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# Contents

## 1 Executive Summary

We base our numerical analysis on the following expression for the semileptonic $`𝑩`$ width  through order $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝑸^\mathrm{𝟑}`$:

$`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{\left(}𝒃\mathbf{}𝒄\mathbf{\right)}`$ $`\mathbf{=}`$ $`\text{ }{\displaystyle \frac{𝑮_𝑭^\mathrm{𝟐}𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟓}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}}{\mathrm{𝟏𝟗𝟐}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟑}}}\mathbf{\left|}𝑽_{𝒄𝒃}\mathbf{\right|}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝑨_{\mathrm{𝐞𝐰}}\mathbf{)}𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{,}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{[}𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{}𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{+}\frac{𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{+}𝝆_{𝑳𝑺}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}}{𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}}}\mathbf{)}`$ (1)
$`\mathbf{}`$ $`\text{ }\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝒓\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟒}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{}\frac{𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{+}𝝆_{𝑳𝑺}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}}{𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}}}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}}}\mathbf{+}𝒅\mathbf{\left(}𝒓\mathbf{\right)}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}}}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}\mathbf{]}\mathbf{,}`$
where $`𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}`$ is the tree-level phase space factor and $`𝒓\mathbf{=}𝒎_𝒄^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$:

$$𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟖}𝒓\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟖}𝒓^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{}𝒓^\mathrm{𝟒}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏𝟐}𝒓^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}𝒓\mathbf{,}$$
(2)
while the expression for $`𝒅\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}`$ follows from Ref. :

$$𝒅\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟖}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}𝒓\mathbf{+}\frac{\mathrm{𝟑𝟒}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟑𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}𝒓\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟖}𝒓^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}\frac{\mathrm{𝟑𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}𝒓^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏𝟎}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}𝒓^\mathrm{𝟒}\mathbf{}\mathbf{}\mathbf{18.3}𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\text{ at }\sqrt{𝒓}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0.25}\mathbf{.}$$
(3)
The electroweak correction, $`𝑨_{\mathrm{𝐞𝐰}}`$ corresponding to the ultraviolet renormalization of the Fermi interaction is well-known :

$$\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝑨_{\mathrm{𝐞𝐰}}\mathbf{}\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}\frac{𝜶}{𝝅}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}\frac{𝑴_𝒁}{𝒎_𝒃}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}\mathbf{1.014}\mathbf{.}$$
(4)
An auxiliary scale $`𝝁`$ is introduced to demark the border between long- and short-distance dynamics in the OPE. Unless stated otherwise, we adopt $`𝝁\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}`$ GeV.

The quantity $`𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}`$ accounts for the perturbative contributions; it has been calculated to all orders in BLM corrections and to second order in non-BLM corrections as discussed in detail in Sect. 2. For $`\sqrt{𝒓}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0.25}`$ and $`𝝁\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}`$ we find that $`𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.908}`$.

The quantities $`𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}`$, $`𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}`$, $`𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ and $`𝝆_{𝑳𝑺}^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ denote the expectation values of the kinetic, chromomagnetic, Darwin and spin-orbit operators, respectively. Only $`𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ has a noticeable impact at $`𝓞\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{)}`$. In that order in $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃`$ there arise also contributions corresponding to four-quark operators of the generic form $`\mathbf{(}\overline{𝒃}𝚪𝒄\mathbf{)}\mathbf{(}\overline{𝒄}𝚪𝒃\mathbf{)}`$. Their nonperturbative $`𝑩`$ expectation value, while small, will not vanish. For now we include such a contribution in our estimate of the theoretical uncertainty, given below.

Using the numerical values $`𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{4.6}\text{GeV}`$, $`𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0.4}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$, $`𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0.35}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$, $`𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0.2}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ and $`𝝆_{𝑳𝑺}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.15}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟑}`$, for $`\sqrt{𝒓}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0.25}`$ and $`𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0.22}`$ we find the following expression for $`\mathbf{|}𝑽_{𝒄𝒃}\mathbf{|}`$:111The number slightly differs from Ref.  since we adopt the Wilsonian renormalization convention for Darwin term as well; our $`\rho _D^3(\mu )`$ should be distinguished from $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }_D^3`$ of Refs. .

$$\frac{\mathbf{|}𝑽_{𝒄𝒃}\mathbf{|}}{\mathbf{0.0417}}\mathbf{}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{\mathrm{𝐁𝐫}_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{\left(}𝑩\mathbf{\right)}}{\mathbf{0.105}}\mathbf{\right)}^{\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{\mathbf{1.55}\mathrm{𝐩𝐬}}{𝝉_𝑩}\mathbf{\right)}^{\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}\mathbf{4.8}\mathbf{\left[}\mathrm{𝐁𝐫}\mathbf{\left(}𝑩\mathbf{}𝑿_𝒖\mathbf{}𝝂\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.0018}\mathbf{\right]}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝜹_{\mathrm{𝐭𝐡}}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{,}$$
(5)
with the following dependence of $`\mathbf{|}𝑽_{𝒄𝒃}\mathbf{|}`$ on the various heavy quark parameters:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathbf{\left|}𝑽_{𝒄𝒃}\mathbf{\right|}}{\mathbf{0.0417}}}`$ $`\mathbf{=}`$ $`\text{ }\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝜹_{\mathrm{𝐭𝐡}}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{[}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{0.30}\mathbf{(}𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{\left(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.22}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{]}\mathbf{\times }`$ (6)
$`\text{ }\mathbf{[}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.66}\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{4.6}\text{GeV}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{0.39}\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{1.15}\text{GeV}\mathbf{)}`$
$`\text{ }\mathbf{+}\mathbf{0.013}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.4}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{0.09}\mathbf{\left(}𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.2}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\right)}`$
$`\text{ }\mathbf{+}\mathbf{\hspace{0.17em}0.05}\mathbf{(}𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.35}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.01}\mathbf{(}𝝆_{𝑳𝑺}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{0.15}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{]}\mathbf{.}`$
Beyond the uncertainties in the numerical values of these parameters there is the potential error in $`\mathbf{|}𝑽_{𝒄𝒃}\mathbf{|}`$ due to the limited accuracy of the theoretical expression for the semileptonic width we relied upon; this is denoted by $`𝜹_{\mathrm{𝐭𝐡}}`$, for which we estimate

$$𝜹_{\mathrm{𝐭𝐡}}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{0.005}_{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{0.012}_{\mathrm{𝐡𝐖𝐜}}\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{0.004}_{\mathrm{𝐡𝐩𝐜}}\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{0.007}_{\mathrm{𝐈𝐂}}\mathbf{.}$$
(7)
The terms here represent the remaining uncertainty in the Wilson coefficient of the leading operator $`\overline{𝒃}𝒃`$ (perturbative correction), as yet uncalculated perturbative corrections to the Wilson coefficients of chromomagnetic and Darwin operators, higher-order power corrections including violation of local duality in $`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{(}𝒃\mathbf{}𝒄\mathbf{)}`$, and possible nonperturbative effects in the operators with charm fields, respectively.

While the numbers of Eq. (7) are small, we consider them rather on the conservative side. Yet they should be viewed as what they are, namely estimates based on best efforts rather than mathematical theorems.

## 2 $`𝚪\mathbf{(}𝑩\mathbf{}𝑿_𝒄\mathbf{}𝝂\mathbf{)}`$; Master Formulae

The operator product expansion (OPE) yields inclusive heavy quark decay rates as an asymptotic series in inverse powers of the heavy quark mass. To be more precise, there are different mass scales in the problem; the most important one is the energy release given by $`𝑬_𝒓\mathbf{=}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄`$ for $`𝒃\mathbf{}𝒄`$ . Hence, the width in the OPE is an expansion in inverse powers of $`𝑬_𝒓`$.222While the OPE in Eqs. (1), (8) at first sight look like expansion in powers of $`1/m_b`$, this is not really the case. In the SV limit $`m_bm_cm_b`$ the expansion parameter is obviously $`1/(m_bm_c)`$; at $`m_bm_c`$ the expansion becomes meaningless no matter how large $`m_b`$ is. Constructing the OPE directly for the widths shows that the expansion parameter in general is $`1/(m_bm_c)`$ , which comes about in Eqs.(1), (8) due to the interplay of $`1/m_b`$ and $`r=m_c^2/m_b^2`$. On the other hand expectation values like $`B|\overline{b}b|B`$ are expanded in powers of $`1/m_b`$. It is useful to note that for actual quark masses the dependence on $`𝒎_𝒃`$ and $`𝒎_𝒄`$ is well approximated by $`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{(}𝑩\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟑}`$.

Through order $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝑸^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ one has the general expression

$`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{\left(}𝒃\mathbf{}𝒄\mathbf{\right)}`$ $`\mathbf{=}`$ $`\text{ }{\displaystyle \frac{𝑮_𝑭^\mathrm{𝟐}𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟓}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}}{\mathrm{𝟏𝟗𝟐}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟑}}}\mathbf{\left|}𝑽_{𝒄𝒃}\mathbf{\right|}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝑨_{\mathrm{𝐞𝐰}}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{[}𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{\left(}𝒓\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{[}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝑨_\mathrm{𝟑}^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{]}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{}𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{+}\frac{𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{+}𝝆_{𝑳𝑺}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}}{𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}}}\mathbf{)}`$ (8)
$`\mathbf{}`$ $`\text{ }\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝑨_\mathrm{𝟓}^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{\hspace{0.17em}2}\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝒓\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟒}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{}\frac{𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{+}𝝆_{𝑳𝑺}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}}{𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}}}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}}}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝑨_𝑫^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{\right)}𝒅\mathbf{\left(}𝒓\mathbf{\right)}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}}}`$
$`\mathbf{+}`$ $`\text{ }\mathrm{𝟑𝟐}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝑨_{\mathrm{𝟔}𝒄}^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{\left(}𝒓\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}\sqrt{𝒓}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟐}{\displaystyle \frac{𝑯_𝒄}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}}}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟑𝟐}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝑨}_{\mathrm{𝟔}𝒄}^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{\left(}𝒓\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}\sqrt{𝒓}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟐}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝑯}_𝒄}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}}}`$
$`\mathbf{+}`$ $`\text{ }\mathrm{𝟑𝟐}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}𝑨_{\mathrm{𝟔}𝒒}^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{\left(}𝒓\mathbf{\right)}{\displaystyle \frac{𝑭_𝒒}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}}}\mathbf{+}𝓞\mathbf{\left(}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟒}}}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{]}\mathbf{,}`$
The phase space factor $`𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}`$ has been defined in Eq. (2) and the tree coefficient for the Darwin term $`𝒅\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}`$ in Eq. (3). A number of clarifications are to be made about the above master expression.

Following Wilson’s prescription for the OPE an auxiliary scale $`𝝁`$ has been introduced to separate the effects from long- and short-distance dynamics. Since observables do not depend on it, quark masses, radiative corrections and hadronic expectation values $`\mathbf{}𝑩\mathbf{|}𝑶_𝒊\mathbf{|}𝑩\mathbf{}`$ combine to yield a compensating $`𝝁`$ dependence as indicated in Eq. (8). The natural and most efficient choice is $`𝝁\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}`$, which is particularly relevant for the quark masses .

It should be kept in mind that the $`𝑩`$ state over which the expectation values are taken is the real $`𝑩`$ meson, not the meson in the heavy quark limit $`𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}\mathbf{}`$. In this convention the total width to order $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ is corrected by a single Darwin expectation value (modulo the effect of four-quark operators to be addressed below). No non-local correlators enter, and the spin-orbital expectation value $`𝝆_{𝑳𝑺}^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ enters only as a $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃`$ piece of the total Lorentz-scalar chromomagnetic expectation value .333The inclusive moments of various decay distributions do exhibit explicit dependence on $`\rho _{LS}^3`$; it is however too weak to matter in practice. Likewise, the kinetic expectation value enters solely through the $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃`$ expansion of the leading operator $`\overline{𝒃}𝒃`$ .

All Wilson coefficients are given by short-distance dynamics and in practice are evaluated in perturbation theory. In the convention adopted in Eq. (8) the tree-level coefficients $`𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}`$, $`𝒅`$ etc. are modified by perturbative corrections $`𝑨_{\mathbf{}}^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}`$ starting with at least one power of $`𝜶_𝒔`$.

The leading nonperturbative corrections arise in order $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝑸^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ and are controlled by the expectation values $`𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$ and $`𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$ of the kinetic and chromomagnetic dimension-five operators ($`𝑫_𝝂`$ denotes the covariant derivative), respectively

$$𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝑴_𝑩}\mathbf{}𝑩\mathbf{|}\overline{𝒃}\mathbf{(}𝒊\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝑫}\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟐}𝒃\mathbf{|}𝑩\mathbf{}_𝝁\mathbf{,}𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝑴_𝑩}\mathbf{}𝑩\mathbf{|}\overline{𝒃}\frac{𝒊}{\mathrm{𝟐}}𝝈_{𝒋𝒌}𝑮^{𝒋𝒌}𝒃\mathbf{|}𝑩\mathbf{}_𝝁\mathbf{.}$$
(9)
(Since we have explicitly introduced the effect of the $`𝑳𝑺`$ operator, $`𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ above should be understood as the average of only the chromomagnetic field, $`\mathbf{}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝝈}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝑩}\mathbf{}`$, although it includes $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃`$ finite-mass effects.) The Darwin and spin-orbital $`𝑳𝑺`$ terms $`𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$ and $`𝝆_{𝑳𝑺}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$ emerge from dimension-six operators:

$$𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝑴_𝑩}\mathbf{}𝑩\mathbf{|}\overline{𝒃}\mathbf{(}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝑫}\mathbf{}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝑬}\mathbf{)}𝒃\mathbf{|}𝑩\mathbf{}_𝝁\mathbf{,}𝝆_{𝑳𝑺}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝑴_𝑩}\mathbf{}𝑩\mathbf{|}\overline{𝒃}\mathbf{(}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝝈}\mathbf{}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝑬}\mathbf{\times }𝒊\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝑫}\mathbf{)}𝒃\mathbf{|}𝑩\mathbf{}_𝝁\mathbf{.}$$
(10)
The Wilson coefficients for the operators describing nonperturbative effects are completely known only at tree level. Since they represent power-suppressed effects showing up at the one percent level, this is a reasonable approximation. However, it is desirable to improve it in the future computing $`𝓞\mathbf{(}𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{)}`$ corrections to them.

The last term in Eq. (8) proportional to $`𝑭_𝒒`$ denotes the effect of generic $`𝑺𝑼\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{)}`$-singlet four-quark operators, other than Darwin operator, of the form $`\overline{𝒃}𝚪𝒃\overline{𝒒}𝚪𝒒`$ with the sum over $`𝒒\mathbf{=}𝒖\mathbf{,}𝒅\mathbf{,}𝒔`$, and $`𝚪`$ including both color and Lorentz matrices (to the leading order in $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃`$ only $`𝜸_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{\times }𝜸^\mathrm{𝟎}`$ or $`𝜸_𝒊𝜸_\mathrm{𝟓}\mathbf{\times }𝜸^𝒊𝜸_\mathrm{𝟓}`$ structures survive, but one does not need to rely on this). Their Wilson coefficients are order $`𝓞\mathbf{(}𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{)}`$, and we neglect these contributions.

On the other hand, we have explicitly included in the master equation a possible effect of the (tree level) expectation values of the four-quark operators with the charm field. It is routinely skipped assuming that it vanishes due to the sizeable charm mass. While it represents a reasonable approximation, it can be valid only up to a certain accuracy. Since the Wilson coefficient of one linear combination of four (in the heavy-$`𝒃`$ limit) such operators emerges at tree level and is strongly enhanced by the effectively two-body phase space, this effect might not be totally negligible. To complement its purely theoretical estimates or upper bounds, we find it advantageous to explicitly introduce this effect and study its possible manifestations in experiment:

$$𝑯_𝒄\mathbf{=}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝑴_𝑩}\mathbf{}𝑩\mathbf{|}\overline{𝒃}𝜸_𝝂\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝜸_\mathrm{𝟓}\mathbf{)}𝒄\overline{𝒄}𝜸^𝝆\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝜸_\mathrm{𝟓}\mathbf{)}𝒃\mathbf{|}𝑩\mathbf{}_𝝁\mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{}𝜹_𝝆^𝝂\mathbf{+}𝒗^𝝂𝒗_𝝆\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{,}𝒗_𝝂\mathbf{=}\frac{𝑷_𝝂^𝑩}{𝑴_𝑩}\mathbf{.}$$
(11)
This way to refer to such nonperturbative effects literally applies when normalization point $`𝝁`$ is taken above $`𝒎_𝒄`$. Having the normalization scale $`𝝁`$ below $`𝒎_𝒄`$ amounts to the $`𝒄`$ quark field being integrated out; then there are no dynamical $`𝒄`$ quark fields. Nevertheless, the physical effects lumped into $`𝑯_𝒄`$ still do not have to vanish exactly; they are rather partially reshuffled into higher-dimension b-quark operators with only light fields.

The second charm-related $`𝑫\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟑}`$ parameter $`\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝑯}_𝒄`$ in Eq. (8) represents the cumulative effect of the remaining combinations of the four-fermion operators with charm quarks. It is expected to play an insignificant role, but will be briefly addressed as well.

It turns out that the consistent $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃`$ expansion to higher orders mandates introducing such four-quark charmed operators. They can be excluded only at the price of spoiling the expansion: instead of $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃`$ or $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝑬_𝒓`$ some of the higher-dimensional operators would get powers of $`𝒎_𝒄`$ in the denominator to compensate for the increasing dimension. To state it differently: the Wilson coefficients of the higher-dimensional operator can contain an enhancement by positive powers of $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒓`$. The aggregate effect of such terms can be viewed as the definition of $`𝑯_𝒄`$ at low normalization scale. Moreover, a significant fraction of the numerically enhanced Darwin coefficient function $`𝒅\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}`$ represents actually the mid-virtuality (semi-hard, or hybrid) contribution to the leading charm operator. A detailed discussion of these operators and their relation to the notion of “Intrinsic Charm” will be given in a separate publication . We shall briefly recapitulate the main points of that analysis below in Sect. 3.3.

The Wilsonian separation of “soft” and “hard” effects can be done in different ways. In particular, this affects the precise values of the heavy quark masses at a given $`𝝁`$. We consistently use the scheme based on the Small Velocity, or Shifman-Voloshin (SV) sum rules which introduce the normalization scale $`𝝁`$ via the cutoff over the excitation energy of the hadronic states . Other possibilities to define heavy quark masses discussed in the literature are considered in the review .444Their assessment in Ref.  is not always justified in our opinion. The advantages of this choice are transparent. First, they allow to define the heavy quark masses as well as the expectation values of the higher-dimensional operators on a parallel footing. Secondly, being expressed via (in principle) measurable quantities, they have a definite value in QCD at any given normalization point. The question of their precise extraction from experiment then becomes meaningful (see, e.g. Ref. ), without invoking doubtful procedures. Thirdly, such a renormalization scheme respects exact inequalities established in the heavy quark limit (for a recent review, see Ref. ), which turn out very constraining in practice and allow to go far beyond naive dimensional estimates even for higher-dimensional operators. Finally, it has been demonstrated in numerous applications that using such a scheme typically yields a much improved convergence of the perturbative expansion, see, e.g. a recent experimental implementation in Ref. .

Below we discuss the salient features in more detail.

## 3 Heavy Quark Parameters

### 3.1 Heavy quark masses

With the width depending on the fifth power of the heavy quark mass any uncertainty associated with it – conceptual or numerical – has a grave impact on the accuracy with which $`\mathbf{|}𝑽_{𝒄𝒃}\mathbf{|}`$ can be extracted. Therefore great care has to be applied to properly defining it and consistently calculating the radiative corrections.

The pole mass is defined in analogy to the electron case in QED as the position of the pole in the quark Green function. This pole mass is gauge invariant and perturbatively infrared finite. Employing it is often convenient for purely perturbative calculations. Yet in full QCD due to confinement there is no such pole – the pole mass is thus not ‘infrared stable’ due to nonperturbative dynamics. Moreover, it has an intrinsic and thus irreducible theoretical uncertainty $`\mathbf{}𝚲_{\mathrm{𝐐𝐂𝐃}}`$ already in perturbation theory; this makes it inappropriate when one wants to include nonperturbative contributions, which are power suppressed :

$$𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{(}𝑩\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟓}\mathbf{}\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐞}}\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟓}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟓}𝓞\mathbf{(}𝚲_{\mathrm{𝐐𝐂𝐃}}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}\mathbf{;}$$
(12)
i.e., the intrinsic uncertainty is at least parametrically larger than the leading nonperturbative contributions that arise in order $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}`$. The meaning of this observation can be easily understood. A long-distance pole mass in perturbation theory is a counterpart of the heavy flavor hadron mass of full QCD, since it includes effects of gluons with arbitrarily small momenta. In this respect the analogue of the quark mass in QCD where nonperturbative effects exit, is a short-distance mass $`𝒎_𝑸\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$ of perturbation theory, since such a mass excludes soft gluons interacting strongly. The central OPE result that there are no contributions $`\mathbf{}𝓞\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}`$ contributions to fully inclusive widths  – in other words, the hadron ($`𝑩`$ meson) mass is irrelevant for the width which depends only on $`𝒎_𝒃`$, but not on $`𝑴_𝑩\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒃`$ – translates then into the statement that short-distance masses have to be used when aiming at the power-like accuracy.

To a limited extent, the pole mass can still be used to approximate the width: the order-to-order shift in the apparent position of the pole quark mass in perturbation theory is offset by a significant change in the overall perturbative correction factor. Yet such a procedure may not allow to properly account already for the actual leading nonperturbative corrections. This is illustrated by the following simple observation. Starting with the short-distance mass, one has for the leading (parton) contribution

$$𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{(}𝑩\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟓}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}$$
(13)
with neither factor having uncontrollable infrared pieces. The same perturbative expression for the pole masses then must be of the form

$$𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{(}𝑩\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟓}\frac{\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝚲}}{𝒎_𝒃}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐞}}\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟓}\mathbf{}𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟓}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\left[}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏𝟓}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝚲}}{𝒎_𝒃}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\right]}\mathbf{,}$$
(14)
where $`\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝚲}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃`$ expresses the uncontrollable infrared contributions in the ratio of the pole to short-distance mass. The contribution $`\mathbf{}𝓞\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}`$ has indeed disappeared, yet the expression is still deficient: while there are contributions $`\mathbf{}𝓞\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{)}`$, they have to be of the form $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}\frac{𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}}`$ regardless of the particular interactions.555The perturbative contributions discussed here cannot give rise to spin-dependent effects contained in $`\mu _G^2`$. Hence the last term in Eq. (14) coming with the coefficient $`\mathrm{𝟏𝟓}`$ has no counterpart in actual QCD and is rather an artefact of using the pole masses.

An example of a short-distance $`𝒃`$ mass is the $`\overline{\mathrm{𝐌𝐒}}`$ mass $`\overline{𝒎}_𝒃\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}`$. The normalization scale $`𝒎_𝒃`$, however is unnaturally high for the problem; therefore it introduces significant higher-order corrections not related to running of $`𝜶_𝒔`$ per se, which are under poor control and thus limit the accuracy .

A better choice when treating $`𝑩`$ decays is taking the Wilsonian factorization scale $`𝝁`$ around $`\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}`$. An example of such a mass is the one defined through the SV sum rules, the prescription valid to arbitrary perturbative order. It has the meaning of the mass entering the kinetic energy of the heavy quark and is often called kinetic mass$`𝒎_𝒃^{\mathrm{𝐤𝐢𝐧}}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$. At every given $`𝝁`$ it represents an observable physical quantity and, with an appropriate choice of $`𝝁`$ its extraction from experiment provides good stability with respect to radiative corrections. Its definition is discussed in Sect. A.1. Here we mention that its value has been extracted from the threshold domain of the $`𝒆^\mathbf{+}𝒆^{\mathbf{}}`$ annihilation into $`\overline{𝒃}𝒃`$,

$$𝒎_𝒃^{\mathrm{𝐤𝐢𝐧}}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{(}\mathbf{4.57}\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{0.06}\mathbf{)}\text{GeV}$$
(15)
From now on we omit the superscript “kin” using this mass as the default definition.

For the charm quark, the separation scale taken around $`\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}`$ is similar in magnitude to $`𝒎_𝒄`$ itself. The kinetic mass $`𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$ can still be used, with the realization, however, that this definition starts loosing direct physical meaning for increasing $`𝝁`$.

Historically heavy use has been made of relating the quark mass difference $`𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄`$ to the spin-averaged meson masses to reduce the number of parameters and to suppress ambiguities related to heavy mass definitions:

$$𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{=}\overline{𝑴}_𝑩\mathbf{}\overline{𝑴}_𝑫\mathbf{+}\frac{𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒎_𝒄}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒎_𝒃}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{+}\frac{𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{}\overline{𝝆}^\mathrm{𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟒}}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒎_𝒄^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{+}𝓞\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝑸^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{)}$$
(16)
where $`\overline{𝑴}_{𝑩\mathbf{[}𝑫\mathbf{]}}\mathbf{}𝑴_{𝑩\mathbf{[}𝑫\mathbf{]}}\mathbf{/}\mathrm{𝟒}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟑}𝑴_{𝑩^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{[}𝑫^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{]}}\mathbf{/}\mathrm{𝟒}`$ denotes the spin averaged meson masses and $`\overline{𝝆}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{=}𝝆_{𝝅𝝅}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{+}𝝆_𝒔^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ the sum of two positive (in the advocated scheme) nonlocal correlators (they are defined in Ref. ). Eq. (16) has become a widely used relation: for once one realizes that $`𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ cannot differ from $`\mathbf{0.45}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ by significantly more than $`\mathbf{0.1}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$, it leads to a reduced uncertainty in $`𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄`$. Having the same scheme and normalization point for both $`𝒎_𝒃`$ and $`𝒎_𝒄`$ has an advantage of making the heavy quark expansion relation between $`𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄`$ and $`𝑴_𝑩\mathbf{}𝑴_𝑫`$ more direct. If such constraints are not imposed, it is justified to use $`\overline{𝒎}_𝒄\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{)}`$ as well. We argue in Sect. 6 that it is safer not to invoke these relations.

### 3.2 Operators of dimension $`\mathrm{𝟓}`$ and $`\mathrm{𝟔}`$

The precise definition of higher-dimensional operators affects perturbative corrections to a lesser extent than the choice of the heavy quark mass scheme. Yet it is required to make sense of assigning them a definite numerical value; once again the values have to be normalization-scale dependent. In particular this refers to the spin-singlet expectation values $`𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ and $`𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}`$. They can be defined in the same physical way as the heavy quark masses; the formal definition is given, e.g. in . Once given, it allows to sensibly extract their values; for instance, Ref.  concluded from the hyperfine mass splitting that

$$𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{(}\mathbf{0.35}_{\mathbf{}\mathbf{.02}}^{\mathbf{+}\mathbf{.03}}\mathbf{)}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{.}$$
(17)
Kinetic expectation value $`𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ a priori is less certain, however in this regularization scheme the inequality

$$𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}$$
(18)
holds for any normalization scale. With a number of experimental data strongly favoring $`𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{<}\mathbf{0.5}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ a limited range is left allowed, and the estimate

$$𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{(}\mathbf{0.45}\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{0.1}\mathbf{)}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟐}$$
(19)
seems rather conservative. It is also supported by purely theoretical estimates including QCD sum rules .666According to the FNAL group, lattice studies suggest so far a somewhat larger value .

A less precise estimate can be obtained for the Darwin expectation value, $`𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{(}\mathbf{0.2}\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{0.1}\mathbf{)}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟑}`$, yet it must be positive. The spin-orbit average $`𝝆_{𝑳𝑺}^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ is expected to be negative. It obeys the constraints

$$\mathbf{}𝝆_{𝑳𝑺}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{}𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{,}\mathbf{|}𝝆_{𝑳𝑺}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{|}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟐}𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{.}$$
(20)
Since the effect of this operator is typically strongly suppressed compared to the Darwin term, already these general bounds suffice for practical purposes.

A clarification is in order here. Strictly speaking, all the above bounds hold in the heavy quark limit, i.e. when $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃`$ corrections in the expectation values are absent. It has been argued  that their shift from the $`𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}\mathbf{}`$ limit is negligible in $`𝑩`$ meson. Not only it is governed by the parameter $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}\mathrm{𝟐}𝒎_𝒃`$, it should be additionally suppressed by virtue of the small excess of $`𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ over $`𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ manifesting proximity to the so-called BPS limit for the heavy meson ground state. Then the deviation of these hadronic parameters lies well below available precision, and can be neglected in practice.

### 3.3 Operators with charm quarks

As mentioned in the Executive Summary and the beginning of Sect. 2, four-quark operators containing a pair of charm and anti-charm quark fields necessarily arise in the OPE and their $`𝑩`$ meson expectation values do not vanish exactly. These effects will be discussed in a forthcoming dedicated publication . Here we give a brief introduction and state the salient conclusions of that analysis.

In discussing such effects in the OPE framework, it is essential to distinguish between an expansion in $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃`$ (actually, $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{)}`$) and in $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒄`$. For the sake of clarity we resort to a somewhat idealized scenario where the hierarchy between the two scales is stretched up compared to actual QCD.

To the leading third order in $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃`$ there are four such operators of which two are relevant for $`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{(}𝒃\mathbf{}𝒄\mathbf{)}`$:

$`𝑯_𝒄\mathbf{=}\mathbf{}𝑶_\mathrm{𝟏}^𝒄\mathbf{}`$ $`\text{ }\mathbf{=}`$ $`\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝑴_𝑩}}\mathbf{}𝑩\mathbf{|}\overline{𝒃}𝜸_𝒊\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝜸_\mathrm{𝟓}\mathbf{)}𝒄\overline{𝒄}𝜸^𝒊\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝜸_\mathrm{𝟓}\mathbf{)}𝒃\mathbf{|}𝑩\mathbf{}`$
$`𝑭_𝒄\mathbf{=}\mathbf{}𝑶_\mathrm{𝟐}^𝒄\mathbf{}`$ $`\text{ }\mathbf{=}`$ $`\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝑴_𝑩}}\mathbf{}𝑩\mathbf{|}\overline{𝒃}\frac{𝝀^𝒂}{\mathrm{𝟐}}𝜸_𝒊\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝜸_\mathrm{𝟓}\mathbf{)}𝒄\overline{𝒄}\frac{𝝀^𝒂}{\mathrm{𝟐}}𝜸^𝒊\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝜸_\mathrm{𝟓}\mathbf{)}𝒃\mathbf{|}𝑩\mathbf{}\mathbf{.}`$ (21)
($`𝑭_𝒄`$ is the tree-level counterpart of $`\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝑯}_𝒄`$ in Eq. (8)). To higher orders in $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃`$ there are additional operators with derivatives acting on the quark fields. They can be reasonably neglected in the total width. For general purposes it is convenient to consider the extended set of four such operators

$`𝑶_𝑽^𝒔\mathbf{=}\overline{𝒃}𝒃\overline{𝒄}𝜸_\mathrm{𝟎}𝒄`$ $`𝑶_𝑨^𝒔\mathbf{=}\overline{𝒃}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝝈}𝒃\overline{𝒄}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝜸}𝜸_\mathrm{𝟓}𝒄`$
$`𝑶_𝑽^𝒐\mathbf{=}\overline{𝒃}\frac{𝝀^𝒂}{\mathrm{𝟐}}𝒃\overline{𝒄}\frac{𝝀^𝒂}{\mathrm{𝟐}}𝜸_\mathrm{𝟎}𝒄`$ $`𝑶_𝑨^𝒐\mathbf{=}\overline{𝒃}\frac{𝝀^𝒂}{\mathrm{𝟐}}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝝈}𝒃\overline{𝒄}\frac{𝝀^𝒂}{\mathrm{𝟐}}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝜸}𝜸_\mathrm{𝟓}𝒄`$ (22)
which define the expectation values $`𝑯_𝒄`$ and $`𝑭_𝒄`$ by virtue of Fierz transformations:

$`𝑶_\mathrm{𝟏}^𝒄`$ $`\text{ }\mathbf{=}`$ $`\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝑵_𝒄}}𝑶_𝑽^𝒔\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝑵_𝒄}}𝑶_𝑨^𝒔\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟑}𝑶_𝑽^𝒐\mathbf{+}𝑶_𝑨^𝒐`$
$`𝑶_\mathrm{𝟐}^𝒄`$ $`\text{ }\mathbf{=}`$ $`\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟒}}}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝑵_𝒄^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{)}𝑶_𝑽^𝒔\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟒}}}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝑵_𝒄^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{)}𝑶_𝑨^𝒔\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝑵_𝒄}}𝑶_𝑽^𝒐\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝑵_𝒄}}𝑶_𝑨^𝒐\mathbf{.}`$ (23)
The indices $`𝑽\mathbf{,}𝑨`$ and $`𝒔\mathbf{,}𝒐`$ correspond to products of vector or axial, and color-singlet or -octet flavor-diagonal $`\overline{𝒃}𝒃`$ and $`\overline{𝒄}𝒄`$ currents. Below we shall mainly refer to the contributions related to $`𝑯_𝒄`$ as most relevant for $`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{(}𝒃\mathbf{}𝒄\mathbf{)}`$.

The existence of such an effect can be understood since this expectation value simply states that the propagation of the decay quark inside $`𝑩`$ meson is not totally perturbative. It is related to local expectation values because we consider the inclusive width coming from $`𝒄`$ quark momenta much smaller than the energy release where the momentum of the lepton pair does not differs much from $`𝒒_𝝁\mathbf{=}\mathbf{(}𝑬_𝒓\mathbf{,}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{,}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{,}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}`$, and we expand in this difference . This inclusive probability for transitions to charm quarks is affected by nonperturbative dynamics to a lesser degree than for decays to light quarks; yet it is evident that it should be present at some level. Its magnitude can be qualified and estimated . The relation of these effects to the “Intrinsic Charm” in $`𝑩`$ mesons is discussed there.

The charm quark propagator undergoes nonperturbative effects even when it is hard or has large energy or momentum. These effects, however are accounted for in the standard OPE; to the leading order they are given in terms of $`𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ and $`𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ as exemplified by the sum rules considered in Ref. . The effect of the Darwin term comes from both hard and soft charm configurations. Hence, in the Wilsonian approach a part of the effect of the Darwin operator in Eq. (8) actually represents the contribution $`𝑯_𝒄`$ of the four-quark charm operator. This part belonging to $`𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ depends on the choice of the normalization point $`𝝁`$ and vanishes if $`𝝁`$ is taken well below $`𝒎_𝒄`$ – this option is possible only for a heavy quark.

If the charm field can be considered as heavy in the scale of typical hadronic masses $`𝝁_{\mathrm{𝐡𝐚𝐝𝐫}}`$, one can apply heavy quark expansion to these nonperturbative expectation values. It proceeds, however, in $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒄`$ and not in $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃`$:

$$\mathbf{}𝑶_𝒋^𝒄\mathbf{}\mathbf{=}\underset{𝒌}{\mathbf{}}𝑪_{𝒋𝒌}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝑴_𝑩}\frac{\mathbf{}𝑩\mathbf{|}\overline{𝒃}𝑶_𝒌𝒃\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{|}𝑩\mathbf{}}{𝒎_𝒄^{𝒅_𝒌\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟑}}}\mathbf{.}$$
(24)
Similar to the OPE for inclusive widths, it includes only local $`\overline{𝒃}\mathbf{}𝒃`$ operators which, however, now involve only light (gluon and $`𝒖\mathbf{,}𝒅\mathbf{,}𝒔`$ quark) fields. In the above equation $`𝒅_𝒌`$ denotes the dimension of the light field operator $`𝑶_𝒌`$. Therefore, without introducing the explicit operators with charm, there exists a chain of higher-order power terms scaling like $`\frac{𝚲_{\mathrm{𝐐𝐂𝐃}}^𝒏}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟑}𝒎_𝒄^{𝒏\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟑}}}`$ rather than $`\frac{𝚲_{\mathrm{𝐐𝐂𝐃}}^𝒏}{𝒎_𝒃^𝒏}`$. It is instructive to keep in mind that the large coefficient of the Darwin operator is associated with the lowest term in this subseries corresponding to $`𝒏\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟑}`$ which gives rise to the $`\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒎_𝒄}`$ enhancement.

The $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒄`$ expansion of the charmed expectation values thus requires classifying possible operators $`𝑶_𝒌`$ and computing the coefficients $`𝑪_{𝒋𝒌}`$.777Alternatively, one can integrate the sum rules for the corresponding combinations of the zeroth moments (for the leading-$`m_b`$ operators) of the heavy quark structure functions studied in , over $`\stackrel{}{q}`$. This would require, however extending the expansion at least to two more orders in $`1/m_c`$. It is shown  that at the tree level there are no contributions to order $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒄`$, while $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒄^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ effects are driven by a few operators, depending on the particular color and Lorentz structure.888Say, no contribution for the color-straight operator with vector currents, one for the product of color-straight axial currents, etc. The dominant in $`𝑵_𝒄`$ structure for semileptonic decay is color octet, see Eq. (23), for which $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒄^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ effects are present for both vector and axial currents.

It is interesting, however, that absence of $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒄`$ nonperturbative charm loop effects can be vitiated once perturbative corrections are included . There are two spin-singlet operators $`𝑶_{𝑬^\mathrm{𝟐}}`$ and $`𝑶_{𝑬\mathbf{}𝑬}`$ and one spin-dependent $`𝑶_{𝑬\mathbf{\times }𝑬}`$ operator which emerge already to order $`𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{)}`$ from the dominant (in semileptonic decays) color-octet operators, vector and axial, respectively:

$`𝑶_{𝑬^\mathrm{𝟐}}`$ $`\mathbf{=}`$ $`\text{ }{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟏𝟔}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}}\overline{𝒃}\mathrm{𝐓𝐫}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝑬}^{\mathbf{\hspace{0.17em}2}}𝒃\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟏𝟔}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}}\overline{𝒃}\mathrm{𝐓𝐫}\mathbf{(}𝝅_𝒌𝝅_\mathrm{𝟎}𝝅_\mathrm{𝟎}𝝅_𝒌\mathbf{)}𝒃`$ (25)
$`𝑶_{𝑬\mathbf{}𝑬}`$ $`\mathbf{=}`$ $`\text{ }{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟏𝟔}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}}\overline{𝒃}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝑵_𝒄}\mathrm{𝐓𝐫}\mathbf{)}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝑬}\mathbf{}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝑬}𝒃\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟏𝟔}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}}\overline{𝒃}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝑵_𝒄}\mathrm{𝐓𝐫}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{(}𝝅_𝒌𝝅_\mathrm{𝟎}𝝅_\mathrm{𝟎}𝝅_𝒌\mathbf{)}𝒃`$
$`𝑶_{𝑬\mathbf{\times }𝑬}`$ $`\mathbf{=}`$ $`\text{ }{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟏𝟔}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}}𝒊\overline{𝒃}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝝈}\mathbf{}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝑬}\mathbf{\times }\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝑬}𝒃\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟏𝟔}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}}𝒊\mathit{ϵ}^{𝝁𝝂𝝆𝝀}\overline{𝒃}𝜸_𝝁𝜸_\mathrm{𝟓}𝝅_𝝂𝝅_𝝆𝝅_\mathrm{𝟎}𝝅_𝝀𝒃\mathbf{,}`$
where $`\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝑬}`$ is the non-Abelian chromoelectric field strength (it includes coupling $`𝒈_𝒔`$), and $`𝝅_𝝁`$ are the nonrelativistic energy-momentum operators. An example of the Lorentz-invariant operator yielding such spin-dependent interaction is

$$\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟏𝟔}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}𝒎_𝒃}\mathit{ϵ}^{𝝁𝝂𝝆𝝀}\overline{𝒃}𝜸_𝝁𝜸_\mathrm{𝟓}𝑫_𝝂𝑫_𝝆𝑫_𝜶𝑫_𝝀𝑫^𝜶𝒃$$

with $`𝑫_𝝁`$ denoting the full-QCD covariant derivatives. Such operators come with coefficient $`\mathbf{}𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{)}\mathbf{/}𝝅`$ and are not expected to dominate for actual charm quark. They would represent the leading effect in the true heavy charm limit. Physically $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒄`$ corrections can describe interference between the (gluon-dressed) parton decay amplitude and internal $`𝒄\overline{𝒄}`$ component of the meson, see Fig. 1 similar to interference discussed in detail in Ref. . Soft fields shape the internal charm component of wavefunction, while short-distance effects here are characterized by virtuality starting at $`𝒎_𝒄`$ and governed by $`𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{)}`$. To even higher order in $`𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{)}`$, and/or including gluons with momentum scaling as $`𝒎_𝒃`$ more operators become possible.

The effects of intrinsic charm in the context of DIS on nucleons were thoroughly investigated in Ref. , though without perturbative effects. The relevant charm operators are quark bilinears in this case, yielding quite different pattern of the power expansion. Including hard perturbative corrections can change leading power in $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒄`$ for heavy quark decays, as noted above.

The practical OPE Eq. (24) in the form of an expansion in $`𝚲_{\mathrm{𝐐𝐂𝐃}}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒄`$ is only asymptotic; the charm expectation values contain also “exponential” pieces like $`𝒆^{\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟐}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{/}𝝁_{\mathrm{𝐡𝐚𝐝𝐫}}}`$. Various considerations lead us to expect that for actual charm with $`𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{}\mathbf{1.2}\text{GeV}`$ these exponential terms can be, if not dominant, at least not too far suppressed compared to the leading powerlike effects. These contributions would represent the clearest and unambiguous example of genuinely independent effects associated with nonperturbative corrections for charm quarks in $`𝑩`$ mesons.

All these contributions, which are suppressed by powers of $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒄`$ and therefore could be sizeable thus posing a danger to the $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝑸`$ expansion, just reflect the existence of operators in the OPE of the width containing pairs of $`𝒄`$ and $`\overline{𝒄}`$ fields, namely $`𝑶_𝒋^𝒄`$ (and their higher-dimensional analogies). Their impact is best analyzed directly through the $`𝑩`$ expectation values of $`𝑶_𝒋^𝒄`$. The size of these nonperturbative expectation values is however not very certain. For $`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{(}𝒃\mathbf{}𝒄\mathbf{)}`$ there is a single relevant operator, Eq. (11). The size of its expectation value $`\mathbf{|}𝑯_𝒄\mathbf{|}`$ is estimated

$$\mathbf{|}𝑯_𝒄\mathbf{|}\mathbf{}\mathbf{<}\mathbf{0.005}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟑}$$
(26)
which translates into a possible contribution to the width up to $`\mathrm{𝟏}\text{to}\mathbf{\hspace{0.25em}1.5}\mathbf{\%}`$. This looks reasonable if we compare it with the effect of the Darwin expectation value itself which, according to our master equations is estimated to be about $`\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\%}`$. A fraction of the Darwin term effect, on the other hand, represents the leading, $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒄^\mathrm{𝟎}`$ piece of the four-quark operators with charm.

An alternative way to arrive at a similar numerical estimate is calibrating them with the size of nonfactorizable contribution of four-quark operators $`\overline{𝒃}𝒃\overline{𝒒}𝒒`$ with light quarks $`𝒒`$, which would enter the total semileptonic $`𝒃\mathbf{}𝒖`$ width. The four-quark operators with non-valence light quark were estimated in Ref.  to affect the width at a couple percent level, employing the information about $`𝑫`$ meson widths. Assuming that the expectation values with the charm field replacing light non-valence quarks exhibit extra suppression due to the charm mass by a factor of four, and accounting for the difference in the phase space in the two decays, we end up with an estimate somewhat below the one percent level in $`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{(}𝑩\mathbf{)}`$.

#### 3.3.1 Experimental constraints

A more robust approach is to constrain the charm-related expectation values directly from experiment. Available studies of the semileptonic distributions already yield some more indirect bounds on such effects, however the limits fall quite short of the scale expected theoretically. One reason behind this insensitivity is transparent: they manifest themselves in the same way as the soft part of the Darwin term, and therefore to some extent can be absorbed by redefining the effective value of $`𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}`$. In particular, for sufficiently inclusive characteristics replacing

$$𝒅𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{}𝒅𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟑𝟐}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}\sqrt{𝒓}\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟐}𝑯_𝒄$$
(27)
may account for the bulk of the effect, and the actual difference in the effect of Darwin operator and the charm-related nonperturbative four-quark expectation value $`𝑯_𝒄`$ will be revealed at a suppressed level only in more subtle quantities, say in the dependence of the hadronic distributions on lepton energy.

There can be various physical manifestations of the nonperturbative effects associated with moderately short-distance charm quarks in non-charm beauty hadrons. A number of effects have been discussed in connection to the “intrinsic charm” hypothesis ; it is not always easy to disentangle them from other underlying effects, however.

Here we are concerned with a more concrete aspect, namely the way such effects may manifest themselves in the inclusive semileptonic decays via local $`𝒃`$-quark operators with charm, Eqs. (22). The search for an unambiguous manifestation is complicated by the expected percent scale in $`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{(}𝒃\mathbf{}𝒄\mathbf{)}`$. Yet even any higher direct upper bound would constitute a very valuable information complementary to theoretical estimates.

In the heavy quark expansion these four-quark operators would most directly show up as $`𝜹`$-like contributions near the quasi–two-body kinematics $`𝒃\mathbf{}\text{slow}𝒄\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}𝝂`$, which naively corresponds to such leading terms in the OPE, with

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{𝐝𝚪_{𝒄𝒄}}{𝐝𝒒^\mathrm{𝟐}}}`$ $`\text{ }\mathbf{}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏𝟔}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}{𝑴_𝑩\mathbf{}𝑴_𝑫^{\mathbf{}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{𝑯_𝒄}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟑}}}𝜹\mathbf{\left(}\sqrt{𝒒^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{}\mathbf{(}𝑴_𝑩\mathbf{}𝑴_𝑫^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{,}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{𝐝𝚪_{𝒄𝒄}}{𝐝𝑬_𝑿}}`$ $`\text{ }\mathbf{}`$ $`\mathrm{𝟑𝟐}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}{\displaystyle \frac{𝑯_𝒄}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟑}}}𝜹\mathbf{\left(}𝑬_𝑿\mathbf{}\mathbf{(}𝑴_𝑩\mathbf{}𝑴_𝑫^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{,}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{𝐝𝚪_{𝒄𝒄}}{𝐝𝑬_{\mathbf{}}}}`$ $`\text{ }\mathbf{}`$ $`\mathrm{𝟑𝟐}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}{\displaystyle \frac{𝑯_𝒄}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟑}}}𝜹\mathbf{\left(}𝑬_{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{}\frac{𝑴_𝑩\mathbf{}𝑴_𝑫^{\mathbf{}}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{,}`$ (28)
etc. Placed in the narrow slice of the whole kinematic domain, these effects are locally enhanced and potentially detectable in differential distributions, much in the same way as was suggested for nonfactorizable effects in $`\overline{𝒃}𝒃\overline{𝒒}𝒒`$-type operators with light quarks in the lepton spectra , or $`𝑴_𝑿^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ or $`𝑬_𝑿`$ distributions .

There are also similar operators with derivatives. In the total widths they are suppressed by additional powers of $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃`$. They lead to smearing the above quasi–two-body peaks over the domain of typical width $`\mathbf{}𝚲_{\mathrm{𝐐𝐂𝐃}}`$. The smearing in practice can stretch over a sizable fraction of the allowed kinematic range for actual $`𝒎_𝒃`$.999Perturbative corrections associated with the anomalous dimensions of the leading operators yield slower decreasing tails as discussed in Ref. ; yet in practice this perturbative smearing should hardly be relevant. It should be noted that the charm operators can lead to both enhancement or depletion of the decay rates, depending on the sign of the expectation values.

The above pattern suggests the strategy of studying the integral over the particular low-$`𝑬_𝑿`$ kinematic domain and comparing it with the expectations based on the parameters extracted from the total moments. It turns out that the overall integrated hadronic energy $`\mathbf{}𝑬_𝑿\mathbf{}`$ and the invariant mass $`\mathbf{}𝑴_𝑿^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}`$ are theoretically expected to depend on practically one and the same combination of parameters $`𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.67}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{+}\mathbf{0.1}𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.25}𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}`$. Comparing the two averages experimentally would then be a cross check of possible additional effects, including charm expectation values.

It seems to us that the available accuracy in the fully integrated moments (with respect to $`𝑬_{\mathbf{}}`$, $`𝑴_𝑿`$ or $`𝒒^\mathrm{𝟐}`$) does not allow at present to constrain the expectation values, in particular $`𝑯_𝒄`$ with the precision even nearly matching the theoretical expectations Eq. (26). An interesting possibility is to study the partially integrated over $`𝑬_𝑿`$ double differential distribution

$$𝚫\mathbf{(}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝒒}^{\mathbf{\hspace{0.17em}2}}\mathbf{;}𝑴\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}}\mathbf{}_{𝑴_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟐}}^{𝑴_𝑫^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{+}𝑴}𝐝𝑴_𝑿^\mathrm{𝟐}\frac{𝐝^\mathrm{𝟐}𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}}{𝐝𝑴_𝑿^\mathrm{𝟐}𝐝\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝒒}^{\mathbf{\hspace{0.25em}2}}}\mathbf{.}$$
(29)
For the four-fermion operators it is expected to exhibit a more or less flat contribution above a hadronic scale $`𝑴_\mathrm{𝟎}`$ for moderate $`\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝒒}^{\mathbf{\hspace{0.17em}2}}`$,

$$\mathbf{}𝐝\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝒒}^{\mathbf{\hspace{0.17em}2}}𝚫\mathbf{(}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝒒}^{\mathbf{\hspace{0.17em}2}}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟑𝟐}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\frac{𝑯_𝒄}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟑}}$$

which however fades away with increase of $`\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝒒}^{\mathbf{\hspace{0.17em}2}}`$. In this scenario the effect can originate from a limited range of $`𝑴_𝑿`$ below a hadronic mass $`𝑴_𝑫^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{+}𝑴_\mathrm{𝟎}`$ with $`𝑴_\mathrm{𝟎}`$ expected to be around $`𝒎_𝒄`$ and/or $`𝝁_{\mathrm{𝐡𝐚𝐝𝐫}}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}`$.

The most precision data available now are from CLEO lepton moments measured with a lower cut $`\mathbf{1.5}\text{GeV}`$ . However, the average lepton energy in this interval is $`\mathbf{}𝑬_{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{}\mathbf{}\mathbf{1.73}\text{GeV}`$ which is very close to the expected location of the discussed contributions

$$𝑬_{\mathbf{}}^{𝒄𝒄}\mathbf{}\frac{𝑴_𝑩\mathbf{}𝑴_𝑫^{\mathbf{}}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{}\mathbf{1.64}\text{GeV}\mathbf{.}$$
(30)
This strongly suppresses the sensitivity of these moments to $`𝑯_𝒄`$. At the same time, this physical example illustrates the fact that the integrated widths with cuts are far more vulnerable to higher-order effects: the relative sensitivity of just the rate with $`𝑬_{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{>}\mathbf{1.5}\text{GeV}`$ to $`𝑯_𝒄`$ can naturally be three times higher than of $`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}^{\mathrm{𝐭𝐨𝐭}}\mathbf{(}𝒃\mathbf{}𝒄\mathbf{)}`$ simply because such a partial width comprises only about $`\mathrm{𝟑𝟎}\mathbf{\%}`$ of the total rate, and impact on the CLEO’s $`𝑹_\mathrm{𝟎}`$ can be even more significant. Yet we think it may be premature to attribute some apparent discrepancy between, say, measured values of $`𝑹_\mathrm{𝟎}`$ and $`𝑹_\mathrm{𝟏}`$ to effects of charm operators, in view of insufficient control over usual higher-dimension operators for the widths with such a cut .

It is also worth emphasizing that at a high enough cut on $`𝑬_{\mathbf{}}`$ the operators describing the addressed nonperturbative effects cease to remain local (in space). Whether the cut at $`\mathbf{1.5}\text{GeV}`$ is safe in this respect, must yet be understood.

### 3.4 Heavy quark operators of $`𝑫\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟕}`$

The important question about the achievable accuracy of the OPE for $`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{(}𝒃\mathbf{}𝒄\mathbf{)}`$ is the magnitude of higher-order power corrections beyond $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ terms. Their number proliferates, and it might look hopeless to get a meaningful answer. Nevertheless, we shall argue that the effect of the higher-dimensional operators while applying the proper Wilsonian procedure should be suppressed and not exceed the percent level. One also needs to qualitatively understand the hierarchy of the computed corrections through order $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟑}`$. This is discussed later in this section.

To get the way around apparent complexity of higher-order corrections, we use a few basic ideas. A few different physical momentum scales enter the problem even if one abstracts from perturbative corrections generally messing up physics at different distances. Namely, a number of corrections are driven solely by the scale $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}\mathrm{𝟐}𝒎_𝒃`$ – among those are preasymptotic corrections to the expectation values of nonperturbative operators over the actual $`𝑩`$ meson state. It is clear that these terms among higher-order operators can be neglected at once.

The second largest scale specific to the inclusive width is the energy release $`𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{}\mathbf{3.5}\text{GeV}`$. Since it still is significant, the higher-dimension operators controlled by such an expansion parameter yield the contribution far below the percent level as is illustrated by the $`𝑳𝑺`$ term, unless their effect is particularly enhanced. There are two reasons for a possible enhancement of the coefficient functions. One is the “infrared instability” when $`𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟎}`$. It was discussed in Sect. 3.3, and they are taken care of by introducing the explicit expectation values $`𝑯_𝒄`$, $`\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝑯}_𝒄`$ of the four-quark operators with charm in Eq. (8). Indeed, infrared sensitivity is possible only for soft $`𝒄`$ quark line, with the lepton pair carrying the momentum close to $`𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄`$. This effectively contracts the two weak vertices in space and time yielding local four-fermion operator $`\overline{𝒃}𝚪𝒄\overline{𝒄}𝚪𝒃`$.

The second reason discussed in detail in Ref.  is due to presence of the large parameter $`𝑵\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟓}`$ describing the power $`𝑵`$ with which heavy quark masses enter the total width, $`𝚪\mathbf{}\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{,}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟓}`$. Therefore, to find the way through the mace of higher-order power corrections, we will use the classification of the coefficients over this parameter.101010The increase in the Wilson coefficients should be distinguished from the expected factorial growth of the matrix elements of the operators compared to the dimensional estimate $`\mu _{\mathrm{hadr}}^k`$; the latter is related to violation of local duality  and will be addressed separately. Namely, we can require an extra power of the hadronic scale $`𝝁_{\mathrm{𝐡𝐚𝐝𝐫}}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃`$ in the nonperturbative corrections to be accompanied by the maximal power of $`𝑵`$.

The $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝑵`$ classification is quite transparent and yields a number of useful facts. As pointed out in Ref. , large $`𝑵`$ pushes one to the so-called Extended SV regime, since large $`𝑵`$ places most of the weight on maximal $`𝒒^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ of the lepton pair. It is also evident that this dominance is further enhanced for higher-dimensional operators: the leading contribution comes from multiple differentiation of the $`𝒄`$ quark propagator with respect to $`𝒎_𝒄^\mathrm{𝟐}`$, which pushes it further and further into the infrared. In this respect the effect is the same as for the first mechanism, infrared enhancement, and in the same way the largest pieces are absorbed into the explicit charmed expectation values. The upshot of this approach is two-fold:

$`\mathbf{}`$ The dominant operators are spin-singlet like the kinetic and Darwin terms, as opposed to the spin-dependent chromomagnetic or $`𝑳𝑺`$ operators. These are among those which determine higher moments of the light-cone distribution function. The light-cone set of operators would dominate if $`𝒎_𝒃`$ were really much greater than $`𝒎_𝒄`$ so that $`𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{/}𝑵\mathbf{>}𝒎_𝒄`$, the case where normalization point $`𝝁`$ for the four-fermion operators with charm could be taken well above $`𝒎_𝒄`$.

$`\mathbf{}`$ In the realistic case, the leading ones among these spin-singlet operators are those containing more time derivatives; extra space derivatives generally yield subleading in $`𝑵`$ effects. Since the left-most and right-most covariant derivatives in $`\mathbf{}\overline{𝒃}𝑫\mathbf{}𝑫𝒃\mathbf{}`$ must be space-like for the heavy $`𝒃`$ quark, it is actually the SV-type operators determining the SV heavy quark distribution function that dominate the higher-order power corrections. This is in a clear accord with the onset of the Extended SV regime mentioned above.

It is worth noting that the dominance of the SV-like operators makes the estimates more conclusive. They can be fully defined with explicit normalization-point dependence in the same way as the operators through $`𝑫\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟔}`$ , see, e.g. :

$$\mathbf{}\overline{𝒃}𝒊𝑫_𝒌\mathbf{(}𝒊𝑫_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}^𝒏𝒊𝑫_𝒌𝒃\mathbf{}_𝝁\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟑}\underset{\mathit{ϵ}\mathbf{<}𝝁}{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{\left[}\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}\mathit{ϵ}_{\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{/}\mathrm{𝟐}}^{\mathbf{(}𝒍\mathbf{)}}\mathbf{)}^{𝒏\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{|}𝝉_{\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{/}\mathrm{𝟐}}^{\mathbf{(}𝒍\mathbf{)}}\mathbf{|}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{(}\mathit{ϵ}_{\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}\mathrm{𝟐}}^{\mathbf{(}𝒎\mathbf{)}}\mathbf{)}^{𝒏\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{|}𝝉_{\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}\mathrm{𝟐}}^{\mathbf{(}𝒎\mathbf{)}}\mathbf{|}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\right]}\mathbf{.}$$
(31)
This eliminates the notorious problem with fixing the ad hoc factors which often can be arbitrarily reshuffled between the operators and their Wilson coefficients, obscuring numerical estimates. For instance, the parameter $`𝝀_\mathrm{𝟐}`$ used in some papers historically was defined with the factor $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}\mathrm{𝟑}`$ of the actual size of the physical chromomagnetic operator in $`𝑩`$, and HQET’s $`𝝀_\mathrm{𝟏}`$ was laxly defined as minus the expectation value of the positive operator.

The chain of SV expectation values has a definite sign. In addition, their scaling is given by a physical mass, the energy of the excited $`𝑷`$-wave states at which one observes the onset of the perturbative regime. The recent data on the $`𝑴_𝑿`$ spectrum in semileptonic $`𝑩`$ decays  suggest that this scale is near the expected $`\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}`$. It is clear that the magnitude of the ratio of this mass to the energy release $`𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄`$ would govern the rate of convergence of power expansion. For the SV regime, for example, this is explicit in the analysis of the Orsay group . The detailed study of the $`𝑴_𝑿`$ spectrum in semileptonic decays will allow even some more quantitative bounds on the leading higher-order heavy quark operators.

The analysis of possible higher-order effects conducted along these lines suggests that the effect of higher-order operators with $`𝑫\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟕}`$ constitutes at most a fraction of percent in $`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{(}𝒃\mathbf{}𝒄\mathbf{)}`$, at least if the four-quark operators with charm field are properly introduced to take care of the infrared contributions. It is worth commenting in this respect on the numerical pattern in low-order power corrections, which is not always properly interpreted and may lead to unjustified suspicions about convergence.

According to Eq. (1), the first few power corrections amount, in fractional units to

$$𝜹_{𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.012}\mathbf{,}𝜹_{𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.035}\mathbf{,}𝜹_{𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}}\mathbf{}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.035}\mathbf{,}𝜹_{𝝆_{𝑳𝑺}^\mathrm{𝟑}}\mathbf{}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.003}\mathbf{.}$$
(32)
The values $`𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0.4}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$, $`𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0.35}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$, $`𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0.2}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ and $`𝝆_{𝑳𝑺}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.15}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ have been used. The significant contribution of the Darwin term compared to the second-order corrections, and in particular, to the kinetic operator, may raise some concern. In fact, applying the above theoretical perspective one can realize that the Darwin operator has the expected, normal size.

First of all, as detailed earlier, a significant part of the Darwin expectation value actually represents the contribution of the four-quark charm operator $`𝑯_𝒄`$ in Eq. (11) if it is understood in the Wilsonian sense normalized at the appropriate scale, say at $`𝝁\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}`$. The remaining part is then noticeably smaller than the estimate of Eq. (32).

It is more important to appreciate the following fact: the effect of the kinetic and chromomagnetic operators is actually essentially suppressed compared to a priori expectations based on the scale arguments. These are nontrivial dynamic results of the OPE which cannot be accounted for by simple dimensional considerations.

The most obvious example comes from $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃`$ effects. Dimensional estimates would yield

$$𝜹_{\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟓}\frac{\overline{𝚲}}{𝒎_𝒃}\mathbf{,}$$

the result typically exhibited by naive quark model calculations. Such a correction would actually belong to the SV family in Eq. (31): according to Voloshin’s “optical” sum rule $`\frac{\mathrm{𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}\overline{𝚲}`$ amounts to the expectation value with $`𝒏\mathbf{=}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}`$. Such corrections physically exits. However, the OPE ensures that in QCD they exactly cancel between the binding effects in the initial $`𝑩`$ state and hadronization corrections in the final state. Clearly one would not interpret the fact that $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ corrections to total widths are infinitely larger than the absent $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃`$ effects, as a non-convergence of the power series!

It is even more interesting that a similar cancellation, in a sense holds even to second order in $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃`$. Naively one would expect the kinetic operator to appear with the coefficient scaling like $`\mathrm{𝟓}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟒}\mathbf{/}\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}`$, and to have powers of $`𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄`$ rather than $`𝒎_𝒃`$ in denominator. However, the OPE once again ensures that such an effect is totally absent from the inclusive width if strong interactions are described by a gauge theory like QCD.111111Even refined parton-based models typically predict a large positive effect of the kinetic expectation value; see, for example the light-cone based approach of Ref.  yielding the coefficient $`+35/6`$. The only effect of the kinetic operator emerges as the $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ correction to the expectation value $`\mathbf{}𝑩\mathbf{|}\overline{𝒃}𝒃\mathbf{|}𝑩\mathbf{}`$ . This makes evident why its effect is numerically suppressed. We can safely discard such contributions for higher-order operators, which has been already assumed in formulating the rules of the analysis earlier in this Section.

The coefficient of the chromomagnetic operator does not vanish. Yet it is still partially suppressed, which can be explicitly seen computing its effect when employing $`𝑵\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟓}`$ as a free parameter: it scales like $`𝑵`$, but not $`𝑵^\mathrm{𝟐}`$. This is related to the spin-nonsinglet structure of the chromomagnetic operator – it does not belong to the SV family of operators of Eq. (31) being an antisymmetric combination of the spacelike derivatives. This partial suppression is also reflected in the dependence of its coefficient in the width: compared to the parton width it is enhanced by a single power of $`𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{/}\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{)}`$.

A similar partial suppression is present for all higher-order spin-nonsinglet operators, which is precisely illustrated by the $`𝑳𝑺`$ contribution. It has a coefficient scaling like that of $`𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}`$, and its numerical contribution is safely at a sub-percent level.

For the Darwin operator, however, the cancellations ‘accidentally’ enforced on the lower-dimension SV parameters in the OPE do not hold anymore, and its coefficient has ‘normal’ or expected magnitude. Its numerical impact on the total width is on general grounds expected to be in a few percent range, assuming the normal scaling of the expectation values following from the family of the SV sum rules . The effect of higher-order operators then should not exceed the scale of a half percent.

To summarize, we expect, and have argued that the contribution of heavy quark operators with $`𝑫\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟕}`$ can give only a sub-% effect on $`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{(}𝒃\mathbf{}𝒄\mathbf{)}`$ provided the four-fermion operators with charm field in the Wilsonian OPE have been properly incorporated.

## 4 Perturbative Contributions

Once the perturbative effects in the quark masses and higher-dimensional operators have been properly incorporated, one can turn to the radiative corrections to the Wilson coefficients. In practice, high accuracy is required for the leading (parton) operator coefficient denoted as $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝑨_\mathrm{𝟑}^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}`$ in Eq. (8), and we routinely refer to it as the perturbative correction $`𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}`$, see Eq. (1).

It has become customary to express perturbative corrections as series in the $`\overline{\mathrm{𝐌𝐒}}`$ coupling evaluated at $`𝒎_𝒃`$. Yet the scales typical for the radiative corrections are notably lower than $`𝒎_𝒃`$. By evaluating the lowest order term in $`𝜶_𝒔^{\overline{\mathrm{𝐌𝐒}}}\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}`$ one generally underestimates $`𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}`$ and forces the $`𝜶_𝒔^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ and higher terms to possess large coefficients. If, however, at least the second order BLM contributions are known, then one can express the findings in terms of $`𝜶_𝒔^{\overline{\mathrm{𝐌𝐒}}}\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}`$ without raising numerical havoc.

It should be noted that using the Wilsonian prescription with an appropriate hard factorization scale $`𝝁`$ significantly improves convergence of the perturbative series and makes the above problem less acute. This is illustrated by Fig. 3 showing the contribution of different momentum scales in the total width, with and without separation of short- and long-distance effects.121212We show the distribution from Ref.  which did not incorporate $`1/m_b^3`$ subtraction corresponding to Darwin operator. The effect of removing the infrared domain is self-manifest. Moreover, it is evident that a too significant part of the perturbative corrections with pole masses comes from gluon momenta below $`\mathrm{𝟓𝟎𝟎}\text{MeV}`$, which casts serious doubts on reliability of the numerical results in this scheme.

#### 4.0.1 BLM summation

Computing the leading-order $`𝓞\mathbf{(}𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{)}`$ contribution does not tell us at which scale the coupling has to be evaluated; that is fixed only by terms of higher order in $`𝜶_𝒔`$. The (extended) BLM prescription  is based on the conjecture that the bulk of higher order terms can be incorporated by replacing the fixed lowest order $`𝜶_𝒔`$ by the scale-dependent $`𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒌^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{)}`$ where $`𝒌`$ denotes the momentum flowing through the gluon line, cf. Fig. 1. The running of $`𝜶_𝒔`$ is determined by the first coefficient of the Gell-Mann-Low beta function: $`𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{=}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}𝑵_𝒄\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}𝒏_𝒇\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟗}`$. The resulting expansion is of the type $`𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}_{𝒏\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟏}}^{\mathbf{}}𝒄_𝒏\mathbf{(}𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{)}^𝒏\mathbf{)}`$ with $`𝒏\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{,}\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{,}\mathbf{}`$ representing the second-order, third- etc. BLM correction. The BLM prescription amounts to the assumption that the perturbative terms left out are much smaller since not enhanced by the large value of $`𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}`$. A dedicated recent discussion can be found in Ref. .

This ansatz has turned out to be intriguingly successful in several cases. Often it is used in a simplified form by considering only the first nontrivial BLM correction – this constitutes the essence of the BLM scale fixing for $`𝜶_𝒔`$ . However in applying this properly to semileptonic $`𝑩`$ decays one has to be aware of some specific complexities:

* There are effectively two ‘running’ couplings in the problem, namely $`𝜶_𝒔`$ and $`𝒎_𝒃`$. There is no reason why they should be controlled by the same scale – on the contrary, one expects them to be different. Moreover, the standard BLM scale fixing procedure is not defined – and rather often becomes meaningless – in the case of more than one coupling. Indeed, varying the normalization scale for masses the BLM scale for $`𝜶_𝒔`$ varies in the whole range from zero to infinity.
* As stated before good judgment has to be exercised in choosing the proper mass construction. The pole mass with its intrinsic infrared uncertainty $`\mathbf{}𝓞\mathbf{(}𝚲_{\mathrm{𝐐𝐂𝐃}}\mathbf{)}`$ is ill-suited in this context. Using the BLM improvement only aggravates this problem.

The analytic expressions for the perturbative corrections and the way to implement the Wilsonian cutoff are described in Appendices A.2 and A.3. They also give numerical values.

#### 4.0.2 Non-BLM contributions

The non-BLM terms are expected to be small. They are known in the analytic form neglecting the charm mass (the case of $`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{(}𝒃\mathbf{}𝒖\mathbf{)}`$) . In $`𝒃\mathbf{}𝒄`$ a numerical evaluation exists. The authors of Ref.  have computed $`𝓞\mathbf{(}𝜶_𝒔^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{)}`$ corrections to $`𝒃\mathbf{}𝒄\mathbf{}𝝂`$ at the three different kinematical points $`𝒒^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟎}`$, $`𝒎_𝒄^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ and $`\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$, where $`\sqrt{𝒒^\mathrm{𝟐}}`$ denotes the mass of the lepton pair. From these three values one interpolates over the full $`𝒒^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ range. The non-BLM corrections indeed turn out to be small for the low-scale masses, which is a highly welcomed result: the consistent procedure to fix the scale of $`𝜶_𝒔`$ in the non-BLM terms is not known unless third-order corrections beyond simple BLM are available. This would yield significant numerical uncertainty if the non-BLM coefficients were not suppressed.

### 4.1 Overall perturbative correction

It is gratifying that the perturbative corrections to $`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{(}𝒃\mathbf{}𝒄\mathbf{)}`$ with the short-distance low-scale masses show good convergence . Let us define

$$𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{+}𝒂_\mathrm{𝟏}\frac{𝜶_𝒔}{𝝅}\mathbf{+}𝒂_\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{𝜶_𝒔}{𝝅}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}𝒂_\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{𝜶_𝒔}{𝝅}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}$$
(33)
assuming the standard choice of the $`\overline{\mathrm{𝐌𝐒}}`$ coupling $`𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝑴\mathbf{)}`$ normalized at $`𝑴\mathbf{=}𝒎_𝒃`$. As an example, at $`𝝁\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}`$, $`𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{=}\mathbf{4.6}\text{GeV}`$ and $`𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{=}\mathbf{1.15}\text{GeV}`$ we have

$`𝒂_\mathrm{𝟏}`$ $`\text{ }\mathbf{}`$ $`\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.94}𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{,}\text{ }𝒂_\mathrm{𝟐}^{\mathrm{𝐧𝐨𝐧}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝐁𝐋𝐌}}\mathbf{}\mathbf{}\mathbf{1.0}𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{,}`$
$`𝒂_\mathrm{𝟐}^{\mathrm{𝐁𝐋𝐌}}`$ $`\text{ }\mathbf{}`$ $`\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.45}𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{,}\text{ }𝒂_\mathrm{𝟑}^{\mathrm{𝐁𝐋𝐌}}\mathbf{}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.21}𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}^\mathrm{𝟐}𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{,}𝒂_\mathrm{𝟒}^{\mathrm{𝐁𝐋𝐌}}\mathbf{}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{0.09}𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}^\mathrm{𝟑}𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{,}\mathbf{}`$ (34)
This can be compared with the expansion in terms of pole masses:

$`\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝒂}_\mathrm{𝟏}`$ $`\text{ }\mathbf{}`$ $`\mathbf{}\mathbf{1.78}𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{,}\text{ }\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝒂}_\mathrm{𝟐}^{\mathrm{𝐧𝐨𝐧}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝐁𝐋𝐌}}\mathbf{}\mathbf{1.4}𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{,}`$ (35)
$`\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝒂}_\mathrm{𝟐}^{\mathrm{𝐁𝐋𝐌}}`$ $`\text{ }\mathbf{}`$ $`\mathbf{}\mathbf{1.92}𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{,}\text{ }\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝒂}_\mathrm{𝟑}^{\mathrm{𝐁𝐋𝐌}}\mathbf{}\mathbf{}\mathbf{2.8}𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}^\mathrm{𝟐}𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{,}\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝒂}_\mathrm{𝟒}^{\mathrm{𝐁𝐋𝐌}}\mathbf{}\mathbf{}\mathbf{4.9}𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}^\mathrm{𝟑}𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{,}\mathbf{}`$ (36)
(the second-order BLM coefficient in the pole mass scheme was first evaluated in Refs.  and its size interpreted as uncontrollable behavior of the perturbative series for the semileptonic widths). With this improvement, it fortunately does not make a too significant difference which approximation beyond the two-loop result to adopt, as illustrated below. Using the complete BLM-resummed result has the advantage of being nearly independent on the initial scale used to normalize $`𝜶_𝒔`$. To this we add the second-order non-BLM correction evaluated with $`𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0.25}`$ and regard this as our central estimate:131313Since the infrared domain is removed to all orders in perturbation theory, the effective scale cannot be too low.

$$𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.908}\text{ at }\frac{𝝁}{𝒎_𝒃}\mathbf{=}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathbf{4.6}}\text{ and }𝒓\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0.0625}\mathbf{.}$$
(37)
Alternatively, if we keep only the full second-order result evaluated with $`𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0.22}`$, this number becomes $`\mathbf{0.909}`$; including additionally third, or third and fourth BLM terms yields $`𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.903}`$ and $`𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.904}`$, respectively.

There are a few sources of possible theoretical uncertainties here. Before addressing them, we should emphasize that they shall not include uncertainties in the numerical values of $`𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}`$ or in the running quark masses – those are determined from experiment and in principle have definite values as soon as the scheme is fixed, although they carry some error bars in practice.

The uncertainty in the second-order non-BLM coefficient even estimated conservatively  leads to $`𝜹𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}`$ about $`\mathbf{0.0025}`$; we may think it was actually overestimated. A potentially more significant uncertainty could come from varying the effective scale in $`𝜶_𝒔`$ used to evaluate this term. However, since the magnitude of the non-BLM coefficient in Eq. (34) is about unity, this still would not exceed $`\mathbf{0.003}`$.

The real question is then the size of the third- and even higher-order perturbative corrections. They are expected to be dominated by the BLM corrections which has been completely accounted for, and yield a sub-% correction. Hence, we have reasons to consider the estimate of the theoretical uncertainty in knowledge of the perturbative factor $`𝜹𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{<}\mathbf{0.009}`$ as conservative and justified:

$$𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{(}\mathbf{0.25}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{;}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0.908}\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{0.009}\text{ at }𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0.22}\mathbf{.}$$
(38)
The dependence on the actual value of $`𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}`$ follows from Eq. (6). The dependence on the values of heavy quark masses and the used normalization scale $`𝝁`$ can be obtained by explicit evaluation of equations in Appendices A.2 and A.3.

### 4.2 Wilson coefficients of power-suppressed operators

While the Wilson coefficient of the kinetic operator is identical to the coefficient of the unit operator $`𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}`$ and therefore known completely to two loops, the $`𝜶_𝒔`$ corrections to the chromomagnetic operator have not been calculated so far. Once known, they would tell us the corrections to the coefficient for the $`𝑳𝑺`$ operator as well. The coefficient for the Darwin operator is an independent one, and its perturbative corrections are not known either. Part of the perturbative corrections comes from the short-distance renormalization of the heavy quark vector and axial current, and this one always enters as an overall factor. Therefore, it is reasonable to factor out $`𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}`$ in the expression for the width in the absence of explicit calculations of the remaining corrections.

The accuracy of the tree level value of the exact chromomagnetic coefficient $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝑨_\mathrm{𝟓}^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}`$ is conservatively estimated as $`\mathrm{𝟑𝟎}\mathbf{\%}`$. It is generally expected to deteriorate for higher operators, and we assume only a $`\mathrm{𝟓𝟎}\mathbf{\%}`$ accuracy for the Darwin coefficient; since the latter is still poorly known and is rather constrained from above by data , this does not introduce a significant additional uncertainty. The chromomagnetic expectation value, on the contrary is known rather accurately, Eq. (17). The actual normalization scale for total semileptonic width is probably somewhat higher, which slightly decreases the expected effective value of $`𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ in Eq. (1). We therefore estimate

$$\frac{𝜹_{𝑨_\mathrm{𝟓}}𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}}{𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.01}\mathbf{,}\frac{𝜹_𝑫𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}}{𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}}\mathbf{}\mathbf{<}\mathbf{0.015}\mathbf{.}$$
(39)
Lack of evaluation of the $`𝓞\mathbf{(}𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{)}`$ corrections to chromomagnetic and Darwin Wilson coefficients becomes now one of the limiting factors in the overall theoretical precision .

## 5 Theoretical Uncertainties in $`𝚪\mathbf{(}𝑩\mathbf{}𝑿_𝒄\mathbf{}𝝂\mathbf{)}`$

### 5.1 First yet least: local duality violation

A separate, more conceptual factor limiting the achievable theoretical accuracy would be violation of local duality. While it is related to high orders in the OPE, it has a different origin from what was discussed in Sect. 3.4 – a factorial growth of the expectation values of the higher-dimensional operators in the OPE, which makes the practical OPE series only asymptotic . Both the qualitative pattern and numerical aspects of duality violation depend crucially on the observable in question.

In Ref.  a detailed and comprehensive analysis of limitations to local duality in $`𝑩\mathbf{}𝑿_𝒄\mathbf{}𝝂`$ was given. Here we reiterate some of the salient points:

* Meaningful statements about duality violation require an accurate definition of the notion. That has been given for the OPE-treatable quantities like inclusive decay widths, and must be understood as deviations from the nonperturbatively corrected predictions through a sufficiently high order in the OPE (as opposed to parton-level estimates).
* Claims of duality violations one can find in the literature often turn out to constitute violations of the OPE. No example of the latter has been given so far, and actually are not expected to exist.
* On quite general grounds one infers that duality violations are given by ‘oscillating’ functions a lá$`\mathrm{𝐬𝐢𝐧}\frac{𝒎_𝑸}{𝝁_{\mathrm{𝐡𝐚𝐝𝐫}}}`$ that get further suppressed by powers of the energy release. No systematic excess or depletion of the rate compared to the OPE is allowed.
* The fully integrated width $`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{(}𝑩\mathbf{)}`$ relegates local duality violation per se to rather high orders. I.e., limitations of local duality are suppressed by a high power of the energy release. However, a much larger impact can exist on differential distributions or various widths with cuts.
* It has been estimated that limitations to duality in $`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{(}𝑩\mathbf{)}`$ amount to at most a few permill. This bound cannot be rigorously proved from QCD without some quantitative understanding of details of dynamics governing the nonperturbative regime of QCD. However, in any scenario effects of local duality violation in total semileptonic widths are much smaller than those in the differential distributions or moments used to extract the heavy quark parameters, thus introducing only negligible corrections in practice compared to the latter.

### 5.2 Summary

We have expressed the total semileptonic width of $`𝑩`$ mesons as a functions of heavy quark parameters, namely quark masses and $`𝑩`$ expectation values of local operators through order $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝑸^\mathrm{𝟑}`$, in addition to $`\mathbf{|}𝑽_{𝒄𝒃}\mathbf{|}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$. The relation still has a potential theoretical error due to perturbative uncertainties in the Wilson coefficient of the leading $`\overline{𝒃}𝒃`$ operator, the QCD radiative corrections in the Wilson coefficients of chromomagnetic and Darwin operators, in the impact of ‘intrinsic charm’ and in the contributions from higher-order power suppressed contributions. As already stated in Eq.(7), we estimate their impact on $`\mathbf{|}𝑽_{𝒄𝒃}\mathbf{|}`$ not to exceed $`\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{0.005}`$, $`\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{0.012}`$, $`\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{0.007}`$ and $`\mathbf{0.004}`$, respectively. We think that these estimates are far from aggressive; the actual uncertainties might even be smaller. For instance, as mentioned in Sect. 6.1, there are correlations between $`𝜶_𝒔`$ and the value extracted for $`𝒎_𝑸`$. Furthermore, a large part of the contribution from the charm operators is accounted for by the Darwin contribution, when the latter is extracted from experiment, cf. Eq. (27). By the way, this “IC” contribution may explain why the central value of $`𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ as suggested by experiment is smaller than anticipated.

In summary: we estimate that the present theoretical accuracy in expressing $`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{(}𝑩\mathbf{)}`$ through the heavy quark parameters corresponds to an uncertainty in $`\mathbf{|}𝑽_{𝒄𝒃}\mathbf{|}`$ of about $`\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\%}`$, Eq. (7).

## 6 Determining the Heavy Quark Parameters

Through order $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝑸^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ we have the following heavy quark parameters:

1. Quark masses $`𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$ and $`𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$;
2. The chromomagnetic and kinetic expectation values $`𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$ and $`𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$, respectively;
3. The Darwin and $`𝑳𝑺`$ terms $`𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$ and $`𝝆_{𝑳𝑺}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$, respectively.

We have excluded the charm operators represented by $`𝑯_𝒄`$, which are treated separately. We want to determine the values of these HQ parameters in a way that does not jeopardize the strong points of the OPE expression for the width, Eq. (1), namely an expansion in inverse powers of (at worst) $`𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄`$, when only local operators are relevant.

The $`𝒃`$ quark mass has been extracted from beauty production at threshold in $`𝒆^\mathbf{+}𝒆^{\mathbf{}}`$ annihilation by several authors . Their findings are completely consistent within the stated uncertainties of about $`\mathbf{1.5}\mathbf{\%}`$. The techniques (and moments) employed in the analysis differ somewhat from author to author and the agreement in their findings is reassuring. One should keep in mind, though, that these determinations not only share their experimental input. The underlying approach is the same, as well as a number of general assumptions. The value stated in Eq. (15) could thus be subject to some systematic bias. Arguments based on the SV sum rules actually suggest that $`𝒎_𝒃^{𝒌𝒊𝒏}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}\mathbf{)}`$ lies a bit above $`\mathbf{4.6}\text{GeV}`$, if a relatively low kinetic expectation value extracted from experiment so far is confirmed.

The values for $`𝒎_𝒃`$ and $`𝒎_𝒄`$ can be determined also from the shape of the energy spectra in semileptonic (or $`𝒃\mathbf{}𝒔\mathbf{+}𝜸`$) $`𝑩`$ decays, which is most concisely encoded in their first few moments. Extractions were attempted based on the formulae of Ref. , their status is still controversial. Another relevant for us area of concern in the CLEO analysis is that the relation of Eq. (16) is imposed as a constraint for $`𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄`$ in semileptonic decays. Irrespective of that it should be noted that the central value extracted from $`𝒆^\mathbf{+}𝒆^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{}\overline{𝒃}𝒃`$ and from $`𝑩`$ decays agree well even within only the stated errors reported in the latter. Considering that the two processes have very different systematics experimentally as well as theoretically and should not have a correlation with the possible bias alluded to above, this is a nontrivial and encouraging result.

Since the early days of the HQE one has often employed the expansion given in Eq. (16) that relates the difference $`𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄`$ and the spin averaged charm and beauty meson masses. Yet in view of the accuracy in $`𝒎_𝒃`$ that has been achieved, the relation (16) may represents the most vulnerable part of the analysis. It suffers from two systematic weaknesses:

* It brings in effectively an expansion in $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒄`$ rather than $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃`$ or $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{)}`$. At the very least it is obvious that $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ and $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒄^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ differ a lot in magnitude, since a short-distance charm mass enters.
* It involves the nonlocal correlators $`𝝆_{𝝅𝝅}^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ and $`𝝆_𝒔^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ intrinsically unrelated to $`𝑩`$ decays. There are actually complementing indications that their sizes are particularly large.141414It was independently observed analyzing the actual hadron mass spectrum , in the exactly solvable ’t Hooft model  and in the pilot lattice study .

Accordingly one is ill-advised to impose relation (16) in the analysis. Instead one should check the validity of the relation if there is an option of determining $`𝒎_𝒄`$ independently. It is possible that Eq. (16) holds with reasonable accuracy; for eigenvalues of Hamiltonian often exhibit a more obedient behavior than formfactors etc. However we cannot count much on such good behavior a priori. Since $`𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}`$, the expansion

$$𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{=}𝑴_𝑩\mathbf{}𝑴_𝑫\mathbf{+}\frac{𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒎_𝒄}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒎_𝒃}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{}$$

$$\frac{\mathbf{}𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{}𝝆_{𝑳𝑺}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{+}\overline{𝝆}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{+}𝝆_{𝝅𝑮}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{+}𝝆_𝑨^\mathrm{𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟒}}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒎_𝒄^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{+}𝓞\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝑸^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{,}$$
(40)
i.e., where the pseudoscalar rather than the spin averaged meson masses are used, is expected to be more stable with respect to higher order power corrections . It requires some care incorporating the perturbative corrections to $`𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}`$, but is more promising in reducing the uncontrollable errors.

When the primary goal is to determine $`\mathbf{|}𝑽_{𝒄𝒃}\mathbf{|}`$ as precisely as possible rather than the HQ parameters, another observation becomes important. Almost the same combination of the HQ parameters controls the low semileptonic moments and the total semileptonic width. It also controls the first hadronic moment $`\mathbf{}𝑴_𝑿^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}`$. This combination of HQ parameters can thus be determined with higher accuracy than the individual HQ parameters – and the error associated with it becomes partially experimental. The theoretical status of evaluations of the moments is not as advanced as for $`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}`$, therefore the expressions used for them should be viewed with lower confidence than what we know about the width itself. Nevertheless, we shall adopt them literally to illustrate the point.

### 6.1 Numerical examples

An important new element is provided by the measurements of lepton energy and hadronic mass moments in inclusive semileptonic $`𝑩`$ decays, as pioneered by CLEO and achieved also by DELPHI. Such data provide us with novel detailed information on the HQ parameters. Even though they do not allow to pinpoint the values of $`𝒎_𝒃`$ and $`𝒎_𝒄`$ separately, they turn out to improve significantly the accuracy and credibility of extracting $`\mathbf{|}𝑽_{𝒄𝒃}\mathbf{|}`$. To illustrate this, we adopt evaluation Eqs. (5) and (6) neglecting possible uncertainty in $`𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}`$.

Comparing with the predictions for, say, the first lepton moment $`\mathbf{}𝑬_{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{}`$ or first hadronic moment $`\mathbf{}𝑴_𝑿^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}`$ expressed in terms of the very same heavy quark parameters, we arrive at

$`\mathbf{\left|}𝑽_{𝒄𝒃}\mathbf{\right|}`$ $`\mathbf{=}`$ $`\text{ }𝑽_{𝒄𝒃}^\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{\{}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}\mathbf{1.70}\text{GeV}^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}\mathbf{}𝑬_{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{}\mathbf{}\mathbf{1.383}\text{GeV}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.075}\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{1.15}\text{GeV}\mathbf{)}`$ (41)
$`\text{ }\mathbf{+}\mathbf{0.07}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.4}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.055}\mathbf{\left(}𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.2}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\right)}`$
$`\text{ }\mathbf{}\mathbf{\hspace{0.17em}0.085}\mathbf{(}𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.35}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.005}\mathbf{(}𝝆_{𝑳𝑺}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{0.15}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\}}\mathbf{,}`$
$`\mathbf{\left|}𝑽_{𝒄𝒃}\mathbf{\right|}`$ $`\mathbf{=}`$ $`\text{ }𝑽_{𝒄𝒃}^\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{\{}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{0.14}\text{GeV}^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}\mathbf{}𝑴_𝑿^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}\mathbf{}\mathbf{4.54}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.03}\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{1.15}\text{GeV}\mathbf{)}`$ (42)
$`\text{ }\mathbf{+}\mathbf{0.1}\mathbf{\left(}𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.4}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{0.1}\mathbf{\left(}𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.2}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\right)}`$
$`\text{ }\mathbf{}\mathbf{\hspace{0.17em}0.01}\mathbf{(}𝝁_𝑮^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.35}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{0.006}\mathbf{(}𝝆_{𝑳𝑺}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{0.15}\text{GeV}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\}}\mathbf{.}`$
Taking for orientation the literal error bars on the two moments quoted by DELPHI  we would arrive at the uncertainties due to heavy quark parameters at the level of $`\mathbf{2.5}\mathbf{\%}`$ and $`\mathbf{1.2}\mathbf{\%}`$, respectively. To have an independent experimental constraints on kinetic and Darwin expectation values one can use the second and third hadronic moments, or their improved version .

The additional uncertainty would come from the charm expectation value $`𝑯_𝒄`$. However, as stated by Eq. (27), in such an approach it is expected to be milder: extracting in practice the Darwin expectation value, one partially accounts in it for the effects of possible contribution of $`𝑯_𝒄`$.

A similar reduction of sensitivity to $`𝜶_𝒔`$ looks probable. According to Fig. 1 the effective scale of heavy quark masses shaping $`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{(}𝒃\mathbf{}𝒄\mathbf{)}`$ is somewhat larger than $`\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}`$; if the same applies to the lowest moments, there should be a correlation between the extracted values of the masses and $`𝜶_𝒔`$ reducing the dependence on the latter. This can be visualized by adopting a higher normalization scale for masses $`𝝁\mathbf{}\mathbf{1.5}`$ or even $`\mathrm{𝟐}\text{GeV}`$ which reduces the overall perturbative correction.

## 7 Summary and Outlook

The heavy quark expansion allows to express $`𝚪\mathbf{(}𝑩\mathbf{}𝑿_𝒄\mathbf{}𝝂\mathbf{)}`$ as a series in powers of $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{)}`$ with coefficients that are controlled by the $`𝑩`$ expectation values of local HQ operators; the number of unknowns here through order $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ is limited. Duality violations for this fully integrated rate have been estimated not to exceed the few permill level, i.e. to be irrelevant. Contributions from unknown higher order corrections – perturbative as well as nonperturbative – are also estimated to be near or below 1%. It would require a very major effort to improve on this situation; at present we see no need for that, except computing the perturbative corrections to the chromomagnetic and Darwin operators.

The burning issue is how accurately we can determine the values of the HQ parameters from other observables. In the past the validity of the heavy quark expansion for $`𝚪\mathbf{(}𝑩\mathbf{}𝑿_𝒄\mathbf{}𝝂\mathbf{)}`$ has been compromised by invoking the relation of Eq. (16): $`𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄`$ is effectively given by an expansion in $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒄`$ with the additional drawback of uncontrolled non-local correlators contributing.

This weak link in the analysis can be overcome now: measuring the energy and mass moments in $`𝑩`$ decays allows us to obtain values for the HQ parameters from expressions in powers of $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{}𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{)}`$, where contributions from nonlocal operators are absent. Furthermore the HQ parameters the size of which previously could be inferred mainly by theoretical arguments, can be measured – and actually in more than one way. Such redundant extractions are a powerful tool in establishing theoretical control. It turns out that the low leptonic and first hadronic moments are controlled by almost the same combination of HQ parameters as $`𝚪\mathbf{(}𝑩\mathbf{}𝑿_𝒄\mathbf{}𝝂\mathbf{)}`$ . This means that uncertainties previously viewed – correctly – as theoretical, become more experimental and thus can be reduced by better data. The situation there – while promising and encouraging – is still fluid requiring closer experimental as well as theoretical scrutiny. On the theoretical side higher order contributions to the moments have to be evaluated with the same care as it has been done in this paper for the total semileptonic $`𝑩`$ width. On the experimental side it is essential that the cut in the lepton energy be kept as low as possible. For unless the major part of the spectrum is measured, limitations to local duality can enter through the ‘back door’ to haunt us. Furthermore such cuts decrease the hardness of the transition and thus deteriorate the convergence and reliability of the expansion.

Extracting $`\mathbf{|}𝑽_{𝒄𝒃}\mathbf{|}`$ with neither the theoretical nor the experimental uncertainty exceeding the one percent level is thus within our reach. It appears unlikely that a higher accuracy should ever become necessary.

Finally – and this is one of the strengths of the OPE – the same values of the heavy quark parameters $`𝒎_𝒃`$, $`𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}`$, $`𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ etc. can be used when extracting $`\mathbf{|}𝑽_{𝒖𝒃}\mathbf{|}`$ from $`𝑩\mathbf{}𝑿_𝒖\mathbf{}𝝂`$ transitions. The latter, however additionally require evaluation of the properly defined four-quark expectation values with $`𝒃`$ and light quarks.

Acknowledgments: We have benefited from exchanges with S. Brodsky, S. Gardner, J. Kühn and A. Vainshtein. N.U. is also grateful to M. Battaglia, M. Calvi, P. Gambino and P. Roudeau for many related discussions. Three of us (D.B., I.B. and N.U.) are grateful for the hospitality extended to them by the Institut fur Theoretische Teilchenphysik, Universität Karlsruhe, where our collaboration was started. This work has been supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant number PHY00-87419, by the DFG Research Group “Quantenfeldtheorie, Computeralgebra und Montre Carlo Simulationen”, by the DFG Sonderforschungsbereich SFB/TR9 “Computational Particle Physics” and by the German Ministry for Education and Research BMBF under the grant number 05HT1VKB1 and the DFG Merkator Program.

## Appendices

### A.1 Heavy quark masses

Having stated in Sect. 3.1 our preferences for which quark masses to adopt, we mention here how one can translate between the different ‘quark mass languages’.

The usually used $`\overline{\mathrm{𝐌𝐒}}`$ mass $`𝒎_𝑸\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$ is not really a quantity in the Lagrangian, it is rather a combination of parameters optimized for perturbative calculations in dimensional regularization. Its perturbative relation to the pole mass

$`𝒎^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐞}}`$ $`\mathbf{=}`$ $`\overline{𝒎}\mathbf{(}\overline{𝒎}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\{}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟒}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}}{\displaystyle \frac{𝜶_𝒔^{\overline{\mathrm{𝐌𝐒}}}\mathbf{(}\overline{𝒎}\mathbf{)}}{𝝅}}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{\left(}{\displaystyle \frac{𝜶_𝒔^{\overline{\mathrm{𝐌𝐒}}}\mathbf{(}\overline{𝒎}\mathbf{)}}{𝝅}}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{[}{\displaystyle \frac{𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{(}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟔}}}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟕𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟒𝟖}}}\mathbf{)}`$ (A.1)
$`\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟔𝟔𝟓}}{\mathrm{𝟏𝟒𝟒}}}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟏𝟖}}}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟐}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏𝟗}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟔}}}𝜻\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟖}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}}\mathbf{]}\mathbf{\}}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}`$
is known now to three loops . At $`𝝁\mathbf{}𝒎_𝑸`$ the $`\overline{\mathrm{𝐌𝐒}}`$ mass coincides more or less with the running Lagrangian mass probed at scale $`\mathbf{}𝝁`$, and thus is appropriately used to describe high energy processes, $`𝑬\text{ }\mathbf{}\mathbf{>}𝒎_𝑸`$. However maintaining by definition the same $`𝝁`$-dependence it becomes unphysical for $`𝝁\mathbf{}𝒎_𝑸`$,

$$\overline{𝒎}_𝑸\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\overline{𝒎}_𝑸\mathbf{(}\overline{𝒎}_𝑸\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\left[}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}\frac{\mathrm{𝟐}𝜶_𝒔}{𝝅}\mathrm{𝐥𝐨𝐠}\frac{𝒎_𝑸}{𝝁}\mathbf{\right]}$$
(A.2)
where actual running becomes much slower. The $`\overline{\mathrm{𝐌𝐒}}`$ mass is thus inappropriate for treating decay processes where the relevant scales are well below $`𝒎_𝑸`$ and the evolution to a low normalization point $`𝝁\mathbf{}𝒎_𝑸`$ becomes crucial.

The kinetic mass in perturbation theory order by order is defined by subtracting from the pole mass the perturbative contributions of the heavy quark parameters:

$$𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}𝒎_𝒃^{𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆}\mathbf{}\mathbf{\left[}\overline{𝚲}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\right]}_{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathbf{\left[}𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\right]}_{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}}$$
(A.3)
where the latter are determined from the corresponding SV sum rules cut at energy $`\mathit{ϵ}\mathbf{=}𝝁`$:

$$\overline{𝚲}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}_{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{=}\frac{\mathrm{𝟒}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}𝑪_𝑭\frac{𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝑴\mathbf{)}}{𝝅}𝝁\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}\frac{𝜶_𝒔}{𝝅}\mathbf{\left[}\frac{𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}\frac{𝑴}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝝁}\mathbf{+}\frac{\mathrm{𝟖}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{}𝑪_𝑨\mathbf{\left(}\frac{𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟔}}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟏𝟐}}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{\right]}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{,}$$
(A.4)
with the standard notation $`\overline{𝚲}\mathbf{}𝐥𝐢𝐦_{𝒎_𝑸\mathbf{}\mathbf{}}\mathbf{[}𝑴_{𝑯_𝑸}\mathbf{}𝒎_𝑸\mathbf{]}`$, and

$$𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}_{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{=}𝑪_𝑭\frac{𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝑴\mathbf{)}}{𝝅}𝝁^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}\frac{𝜶_𝒔}{𝝅}\mathbf{\left[}\frac{𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}\frac{𝑴}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝝁}\mathbf{+}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟔}}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{}𝑪_𝑨\mathbf{\left(}\frac{𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟏𝟐}}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{\right]}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{,}$$
(A.5)
where $`𝑪_𝑭\mathbf{=}\frac{\mathrm{𝟒}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}`$ and $`𝑪_𝑨\mathbf{=}𝑵_𝒄\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟑}`$, and $`𝑴`$ denoting an arbitrary scale used to normalize $`𝜶_𝒔`$. The latter is assumed in the $`\overline{\mathrm{𝐌𝐒}}`$ scheme in Eqs. (A.4) and (A.5). The thus defined mass exhibits only a linear in $`𝝁`$ dependence on the scale,

$$\frac{𝐝𝒎_𝑸^{𝒌𝒊𝒏}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}}{𝐝𝝁}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏𝟔}}{\mathrm{𝟗}}\frac{𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}}{𝝅}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟒}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}\frac{𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}}{𝝅}\frac{𝝁}{𝒎_𝑸}\mathbf{+}𝓞\mathbf{\left(}𝜶_𝒔^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{,}$$
(A.6)
compared to Eq. (A.2). The pole mass would corresponds to integrating this evolution down to $`𝝁\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟎}`$ at each particular order – alas it leads to an ill-defined result.

One could have extended the definition shown in Eq. (A.3) to include the corrections scaling like $`𝜶_𝒔^𝒌\frac{𝝁^\mathrm{𝟑}}{𝒎_𝑸^\mathrm{𝟐}}`$ and higher. Besides the known perturbative contribution in $`𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ this requires the similar terms for the nonlocal expectation values $`𝝆_{𝝅𝝅}^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ and $`𝝆_𝑺^\mathrm{𝟑}`$; the second-order non-BLM pieces there have not been calculated. The one-loop effects, on the other hand, appear to cancel in the sum of all $`𝝁^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝑸^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ terms, and the resulting shift beyond one loop (say, including evaluated BLM corrections) is tiny. In any case for the beauty mass this makes no visible difference whatsoever. There is an additional more subtle reason not to pay much attention to such terms. Therefore, we prefer to consider Eq. (A.3) as exact defining what is understood by the running masses, unless accuracy in their practical extraction will improve in the future by orders of magnitude.

Often “HQET parameters” like $`\overline{𝚲}`$, $`\mathbf{}𝝀_\mathrm{𝟏}`$ etc. are quoted rather than $`\overline{𝚲}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$, $`𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$ with appropriate $`𝝁`$; they simply correspond to taking the limit $`𝝁\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟎}`$, and in this respect are the close relatives of the pole masses. Likewise they are not well-defined; moreover, the irreducible uncertainty and order-by-order instability in their values is of order unity compared to their magnitude. In concrete calculations it is often possible to identify their relation to well-defined Wilsonian expectation values. Yet one has to be aware that their values depend sensitively on the context in which they appear, and one cannot transfer them from one case to the next blindly. As a rule of thumb one has for routinely used first-order calculations with the second-order BLM improvement using $`𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}`$ coupling equated to $`\mathbf{0.22}`$

$$\overline{𝚲}_{\mathrm{𝐇𝐐𝐄𝐓}}\mathbf{}\overline{𝚲}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{𝐆𝐞𝐕}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.255}\text{GeV}\mathbf{,}\mathbf{}𝝀_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.18}\mathbf{(}\text{GeV}\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{.}$$
(A.7)
Finally we quote the relation between the running $`𝒎_𝑸\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{𝐌𝐒}}`$ mass $`\overline{𝒎}_𝑸\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝑸\mathbf{)}`$ including full $`𝜶_𝒔^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ and third-order BLM corrections:

$`𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{\left(}𝝁\mathbf{\right)}`$ $`\text{ }\mathbf{=}`$ $`\overline{𝒎}_𝒃\mathbf{\left(}\overline{𝒎}_𝒃\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{\{}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟒}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}}{\displaystyle \frac{𝜶_𝒔^{\overline{\mathrm{𝐌𝐒}}}\mathbf{\left(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{\right)}}{𝝅}}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟒}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝁}{\overline{𝒎}_𝒃}}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝁^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟐}\overline{𝒎}_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{)}`$ (A.8)
$`\text{ }\mathbf{+}\mathbf{\left(}{\displaystyle \frac{𝜶_𝒔^{\overline{\mathrm{𝐌𝐒}}}\mathbf{\left(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{\right)}}{𝝅}}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{[}{\displaystyle \frac{𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{(}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟔}}}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟕𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟒𝟖}}}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟔𝟔𝟓}}{\mathrm{𝟏𝟒𝟒}}}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟏𝟖}}}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟐}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏𝟗}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟔}}}𝜻\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟖}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}}`$
$`\text{ }\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝁}{𝒎_𝒃}}\mathbf{(}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟖}𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}}{\mathrm{𝟗}}}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}{\displaystyle \frac{𝒎_𝒃}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝝁}}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟖}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟖}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟗}}}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟓𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟗}}}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝁^\mathrm{𝟐}}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{(}{\displaystyle \frac{𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}{\displaystyle \frac{𝒎_𝒃}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝝁}}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟔}}}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟐𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟏𝟖}}}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{]}`$
$`\text{ }\mathbf{+}\mathbf{\left(}{\displaystyle \frac{𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\left(}{\displaystyle \frac{𝜶_𝒔}{𝝅}}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟐𝟓𝟗𝟐}}}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟑𝟔}}}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟕}}{\mathrm{𝟔}}}𝜻\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏𝟔}}{\mathrm{𝟗}}}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝁}{𝒎_𝒃}}\mathbf{[}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}{\displaystyle \frac{𝒎_𝒃}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝝁}}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟖}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}}\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟔𝟕}}{\mathrm{𝟑𝟔}}}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟔}}}\mathbf{]}`$
$`\text{ }\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝁^\mathrm{𝟐}}{𝒎^\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{[}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}{\displaystyle \frac{𝒎_𝒃}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝝁}}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟔}}}\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏𝟎}}{\mathrm{𝟗}}}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟔}}}\mathbf{]}\mathbf{\}}\mathbf{.}`$
This can serve as a useful reference to translate between the kinetic and other possible low-scale running masses, along with the similar relation between the pole and kinetic masses.

### A.2 Perturbative corrections in the Wilsonian approach

Here we give relations allowing one to determine in practice perturbative coefficients in the approach employing the Wilsonian separation of large and small virtualities.

The starting point is the general short-distance expansion exemplified by Eq. (8) for $`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{(}𝒃\mathbf{}𝒄\mathbf{)}`$, or its practically employed form Eq. (1). As stressed in Sect. 2, it must be $`𝝁`$-independent. Then one considers it in perturbation theory limited in practice to a particular order in $`𝜶_𝒔`$ and $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃`$. Requiring $`𝝁`$-independence completely defines the $`𝝁`$-dependence of the Wilson coefficients once the $`𝝁`$-dependence of masses and matrix elements in perturbation theory is known . For truncated perturbation theory the actual expression has a residual dependence on $`𝝁`$ to the uncalculated orders in $`𝜶_𝒔`$. On the other hand, in the finite-order perturbation theory one can formally put $`𝝁\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟎}`$. This would set all the power-suppressed expectation values to zero and yield pole masses, hence fixing the perturbative series for $`𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}`$ to be the ‘conventional’ perturbative corrections in the pole mass scheme. This provides the initial condition for perturbative $`𝝁`$-dependence at $`𝝁\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟎}`$.

To give the practical implementation for $`𝚪_{\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}}\mathbf{(}𝒃\mathbf{}𝒄\mathbf{)}`$ we need to specify more precisely our definition in Eq. (33): now we write

$$𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{+}𝒂_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{)}\frac{𝜶_𝒔}{𝝅}\mathbf{+}𝒂_\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{𝜶_𝒔}{𝝅}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}𝒂_\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{𝜶_𝒔}{𝝅}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}$$
(A.9)
and use the short-hand notations $`𝒂_𝒌^{\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}𝒂_𝒌\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{,}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}`$ for the perturbative coefficients at $`𝝁\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟎}`$ (pole mass scheme). Then one has

$`𝒂_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$ $`\mathbf{=}`$ $`\text{ }𝒂_\mathrm{𝟏}^{\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{\left[}\mathrm{𝟓}𝚲_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟑}𝒑_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{\right]}𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}𝝆_\mathrm{𝟏}𝑫\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{\left[}\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}\sqrt{𝒓}\mathbf{}𝒓\mathbf{)}𝚲_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝒓\mathbf{)}𝒑_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{\right]}{\displaystyle \frac{𝐝𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}}{𝐝𝒓}}`$ (A.10)
$`𝒂_\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$ $`\mathbf{=}`$ $`\text{ }𝒂_\mathrm{𝟐}^{\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{\left[}\mathrm{𝟓}𝚲_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟑}𝒑_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝝆_\mathrm{𝟏}\frac{𝑫\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}}{𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}}\mathbf{\right]}𝒂_\mathrm{𝟏}^{\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{\left[}\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}\sqrt{𝒓}\mathbf{}𝒓\mathbf{)}𝚲_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝒓\mathbf{)}𝒑_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{\right]}{\displaystyle \frac{𝐝𝒂_\mathrm{𝟏}^{\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}}{𝐝𝒓}}`$ (A.11)
$`\text{ }\mathbf{+}\mathbf{\left[}\mathrm{𝟓}𝚲_\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟑}𝒑_\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟏𝟎}𝚲_\mathrm{𝟏}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟒}𝒑_\mathrm{𝟏}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟐𝟓}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}}𝚲_\mathrm{𝟏}𝒑_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}\mathbf{\left(}𝝆_\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}𝝆_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟓}𝚲_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}\frac{\mathrm{𝟕}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}𝒑_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\right)}\frac{𝑫\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}}{𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}}\mathbf{\right]}𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{+}\frac{𝝆_\mathrm{𝟏}^\mathrm{𝟐}𝑫^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}}{𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}}`$
$`\text{ }\mathbf{+}\mathbf{[}\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}\sqrt{𝒓}\mathbf{}𝒓\mathbf{)}𝚲_\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝒓\mathbf{)}𝒑_\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟔}\sqrt{𝒓}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟕}𝒓\mathbf{)}𝚲_\mathrm{𝟏}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{(}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟒}𝒓}}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟗}}{\mathrm{𝟒}}}𝒓\mathbf{)}𝒑_\mathrm{𝟏}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}`$
$`\text{ }\mathbf{(}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\sqrt{𝒓}}}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟒}\sqrt{𝒓}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟖}𝒓\mathbf{)}𝚲_\mathrm{𝟏}𝒑_\mathrm{𝟏}\text{}\mathbf{]}{\displaystyle \frac{𝐝𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}}{𝐝𝒓}}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{[}\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}\sqrt{𝒓}\mathbf{}𝒓\mathbf{)}𝚲_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝒓\mathbf{)}𝒑_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{]}^\mathrm{𝟐}{\displaystyle \frac{𝐝^\mathrm{𝟐}𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}}{𝐝𝒓^\mathrm{𝟐}}}`$
$`\text{ }\mathbf{}𝝆_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{\left[}\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}\sqrt{𝒓}\mathbf{}𝒓\mathbf{)}𝚲_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝒓\mathbf{)}𝒑_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{\right]}{\displaystyle \frac{𝐝𝑫\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}}{𝐝𝒓}}\mathbf{,}`$
and the coefficient $`𝒂_\mathrm{𝟏}^{\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}`$ is given by

$`𝒂_\mathrm{𝟏}^{\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}`$ $`\text{ }\mathbf{=}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟐𝟒}}}\mathbf{[}\mathrm{𝟕𝟓}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏𝟐}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟗𝟓𝟔}𝒓\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏𝟗𝟐}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}𝒓^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟗𝟓𝟔}𝒓^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟐𝟓}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟒}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{)}𝒓^\mathrm{𝟒}`$
$`\text{ }\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟑𝟖𝟒}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}𝒓^{\frac{\mathrm{𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝒓\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟒}\mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏𝟕}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟔𝟒}𝒓\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟔𝟒}𝒓^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟏𝟕}𝒓^\mathrm{𝟒}\mathbf{\right)}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝒓\mathbf{)}`$
$`\text{ }\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟒}𝒓\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟔𝟎}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟐𝟕𝟎}𝒓\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟒}𝒓^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟏𝟕}𝒓^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟑𝟖𝟒}\sqrt{𝒓}\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝒓\mathbf{\right)}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}\sqrt{𝒓}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\right)}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}`$
$`\text{ }\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟒𝟖}\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏𝟔}𝒓^{\frac{\mathrm{𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟑𝟎}𝒓^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏𝟔}𝒓^{\frac{\mathrm{𝟓}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{+}𝒓^\mathrm{𝟒}\mathbf{\right)}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}𝒓\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏𝟐}𝒓^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟑𝟔}\mathbf{+}𝒓^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\right)}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}^\mathrm{𝟐}𝒓`$
$`\text{ }\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟑𝟎𝟕𝟐}𝒓^{\frac{\mathrm{𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathrm{𝐋𝐢}_\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}\sqrt{𝒓}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟏𝟖}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟒}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟔𝟒}𝒓^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟒}𝒓^\mathrm{𝟒}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏𝟐𝟖}𝒓^{\frac{\mathrm{𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝒓\mathbf{\right)}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}}\mathbf{)}\mathrm{𝐋𝐢}_\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{]}\mathbf{.}`$
The combinations $`𝚲_{\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{,}\mathrm{𝟐}}`$, $`𝒑_{\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{,}\mathrm{𝟐}}`$ and $`𝝆_{\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{,}\mathrm{𝟐}}`$ are the coefficients of the perturbative expansion of $`\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒎_𝒃}\mathbf{\left[}𝚲\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\right]}_{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}`$ and $`\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{\left[}𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\right]}_{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}`$ in Eqs. (A.4) and (A.5) and of $`\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟑}}\mathbf{\left[}𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\right]}_{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}`$, to first and second orders in $`𝜶_𝒔`$, respectively:

$`𝚲_\mathrm{𝟏}`$ $`\mathbf{=}`$ $`\text{ }{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟒}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}}𝑪_𝑭{\displaystyle \frac{𝝁}{𝒎_𝒃}}\mathbf{,}𝚲_\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{=}𝚲_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{\left[}{\displaystyle \frac{𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}{\displaystyle \frac{𝑴}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝝁}}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟖}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{}𝑪_𝑨\mathbf{\left(}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟔}}}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟏𝟐}}}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{\right]}\mathbf{,}`$ (A.12)
$`𝒑_\mathrm{𝟏}`$ $`\mathbf{=}`$ $`\text{ }𝑪_𝑭{\displaystyle \frac{𝝁^\mathrm{𝟐}}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{,}𝒑_\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{=}𝒑_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{\left[}{\displaystyle \frac{𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}{\displaystyle \frac{𝑴}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝝁}}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟔}}}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{}𝑪_𝑨\mathbf{\left(}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟔}}}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟏𝟐}}}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{\right]}\mathbf{,}`$ (A.13)
$`𝝆_\mathrm{𝟏}`$ $`\mathbf{=}`$ $`\text{ }{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}}𝑪_𝑭{\displaystyle \frac{𝝁^\mathrm{𝟑}}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟑}}}\mathbf{,}𝝆_\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{=}𝝆_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{\left[}{\displaystyle \frac{𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}{\displaystyle \frac{𝑴}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝝁}}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{\hspace{0.17em}2}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{}𝑪_𝑨\mathbf{\left(}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟔}}}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟏𝟐}}}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{\right]}\mathbf{.}`$ (A.14)
It should be noted that we did not include here shifts due to the spin-singlet $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃`$ pieces of the kinetic and chromomagnetic operators (we have computed them to order $`𝜶_𝒔`$ and to all orders in BLM). These corrections are $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ and governed by the full $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}\mathrm{𝟐}𝒎_𝒃`$ scale, hence totally insignificant in practice. We did include the effect of the Darwin operator to two full loops (modulo uncalculated $`𝓞\mathbf{(}𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{)}`$ piece $`𝑨_𝑫^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}`$), since its coefficient is enhanced and strongly dominates over the $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟑}`$ effects.

The improvement by the Wilsonian cutoff of the resulting perturbative series can be illustrated by comparing them at $`𝝁\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}`$

$$𝑨_{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\text{GeV}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}\mathbf{0.94}\frac{𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}}{𝝅}\mathbf{}\mathbf{5.1}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}}{𝝅}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏𝟕}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}}{𝝅}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟔𝟑}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}}{𝝅}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟒}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{}$$
(A.15)
with those in the ‘pole’ (HQET) scheme:

$$𝑨_{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐞}}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}\mathbf{1.78}\frac{𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}}{𝝅}\mathbf{}\mathbf{15.8}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}}{𝝅}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟐𝟑𝟎}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}}{𝝅}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟎}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}}{𝝅}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟒}\mathbf{}\mathbf{}$$
(A.16)
where numbers refer to $`𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0.25}`$.

### A.3 BLM summation with Wilsonian cutoff

The BLM correction in practice are simpler to calculate directly, using the generalized order-$`𝜶_𝒔`$ relation (A.10) between Wilson coefficients with and without the cutoff. The technique of BLM resummation was recently reviewed in this context in Ref. . It requires computing one-loop corrections with a non-zero gluon mass $`𝝀`$. The expressions for the one-loop correction to the perturbative width with non-zero gluon mass are rather lengthy and can be found in Ref. . One also needs similar terms in $`\mathbf{\left[}\overline{𝚲}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\right]}^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}`$, $`\mathbf{\left[}𝝁_𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{\right]}^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}`$ and $`\mathbf{\left[}𝝆_𝑫^\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{\right]}^{\mathrm{𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭}}`$. These are calculated by integrating the SV spectral density of Ref.  with the proper power of energy and are given as follows:

$`𝚲_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{;}𝝀\mathbf{)}`$ $`\mathbf{=}`$ $`\text{ }{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏𝟔}𝜶_𝒔}{\mathrm{𝟗}𝝅}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒎_𝒃}}\mathit{\vartheta }\mathbf{(}𝝁^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}𝝀^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\left[}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}\frac{𝝀^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟒}𝝁^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{)}\sqrt{𝝁^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}𝝀^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟑}𝝅}{\mathrm{𝟖}}}𝝀\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟒}}}𝝀\mathrm{𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝀}{𝝁}}\mathbf{\right]}\mathbf{,}`$
$`𝒑_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{;}𝝀\mathbf{)}`$ $`\mathbf{=}`$ $`\text{ }{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟒}𝜶_𝒔}{\mathrm{𝟑}𝝅}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathit{\vartheta }\mathbf{(}𝝁^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}𝝀^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{)}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathbf{(}𝝁^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}𝝀^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{)}^{\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{/}\mathrm{𝟐}}}{𝝁}}\mathbf{,}`$
$`𝝆_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝝁\mathbf{;}𝝀\mathbf{)}`$ $`\mathbf{=}`$ $`\text{ }{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟖}𝜶_𝒔}{\mathrm{𝟗}𝝅}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟑}}}\mathit{\vartheta }\mathbf{(}𝝁^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}𝝀^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\left[}\sqrt{𝝁^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}𝝀^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}\frac{𝝀^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝝁^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟑}𝝀^\mathrm{𝟑}}{\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{\left(}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝅}{\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧}{\displaystyle \frac{𝝀}{𝝁}}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{\right]}\mathbf{.}`$ (A.17)
One then has

$`𝒂_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{;}𝝀\mathbf{)}`$ $`\text{ }\mathbf{=}`$ $`𝒂_\mathrm{𝟏}^{\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝀\mathbf{)}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{\left[}\mathrm{𝟓}𝚲_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{;}𝝀\mathbf{)}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟑}𝒑_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{;}𝝀\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\right]}𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}𝝆_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{;}𝝀\mathbf{)}𝑫\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}`$ (A.18)
$`\text{ }\mathbf{+}\mathbf{\left[}\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}\sqrt{𝒓}\mathbf{}𝒓\mathbf{)}𝚲_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{;}𝝀\mathbf{)}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}𝒓\mathbf{)}𝒑_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{;}𝝀\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\right]}{\displaystyle \frac{𝐝𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{)}}{𝐝𝒓}}`$
The perturbative coefficients are explicitly given by the series

$`𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐁𝐋𝐌}}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$ $`\mathbf{=}`$ $`\text{ }\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝒂_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{;}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}{\displaystyle \frac{𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}}{𝝅}}\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \underset{𝒏\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟎}}{\overset{\mathbf{}}{\mathbf{}}}}\frac{\mathrm{𝟒}}{𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}}{\mathrm{𝟒}𝝅}\mathbf{\right)}^{𝒏\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{\times }`$ (A.19)
$`\text{ }{\displaystyle \underset{𝒌\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟎}}{\overset{\frac{𝒏}{\mathrm{𝟐}}}{\mathbf{}}}}\mathbf{(}\mathbf{}𝝅^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{)}^𝒌𝑪_{_{𝒏\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟏}}}^{^{\mathbf{\hspace{0.17em}2}𝒌\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟏}}}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \mathbf{}\frac{𝐝𝝀^\mathrm{𝟐}}{𝝀^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{\left[}\mathrm{𝐥𝐧}\frac{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}}{𝝀^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{+}\frac{\mathrm{𝟓}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}\mathbf{\right]}^{𝒏\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟐}𝒌}\mathbf{\left(}𝒂_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{;}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}\frac{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}𝒆^{\text{-5/3}}𝝀^\mathrm{𝟐}}\mathbf{}𝒂_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{;}𝝀^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\right)}}\mathbf{,}`$
and the resummed result reads as

$`𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐁𝐋𝐌}}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{)}`$ $`\mathbf{=}`$ $`\text{ }\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝒂_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{;}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}{\displaystyle \frac{𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}}{𝝅}}`$ (A.20)
$`\text{ }\mathbf{+}{\displaystyle \mathbf{}_{\mathbf{}\mathbf{}}^{\mathbf{}}}𝐝𝒕{\displaystyle \frac{\frac{𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}}{\mathrm{𝟒}}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{𝜶_𝒔}{𝝅}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟐}}{\mathbf{\left(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}\frac{𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}𝜶_𝒔}{\mathrm{𝟒}𝝅}\mathbf{(}𝒕\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟓}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}}{\mathrm{𝟒}}𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{\right)}^\mathrm{𝟐}}}\mathbf{\left(}𝒂_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{;}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝒆^{𝒕\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟓}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}}}}\mathbf{}𝒂_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{;}𝒆^𝒕𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\right)}`$
$`\text{ }\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟒}}{𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}}}\mathbf{\left[}{\displaystyle \frac{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}}{𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{}𝚲_𝑽^\mathrm{𝟐}}}𝒂_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{;}\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}𝒂_\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{;}\mathbf{}𝚲_𝑽^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\right]}\mathbf{,}`$
with

$$𝚲_𝑽^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{=}𝒎_𝒃^\mathrm{𝟐}𝒆^{\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟒}𝝅}{𝜷_\mathrm{𝟎}𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}}\mathbf{+}\frac{\mathrm{𝟓}}{\mathrm{𝟑}}}\mathbf{.}$$
(A.21)
Numerically at $`𝒎_𝒄\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0.25}`$, $`𝝁\mathbf{/}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}\mathbf{4.6}`$ and $`𝜶_𝒔\mathbf{(}𝒎_𝒃\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0.22}`$ we obtain

$$𝑨^{\mathrm{𝐁𝐋𝐌}}\mathbf{(}𝒓\mathbf{;}𝝁\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{\hspace{0.17em}0.915}\mathbf{.}$$
(A.22)