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# Classical transcendental solutions of the Painlevé equations and their degeneration

## 1 Introduction

It is known that each of the Painlevé equations (except for PI) admit two classes of classical solutions. One is classical transcendental solutions expressible in terms of special functions of hypergeometric type. Another one is algebraic or rational solutions. It is also known that such classical solutions are located on special places from a viewpoint of symmetry of the affine Weyl group as a Bäcklund transformations group of each Painlevé equation. The rough picture is that classical transcendental solutions exist on the reflection hyperplanes of the affine Weyl group and algebraic (or rational) solutions do on the fixed points with respect to the Bäcklund transformations corresponding to automorphisms of the Dynkin diagram.

In this paper, we concentrate our attention on the classical transcendental solutions. One of the important features of these solutions is that they can be expressed in terms of 2-directional Wronskians or Casorati determinants whose entries are given by the corresponding special function of hypergeometric type. In fact, such determinant expressions for PII, PIII and PIV have been presented .

The aim of this paper is to present a determinant expression for a family of classical transcendental solutions of the Painlevé V equation

$$\frac{d^2q}{dt^2}=\left(\frac{1}{2q}+\frac{1}{q1}\right)\left(\frac{dq}{dt}\right)^2\frac{1}{t}\frac{dq}{dt}+\frac{(q1)^2}{2t^2}\left(\kappa _{\mathrm{}}^2q\frac{\kappa _0^2}{q}\right)(\theta +1)\frac{q}{t}\frac{q(q+1)}{2(q1)},$$
(1.1)
which is equivalent to the Hamiltonian system

$$\text{S}\text{V}\text{ :}\text{ }q^{}=\frac{H}{p},p^{}=\frac{H}{q},^{}=t\frac{d}{dt},$$
(1.2)
with the Hamiltonian

$$\begin{array}{c}H=q(q1)^2p^2\left[\kappa _0(q1)^2+\theta q(q1)+tq\right]p+\kappa (q1),\\ \kappa =\frac{1}{4}(\kappa _0+\theta )^2\frac{1}{4}\kappa _{\mathrm{}}^2,\end{array}$$
(1.3)
and the Painlevé VI equation

$$\begin{array}{c}\frac{d^2q}{dt^2}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{q}+\frac{1}{q1}+\frac{1}{qt}\right)\left(\frac{dq}{dt}\right)^2\left(\frac{1}{t}+\frac{1}{t1}+\frac{1}{qt}\right)\frac{dq}{dt}\hfill \\ \\ +\frac{q(q1)(qt)}{2t^2(t1)^2}\left[\kappa _{\mathrm{}}^2\kappa _0^2\frac{t}{q^2}+\kappa _1^2\frac{t1}{(q1)^2}+(1\theta ^2)\frac{t(t1)}{(qt)^2}\right],\hfill \end{array}$$
(1.4)
which is equivalent to the Hamiltonian system

$$\text{S}\text{VI}\text{ :}\text{ }q^{}=\frac{H}{p},p^{}=\frac{H}{q},^{}=t(t1)\frac{d}{dt},$$
(1.5)
with the Hamiltonian

$$\begin{array}{c}H=q(q1)(qt)p^2[\kappa _0(q1)(qt)+\kappa _1q(qt)+(\theta 1)q(q1)]p+\kappa (qt),\\ \kappa =\frac{1}{4}(\kappa _0+\kappa _1+\theta 1)^2\frac{1}{4}\kappa _{\mathrm{}}^2,\end{array}$$
(1.6)
respectively.

Let us explain how to construct a family of classical transcendental solutions of the Painlevé equations. As an example, we take PII :

$$\frac{d^2q}{dt^2}=2q^32tq+2\left(\alpha +\frac{1}{2}\right),$$
(1.7)
which is equivalent to the Hamiltonian system

$$\text{S}\text{II}\text{ :}\text{ }q^{}=\frac{H}{p},p^{}=\frac{H}{q},^{}=\frac{d}{dt},$$
(1.8)
with the Hamiltonian

$$H=p^2(q^2t)p+\alpha q.$$
(1.9)
If $`\alpha =0`$, the right-hand side of the second equation of (1.8) is divisible by $`p`$. This means that SII admits the specialization of $`p=0`$ if $`\alpha =0`$. The first equation of (1.8) yields the Riccati equation $`q^{}=q^2+t`$. Setting $`q=(\mathrm{log}\phi )^{}`$, we get a linear equation $`\phi ^{\prime \prime }=t\phi `$, which is nothing but Airy’s differential equation. Thus, we find that PII admits, when $`\alpha =0`$, the 1-parameter family of special solutions expressed by a rational function of the Airy function and its derivative.

Let introduce the $`\tau `$-function via the Hamiltonian (1.9) as $`H(\alpha )=(\mathrm{log}\tau (\alpha ))^{}`$. Then, it is known that a sequence of the $`\tau `$-functions $`\tau _n=\tau (\alpha +n)(n)`$ satisfies the Toda equation

$$\tau _{n+1}\tau _{n1}=\tau _n^{\prime \prime }\tau _n(\tau _n^{})^2,$$
(1.10)
which corresponds to the Bäcklund transformation

$$\alpha \alpha 1,qq\frac{2\alpha }{q^{}+q^2t}.$$
(1.11)
We iterate the Bäcklund transformations to the above Riccati solution to obtain a family of classical transcendental solutions. What we have to do is reduced to solving the Toda equation (1.10) with the initial conditions

$$\tau _1=0,\tau _0=1,\tau _1=\phi .$$
(1.12)
Therefore, we have the following proposition .

###### Proposition 1.1

(Okamoto) We define the functions $`\tau _n(n_0)`$ by

$$\tau _n=\left|\begin{array}{cccc}\phi ^{(0)}& \phi ^{(1)}& \mathrm{}& \phi ^{(n1)}\\ \phi ^{(1)}& \phi ^{(2)}& \mathrm{}& \phi ^{(n)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ \phi ^{(n1)}& \phi ^{(n)}& \mathrm{}& \phi ^{(2n2)}\end{array}\right|,\phi ^{(k)}=\left(\frac{d}{dt}\right)^k\phi ,$$
(1.13)
where $`\phi `$ is the general solution of Airy’s differential equation $`\phi ^{\prime \prime }=t\phi `$. Then,

$$q=\frac{d}{dt}\mathrm{log}\frac{\tau _{n+1}}{\tau _n},p=\frac{\tau _{n+1}\tau _{n1}}{\tau _n^2},$$
(1.14)
$$\alpha =n,$$
(1.15)
gives a family of classical transcendental solutions of SII.

By the similar procedures, it is possible to obtain a determinant expression for a family of classical transcendental solutions to PV and PVI, which are presented in Section 2 and 3, respectively. As is well known, PVI degenerates P$`{}_{\mathrm{V}}{}^{},\mathrm{}`$, PI by successive limiting procedures . In section 4, we discuss the degeneration of the family of classical transcendental solutions.

## 2 Classical transcendental solutions of the Painlevé V equation

### 2.1 The symmetric form of the Painlevé V equation

First, we summarize the symmetric form of the Painlevé V equation . The symmetric form of PV is given by

$$\begin{array}{c}f_0^{}=f_0f_2(f_1f_3)+\left(\frac{1}{2}\alpha _2\right)f_0+\alpha _0f_2,\hfill \\ f_1^{}=f_1f_3(f_2f_0)+\left(\frac{1}{2}\alpha _3\right)f_1+\alpha _1f_3,\hfill \\ f_2^{}=f_2f_0(f_3f_1)+\left(\frac{1}{2}\alpha _0\right)f_2+\alpha _2f_0,\hfill \\ f_3^{}=f_3f_1(f_0f_2)+\left(\frac{1}{2}\alpha _1\right)f_3+\alpha _3f_1,\hfill \end{array}^{}=t\frac{d}{dt},$$
(2.1)
with the normalization conditions

$$\alpha _0+\alpha _1+\alpha _2+\alpha _3=1,f_0+f_2=f_1+f_3=\sqrt{t}.$$
(2.2)
The correspondence to the canonical variables and parameters of SV is given by

$$q=\frac{f_3}{f_1},p=\frac{1}{\sqrt{t}}f_1(f_0f_1+\alpha _0),$$
(2.3)
and

$$\kappa _{\mathrm{}}=\alpha _1,\kappa _0=\alpha _3,\theta =\alpha _2\alpha _01,$$
(2.4)
respectively. The Bäcklund transformations of PV are described as follows,

$$\begin{array}{ccc}s_i(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i,\hfill & s_i(\alpha _j)=\alpha _j+\alpha _i(j=i\pm 1),\hfill & s_i(\alpha _j)=\alpha _j(ji,i\pm 1),\hfill \\ s_i(f_i)=f_i,\hfill & s_i(f_j)=f_j\pm \frac{\alpha _i}{f_i}(j=i\pm 1),\hfill & s_i(f_j)=f_j(ji,i\pm 1),\hfill \\ \pi (\alpha _j)=\alpha _{j+1},\hfill & \pi (f_j)=f_{j+1},\hfill & \end{array}$$
(2.5)
where the subscripts $`i=0,1,2,3`$ are understood as elements of $`/4`$. The Hamiltonians $`h_i`$ of the system (2.1) are given by

$$\begin{array}{c}h_0=f_0f_1f_2f_3+\frac{\alpha _1+2\alpha _2\alpha _3}{4}f_0f_1+\frac{\alpha _1+2\alpha _2+3\alpha _3}{4}f_1f_2\hfill \\ \frac{3\alpha _1+2\alpha _2+\alpha _3}{4}f_2f_3+\frac{\alpha _12\alpha _2\alpha _3}{4}f_3f_0+\frac{(\alpha _1+\alpha _3)^2}{4},\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.6)
and $`h_i=\pi ^i(h_0)`$. Then, we have

$$s_i(h_j)=h_j(ij),s_i(h_i)=h_i+\sqrt{t}\frac{\alpha _i}{f_i},\pi (h_i)=h_{i+1}.$$
(2.7)
Introducing the $`\tau `$-functions $`\tau _i`$ as

$$h_i=(\mathrm{log}\tau _i)^{},$$
(2.8)
we find that the Bäcklund transformations for the $`\tau `$-functions are described as

$$s_i(\tau _j)=\tau _j(ij),s_i(\tau _i)=f_i\frac{\tau _{i1}\tau _{i+1}}{\tau _i},\pi (\tau _i)=\tau _{i+1}.$$
(2.9)
The canonical variables of SV are recovered from the $`\tau `$-functions by

$$q=\frac{\tau _3s_3(\tau _3)}{\tau _1s_1(\tau _1)},p=\frac{1}{\sqrt{t}}\frac{\tau _1s_1(\tau _1)s_0s_1(\tau _1)}{\tau _2^2\tau _3}.$$
(2.10)
Let us define the translation operators $`T_i`$ by

$$T_1=\pi s_3s_2s_1,T_2=s_1\pi s_3s_2,T_3=s_2s_1\pi s_3,T_0=s_3s_2s_1\pi ,$$
(2.11)
which commute with each other and act on parameters $`\alpha _i`$ as

$$T_i(\alpha _{i1})=\alpha _{i1}+1,T_i(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i1,T_i(\alpha _j)=\alpha _j(ji1,i).$$
(2.12)
Noting that $`T_1T_2T_3T_0=1`$, we set

$$\tau _{k,l,m}=T_1^kT_2^lT_3^m(\tau _0),k,l,m.$$
(2.13)
Then, from (2.9) and (2.10), we have

$$\begin{array}{c}T_1^kT_2^lT_3^m(f_0)=\frac{\tau _{k,l,m}\tau _{k+2,l+1,m+1}}{\tau _{k+1,l+1,m+1}\tau _{k+1,l,m}},T_1^kT_2^lT_3^m(f_1)=\frac{\tau _{k+1,l,m}\tau _{k,l+1,m}}{\tau _{k,l,m}\tau _{k+1,l+1,m}},\hfill \\ T_1^kT_2^lT_3^m(f_2)=\frac{\tau _{k+1,l+1,m}\tau _{k+1,l,m+1}}{\tau _{k+1,l,m}\tau _{k+1,l+1,m+1}},T_1^kT_2^lT_3^m(f_3)=\frac{\tau _{k+1,l+1,m+1}\tau _{k,l,m1}}{\tau _{k+1,l+1,m}\tau _{k,l,m}},\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.14)
and

$$T_1^kT_2^lT_3^m(q)=\frac{\tau _{k+1,l+1,m+1}\tau _{k,l,m1}}{\tau _{k+1,l,m}\tau _{k,l+1,m}},T_1^kT_2^lT_3^m(p)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{t}}\frac{\tau _{k+1,l,m}\tau _{k,l+1,m}\tau _{k+2,l+2,m+1}}{\tau _{k+1,l+1,m}^2\tau _{k+1,l+1,m+1}},$$
(2.15)
respectively. It is possible to derive the Toda equation with respect to each translation operator. For the $`T_1`$-direction, we have

$$\tau _{k+1,l,m}\tau _{k1,l,m}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{t}}\left[(\mathrm{log}\tau _{k,l,m})^{\prime \prime }+\frac{3\alpha _1+2\alpha _2+\alpha _33k+l+m}{4}t\right]\tau _{k,l,m}\tau _{k,l,m}.$$
(2.16)
### 2.2 A Riccati solution

If $`\alpha _0=0`$, the right-hand side of the first equation of (2.1) is divisible by $`f_0`$. This means that the system (2.1) admits the specialization of $`f_0=0`$ if $`\alpha _0=0`$. Then, setting $`f_1=\sqrt{t}f`$, we see that $`f`$ satisfies a Riccati equation

$$f^{}=tf(1f)(\alpha _1+\alpha _3)f+\alpha _1.$$
(2.17)
By the dependent variable transformation $`f={\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}\mathrm{log}\phi `$, we have for $`\phi `$ the linear equation

$$\left[t\frac{d^2}{dt^2}+(\alpha _1+\alpha _3t)\frac{d}{dt}\alpha _1\right]\phi =0,$$
(2.18)
which is nothing but the confluent hypergeometric differential equation. We set $`\alpha _1=a`$ and $`\alpha _3=ca`$, and impose “non-integer conditions” on them appropriately. The general solution of (2.18) is expressed by

$$\phi =c_1\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(a)\mathrm{\Gamma }(ca)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(c)}F(a,c;t)+c_2\frac{1}{\mathrm{sin}\pi (ca)\mathrm{\Gamma }(2c)}t^{1c}F(ac+1,2c;t),$$
(2.19)
where $`F(a,c;t)`$ denotes Kummer’s confluent hypergeometric function, and $`c_i(i=1,2)`$ are arbitrary complex constants. For simplicity, we denote

$$f_{i,j}=F(a+i,c+j;t),g_{i,j}=t^{1cj}F(ac+1+ij,2cj;t)(i,j).$$
(2.20)
By using the contiguity relations of Kummer’s function, we obtain the following proposition.

###### Proposition 2.1

We define the functions $`\phi _{i,j}`$ by

$$\phi _{i,j}=c_1\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(a+i)\mathrm{\Gamma }(cai+j)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(c+j)}f_{i,j}+c_2\frac{1}{\mathrm{sin}\pi (cai+j)\mathrm{\Gamma }(2cj)}g_{i,j}.$$
(2.21)
Then,

$$(f_0,f_1,f_2,f_3)=(0,\sqrt{t}\frac{\phi _{1,1}}{\phi _{0,0}},\sqrt{t},\sqrt{t}\frac{\phi _{0,1}}{\phi _{0,0}}),(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3)=(0,a,1c,ca),$$
(2.22)
and

$$q=\frac{\phi _{0,1}}{\phi _{1,1}},p=0,\kappa _{\mathrm{}}=a,\kappa _0=ca,\theta =c,$$
(2.23)
give a Riccati solution of the symmetric form of PV and the Hamiltonian system SV, respectively.

### 2.3 A Determinant formula for a family of classical transcendental solutions

First, we calculate the Hamiltonians and $`\tau `$-functions for the Riccati solution in Proposition 2.1. Under the specialization (2.22), the Hamiltonians and $`\tau `$-functions are calculated as

$$\begin{array}{c}h_0=\frac{\phi _{0,0}^{}}{\phi _{0,0}}\frac{2ac+2}{4}t+\frac{c^2}{4},h_1=\frac{2ac1}{4}t+\frac{(c1)^2}{4},\hfill \\ h_2=\frac{2ac}{4}t+\frac{c^2}{4},h_3=\frac{2ac+1}{4}t+\frac{(c1)^2}{4},\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.24)
and

$$\begin{array}{c}\tau _0=\tau _{0,0,0}=\phi _{0,0}t^{c^2/4}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{2ac+2}{4}t\right),\tau _1=\tau _{1,0,0}=t^{(c1)^2/4}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{2ac1}{4}t\right),\hfill \\ \tau _2=\tau _{1,1,0}=t^{c^2/4}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{2ac}{4}t\right),\tau _3=\tau _{1,1,1}=t^{(c1)^2/4}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{2ac+1}{4}t\right),\hfill \\ s_0(\tau _0)=\tau _{2,1,1}=0,s_1(\tau _1)=\tau _{0,1,0}=\phi _{1,1}t^{(c+1)^2/4}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{2ac+3}{4}t\right),\hfill \\ s_2(\tau _2)=\tau _{1,0,1}=t^{(c2)^2/4}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{2ac}{4}t\right),\hfill \\ s_3(\tau _3)=\tau _{0,0,1}=\phi _{0,1}t^{(c+1)^2/4}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{2ac+1}{4}t\right),\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.25)
up to multiplication by some constants, respectively. For small $`k,l,m`$, we observe that $`\tau _{k,l,m}`$ are expressed in the form

$$\tau _{k,l,m}=\sigma _{k,l,m}t^{(ck+lm)^2/4k(k1)/2}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{2ac+23k+l+m}{4}t\right),$$
(2.26)
with

$$\sigma _{2,l,m}=0,\sigma _{1,l,m}=\text{const.},\sigma _{0,l,m}=(\text{const.})\times \phi _{l,lm}.$$
(2.27)
Assume that $`\tau _{k,l,m}`$ are expressed as (2.26) for any $`k,l,m`$. Then, the Toda equation (2.16) yields

$$\sigma _{k+1,l,m}\sigma _{k1,l,m}=\sigma _{k,l,m}^{\prime \prime }\sigma _{k,l,m}(\sigma _{k,l,m}^{})^2.$$
(2.28)
Moreover, we set

$$\sigma _{k,l,m}=\omega _{k,l,m}\rho _{k,l,m},\omega _{k,l,m}=\omega _{k,l,m}(a,c),$$
(2.29)
with $`\rho _{1,l,m}=1`$ and $`\rho _{0,l,m}=\phi _{l,lm}`$, and impose that the constants $`\omega _{k,l,m}`$ satisfy

$$\omega _{k+1,l,m}\omega _{k1,l,m}=\omega _{k,l,m}^2.$$
(2.30)
Then, the functions $`\rho _{k,l,m}`$ are determined by the recurrence relation

$$\rho _{k+1,l,m}\rho _{k1,l,m}=\rho _{k,l,m}^{\prime \prime }\rho _{k,l,m}(\rho _{k,l,m}^{})^2,$$
(2.31)
with the initial conditions

$$\rho _{2,l,m}=0,\rho _{1,l,m}=1,\rho _{0,l,m}=\phi _{l,lm}.$$
(2.32)
By Darboux’s formula, the functions $`\rho _{1n,l,m}`$ for $`n_0`$ are expressed as

$$\rho _{1n,l,m}=\left|\begin{array}{cccc}\phi _{l,lm}^{(0)}& \phi _{l,lm}^{(1)}& \mathrm{}& \phi _{l,lm}^{(n1)}\\ \phi _{l,lm}^{(1)}& \phi _{l,lm}^{(2)}& \mathrm{}& \phi _{l,lm}^{(n)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ \phi _{l,lm}^{(n1)}& \phi _{l,lm}^{(n)}& \mathrm{}& \phi _{l,lm}^{(2n2)}\end{array}\right|,\phi _{l,lm}^{(i)}=\left(t\frac{d}{dt}\right)^i\phi _{l,lm}.$$
(2.33)
Note that the constants $`\omega _{k,l,m}`$ are determined by the recurrence relations (2.30) and

$$\begin{array}{c}\omega _{1,l+1,m}\omega _{1,l1,m}=(a+l1)\omega _{1,l,m}^2,\omega _{1,l,m+1}\omega _{1,l,m1}=(cam)\omega _{1,l,m}^2,\hfill \\ \omega _{0,l+1,m}\omega _{0,l1,m}=(a+l1)\omega _{0,l,m}^2,\omega _{0,l,m+1}\omega _{0,l,m1}=(ca1m)\omega _{0,l,m}^2,\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.34)
with the initial conditions

$$\begin{array}{c}\omega _{1,0,0}=\omega _{1,1,0}=\omega _{1,0,1}=\omega _{1,1,1}=1,\hfill \\ \omega _{0,0,0}=\omega _{0,1,0}=\omega _{0,0,1}=\omega _{0,1,1}=1.\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.35)
Since it is possible to set $`l=m=0`$ without loss of generality, we obtain the following theorem.

###### Theorem 2.2

We define the functions $`\tau _n^{i,j}`$ by

$$\tau _n^{i,j}=\left|\begin{array}{cccc}\phi _{i,j}^{(0)}& \phi _{i,j}^{(1)}& \mathrm{}& \phi _{i,j}^{(n1)}\\ \phi _{i,j}^{(1)}& \phi _{i,j}^{(2)}& \mathrm{}& \phi _{i,j}^{(n)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ \phi _{i,j}^{(n1)}& \phi _{i,j}^{(n)}& \mathrm{}& \phi _{i,j}^{(2n2)}\end{array}\right|,\phi _{i,j}^{(k)}=\left(t\frac{d}{dt}\right)^k\phi _{i,j},$$
(2.36)
where $`\phi _{i,j}`$ are given by (2.21). Then,

$$\begin{array}{c}f_0=\frac{1}{\sqrt{t}}\frac{\tau _{n+1}^{0,0}\tau _{n1}^{1,0}}{\tau _n^{1,0}\tau _n^{0,0}},f_1=\sqrt{t}\frac{\tau _n^{0,0}\tau _{n+1}^{1,1}}{\tau _{n+1}^{0,0}\tau _n^{1,1}},\hfill \\ f_2=\sqrt{t}\frac{\tau _n^{1,1}\tau _n^{0,1}}{\tau _n^{0,0}\tau _n^{1,0}},f_3=\sqrt{t}\left(\frac{ca1}{ca}\right)^n\frac{\tau _n^{1,0}\tau _{n+1}^{0,1}}{\tau _n^{1,1}\tau _{n+1}^{0,0}},\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.37)
$$(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3)=(n,a+n,1c,ca),$$
(2.38)
and

$$q=\left(\frac{ca1}{ca}\right)^n\frac{\tau _n^{1,0}\tau _{n+1}^{0,1}}{\tau _n^{0,0}\tau _{n+1}^{1,1}},p=\frac{a}{ca1}\frac{1}{t}\frac{\tau _n^{0,0}\tau _{n+1}^{1,1}\tau _{n1}^{2,1}}{\tau _n^{1,1}\tau _n^{1,1}\tau _n^{1,0}},$$
(2.39)
$$\kappa _{\mathrm{}}=a+n,\kappa _0=ca,\theta =c+n,$$
(2.40)
give a family of classical transcendental solutions of the symmetric form of PV and the Hamiltonian system SV, respectively.

###### Remark 2.3

Noting that we have from (2.7)

$$\sqrt{t}\frac{\alpha _i}{f_i}=t\frac{d}{dt}\mathrm{log}\frac{s_i(\tau _i)}{\tau _i},$$
(2.41)
which lead us to another expression of the solutions in Theorem 2.2. For example, we obtain

$$(a+n)\frac{\sqrt{t}}{f_1}=t\frac{d}{dt}\mathrm{log}\frac{\tau _{n+1}^{1,1}}{\tau _n^{0,0}}+ct.$$
(2.42)
###### Remark 2.4

The symmetric form of PV admits the following symmetry $`\sigma `$:

$$\begin{array}{c}\sigma (t)=t,\hfill \\ \sigma (f_0)=\sqrt{1}f_2,\sigma (f_2)=\sqrt{1}f_0,\sigma (f_1)=\sqrt{1}f_1,\sigma (f_3)=\sqrt{1}f_3,\hfill \\ \sigma (\alpha _0)=\alpha _2,\sigma (\alpha _2)=\alpha _0,\sigma (\alpha _1)=\alpha _1,\sigma (\alpha _3)=\alpha _3.\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.43)
The application of $`\sigma `$ to the family of solutions in Theorem 2.2 gives another family of solutions expressed in terms of $`F(a,c;t)`$.

## 3 Classical transcendental solutions of the Painlevé VI equation

### 3.1 The symmetric form of the Painlevé VI equation

Here, we give a brief review of the symmetric form of the Painlevé VI equation . We set

$$f_0=qt,f_3=q1,f_4=q,f_2=p,$$
(3.1)
and

$$\alpha _0=\theta ,\alpha _1=\kappa _{\mathrm{}},\alpha _3=\kappa _1,\alpha _4=\kappa _0.$$
(3.2)
Then, the Hamiltonian (1.6) is written as

$$H=f_2^2f_0f_3f_4[(\alpha _01)f_3f_4+\alpha _3f_0f_4+\alpha _4f_0f_3]f_2+\alpha _2(\alpha _1+\alpha _2)f_0,$$
(3.3)
with

$$\alpha _0+\alpha _1+2\alpha _2+\alpha _3+\alpha _4=1,$$
(3.4)
and the Hamilton equation (1.5) is written as

$$\begin{array}{c}f_4^{}=2f_2f_0f_3f_4(\alpha _01)f_3f_4\alpha _3f_0f_4\alpha _4f_0f_3,\hfill \\ f_2^{}=(f_0f_3+f_0f_4+f_3f_4)f_2^2\hfill \\ +[(\alpha _01)(f_3+f_4)+\alpha _3(f_0+f_4)+\alpha _4(f_0+f_3)]f_2\alpha _2(\alpha _1+\alpha _2).\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.5)
The fundamental Bäcklund transformations of PVI are given in Table 1. We define the Hamiltonians $`h_i(i=0,1,2,3,4)`$ as

$$h_0=H_0+\frac{t}{4},h_1=s_5(H_0)\frac{t1}{4},h_3=s_6(H_0)+\frac{1}{4},h_4=s_7(H_0),h_2=h_1+s_1(h_1),$$
(3.6)
where an auxiliary Hamiltonian $`H_0`$ is given by

$$H_0=H+\frac{t}{4}[1+4\alpha _1\alpha _2+4\alpha _2^2(\alpha _3+\alpha _4)^2]+\frac{1}{4}[(\alpha _1+\alpha _4)^2+(\alpha _3+\alpha _4)^2+4\alpha _2\alpha _4].$$
(3.7)
Introducing the $`\tau `$-functions $`\tau _i`$ as

$$h_i=(\mathrm{log}\tau _i)^{},$$
(3.8)
we find that the Bäcklund transformations for the $`\tau `$-functions are described as follows,

$$\begin{array}{c}s_i(\tau _j)=\tau _j(ij,i,j=0,1,2,3,4),\\ s_i(\tau _i)=f_i\frac{\tau _2}{\tau _i}(i=0,3,4),s_1(\tau _1)=\frac{\tau _2}{\tau _1},s_2(\tau _2)=\frac{f_2}{\sqrt{t}}\frac{\tau _0\tau _1\tau _3\tau _4}{\tau _2},\end{array}$$
(3.9)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}s_5:\hfill & \tau _0[t(t1)]^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _1,\hfill & \tau _1[t(t1)]^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _0,\hfill \\ & \tau _3t^{\frac{1}{4}}(t1)^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _4,\hfill & \tau _4t^{\frac{1}{4}}(t1)^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _3,\hfill \\ & \tau _2[t(t1)]^{\frac{1}{2}}f_0\tau _2,\hfill & \end{array}$$
(3.10)
$$s_6:\tau _0it^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _3,\tau _3it^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _0,\tau _1t^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _4,\tau _4t^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _1,\tau _2t^{\frac{1}{2}}f_4\tau _2,$$
(3.11)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}s_7:\hfill & \tau _0(1)^{\frac{3}{4}}(t1)^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _4,\hfill & \tau _4(1)^{\frac{3}{4}}(t1)^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _0,\hfill \\ & \tau _1(1)^{\frac{3}{4}}(t1)^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _3,\hfill & \tau _3(1)^{\frac{3}{4}}(t1)^{\frac{1}{4}}\tau _1,\hfill \\ & \tau _2i(t1)^{\frac{1}{2}}f_3\tau _2.\hfill & \end{array}$$
(3.12)
Let us define the following translation operators

$$\begin{array}{c}\widehat{T}_{13}=s_1s_2s_0s_4s_2s_1s_7,\widehat{T}_{40}=s_4s_2s_1s_3s_2s_4s_7,\\ \widehat{T}_{34}=s_3s_2s_0s_1s_2s_3s_5,T_{14}=s_1s_4s_2s_0s_3s_2s_6,\end{array}$$
(3.13)
which act on parameters $`\alpha _i`$ as

$$\begin{array}{c}\widehat{T}_{13}(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)=(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)+(0,1,0,1,0),\\ \widehat{T}_{40}(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)=(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)+(1,0,0,0,1),\\ \widehat{T}_{34}(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)=(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)+(0,0,0,1,1),\\ T_{14}(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)=(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)+(0,1,1,0,1).\end{array}$$
(3.14)
Note that the action of these operators on $`\tau `$-functions is not commutative. For example, we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{T}_{13}\widehat{T}_{40}(\tau _0)=\widehat{T}_{40}\widehat{T}_{13}(\tau _0),\hfill & \widehat{T}_{13}\widehat{T}_{34}(\tau _0)=i\widehat{T}_{34}\widehat{T}_{13}(\tau _0),\hfill \\ \widehat{T}_{13}T_{14}(\tau _0)=iT_{14}\widehat{T}_{13}(\tau _0),\hfill & \widehat{T}_{40}\widehat{T}_{34}(\tau _0)=i\widehat{T}_{34}\widehat{T}_{40}(\tau _0),\hfill \\ \widehat{T}_{40}T_{14}(\tau _0)=iT_{14}\widehat{T}_{40}(\tau _0),\hfill & \widehat{T}_{34}T_{14}(\tau _0)=iT_{14}\widehat{T}_{34}(\tau _0).\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.15)
Setting

$$\tau _{k,l,m,n}=T_{14}^n\widehat{T}_{34}^m\widehat{T}_{40}^l\widehat{T}_{13}^k(\tau _0),k,l,m,n,$$
(3.16)
we have

$$\begin{array}{c}T_{14}^n\widehat{T}_{34}^m\widehat{T}_{40}^l\widehat{T}_{13}^k(f_0)=it^{\frac{1}{2}}(t1)^{\frac{1}{2}}\frac{\tau _{k,l,m,n}\tau _{k1,l2,m1,n+1}}{\tau _{k1,l1,m1,n}\tau _{k,l1,m,n+1}},\hfill \\ T_{14}^n\widehat{T}_{34}^m\widehat{T}_{40}^l\widehat{T}_{13}^k(f_3)=i(t1)^{\frac{1}{2}}\frac{\tau _{k,l1,m1,n}\tau _{k1,l1,m,n+1}}{\tau _{k1,l1,m1,n}\tau _{k,l1,m,n+1}},\hfill \\ T_{14}^n\widehat{T}_{34}^m\widehat{T}_{40}^l\widehat{T}_{13}^k(f_4)=t^{\frac{1}{2}}\frac{\tau _{k,l1,m,n}\tau _{k1,l1,m1,n+1}}{\tau _{k1,l1,m1,n}\tau _{k,l1,m,n+1}},\hfill \\ T_{14}^n\widehat{T}_{34}^m\widehat{T}_{40}^l\widehat{T}_{13}^k(f_2)=(t1)^{\frac{1}{2}}\frac{\tau _{k1,l1,m1,n}\tau _{k,l1,m,n+1}\tau _{k+1,l,m,n1}}{\tau _{k,l,m,n}\tau _{k,l1,m1,n}\tau _{k,l1,m,n}}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.17)
It is possible to derive the Toda equation with respect to each translation operator. For the $`T_{14}`$-direction, we get

$$\begin{array}{c}\tau _{k,l,m,n+1}\tau _{k,l,m,n1}\hfill \\ =t^{\frac{1}{2}}\left[(t1)\frac{d}{dt}(\mathrm{log}\tau _{k,l,m,n})^{}(\mathrm{log}\tau _{k,l,m,n})^{}+\frac{(\alpha _1+\alpha _4+k+lm+2n)^2}{4}+\frac{1}{2}\right]\tau _{k,l,m,n}^2.\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.18)
### 3.2 A Riccati solution

If $`\alpha _2=0`$, it is possible to specialize $`f_2=0`$. Then, the Hamilton equation (3.5) yields

$$f_4^{}=(\alpha _01)f_3f_4\alpha _3f_0f_4\alpha _4f_0f_3,$$
(3.19)
which is equivalent to a Riccati equation

$$q^{}=\alpha _1q^2+[(\alpha _3+\alpha _4)t+(\alpha _0+\alpha _41)]q\alpha _4t.$$
(3.20)
We set

$$\alpha _0=b,\alpha _1=a,\alpha _3=ca,\alpha _4=bc+1,$$
(3.21)
and impose “non-integer conditions” on them appropriately. By the dependent variable transformation

$$aq=\frac{\phi ^{}}{\phi }(b+1)t+c,$$
(3.22)
we have for $`\phi `$ the linear equation

$$t(t1)\frac{d^2\phi }{dt^2}+[(a+b+3)t(c+1)]\frac{d\phi }{dt}+(a+1)(b+1)\phi =0,$$
(3.23)
which is nothing but the hypergeometric differential equation. The general solution of (3.23) is expressed by

$$\begin{array}{c}\phi =c_1\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(a+1)\mathrm{\Gamma }(b+1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(c+1)}F(a+1,b+1,c+1;t)\hfill \\ +c_2\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(ac+1)\mathrm{\Gamma }(bc+1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1c)}t^cF(ac+1,bc+1,1c;t),\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.24)
where $`F(a,b,c;t)`$ denotes Gauss’s hypergeometric function and $`c_i(i=1,2)`$ are arbitrary complex constants. For simplicity, we denote

$$\begin{array}{c}f_m^{kl}=F(a+k,b+l,c+m;t),\hfill \\ g_m^{kl}=t^{1cm}F(ac+1+km,bc+1+lm,2cm;t)\hfill \end{array}(k,l,m).$$
(3.25)
By using the contiguity relations of Gauss’s hypergeometric function, we obtain the following proposition.

###### Proposition 3.1

We define the function $`\phi _{k,l,m}`$ by

$$\begin{array}{c}\phi _{k,l,m}=c_1\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(a+k+1)\mathrm{\Gamma }(b+l+2)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(c+m+1)}f_{m+1}^{k+1,l+2}\hfill \\ +c_2\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(ac+1+km)\mathrm{\Gamma }(bc+2+lm)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1cm)}g_{m+1}^{k+1,l+2}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.26)
Then,

$$\begin{array}{c}f_0=b\frac{\phi _{1,2,1}}{\phi _{0,1,0}},f_3=(ca)\frac{\phi _{1,1,0}}{\phi _{0,1,0}},f_4=\frac{\phi _{1,1,1}}{\phi _{0,1,0}},f_2=0,\\ \alpha _0=b,\alpha _1=a,\alpha _3=ca,\alpha _4=bc+1,\end{array}$$
(3.27)
gives a Riccati solution of the symmetric form of PVI.

### 3.3 A Determinant formula for a family of classical transcendental solutions

First, we calculate the Hamiltonians and $`\tau `$-functions for the Riccati solution in Proposition 3.1. Under the specialization (3.27), the Hamiltonians are calculated as

$$h_i=A_i(t1)+B_it,(i=0,1,3,4),$$
(3.28)
with

$$\begin{array}{cc}A_0=\frac{1}{4}(a+bc+1)^2\frac{1}{4}(ab1)^2,\hfill & B_0=\frac{1}{4}(a+bc+1)^2+\frac{1}{2},\hfill \\ A_1=\frac{1}{4}(a+bc)^2\frac{1}{4}(ab1)^2\frac{1}{4},\hfill & B_1=\frac{1}{4}(a+bc)^2+\frac{1}{4},\hfill \\ A_3=\frac{1}{4}(a+bc+1)^2\frac{1}{4}(ab)^2\frac{1}{4},\hfill & B_3=\frac{1}{4}(a+bc+1)^2+\frac{1}{2},\hfill \\ A_4=\frac{1}{4}(a+bc)^2\frac{1}{4}(ab)^2,\hfill & B_4=\frac{1}{4}(a+bc)^2+\frac{1}{4}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.29)
Then, we have

$$\tau _i=t^{A_i}(t1)^{B_i},s_2s_i(\tau _i)=0(i=0,1,3,4),$$
(3.30)
$$\begin{array}{cc}s_0(\tau _0)=b\phi _{1,2,1}t^{A_0+b}(t1)^{B_0},\hfill & s_1(\tau _1)=\phi _{0,1,0}t^{A_1+(ca)}(t1)^{B_1+(a+bc+1)},\hfill \\ s_3(\tau _3)=(ca)\phi _{1,1,0}t^{A_3+a}(t1)^{B_3},\hfill & s_4(\tau _4)=\phi _{1,1,1}t^{A_4(bc+1)}(t1)^{B_4+(a+bc+1)},\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.31)
up to multiplication by some constants. For small $`k,l,m,n`$, we observe that $`\tau _{k,l,m,n}`$ are expressed in the form

$$\tau _{k,l,m,n}=\sigma _{k,l,m,n}t^{\frac{1}{4}(\widehat{a}+\widehat{b}\widehat{c}+2n)^2\frac{1}{4}(\widehat{a}\widehat{b}n)^2+n(\widehat{b}+n)\frac{1}{2}n(n1)}(t1)^{\frac{1}{4}(\widehat{a}+\widehat{b}\widehat{c}+2n)^2+\frac{1}{2}},$$
(3.32)
with

$$\sigma _{k,l,m,1}=0,\sigma _{k,l,m,0}=\text{const.},\sigma _{k,l,m,1}=(\text{const.})\times \phi _{k,l,m},$$
(3.33)
where we denote

$$\widehat{a}=a+k,\widehat{b}=b+l+1,\widehat{c}=c+m.$$
(3.34)
Assume that $`\tau _{k,l,m,n}`$ are expressed as (3.32) for any $`k,l,m,n`$. Then, the Toda equation (3.18) yields

$$\sigma _{k,l,m,n+1}\sigma _{k,l,m,n1}=\left[(\delta ^2\sigma _{k,l,m,n})\sigma _{k,l,m,n}(\delta \sigma _{k,l,m,n})^2\right],\delta =t\frac{d}{dt}.$$
(3.35)
Moreover, we set

$$\sigma _{k,l,m,n}=\omega _{k,l,m,n}\rho _{k,l,m,n},\omega _{k,l,m,n}=\omega _{k,l,m,n}(a,b,c),$$
(3.36)
with $`\rho _{k,l,m,0}=1`$ and $`\rho _{k,l,m,1}=\phi _{k,l,m}`$, and impose that the constants $`\omega _{k,l,m,n}`$ satisfy

$$\omega _{k,l,m,n+1}\omega _{k,l,m,n1}=\omega _{k,l,m,n}^2.$$
(3.37)
Then, the function $`\rho _{k,l,m,n}`$ are determined by the recurrence relation

$$\rho _{k,l,m,n+1}\rho _{k,l,m,n1}=(\delta ^2\rho _{k,l,m,n})\rho _{k,l,m,n}(\delta \rho _{k,l,m,n})^2,$$
(3.38)
with the initial conditions

$$\rho _{k,l,m,1}=0,\rho _{k,l,m,0}=1,\rho _{k,l,m,1}=\phi _{k,l,m}.$$
(3.39)
By Darboux’s formula, the functions $`\rho _{k,l,m,n}`$ for $`n_0`$ are expressed as

$$\rho _{k,l,m,n}=\left|\begin{array}{cccc}\phi _{k,l,m}^{(0)}& \phi _{k,l,m}^{(1)}& \mathrm{}& \phi _{k,l,m}^{(n1)}\\ \phi _{k,l,m}^{(1)}& \phi _{k,l,m}^{(2)}& \mathrm{}& \phi _{k,l,m}^{(n)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ \phi _{k,l,m}^{(n1)}& \phi _{k,l,m}^{(n)}& \mathrm{}& \phi _{k,l,m}^{(2n2)}\end{array}\right|,\phi _{k,l,m}^{(i)}=\left(t\frac{d}{dt}\right)^i\phi _{k,l,m}.$$
(3.40)
Note that the constants $`\omega _{k,l,m,n}`$ are determined by the recurrence relations (3.37) and

$$\begin{array}{c}\omega _{k+1,l,m,i}\omega _{k1,l,m,i}=i\widehat{a}(\widehat{c}\widehat{a})\omega _{k,l,m,i}^2,\hfill \\ \omega _{k,l+1,m,i}\omega _{k,l1,m,i}=i\widehat{b}(\widehat{c}\widehat{b})\omega _{k,l,m,i}^2,\hfill \\ \omega _{k,l,m+1,i}\omega _{k,l,m1,i}=(\widehat{c}\widehat{a})(\widehat{c}\widehat{b})\omega _{k,l,m,i}^2,\hfill \end{array}(i=0,1)$$
(3.41)
with the initial conditions

$$\begin{array}{c}\omega _{1,2,1,1}=(1)^{\frac{1}{4}}b,\omega _{0,2,1,1}=b,\omega _{1,1,1,1}=1,\omega _{0,1,1,1}=(1)^{\frac{1}{4}},\hfill \\ \omega _{1,0,0,1}=(1)^{\frac{3}{4}}(ca),\omega _{0,0,0,1}=i,\omega _{1,1,0,1}=i(ca),\omega _{0,1,0,1}=(1)^{\frac{3}{4}},\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.42)
and

$$\begin{array}{c}\omega _{1,2,1,0}=(1)^{\frac{3}{4}}b,\omega _{0,2,1,0}=b,\omega _{1,1,1,0}=1,\omega _{0,1,1,0}=(1)^{\frac{3}{4}},\\ \omega _{1,0,0,0}=(1)^{\frac{3}{4}}(ca),\omega _{0,0,0,0}=1,\omega _{1,1,0,0}=ca,\omega _{0,1,0,0}=(1)^{\frac{3}{4}}.\end{array}$$
(3.43)
Since it is possible to set $`k=l=m=0`$ without loss of generality, we obtain the following theorem.

###### Theorem 3.2

We define the functions $`\tau _n^{k,l,m}`$ by

$$\tau _n^{k,l,m}=\left|\begin{array}{cccc}\phi _{k,l,m}^{(0)}& \phi _{k,l,m}^{(1)}& \mathrm{}& \phi _{k,l,m}^{(n1)}\\ \phi _{k,l,m}^{(1)}& \phi _{k,l,m}^{(2)}& \mathrm{}& \phi _{k,l,m}^{(n)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ \phi _{k,l,m}^{(n1)}& \phi _{k,l,m}^{(n)}& \mathrm{}& \phi _{k,l,m}^{(2n2)}\end{array}\right|,\phi _{k,l,m}^{(i)}=\left(t\frac{d}{dt}\right)^i\phi _{k,l,m},$$
(3.44)
where $`\phi _{k,l,m}`$ are given by (3.26). Then,

$$\begin{array}{c}f_0=b\frac{\tau _n^{0,0,0}\tau _{n+1}^{1,2,1}}{\tau _n^{1,1,1}\tau _{n+1}^{0,1,0}},f_3=(ca)\frac{\tau _n^{0,1,1}\tau _{n+1}^{1,1,0}}{\tau _n^{1,1,1}\tau _{n+1}^{0,1,0}},\hfill \\ f_4=\frac{\tau _n^{0,1,0}\tau _{n+1}^{1,1,1}}{\tau _n^{1,1,1}\tau _{n+1}^{0,1,0}},f_2=at^1\frac{\tau _n^{1,1,1}\tau _{n+1}^{0,1,0}\tau _{n1}^{1,0,0}}{\tau _n^{0,0,0}\tau _n^{0,1,1}\tau _n^{0,1,0}},\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.45)
$$(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)=(b,a+n,n,ca,bc+1+n),$$
(3.46)
gives a family of classical transcendental solutions of the symmetric form of PVI.

## 4 Degeneration of classical transcendental solutions

It is well known that, starting from PVI, one can obtain P$`{}_{\mathrm{V}}{}^{},\mathrm{}`$, PI by successive limiting procedures in the following diagram ,

$$\begin{array}{c}\text{P}_{\mathrm{VI}}\text{P}_\mathrm{V}\text{P}_{\mathrm{III}}\\ \\ \text{P}_{\mathrm{IV}}\text{P}_{\mathrm{II}}\text{P}_\mathrm{I},\end{array}$$
(4.1)
which corresponds to the degeneration diagram of the special functions of hypergeometric type

$$\begin{array}{c}\text{Gauss}\text{Kummer}\text{Bessel}\\ \\ \text{Hermite-Weber}\text{Airy}.\end{array}$$
(4.2)
In this section, we show that, starting from the family of special function solutions of PVI given in Theorem 3.2, we obtain classical transcendental solutions to other Painlevé equations by degeneration.

### 4.1 From PVI to PV

As is known, the Hamiltonian system SVI is reduced to SV by putting

$$t1\epsilon t,\kappa _1\epsilon ^1+\theta +1,\theta \epsilon ^1,$$
(4.3)
and taking the limit as $`\epsilon 0`$. Let us consider the degeneration of the family of classical transcendental solutions given in Theorem 3.2. It is known that PVI admits an outer symmetry as

$$\sigma _{34}:\alpha _3\alpha _4,t1t,f_4f_3,f_2f_2.$$
(4.4)
The application of $`\sigma _{34}`$ to the family of solutions in Theorem 3.2 gives another family of solutions for the parameters

$$(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4)=(b,a+n,n,bc+1+n,ca),$$
(4.5)
or

$$\kappa _{\mathrm{}}=a+n,\kappa _0=ca,\kappa _1=bc+1+n,\theta =b.$$
(4.6)
Then, it is easy to see that by putting

$$t\epsilon t,b=\epsilon ^1,$$
(4.7)
SVI with (4.6) is reduced to SV with

$$\kappa _{\mathrm{}}=a+n,\kappa _0=ca,\theta =c+n,$$
(4.8)
in the limit as $`\epsilon 0`$. It is obvious that Gauss’s function $`F(a,b,c;t)`$ is reduced to Kummer’s function $`F(a,c;t)`$ by this process. Thus, we get

$$\phi _{k,l,m}\epsilon ^l\mathrm{\Gamma }^1\left(cak+m\right)\phi _{k+1,m+1},$$
(4.9)
where $`\phi _{i,j}`$ are given by (2.21). Note that we redefine the constants $`c_1`$ and $`c_2`$ appropriately. It is easy to see that we have

$$\tau _n^{k,l,m}\epsilon ^{ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n\left(cak+m\right)\tau _n^{k+1,m+1}.$$
(4.10)
Therefore, we obtain the family of classical transcendental solutions of SV in Theorem 2.2.

### 4.2 From PV to PIII

From PV, we can obtain two coalescence limits. First, we consider the Painlevé III equation

$$\frac{d^2q}{dt^2}=\frac{1}{q}\left(\frac{dq}{dt}\right)^2\frac{1}{t}\frac{dq}{dt}\frac{4}{t}\left[\eta _{\mathrm{}}\theta _{\mathrm{}}q^2+\eta _0(\theta _0+1)\right]+4\eta _{\mathrm{}}^2q^3\frac{4\eta _0^2}{q},$$
(4.11)
which is equivalent to the Hamiltonian system

$$\text{S}\text{III}\text{ :}\text{ }q^{}=\frac{H}{p},p^{}=\frac{H}{q},^{}=t\frac{d}{dt},$$
(4.12)
with the Hamiltonian

$$H=2q^2p^2\left[2\eta _{\mathrm{}}tq^2+(2\theta _0+1)q+2\eta _0t\right]p+\eta _{\mathrm{}}(\theta _0+\theta _{\mathrm{}})tq.$$
(4.13)
This system can be derived from SV by putting

$$\begin{array}{c}q1+\epsilon tq,p\epsilon ^1t^1p,t\eta _0\epsilon t^2,H\frac{1}{2}(H+qp)\\ \kappa _{\mathrm{}}\eta _{\mathrm{}}\epsilon ^1+\theta _{\mathrm{}},\kappa _0\eta _{\mathrm{}}\epsilon ^1,\theta \theta _0,\end{array}$$
(4.14)
and taking the limit as $`\epsilon 0`$.

Let us apply the limiting procedure to the family of classical transcendental solutions of SV given in Theorem 2.2. It is easy to see that by putting

$$a\eta _{\mathrm{}}\epsilon ^1+c,$$
(4.15)
SV with (2.40) is reduced to SIII with

$$\theta _{\mathrm{}}=\nu +n+1,\theta _0=\nu +n1,$$
(4.16)
in the limit as $`\epsilon 0`$, where we denote $`c=\nu +1`$. Without loss of generality, it is possible to set

$$\eta _{\mathrm{}}=\frac{\sigma }{2},\eta _0=\frac{1}{2},(\sigma =\pm 1).$$
(4.17)
Then, we find that

$$F(a,c;t)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\nu +1)\left(\frac{t}{2}\right)^\nu Z_\nu (t),$$
(4.18)
where $`Z_\nu =Z_\nu (t)`$ denotes

$$Z_\nu =\{\begin{array}{ccc}J_\nu :& \text{Bessel}& \sigma =+1,\\ I_\nu :& \text{modified Bessel}& \sigma =1.\end{array}$$
(4.19)
This means that Kummer’s function is reduced to the (modified) Bessel function in this limit. Thus, we get

$$\phi _{i,j}(1)^i\left(\frac{\sigma }{2}\epsilon ^1\right)^j\left(\frac{t}{2}\right)^{\nu j}\phi _{\nu +j},$$
(4.20)
with

$$\phi _{\nu +j}=c_1Z_{\nu +j}+c_2(\sigma )^jZ_{\nu j}.$$
(4.21)
This leads us to

$$\tau _n^{i,j}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{(n1)n}(1)^{in}\left(\frac{\sigma }{2}\epsilon ^1\right)^{jn}\left(\frac{t}{2}\right)^{(\nu +j)n}\tau _n^{\nu +j},$$
(4.22)
where $`\tau _n^{\nu +j}`$ are defined by

$$\tau _n^{\nu +j}=\left|\begin{array}{cccc}\phi _{\nu +j}^{(0)}& \phi _{\nu +j}^{(1)}& \mathrm{}& \phi _{\nu +j}^{(n1)}\\ \phi _{\nu +j}^{(1)}& \phi _{\nu +j}^{(2)}& \mathrm{}& \phi _{\nu +j}^{(n)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ \phi _{\nu +j}^{(n1)}& \phi _{\nu +j}^{(n)}& \mathrm{}& \phi _{\nu +j}^{(2n2)}\end{array}\right|,\phi _{\nu +j}^{(i)}=\left(t\frac{d}{dt}\right)^i\phi _{\nu +j}.$$
(4.23)
Therefore, from Theorem 2.2 and Remark 2.3, we obtain the following proposition .

###### Proposition 4.1

(Okamoto) We define the functions $`\tau _n^\nu `$ by (4.23). Then,

$$q=\sigma \frac{\tau _{n+1}^\nu \tau _n^{\nu +1}}{\tau _n^\nu \tau _{n+1}^{\nu +1}}=\sigma \left(\frac{d}{dt}\mathrm{log}\frac{\tau _{n+1}^{\nu +1}}{\tau _n^\nu }+\frac{\nu +1n}{t}\right),p=\frac{1}{2t}\frac{\tau _{n+1}^{\nu +1}\tau _{n1}^{\nu +1}}{\tau _n^{\nu +1}\tau _n^{\nu +1}},$$
(4.24)
$$\theta _{\mathrm{}}=\nu +n+1,\theta _0=\nu +n1,$$
(4.25)
with (4.17) gives a family of classical transcendental solutions of SIII.

### 4.3 From PV to PIV

Next, we consider the Painlevé IV equation

$$\frac{d^2q}{dt^2}=\frac{1}{2q}\left(\frac{dq}{dt}\right)^2+\frac{3}{2}q^3+2tq^2+\frac{1}{2}t^2q(\kappa _0+2\theta _{\mathrm{}}+1)q\frac{\kappa _0^2}{2q},$$
(4.26)
which is equivalent to the Hamiltonian system

$$\text{S}\text{IV}\text{ :}\text{ }q^{}=\frac{H}{p},p^{}=\frac{H}{q},^{}=\frac{d}{dt},$$
(4.27)
with the Hamiltonian

$$H=qp^2(q^2+tq+\kappa _0)p+\theta _{\mathrm{}}q.$$
(4.28)
This system can be also derived from SV by coalescence. This process is achieved by putting

$$\begin{array}{c}q\epsilon q,p\epsilon ^1p,t\epsilon ^2(1+\epsilon t),H+\kappa \epsilon ^1H,\\ \theta \epsilon ^2+2\theta _{\mathrm{}}\kappa _0,\kappa _{\mathrm{}}\epsilon ^2,\end{array}$$
(4.29)
and taking the limit as $`\epsilon 0`$.

Let us consider the degeneration of the classical transcendental solutions of SV. Applying the Bäcklund transformation $`\pi ^2`$ to the solutions in Theorem 2.2, we obtain the following corollary.

###### Corollary 4.2

We define the functions $`\tau _n^{i,j}`$ by (2.36). Then,

$$q=\left(\frac{ca}{ca1}\right)^n\frac{\tau _n^{0,0}\tau _{n+1}^{1,1}}{\tau _n^{1,0}\tau _{n+1}^{0,1}},p=(1a)\left(\frac{ca1}{ca}\right)^n\frac{\tau _n^{1,0}\tau _{n+1}^{0,1}\tau _{n+1}^{1,1}}{\tau _{n+1}^{0,0}\tau _{n+1}^{0,0}\tau _n^{0,0}},$$
(4.30)
$$\kappa _{\mathrm{}}=ca,\kappa _0=a+n,\theta =cn2,$$
(4.31)
gives a family of classical transcendental solutions of SV.

It is easy to see that by putting

$$c\epsilon ^2+a,$$
(4.32)
SV with (4.31) is reduced to SIV with

$$\kappa _0=\nu +n,\theta _{\mathrm{}}=\nu 1,$$
(4.33)
in the limit as $`\epsilon 0`$, where we denote $`a=\nu `$. We find that

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(ca)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(c)}F(a,c;t)(\epsilon )^\nu H_\nu (t),$$
(4.34)
where $`H_\nu (t)`$ denotes the Hermite-Weber function. By a Kummer transformation

$$F(ac+1,2c;t)=e^tF(1a,2c;t),$$
(4.35)
we get

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(ca)\mathrm{\Gamma }(ac+1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(2c)}t^{1c}F(ac+1,2c;t)(i\epsilon )^{\nu 1}e^{\frac{t^2}{2}}H_{\nu 1}(it).$$
(4.36)
Thus, we have

$$\phi _{k,j}(\epsilon )^{\nu +k}\left[c_1\mathrm{\Gamma }(\nu +k)H_{\nu k}(t)+c_2e^{i\pi (\nu +k1)/2}e^{\frac{t^2}{2}}H_{\nu +k1}(it)\right].$$
(4.37)
Let us rewrite this expression in terms of the hyperbolic cylinder function $`D_\nu (t)`$. Noting the relations

$$H_\nu (t)=e^{\frac{t^2}{4}}D_\nu (t),$$
(4.38)
and

$$D_{\nu 1}(it)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\nu )}{\sqrt{2\pi }}\left[e^{i\pi (\nu +1)/2}D_\nu (t)e^{i\pi (\nu 1)/2}D_\nu (t)\right],$$
(4.39)
we get

$$\phi _{k,j}\epsilon ^ke^{\frac{t^2}{4}}\phi _{\nu k},$$
(4.40)
with

$$\phi _{\nu k}=c_1\frac{D_{\nu k}(t)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\nu k+1)}+c_2\mathrm{\Gamma }(\nu +k)D_{\nu k}(t).$$
(4.41)
This leads us to

$$\tau _n^{k,j}\epsilon ^{n(n1)}\epsilon ^{kn}\tau _n^{\nu k},$$
(4.42)
where $`\tau _n^{\nu k}`$ are defined by

$$\tau _n^{\nu k}=\left|\begin{array}{cccc}\varphi _{\nu k}^{(0)}& \varphi _{\nu k}^{(1)}& \mathrm{}& \varphi _{\nu k}^{(n1)}\\ \varphi _{\nu k}^{(1)}& \varphi _{\nu k}^{(2)}& \mathrm{}& \varphi _{\nu k}^{(n)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ \varphi _{\nu k}^{(n1)}& \varphi _{\nu k}^{(n)}& \mathrm{}& \varphi _{\nu k}^{(2n2)}\end{array}\right|,\varphi _{\nu k}^{(m)}=\left(\frac{d}{dt}\right)^m\left(e^{\frac{t^2}{4}}\phi _{\nu k}\right).$$
(4.43)
Therefore, we obtain the following proposition.

###### Proposition 4.3

We define the functions $`\tau _n^{\nu k}`$ by (4.43). Then,

$$q=\frac{\tau _n^\nu \tau _{n+1}^{\nu 1}}{\tau _n^{\nu 1}\tau _{n+1}^\nu },p=(\nu +1)\frac{\tau _n^{\nu 1}\tau _{n+1}^{\nu +1}}{\tau _{n+1}^\nu \tau _n^\nu },$$
(4.44)
$$\kappa _0=\nu +n,\theta _{\mathrm{}}=\nu 1,$$
(4.45)
gives a family of classical transcendental solutions of SIV.

The direct derivation of this proposition is given in Appendix.

###### Remark 4.4

A special case ($`c_2=0`$) of Proposition 4.3 is stated in . In , the case of $`\nu `$, where the $`\tau `$-functions are reduced to some polynomials, is discussed.

### 4.4 From PIII to PII

Both PIII and PIV go to PII by coalescence. First, we consider the degeneration from $`S_{\mathrm{III}}`$ to $`S_{\mathrm{II}}`$, which is achieved by putting

$$\begin{array}{c}q1+\epsilon q,p\epsilon ^1p,\theta _02\epsilon ^3+\alpha ^{(1)},\theta _{\mathrm{}}2\epsilon ^3+\alpha ^{(2)},\\ t2\epsilon ^3\left(1\frac{1}{2}\epsilon ^2t\right),H2\epsilon ^2H2\epsilon ^3\alpha ,\end{array}$$
(4.46)
and taking the limit as $`\epsilon 0`$, where we set $`\alpha =\frac{1}{2}\left(\alpha ^{(1)}+\alpha ^{(2)}\right)`$.

Let us consider the degeneration of the family of classical transcendental solutions. From (4.46), it is the case of $`\sigma =1`$ (the Bessel function) that we can take the degeneration limit. By the relation

$$J_\nu =\mathrm{cos}(\nu \pi )J_\nu \mathrm{sin}(\nu \pi )Y_\nu ,$$
(4.47)
we rewrite $`\phi _{\nu +j}`$ (4.21) as

$$\phi _{\nu +j}=c_1J_{\nu +j}+c_2Y_{\nu +j}.$$
(4.48)
Then, from (4.46), we see that by putting

$$\nu =2\epsilon ^3,$$
(4.49)
SIII with (4.25) is reduced to SII with $`\alpha =n`$. It is known that we have

$$\begin{array}{c}J_\nu (\nu +z\nu ^{\frac{1}{3}})=2^{\frac{1}{3}}\nu ^{\frac{1}{3}}\text{Ai}(2^{\frac{1}{3}}z)+O(\nu ^1),\hfill \\ Y_\nu (\nu +z\nu ^{\frac{1}{3}})=2^{\frac{1}{3}}\nu ^{\frac{1}{3}}\text{Bi}(2^{\frac{1}{3}}z)+O(\nu ^1),\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.50)
which lead us to

$$J_\nu (t)\epsilon \text{Ai}(t)+O(\epsilon ^3),Y_\nu (t)\epsilon \text{Bi}(t)+O(\epsilon ^3).$$
(4.51)
Thus, we get

$$\tau _n^{\nu +j}\epsilon ^n(2\epsilon ^2)^{(n1)n}\tau _n,$$
(4.52)
where the functions $`\tau _n`$ are defined by (1.13). Therefore, we obtain Proposition 1.1.

### 4.5 From PIV to PII

It is well known that the Hamiltonian system SII is also derived from SIV by degeneration. This process is achieved by putting

$$\begin{array}{c}q\epsilon ^3(1\epsilon ^2q),p\epsilon p,t2\epsilon ^3\left(1+\frac{1}{2}\epsilon ^4t\right),\\ \kappa _0\epsilon ^6,\theta _{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,H\epsilon ^1H+\epsilon ^3\alpha ,\end{array}$$
(4.53)
and taking the limit as $`\epsilon 0`$.

Let us consider the degeneration of the classical transcendental solutions. Applying the Bäcklund transformation $`\pi `$ to the solutions in Theorem A.2, we obtain the following corollary.

###### Corollary 4.5

We define the functions $`\tau _n^\nu `$ by (4.43). Then,

$$q=\frac{d}{dt}\mathrm{log}\frac{\tau _{n+1}^\nu }{\tau _n^\nu }t,p=\frac{\tau _{n+1}^\nu \tau _{n1}^{\nu 1}}{\tau _n^{\nu 1}\tau _n^\nu },$$
(4.54)
$$\kappa _0=\nu +1,\theta _{\mathrm{}}=n,$$
(4.55)
gives a family of classical transcendental solutions of SIV.

It is easy to see that by putting

$$\nu \epsilon ^61,$$
(4.56)
SIV with (4.55) reduced to SII with $`\alpha =n`$ in the limit as $`\epsilon 0`$.

Let us consider the degeneration of classical transcendental solutions. According to , we find that the parabolic cylinder function is reduced to the Airy function as

$$\frac{D_{\nu +j}(t)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\nu +j+1)}(\epsilon )^{3j}\text{Ai}(t),\mathrm{\Gamma }(\nu j)D_{\nu +j}(t)(\epsilon )^{3j}\text{Ai}(\omega t),$$
(4.57)
with $`\omega =e^{2\pi i/3}`$. Thus, we have

$$\phi _{\nu +j}(\epsilon )^{3j}\phi ,$$
(4.58)
where $`\phi `$ denote the general solution of Airy’s differential equation. Normalizing the $`\tau `$-functions (4.43) as

$$\tau _n^{\nu +j}=e^{n\frac{t^2}{4}}\stackrel{~}{\tau }_n^{\nu +j},$$
(4.59)
we get

$$\stackrel{~}{\tau }_n^{\nu +j}(\epsilon )^{n(n1)+3jn}\tau _n,$$
(4.60)
where the functions $`\tau _n`$ are defined by (1.13). Therefore, we obtain Proposition 1.1.

Acknowledgment The author would like to thank Prof. Y. Haraoka, Prof. K. Kajiwara and Prof. M. Noumi for their helpful comments.

## Appendix A Classical transcendental solutions of the Painlevé IV equation

### A.1 The symmetric form of the Painlevé IV equation

The symmetric form of PIV is given by

$$\begin{array}{c}f_0^{}=f_0(f_1f_2)+\alpha _0,\hfill \\ f_1^{}=f_1(f_2f_0)+\alpha _1,\hfill \\ f_2^{}=f_2(f_0f_1)+\alpha _2,\hfill \end{array}^{}=\frac{d}{dt},$$
(A.1)
with the normalization conditions $`\alpha _0+\alpha _1+\alpha _2=1`$ and $`f_0+f_1+f_2=t`$. The correspondence to the canonical variables and parameters of SIV is given by

$$q=f_1,p=f_2,\kappa _0=\alpha _1,\theta _{\mathrm{}}=\alpha _2.$$
(A.2)
The Bäcklund transformations of PIV are described as follows,

$$\begin{array}{ccc}s_i(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i,\hfill & s_i(\alpha _j)=\alpha _j+\alpha _i(j=i\pm 1),\hfill & \pi (\alpha _j)=\alpha _{j+1},\hfill \\ s_i(f_i)=f_i,\hfill & s_i(f_j)=f_j\pm \frac{\alpha _i}{f_i}(j=i\pm 1),\hfill & \pi (f_j)=f_{j+1},\hfill \end{array}$$
(A.3)
where the subscripts $`i=0,1,2`$ are understood as elements of $`/3`$. The Hamiltonians $`h_i`$ of the system (A.1) are given by

$$h_0=f_0f_1f_2+\frac{\alpha _1\alpha _2}{3}f_0+\frac{\alpha _1+2\alpha _2}{3}f_1\frac{2\alpha _1+\alpha _2}{3}f_2,$$
(A.4)
and $`h_i=\pi ^i(h_0)`$. Introducing the $`\tau `$-functions $`\tau _i`$ as $`h_i=(\mathrm{log}\tau _i)^{}`$, we find that the Bäcklund transformations for the $`\tau `$-functions are described by

$$s_i(\tau _j)=\tau _j(ij),s_i(\tau _i)=f_i\frac{\tau _{i1}\tau _{i+1}}{\tau _i},\pi (\tau _i)=\tau _{i+1}.$$
(A.5)
The $`f`$-variables are recovered from the $`\tau `$-functions by

$$f_i=\frac{\tau _is_i(\tau _i)}{\tau _{i1}\tau _{i+1}}=\frac{d}{dt}\mathrm{log}\frac{\tau _{i1}}{\tau _{i+1}}+\frac{t}{3}.$$
(A.6)
Let us define the translation operators $`T_i`$ by

$$T_1=\pi s_2s_1,T_2=s_1\pi s_2,T_0=s_2s_1\pi ,$$
(A.7)
which commute with each other and act on the parameters $`\alpha _i`$ as

$$T_i(\alpha _{i1})=\alpha _{i1}+1,T_i(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i1,T_i(\alpha _j)=\alpha _j(ji1,i).$$
(A.8)
Noting that $`T_1T_2T_0=1`$, we set

$$\tau _{k,l}=T_1^kT_2^l(\tau _0),k,l.$$
(A.9)
Then, we have from (A.6)

$$\begin{array}{c}T_1^kT_2^l(f_0)=\frac{\tau _{k,l}\tau _{k+2,l+1}}{\tau _{k+1,l+1}\tau _{k+1,l}}=\frac{d}{dt}\mathrm{log}\frac{\tau _{k+1,l+1}}{\tau _{k+1,l}}+\frac{t}{3},\hfill \\ T_1^kT_2^l(f_1)=\frac{\tau _{k+1,l}\tau _{k,l+1}}{\tau _{k,l}\tau _{k+1,l+1}}=\frac{d}{dt}\mathrm{log}\frac{\tau _{k,l}}{\tau _{k+1,l+1}}+\frac{t}{3},\hfill \\ T_1^kT_2^l(f_2)=\frac{\tau _{k+1,l+1}\tau _{k,l1}}{\tau _{k+1,l}\tau _{k,l}}=\frac{d}{dt}\mathrm{log}\frac{\tau _{k+1,l}}{\tau _{k,l}}+\frac{t}{3}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(A.10)
It is possible to derive the Toda equation with respect to each translation operator. For the $`T_1`$-direction, we have

$$\tau _{k+1,l}\tau _{k1,l}=\left[(\mathrm{log}\tau _{k,l})^{\prime \prime }+\frac{2\alpha _1+\alpha _22k+l}{3}\right]\tau _{k,l}\tau _{k,l}.$$
(A.11)
### A.2 A Riccati solution

We derive a Riccati solution of (A.1). First, we set $`\alpha _0=0`$ and $`f_0=0`$. Then, $`f_1`$ satisfies a Riccati equation

$$f_1^{}=f_1(tf_1)+\alpha _1.$$
(A.12)
By the dependent variable transformation $`f_1=(\mathrm{log}\phi )^{}+\frac{t}{2}`$, we have for $`\phi `$ the linear equation

$$\left(\frac{d^2}{dt^2}\alpha _1+\frac{1}{2}\frac{t^2}{4}\right)\phi =0,$$
(A.13)
which is nothing but Weber’s differential equation. We set $`\alpha _1=\nu ()`$. Then, the general solution of (A.13) is expressed by

$$\phi =c_1\frac{D_\nu (t)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\nu +1)}+c_2\mathrm{\Gamma }(\nu )D_\nu (t),$$
(A.14)
where $`c_i(i=1,2)`$ are arbitrary complex constants. By using the contiguity relations of the hyperbolic cylinder function, we obtain the following proposition.

###### Proposition A.1

We define the function $`\phi _{\nu k}`$ by (4.41). Then,

$$(f_0,f_1,f_2)=(0,\frac{\phi _{\nu 1}}{\phi _\nu },(\nu +1)\frac{\phi _{\nu +1}}{\phi _\nu }),(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2)=(0,\nu ,\nu +1),$$
(A.15)
gives a Riccati solution of the symmetric form of PIV.

### A.3 A Determinant formula for a family of classical transcendental solutions

First, we calculate the Hamiltonians and $`\tau `$-functions for the Riccati solution in Proposition A.1. Under the specialization (A.15), the Hamiltonians and $`\tau `$-functions are calculated as

$$h_0=\frac{\phi _\nu ^{}}{\phi _\nu }+\frac{\nu +\frac{1}{2}}{3}t,h_1=\frac{\nu +1}{3}t,h_2=\frac{\nu }{3}t,$$
(A.16)
and

$$\begin{array}{c}\tau _0=\tau _{0,0}=\phi _\nu \mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{\nu +\frac{1}{2}}{6}t^2\right),\tau _1=\tau _{1,0}=\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{\nu +1}{6}t^2\right),\tau _2=\tau _{1,1}=\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{\nu }{6}t^2\right),\hfill \\ s_0(\tau _0)=\tau _{2,1}=0,\hfill \\ s_1(\tau _1)=\tau _{0,1}=\phi _{\nu 1}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{\nu \frac{1}{2}}{6}t^2\right),s_2(\tau _2)=\tau _{0,1}=(\nu +1)\phi _{\nu +1}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{\nu +\frac{3}{2}}{6}t^2\right),\hfill \end{array}$$
(A.17)
up to multiplication by some constants, respectively. Introducing the functions $`\sigma _{k,l}`$ by

$$\tau _{k,l}=\sigma _{k,l}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{\nu +2kl1}{6}t^2\right),$$
(A.18)
we see that

$$\sigma _{2,l}=0,\sigma _{1,l}=\text{const.},\sigma _{0,l}=(\text{const.})\times e^{\frac{t^2}{4}}\phi _{\nu l}.$$
(A.19)
Moreover, we set

$$\sigma _{k,l}=\omega _{k,l}\rho _{k,l},\omega _{k,l}=\omega _{k,l}(\nu ),$$
(A.20)
with $`\rho _{1,l}=1`$ and $`\rho _{0,l}=e^{\frac{t^2}{4}}\phi _{\nu l}`$, and impose that the constants $`\omega _{k,l}`$ satisfy

$$\omega _{k+1,l}\omega _{k1,l}=\omega _{k,l}^2.$$
(A.21)
From the Toda equation (A.11), the function $`\rho _{k,l}`$ are determined by

$$\rho _{k+1,l}\rho _{k1,l}=\rho _{k,l}^{\prime \prime }\rho _{k,l}(\rho _{k,l}^{})^2,$$
(A.22)
with the initial conditions

$$\rho _{2,l}=0,\rho _{1,l}=1,\rho _{0,l}=e^{\frac{t^2}{4}}\phi _{\nu l}.$$
(A.23)
By Darboux’s formula, the functions $`\rho _{1n,l}`$ for $`n_0`$ are expressed as

$$\rho _{1n,l}=\left|\begin{array}{cccc}\rho _{0,l}^{(0)}& \rho _{0,l}^{(1)}& \mathrm{}& \rho _{0,l}^{(n1)}\\ \rho _{0,l}^{(1)}& \rho _{0,l}^{(2)}& \mathrm{}& \rho _{0,l}^{(n)}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ \rho _{0,l}^{(n1)}& \rho _{0,l}^{(n)}& \mathrm{}& \rho _{0,l}^{(2n2)}\end{array}\right|,\rho _{0,l}^{(i)}=\left(\frac{d}{dt}\right)^i\rho _{0,l}.$$
(A.24)
Note that the constants $`\omega _{k,l}`$ are determined by the recurrence relations (A.21) and

$$\omega _{i,l+1}\omega _{i,l1}=(\nu +1l)\omega _{i,l}^2,$$
(A.25)
with the initial conditions $`\omega _{i,0}=\omega _{i,1}=1(i=0,1)`$. Since it is possible to set $`l=0`$ without loss of generality, we obtain the following theorem.

###### Theorem A.2

We define the functions $`\tau _n^{\nu k}`$ by (4.43). Then,

$$\begin{array}{c}f_0=\frac{\tau _{n+1}^\nu \tau _{n1}^{\nu 1}}{\tau _n^{\nu 1}\tau _n^\nu }=\frac{d}{dt}\mathrm{log}\frac{\tau _n^{\nu 1}}{\tau _n^\nu },\hfill \\ f_1=\frac{\tau _n^\nu \tau _{n+1}^{\nu 1}}{\tau _{n+1}^\nu \tau _n^{\nu 1}}=\frac{d}{dt}\mathrm{log}\frac{\tau _{n+1}^\nu }{\tau _n^{\nu 1}},\hfill \\ f_2=(\nu +1)\frac{\tau _n^{\nu 1}\tau _{n+1}^{\nu +1}}{\tau _n^\nu \tau _{n+1}^\nu }=\frac{d}{dt}\mathrm{log}\frac{\tau _n^\nu }{\tau _{n+1}^\nu }+t,\hfill \end{array}$$
(A.26)
$$(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2)=(n,\nu +n,\nu +1),$$
(A.27)
and

$$q=\frac{\tau _n^\nu \tau _{n+1}^{\nu 1}}{\tau _{n+1}^\nu \tau _n^{\nu 1}}=\frac{d}{dt}\mathrm{log}\frac{\tau _{n+1}^\nu }{\tau _n^{\nu 1}},p=(\nu +1)\frac{\tau _n^{\nu 1}\tau _{n+1}^{\nu +1}}{\tau _n^\nu \tau _{n+1}^\nu }=\frac{d}{dt}\mathrm{log}\frac{\tau _n^\nu }{\tau _{n+1}^\nu }+t,$$
(A.28)
$$\kappa _0=\nu +n,\theta _{\mathrm{}}=\nu 1,$$
(A.29)
gives a family of classical transcendental solutions of the symmetric form of PIV and the Hamiltonian system SIV, respectively.


format: text

text:
# Resolution of the pion puzzle: the QCD string in Nambu-Goldstone mesons

## 1 Introduction

The basic puzzle of the pion is that it is massless in the chiral limit as a Nambu-Goldstone (NG) boson, while it contains necessarily (because of confinement) a piece of the QCD string, weighting 1 GeV per 1 fm, i.e. around 0.6 GeV for its size. A naive quark model tells that pion differs from the $`\rho `$ meson only by spin-spin interaction, and a natural mass estimate, neglecting the NG mechanism, would give $`m_\pi 0.4`$ GeV. A similar consideration with some larger (by 200-300 MeV) resulting mass holds also for kaon. A question arises: what is the explicit cancellation mechanism which provides the vanishing pion mass (in the chiral limit).

To get a hint to the solution of the puzzle one may consider the NJL  or the instanton model , where the pion mass indeed vanishes in the chiral limit, while the constituent quark mass occurs due to the specific four-quark interaction.

However in both models confinement is absent and in a sense the puzzle stated in the title also disappears. One can reformulate the problem with the Nambu-Goldstone mechanism saying, that in NJL and instanton model the natural scale of meson mass is the twice the constituent mass, i.e. around 0.6 GeV, while the NG meson in the pion channel has zero mass. Indeed in both models one can use relations for the constituent mass to prove that the denominator of the pion Green’s function vanishes at zero momentum.

The situation in QCD is more complicated, however. The four-quark interaction, basic for the spontaneous Chiral Symmetry Breaking (CSB), occurs in QCD due to confinement (i.e. due to the presence of specific gluon-field correlators) and is associated with the QCD string ,. Therefore all quarks and antiquarks are connected by the strings and the notion of a free quark with the constituent mass is not possible in QCD. Nevertheless one can do the bosonization of the four-quark term and as a result one obtains effective scalar and pseudoscalar fields from bilinear $`q\overline{q}`$ combinations .

The specific feature of the confining QCD phase is that the scalar field condensate is in the QCD string (scalar confining interaction in the effective operator), and defines quark mass operator $`\widehat{M}`$.

The outcome of this approach is the quark-meson effective Lagrangian $`L_{QML}`$ and the effective chiral Lagrangian $`L_{ECL}`$, containing only effective meson fields. In  these Lagrangians have been derived in the simplifying situation when light quarks are moving in the field of the heavy antiquark. Below we derive $`L_{QML}`$ and $`L_{ECL}`$ in a most general situation without heavy sources. Moreover we expand $`L_{ECL}`$ in powers of pionic fields and demonstrate the vanishing of the pion mass in the chiral limit due to cancellation of two terms in the Green’s function. For nonzero quark masses we recover the Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner relation (GOR) for the pion mass.

To study the interrelation between the quark and chiral degrees of freedom, the total Greens function is written in the PS channel which contains both nonchiral meson poles (as obtained e.g. from the QCD string Hamitonian , or quark potential models) and the pion chiral propagator poles. It is shown that due to the interplay between both types of poles the lowest $`q\overline{q}`$ nonchiral pole is replaced by the chiral pion pole, while all others are slightly shifted downwards (”the chiral shift”) starting with the first radially excited pion state. In this nontrivial and remarkable way one recovers the experimental spectrum in the whole pion channel.

The paper is organized as follows. In the next section we derive $`L_{QML}`$ and $`L_{ECL}`$ following the procedure outlined in . In section 3 the pion quadratic terms in $`L_{ECL}`$ are discussed and GOR relations are derived. In section 4 the $`q\overline{q}`$ Green’s function is written in the PS channel and its pole structure is investigated in detail and compared to the experimental spectrum of the pion and its radial excitations. In section 5 the situation in the pion channel is compared to the vector channel, while section 6 contains discussion and possible development of this approach.

## 2  Effective quark Lagrangian

As was discussed in the previous section, one can obtain effective quark Lagrangian by averaging over background gluonic fields. We shall repeat this procedure following  now paying special attention to the case of light quarks. The QCD partition function for quarks and gluons can be written as

$$Z=DAD\psi D\psi ^+\mathrm{exp}[L_0+L_1+L_{\mathrm{int}}]$$
(1)
where we are using Euclidean metric and define

$$L_0=\frac{1}{4}d^4x(F_{\mu \nu }^a)^2,$$
(2)
$$L_1=i{}_{}{}^{f}\psi _{}^{+}(x)(\widehat{}+m_f){}_{}{}^{f}\psi (x)d^4x,$$
(3)
$$L_{\mathrm{int}}={}_{}{}^{f}\psi _{}^{+}(x)g\widehat{A}(x){}_{}{}^{f}\psi (x)d^4x.$$
(4)
Here and in what follows $`{}_{}{}^{f}\psi _{a\alpha }^{}`$ denotes quark operator with flavour $`f`$, color $`a`$ and bispinor index $`\alpha `$.

To express $`A_\mu (x)`$ through $`F_{\mu \nu }`$ one can use the generalized contour gauge  with the contour $`C(x)`$ from the point $`x`$ to $`x_0`$, which can also lie at infinity,

$$A_\mu (x)=_CF_{\lambda \beta }(z)\frac{z_\beta (s,x)}{x_\mu }\frac{z_\lambda }{s}𝑑s.$$
(5)
Now one can integrate out gluonic field $`A_\mu (x)`$. One obtains

$$Z=D\psi D\psi ^+\mathrm{exp}\{L_1+L_{\mathrm{eff}}\}$$
(6)
where the effective quark Lagrangian $`L_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ is defined as

$$\mathrm{exp}L_{\mathrm{eff}}=\mathrm{exp}{}_{}{}^{f}\psi _{}^{+}\widehat{A}{}_{}{}^{f}\psi d^4x_A.$$
(7)
Using cluster expansion $`L_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ can be written as an infinite sum containing averages $`(\widehat{A})^k_A`$. At this point one can exploit the Gaussian approximation, neglecting all correlators $`(\widehat{A})^k`$ for degrees higher than $`k=2`$. Numerical accuracy of this approximation was discussed in  and tested in . One expects that for static quarks corrections to Gaussian approximation amount to less than 1%.

The resulting effective Lagrangian is quartic in $`\psi `$,

$$L_{\mathrm{eff}}^{(4)}=\frac{1}{2N_c}d^4xd^4y^f\psi _{a\alpha }^+(x){}_{}{}^{f}\psi _{b\beta }^{}(x){}_{}{}^{g}\psi _{b\gamma }^{+}(y){}_{}{}^{g}\psi _{a\delta }^{}(y)J_{\alpha \beta ;\gamma \delta }(x,y)+O(\psi ^6),$$
(8)
$$J_{\alpha \beta ,\gamma \delta }(x,y)=(\gamma _\mu )_{\alpha \beta }(\gamma _\nu )_{\gamma \delta }J_{\mu \nu }(x,y)$$
(9)
and $`J_{\mu \nu }`$ is expressed as

$$J_{\mu \nu }(x,y)=g^2_C^x\frac{u_\omega }{x_\mu }𝑑u_\epsilon _C^y\frac{v_\omega ^{}}{y_\nu }𝑑v_\epsilon ^{}\frac{tr}{N_c}F_{\epsilon \omega }(u)F_{\epsilon ^{}\omega ^{}}(v).$$
(10)
$`L_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ (8) is written in the contour gauge .

It can be identically rewritten in the gauge–invariant form if one substitutes parallel transporters $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x,x_0),\mathrm{\Phi }(y,x_0)`$ (identically equal to unity in this gauge) into (8) and (10), multiplying each $`\psi (x)`$ and $`\psi (y)`$ respectively and in (10) replacing $`F(u)`$ by $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x_0,u)F(u)\mathrm{\Phi }(u,x_0)`$ and similarly for $`F(v)`$.

After that $`L_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ becomes gauge–invariant, but in general contour–dependent, if one keeps only the quartic term (8), and neglects all higher terms. The final results of this paper do not depend on the choice of the contour (more discussion of the contour fixation is given in Appendix 1 of this paper).

Till this point we have made only one approximation –neglected all field correlators except the Gaussian one. Now one must do another approximation –assume large $`N_c`$ expansion and keep the lowest term. As was shown in  this enables one to replace in (8) the colorless product

$${}_{}{}^{f}\psi _{b}^{}(x){}_{}{}^{g}\psi _{b}^{+}(y)=tr({}_{}{}^{f}\psi (x)\mathrm{\Phi }(x,x_0)\mathrm{\Phi }(x_0,y){}_{}{}^{g}\psi _{}^{+}(y))$$

by the quark Green’s function

$${}_{}{}^{f}\psi _{b\beta }^{}(x){}_{}{}^{g}\psi _{b\gamma }^{+}(y)\delta _{fg}N_cS_{\beta \gamma }(x,y)$$
(11)
and $`L_{\mathrm{eff}}^{(4)}`$ assumes the form

$$L_{\mathrm{eff}}^{(4)}=id^4xd^4y{}_{}{}^{f}\psi _{a\alpha }^{+}(x){}_{}{}^{f}M_{\alpha \delta }^{}(x,y){}_{}{}^{f}\psi _{a\delta }^{}(y)$$
(12)
where the quark mass operator is

$${}_{}{}^{f}M_{\alpha \delta }^{}(x,y)=iJ_{\mu \nu }(x,y)(\gamma _\mu {}_{}{}^{f}S(x,y)\gamma _\nu )_{\alpha \delta }.$$
(13)
From (6), (12) it is evident that $`{}_{}{}^{f}S`$ satisfies the equation

$$(i\widehat{}_xim_f){}_{}{}^{f}S(x,y)i{}_{}{}^{f}M(x,z)d^4z{}_{}{}^{f}S(z,y)=\delta ^{(4)}(xy).$$
(14)
Equations (13), (14) have been first derived in . From (6) and (12) one can realize that at large $`N_c`$ the $`q\overline{q}`$ and $`3q`$ dynamics is expressed through the quark mass operator (13), which should contain both confinement and CSB.

At this point it is necessary to stress the important difference of the equations (13), (14) from the standard Dyson-Schwinger equations. In contrast to the latter the mass operator $`{}_{}{}^{f}M`$ and the quark Green’s function $`S`$ are not one-body operators, but contain the string in the kernel $`J_{\mu \nu }(x,y).`$ The string extends from the midpoint of $`(x,y)`$ to the point $`x_0`$ (the distance $`(xy)`$ is of the order of $`T_g`$ \- the gluon correlation length of the correlator $`F(u)F(v)`$ in (10), which defines the width of the QCD string ). It is convenient to specialize the contour $`C(x,x_0)`$ of the contour gauge (5) in such a way that it passes from the point $`x`$ to the trajectory of the center of mass of a gauge-invariant system, e.g. of the $`\overline{q}q`$ meson. Then the string in the mass operator of the quark $`M_q`$ extends from $`x`$ to the c.m. position of $`(\overline{q}q)`$, while the string in $`M_{\overline{q}}`$ extends from the position of antiquark to the c.m. position. In  the antiquark was taken to be infinitely heavy, so that one could consider only one string in $`M_q`$.

Nonlinear equations (13), (14) have been studied in  and it was shown that there is a solution with the scalar confining interaction for $`{}_{}{}^{f}M(x,y)`$, which implies CSB, and in  first estimates were given for the chiral condensate $`\overline{q}q`$, $`\overline{q}qc\sigma ^{3/2},c=0.5÷0.7`$ depending on the nonlocality of the mass operator $`{}_{}{}^{f}M`$, however convergence of the series defining the constant $`c`$ was rather slow.

To discuss the NG modes and the CSB effects in more detail, we shall use the bosonization method of  in our general setting. The only difference from  is that we are using the most general contour gauge (5) with the contour prescription for the final gauge-invariant quantity (like Green’s function), which ensures the minimal area worldsheet for the string and hence for the total action of the system.

Now instead of the large $`N_c`$ substitution (11) one can do the bosonization of the 4q Lagrangian (8) in the same way as it was done in  for the heavy-light meson case. Leaving details to the Appendix 2, one can write the resulting quark-meson Lagrangian for $`n_f=2`$ keeping only scalar-isoscalar and pionic effective fields as follows

$$L_{QML}=d^4xd^4y\{{}_{}{}^{f}\psi _{a\alpha }^{+}(x)[(i\widehat{}+im_f)_{\alpha \beta }\delta _{fg}\delta ^{(4)}(xy)+iM_{\alpha \beta }^{(fg)}(x,y)]^g\psi _{a\beta }(y)$$

$$[\chi ^{(0,S)}(x,y)\chi ^{(0,S)}(y,x)+\chi _a^{(1,PS)}(x,y)\chi _a^{1,PS)}(y,x)]J(x,y)\}$$
(15)
where $`M`$ is

$$M_{\alpha \beta }^{(fg)}(x,y)=(\chi ^{(0,S)}(x,y)\delta _{a\beta }t_{fg}^{(0)}+\chi _a^{(1,PS)}(x,y)(i\gamma _5)_{\alpha \beta }t_{fg}^{(a)})J(x,y)$$
(16)
It is convenient to use another parametrization of the pionic field replacing $`\chi ^{(0,S)}`$ and $`\chi _a^{(1,PS)}`$ by $`M_S`$ and $`\varphi _a`$

$$M_{\alpha \beta }^{(fg)}(x,y)=M_S(x,y)\mathrm{exp}(i\gamma _5t^a\varphi _a(x,y))_{\alpha \beta }^{(fg)}M_S(x,y)\widehat{U}(x,y).$$
(17)
Then (15) can be rewritten as

$$L_{QML}=d^4xd^4y\{{}_{}{}^{f}\psi _{a\alpha }^{+}(x)[(i\widehat{}+im_f)_{\alpha \beta }\delta ^{(4)}(xy)\delta _{fg}+$$

$$iM_S\widehat{U}_{\alpha \beta }^{(fg)}(x,y)]{}_{}{}^{g}\psi _{a\beta }^{}(y)2n_f[J(x,y)]^1M_S^2(x,y)\}.$$
(18)
The partition function with $`L_{QML}`$ assumes the form

$$Z=D\psi D\psi ^+DM_SD\varphi _a\mathrm{exp}L_{QML}.$$
(19)
One can integrate over quark fields in (19) yielding the effective chiral Lagrangian $`L_{ECL}`$

$$Z=DM_SD\varphi _a\mathrm{exp}L_{ECL}$$
(20)
where it is assumed that $`L_{ECL}`$ is considered in the nonsinglet channels and therefore the chiral anomaly contribution can be neglected. $`L_{ECL}`$ has the form

$$L_{ECL}=2n_fd^4xd^4y(J(x,y))^1M_S^2(x,y)+N_ctr\mathrm{log}[(i\widehat{}+im_f)\widehat{1}+iM_S\widehat{U}].$$
(21)
Here $`tr`$ refers to the flavour, Lorentz indices and coordinates, and $`\widehat{1}_{fg}=\delta _{fg}`$, and the expression in the square brackets in (21) is the $`n_f\times n_f`$ matrix. To find the minimum of $`L_{ECL}`$ as a functional of $`M_S,\varphi _a`$ one obtains the stationary point equations yielding

$$\frac{\delta L_{ECL}}{\delta M_S(x,y)}=4n_f(J(x,y))^1M_S(x,y)N_ctr(S_\varphi ie^{i\gamma _5\widehat{\varphi }})=0,$$
(22)
$$\frac{\delta L_{ECL}}{\delta \varphi _a(x,y)}=N_ctr(S_\varphi M_Se^{i\gamma _5\widehat{\varphi }}\gamma _5t_a)=0,$$
(23)
where $`S_\varphi =[(i\widehat{}+im_f)\widehat{1}+iM_S\widehat{U}]^1`$. The solutions of (22), (23) are $`\varphi _a^{(0)}=0,M_S=M_S^{(0)},`$ where $`M_S^{(0)}`$ satisfies relation

$$iM_S^{(0)}(x,y)=\frac{N_c}{4}tr(SJ(x,y))=(\gamma _\mu S\gamma _\nu )_{sc}J_{\mu \nu }(x,y)$$
(24)
and the subscript $`sc`$ implies taking the Lorentz scalar part of the operator and $`SS_\varphi (\varphi _a=0)`$. Note that eq. (24) coincides with (13) if one neglects in $`M_S`$ , as we have done before, all terms except scalars.

This remarkable feature demonstrates a completely new meaning of the scalar condensate in QCD: while in nonconfining models like NJL or instanton model the scalar condensate like Higgs condensate is constant everywhere, in QCD the scalar condensate is concentrated in the string - i.e. in $`M_S(x,y)`$ \- and is actually the dominant part of the string itself.

This is of course the consequence of the fact, that in QCD the chiral symmetry breaking is due to confinement, and the effective meson fields are nonzero just where the confining kernel $`M_S(x,y)`$ is present.

## 3 The pion mass

In this section it will be proved that the pion is massless as it should be for the Nambu-Goldstone meson in the chiral limit and that for nonzero quark mass one has the Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner relation . To this end we consider the pionic part of the $`L_{ECL}`$ (21) and expand it in powers of the pionic field $`\varphi _a`$ up to the second order.

One has

$$W(\varphi )N_ctr\mathrm{log}[(i\widehat{}+im_f)\widehat{1}+iM_S\widehat{U}]=$$

$$N_ctr\mathrm{log}[(i\widehat{}+im_f+iM_S)\widehat{1}+\mathrm{\Delta }]=$$

$$N_ctr\mathrm{log}((i\widehat{}+im_f+iM_S)\widehat{1})+N_ctr[(i+im_f+iM_S)^1\mathrm{\Delta }]$$

$$\frac{1}{2}N_ctr[(i\widehat{}+im_f+iM_S)^1\mathrm{\Delta }(i\widehat{}+im_f+iM_S)^1\mathrm{\Delta }].$$
(25)
Here $`\mathrm{\Delta }=(\widehat{\varphi }\gamma _5\frac{i}{2}\widehat{\varphi }^2)M_S,\widehat{\varphi }\varphi _at_a.`$ One can rewrite the quadratic in $`\varphi _a`$ terms as

$$W^{(2)}(\varphi )=\frac{1}{2}\frac{d^4k}{(2\pi )^4}\frac{d^4k^{}}{(2\pi )^4}\varphi _a(k)\widehat{N}(k,k^{})\varphi _a(k^{}).$$
(26)
To simplify derivation we shall neglect the isospin violation and nonlocality, replace $`m_f\frac{m_u+m_d}{2}m`$, and write $`M_S(x,y)M_S(x)\delta ^{(4)}(xy),\varphi _a(x,y)\varphi _a(x)`$. In  it was shown that $`M_S(x,y)`$ indeed has this property at least at large distances, where also $`M_S^{(0)}(x)=\sigma |𝐱|`$.

From (26), (25) one obtains

$$N(k,k^{})=\frac{N_c}{2}dxe^{i(k+k^{})x}tr(\mathrm{\Lambda }M_S)_{xx}+\frac{N_c}{2}d^{(4)}(xy)d^4(\frac{x+y}{2})\times $$

$$e^{\frac{i}{2}(k+k^{})(x+y)+\frac{i}{2}(kk^{})(yx)}tr[\mathrm{\Lambda }(x,y)M_S(y)\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}(y,x)M_S(x)]$$
(27)
where we have defined

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }=(\widehat{}+m+M_S)^1,\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}=(\widehat{}mM_S)^1.$$
(28)
One can use translation invariance of the traces in (27) to rewrite (26) as

$$W^{(2)}(\varphi )=\frac{N_c}{2}\varphi _a(k)\varphi _a(k)\overline{N}(k)\frac{d^{(4)}k}{(2\pi )^4}$$
(29)
with

$$\overline{N}(k)=\frac{1}{2}tr\{(\mathrm{\Lambda }M_S)_0+d^{(4)}ze^{ikz}\mathrm{\Lambda }(0,z)M_S(z)\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}(z,0)M_S(0)\}.$$
(30)
The pion mass is proportional to $`\overline{N}(0)`$, which can be written after some algebraic manipulations as (see Appendix 3 for details of derivation).

$$\overline{N}(0)=\frac{1}{2}tr(\mathrm{\Lambda }M_S\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}(\widehat{}m))=\frac{m}{4}tr(\mathrm{\Lambda }\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }})=\frac{1}{2}mtr\mathrm{\Lambda }+O(m^2).$$
(31)
Note here that in the chiral limit $`m0`$, one has $`m_\pi ^2N(0,0)=0`$. In all calculations resulting in (30), (31) the use is done of the reflection symmetry, which allows to replace $`(\widehat{})`$ by $`(\widehat{})`$. A similar calculation was done earlier in  where instantons have been used to create the four-quark operators in the background of gluon fields, but the phenomenon of the CSB due to confinement was absent.

Since the quark condensate as defined in the Minkowskian space-time $`\psi \overline{\psi }_M`$ is connected to $`tr\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ as

$$\psi \overline{\psi }_M=i\psi \psi ^+_E=iN_ctrS(x,y)=N_ctr\mathrm{\Lambda }$$
(32)
one has for the pion mass with the usual normalization $`\varphi _a=\frac{2\pi _a}{f_\pi },f_\pi =93MeV,`$

$$2m_\pi ^2f_\pi ^2=(m_u+m_d)|\psi \overline{\psi }_M|=(m_u+m_d)|\overline{u}u+\overline{d}d|$$
(33)
which in the standard Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner relation .

## 4 The pion Green’s function

To obtain the pion Green’s function one can use the partition function (19) to calculate the correlator of the PS currents $`J_a^{(5)}(x)=\psi ^+(x)\gamma _5t_a\psi (x)`$,

$$G_{ab}(x,y)=\frac{1}{Z}D\psi D\psi ^+DM_SD\varphi \mathrm{exp}(L_{QML}^{(2)})J_a^{(5)}(x)J_b^{(5)}(y).$$
(34)
Integrating over $`D\psi D\psi ^+`$ one gets the standard expression

$$G_{ab}(x,y)=\frac{1}{Z}DM_SD\varphi e^{L_{ECL}^{(2)}}\{Tr[S_\varphi (x,y)\gamma _5t_bS_\varphi (y,x)\gamma _5t_a]$$

$$Tr(S_\varphi (x,x)\gamma _5t_a)Tr(S_\varphi (y,y)\gamma _5t_b)\}$$
(35)
where $`S(x,y)`$ is defined in (23) and depends on $`M_S`$ and $`\varphi _a`$. Our following discussion is similar in some respect to the line of reasoning in , however instantons are omitted in (35) since the CSB occurs due to confinement, as it is demonstrated above explicitly by Eq. (24).

Eq. (35) contains two terms with one and two trace operators in the curly brackets, which can be called the connected and and the disconnected terms respectively. The integration over $`DM_S`$ can be done using the stationary condition (24), while for the integration in $`D\varphi `$ one expands $`L_{ECL}^{(2)}`$ in $`\varphi _a`$ around the stationary point $`\varphi _a^{(0)}=0`$ keeping the second order terms. In what follows $`M_S`$ will be replaced by the stationary point value $`M_S^{(0)}`$ without changing notation. Using now the expansion for $`S_\varphi `$

$$S_\varphi (x,y)=S(x,y)+S(x,z)M_S\gamma _5\widehat{\varphi }(z)S(z,y)+O(\varphi ^2)$$
(36)
and noticing that $`\varphi _a=2\pi _a/f_\pi `$ and $`f_\pi =O(N_c^{1/2})`$, one can deduce that the emission or absorption of the pion contains a factor $`N_c^{1/2}`$, or in other words, the coupling constant $`g_{\pi q\overline{q}}=O(N_c^{1/2})`$. Therefore in the large $`N_c`$ limit one should take into account the lowest number of pion exchanges and we shall neglect pion fields in the connected term in (35), replacing $`S_\varphi `$ by $`SS_\varphi (\varphi =0)`$, and keeping only the first order term (36) in the disconnected term of (35). Integrating now over $`D\varphi `$, one obtains from both terms the contribution, proportional to $`N_c`$

$$G_{ab}(x,y)=N_cG_{ab}^{(0)}(x,y)\frac{N_c^2}{f_\pi ^2}G_{ac}^{(M)}(x,z)G_\pi ^{(0)}(z,u)G_{cb}^{(M)}(u,y)$$
(37)
where we have defined

$$G_{ab}^{(0)}(x,y)\frac{1}{2}G^{(0)}\delta _{ab}tr[S(x,y)\gamma _5t_bS(y,x)\gamma _5t_a]$$
(38)
$$G_{ab}^{(M)}(x,y)\frac{1}{2}G^{(M)}\delta _{ab}tr[\gamma _5t_aS(x,y)M_S\gamma _5t_bS(y,x)]$$
(39)
$$G_\pi ^{(0)}(x,y)=\frac{d^4k}{(2\pi )^4}\frac{e^{ik(xy)}f_\pi ^2}{N_c\overline{N}(k)},$$
(40)
and the sign $`tr`$ implies Lorentz, flavour and coordinate summation (integration).

Therefore the total Green’s function looks like

$$G(x,y)=N_c\{G^{(0)}(x,y)\frac{N_c}{2f_\pi ^2}G^{(M)}(x,z)G_\pi ^{(0)}(z,u)G^{(M)}(u,y)\}.$$
(41)
Using (30) and going over to the momentum space one has

$$G(k)=N_c\{G^{(0)}(k)\frac{G^{(M)}(k)G^{(M)}(k)}{G^{(MM)}(k)+tr(\mathrm{\Lambda }M_S)}\}.$$
(42)
Here $`G^{(MM)}(k)tr(SM_S\gamma _5SM_S\gamma _5)_k`$, where the subscript $`k`$ implies the Fourier transform which according to (31) is

$$\overline{N}(k)=\frac{1}{2}(G^{(MM)}(k)+tr(\mathrm{\Lambda }M_S))=(m_\pi ^2+k^2)\frac{f_\pi ^2}{4N_c}+0(k^4).$$
(43)
Therefore (42) contains the pion pole in the second term on the r.h.s. of (42).

The question arises what happens with the poles of $`G^{(0)}(k)`$. Actually here appears the lowest pole in the PS channel, which one can call the Quark Model (QM) pion, usually situated around 400 MeV. This pole is present in all three Green’s functions $`G^{(0)}(k),G^{(M)}(k)`$ and $`G^{(MM)}(k)`$, and if one contracts all $`M_S`$ factors in the numerator and denominator of (42), one can easily see that the QM pole is cancelled between the first and the second term in the curly brackets.

To make this cancellation more transparent one can again use the large $`N_c`$ argument and to represent $`G^{(0)}(k),G^{(M)}(k)`$ and $`G^{(MM)}(k)`$ as series of poles, e.g.

$$G^{(0)}(k)=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{c_n^2}{k^2+m_n^2},G^{(M)}(k)=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{c_nc_n^{(M)}}{k^2+m_n^2},G^{(MM)}(k)=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(c_n^{(M)})^2}{k^2+m_n^2}$$
(44)
where $`c_n^{(M)}`$ differs from $`c_n`$ by the presence of the operator $`M`$ inside the matrix element, at the initial or final point of the Green’s function, e.g. for $`G^{(MM)}(k)`$

$$G^{(MM)}(k)=tr(\gamma _5M_S(x)S(x,y)\gamma _5M_S(y)S(y,x))e^{ik(xy)}d(xy).$$
(45)
The presence of the scalar quasilocal in time operator $`M_S(x)`$ cannot change the spectrum of bound states in $`G^{(M)}(k)`$ and $`G^{(MM)}(k)`$ as compared to $`G^{(0)}(k)`$ where operators $`M_S(x)`$ are absent, and therefore all three functions should have the same set of poles.

Now the vanishing of $`\overline{N}(0)`$ for $`m=0`$ implies that in the chiral limit one can write the denominator in (42) as

$$G^{(MM)}(k)+tr\mathrm{\Lambda }M_S=G^{(MM)}(k)G^{(MM)}(0)=k^2\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(c_n^{(M)})^2}{(m_n^2+k^2)m_n^2}.$$
(46)
Hence the total Green’s function can be written as (in the chiral limit, $`m0`$).

$$G(k)=\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }(k)}{k^2\mathrm{\Phi }(k)},$$
(47)
where

$$\mathrm{\Psi }(k)=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{c_n}{k^2+m_n^2}\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{[c_n(c_k^{(M)})^2\frac{k^2}{m_k^2}+c_n^{(M)}c_kc_k^{(M)}]}{k^2+m_k^2},$$
(48)
$$\mathrm{\Phi }(k)=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(c_n^M)^2}{m_n^2(k^2+m_n^2)}.$$
(49)
From the structure of (47) one can easily see, that double poles at $`k^2=m_n^2`$ are cancelled in $`\mathrm{\Psi }(k)`$, so that only simple poles are retained, which are compensated by the same poles of $`\mathrm{\Phi }(k)`$, so that the ratio $`\mathrm{\Psi }(k)/\mathrm{\Phi }(k)`$ does not have poles at $`k^2=m_n^2,n=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$

Clearly $`G(k)`$ has a pole at $`k^2=0`$, which is the expected pion pole of the chiral limit, which is shifted to the position $`k^2=m_\pi ^2`$, with $`m_\pi ^2`$ defined in (33). Now the question arises where appears the next pole in $`G(k)`$.

To this end one can take into account the properties of the hadron spectrum in the linearly confining vacuum, found in the vector channel in , and in general in , which are obtained without chiral effects, i.e. exactly pertinent to $`m_n,c_n^{(M)}`$. It was found that the spectrum of radially excited mesons in the large $`N_c`$ limit satisfies approximate relation

$$m_n^24\pi \sigma n+\mathrm{\Delta }m,\mathrm{\Delta }m(J^{PC}=0^+)0.4\mathrm{GeV}$$
(50)
while $`c_n^{(M)}`$ is roughly independent of $`n`$. The latter is due to the fact that $`c_n^{(M)}\psi _n(𝐫=0)`$ and for the linear interaction $`\psi _n(0)`$ does not depend on $`n`$.

Using these properties one can find zeros of $`\mathrm{\Phi }(k)`$ in the $`k^2`$ plane $`k^2=(k^{(0)})^2`$, which correspond to the poles in $`G(k)`$. One has from (49)

$$(k^{(0)})^2=m_1^2(1\delta _1),m_2^2(1\delta _2),\mathrm{}m_n^2(1\delta _n)\mathrm{}$$
(51)
where the chiral shifts of the levels are: $`\delta _1\frac{c_1^2m_0^2(m_1^2m_0^2)}{m_1^2(c_0^2m_1^2+c_1^2m_0^2)},\delta _2O(m_0^2),`$ etc. Hence the first excited pion pole is close to the position of the first excited pole obtained in the quark model approach without taking into account chiral effects. The same is true for higher excited states. It is interesting that the ground QM state with mass $`m_00.4`$ GeV disappears from the total spectrum of the full Green’s function $`G(k)`$, and is replaced by the correct chiral-generated pole at $`m_\pi `$ given in (33). This is exactly what one should expect on physical grounds and it is rewarding that our simple equation (42) reproduces this physically reasonable result.

The calculation of the radially excited states in the framework of the QCD string approach was recently done in . For the first radially excited state the $`1/N_c`$ corrections are not large and the spin-averaged mass was found to be $`\overline{M}_{av}=1.45`$ GeV with $`\sigma =0.18`$ GeV<sup>2</sup> (the only input). The pion mass is shifted downwards by roughly 0.105 GeV due to hyperfine interaction and the resulting theoretical pion mass $`m_1`$ is around 1.35 GeV, which after subtraction of the chiral shift $`\delta _1`$ exactly coincides with the experimental mass value of $`\pi (1300)`$.

## 5 Discussion: photon and pion selfenergy operators

The pion Green’s function

$$G_\pi ^{(0)}(k)\frac{1}{N(k)}\frac{1}{G^{(MM)}(k)G^{(MM)}(0)}$$
(52)
which is obtained from the effective Lagrangian $`L_{ECL}`$, Eq. (21), contains an infinite number of poles in the denominator due to the self-energy operator, the role of the latter being played by $`G^{(MM)}(k)`$. These poles are due to confinement only while chiral effects (pion emission and absorption) are switched off in $`G^{(MM)}(k)`$ (hence the superscript (0)).

Now by construction – and this is the consequence of the spontaneous CSB, in the pion Green’s function only the difference $`G^{(MM)}(k)G^{(MM)}(0)`$ enters in the denominator which is $`O(k^2)`$ in the chiral limit $`(m=0)`$ for $`k0`$.

The situation here is similar to the case of the photon propagator with the self-energy operator due to the hadron intermediate states, as it enters in the process $`e^+e^{}`$ hadrons. Indeed the full transverse photon Green’s function $`D(k^2)`$ can be written as

$$D(k^2)=\frac{4\pi }{k^2𝒫(k^2)},𝒫_{\mu \nu }(k)=(g_{\mu \nu }\frac{k_\mu k_\nu }{k^2})𝒫(k^2)$$
(53)
with the renormalization conditions $`𝒫(k^2=0)=𝒫^{}(k^2=0)=0`$. $`𝒫(k^2)`$ is connected to the vacuum polarization operator $`\mathrm{\Pi }(k^2)`$ via $`𝒫(k^2)e^2k^2\mathrm{\Pi }(k^2)`$, and $`Jm\mathrm{\Pi }(k^2)`$ is proportional to the hadronic ratio $`R(k^2)`$ of the process $`e^+e^{}`$ hadrons.

Using the same reasoning as in , one can express for large $`N_c`$ the operator $`\mathrm{\Pi }(k^2)`$ as a sum over hadronic poles \- radial excitations in the vector channel with masses $`m_n(v)`$, $`\mathrm{\Pi }(k^2)=\frac{a_n}{k^2+m_n^2(v)}`$. As a result, the structure of the photon Green’s function (53) becomes similar to that of the pion Green’s function (52): an infinite sum of poles in the denominator renormalized by subtractions to vanish for $`k=0`$. The latter condition comes from the spontaneous CSB (the NG theorem) in case of the pion and from gauge invariance in case of the photon. It seems that one could use the same Eq. (42) for both cases with similar conclusions for the spectrum.

However at this point the similarity stops. Indeed, in case of the photon, the mixing between photon and vector meson states is governed by $`\alpha =\frac{1}{137}`$ and is small, and the number of states does not change, it consists of all vector meson states plus photon. In this case the vector meson states are shifted only slightly as can be seen from (53) yielding condition for poles; $`\mathrm{\Pi }(k^2)=\frac{const}{e^2}`$ and as a result $`k_n^2=(k_n^{(0)})^2+d_ne^2`$.

In case of the pion, the situation is different; the pion and hadron resonances in the self-energy part are not coupled by a small coupling constant, but rather enter in the denominator with the large coefficient, such that it exactly cancels the lowest hadron state trading it for the chiral pion. Therefore the total spectrum consists of the almost massless pion and all its radial excitations, while the lowest nonchiral state disappears from the spectrum. This is rewarding since the chiral pion is made of the same $`\overline{q}q`$ degrees of freedom as the nonchiral states, and the number of states should not increase because part of states is treated differently.

This is not true for the photon, since the photon has a different nature and origin as compared to hadron states in $`\mathrm{\Pi }(k^2)`$.

## 6 Conclusions and outlook

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First of all, it is necessary to understand for the system of light quarks how confinement spontaneously provides the chiral symmetry breaking. For the heavy-light system this was first shown in  and developed making use of Green’s functions and Dirac formalism. Later in  the same connection between confinement and CSB was established using the familiar bosonization technic, but again for the heavy-light systems. In the present paper the bosonization and the resulting effective chiral Lagrangian is obtained for the light-light systems in Eqs. (18) -(21). It is remarkable, that the stationary point equations (22), (23) yield a nonlinear equation for the mass operator (24), with the self-consistent solution (discussed already in ) containing the scalar string between quark and antiquark. This is similar to the NJL and the instanton models where in absense of confinement also the stationary point solution brings about the scalar condensate - and this appears spontaneously implying CSB. The difference is that in case of confinement this scalar condensate resides not in all space but in strings and also gives CSB.

Another important purpose of the paper is to clarify the problem of the pion mass: while for all other mesons the QCD string approach and also the constituent quark model give a reasonable description of the spectrum, the spectrum of pions (and also of kaons and $`\eta ,\eta ^{})`$ is strikingly different, with the very large mass gap between $`\pi (139)`$ and $`\pi (1300)`$. In the present paper we have derived the total Green’s function in the PS channel, containing both chiral and confining properties. It was shown for the first time that the effective chiral Lagrangian derived directly from the QCD Lagrangian produces the pion mass satisfying the Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner relation. Moreover it was demonstrated that poles of the total Green’s function correspond exactly to the physical picture: namely, the lowest QM pole $`m_0^2`$ moves into the pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone position, while all the higher poles shift only slightly reproducing the experimental picture.

For simplicity reasons only pion was considered above. It is not difficult to extend the formalism to $`SU(3)`$ and to treat $`\eta `$ and kaons, and the pion and kaon Regge-trajectories. The $`\eta ^{}`$ case includes the chiral anomaly and connection to the gluonic (glueball) channel and this study is planned for the future.

Another part of the work, which is still remains not done is the study of the pion wave function and of the role of confinement in its dynamics.

The author is grateful for useful remarks to S.M.Fedorov and N.O.Agasian. This work was done with the support of the grants RFBR – 00-15-96786, INTAS 00-00110 and INTAS 00-00366.

Appendix 1

The gauge-invariant form of (8), (10) obtains by insertion of the parallel transporters $`\mathrm{\Phi }_C(z,x_0)`$ to all $`\psi `$’s in (8) and replacing $`F(z)`$ by $`\mathrm{\Phi }_C(x_0,z)F(z)`$ $`\mathrm{\Phi }_C(z,x_0)`$. The resulting effective $`4q`$ Lagrangian (8) will depend on the shape of the contour $`C`$. It is clear that the whole sum of all-order correlators, $`_{n=4,6\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}L_{eff}^{(n)}L_{eff}`$ does not depend on the shape of $`C`$. So with $`L_{eff}`$ one can choose any contour $`C(x)`$ and in particular to select a contour $`C(x)`$ in such a way as to produce the minimal area surface for the world-sheet of the string, or in the Lagrangian formalism - to form the string (contour) of minimal length between the quark at one end and antiquark on another end of the string.

For this minimal string (minimal area surface) it is legitimate to drop all terms in $`L_{eff}`$ except $`L_{eff}^{(4)}`$, since the difference (for the minimal area), is expected to be of the order of 1%, according to .

A similar problem occurs in the cluster expansion of Wilson loop, when one keeps only lowest correlators, leading to the (erroneous) surface dependence of the result. Note that only for the minimal area surface higher correlators are negligible. Therefore the Gaussian approximation is valid when the minimal area surface is fixed beforehand. Situation here is the same as with the sum of QCD perturbation series, which depends on the normalization mass $`\mu `$ for any finite number of terms in the series. This unphysical dependence is usually treated by fixing $`\mu `$ at some physically reasonable value $`\mu _0`$ (of the order of the inverse size of the system).

Similarly, the physical choice of the contour corresponds to the minimization of the meson (baryon) mass over the class of strings, generated by contours $`C`$ in the same way as the choice of $`\mu =\mu _0`$ corresponds to the minimization of the dropped higher perturbative terms.

As a practical outcome, we shall keep the set of contours $`C`$ till the end and finally use it to minimize the string between the quarks.

Appendix 2

Derivation of the effective quark-meson Lagrangian $`L_{QML}^{(2)}`$

We start with the white quark bilinears, as in

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{\alpha \epsilon }^{fg}(x,y){}_{}{}^{f}\psi _{a\alpha }^{+}(x){}_{}{}^{g}\psi _{a\epsilon }^{}(y)={}_{}{}^{f}\psi _{a^{}\alpha }^{+}(x)\mathrm{\Phi }_{a^{}a}(x,Y)\mathrm{\Phi }_{ac}(Y,y){}_{}{}^{g}\psi _{c\epsilon }^{}(y)$$
(A.1)
and introduce the isospin generators $`t_{fg}^{(n)}`$

$$\underset{n=0}{\overset{n_f^21}{}}t_{fg}^{(n)}t_{ij}^{(n)}=\frac{1}{2}\delta _{fj}\delta _{gi};t^{(0)}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2n_f}}\widehat{1},tr(t^{(n)}t^{(k)})=\frac{1}{2}\delta _{nk}.$$
(A.2)
Hence the bilinears in (8) can be written as

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{\alpha \epsilon }^{fg}(x,y)\mathrm{\Psi }_{\gamma \beta }^{gf}(y,x)=2\underset{n=0}{\overset{n_f^21}{}}\mathrm{\Psi }_{\alpha \epsilon }^{(n)}(x,y)\mathrm{\Psi }_{\gamma \beta }^{(n)}(y,x)$$
(A.3)
where we have defined

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{\alpha \epsilon }^{(n)}(x,y){}_{}{}^{f}\psi _{a\alpha }^{+}(x)t_{fg}^{(n)}{}_{}{}^{g}\psi _{a\epsilon }^{}(y).$$
(A.4)
Now one can use the Fierz transformation for the combination $`\gamma ^\mu \gamma ^\nu `$ (see Appendix 3 of )

$$(\gamma ^\mu )_{\alpha \beta }(\gamma ^\nu )_{\gamma \delta }=\frac{1}{4}\stackrel{A}{}\mathrm{\Delta }_A(\gamma ^\mu \gamma _A\gamma ^\nu )_{\alpha \delta }(\gamma _A)_{\gamma \beta }$$
(A.5)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }_A=1`$ for $`\gamma _A=\gamma _5\gamma _\mu `$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_A=1`$ otherwise. We shall be interested here only in scalar and pseudoscalar combinations on the r.h.s. of (A.5), hence one can write

$$(\gamma ^\mu )_{\alpha \beta }(\gamma ^\nu )_{\gamma \delta }=\frac{1}{4}\delta _{\mu \nu }\{1_{\alpha \delta }1_{\gamma \beta }+(i\gamma _5)_{\alpha \delta }(i\gamma _5)_{\gamma \beta }\}+\mathrm{}\frac{1}{4}\delta _{\mu \nu }\{O_{\alpha \delta }^{(S)}O_{\gamma \beta }^{(S)}+O_{\alpha \delta }^{(PS)}O_{\gamma \beta }^{(PS)}\}\mathrm{}$$
(A.6)
where ellipsis in (A.6) and in what follows implies contribution of all other combinations. As the result one has for $`L_{eff}^{(4)}`$, Eq. (8)

$$L_{eff}^{(4)}=d^4xd^4y\{\mathrm{\Psi }^{(n,S)}(x,y)\mathrm{\Psi }^{(n,S)}(y,x)+\mathrm{\Psi }^{(n,PS)}(x,y)\mathrm{\Psi }^{(n,PS)}(y,x)\}J(x,y)+\mathrm{}$$
(A.7)
where $`J(x,y)\frac{1}{N_c}J_{\mu \mu }(x,y)`$ and

$$\mathrm{\Psi }^{(n,S),(n,PS)}(x,y)=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Psi }_{\alpha \beta }^{(n)}(1_{\alpha \beta },(i\gamma _5)_{\alpha \beta }).$$
(A.8)
Now the Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation is written symbolically through effective nonlocal bosonic fields $`\chi ^{(n,S)}(x,y),\chi ^{(n,PS)}(x,y)`$ as follows

$$e^{\mathrm{\Psi }\stackrel{~}{J}\mathrm{\Psi }}=(detJ)^{1/2}D\chi \mathrm{exp}(\chi J\chi +i\mathrm{\Psi }J\chi +i\chi J\mathrm{\Psi })$$
(A.9)
and the partition function assumes the form

$$Z=D\psi D\psi ^+D\chi \mathrm{exp}L_{QML}$$
(A.10)
where the effective quark-meson Lagrangian is

$$L_{QML}^{(2)}=d^4xd^4y\{{}_{}{}^{f}\psi _{a\alpha }^{+}(x)[(i\widehat{}+im_f)_{\alpha \beta }\delta _{fg}\delta ^{(4)}(xy)+iM_{\alpha \beta }^{(fg)}(x,y)]{}_{}{}^{g}\psi _{a\beta }^{}(y)$$

$$\underset{k=S,PS}{}\chi ^{(n,k)}(x,y)J(x,y)\chi ^{(n,k)}(y,x)\}$$
(A.11)
and the effective quark-mass operator is

$$M_{\alpha \beta }^{(fg)}(x,y)=\underset{n=0,\mathrm{}n_f^21,k=S,PS}{}\chi ^{(n,k)}(x,y)O_{\alpha \beta }^{(k)}t_{fg}^{(n)}J(x,y).$$
(A.12)
Appendix 3

Derivation of the GOR relation(33)

We start with the definition (30) which can be rewritten identically as

$$\overline{N}(0)=\frac{1}{2}tr[\mathrm{\Lambda }M_S\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}(\widehat{}mM_S)+\mathrm{\Lambda }M_S\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}M_S]=$$

$$=\frac{1}{2}tr[\mathrm{\Lambda }M_S\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}(\widehat{}m)].$$
(A.13)
Inserting for the factor $`M_S`$ in the last equality of (A.13) the expression

$$M_S=\frac{1}{2}(\mathrm{\Lambda }^1\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^12m),$$
(A.14)
one immediately obtains

$$\overline{N}(0)=\frac{1}{2}tr(A+B+C),$$
(A.15)
where

$$A\frac{1}{2}(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\mathrm{\Lambda })\widehat{},B\frac{m}{2}(\mathrm{\Lambda }\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}),C=m\mathrm{\Lambda }\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}(\widehat{}m).$$

It is easy to see, that $`A`$ vanishes since it is odd with respect to the space-time reflection, and $`C`$ is $`O(m^2)`$. The term $`B`$ yields the answer given in Eq.(31).