlot 1993). In Figure 2, we show the $`BR_\mathrm{C}`$ vs. $`R_\mathrm{C}I_\mathrm{C}`$ color-color diagram of the 1224 sources and the loci of model galaxies. Then we find that H$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z0.24`$ can be selected by adopting the following three criteria (see for detail, Fujita et al. 2003b); (1) $`BR_\mathrm{C}>2(R_\mathrm{C}I_\mathrm{C})+0.2`$, (2) $`z^{}\mathrm{𝑁𝐵}816>0`$, and (3) $`I_\mathrm{C}\mathrm{𝑁𝐵}816<0.75(z^{}\mathrm{𝑁𝐵}816)+0.35`$. These criteria give us a sample of 348 $`\mathrm{H}\alpha `$ emitting galaxy candidates. In particular, the first color criterion is a quite nice discriminator between H$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z`$ 0.24 and other emitters at different redshifts and thus it is expected that there is few contamination in our sample.

We adopt the same method as that used by Pascual et al. (2001) to calculate $`\mathrm{H}\alpha `$ equivalent width. The flux density in each filter can be expressed as the sum of the line flux and the continuum flux density (the line is covered by both filters):

$$f_{\mathrm{𝑁𝐵}}=f_C+\frac{F_L}{\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{𝑁𝐵}}\text{, and }f_{Iz}=f_C+0.76\frac{F_L}{\mathrm{\Delta }I}$$
(1)
with $`f_C`$ the continuum flux density; $`F_L`$ the line flux; $`\mathrm{\Delta }NB`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }I`$ the narrow and $`I_\mathrm{C}`$ band filter effective widths and $`f_{NB}`$ and $`f_{Iz}`$ the flux density in each filter. Then the line flux, continuum flux density, and equivalent width can be expressed as follows:

$`F_L`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{𝑁𝐵}{\displaystyle \frac{f_{\mathrm{𝑁𝐵}}f_{Iz}}{10.76(\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{𝑁𝐵}/\mathrm{\Delta }I)}},`$ (2)
$`f_C`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{f_{Iz}0.76f_{\mathrm{𝑁𝐵}}(\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{𝑁𝐵}/\mathrm{\Delta }I)}{10.76(\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{𝑁𝐵}/\mathrm{\Delta }I)}},`$ (3)
$`EW_{\mathrm{obs}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{F_L}{f_C}}=\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{𝑁𝐵}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f_{\mathrm{𝑁𝐵}}f_{Iz}}{f_{Iz}0.76f_{\mathrm{𝑁𝐵}}(\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{𝑁𝐵}/\mathrm{\Delta }I)}}\right),`$ (4)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }I=1269`$ Å for the $`I_\mathrm{C}`$ band and $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{𝑁𝐵}=120`$ Å for the $`\mathrm{𝑁𝐵}816`$ band. The minimum line flux in our 348 sources is $`1.2\times 10^{17}`$ ergs s-1 and the minimum continuum flux density reaches $`3.0\times 10^{30}`$ ergs s-1 Hz-1 ($`25.2`$ in AB magnitude).

### 3.3 H$`\alpha `$ Luminosity

In order to obtain the H$`\alpha `$ luminosity for each source, we correct for the presence of \[N ii\]$`\lambda \lambda 6548,6584`$ lines. Further, we also apply a mean internal extinction correction to each object. For these two corrections, we have adopted the flux ratio of $`f(\mathrm{H}\alpha )/f(`$\[N ii\]$`\lambda \lambda 6548,6584`$$`)=2.3`$ (obtained by Kennicutt 1992a; Gallego et al. 1997; used by TM98; Yan et al. 1999; Iwamuro et al. 2000) and $`A_{\mathrm{H}\alpha }=1`$.

We also apply a statistical correction (28%; the average value of flux decrease due to the filter transmission) to measured flux because the filter transmission function is not square in shape. The $`\mathrm{H}\alpha `$ flux is given by:

$`f_{\mathrm{cor}}(\mathrm{H}\alpha )=f(\mathrm{H}\alpha `$ $`+`$ $`[\text{ N }\text{ii}])\times {\displaystyle \frac{f(\mathrm{H}\alpha )}{f(\mathrm{H}\alpha )+f([\text{ N }\text{ii}])}}`$ (5)
$`\times `$ $`10^{0.4A_{\mathrm{H}\alpha }}\times 1.28.`$
We calculate $`f(\mathrm{H}\alpha +[\text{ N }\text{ii}])`$ from the total magnitude; note that the aperture size is determined from the $`I_\mathrm{C}`$-band image. Finally the $`\mathrm{H}\alpha `$ luminosity is given by $`L(\mathrm{H}\alpha )=4\pi d_\mathrm{L}^2f_{\mathrm{cor}}(\mathrm{H}\alpha )`$ using the redshift of the line at the center of the filter $`z=0.242`$ and the luminosity distance, $`d_\mathrm{L}`$.

## 4 LUMINOSITY FUNCTION AND STAR FORMATION RATE

### 4.1 Luminosity function of $`\mathrm{H}\alpha `$ emitters

In order to investigate the star formation activity in galaxies at $`z0.24`$, we construct the $`\mathrm{H}\alpha `$ luminosity function (LF) for our H$`\alpha `$ emitter sample by using the relation, $`\mathrm{\Phi }(\mathrm{log}L(\mathrm{H}\alpha ))\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{log}L(\mathrm{H}\alpha )=_i1/V^i`$, where $`V^i`$ is the comoving volume, and the sum is over galaxies with $`\mathrm{H}\alpha `$ luminosity within the interval \[$`\mathrm{log}L(\mathrm{H}\alpha )\pm 0.5\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{log}L(\mathrm{H}\alpha )`$\]. We take account of the filter shape in the computation of the volume. The correction can be as large as 13% for the faint galaxies \[$`L(\mathrm{H}\alpha )<10^{41}`$ ergs s-1\] as compared to that for the brightest galaxies. Figure 3 shows the result with the Schechter function (Schechter 1976) fit to the $`z0.3`$ $`\mathrm{H}\alpha `$ LF measured by TM98 (which is characterized by $`\alpha =1.35`$, $`\varphi _{}=10^{2.56}`$ Mpc-3, and $`L_{}=10^{41.92}`$ ergs s-1; note that we convert the parameters to those of our adopted cosmology).

Fitting $`\mathrm{H}\alpha `$ LF of $`L(\mathrm{H}\alpha )>10^{40}`$ ergs s-1 with a Schechter function, we find that the best-fitting parameters are $`\alpha =1.53\pm 0.15`$, $`\mathrm{log}\varphi _{}=2.62\pm 0.34`$, and $`\mathrm{log}L_{}=41.95\pm 0.25`$. We find that the faint end slope of our LF is steeper than that obtained by TM98. This difference may be attributed to the different source selection procedures between TM98 and ours; i.e., TM98 used $`I`$-selected CFRS galaxies lying at redshift below 0.3 with the limiting magnitude of $`I_{\mathrm{AB}}=22.5`$, while we used $`\mathrm{𝑁𝐵}816`$-selected galaxies with the much deeper limiting magnitude of $`I_\mathrm{C}25`$. In order to check this possibility, we have made LFs of $`I_\mathrm{C}<24`$, $`I_\mathrm{C}<23`$, and $`I_\mathrm{C}<22`$ sources (Figure 4), using our $`I_\mathrm{C}`$-selected catalog. It is shown from this analysis that the LF for galaxies with a brighter $`I_\mathrm{C}`$-band limiting magnitude tend to have a shallower faint end slope although the brightest end of LFs is not affected by the $`I_\mathrm{C}`$-band limiting magnitude. The difference between LF of TM98 and our data is originated from this point. In addition to this, our survey is concentrated in a small redshift range around $`z0.24`$ while the redshift range of TM98 is $`z0.3`$. This may also affect the LF shape. It should be noted that our result is consistent with that obtained by Pascual et al. (2001) although their data are available only for brighter objects with log $`L`$(H$`\alpha `$) $``$ 42.

### 4.2 Luminosity density and star formation rate density

The $`\mathrm{H}\alpha `$ luminosity density is obtained by integrating the LF:

$$(\mathrm{H}\alpha )=_0^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Phi }(L)L𝑑L=\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha +2)\varphi _{}L_{}.$$
(6)
We then find a total $`\mathrm{H}\alpha `$ luminosity per unit comoving volume $`10^{39.65_{0.17}^{+0.08}}`$ ergs s-1 Mpc-3 at $`z0.24`$ from our best fit LF. The errors quoted here are the standard deviations taking into account that the three Schechter parameters are correlated. Our estimate is quite similar to that obtained by Pascual et al. (2001), $`10^{39.79\pm 0.09}`$ ergs s-1 Mpc-3.

Not all the H$`\alpha `$ luminosity is produced by star formation, because active galactic nuclei (AGNs) can also contribute to the luminosity. The amount of this contribution depends on the selection criteria. For example, it is 8-17% in the CFRS low-$`z`$ sample (Tresse et al. 1996), 8% in the local UCM (Gallego et al. 1995), and 17-28% in the 15R survey (Carter et al. 2001) for the number of galaxies. Following the manner of Pascual et al. (2001), we adopt that AGNs contribute to 15% of the luminosity density. We correct this AGNs contribution and then obtain the corrected luminosity density, $`10^{39.58_{0.17}^{+0.08}}`$ ergs s-1 Mpc-3.

The star formation rate can be estimated from the $`\mathrm{H}\alpha `$ luminosity using $`SFR=7.9\times 10^{42}L(\mathrm{H}\alpha )M_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{yr}^1`$, where $`L(\mathrm{H}\alpha )`$ is in units of ergs s-1 (Kennicutt 1998). Thus, the $`\mathrm{H}\alpha `$ luminosity density can be translated into the SFR density of $`\rho _{\mathrm{SFR}}0.036_{0.012}^{+0.006}M_{\mathrm{}}`$ yr-1 Mpc-3 (with AGN correction $`0.031_{0.010}^{+0.005}`$ $`M_{\mathrm{}}`$ yr-1 Mpc-3). Figure 5 shows the evolution of the SFR density from $`z=0`$ to $`z=2.0`$. The $`SFR`$ density measured here is higher than that of TM98. This is mainly due to the difference of faint end slope as shown before. Our result is consistent with the strong increase in SFR density from $`z=0`$ to $`z1`$.

We would like to thank the Subaru Telescope staff for their invaluable help. We thank the referee, Jesus Gallego, for his detailed comments that improved this article. We also thank T. Hayashino for his invaluable help. This work was financially supported in part by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (Nos. 10044052 and 10304013).