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# The luminosity function of the Large Magellanic Cloud globular cluster NGC 1866

## 1 Introduction

NGC 1866 is a Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) stellar cluster which is an extragalactic counterpart of young galactic clusters like the Pleiades, but with a much richer stellar population. It is probably one of the most massive objects formed in the LMC during the last $`3Gyr`$, with its total mass estimated as $`M_{tot}=(1.35\pm 0.25)\times 10^5M_{\mathrm{}}`$ by Fischer et al. (1992). Because of that richness, it presents a statistically significant sample of He-burning giants (more than 100 compared to zero in the Pleiades), allowing the testing of predictions by stellar evolution models concerning late evolutionary phases in intermediate mass stars, i.e., in stars with masses of the order of $`45M_{}`$ (Arp & Thackeray 1967; Becker & Mathews 1983: BM83; Chiosi et al. 1989: C89; Brocato et al. 1989: B89; Testa et al. 1999: T99; Barmina, Girardi & Chiosi 2002: BGC02).

The cluster dynamical mass has recently been investigated by van den Bergh (1999), who by a comparison of the cluster integrated photometry with the velocity dispersion measured by Fischer et al. (1992), found a very high mass-to-luminosity ratio ($`M`$/L$`{}_{V}{}^{}=0.42`$ in solar units), suggesting the possible occurrence of an unusual mass spectrum, much steeper than Salpeter’s distribution (Salpeter 1955), and concluding that ”clearly it would be of great interest to obtain deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) photometry of this cluster to confirm this conclusion”.

At about the same time we were obtaining V and I HST images of the cluster, aiming to extend previous investigations to fainter magnitudes as well as to reveal for the first time the stellar population right to the cluster center. In a previous paper (Walker et al. 2001: Paper I) we presented the first results of this HST photometry, discussing the Color-Magnitude (CM) diagram location of the cluster Main Sequence (MS) in connection with the problem of the LMC distance modulus. In the present paper we will use data corrected for completeness and field contamination to derive a new stellar luminosity function that extends to fainter than $`V=25`$ mag. In section 2 we present the data reductions and the derived luminosity function is studied in section 3. The constraints on the Initial Mass Function (IMF) are discussed in section 4. Section 5 is devoted to a re-examination of the problem of overshooting in modelling the convective cores of stars. Final remarks close the paper.

## 2 The observations

The WFPC2 images of NGC 1866 were collected as target of the Hubble Space Telescope program GO-8151. Two telescope pointings were obtained, the first with the cluster core centered on the PC (thereinafter: PC), the second with NGC 1866 at the center of the WF3 camera (WF3). This choice allows us to perform two independent data reductions, and to make internal checks on the reproducibility and reliability of the results. The exposure times for the two selected filters F555W and F814W are given in Table 1, together with other observation details. The three sets of exposure times allow us to cover the high dynamic range of brightness of the cluster stars with good overlap between sets.

The WFPC2 mosaics of the two fields are presented in Fig. 1 as observed in the medium exposures images with filter F814W, whereas Fig. 2 compares the present PC-centered fields with fields covered in previous ground based observations.

The removal of cosmic rays and the photometry has been performed using the package HSTphot as developed by Dolphin (2000a) and according to the recipe outlined by the author. The most recent version of the HSTphot package has been used, which allows the simultaneous photometry of a set of images obtained by dithered multiple exposures, as is our case. Each frame has been preprocessed according to the standard HST pipeline making use of the latest available calibrations which are expected to provide the most accurate and stable results.

Following Dolphin (2000a) we used the subroutine mask to take advantage of the accompanying data quality images by removing bad columns and pixels, charge traps and saturated pixels. The same procedure is also able to properly solve the problem of the vignetted regions at the border of the chips. The crmask subroutine uses the available frames to clean the cosmic rays.

One of the advantages of HSTphot is that it allows use of PSFs which are computed directly to reproduce the shape details of star images as obtained in the different regions of the WFPC2. For this reason we adopt the PSF fitting option on the HSTphot routine, rather than use aperture photometry.

A particular difficulty in attempting to do photometry on these frames is the detection of fictitious objects, mainly located around the bright, very saturated stars on the medium and long exposures. These objects resemble the faint stars we are trying to measure, therefore we developed a procedure to get rid of the former, as follows. We selected all the stars located along suspected curves, as given by $`i)`$ circular distribution of objects around ($`d30`$ pixels) bright-saturated stars and, $`ii)`$ alignments (within 2 pixels) along lines centered on bright-saturated stars with an angle of 45 degrees and at distances less than 49 pixels. Our algorithm rejected $`7\%`$ of objects on the WF3 frames and $`6\%`$ on the PC-centered frames.

Additionally, the HSTphot photometry routine returns various data quality parameters which can aid in the removal of spurious objects, we found the most useful of these to be the object classification parameter which, in addition to the objects rejected by our algorithm as described above, found $`13\%`$ of objects for the WF3-centered and $`8\%`$ for the PC-centered frames to be spurious. The sharpness parameter would mainly find objects fainter than $`V25`$, presumably faint galaxies and stars with low S/N, while the $`\chi `$ and roundness parameters do not significatively improve the photometric results. We find that using our method combined with the HSTphot object classification parameter is a very effective method to identify fictitious objects.

In conclusion, by analyzing the list of objects provided by the output files of HSTphot we find that the percentage of identified spurious objects is $`20\%`$ and $`14\%`$ for the WF3-centered and PC-centered data respectively. This difference is not surprising since the intensity of the saturation effects, the major effect responsible for generating spurious objects, depends on the exposure times which are different between the two sets of data.

The results of all these selections are shown on Fig. 3 where the CM diagrams of the rough photometry are compared to the CM diagrams as obtained after our selection. The CM diagrams show all the evolved stars located in the observed area. Within the box defined as $`V=17.415.2`$ and $`0.3(VI)(23.7V)/5.`$ we find a number of red giant (RG111We are aware that the box also includes ’blue’ stars populating the loop region during the core He-burning phase. In this paper we will use the terms ”RG stars” and ”He-burning giants” interchangeably.) stars $`N_{RG}=128`$ and $`N_{RG}=153`$, respectively for the PC-centered and WF3-centered dataset. We also note that the CM diagram clearly shows the presence of numerous evolved field giants in the LMC itself.

Charge Transfer Efficiency (CTE) corrections and calibrations to the standard $`VI`$ system were obtained directly by HSTphot routines, as documented by Dolphin (2000b). Fig. 4 shows the uncertainties of photometry as a function of the magnitude for the two filters. Completeness has been evaluated by distributing artificial stars of known positions and magnitudes, in selected circular regions around the cluster center. The adopted procedure allows the distribution of stars with similar colors and magnitudes as in the real CM diagram. The resulting completeness functions are shown in Fig. 5 for the two sets of data and for the two selected filters. As expected, in both samples WF3 and PC the limiting magnitude for completeness decreases when moving from the periphery toward the cluster center.

To estimate the contamination by Galactic foreground stars, we used the tabulation by Ratnatunga & Bahcall (1985). We expect negligible MS contamination. Only 1.5 Galactic foreground stars are expected to be present in the region of the field red clump, while only 0.8 in the cluster RG region. Thus we conclude that most contamination is due to LMC field stars.

The LMC field contamination has been evaluated following Stappers et al. (1997). They observed the region around NGC 1866 in an area of $`668arcmin^2`$ and derived the star counts of field stars in the proximity of NGC 1866. We normalized the field stars numbers to the area covered by the 3 WF chips plus the PC chip for a total of $`5arcmin^2`$, after the rejection of the pixels from 0 to 51.5 for each camera on average, as suggested by the WFPC2 handbook manual. We note that for $`V`$$`<`$17 mag the field contamination is very small, thus supporting the fact that the He-burning giants ($`N_{RG}`$) quoted above refers to cluster members (within $`1\sigma `$).

The contamination of the cluster main sequence by the MS stars in the LMC field has been evaluated by following the same procedure. Again, we find that less than 1-2 field stars may contaminate the turn-off region. This ensures us that the conclusions about the age and evolution of the stars, obtained on the basis of the CMDs presented in this work, are not affected by LMC field stars. Since the number of field stars significatively increases towards fainter magnitudes, this contamination directly affects the luminosity function of the lower part of the main sequence. For this reason we used the rescaled data by Stappers et al. (1997) to evaluate the number of LMC field stars that have to be subtracted in each bin of the luminosity functions derived from the original CMDs.

To evaluate the number of background faint galaxies that may affect our luminosity function we adopt the data provided by Metcalfe et al. (2001). According to their work on the Hubble Deep Fields, we expect a number of faint galaxies smaller than the reported uncertainties ($`1\sigma `$) in each bin of the luminosity function of NGC 1866 brighter than V $``$ 24.5. In particular, for V$``$ 24.5 (bin of 0.2 mag) the number of expected galaxies in our field is of the order of $``$ 15 while the measured stars total 450 ($`\pm 20`$). For this reason in the following calculations we will disregard this galaxy contamination.

In summary, all the LFs used in the following sections have been corrected for spurious objects, completeness and LMC field star contamination. We have investigated possible contamination by galactic field stars and faint galaxies, and in both cases found their contributions to be negligible.

## 3 The luminosity function

We first discuss the luminosity function (LF) of the PC-centered dataset which provides firm information, particularly on the inner core region, unaffected by crowding at least down to $`V23`$ mag. This limit is well below the magnitudes reached in the previous deepest ground-based observations (T99), thus allowing a substantial improvement in our knowledge of the cluster luminosity function. Fig. 6 shows the luminosity function of the cluster MS as obtained in different annuli around the cluster center. It discloses that the shape of the LFs shows a strong dependence on the distance from the cluster center, with a clear deficiency of low luminosity stars in the inner region. Moreover, since data in the quoted figure give the distribution of MS stars as normalized to the corresponding number of He-burning giants, one finds also clear evidence for an increasing abundance of giants when going toward the cluster center.

The problem of the origin of this observed mass segregation in NGC 1866 is beyond the scope of this paper. However, we note that strong evidence for mass segregation has recently been found by de Grijs et al. (2002) in six LMC clusters of different ages, possibly as a result of the clusters formation process. In the case of NGC 1866, Fischer et al. (1992) found a half-mass relaxation time larger than $`3Gyr`$ for $`M`$$`<`$$`0.75M_{}`$. By following the same approach one finds a half-mass relaxation time for the more massive stars ($`4M_{}`$) of the order of $`700Myr`$, i.e., still larger than the estimated cluster age (i.e. $`140Myr`$ see section 4), and with a core relaxation time of about $`30Myr`$. Thus, the observed segregation should be largely the result of an original segregation because not enough time has elapsed for relevant dynamical mass segregation outside the core, i.e. $`r_c>\text{ }14arcsec`$. It is worth mentioning that evidence of (dynamical) mass segregation has been found in the old Galactic globular clusters (e.g. Albrow et al. 2002).

Given such an inhomogeneous spatial distribution, the problem arises how to define a luminosity function for the whole cluster. In the remainder of this paper we assume that the mass segregation observed has only the effect of redistributing masses locally in the cluster without affecting the overall cluster luminosity function (see also de Grijs et al. 2002). Fig. 2 shows that the PC-centered frames integrated with the region sampled by the WF3-centered frames cover quite a large region of the cluster, extending well beyond the half-mass radius ($`50arcsec`$, Fischer et al. 1992). Thus in the following we will take the luminosity function of such a sample as reasonably representative of the whole cluster. This LF (labelled as global) is shown in Fig. 7 in comparison with the LF of the PC-centered and the WF3-centered datasets alone. The total number of RG stars is then $`N_{RG}=170`$.

Errors in the counts of stars in each bin of magnitude have been computed accordingly to the following relation by Bolte (1989):

$$\sigma _n^2=[\frac{N_{obs}}{\lambda _i^2}+\frac{\sigma _{\lambda _i}^2\times N_{obs}^2}{\lambda _i^4}]$$
(1)
where $`\lambda _i`$ are the completeness factors and $`N_{obs}`$ is the star counts in the $`ith`$ $`V`$-bin. This formula properly considers the uncertainty due to the completeness as shown in Fig. 7 for each bin value. The error due to the statistical fluctuation of the RG stars number ($`\sqrt{N_{RG}}`$) has also to be taken into account when dealing with differential LF normalized to the RG stars. This latter error is that reported at the right bottom of the Fig. 7.

Comparison with previous work in the literature, as given in Fig. 8, discloses that the present LF, when normalized to the observed number of RG stars, tends to be less populated, with a difference which increases, going toward less luminous stars. This appears to be directly related to the fact that the present photometry, for the first time, measures stars to the core of the cluster, allowing investigation of the LF in this internal region.

## 4 Theoretical constrains on the IMF

In order to obtain a preliminary indication on the cluster age, the left panel in Fig. 9 compares the cluster CM diagram with the predicted distribution of star for selected assumption about the age, as evaluated assuming classical stellar models with inefficient overshooting. As in Paper I, stellar models were computed adopting the evolutionary code developed for the stellar library under construction at the University of Pisa (Degl’Innocenti et al., in preparation). The adopted physics input has been exhaustively described in Cassisi et al (1998). From the results of Paper I we assume for cluster stars $`Z=0.007`$, $`Y=0.25`$, $`(Mm)_V=18.55`$.

From data in Fig. 9 one finds that a reasonable fit of the He burning giants requires an age of about $`140Myr`$. To be conservative, in the following we will adopt as a safe estimate of the cluster age the interval $`t=100180Myr`$. The same comparison is given in right panel of the same figure, but for models allowing a moderate overshooting (by $`0.25H_P`$). As is well known, one finds that increasing the amount of overshooting increases the estimated cluster age, and a reasonable fit now requires an age of the order of $`200Myr`$. We will assume the interval $`t=160250Myr`$ as a safe estimate of the actual cluster age if overshooting is at work. It is important to note, as found from previous similar investigations (T99, BGC02), that the age from the MS termination appears in all cases (i.e. with or without overshooting) lower than the age derived from the fitting of the luminosity of the RG stars. This is generally taken as evidence for the occurrence of a substantial number of binary stars which apparently increase the limiting luminosity of the observed MS. Table 2 gives the predicted mass of He-burning giants for the various cases, together with the mass of MS stars at two selected luminosities (see later).

In order to discuss the predicted luminosity functions we will adopt everywhere a logarithmic representation, which allows removal of the effect of the sample abundance, which only produce a shift along the Y-axis, keeping untouched the overall shape and slope of the distribution (Castellani, Chieffi, & Norci 1989). Fig. 10 shows the predicted luminosity distribution of a suitable sample of MS stars, as evaluated with or without overshooting, a Salpeter IMF and for cluster ages covering the quoted safe intervals derived from the luminosity of He-burning giants. One finds that – in both cases (with or without overshooting) and within the safe range of ages – age can affect the distribution only above $`M_V0`$ whereas for fainter luminosities the distribution is determined only by the IMF. Note that, in this respect, the differential LF (DLF) we are dealing with, is superior to the often adopted “cumulative” LF (CLF), where the (age dependent) upper portion of the DLF affects the cumulative distribution even at the lower luminosities.

The predicted sensitivity to the IMF is shown in Fig. 11 where we show the behavior of the DLF for a given age but for selected assumptions about the IMF exponent for classical models. As expected, one finds that assumptions about the IMF clearly modulate the behavior of the LF fainter than $`M_V0`$. For the given distance modulus, this means that in the magnitude interval 18.55 to 23 mag we directly explore the cluster IMF over an interval of more than 4 magnitudes without the need of corrections for the completeness of the sample. In such a way we derive information on the IMF between $`M_V=0`$ and 4.5, approximately corresponding to the mass range $`M=1`$ to $`3.5M_{\mathrm{}}`$, reaching a mass of about $`0.7M_{\mathrm{}}`$ at the limiting magnitude $`V25`$.

The best fit to theoretical predictions, as given in the same figure, gives the clear evidence that in the explored range of luminosities the cluster IMF closely follows a Salpeter law. It follows that the suggestion for a larger slope, as proposed by van den Bergh (1999), is not supported by observational data, at least in the explored range of stellar masses. As quoted before, the present results rely on the hypothesis that the mass segregation present in this cluster affects the local mass distribution but not the whole cluster mass function.

Let us note that a similar result for the behaviour of the IMF is also found by de Grijs et al. (2002) for a sample of six LMC clusters. As in our case, they found a radial dependence of the luminosity function slope (then mass function), as the direct consequence of the mass segregation, the overall cluster IMF slope was found to be close to a Salpeter slope.

The fact that the luminosity function of NGC 1866 agrees with a Salpeter mass distribution clearly affects the evaluation of the mass-to-light ratio ($`M`$/LV). As a first point, one may recall that previous computations of the dynamical mass-to-light ratio were forced to adopt the mass function distribution as a nearly free parameter due to the lack of observations able to constraint this quantity (see for example Fischer et al. 1992, and van den Bergh 1999). The present results fix this question at least down to $`0.7M_{\mathrm{}}`$.

Although the determination of the mass-to-light ratio is not one of the scientific goals of this paper, we performed a set of simple calculations to derive the expected value by using our theoretical framework. For canonical models, adopting the age of $`140Myr`$ and a Salpeter mass function in the observed range of magnitudes, we predict $`M`$/LV values ranging from 0.17 to 0.26 (in solar units) depending on the assumption on the mass distribution function in the interval 0.1$`<`$$`M/M_{\mathrm{}}`$$`<`$0.5. The higher $`M`$/LV value corresponds to use the Salpeter mass function down to $`0.1M_{\mathrm{}}`$, while the lower value corresponds to a flatter Scalo function (Scalo 1986). In the case of overshooting, the $`200Myr`$ best fit leads to larger values (0.20 and 0.30 respectively). As a conclusion, one finds that cluster stars experiencing nuclear burning evolutionary phases can hardly account for a $`M`$/LV as large as 0.42. If this value will be confirmed, one cannot escape the evidence for an additional contribution to the total mass, as given by brown dwarfs or neutron stars (van den Bergh 1999).

## 5 Overshooting or classical models?

For the last two decades NGC 1866 has been often used to discuss possible evidence for the occurrence of core overshooting in the evolution of intermediate mass stars. Owing to the controversial results appearing in the literature we will first briefly summarize the interpretation of previous observations.

Becker and Mathews (1983: BM83) found a scarcity of He-burning giants in NGC 1866 with respect to their standard model predictions. However, Brocato and Castellani (1988) warned against making premature conclusions: the observational sample used by BM83 was severely incomplete, reaching only to $`V=18`$ thus revealing only the top one magnitude of the MS, and possibly contaminated by binaries. In addition, the BM83 stellar models did not account for either canonical semi-convection or overshooting. New $`V,BV`$ photometry down to $`V=21`$, including 53 He-burning giants, was presented by B89, who used improved stellar models to show that adopting the same distance modulus and the same metallicity as in BM83, i.e. $`(mM)_0=18.6`$ and $`Z=Z_{}`$ respectively, classical models can indeed account for the observations. However, the same year C89 presented independent observations of the cluster, producing a different LF, with a significantly larger ratio between MS and He-burning giants stars, which was taken as an evidence against standard model and in favor of overshooting.

Both samples were limited in numbers of stars, so to solve this problem Brocato et al. (1994: B94) took advantage of new ESO-NTT data to explore a much larger cluster region, which contained a total of 153 He-burning giants. The regions covered by the previous investigations were reanalyzed, confirming the different results, whereas the whole sample gave a LF in good agreement with B89. B94 concluded that the C89 LF was an artifact of statistical fluctuations, connected to the small number of RG stars (39) in the sample. This conclusion was further supported by the T99 reinvestigation, which with an even larger number of He-burning giants found again a LF in very good agreement with B89, concluding that classical models plus 30% of binaries nicely accounted for the observations. However, by adopting $`Z=0.008`$ for the cluster metallicity, BGC02 reanalyzed the T99 dataset and interpreted their results as evidence supporting core overshooting, and again invoking the occurrence of a large fraction of binary stars.

To investigate this problem, Fig. 12, left panel compares the present LF with theoretical expectations as given for the observed 170 RG stars by models with or without overshooting. One finds that both models appear at about 4 sigma from experimental data. Numerical experiments disclose that canonical model now misses the fitting just as a consequence of the new “metal poor” composition, whereas the assumptions on the cluster distance modulus only affects the predicted cluster ages. However, the same figure shows that the presence of 40% of binaries, distributed as BGC02, moves theoretical expectations in such a way to improve the fit with canonical models with overshooting predictions becoming worse. As a result, the right panel in the same figure shows that with the quoted amount of binaries and allowing for a 2 sigma fluctuations on the number of RG stars, canonical models do produce a reasonable fitting. Thus, we conclude that no clear evidence against the canonical model can be found in NGC 1866.

## 6 Final remarks

The occurrence of uncertainties and differences in the evolutionary predictions has been often discussed in the literature, and in particular not negligible differences in the He-burning models as computed with our or with the Padua code has been already presented and exhaustively discussed in Castellani et al. (2000). For the case of NGC 1866 we compare in Table 3 the evolutionary times during H and He-burning phases for classical models with selected stellar masses covering the range of cluster off-MS stars.

It appears that both computations give quite similar H burning lifetimes, but differ in the He-burning phase, with Padua He burning lifetimes larger than in our predictions. The straightforward conclusion is that Padua computations for classical models will predict a larger number of He-burning giants and that – in that case – the introduction of overshooting as a free parameter can help in reducing the number ratio of He-burning to MS stars.

As repeatedly discussed (see, e.g., Castellani 1999) these differences originate in the use of different input physics; we cannot claim that our physics is “better”, but only that our physics is fully documented in the recent literature. Thus the most reasonable conclusion of this paper is that the new global LF can be put in agreement with our canonical model, but unfortunately NGC 1866 is in itself not sufficient to solve the controversy of whether or not overshooting is significant for these stars.

## 7 Acknowledgments

This paper is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, obtained at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. Financial support for this work was provided by MIUR-Cofin 2000, under the scientific project ”Stellar Observables of Cosmological Relevance”. This project made use of computational resources granted by the Consorzio di Ricerca del Gran Sasso according to the Progetto 6 ’Calcolo Evoluto e sue Applicazioni (RSV6)’ - Cluster C11/B.


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# Experimental Observation of Dramatic Differences in the Dynamic Response of Newtonian and Maxwellian Fluids

## I Introduction

Since the concept of dynamic permeability was proposed several years ago johnson ; Sheng , it has been extensively used in the study of practical problems such as petroleum recovery spe , soil-ground water transport Salem , fluids flowing in porous media dongen ; chapman , acoustic waves in porous media geo , wave propagation in foams apl , fluid circulation in biological systems thurs , etc. The use of the dynamic permeability as originally proposed johnson  however, is not quite correct for some of these systems since the fluid does not behave as a Newtonian fluid but shows viscoelastic features. Theoretical analyzes of viscoelastic fluids have recently predicted an interesting enhancement in the dynamic permeability of several orders of magnitude in comparison with the static permeability Meeting ; tipm ; pre ; Beresnev . This behavior is due to the coupling between the elastic behavior of the fluid and the geometry of the container and is completely different from the pure dissipative behavior of Newtonian fluids. An increase in the flow rate of a viscoelastic fluid flowing in a tube under oscillating conditions was discovered several years ago thurston52 ; barnes ; manero ; davies  but up to now, the experimental measurements in terms of a frequency-dependent response had not been performed. Some theoretical studies have explored interesting consequences of the enhancement of the dynamic permeability in different systems including viscoelastic fluids pre ; Beresnev ; cuevas ; Eugenia ; rmf ; david ; david3 ; david2 . The variety of systems where an oscillating pressure gradient can be imposed to a viscoelastic fluid is wide, for instance, from the oil recovery problem patentoil  to the dynamic analysis of fluid transport in animals (including the human body blood ). All previous theoretical derivations of the dynamic permeability for viscoelastic fluids have been made in terms of the averaged velocity. In this work however, we perform a detailed analysis by measuring the dynamic response at the center of a fluid column that is moved in an oscillatory way and its local velocity fut  is measured using a laser Doppler anemometer (LDA). This allows us to test a local, simple model for both Newtonian and Maxwellian fluids and our results corroborate that the simple linear model can capture the differences between the dissipative (Newtonian fluid) and resonant (Maxwellian fluid) behaviors.

## II Linear theory

In the following, we present the pertinent equations used to obtain a local expression for the Maxwellian fluid response based on the results presented elsewhere pre . We begin with the linearized momentum equation

$$\rho \frac{𝐯}{t}=p+\stackrel{}{\tau },$$
(1)
and the continuity equation

$$𝐯=0,$$
(2)
for an incompressible fluid. In the above equations, $`\rho `$ denotes the mass density of the fluid, $`𝐯`$ the fluid velocity, $`p`$ the pressure, and $`\stackrel{}{\tau }`$ represents the viscous stress tensor. To ensure the validity of Eq. (1) it is necessary to consider fluids with low Reynolds numbers, in our experimental case: $`Re<7`$x$`10^4.`$ The constitutive equation of the fluid that we use is the linearized Maxwell model:

$$t_m\frac{\stackrel{}{\tau }}{t}=\eta 𝐯\stackrel{}{\tau },$$
(3)
where $`\eta `$ denotes the dynamic viscosity and $`t_m`$ the relaxation time. It is necessary to stress that the linearized Maxwell model constitutes a simplification required to obtain simple analytic results that implies neglecting non-linear terms which may be important under certain circumstances.

Manipulating the three previous equations, applying the Fourier transform, and using cylindrical coordinates, we obtain

$$V(r,\omega )=\frac{\left(1i\omega t_m\right)}{\eta \beta ^2}\left(1\frac{J_0(\beta r)}{J_0(\beta a)}\right)\frac{dP}{dz},$$
(4)
where $`\beta =\sqrt{\rho \left[\left(t_m\omega \right)^2+i\omega t_m\right]/(\eta t_m)},a`$ is the cylinder radius, $`P`$ and $`V`$ are the pressure and the velocity in the frequency domain, respectively, $`\omega `$ is the angular frequency, and $`J_0`$ is the cylindrical Bessel function of zeroth order. A more detailed derivation of these expressions can be found in pre ; rmf .

Previous theoretical analyzes of the dynamic permeability of viscoelastic fluids deal with the above equations using an average velocity for the fluid. In what follows, we shall analyze the flow from a different point of view, one which is based on a “local response” defined as the response of the fluid to a pressure gradient in a particular position inside the tube. This is required by the LDA that essentially measures quasi-local particle velocities. Thus, in order to analyze the local dynamic response, and to facilitate the measurements, we evaluate Eq. (4) at the center of the cylinder ($`r=0`$ in cylindrical coordinates) where the amplitude of the velocity is maximum:

$$V(\omega )=\frac{\left(1i\omega t_m\right)}{\eta \beta ^2}\left(1\frac{1}{J_0(\beta a)}\right)\frac{dP}{dz}.$$
(5)
The local dynamic response is thus defined as:

$$\xi =\eta \frac{V}{dP/dz},$$
(6)
where we have followed Darcy’s generalized equation Meeting . Substituting the velocity given by Eq. (5), we obtain:

$$\xi (\omega )=\frac{\left(1i\omega t_m\right)}{\beta ^2}\left(1\frac{1}{J_0(\beta a)}\right).$$
(7)
From this expression one can recover the Newtonian behavior with the substitution: $`t_m=0.`$ In order to compare the last expression with experimental results, we need an expression for the pressure gradient. In our experimental case, we have a harmonic oscillating column of fluid being moved by a piston coupled to a motor with adjustable frequency. Thus, the pressure gradient can be easily described by:

$$\frac{dp(t)}{dz}=\rho z_0\omega ^2\mathrm{sin}(\omega t),$$
(8)
which represents an oscillatory movement in the $`z`$ direction with a displacement amplitude equal to $`z_0`$. We shall also measure the root mean square velocity, $`v_{rms}`$, since the range of frequencies that can be resolved in this case is much wider than the range given by the Fourier transform of the velocity data. The experimental dynamic response of a fluid, ($`\xi ^{\mathrm{exp}}(\omega )`$), is thus given by:

$$\xi ^{\mathrm{exp}}=\eta \frac{v_{rms}}{dp_{rms}/dz}=\frac{\sqrt{2}\eta v_{rms}}{\rho z_0\omega ^2}.$$
(9)
Now, since the experimental velocity is harmonic, we can directly compare the value of the local dynamic response obtained using the previous expression for each experiment with the theoretical prediction from Eq. (7).

## III Experimental System

The experimental device shown in Fig. 1, consists of a vertical cylinder filled with a fluid. The oscillating movement required to have a harmonic oscillating pressure gradient, c. f. Eq. (8), was produced with a piston that closes the base of the cylinder and is driven by a motor of variable frequency; as previously mentioned, the local velocity of the fluid is measured with a laser Doppler anemometer.

The cylindrical tube, made of transparent acrylic, has an inner diameter of $`5cm`$ and a length of $`50cm.`$ In its lower end, this tube is joined by a clamp to a stainless steel piston skirt of the same inner diameter. Within the stainless steel skirt, there is a Teflon piston that is moved by a Siemens motor of $`1Hp`$, regulated by a Varispeed 606PC3 system. This allows for a frequency of oscillation that can be varied from $`1.5`$ to $`200Hz.`$ The acrylic cylinder over the skirt is contained in a square recipient with parallel walls of transparent acrylic and filled with glycerol having a refractive index similar to the one of the acrylic; this is in order to avoid the cylindrical aberration due to the fact that the cylinder acts as a lens. In this and other cases, when there are cylindrical configurations, these aberrations could cause a null intersection between the LDA beams or could result in the backscattering signal not being received by the photomultiplier. The laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) used for the local velocity measurements is a widely known system Adrian . Our particular LDA consists of a probe (Dantec FiberFlow 60x20), a photomultiplier, a Burst Spectrum Analyzer (Dantec BSA 57N11), and an argon laser (Spectra Physics 177) emitting in four different wavelengths; only the $`488nm`$ line ($`200mW`$) is used, and the data are processed in a PC with the Dantec FlowManager software. The measurement volume is of $`0.64\times 0.075\times 0.075mm`$ located at the center of the acrylic cylinder. The LDA probe was set into a positioning system (precision: $`1\mu m`$) placed on a different table from the rest of the setup to prevent oscillations that could alter the experimental data. The rms-velocity is calculated from the collected data.

Commercial glycerol was used as the Newtonian fluid to be tested; it has a viscosity of $`1Pa`$s and a density of $`1250kg/m^3.`$ The well-known cetylpyridinium chloride and sodium salicylate solution (CPyCl/NaSal, $`60`$/$`100`$Micelas ; Hoffman  was used as the Maxwellian counterpart; its properties are $`\rho =1050kg/m^3,\eta =60Pa`$s, and $`t_m=1.9s`$ Lourdes . All the measurements were made within the $`25\pm 0.5^oC`$ interval in order to keep constant the properties of CPyCl/NaSal solution Lourdes . The properties of this solution and the diameter of the tube give a Deborah’s number ($`\alpha =\rho a^2`$ / $`\eta t_m`$) of $`\alpha =0.0058`$. This value is much smaller than the critical value $`\alpha <11.64`$ for the appearance of resonances predicted by the theoretical model pre ; rmf . The experimental frequency range is kept within the low Reynolds number regime by setting the piston movement amplitude to $`0.8\pm 0.05mm`$ (which assures that $`Re<7\times 10^4`$). Under these circumstances we checked that the system can be described by a linearized balance momentum equation. Dantec $`20\mu m`$ polyamid spheres were used as seeding particles; they remain suspended for a long time and cause a minimal standard deviation in the velocity data since the size of the particles is uniform. We can assure that the particles follow the flow because, using Stokes’s law Drain , the obtained limit frequency

$$f<0.1\frac{\eta }{\rho _PR^2},$$
(10)
for which the particles follow an oscillation with a deviation up to 1 %, in amplitude, is much greater than the experimental frequencies (between 1.5 Hz and 15 Hz); $`f=9.7`$x$`10^7`$ Hz for glycerol and $`f=5.8`$x$`10^9`$ Hz for the CPyCl/NaSal solution. The particle density, $`\rho _P`$, is 10.3 kg/m3 and the radius of a particle, $`R`$, is 1x10-5 m Dantec .

To avoid transient perturbations, measurements were taken approximately $`5minutes`$ after every change in the frequency.

## IV Results

For each frequency $`2,000`$ velocity data were acquired with the LDA at the cylinder axis and $`40cm`$ above the piston, where edge effects are negligible. Experiments were carried out in the oscillating frequency range $`[1.5,15]\pm 0.1Hz`$. In this frequency range the viscoelastic shear modulus is nearly real-valued (lossy elastic solid). The calculated rms-velocity from the LDA measurements for CPyCl/NaSal and for glycerol are shown in Fig 2, where one observes that the measured Maxwellian velocity is dramatically different from the Newtonian velocity in the studied range. Clearly the rms-velocity increases with the frequency in both cases, but the velocity of the viscoelastic fluid shows well-defined peaks. An important point to be stressed is the fact that the velocity in the glycerol case is a linear function with respect to the frequency which means a good quality of the mechanical piston movement. Moreover, this confirms that the movement of the piston is transmitted directly to the fluid.

Originally inferred by the pioneers in the analysis of the dynamic permeability johnson ; Sheng , the dissipative nature of the glycerol response is clearly seen in Fig. 3, where the glycerol dynamic response and the frequency have been scaled, the first one by the value of the dynamic response at $`\omega =0`$ and the second by the viscous time $`\tau =a^2\rho /\eta .`$ Also shown in Fig. 3 are the theoretical predictions derived from Eq. (7) (magnitude of $`\xi `$ with $`t_m=0`$).

Fig. 4 contains the dynamic response of the CPyCl/NaSal solution. Experimental values are plotted together with theoretical predictions (Eq. 7). A dramatic change in the behavior of the dimensionless Maxwellian response with respect to the dissipative Newtonian case is observed, namely resonant frequencies appear. The agreement with Eq. (7) is manifest: the positions of the peaks in Eq. (7) and in the experimental results occur at approximately the same values of the frequency $`\omega `$, even though the amplitudes differ. We need to recall that the theory used for the prediction is a linear approximation and neglects the convective term and the possible non linearities in the viscoelastic behavior of the fluid. Although we have selected the viscoelastic fluid in order to maintain the physical conditions where resonance behavior appears, we were unable to assure the linear characteristic of the viscoelastic fluid. According to Lourdes  the CPCl/NaSal solution behaves as a Maxwellian fluid if the shear rate is $`\gamma <0.6`$ s-1. Transforming Eq. 4 to the time space and taking the radial derivative we have calculated the shear rate that depends on the radial coordinate and time. The maximum local shear rate increases with frequency, e. g. $`\gamma _{2Hz}<1.5`$ s$`^1,`$ $`\gamma _{6.5Hz}<21`$ s$`^1,`$ $`\gamma _{10Hz}<70`$ s-1, where the subscripts indicate the frequency. Then, one of the possible causes of the disagreement in the response amplitude is because the fluid was locally under higher shear rates than its Maxwellian limit. This is in agreement with the fact that if we increase the frequency, then we find larger differences between theory and experiment. Another reason for theoretical and experimental differences could be compressible effects in the viscoelastic flow that also increase with frequency.

These results constitute the first experimental evidence of the resonant behavior of a viscoelastic fluid and shows the validity of the theory pre ; rmf .

## V Conclusions

The local dynamic response of a fluid (either Newtonian or Maxwellian) has been developed following previous work johnson ; Sheng ; tipm ; pre . This theoretical expression is compared with experimental LDA measurements in a harmonically-oscillating pressure system. The expected dissipative behavior of Newtonian fluids is confirmed. On the other hand and although the theoretical approximation presented is a drastic simplification of the real viscoelastic behavior, it is still capable of reproducing the resonant behavior of the dynamic response of a Maxwellian fluid. The resonances appearing in the viscoelastic response, as expected, are significantly higher than the monotonic decay in the Newtonian response. In both cases, the qualitatively agreement between theoretical predictions and the experimental results presented here is evident; the quantitative differences are probably due to non-linear effects of the viscoelastic fluid used. Our experimental results show that the dynamic response of viscoelastic fluids clearly exceeds the static response for some specific frequencies, in fair agreement with the theory for such systems. Finally, we want to stress that the results obtained in this work have a wide spectrum of applications, from oil recovery problems patentoil  to the dynamical analysis of biological fluids blood ; lung ; lung2 .

## VI Acknowledgments

This work has been partially supported by CONACyT (32707-U, 38538). JRCP acknowledges financial support from DGAPA-UNAM (IN101100). The authors acknowledge the invaluable help of J. Pérez, L. de Vargas and A. Méndez in characterizing the physical properties of the CPyCl/NaSal solution; M. López de Haro for the encouragement to perform these experiments, E. Corvera and A. Sarmiento for helpful discussions.