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# Melrose–Uhlmann projectors, the metaplectic representation and symplectic cuts

## Abstract

By applying the symplectic cutting operation to cotangent bundles, one can construct a large number of interesting symplectic cones. In this paper we show how to attach algebras of pseudodifferential operators to such cones and describe the symbolic properties of the algebras.

## Introduction

The Melrose–Uhlmann projectors which we refer to in the title of this article are projection operators which look microlocally like the standard Szegö projectors on $`L^2(S^1)`$. They belong to a class of pseudodifferential operators with singular symbols which were studied by Melrose–Uhlmann in \[MU\] and by one of us in \[Gu\]. One of the main goals of this paper will be to give a microlocal description of the algebra of classical pseudodifferential operators which commute with such a projection operator.

Another of the main goals of this paper will be to examine some microlocal aspects of a basic operation in cobordism theory: the *cutting* operation. Let $`M`$ be a $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ manifold, $`\tau :S^1\times MM`$ an action of $`S^1`$ on $`M`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }:M`$ an $`S^1`$-invariant function. If zero is a regular value of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ the set

$$W=\{pM,\mathrm{\Phi }(p)0\}$$

is a manifold with boundary, and if $`S^1`$ acts freely on the boundary, one gets a $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ manifold without boundary by collapsing the circle orbits in the boundary to points. This new manifold, which we will denote by $`M`$, is the disjoint union of the manifold, $`M_{\mathrm{red}}=\mathrm{\Phi }^1(0)/S^1`$ and the interior, $`W^0`$, of $`W`$; and $`M_{\mathrm{red}}`$ sits inside $`M`$ as a codimension $`2`$ submanifold. For example let $`M=^n`$ and let $`\tau `$ be multiplication by unit complex numbers. If $`\mathrm{\Phi }(z)=|z|^21`$, then $`M`$ is the blow up of $`^n`$ at $`0`$ and $`M_{\mathrm{red}}=P^{n1}`$ is the exceptional divisor. On the other hand if $`\mathrm{\Phi }(z)=1|z|^2`$, then $`M`$ is $`P^n`$ and $`M_{\mathrm{red}}=P^{n1}`$.

It was observed several years ago by one of us (see \[Le\]) that this cutting operation can be symplecticized. Namely suppose that $`M=(M,\omega )`$ is a symplectic manifold, $`\tau `$ a Hamiltonian action and $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ the moment map associated with this action. Then the symplectic form on $`W^0=MM_{\text{red}}`$ extends smoothly to a symplectic form on $`M_{\text{cut}}`$ and so also does the action $`\tau `$ and moment map, $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$. Moreover, $`M_{\text{red}}`$ is a symplectic submanifold of $`M_{\text{cut}}`$ and, as an abstract symplectic manifold, is isomorphic to the usual symplectic reduction of $`M`$ by $`\tau `$.

To prove these assertions one needs a somewhat different description of $`M_{\text{cut}}`$. Consider the product manifold, $`M\times `$, with the product symplectic form, $`\omega _M\omega _{}`$, and the action on it of $`S^1\times S^1`$. The moment map for this product action is $`(\mathrm{\Phi }(m),|z|^2)`$; so if we restrict to the diagonal subgroup of $`S^1\times S^1`$ we get a Hamiltonian action of $`S^1`$ on $`M\times `$ with moment map, $`\mathrm{\Psi }(m,z)=\mathrm{\Phi }(m)|z|^2`$, and it is not hard to see that $`M_{\text{cut}}`$ can be identified with the reduced space

(0.1)
$$(M\times )_{\text{red}}=\mathrm{\Psi }^1(0)/S^1.$$

Moreover this space has a residual action on it of $`S^1`$, and it is not hard to see that this action coincides with the action of $`S^1`$ described above.

Suppose now that the action $`\tau `$ can be quantized; i.e., suppose that one can associate with $`(M,\tau )`$ a representation, $`\tau ^\mathrm{\#}`$, of $`S^1`$ on a Hilbert space, $`Q(M)`$, by some kind of “quantization” procedure. Then, in view of the fact that the symplectic form on $`M\times `$ defined above is the product of the symplectic form on $`M`$ and on $``$, one gets for the quantization of $`M\times `$

$$Q(M)Q()^{}$$

or equivalently

$$\mathrm{Hom}(Q(),Q(M)).$$

Thus by the “quantization commutes with reduction” principle one gets for the reduced space, $`M_{\mathrm{cut}}=(M\times )_{\mathrm{red}}`$ the quantization

$$\mathrm{Hom}(Q(),Q(M))^{S^1}.$$

To complete this quantum description of $`M_{\mathrm{cut}}`$ we still have to specify a quantization $`Q()`$, of the action of $`S^1`$ on $``$ and for this there is a more or less canonical candidate, the oscillator representation of $`S^1`$ on $`L^2()`$. Thus the Hilbert space

(0.2)
$$\mathrm{Hom}(L^2(),Q(M))^{S^1}$$

is an obvious candidate for $`Q(M_{\mathrm{cut}})`$.111To make 0.2 into a Hilbert space we will take the intertwining operators in this “$`\mathrm{Hom}`$” to be Hilbert–Schmidt.

To see how this construction is related to the theory of Melrose–Uhlmann projectors let $`H_n,n=0,1,\mathrm{}`$ be the one-dimensional subspace of $`L^2()`$ spanned by the $`n`$$`^{\text{th}}`$ Hermite function, $`h_n`$. This subspace transforms as $`e^{in\theta }`$ under the action of $`\theta S^1`$. Therefore the space

$$\mathrm{Hom}(H_n,Q(M))^{S^1}$$

can be identified with the space

$$Q_n(M)=\{fQ(M),\tau ^\mathrm{\#}(e^{i\theta })f=e^{in\theta }f\}$$

via the map

$$TTh_n,$$

and the space (0.2) can be identified with the direct sum

(0.3)
$$\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}Q_n(M).$$

Let us denote by $`\mathrm{\Pi }_+`$ the orthogonal projection of $`Q(M)`$ onto the space (0.3). The examples we will be interested in in this paper with be quantizations defined using microlocal analysis, and for these examples $`\mathrm{\Pi }_+`$ will be a projector of Melrose–Uhlmann type. Moreover in these examples there will be a natural algebra of “quantum observables” on $`M`$: either pseudodifferential operators or Toeplitz operators, and hence a natural algebra of quantum observables on $`M_{\mathrm{cut}}`$, namely the operators which commute with $`\mathrm{\Pi }_+`$.

Finally we’ll explain why the metaplectic representation is involved in the construction we’ve just described. The oscillator representations of $`S^1`$ on $`L^2()`$ is unfortunately not a representation of $`S^1`$ itself but of its metaplectic double cover. This double cover is just another copy of $`S^1`$; so there would seem to be no problem in substituting it for $`S^1`$ in the definition (0.2). However, if one wants to attach symbols to the quantum observables we just defined, the fact that the $`S^1`$ acting on $``$ is not the same $`S^1`$ as that acting on $`L^2()`$ causes some unpleasant parity complications and one has to make use of metaplectic techniques to deal with these complications.

A few words about the contents of this article. For simplicity we will henceforth assume that the manifold $`M`$ above is the cotangent bundle of a compact manifold, $`X`$, and that the algebra of “quantum observables” is the algebra of pseudodifferential operators, $`\mathrm{\Psi }(X)`$.222However, most of the results below are true, mutatis mutandis, for the algebra of Toeplitz operators on a strictly pseudoconvex domain. As for the action, $`\tau `$ we will assume it is a *canonical* action, i.e., each of the symplectomorphisms, $`\tau (e^{i\theta })`$, is a canonical transformation. By a theorem of de la Harpe–Karoubi \[HK\] every such action can be quantized by a unitary representation

$$\tau ^\mathrm{\#}:S^1U(H),H=L^2(X),$$

by Fourier integral operators; and for this representation the projector $`\mathrm{\Pi }_+`$ is of Melrose–Uhlmann type. (See \[Gu\] theorem 4.4. We will also prove this explicitly in §4 by showing that $`\mathrm{\Pi }_+`$ is microlocally conjugate to the standard Szegö projector.) The main result of this article is the following

> Theorem ” Let $`\mathrm{\Psi }_+`$ be the algebra of pseudodifferential operators which commute with $`\mathrm{\Pi }_+`$. Then the algebra $`\mathrm{\Pi }_+\mathrm{\Psi }_+\mathrm{\Pi }_+`$ quantizes the algebra of classical observables, $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M_{\text{cut}})`$.

The second statement needs some amplification (which will be supplied in §5); however the reason for the quotation marks is the parity complications we referred to above. We will discuss this “metaplectic glitch” in more detail in §1 and will show that there are two ways of dealing with it: one by making the action of $`S^1`$ on $`M`$ a “metaplectic” action and the other by making the action of $`S^1`$ on $`^1`$ a “metaplectic” action. We will show that both these alternatives give rise to an interesting symbol calculus for operators in $`\mathrm{\Pi }_+\mathrm{\Psi }_+\mathrm{\Pi }_+`$.

In section 2 we will discuss a differential operator version of the “theorem” above for the manifold $`X=S^1`$ and the standard Szegö projector, and then in section 3 we will extend this result to the algebra of pseudodifferential operators on product manifolds of the form, $`X=Y\times S^1`$. In section 4 we will show that it suffices to prove our “theorem” in this case by showing that there exists a Fourier integral operator locally conjugating the general case to this case. Finally in section 5 we will discuss the symbolic calculus of the algebra $`\mathrm{\Pi }\mathrm{\Psi }_+\mathrm{\Pi }`$. We will show that an operator of degree $`r`$ in this algebra has a leading symbol which is an homogeneous function of degree $`r`$ on $`M_{\text{cut}}`$ and that products and Poisson brackets of symbols correspond to products and commutators of operators. We will also show that this algebra can be equipped with a residue trace which, for operators of degree $`d`$, $`d=dimM/2`$, is given by integrating the leading symbol of the operator over $`M_+`$, and will deduce from this a Weyl law for operators of elliptic type.

Finally in section 6 we will discuss what happens when one starts with a cotangent bundle and applies to it repeated symplectic cuts. One can construct in this way a lot of interesting symplectic cones, and by the techniques of this paper one gets (modulo the $`_2`$ problems discussed above) algebras of classical polyhomogeneous pseudodifferential operators quantizing these cones. The details of this construction will be spelled out elsewhere but in section 6 we will indicate (roughly) how to quantize in this way the cones over the classical three dimensional lens spaces.

## 1. The metaplectic glitch

Let $`M`$ be a manifold with an action $`\tau `$ of a circle $`S^1`$ and an $`S^1`$ invariant function $`\mathrm{\Phi }:M`$. Suppose $`S^1`$ acts freely on the level set $`\mathrm{\Phi }^1(0)`$. Then the quotient $`M_{\mathrm{red}}:=\mathrm{\Phi }^1(0)/S^1`$ is a manifold. Consider the manifold with boundary $`\{mM\mathrm{\Phi }(m)0\}`$, and collapse the circle orbits in the boundary to points. The resulting space

$$M_{\mathrm{cut}}:=\{mM\mathrm{\Phi }(m)0\}/,$$

where $``$ is the relation described above (cf. (1.1) below), is a $`C^0`$ manifold. The manifold $`M_{\mathrm{red}}`$ embeds naturally in $`M_{\mathrm{cut}}`$ as a codimension 2 submanifold and the difference $`M_{\mathrm{cut}}M_{\mathrm{red}}`$ is homeomorphic to $`\{mM\mathrm{\Phi }(m)>0\}`$.

If, in addition, $`M`$ is a symplectic manifold, the action $`\tau `$ is Hamiltonian and $`\mathrm{\Phi }:M`$ is the corresponding moment map then $`M_{\mathrm{cut}}`$ is symplectic. More specifically

###### Proposition 1.1.

Let $`(M,\omega )`$ be a symplectic manifold with a Hamiltonian action $`\tau `$ of $`S^1`$; let $`\mathrm{\Phi }:M`$ denote a corresponding moment map. Suppose $`S^1`$ acts freely on $`\mathrm{\Phi }^1(0)`$. Define an equivalence relation $``$ on $`\{mM\mathrm{\Phi }(m)0\}`$ for $`mm^{}`$ by the identification:

(1.1)
$$mm^{}\mathrm{\Phi }(m)=\mathrm{\Phi }(m^{})=0\text{ and }m=\lambda m^{}\text{ for some }\lambda S^1.$$

Then

1. The $`C^0`$ manifold $`M_{\mathrm{cut}}`$ can be given the structure of a $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ symplectic manifold $`(M_+,\omega _+)`$ so that the reduced space $`M_{\mathrm{red}}=\mathrm{\Phi }^1(0)/S^1`$ embeds symplecticly and the difference $`M_+M_{\mathrm{red}}`$ is symplectomorphic to $`\{mM\mathrm{\Phi }(m)>0\}`$.
2. Alternatively, the $`C^0`$ manifold $`M_{\mathrm{cut}}`$ can be given the structure of a $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ symplectic orbifold $`(M_{++},\omega _{++})`$ so that the set of regular points is symplectomorphic to $`\{mM\mathrm{\Phi }(m)>0\}`$, the set of singular points is symplectomorphic to the reduced space $`M_{\mathrm{red}}`$, and the structure group of all points in $`M_{\mathrm{red}}`$ is $`_2`$.

###### Remark 1.2.

Even though $`M_+`$ and $`M_{++}`$ are the same as topological spaces, namely $`M_{\mathrm{cut}}`$, they are not the same as orbifolds. In particular $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M_+)C^{\mathrm{}}(M_{++})`$.

###### Remark 1.3.

One readily sees from the proof below that the Hamiltonian action $`\tau `$ of $`S^1`$ on $`(M,\omega )`$ descends to a Hamiltonian action of $`S^1`$ on $`(M_+,\omega _+)`$ which fixes $`M_{\mathrm{red}}`$ pointwise and makes the embedding $`\{\mathrm{\Phi }>0\}M_+`$ equivariant. The same statement holds for $`M_{++}`$.

###### Proof.

Consider the diagonal action of $`S^1`$ on $`(M\times ,\omega idzd\overline{z})`$. The map $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}(m,z)=\mathrm{\Phi }(m)|z|^2`$ is a corresponding moment map. Since $`S^1`$ acts freely on $`\mathrm{\Phi }^1(0)`$ it acts freely on $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^1(0)`$. Hence $`M_+:=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^1(0)/S^1`$ is a symplectic manifold. The composition of the embedding $`j:\{\mathrm{\Phi }0\}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^1(0)`$, $`j(m)=(m,\sqrt{\mathrm{\Phi }(m)})`$ with the orbit map $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^1(0)\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^1(0)/S^1=M_+`$ is onto. It induces a homeomorphism $`\phi :M_{\mathrm{cut}}=\{\mathrm{\Phi }0\}/M_+`$. Note that $`\phi |_{\{\mathrm{\Phi }>0\}}`$ is an open embedding. Moreover, since $`j^{}(\omega idzd\overline{z})=\omega `$, it is symplectic. Similarly one checks that the difference $`M_+\phi (\{\mathrm{\Phi }>0\})`$ is the reduced space $`M_{\mathrm{red}}`$. This proves the first part of the theorem.

Denote elements of $`/_2`$ by $`[z]`$, so that $`[z]=[z]`$. Consider the $`S^1`$ action on $`/_2`$ given by $`\mu [z]=[\sqrt{\mu }z]`$. This action is well-defined and preserves the symplectic form $`[idzd\overline{z}]`$ on $`/_2`$ corresponding to $`idzd\overline{z}`$; the moment map for this action is the map, $`[z]|z|^2`$. Now consider the diagonal action of $`S^1`$ on $`(M\times /_2,\omega [idzd\overline{z}])`$ and proceed as in the first part of the proof, denoting the reduction of $`M\times /_2`$ at zero by $`M_{++}`$. ∎

Now let $`M`$ be a cotangent bundle of a compact manifold, $`X`$, of dimension $`n>1`$; and let the action, $`\tau `$, above be a canonical action (an action preserving the canonical cotangent one-form, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }\xi _idx_i`$). By the theorem of de la Harpe–Karoubi–Weinstein that we cited in the introduction, there exists a representation, $`\tau ^\mathrm{\#}`$, of $`S^1`$ on $`L^2(X)`$ which quantizes $`\tau `$ in the sense that for each $`e^{i\theta }S^1`$, $`\tau ^\mathrm{\#}(e^{i\theta })`$ is a unitary Fourier integral operator with $`\tau (e^{i\theta })`$ as its underlying canonical transformation. Let

$$\mathrm{\Pi }:L^2(X)L^2(X)$$

be orthogonal projection onto the space

(1.2)
$$\mathrm{span}\{fL^2(X)\tau ^\mathrm{\#}(e^{i\theta })f=e^{in\theta }f,n0\},$$

and let $`\mathrm{\Psi }_+`$ be the algebra of classical pseudodifferential operators which commute with $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$. The main result of this paper (modulo a few qualifications which we will explain shortly) asserts:

($``$)  $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ is a projector of Melrose–Uhlmann type, and the algebra $`\mathrm{\Pi }\mathrm{\Psi }_+\mathrm{\Pi }`$
quantizes the algebra of classical observables, $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M_+)`$.
As we remarked in the introduction there is a metaplectic glitch involved in making the statement above correct. To explain this glitch we note that, since $`M=T^{}X`$, the obvious candidate for the quantum Hilbert space to associate with $`M`$ is $`L^2(X)`$; and since

$$=^2=T^{}$$

the obvious candidate for the quantum Hilbert space to associate with $``$ is $`L^2()`$. Thus, if one subscribes to the principle that “quantization commutes with reduction” one should associate with $`M_+`$ the quantum Hilbert space

(1.3)
$$\mathrm{Hom}(L^2(),L^2(X))^{S^1}.$$

We must, of course, still specify how $`S^1`$ is to act on $`L^2()`$ for (1.3) to make sense; and this, we will see, is the source of the “metaplectic glitch” that we referred to above. Let’s briefly review how the metaplectic (or Segal–Shale–Weil) representation of $`S^1`$ on $`L^2()`$ is defined: Let $`x`$ and $`y`$ be the standard Darboux coordinates on $`^2`$ and let $`𝔥_3=\mathrm{span}\{x,y,1\}`$. This space sits inside the Poisson algebra, $`C^{\mathrm{}}(^2)`$, as a three-dimensional Heisenberg algebra, and can be represented on $`L^2()`$ by the standard Schroedinger representation

(1.4)
$$xx,y\frac{}{x},1I.$$

This exponentiates to a representation, $`\kappa `$, of the Heisenberg group, $`H_3`$, on $`L^2()`$; and, by the Stone–Von Neumann theorem, $`\kappa `$ is the unique irreducible representation of $`H_3`$ for which the center, $``$, of $`H_3`$ acts as $`e^{it}I`$. Consider now the symplectic action of $`S^1`$ on $`^2`$ given by $`\theta e^{i\theta }`$. Being a linear action this preserves $`𝔥_3`$, and being symplectic, acts on $`𝔥_3`$ by Lie algebra automorphisms. Hence, since $`H_3`$ is simply connected, this action can be exponentiated to an action, $`\rho `$, of $`S^1`$ on $`H_3`$ by Lie group automorphisms; and this enables one to define, for every $`\theta `$, a new representation, $`\kappa _\theta `$, of $`H_3`$ on $`L^2(X)`$ by setting

$$\kappa _\theta (h)=\kappa (h_\theta ),h_\theta =\rho (e^{i\theta })h.$$

This representation is identical with $`\kappa `$ on the center of $`H_3`$; so by the Stone–Von Neumann theorem $`\kappa `$ and $`\kappa _\theta `$ are isomorphic: there exists a unitary operator

$$\gamma _\theta :L^2(X)L^2(X)$$

such that $`\gamma _\theta ^1\kappa \gamma _\theta =\kappa _\theta `$. Moreover, since $`\kappa `$ is irreducible, this operator is unique up to a constant multiple of module one. From this uniqueness it is easy to see that $`\gamma _{\theta _1+\theta _2}`$ is a constant multiple of $`\gamma _{\theta _1}\gamma _{\theta _2}`$; i.e., the map

(1.5)
$$e^{i\theta }\gamma (\theta )$$

is a *projective* representation of $`S^1`$ on $`L^2(X)`$. The problem of converting this projective representation into a bona fide *linear* representation is a standard problem in representation theory and involves an obstruction which sits in the group cohomology of the group, $`S^1`$. For (1.5) this obstruction unfortunately doesn’t vanish; but one can make it vanish by pulling it back to the metaplectic double cover, $`\stackrel{~}{S}^1`$, of $`S^1`$. Since $`\stackrel{~}{S}^1`$ is just the group $`S^1`$ itself, double covering itself by the map

(1.6)
$$e^{i\theta }e^{2i\theta }$$

one gets a linear representation, $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }`$, of $`S^1`$ on $`L^2()`$ by composing (1.5) with (1.6) and adjusting constant multiples. This is, by definition, the metaplectic representation of $`S^1`$ on $`L^2()`$; and its clear from this definition that its the *only* representation of $`S^1`$ on $`L^2()`$ compatible with (1.4).

Coming back to the space of intertwining operators (1.3), if the representation of $`S^1`$ on $`L^2()`$ is the metaplectic representation, the space (1.3) is not strictly speaking well-defined since the “$`S^1`$” acting on $`L^2()`$ is *not* the same group as the “$`S^1`$” acting on $`L^2(X)`$ and on $`M\times `$: it is the metaplectic double cover of this group. This is the “metaplectic glitch” which we referred to above. We will discuss below two ways of dealing with it, one of which leads to an interesting quantization of $`M_+`$ and the other to an interesting quantization of $`M_{++}`$.

The first way is to make the action of $`S^1`$ on the second factor of (1.3) a metaplectic action. Namely let $`_2=\{\pm 1\}=\{\lambda S^1,\lambda ^2=1\}`$. Then $`S^1/_2`$ acts on $`M/_2`$, and the quantization of this action is the action of $`S^1/_2`$ on $`L^2(X/_2)=L^2(X)^_2`$. Let’s temporarily relabel the groups, $`S^1`$ and $`S^1/_2`$, letting $`S^1`$ temporarily be labeled $`\stackrel{~}{S}^1`$ and $`S^1/_2`$, temporarily labeled $`S^1`$; and let’s replace the space of intertwining operators, (1.3), by

(1.7)
$$\mathrm{Hom}(L^2(),L^2(X)^_2)^{\stackrel{~}{S}^1},$$

which is now well-defined since the same group is acting on both factors. Let $`h_iL^2()`$ be the $`i`$$`^{\text{th}}`$ Hermite function, normalized to have $`L^2`$-norm one. Then if $`T`$ is an intertwining operator belonging to the space (1.7), $`Th_n=0`$ for all $`n`$ odd and the map

(1.8)
$$T\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}Th_{2n}$$

maps the space (1.7) bijectively onto the $`_2`$-invariant part of the space (1.2). Let $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}`$ be the orthogonal projection of $`L^2(X)^_2`$ onto this space and let $`\mathrm{\Psi }_+^{\mathrm{even}}`$ be the ring of $`_2`$-invariant classical pseudodifferential operators which commute with $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}`$. Then the following even version of assertion ($``$) above is true:

###### Theorem 1.

$`\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}`$ is a projector of Melrose–Uhlmann type and the algebra $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}\mathrm{\Psi }_+^{\mathrm{even}}\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}`$ quantizes the algebra of classical observables, $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M_+)_{\mathrm{even}}`$.

The second way of dealing with this “metaplectic glitch” is to make the action of $`\stackrel{~}{S}^1`$ on the first factor of (1.3) an action of $`S^1`$ by noting that one gets from the metaplectic representation a representation of $`\stackrel{~}{S}^1/_2=S^1`$ on $`L^2()^_2`$. This makes the space of intertwining operators

(1.9)
$$\mathrm{Hom}(L^2()^_2,L^2(X))^{S^1}$$

well-defined. Moreover, the action of $`S^1`$ on $`L^2()^_2`$ is given by $`e^{i\theta }h_{2n}=e^{in\theta }h_{2n}`$, so the mapping (1.8) maps the space (1.9) bijectively onto the space (1.2), and the projector, $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$, is projection onto its image. Now, however, the classical counterpart of the space (1.9) is no longer $`M_+`$ but $`M_{++}`$. Indeed, the first factor in (1.9) is the space, $`L^2()^_2`$, which one can think of as the quantization of the orbifold, $`(T^{})/_2`$. Therefore, by the principle of “quantization commutes with reduction” the classical counterpart of (1.9) is the symplectic reduction at zero of the orbifold, $`M\times ((T^{})/_2)`$, i.e., it is $`M_{++}`$. Our second version of the “theorem” above states

###### Theorem 2.

$`\mathrm{\Pi }\mathrm{\Psi }_+\mathrm{\Pi }`$ is the quantization of the algebra of classical observables, $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M_{++})`$.

We now sketch the proof of Theorems 1 and 2 for the space $`M=T^{}S^1`$ (with pseudodifferential operators replaced by differential operators). By definition $`(T^{}S^1)_+`$ is the reduction at zero of the manifold $`(T^{}S^1\times =\times S^1\times ,ds\frac{d\lambda }{i\lambda }idzd\overline{z})`$ (where $`(s,\lambda =e^{i\theta },z)\times S^1\times `$), by the $`S^1`$ action

$$\mu (s,\lambda ,z)=(s,\mu \lambda ,\mu z)$$

with moment map

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}(s,\lambda ,z)=s|z|^2.$$

The set $`\{(|z|^2,1,z)\times S^1\times z\}`$ parameterizes $`S^1`$ orbits in $`\mathrm{\Psi }^1(0)`$. Hence the map $`\pi :\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^1(0)`$, $`\pi (s=|z|^2,\lambda ,z)=\lambda ^1z`$ induces a diffeomorphism $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^1(0)/S^1`$. The embedding $`j:[0,\mathrm{})\times S^1\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^1(0)`$, $`j(s,\lambda )=(s,\lambda ,\sqrt{s})`$ has the property that the composition $`\sigma =\pi j:[0,\mathrm{})\times S^1`$ is onto; it is one-to-one on $`(0,\mathrm{})\times S^1`$ and maps $`\{0\}\times S^1`$ to $`0`$. Note that $`\sigma (s,\lambda )=\lambda ^1\sqrt{s}`$ and that $`\sigma `$ induces a homeomorphism $`\phi :(([0,\mathrm{})\times S^1)/)`$.

Now consider the ring of real $``$-valued polynomials on $`^2=`$ invariant under the $`_2`$ action $`zz`$. It is generated by $`z^2,|z|^2`$ and $`\overline{z}^2`$. Note that $`\sigma ^{}z^2=\lambda ^2s=e^{2i\theta }s`$, $`\sigma ^{}|z|^2=s`$ and $`\sigma ^{}\overline{z}^2=e^{2i\theta }s`$. On the other hand we will show in § 2 that the ring of differential operators on $`S^1`$ which commute with the projector, $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}`$, is generated by the operators

$$\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta }e^{2i\theta },\frac{1}{i}e^{2i\theta }\frac{d}{d\theta }\text{ and }\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta };$$

and the symbols of these operators are exactly $`se^{2i\theta }`$, $`se^{2i\theta }`$ and $`s`$. Thus the ring of even polynomial functions on $`(T^{}S^1)_+`$ is exactly the ring of the symbols of differential operators which commute with $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{even}`$.

The proof of Theorem 2 is similar. First note that

$$(T^{})/_2=^2/_2=/_2.$$

Let’s again denote elements of $`/_2`$ by $`[z]`$, so that $`[z]=[z]`$. Consider the $`S^1`$ action on $`/_2`$ given by $`\mu [z]=[\sqrt{\mu }z]`$. As we noted previously this action is well-defined and preserves the symplectic form on $`/_2`$ corresponding to $`idzd\overline{z}`$; and the moment map for this action is the map, $`[z]|z|^2`$.

Now let’s check what $`(T^{}S^1)_{++}`$ looks like. By definition $`(T^{}S^1)_{++}`$ is the reduction at zero of the orbifold

$$(T^{}S^1)\times (/_2)=\times S^1\times (/_2)$$

by the circle action

$$\mu (s,\lambda =e^{i\theta },[z])=(s,\mu \lambda ,[\sqrt{\mu }z]),$$

the moment map for this action being the function, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}(s,\lambda ,[z])=s|z|^2`$. Arguing as above we get a surjective map $`\sigma :[0,\mathrm{})\times S^1/_2`$ which is one-to-one on $`(0,\mathrm{})\times S^1`$ and sends $`\{0\}\times S^1`$ to $`[0]`$. The only difference is that now $`\sigma `$ is given by

$$\sigma (s,\lambda )=[\lambda ^{1/2}\sqrt{s}].$$

Consider now the ring of (complex valued) “polynomial” functions on $`/_2`$. This ring, by definition, is the ring of $`_2`$-invariant polynomial functions on $``$; and, as we noted above, this ring is generated by $`z^2`$, $`\overline{z}^2`$ and $`|z|^2`$. By abuse of notation we can think of these functions as living on $`/_2`$. Now note that now $`\sigma ^{}z^2=\lambda ^1s=e^{i\theta }s`$, $`\sigma ^{}\overline{z}^2=e^{i\theta }s`$ and $`\sigma ^{}|z|^2=s`$. On the other hand we will prove in § 2 that the ring of differential operators on $`S^1`$ which commute with $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ is generated by

$$\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta }e^{i\theta },\frac{1}{i}e^{i\theta }\frac{d}{d\theta }\text{ and }\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta };$$

and the symbols of these operators are exactly the functions $`se^{i\theta }`$, $`se^{i\theta }`$ and $`s`$ above. Thus the ring of polynomial functions on $`(T^{}S^1)_{++}`$ is exactly the ring of symbols of differential operators which commute with $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$.

## 2. The Szegö projector on $`S^1`$

The classical Szegö projector

$$\mathrm{\Pi }:L^2(S^1)L^2(S^1)$$

is the orthogonal projection of the space $`L^2(S^1)`$ onto the space

$$\mathrm{span}\{e^{in\theta }n0\}.$$

Our goal in this section is to determine all differential operators on $`S^1`$ which commute with $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$. It is easy to check that the operators

(2.1)
$$\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta },\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta }e^{i\theta }e^{i\theta }\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta }$$

have this property, and we will prove that the only differential operators that commute with $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ are sums and products of these operators.

###### Theorem 2.1.

The algebra of differential operators on the circle $`S^1`$ which commute with the Szegö projector $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ is generated by the operators (2.1).

###### Proof.

We will first prove that

(2.2)
$$\left(\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta }e^{i\theta }\right)^k=e^{ik\theta }p_k(\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta })$$

where

(2.3)
$$p_k(x)=(x+1)\mathrm{}(x+k).$$

Assume by induction that this holds for $`k1`$. Then

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \left(\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta }e^{i\theta }\right)^k& =\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta }e^{i\theta }\left(e^{i(k1)\theta }p_{k1}(\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta })\right)\hfill \\ & =\frac{1}{i}e^{ik\theta }p_{k1}(\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta })\hfill \\ & =\frac{1}{i}e^{ik\theta }\left(\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta }+k\right)p_{k1}(\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta })\hfill \\ & =\frac{1}{i}e^{ik\theta }p_k(\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta })\hfill \end{array}$$

Q.E.D.

Now let $`Q`$ be a differential operator of degree $`d`$ which commutes with $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ and transforms under the action $`\tau `$ of $`S^1`$ by

(2.4)
$$\tau _\theta ^{}Q=e^{ik\theta }Q\tau _\theta ^{},k0.$$

Such an operator has to be of the form $`e^{ik\theta }q(\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta })`$ for some $`d`$-th degree polynomial $`q(x)`$. The commutator condition $`[Q,\mathrm{\Pi }]=0`$ implies that

$$Qe^{im\theta }=\mathrm{\Pi }Qe^{im\theta }Q\mathrm{\Pi }e^{im\theta }=0$$

for $`m=k,k+1,\mathrm{},1`$, so the integers $`m=k+s`$, $`s=0,\mathrm{},k1`$ are roots of $`q`$. Thus $`p_k(x)`$ divides $`q(x)`$; and letting $`r(x)=q(x)/p_k(x)`$, one has:

(2.5)
$$Q=r(\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta })\left((\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta })e^{i\theta }\right)^k$$

by (2.2).

If $`Q`$ transforms under the action $`\tau `$ of $`S^1`$ by

(2.6)
$$\tau _\theta ^{}Q=e^{ik\theta }Q\tau _\theta ^{},k0,$$

the transpose of $`Q`$ transforms by (2.4). Therefore the transpose of $`Q`$ has to be of the form (2.5), and $`Q`$ itself of the form

(2.7)
$$Q=\left(\frac{1}{i}e^{i\theta }\right)^kr(\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta }).$$

Finally let $`Q`$ be any differential operator on the circle commuting with $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$. Explicitly let

$$Q=\underset{r=0}{\overset{d}{}}f_r(\theta )\left(\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta }\right)^r,$$

and let $`c_{k,r}`$ be the $`k`$th Fourier coefficient of $`f_r(\theta )`$. Then

(2.8)
$$Q=\underset{k}{}Q_k$$

with

$$Q_k=e^{ik\theta }\underset{r=0}{\overset{d}{}}c_{k,r}\left(\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta }\right)^r.$$

Each of the $`Q_k`$’s commute with $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ and transform under the action of $`S^1`$ by (2.4) or by (2.6); hence it has to be of the form (2.5) or (2.7). In particular $`Q_k=0`$ for $`|k|>d`$; so the sum (2.8) is finite, and every summand is in the algebra generated by the operators (2.1). ∎

We will need in § 3 an “even” variant of Theorem 2.1 (whose proof we will omit since it is essentially the same as the proof above).

###### Theorem 2.2.

Let $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}`$ be the orthogonal projection from $`L^2(S^1)`$ onto the space

(2.9)
$$\mathrm{span}\{e^{2in\theta }n0\}.$$

The algebra of differential operators on $`S^1`$ which commute with $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}`$ is generated by

(2.10)
$$\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta }e^{2i\theta },\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta }e^{2i\theta },\frac{1}{i}\frac{d}{d\theta }.$$

The symbols of these operators are a Poisson subalgebra of the algebra of $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ functions on $`T^{}S^1`$, and as we saw in the introduction this algebra can be identified with the algebra of “polynomials” on the space $`/_2=(T^{}S^1)_{++}`$. This proves:

###### Theorem 2.3.

The algebra of differential operators on $`S^1`$ which commute with the even Szegö projector $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}`$ has for its symbol algebra the algebra of polynomials on the cut space $`=(T^{}S^1)_+`$.

What about the algebra of differential operators which commute with the usual Szegö projector? The same argument gives:

###### Theorem 2.4.

The algebra of differential operators on $`S^1`$ which commute with the Szegö projector $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ has for its symbol algebra the algebra of polynomials on the cut space $`/_2=(T^{}S^1)_{++}`$.

Finally we characterize smooth functions on the cut space $`(T^{}S^1)_+=`$ which can be extended to smooth functions on $`T^{}S^1`$.

###### Theorem 2.5.

A function $`fC^{\mathrm{}}((T^{}S^1)_+)`$ has the property that $`\sigma ^{}fC^0([0,\mathrm{})\times S^1)`$ is the restriction of a smooth function on $`T^{}S^1`$ iff the infinite jet of $`f`$ at 0 is even, i.e., is invariant under $`zz`$. Here, as before, $`\sigma (s,\lambda )=\lambda ^1\sqrt{s}`$.

###### Proof.

If $`fC^{\mathrm{}}()`$ vanishes at zero to infinite order, then $`\sigma ^{}f`$ can be extended by zero to a smooth function on $`\times S^1=T^{}S^1`$. Therefore the condition on $`\sigma ^{}f`$ to extend is the condition on the infinite jet of $`f`$ at 0. We can write the the jet $`j^{\mathrm{}}f(0)`$ as

$$j^{\mathrm{}}f(0)=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{k+l=n}{}a_{kl}z^k\overline{z}^l$$

for some $`a_{kl}`$. Since $`\sigma ^{}z=\lambda ^1s^{1/2}`$,

$$\sigma ^{}(\underset{k+l=n}{}a_{kl}z^k\overline{z}^l)=(\underset{k+l=n}{}a_{kl}\lambda ^{lk})s^{n/2}.$$

Since $`\sigma ^{}f`$ extends to a smooth function on $`T^{}S^1`$ iff $`\sigma ^{}(j^{\mathrm{}}f(0))`$ has no fractional powers of $`s`$, we must have

$$j^{\mathrm{}}f(0)=\underset{m=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{k+l=2m}{}a_{kl}z^k\overline{z}^l,$$

i.e., $`j^{\mathrm{}}f(0)`$ is a power series in $`z^2`$, $`\overline{z}^2`$ and $`|z|^2`$. The latter is true iff $`j^{\mathrm{}}f(0)(z,\overline{z})=j^{\mathrm{}}f(0)(z,\overline{z})`$. ∎

## 3. The Szegö projector on $`^n\times S^1`$

Let $`\mathrm{\Pi }_1`$ be the Szegö projector on $`L^2(S^1)`$ (the operator we called $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ in § 2). From $`\mathrm{\Pi }_1`$ one gets a projection operator,

$$I_^n\mathrm{\Pi }_1$$

on $`L^2(^{})L^2(S^1)`$ which extends by continuity to a projection operator

$$\mathrm{\Pi }:L^2(^n\times S^1)L^3(^n\times S^1).$$

Our goal in this section will be to determine the commutator of $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ in the algebra of pseudodifferential operators on $`^n\times S^1`$. For simplicity we will only consider pseudodifferential operators of the form

(3.1)
$$Qf=\underset{m}{}e^{im\theta }q(x,\xi ,\theta ,m)e^{ix\xi }\widehat{f}(\xi ,m)𝑑\xi $$

$`\widehat{f}`$ being the Fourier transform of $`f`$:

(3.2)
$$\widehat{f}(\xi ,m)=\left(\frac{1}{2\pi }\right)^{n+1}e^{ix\xi }e^{im\theta }f(x,\theta )𝑑x𝑑\theta $$

and $`q(x,\xi ,\theta s)`$ being a classical polyhomogeneous symbol of compact support in $`x`$. We can decompose $`q`$ into its Fourier modes

(3.3) $`q(x,\xi ,\theta ,s)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle e^{ik\theta }q_k(x,\xi ,s)}`$
with
(3.4) $`q_k(x,\xi ,s)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle q(x,\xi ,\theta ,s)e^{ik\theta }𝑑\theta };`$
and from (3.3) we get a corresponding decomposition of $`Q`$:

(3.5)
$$Q=Q_k$$

$`Q_k`$ being the operator with symbol

(3.6)
$$q_k(x,\xi ,s)e^{ik\theta }.$$

Letting $`p_k(x,y,m)`$ be the conormal distribution

(3.7)
$$p_k(x,y,m)=\left(\frac{1}{2\pi }\right)^{n+1}q_k(x,\xi ,m)e^{i(xy)\xi }𝑑\xi $$

we can, by (3.1)–(3.2), write the Schwartz kernel of $`Q_k`$ as a sum:

(3.8)
$$\underset{m}{}e^{i(k+m)\theta }e^{im\psi }p_k(x,y,m).$$

¿From (3.8) we will deduce:

###### Lemma 3.1.

For $`k`$ positive the Schwartz kernel of $`[\mathrm{\Pi },Q_k]`$ is

(3.9)
$$\underset{km<0}{}e^{i(k+m)\theta }e^{im\psi }p_k(x,y,m).$$

###### Proof.

The Schwartz kernel of $`\mathrm{\Pi }Q_kQ_F\mathrm{\Pi }`$ is

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m+k0}{}}e^{i(k+m)\theta }e^{im\psi }p_k(x,y,m){\displaystyle \underset{m0}{}}e^{i(k+m)\theta }e^{im\psi }p_k(x,ym)`$
and this difference is the same as the finite sum (3.9). Similarly for $`k`$ negative one has ∎

###### Lemma 3.2.

The Schwartz kernel of $`[\mathrm{\Pi },Q_k]`$ is

(3.10)
$$\underset{km<0}{}e^{im\theta }e^{i(mk)\psi }p_k(x,y,m).$$

From these results we can easily read off necessary and sufficient conditions for $`Q`$ and $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ to commute.

###### Theorem 3.3.

$`Q`$ and $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ commute if and only if, for all $`k`$,

(3.11)
$$q_k(x,\xi ,m)=0$$

for $`|k|m<0.`$

In particular for $`k>0`$ this implies that there exists a classical polyhomogeneous symbol $`q_k^\mathrm{\#}(x,\xi ,s)`$ with

(3.12)
$$q_k(x,\xi ,s)=q_k^\mathrm{\#}(x,\xi ,s)\mathrm{\Pi }_{m=1}^k(s+m).$$

Let $`Q_k^\mathrm{\#}`$ be the pseudodifferential operator with $`q_k^\mathrm{\#}`$ as symbol. Since $`q_k^\mathrm{\#}`$ doesn’t depend on $`\theta `$ this operator commutes with the action of $`S^1`$ on $`^n\times S^1`$ and by (3.6) and (2.2)

(3.13)
$$Q_k=Q_k^\mathrm{\#}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{1}}\frac{d}{d\theta }\right)^k.$$

Similarly

(3.14)
$$Q_k=Q_k^\mathrm{\#}\left(e^{i\theta }\frac{1}{\sqrt{1}}\frac{d}{d\theta }\right)^k$$

so we have proved

###### Theorem 3.4.

A necessary and sufficient condition for $`Q`$ to commute with $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ is that, for every $`k`$, $`Q_k`$ have a factorization of the form, (3.13)–(3.14), the operator $`Q_k^\mathrm{\#}`$ being a classical polyhomogeneous pseudodifferential operator on $`^n\times S^1`$ which is $`S^1`$ invariant.

As another application of Lemmas 3.13.2 we will prove:

###### Theorem 3.5.

If the symbol $`q(x,\xi ,\theta ,s)`$ of $`Q`$ vanishes to infinite order on the set $`\xi 0`$, $`s=0`$ the operator, $`[\mathrm{\Pi },Q]`$ is a smoothing operator.

###### Remark.

If $`[\mathrm{\Pi },Q]`$ is a smoothing operator the operator

$$\mathrm{\Pi }Q\mathrm{\Pi }+(I\mathrm{\Pi })Q(I\mathrm{\Pi })$$

differs from $`Q`$ by a smoothing operator and commutes with $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$. In other words $`Q`$ is the sum of an operator which commutes with $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ and a smoothing operator.

###### Proof.

It suffices to show that each of the operators $`[\mathrm{\Pi },Q_k]`$ is smoothing and hence, by (3.9), that $`p_k(x,y,m)`$ is smooth. But $`p_k(x,y,m)`$ is defined by the integral (3.7), and we can expand the integrand in a finite Taylor series

$`q_k(x,\xi ,m)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}!}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{d}{ds}}\right)^{\mathrm{}}q_k(x\xi ,0)m^{\mathrm{}}+r_N(x,\xi ,m)`$
where
$`r_N(x,\xi ,s)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N!}}{\displaystyle _0^1}(1t)^N\left({\displaystyle \frac{d}{ds}}\right)^Nq_k(x,\xi ,ts)𝑑t`$
is a classical polyhomogeneous symbol of degree equal to $`\mathrm{deg}QN`$. Thus if $`q_k(x;\xi ,s)`$ vanishes to infinite order at $`s=0`$

$$q_k(x,\xi ,m)=r_N(x,\xi ,m)$$

for all $`N`$; so by (3.7)

$$p_k(x,y,m)=\left(\frac{1}{2n}\right)^{n+1}r_N(x,\xi ,m)e^{i(xy)\xi }𝑑\xi $$

and, for all integers, $`\mathrm{}`$, the right side is in $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ for $`Nn+\mathrm{deg}Q+\mathrm{}`$. Hence the left hand side is in $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$.

Let $`Q`$ be a pseudodifferential operator of order $`m`$ which commutes with $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$, and let $`\sigma =\sigma (Q)(x,\xi ,\theta ,s)`$ be its leading symbol. By (3.4) this leading symbol only depends on the variables $`s`$ and $`\theta `$, as a smooth function of $`s`$, $`se^{i\theta }`$ and $`se^{i\theta }`$. We will prove that the converse is true.

###### Theorem 3.6.

Let $`\sigma `$ be a smooth function on the complement of the zero section in $`T^{}(^n\times S^1)`$ which is homogeneous of degree $`m`$ and only depends on $`s`$ and $`\theta `$ as a smooth function of $`s`$, $`se^{i\theta }`$ and $`se^{i\theta }`$. Then there exists an $`m`$$`^{\text{th}}`$ order pseudodifferential operator, $`Q`$, which commutes with $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ and has leading symbol, $`\sigma `$.

###### Proof.

Let $`\sigma =\sigma _++\sigma _{}+\sigma _0`$, $`\sigma _+`$ being the sum of the positive Fourier modes of $`\sigma `$ and $`\sigma _{}`$ the sum of the negative Fourier modes. Since $`\sigma _{}`$ is the complex conjugate of $`\overline{\sigma }_+`$, it suffices to prove the theorem for $`\sigma _+`$. Let $`\sigma _k`$, $`k>0`$, be the $`k`$$`^{\text{th}}`$ Fourier mode of $`\sigma `$. By hypothesis

$$\sigma _k(x,\xi ,\theta ,s)=\sigma _k^\mathrm{\#}(x,\xi ,s)s^ke^{ik\theta }.$$

Let $`Q_k^\mathrm{\#}`$ be an $`S^1`$ invariant pseudodifferential operator with leading symbol equal to $`\sigma _k`$, and let

$$Q_k=Q_k^\mathrm{\#}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{1}}\frac{d}{d\theta }e^{i\theta }\right)^k.$$

Then $`Q_k`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ and has $`\sigma _k`$ as its leading symbol. Let $`H`$ be the pseudodifferential operator on $`^n\times S^1`$ with symbol $`(\xi ^2+s^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$, let $`\rho (s)`$ be a compactly supported function which is $`1`$ on the interval, $`|s|<1`$ and let

$$N_1<N_2<\mathrm{}$$

be an increasing sequence of positive integers. Then the sum

$$Q_+=\underset{k>0}{}\rho \left(N_k\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{1}}\frac{d}{d\theta }\right)H\right)Q_k$$

is well-defined and (provided that the $`N_k`$’s go to infinity fast enough) is a classical pseudodifferential operator which commutes with $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ and has leading symbol

$$\underset{k>0}{}\rho \left(N_k\frac{s}{(\xi ^2+s^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}}\right)\sigma _k(x,\xi ,s,\theta ).$$

In particular this symbol has the same formal power series expansion on the set $`s=0`$ as does $`\sigma _+`$. Hence one can find an $`m`$$`^{\text{th}}`$ order pseudodifferential operator, $`R_+`$, whose total symbol vanishes to infinite order on $`s=0`$ and whose leading symbol is $`\sigma _+\sigma (Q_+)`$. Thus $`Q_++R_+`$ has leading symbol, $`\sigma _+`$, and commutes with $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ modulo smoothing operators. Therefore, as we pointed out above, it is the sum of an operator which commutes with $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ and a smoothing operator.

Let $`Q`$ be a pseudodifferential operator which commutes with $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$. We will show that the operator

$$\mathrm{\Pi }Q=Q\mathrm{\Pi }=\mathrm{\Pi }Q\mathrm{\Pi }$$

“lives microlocally” on the set $`s>0`$.

###### Theorem 3.7.

$`\mathrm{\Pi }Q`$ is smoothing if and only if the symbol $`q(x,\xi ,\theta ,s)`$ of $`Q`$ is of order $`\mathrm{}`$ on the set $`s0`$.

###### Proof.

By (3.1)

$$\mathrm{\Pi }Qf=\underset{m0}{}e^{im\theta }q(x,\xi ,\theta ,m)e^{ix\xi }\widehat{f}(\xi ,m)𝑑\xi $$

and this is smoothing if and only if $`q`$ is a symbol of order $`\mathrm{}`$ on the set $`s0`$.

Let $`(\mathrm{\Pi }_1)_{\mathrm{even}}`$ be the even Szegö projector on $`L^2(S^1)`$ (the operator we called $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{\mathrm{even}}`$ in § 2) and let

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{\mathrm{even}}=I_^n(\mathrm{\Pi }_1)_{\mathrm{even}}.$$

For this projector there are obvious analogues of Theorems (3.3)–(3.7). We will content ourselves with describing the even analogue of Theorem 3.4.

###### Theorem 3.8.

A necessary and sufficient condition for $`Q`$ to commute with $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{\mathrm{even}}`$ is that, for all $`k`$, $`Q_{2k+1}=0`$, and for all positive $`k`$

(3.15) $`Q_{2k}`$ $`=`$ $`Q_{2k}^\mathrm{\#}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{1}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\theta }}e^{2i\theta }\right)^k`$
and
(3.17) $`Q_{2k}`$ $`=`$ $`Q_{2k}^\mathrm{\#}\left(e^{2i\theta }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{1}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\theta }}\right)^k`$
$`Q_{2k}^\mathrm{\#}`$ and $`Q_{2k}^\mathrm{\#}`$ being pseudodifferential operators which are $`S^1`$-invariant.

## 4. Canonical forms for circle actions

The first of the canonical forms which we will discuss in this section is an equivariant Darboux theorem for symplectic cones. We recall that a symplectic cone is a symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ equipped with a free proper action $`\rho `$ of $``$ which satisfies

(4.1)
$$\rho _{a}^{}{}_{}{}^{}\omega =e^a\omega $$

Let $`\mathrm{\Xi }`$ be the vector field generating the action, $`\mathrm{\Xi }(m)=\frac{d}{dt}|_{t=0}\rho _t(m)`$. The infinitesimal version of (4.1) is

(4.2)
$$\omega =L_\mathrm{\Xi }\omega =d(\iota (\mathrm{\Xi })\omega ).$$

Suppose now that in addition to the $``$ action one has a free action $`\tau `$ of $`S^1`$ on $`M`$ which preserves the symplectic form $`\omega `$ and commutes with $`\rho `$, hence preserves

(4.3)
$$\alpha :=\iota (\mathrm{\Xi })\omega .$$

Then, if we denote the generator of the $`S^1`$ action by $`V`$,

$$0=L_V\alpha =\iota (V)d\alpha +d\iota (V)\alpha .$$

Since $`\omega =d\alpha `$, we get

(4.4)
$$\iota (V)\omega =d(\alpha (V)).$$

In other words $`\tau `$ is a Hamiltonian action with moment map

(4.5)
$$\mathrm{\Phi }=\alpha (V).$$

Let $`d=dimM/2=n+1`$. A simple canonical model for a $`2d`$ dimension symplectic cone with a homogeneous symplectic action of $`S^1`$ is the complement $`M_0`$ of the zero section in $`T^{}(^n\times S^1)`$. In this model

$$\omega _0=d\xi _idx_i+dsd\theta $$

is the symplectic form,

$$\alpha _0=\xi _idx_i+sd\theta $$

is the Liouville one-form (so that $`d\alpha _0=\omega _0`$),

$$\mathrm{\Xi }_0=\xi _i\frac{}{\xi _i}+s\frac{}{\theta }$$

is the generator of the $``$ action (so that $`\iota (\mathrm{\Xi }_0)\omega _0=\alpha _0`$),

$$V_0=\frac{}{\theta }$$

is the generator of the $`S^1`$ action and

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_0=s$$

is the corresponding moment map.

###### Theorem 4.1.

Let $`(M,\omega ,\mathrm{\Phi }:M)`$ and $`(M_0,\omega _0,\mathrm{\Phi }_0:M_0)`$ be as above. Let $`p`$ and $`p_0`$ be points in $`M`$ and $`M_0`$ respectively. If $`\mathrm{\Phi }(p)=\mathrm{\Phi }_0(p_0)`$, there exist $`S^1\times `$ invariant neighborhoods $`U`$ and $`U_0`$ of $`p`$ and $`p_0`$ respectively, and an $`S^1\times `$ equivariant symplectomorphism $`\gamma `$ of $`(U,p)`$ onto $`(U_0,p_0)`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`\xi =\mathrm{\Xi }(p)`$, $`v=V(p)`$, $`\xi _0=\mathrm{\Xi }_0(p_0)`$ and $`v_0=v(p_0)`$. By definition of $`\alpha `$ (equation (4.3))

$$\omega _p(\xi ,v)=\alpha _p(v)=\mathrm{\Phi }(p)$$

and

$$(\omega _0)_p(\xi _0,v_0)=(\alpha _0)_p(v_0)=\mathrm{\Phi }_0(p_0)$$

so

$$\omega _p(\xi ,v)=(\omega _0)_p(\xi _0,v_0).$$

Hence there exists a linear symplectic mapping $`A:T_pMT_{p_0}M_0`$ mapping $`\xi `$ to $`\xi _0`$ and $`v`$ to $`v_0`$ (note that there are two cases to consider: $`\omega _p(\xi ,v)=0`$ and $`\omega _p(\xi ,v)0`$). Let $`X`$ and $`X_0`$ be the $`S^1\times `$ orbits through $`p`$ and $`p_0`$, and $`i`$ and $`i_0`$ the inclusions of $`X`$ and $`X_0`$ into $`M`$ and $`M_0`$ respectively. The map $`A`$ above extends uniquely to an $`S^1\times `$ equivariant isomorphism of symplectic vector bundles

$$A:i^{}TMi_0^{}TM_0,$$

and this can be exponentiated to an $`S^1\times `$ equivariant map

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_A:WW_0$$

of an $`S^1\times `$ neighborhood $`W`$ of $`X`$ onto an $`S^1\times `$ invariant neighborhood $`W_0`$ of $`X_0`$ with the property that $`d\mathrm{\Gamma }_A=A`$ at the points of $`X`$. Indeed, since the action of $`S^1\times `$ is proper, the orbits $`X`$ and $`X_0`$ are embedded, and there is an $`S^1\times `$-invariant metrics on $`M`$ and $`M_0`$. Use the exponential maps for these invariant metrics. By construction of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_A`$, the form $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }:=\mathrm{\Gamma }_A^{}\omega _0`$ is equal to $`\omega `$ at all points of $`X`$. To conclude the proof of the theorem, we will show that there exists an $`S^1\times `$ invariant neighborhood $`U`$ of $`X`$ and an $`S^1\times `$ equivariant open embedding $`f:UW`$ such that $`f=id`$ on $`X`$ and $`f^{}\stackrel{~}{\omega }=\omega `$. The proof will be the standard Moser deformation argument. However we must check that it produces an $`S^1\times `$ equivariant deformation.

Let $`\omega _t=(1t)\omega +t\stackrel{~}{\omega }`$ and let $`W^{}`$ be the open subset of $`W`$ on which $`\omega _t`$ is symplectic for $`0t1`$. Since $`\omega _t`$ is $`S^1\times `$ invariant, $`W^{}`$ is $`S^1\times `$ invariant. Since $`\omega _t=\omega `$ on $`X`$, $`W^{}`$ contains $`X`$. Since $`\omega _t`$ is non-degenerate on $`W^{}`$ there exists a vector field $`y_t`$ on $`W^{}`$ satisfying

(4.6)
$$\iota (y_t)\omega _t=\alpha \stackrel{~}{\alpha },$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }:=\iota (\mathrm{\Xi })\stackrel{~}{\omega }`$. Moreover, since $`\alpha \stackrel{~}{\alpha }=\iota (\mathrm{\Xi })(\omega \stackrel{~}{\omega })`$, the vector field $`y_t`$ is zero at points of $`X`$. Let $`U`$ be the subset of $`W^{}`$ consisting of all the points $`q`$ at which $`y_t`$ has an integral curve $`\gamma _q(t)`$ with $`\gamma _q(0)=q`$ and $`\gamma _q(t)`$ is defined for all $`t[0,1]`$. Let $`f_t:UW^{}`$ be the map $`f_t(q)=\gamma _q(t)`$, the isotopy generated by $`y_t`$. Then by Moser’s trick $`f_t^{}\omega _t=\omega `$, and in particular $`f_1^{}\stackrel{~}{\omega }=\omega `$. Note that by definition $`U`$ and $`W^{}`$ are $`S^1\times `$ invariant. Moreover, by (4.1) $`\rho _a^{}\omega _t=e^a\omega _t`$ and $`\rho _a^{}(\alpha \stackrel{~}{\alpha })=e^a(\alpha \stackrel{~}{\alpha })`$; so the vector field $`y_t`$ defined by (4.6) is $``$ invariant. Thus the isotopy it generates is $``$ equivariant. ∎

The second canonical form is for $`S^1`$ representations quantizing canonical actions. Let $`M`$ be the cotangent bundle of a compact manifold $`X`$ with the zero section removed: $`M=T^{}XX`$, and $`\tau `$ be an action of $`S^1`$ on $`M`$ which preserves the canonical one form. Let $`X_0=^n\times S^1`$ ($`n=dimX1`$), $`M_0=T^{}X_0X_0`$, and $`\tau _0`$ the obvious action of $`S^1`$ on $`M_0`$.

These actions quantize to give representation $`\tau ^\mathrm{\#}`$ and $`\tau _0^\mathrm{\#}`$, of $`S^1`$ on $`L^2(X)`$ and $`L^2(^n\times S^1)`$. Let $`p`$ and $`p_0`$ be points of $`M`$ and $`M_0`$ with $`\mathrm{\Phi }(p)=\mathrm{\Phi }_0(p_0)`$, where $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_0`$ are the corresponding moment maps, and let $`\gamma :(U,p)(U_0,p_0)`$ be a canonical transformation mapping an $`S^1\times `$ -invariant neighborhood $`U`$ of $`p`$ onto an $`S^1\times `$ -invariant neighborhood $`U_0`$ of $`p_0`$.

###### Theorem 4.2.

The transformation $`\gamma `$ can be implemented by a Fourier integral operator of order zero

$$F:C^{\mathrm{}}(X)C^{\mathrm{}}(^n\times S^1)$$

with the properties

1. $`F^{}F=I`$ on $`U`$,
2. $`FF^{}=I`$ on $`U_0`$,
3. $`\tau _0^\mathrm{\#}(e^{i\theta })F=F\tau ^\mathrm{\#}(e^{i\theta })`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`F_0`$ be the zeroth order Fourier integral operator with compact support which implements $`\gamma `$ on $`U`$ and has the following three properties.

1. $`F_0^{}F_0=I+R_0`$ on $`U`$, $`R_0`$ being a pseudodifferential operator of order $`1`$.
2. $`F_0F_0^{}=I+S_0`$ on $`U_0`$, $`S_0`$ being a pseudodifferential operator of order $`1`$.
3. The symbol of $`F_0`$ is $`S^1`$ invariant.

By averaging $`F_0`$ by the action

$$\theta \tau _0^\mathrm{\#}(e^{i\theta })F_0\tau _0^\mathrm{\#}(e^{i\theta })$$

one gets a Fourier integral operator $`F_1`$ which implements $`\gamma `$, has the same leading symbol as $`F_0`$ and intertwines $`\tau ^\mathrm{\#}`$ and $`\tau _0^\mathrm{\#}`$. In particular, since it has the same a leading symbol as $`F_0`$ it continues to satisfy $`F_1^{}F_1=I+R`$, $`FF^{}=I+S`$ with pseudodifferential operators of order $`1`$ $`R`$ and $`S`$. Now define $`F`$ to be the operator

$$F_1(I+R)^{\frac{1}{2}}=(I+S)^{\frac{1}{2}}F_1.$$

Let $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Pi }_0`$ be the Szegö projections associated with the representations $`\tau ^\mathrm{\#}`$ and $`\tau _0^\mathrm{\#}`$. One consequence of Theorem 4.2 is that if $`Q`$ is a pseudodifferential operator with microsupport on $`U`$ which commutes with $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ modulo smoothing operators, $`FQF^{}`$ is a pseudodifferential operator with microsupport in $`U_0`$ which commutes with $`\mathrm{\Pi }_0`$ modulo smoothing operators. Hence many of the results which we proved in § 3 for the commutator ring of $`\mathrm{\Pi }_0`$ are valid for the commutator ring of $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ as well. We will describe a number of such results in the next section.

## 5. The algebra, $`\mathrm{\Psi }^+`$, and its symbol calculus

Let $`M`$ be the cotangent bundle of a compact manifold, $`X`$, with its zero section deleted, let $`\tau `$ be an action of $`S^1`$ on $`M`$ by canonical transformations, and let $`\tau ^\mathrm{\#}`$ be a representation of $`S^1`$ on $`L^2(X)`$ compatible with $`\tau `$. Let $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}`$ be the “even” Szegö projector (defined in § 1) and $`\mathrm{\Psi }_+^{\mathrm{even}}`$ the algebra of $`_2`$-invariant pseudodifferential operators on $`M`$ which commute with $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}`$. As we pointed put in the introduction, the complement, $`U`$, of $`M_{\mathrm{red}}`$ in $`M_+`$ can be identified with the open set, $`U`$ in $`M`$ where the moment map of $`\tau `$ is positive. Therefore, if $`A`$ is a pseudodifferential operator of order $`m`$ in $`\mathrm{\Psi }_+^{\mathrm{even}}`$, the restriction of its leading symbol to $`U`$ can be regarded as a homogeneous function of degree $`m`$ on the open dense subset, $`U`$, of $`M_+`$. By Theorems 2.3, 4.2 and the even version of Theorem 3.6, this function extends to a smooth even function on $`M_+`$. Thus one has a symbol map

(5.1)
$$\left(\mathrm{\Psi }_+^{\mathrm{even}}\right)_mC^{\mathrm{}}(M_+)_m^{\mathrm{even}}$$

from the space of $`m`$$`^{\text{th}}`$ order pseudodifferential operators in $`\mathrm{\Psi }_+^{\mathrm{even}}`$ to the space of even homogeneous functions of degree $`m`$ on $`M_+`$. Let $`𝒜`$ be the algebra of operators

$$\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}\mathrm{\Psi }_+^{\mathrm{even}}\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}$$

and let

$$𝒜^m=\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}\left(\mathrm{\Psi }_+^{\mathrm{even}}\right)_m\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}.$$

###### Theorem 5.1.

From the map (5.1) one gets a short exact sequence

(5.2)
$$0𝒜^{m1}𝒜^m\stackrel{𝜎}{}C^{\mathrm{}}(M_+)_m^{\mathrm{even}}0.$$

###### Proof.

Given $`A(\mathrm{\Psi }_+^{\mathrm{even}})_m`$, suppose the leading symbol of $`A`$ vanishes on $`U`$. Then one can find a pseudodifferential operator, $`A^{}`$, whose total symbol vanishes on $`U`$ and whose leading symbol is identical with $`\sigma (A)`$. Thus by Theorem 3.5 $`A^{}`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}`$ modulo smoothing operators. Hence, by the remark following Theorem 3.5, one can modify $`A^{}`$ by adding to it a smoothing operator, so it actually does commute with $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}`$. Moreover, since the total symbol of $`A^{}`$ vanishes on $`U`$ $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}A^{}`$ is smoothing by the even version of Theorem 3.7 ; so by replacing $`A^{}`$ by $`A^{}\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}A^{}}`$, one can assume not only that $`A^{}`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}`$ but that $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}A^{}=0`$. Since $`\sigma (A)=\sigma (A^{})`$, the operator, $`AA^{}`$ is of order $`m1`$ and

$$\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}A\mathrm{\Pi }^{even}=\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}(AA^{})\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}.$$

This proves that the map, $`\sigma `$, in (5.2) is injective; and that it is surjective follows from (the even version of) Theorem 3.6.

We claim next

###### Theorem 5.2.

If $`A_1`$ and $`A_2`$ are in $`𝒜`$, $`\sigma (A_1A_2)=\sigma (A_1)\sigma (A_2)`$ and $`\sigma ([A_1,A_2])=\sqrt{1}\{\sigma (A_1),\sigma (A_2)\}`$. Moreover if $`A𝒜`$, $`A^{}𝒜`$ and $`\sigma (A^{})=\overline{\sigma (A)}`$.

###### Proof.

Microlocally on $`U`$ these are standard identities for leading symbols of pseudodifferential operators. Therefore, since $`U`$ is a dense subset of $`M_+`$ they hold globally on all of $`M_+`$. ∎

An operator, $`A𝒜^m`$ is *elliptic* if $`\sigma (A)`$ is everywhere non-zero. We will show that these operators have the usual properties of elliptic operators:

###### Theorem 5.3.

If $`A𝒜^m`$ is elliptic, it is invertible modulo smoothing operators, i.e., there exists a $`B𝒜^m`$ such that $`IBA`$ and $`IAB`$ are smoothing.

###### Proof.

Replacing $`A`$ by $`A^{}A`$ we can assume that $`A`$ is self-adjoint and that $`\sigma (A)>0`$. Let $`A=\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}Q\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}`$, $`Q\mathrm{\Psi }_+^{\mathrm{even}}`$. Since $`\sigma (Q)=\sigma (A)`$ on $`U`$ we an assume that $`\sigma (Q)>0`$ on an open conic set, $`V`$ in $`M`$ containing the closure of $`U`$. Let $`P`$ be a pseudodifferential operator of order $`m`$ whose total symbol is supported in the complement of the closure of $`U`$ and whose leading symbol is non-negative and strictly greater than zero on the complement of $`V`$. By Theorems 3.5 and 3.6 $`[P,\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}]`$ and $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}P`$ are smoothing, so, by modifying $`P`$ by a smoothing operator, we can assume that $`[P,\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}]`$ and $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mathrm{even}}P`$ are zero. Replacing $`Q`$ by $`Q+\lambda P`$, $`\lambda 0`$, we can assume that the symbol of $`Q`$ is positive everywhere, and hence that $`Q`$ is invertible modulo smoothing operators, i.e., there exists a pseudodifferential operator, $`Q_1`$, of order $`m`$, with $`Q_1QI`$ and $`QQ_1I`$ smoothing. It is easy to see that $`[\mathrm{\Pi },Q_1]`$ is smoothing; and hence $`Q_1`$ can be modified by adding to it a smoothing operator such that $`[\mathrm{\Pi },Q_1]=0`$. Now set $`B=\mathrm{\Pi }Q_1\mathrm{\Pi }`$. ∎

The results above justify to some extent the assertion in Theorem 5.1 that the algebra $`𝒜`$ “quantizes” the algebra of classical observables, $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M_+)^{\mathrm{even}}`$. A slightly more compelling justification is the following.

###### Theorem 5.4.

If $`A𝒜_m`$, $`m>0`$, is elliptic and self-adjoint and $`\sigma (A)`$ is everywhere–positive, the spectrum of $`A`$ is discrete, and its eigenvalues

$$\lambda _1\lambda _2\mathrm{}$$

satisfy the Weyl law

$$N(\lambda )\mathrm{vol}\{mM_+,\sigma (A)(m)<\lambda \}.$$

Here $`N(\lambda )`$ is the Weyl counting function

$$N(\lambda )=\mathrm{\#}\{\lambda _i<\lambda \}$$

and “vol” means symplectic volume.

It is shown in \[Gu2\] that a Weyl law for an algebra of operators of the type above is implied by the existence of a “residue trace”; and the following theorem asserts that a “residue trace” exists on the algebra $`𝒜`$.

###### Theorem 5.5.

There exists a linear map

$$\mathrm{res}:𝒜$$

with the following properties.

1. $`\mathrm{res}A=0`$ if and only if $`A`$ can be written as a sum of commutators

$$A=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}[A_i,B_i],$$

$`A_i,B_i𝒜`$.
2. If $`A`$ is of degree $`n`$

(5.3)
$$\mathrm{res}(A)=_{M_+}\sigma (A)\omega _+^m$$

$`\omega _+`$ being the symplectic form on $`M_+`$.

###### Remark.

If $`(M,\omega )`$ is a symplectic cone of dimension $`2n`$, and $`f`$ a homogeneous function of degree $`n`$, the form $`f\omega ^n`$ is a $`2n`$ form of degree of homogeneity zero; so

$$L_\mathrm{\Xi }f\omega ^n=0=d(\iota (\mathrm{\Xi })f\omega ^n).$$

Thus $`\iota (\mathrm{\Xi })f\omega ^n`$ is closed. Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a compact $`2n1`$ dimensional submanifold of $`M`$. $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is called a *contour* if it intersects every ray of the cone, $`M`$, in exactly one point. It is very easy to see that if $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1`$ are contours, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ can be smoothly deformed into $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1`$ and hence the integral

$$_\mathrm{\Gamma }\iota (\mathrm{\Xi })f\omega ^n$$

is independent of the choice of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$; and this integral is *defined* to be the integral

$$f\omega ^n.$$

We won’t give the proof of the existence of this residue trace here. Details can be found in \[Gu\].

We will next describe some analogous results for the Szegö projector, $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$, and the algebra of the pseudodifferential operators, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_+`$, commuting with $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$. Let

$$=\mathrm{\Pi }\mathrm{\Psi }_+\mathrm{\Pi }.$$

It is clear from Theorems 2.4 and 3.6 (and the canonical form Theorem 4.2) that the leading symbol of an operator, $`B^n`$ can be interpreted as a function on $`M_{++}`$; and the following is proved by the same proof as that of Theorem 5.1.

###### Theorem 5.6.

There exists a short exact sequence

(5.4)
$$0^{m1}^n\stackrel{𝜎}{}C^{\mathrm{}}(M_{++})_m.$$

Notice, by the way, that if $`\stackrel{~}{U}`$ is the complement of the cut locus, $`M_{\mathrm{red}}`$, in $`M_{++}`$, one has a map

(5.5)
$$\gamma :^mC^{\mathrm{}}(M_{++})_{\mathrm{even}}C^{\mathrm{}}(U).$$

We claim:

###### Theorem 5.7.

If $`B^m`$ is of the form $`B=\mathrm{\Pi }Q\mathrm{\Pi }`$, with $`Q\mathrm{\Psi }_+^m`$, then $`\gamma (B)`$ is the restriction to $`U`$ of the usual pseudodifferential symbol of $`Q`$.

In other words on the complement of the cut locus in $`M`$ the symbol calculus for the algebra, $``$, is identical with the usual symbol calculus for pseudodifferential operators on the open subset, $`U`$, of $`M`$.

###### Proof.

It suffices to check this in the model case, $`X=^n\times S^1`$; and in this model case, it is a consequence of Theorem 3.5 and Theorem 3.7. ∎

## 6. Application: toric symplectic cones

In this section we apply our microlocal version of symplectic cuts to the punctured cotangent bundle $`T_0^{}S^2:=T^{}S^2S^2`$ of the two-sphere to obtain symplectic cones over lens spaces. We then show that by applying symplectic cuts repeatedly to the punctured cotangent bundle of an $`n`$-torus one can obtain almost all symplectic toric cones.

As a preparation for the argument to follow, we generalize Proposition 1.1(1) (see \[Le\] for details). Suppose we have a Hamiltonian action of an $`n`$-torus $`G^n/^n`$ on a symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ with an associated moment moment map $`\mathrm{\Phi }:M𝔤^{}`$. Pick a primitive vector $`\lambda `$ in the integral lattice $`_G`$ of $`G`$. Then the group $`H_\lambda :=\{\mathrm{exp}t\lambda t\}`$ is a closed subgroup of $`G`$ isomorphic to $`S^1`$. The restriction of the action of $`G`$ on $`M`$ to $`H\lambda `$ is Hamiltonian with a corresponding moment map

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_\lambda =\mathrm{\Phi },\lambda ,$$

where, as usual, $`,:𝔤^{}\times 𝔤`$ is the canonical pairing. If $`H_\lambda `$ acts freely on the set $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\lambda ^1(0)`$, then the cut of $`M`$ with respect to the action of $`H_\lambda `$ makes sense. We denote the resulting space by $`M_{+\lambda }`$. Since the actions of $`G`$ and $`H_\lambda `$ on $`M`$ commute, the action of $`G`$ on $`M`$ descends to a Hamiltonian action of $`G`$ on $`M_{+\lambda }`$. The moment map $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ descends to a map $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{+\lambda }`$ on $`M_{+\lambda }`$; it is an associated moment map for the action of $`G`$. Finally, it is not hard to see that

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{+\lambda }(M_{+\lambda })=\mathrm{\Phi }(M)\{\eta 𝔤^{}\eta ,\lambda 0\}.$$

In other words the moment image of $`M_{+\lambda }`$ is cut out from the moment image of $`M`$ by the half-space $`\{\eta \eta ,\lambda 0\}`$.

Another ingredient that we will need is an analogue of the Delzant’s theorem for toric symplectic cones. Recall that a toric symplectic cone is a symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ with a free proper action $`\{\rho _t\}`$ of $``$ making it a symplectic cone and with an effective symplectic action of a torus $`G`$ commuting with $`\{\rho _t\}`$ and satisfying $`2dimG=dimM`$. (Note that such an action of $`G`$ is automatically Hamiltonian and that there is a naturally associated moment map $`\mathrm{\Phi }:M𝔤^{}`$ with $`\mathrm{\Phi }(\rho _t(m))=e^t\mathrm{\Phi }(m)`$ for all $`mM`$, $`t`$.) We will further assume throughout that the base $`M/`$ of our symplectic cone $`(M,\omega ,\rho _t,\mathrm{\Phi }:M𝔤^{})`$ is compact and connected. Note that the base $`M/`$ is naturally contact; more or less by definition it is a contact toric manifold.

###### Remark 6.1.

The classification of compact connected contact toric manifolds (equivalently, of symplectic toric cones over a compact connected base) is somewhat more complicated than Delzant’s classification of compact symplectic toric manifolds; see \[Le2\] and references therein. There is, however, a class of symplectic toric cones for which the classification is particularly nice. Namely assume in addition, the moment image $`\mathrm{\Phi }(M)`$ lies in an open half-space in $`𝔤^{}`$, i.e., that there is a vector $`X𝔤`$ such that the function $`\mathrm{\Phi },X`$ is strictly positive. Then $`\mathrm{\Phi }(M)\{0\}`$ is a strictly convex rational444 “rational” means that the supporting hyperplanes are cut out by vectors in the integral lattice of the torus $`G`$ polyhedral cone (the result is implicit in \[BG\]; cf. \[LS, Theorem 4.3\]). Moreover, the polyhedral cone $`\mathrm{\Phi }(M)\{0\}`$ uniquely determines the symplectic toric cone $`(M,\omega ,\rho _t,\mathrm{\Phi }:M𝔤^{})`$. In particular, if $`(M_i,\omega _i,\rho _t^i,\mathrm{\Phi }_i:M_i𝔤^{})`$, $`i=1,2`$, are two symplectic toric $`G`$-cones (over a compact connected base) whose moment images are the same convex polyhedral cones, then $`M_1`$ and $`M_2`$ are isomorphic as symplectic toric $`G`$-cones \[Le2, Theorem 2.18 (4)\].

In what follows we take the standard $`n`$ torus $`𝕋^n`$ to be the Lie group $`^n/^n`$. Thus the Lie algebra of $`𝕋^n`$ is $`^n`$. The identification of $`^n`$ with $`(^n)^{}`$ by way of the standard basis identifies the weight lattice of $`𝕋^n`$ with $`^n`$.

Consider the action of the torus $`𝕋^2`$ on the punctured cotangent bundle $`T_0^{}S^2`$ generated by the normalized geodesic flow for the round metric and by the lift of a rotation of $`S^2`$ about an axis. It is not hard to see that the image of the associated homogeneous moment map

$$\mathrm{\Phi }:T_0^{}S^2^2$$

is the cone $`C`$ spanned by the vectors $`(1,1)`$ and $`(1,1)`$ with the vertex at the origin deleted:

$$C=\{t_1(1,1)+t_2(1,1)^2t_1,t_20\},$$

so the manifold $`T_0^{}S^2`$ is a symplectic cone over $`P^3`$.

More generally there is a natural action of $`𝕋^2`$ on the symplectic cone over any lens space $`L(p,q)`$. Fix two positive relatively prime integers $`p`$ and $`q`$. The map $`𝕋^2S^1\times S^1=\{(z_1,z_2)^2|z_1|^2=|z_2|^2=1\}`$, $`[\theta _1,\theta _2](e^{2\pi i\theta _1},e^{2\pi i\theta _2})`$ identifies $`𝕋^2`$ with $`S^1\times S^1`$. The group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }:=\{(\mu _1,\mu _2)S^1\times S^1\mu _1\mu _2^q=1,\mu _1^p=1\}`$ is cyclic of order $`p`$. The quotient of $`^2\{0\}`$ by the natural action of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ ($`(\mu _1,\mu _2)(z_1,z_2)=(\mu _1z_1,\mu _2z_2)`$) is, more or less by definition, the symplectic cone on the lens space $`L(p,q)`$:

$$(^2\{0\})/\mathrm{\Gamma }=L(p,q)\times .$$

The natural action of $`𝕋^2S^1\times S^1`$ on $`^2`$ descends to an effective Hamiltonian action of $`𝕋^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ on the cone $`L(p,q)\times `$. We compute the image of the associated moment map as follows. The natural action of $`𝕋^2S^1\times S^1`$ on $`^2`$ descends to an effective Hamiltonian action of $`𝕋^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ on $`^2\{0\})/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The kernel of the surjective map $`\phi :S^1\times S^1S^1\times S^1`$, $`\phi (\mu _1,\mu _2)=(\mu _1\mu _2^q,\mu _2^p)`$ is exactly $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. This gives us an isomorphism $`\overline{\phi }:𝕋^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }𝕋^2`$. With this identification the image of the moment map for the action of $`𝕋^2𝕋^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is

$$C_{p,q}:=\{t_1(1,0)+t_2(p,q)^2t_1,t_20\}.$$

Note that if we pick a different basis of the weight lattice of $`𝕋^2`$, the moment cone $`C_{p,q}`$ will change by an action of an element of $`\mathrm{SL}(2,)`$.

We claim that we can obtain the cone $`C_{p,q}`$ (up to a change of lattice basis) by cutting the image of $`T_0^{}S^2`$ with a half-space. Indeed the matrix $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 1\\ 1& 2\end{array}\right)`$ maps $`C_{p,q}`$ onto

$$C_{p,q}^{}:=\{t_1(1,1)+t_2(p+2q,p+q)^2t_1,t_20\}$$

and

$$C_{p,q}^{}=C\{\eta ^2\eta ,(p+2q,pq)0\},$$

where, as above, $`C`$ denotes the moment image of $`T_0^{}S^2`$. We conclude that there is a Hamiltonian action of $`𝕋^2`$ on $`L(p,q)\times `$ such that the moment map image is the cut of the moment map image of $`T_0^{}S^2`$ by a half-space. It follows from Remark 6.1 that

$$\left(T_0^{}S^2\right)_{+(p+2q,pq)}=L(p,q)\times ,$$

i.e., that we can obtain the symplectic cone on the lens space $`L(p,q)`$ by cutting the punctured cotangent bundle of $`S^2`$.

More generally almost all toric symplectic cones can be obtained by iterated cuts starting with the cotangent bundle of the standard $`n`$-torus $`𝕋^n`$. Indeed, as remarked above, strictly convex rational polyhedral cones in $`^n`$ (satisfying certain integrality conditions) classify, as moment map images, a large class of symplectic toric cones. Each of these polyhedral cones is the intersection of finitely many half-spaces with primitive integral normals. Therefore these moment map images can be obtained from $`^n\{0\}`$ by repeated cuts by half-spaces. Consequently the corresponding symplectic cones can be obtained from the punctured cotangent bundle of the standard torus $`𝕋^n`$ by repeated symplectic cuts.