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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The quantum ergodicity is as instrumental in studying quantum information systems as is the classical ergodicity in studying classical information systems. It is quite remarkable that there are the quantum analogs of Shannon’s noiseless compression theoremcccThe quantum analog for i.i.d. (independently and identically distributed) sources was first formulated and proved in . and Shannon-McMillan theorem for stationary ergodic quantum sources. Thus, for any such source, one can always construct a source-dependent compression code (scheme) which compresses the source to its von Neumann entropy rate with arbitrarily high fidelity.

As in classical information systems, the next step would be to see if there exists a compression scheme which does just the same, but is source-independent, i.e. universal. A universal scheme for the family of all i.i.d. quantum sources with a known entropy upper bound was first introduced in  and then extended to the family of all i.i.d sources. The work was also concerned with the scheme’s optimality and performance evaluation for every finite block length and provided an explicit exponential bound on the encoding-decoding error probability.

In this work we study stationary and ergodic properties of quantum sources and present a universal compression scheme for the family of all stationary ergodic sources with a known upper bound on their entropy rates.

Our paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we review the mathematical formalism and notation for stationary ergodic quantum sources. In Section 3 we show that if a stationary ergodic (weakly mixing or strongly mixing) quantum source $`\{\rho _m\}_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ is subjected to a trace-preserving completely positive linear transformation (map) of the tensor product form $`^m`$, where a copy of $``$ locally acts on each spin lattice site, then all the listed source properties are preserved. Such maps describe the effect of a transmission via a memoryless quantum channel as well as the effect of memoryless coding, both lossless and lossy ones. We also establish ergodicity criteria for so called classically-correlated quantum sources. In Section 4 we briefly review quantum block compression schemes and then introduce a so-called universal projector sequence $`\left\{p^{(n)}\right\}_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ with asymptotical rate $`r>0`$, where $`lim_n\mathrm{}\frac{1}{n}\mathrm{log}\text{tr}(p^{(n)})=r`$. Loosely speaking, for every sufficiently large $`n`$, the range subspace of $`p^{(n)}`$ contains the typical subspace (or high probability subspace in another notation) for every stationary ergodic source with von Neumann entropy rate below $`r`$. This property implies the existence of a universal compression scheme for these sources. In Section 5 we prove in a constructive way that the universal sequence of projectors does exist for any given $`r`$. The basic idea of our universal sequence construction is as follows. We select a suitable classical subsystemdddIn fact, we select an infinite family of classical subsystems. This approach was first used to prove the quantum analog of Shannon-McMillan theorem for completely ergodic quantum sources and later extended to all ergodic sources. of our quantum system and restrict a given stationary ergodic quantum source to this classical subsystem, thus obtaining a classical source. This classical source is also stationary ergodic, and it is well-known in classical information theory that there exist universal compression codes for classical ergodic sources. So we select a suitable universal classical code and then use it to construct the universal projector sequence.

## 2 Quantum Sources: Mathematical Formalism and Notation

Before we define a general quantum source, we give an informal, intuitive definition of a so-called classically correlated quantum source as a triple consisting of quantum messages, a classical probability distribution for the messages, and the time shift. Such a triple uniquely determines a state of a one-dimensional quantum lattice system. If quantum-mechanical correlation between the messages exists, one gets the notion of a general quantum source. While any given state corresponds to infinitely many different quantum sources, the quantum state formalism essentially captures all the information-theoretic properties of a corresponding quantum source. Thus, the notion of ”quantum source” is usually identified with the notion of ”state” of the corresponding lattice system and used interchangeably.

Let $`Q`$ be an infinite quantum spin lattice system over lattice $``$ of integers. To describe $`Q`$, we use the standard mathematical formalism introduced in \[11, sec. 2.6, defn. 2.6.3\] \[12, sec. 6.2.1\] and \[13, sec. 1.33 and sec. 7.1.3\] and borrow notation from  and . Let $`𝔄`$ be a $`C^{}`$-algebraeeeThe algebra of all bounded linear operators may be simply thought of as the algebra of all square matrices with the standard matrix operations including conjugate-transpose. with identity of all bounded linear operators $`()`$ on a $`d`$-dimensional Hilbert space $``$, $`d<\mathrm{}`$. To each $`𝐱`$ there is associated an algebra $`𝔄_𝐱`$ of observables for a spin located at site $`𝐱`$, where $`𝔄_𝐱`$ is isomorphic to $`𝔄`$ for every $`𝐱`$. The local observables in any finite subset $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ are those of the finite quantum system

$$𝔄_\mathrm{\Lambda }:=\underset{𝐱\mathrm{\Lambda }}{}𝔄_𝐱$$

The quasilocal algebra $`𝔄_{\mathrm{}}`$ is the operator norm completion of the normed algebra $`\underset{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{}𝔄_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, the union of all local algebras $`𝔄_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ associated with finite $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. A state of the infinite spin system is given by a normed positive functional

$$\phi :𝔄_{\mathrm{}}.$$

We define a family of states $`\{\phi ^{(\mathrm{\Lambda })}\}_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, where $`\phi ^{(\mathrm{\Lambda })}`$ denotes the restriction of the state $`\phi `$ to a finite-dimensional subalgebra $`𝔄_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, and assume that $`\{\phi ^{(\mathrm{\Lambda })}\}_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ satisfies the so called consistency condition, that is

$$\phi ^{(\mathrm{\Lambda })}=\phi ^{(\mathrm{\Lambda }^{^{}})}𝔄_\mathrm{\Lambda }$$
(1)
for any $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }^{^{}}.`$ The consistent family $`\{\phi ^{(\mathrm{\Lambda })}\}_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ can be thought of as a quantum-mechanical counterpart of a consistent family of cylinder measures. Since there is one-to-one correspondence between the state $`\phi `$ and the family $`\{\phi ^{(\mathrm{\Lambda })}\}_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, any physically realizable transformation of the infinite system $`Q`$, including coding and transmission of quantum messages, can be well formulated using the states $`\phi ^{(\mathrm{\Lambda })}`$ of finite subsystems. When the subset $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ needs to be explicitly specified, we will use the notation $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(n)`$, defined as

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }(n):=\{x:x\{1,\mathrm{},n\}\}$$

Let $`\gamma `$ (or $`\gamma ^1`$, respectively) denote a transformation on $`𝔄_{\mathrm{}}`$ which is induced by the right (or left, respectively) shift on the set $``$. Then, for any $`l`$, $`\gamma ^l`$ (or $`\gamma ^l`$, respectively) denotes a composition of $`l`$ right (or left, respectively) shifts. Now we are equipped to define the notions of stationarity and ergodicity of a quantum source.

###### Definition 2.1

A state $`\phi `$ is called $`N`$-stationary for an integer $`N`$ if $`\phi \gamma ^N=\phi `$. For $`N=1`$, an $`N`$-stationary state is called stationary.

###### Definition 2.2

A $`N`$-stationary state is called $`N`$-ergodic if it is an extremal point in the set of all $`N`$-stationary states. For $`N=1`$, $`N`$-ergodic state is called ergodic.

The following lemma which provides a practical method of demonstrating the ergodicity of a state is due to \[13, propos. 6.3.5, Lem. 6.5.1\].

###### Lemma 2.1

The following conditions are equivalent:

1. A stationary state $`\phi `$ on $`𝔄_{\mathrm{}}`$ is ergodic.
2. For all $`a,b𝔄_{\mathrm{}}`$, it holds

$$\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{1}{n}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\phi (a\gamma ^i(b))=\phi (a)\phi (b).$$
(2)
3. For every selfajoint $`a𝔄_{\mathrm{}}`$, it holds

$$\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\phi \left(\left(\frac{1}{n}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\gamma ^i(a)\right)^2\right)=\phi ^2(a).$$

Now we state a series of definitions which provide ”stronger” notions of ergodicity:

###### Definition 2.3

A state is called completely ergodic if it is $`N`$-ergodic for every integer $`N`$.

###### Definition 2.4

A stationary state $`\phi `$ on $`𝔄_{\mathrm{}}`$ is called weakly mixing if

$$\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{1}{n}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|\phi (a\gamma ^i(b))\phi (a)\phi (b)\right|=0,a,b𝔄_{\mathrm{}}.$$
(3)
###### Definition 2.5

A stationary state $`\phi `$ on $`𝔄_{\mathrm{}}`$ is called strongly mixing if

$$\underset{i\mathrm{}}{lim}\phi (a\gamma ^i(b))=\phi (a)\phi (b),a,b𝔄_{\mathrm{}}.$$
(4)
It is straightforward to see that (4) $``$ (3$``$ (2).

Let $`\text{tr}_{𝔄_\mathrm{\Lambda }}()`$ denote the canonical trace on $`𝔄_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ such that $`\text{tr}_{𝔄_\mathrm{\Lambda }}(e)=1`$ for all one-dimensional projections $`e`$ in $`𝔄_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. Where an algebra on which the trace is defined is clear from the context, we will omit the trace’s subscript and simply write $`\text{tr}()`$. For each $`\phi ^{(\mathrm{\Lambda })}`$ there exists a unique density operator $`\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }𝔄_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, such that $`\phi ^{(\mathrm{\Lambda })}(a)=\text{tr}(\rho _\mathrm{\Lambda }a),a𝔄_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. Thus, any stationary state $`\phi `$ is uniquely defined by the consistent family of density operators $`\{\rho _{\mathrm{\Lambda }(m)}\}_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$. Where no confusion arises, we will use the following abbreviated notation for the rest of the paper. For all $`n`$,

$`𝔄^{(n)}`$ $`:=`$ $`𝔄_{\mathrm{\Lambda }(n)}`$
$`\psi ^{(n)}`$ $`:=`$ $`\psi ^{\mathrm{\Lambda }(n)}`$
$`\rho _n`$ $`:=`$ $`\rho _{\mathrm{\Lambda }(n)}`$
It is well-known in quantum mechanics that for every stationary state $`\phi `$ the limit

$$s(\phi ):=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{1}{n}S\left(\phi ^{(n)}\right)$$
(5)
exists, where $`S\left(\phi ^{(n)}\right)`$ is the von Neumann entropy of the state $`\phi ^{(n)}`$. In quantum statistical mechanics, the quantity $`s(\phi )`$ is called the mean (von Neumann) entropy of $`\phi `$, while in quantum information theory it is natural to call it the entropy rate of the stationary quantum source. It is not difficult to see that the existence of the limit (5) for any stationary state implies the existence of $`lim_n\mathrm{}\frac{1}{n}S\left(\psi ^{(Nn)}\right)`$ for any $`N`$-stationary state $`\psi `$ and any fixed integer $`N`$. Thus, it makes possible to define a mean entropy with respect to $`N`$-shift as follows

$$s(\psi ,N):=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{1}{n}S\left(\psi ^{(Nn)}\right)$$
(6)
We note that if a state is stationary, then it is also $`N`$-stationary for any integer $`N`$. Therefore, the following equality holds for any stationary state $`\phi `$:

$$s(\phi ,N)=Ns(\phi )$$

## 3 Invariance of Stationary and Ergodic Properties

In this section we present a sequence of lemmas and a theorem which help to establish the ergodicity of a state. But first we shall reformulate the stationary ergodic properties of an infinite spin lattice system in terms of its finite subsystems. By rewriting the consistency condition (1), Definition 2.1, and the equations (24) in terms of density operators, we obtain the following three elementary lemmasfffIn what follows we abusively use the same symbol to denote both an operator (or superoperator), confined to a lattice box $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(m)`$, and its ”shifted” copy, confined to a box $`\{1+j,\mathrm{},m+j\}`$, where the value of integer $`j`$ will be understood from the context..

###### Lemma 3.1

A family $`\{\rho _m\}_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ on $`𝔄_{\mathrm{}}`$ is consistent if and only if, for all positive integers $`m,i<\mathrm{}`$ and every $`a𝔄^{(m)}`$, the following holds:

$$\text{tr}(\rho _ma)=\text{tr}\left(\rho _{m+i}(aI^i)\right),$$
(7)
where $`I^i`$ stands for the $`i`$-fold tensor product of the identity operators acting on respective spins.

###### Lemma 3.2

A quantum source $`\{\rho _m\}_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ on $`𝔄_{\mathrm{}}`$ is stationary if and only if, for all positive integers $`m,i<\mathrm{}`$ and every $`a𝔄^{(m)}`$, the following equality is satisfied:

$$\text{tr}(\rho _ma)=\text{tr}\left(\rho _{m+i}(I^ia)\right),$$
(8)
###### Lemma 3.3

A stationary quantum source $`\{\rho _m\}_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ on $`𝔄_{\mathrm{}}`$ is ergodic (weakly mixing or strongly mixing, respectively) if and only if, for every positive integer $`m<\mathrm{}`$ and all $`a,b𝔄^{(m)}`$, the equality (9) $`(`$(10) or (11), respectively$`)`$ holds:

$`\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=m}{\overset{n}{}}}\text{tr}\left(\rho _{m+i}(aI^{(im)}b)\right)=\text{tr}(\rho _ma)\text{tr}(\rho _mb),`$ (9)
$`\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=m}{\overset{n}{}}}\left|\text{tr}\left(\rho _{m+i}(aI^{(im)}b)\right)\text{tr}(\rho _ma)\text{tr}(\rho _mb)\right|=0,`$ (10)
$`\underset{i\mathrm{}}{lim}\text{tr}\left(\rho _{m+i}(aI^{(im)}b)\right)=\text{tr}(\rho _ma)\text{tr}(\rho _mb),`$ (11)
We now need to fix some additional notation. Let $``$ be an arbitrary trace-preserving completely positive linear (TPCPL) map which takes $`()`$ as its input. Without loss of generality we assume that the output space for $``$ is also $`()`$. Next, we define a composite map

$$^m:𝔄^{(m)}𝔄^{(m)},m>0.$$

We point out that such a tensor product map is the most general description of a quantum memoryless channel.

###### Theorem 3.1

If $`\{\rho _m\}_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ is a stationary and ergodic (weakly mixing or strongly mixing, respectively) source, then so is the source $`\left\{^m\left(\rho _m\right)\right\}_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$. The proof of this theorem is given in the appendix 6.

###### Remark 1

This theorem can be viwed is the quantum generalization of a well-known classical information-theoretic result\[17, chap. 7\] for memoryless channels, and we strongly beleive that the theorem can be extended to the case of quantum Markov channels.

###### Definition 3.1

We define a classically correlated quantum source $`\{\rho _m^{cls}\}_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ by an equation

$$\rho _m^{cls}:=\underset{x_1,x_2,\mathrm{},x_m}{}p(x_1,x_2,\mathrm{},x_m)|x_1x_1||x_2x_2|\mathrm{}|x_mx_m|,$$
(12)
where $`p()`$ stands for a probability distribution, and for every $`i`$, $`|x_i`$ belongs to some fixed linearly-independent set $`S:=\{|\psi _1,|\psi _2,\mathrm{},|\psi _d\}`$ of vectors in the Hilbert space $``$. We recall that $``$ is the support space for the operators in $`𝔄`$. The set $`S`$ is sometimes called a quantum alphabet.

###### Corollary 3.1

If a classical probability distribution $`p()`$ in Definition 3.1 is a stationary and ergodic (weakly mixing or strongly mixing, respectively), then so is the quantum source $`\{\rho _m^{cls}\}_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$. The proof of this corollary is given in the appendix 6.

## 4 Universal Compression with Asymptotically Perfect Fidelity

We begin this section with the introduction of the so-called quantum block compression scheme which consists of a sequence $`\{𝒞^{(n)},𝒟^{(n)}\}_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ of TPCPL compression and decompression maps

$`𝒞^{(n)}`$ $`:`$ $`B(^n)B\left(_c^n\right)`$
$`𝒟^{(n)}`$ $`:`$ $`B\left(_c^n\right)B(^n),`$
where, for every integer $`n>0`$, $`_c^n`$ is a subspace of a Hilbert space $`^n`$, and $`B()`$ stands for the set of all linear operators on a respective Hilbert space. For every $`n`$, we also define the compression rate $`r\left(𝒞^{(n)}\right)`$ by the equationgggAll logarithms in this paper are to base 2.

$$r\left(𝒞^{(n)}\right):=\frac{1}{n}\mathrm{log}dim_c^n.$$

Although a broad class of classical sources can be compressed and decompressed without distortion i.e. with perfect fidelity, quantum sources, with some exceptions, are not compressible without errors. That is, for a quantum source $`\{\rho _m\}_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$, we have, in general,

$$\rho _m𝒟^{(m)}𝒞^{(m)}(\rho _m).$$

However, one may still be interested in compression schemes where the states $`\rho _m`$ and $`𝒟^{(m)}C^{(m)}(\rho _m)`$ are sufficiently close to each other. Such the “closeness” can be quantified by special measures. In this paper, we will use the so-called entanglement fidelity measure which turns out to be the “strongest” of all fidelity notions that are applicable to encoding-decoding schemes. “Strongest” means that if the entanglement fidelity of a compression schemes converges to unity, then all the other applicable fidelities converge to unity, too. Moreover, the higher the entanglement fidelity of a map $`𝒟^{(m)}𝒞^{(m)}`$ is, the better is preserved the entanglement of the source system with an external system. In order to define the entanglement fidelity, we first need to introduce the fidelity of states. The fidelity $`F(,)`$ of states with density matrices $`\varphi `$ and $`\sigma `$ is defined to be

$$F(\varphi ,\sigma ):=\text{tr}\sqrt{\varphi ^{\frac{1}{2}}\sigma \varphi ^{\frac{1}{2}}}$$

Let $`\varphi `$ be the density matrix of a state on a Hilbert space $``$ which is subjected to a TPCPL map $``$. Let $`|\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Theta }|\stackrel{~}{}`$ be a purification of $`\varphi `$, where $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ is a Hilbert space for the reference system arising from purification procedure. Then the entanglement fidelity $`F_e(,)`$ is defined by

$$F_e(\varphi ,):=F^2(|\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Theta }|,(\stackrel{~}{})(|\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Theta }|)),$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ is the identity map (superoperator) on the state space of the reference system. The fidelity of states and the entanglement fidelity have many interesting properties, of which we just state the following

1. For all $`\varphi `$ and $``$, we have the relations

$$0F_e(\varphi ,)F(\varphi ,(\varphi ))1.$$
2. For all $`\varphi `$ and $`\sigma `$, the equality $`F(\varphi ,\sigma )=1`$ holds if and only if $`\varphi =\sigma `$.
3. For all $`\varphi `$ and $``$, the equality $`F_e(\varphi ,)=1`$ holds if and only if for all pure states $`|\psi `$ lying in the support of $`\varphi `$,

$$(|\psi \psi |)=|\psi \psi |.$$

Let $`\left\{p^{(n)}\right\}_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$, where $`p^{(n)}B(^n)`$, be a sequence of orthogonal projectors. Then we explicitly define two compression schemes $`\{𝒞_1^{(n)},𝒟_1^{(n)}\}_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ and $`\{𝒞_2^{(n)},𝒟_2^{(n)}\}_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ as follows

$`𝒞_1^{(n)}(\sigma )`$ $`:=`$ $`p^{(n)}\sigma p^{(n)}+{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}A_i\sigma A_i^{},`$
$`𝒞_2^{(n)}(\sigma )`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{p^{(n)}\sigma p^{(n)}}{\text{tr}\left(p^{(n)}\sigma p^{(n)}\right)}},`$
where $`A_i`$ is defined by $`A_i:=|0i|`$, and $`\left\{|i\right\}`$ is an orthonormal basis for the orthocompliment of the subspace $`_{c_1}^n=_{c_2}^n:=p^{(n)}^n`$. The decompression maps $`𝒟_1^{(n)}`$ and $`𝒟_2^{(n)}`$ are just the identities on $`B(_{c_1}^n)`$ and $`B(_{c_2}^n)`$, respectively.

###### Definition 4.1

We call $`\left\{p^{(n)}\right\}_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ a universal projector sequence with asymptotical rate $`r`$, if the following two conditions are satisfied:

1. there holds the limit

$$\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{1}{n}\mathrm{log}\text{tr}(p^{(n)})=r;$$
2. for every stationary ergodic source $`\{\rho _n\}_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ with von Neumann entropy rate below $`r`$, the following limit also holds

$$\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\text{tr}(p^{(n)}\rho _n)=1.$$

###### Theorem 4.1

* A universal projector sequence exists for any asymptotical
rate $`r(0,\mathrm{log}dim()]`$.
* Let $`\left\{p^{(n)}\right\}_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ be a universal projector sequence with an asymptotical rate $`r`$, then for every stationary ergodic source $`\{\rho _n\}_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ with von Neumann entropy rate below $`r`$, the following limits hold

$`\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}F_e(\rho _n,𝒟_1^{(n)}𝒞_1^{(n)})`$ $`=1`$ $`\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}r\left(𝒞_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{(n)}\right)`$ $`=r`$
$`\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}F_e(\rho _n,𝒟_2^{(n)}𝒞_2^{(n)})`$ $`=1`$ $`\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}r\left(𝒞_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{(n)}\right)`$ $`=r,`$
where for every $`n`$, the maps $`𝒞_1^{(n)}`$ and $`𝒞_1^{(n)}`$ are constructed with $`p^{(n)}`$.

Proof:  Part (i) is obtained in Lemma 5.2 via explicit construction of the universal projector sequence (27). Part (ii) follows immediately from the definition of a universal projector sequence and the so-called intrinsic expression for $`F_e(,)`$ as shown in the proof of the theorem \[24, chap. 7, theor. 21\].

###### Remark 2

Theorem 4.1 can be viewed as a quantum extension of universal noiseless fixed-rate coding of classical ergodic sources.

## 5 Universal Projector Sequence Construction

We begin this section with stating the important results from . Since work deals with more general, multi-dimensional quantum lattice systems, we reformulate the results for one-dimensional lattice, while staying as close as possible to the original notation.

###### Theorem 5.1 (\[1, theor. 3.1\])

Let $`\psi `$ be a stationary ergodic state. Then, for every integer $`l>1`$, there exists a $`k(l)\mathrm{\Lambda }(l)`$ and a unique convex decomposition of $`\psi `$ into $`l`$-ergodic states $`\psi _{𝐱,l}`$:

$$\psi =\frac{1}{k(l)}\underset{𝐱=0}{\overset{k(l)1}{}}\psi _{𝐱,l},$$
(13)
where $`\psi _{𝐱,l}`$ has the following properties:

1. $`\psi _{𝐱,l}=\psi _{0,l}\gamma ^𝐱`$
2. $`s(\psi _{𝐱,l},l)=s(\psi ,l)`$

###### Lemma 5.1 (\[1, lem 3.1\])

Let $`\psi `$ be an ergodic state. For a real $`\eta >0`$, we define an integers set $`A_{l,\eta }`$:

$$A_{l,\eta }:=\{𝐱:0𝐱<k(l)\&\frac{1}{l}S\left(\psi _{𝐱,l}^{(\mathrm{\Lambda }(l))}\right)s(\psi )+\eta \}.$$
(14)
Then, the limit

$$\underset{l\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{|A_{l,\eta }|}{k(l)}=0$$

holds for every $`\eta >0`$, where $`|A_{l,\eta }|`$ denotes the cardinality of the set $`A_{l,\eta }`$.

Let $`\psi `$ be a stationary ergodic state on $`𝔄^{\mathrm{}}`$, and let $`\{\psi _{𝐱,l}\}_{𝐱=0}^{k(l)1}`$ be the $`l`$-ergodic decomposition of $`\psi `$. In what follows, unless otherwise specified, we assume that $`𝐱`$ and $`𝐲`$ are integers from the set $`\{0,1,\mathrm{},k(l)1\}`$, where $`l`$ is also an integer as defined in Theorem 5.1. For every $`𝐱`$, let $`\{\rho _{𝐱,l,n}\}_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ be the family of density operators for $`\psi _{𝐱,l}`$, and let $`_{𝐱,l}`$ be the maximal abelian $`C^{}`$-subalgebra of $`𝔄_{\mathrm{\Lambda }(l)}`$ which is generated by the spectral eigenprojections of $`\rho _{𝐱,l}`$. Then, the following well-known relation holds:

$$S(\psi _{𝐱,l}^{\mathrm{\Lambda }(l)}_{𝐱,l})=S(\psi _{𝐱,l}^{\mathrm{\Lambda }(l)})$$
(15)
For a fixed $`l`$ and every $`𝐱`$, we define the abelian quasi-local $`C^{}`$-algebra $`_{𝐱,l}^{\mathrm{}}`$, which is constructed with the copies of $`_{𝐱,l}`$ over the sub-lattice $`l`$ (in the same way as $`𝔄^{\mathrm{}}`$ was constructed with $`𝔄`$ over lattice $``$) and viewed as $`C^{}`$-subalgebra of $`𝔄^{\mathrm{}}`$, and set

$`m_{𝐱,l}`$ $`:=`$ $`\psi _{𝐱,l}_{𝐱,l}^{\mathrm{}}`$ (16)
$`m_{𝐱,l}^{(n)}`$ $`:=`$ $`\psi _{𝐱,l}_{𝐱,l}^{(n)}.`$ (17)
To avoid possible confusion, we emphasize that the states $`m_{𝐱,l}^{(n)}`$ are confined to the box $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(n)`$ in the sub-lattice $`l`$ which corresponds to the box $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(nl)`$ in the lattice $``$. By Lemma B.1 in the appendix, the states $`m_{𝐱,l}`$ are stationary ergodic with respect to the sub-lattice $`l`$ and therefore are $`l`$-stationary $`l`$-ergodic with respect to the lattice $``$. By Gelfand isomorphism and Riesz representation, for every $`𝐱`$, quasilocal algebra $`_{𝐱,l}^{\mathrm{}}`$ is identified with a measurable space which we denote by $`(𝒵_l^{\mathrm{}},𝒫^{\mathrm{}}(𝒵_l))`$ with the following properties:

1. the sample space $`𝒵_l^{\mathrm{}}`$ is the direct product of replicas of an abstract set $`𝒵_l`$ with the cardinality $`d^l`$ over the the sub-lattice $`l`$, and $`𝒫^{\mathrm{}}(𝒵)`$ is the corresponding direct product $`\sigma `$-field;
2. there is a bijective map $`f_{𝐱,l}:\mathrm{\Pi }(_{𝐱,l}^{\mathrm{}})𝒫^{\mathrm{}}(𝒵_l)`$, where $`\mathrm{\Pi }(_{𝐱,l}^{\mathrm{}})`$ denotes the set of all projections in $`_{𝐱,l}^{\mathrm{}}`$;
3. every state $`m_{𝐱,l}`$ on $`_{𝐱,l}^{\mathrm{}}`$ corresponds to a positive measure on $`(𝒵_l^{\mathrm{}},𝒫^{\mathrm{}}(𝒵_l))`$ which we denote by $`\mu _{𝐱,l}`$ such that $`m_{𝐱,l}(p)=\mu _{𝐱,l}\left(f_{𝐱,l}(p)\right)`$ for every $`p\mathrm{\Pi }(_{𝐱,l}^{\mathrm{}}).`$

In fact, the tuple $`(_{𝐱,l}^{\mathrm{}},m_{𝐱,l})`$ and the triple $`(𝒵_l^{\mathrm{}},𝒫^{\mathrm{}}(𝒵_l),\mu _{𝐱,l})`$ are just two equivalent descriptions of a given classical stochastic process (see the appendix 6 for more details). Unsurprisingly, the measure $`\mu _{𝐱,l}`$ is stationary ergodic with respect to the sub-lattice $`l`$, and the following relation holds by Proposition A.1:

$$S(m_{𝐱,l}^{(n)})=H(\mu _{𝐱,l}^n),$$
(18)
where $`H(\mu _{𝐱,l}^n)`$ denotes the Shannon entropy of the probability distribution on $`𝒵_{𝐱,l}^n`$ defined by measure $`\mu _{𝐱,l}`$. It is well-known(cf. ) in (classical) information theory that the limit $`lim_n\mathrm{}\frac{1}{n}H(\mu _{𝐱,l}^n)`$ exists due to stationarity of $`\mu _{𝐱,l}`$ and is called the Shannon entropy rate of measure $`\mu _{𝐱,l}`$ and denoted by $`h(\mu _{𝐱,l})`$. Shannon entropy rate possess the following important property

$$h(\mu _{𝐱,l})=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{1}{n}H(\mu _{𝐱,l}^n)=\underset{n}{inf}\frac{1}{n}H(\mu _{𝐱,l}^n).$$
(19)
For all integers $`L,n>0`$, let $`𝒰_L`$ and $`𝒰_L^n`$ stand for a set of $`L`$ symbols (alphabet) and a direct product of $`n`$ replicas of this set, respectively. Then we define a mapping

$$C_{L,R}^n:𝒰_L^n𝒰_2^{nR},$$

where $`nR`$ is an integer, and $`R>0`$. If $`R<\mathrm{log}_2L`$, then some of the elements of $`𝒰_L^n`$ are mapped to the same elements of $`𝒰_2^{nR}`$. Let $`G_L^n`$ be a subset of $`𝒰_L^n`$ for which the mapping $`C_{L,R}^n`$ is bijective. Clearly, the cardinality $`|G_L^n|`$ cannot exceed $`2^{nR}`$, and we only consider mappings $`C_{L,R}^n`$ for which $`|G_L^n|`$ is maximized, that is

$$|G_L^n|=2^{nR}.$$

We will denote each such set by $`G_{L,R}^n`$ and call it a block codehhhIn some literature(cf. ) the term “block code” is reserved for the mapping $`C_{L,R}^n`$ rather than for the set $`G_{L,R}^n`$ since specifying $`C_{L,R}^n`$ is equivalent to specifying $`G_{L,R}^n`$ up to a permutation of the alphabet. of rate $`R`$. Now we are ready to define a so-called universal sequence of block codes on a measurable space $`(𝒰_L^{\mathrm{}},^{\mathrm{}}(𝒰_L))`$, where $`^{\mathrm{}}(𝒰_L)`$ is the usual product $`\sigma `$-field of subsets of $`𝒰_L^{\mathrm{}}`$.

###### Definition 5.1

A sequence of block codes $`\{G_{L,R}^n\}_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ on $`(𝒰_L^{\mathrm{}},^{\mathrm{}}(𝒰_L))`$ is called universal if for every stationary ergodic measure $`\mu `$ on $`(𝒰_L^{\mathrm{}},^{\mathrm{}}(𝒰_L))`$ with $`h(\mu )<R`$ there holds the limit

$$\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\mu \left(G_{L,R}^n\right)=1.$$
(20)
The existence of a universal sequence for any real $`R>0`$ was shown in the framework of the universal (classical) compression of stationary ergodic sources. It is not difficult to see that, for any $`R>0`$, a universal sequence $`\{G_{L,R}^n\}_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ can be constructed in such a way that for any integer $`i>0`$, the subsequence $`\{G_{L,R}^{ij}\}_{j=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ gives rise to another universal sequence $`\{G_{L^i,iR}^j\}_{j=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$. More specifically, if we partition every sequence in $`G_{L,R}^{ij}`$ into non-overlapping blocks of length $`i`$, and view it as the sequence of the supersymbols, then we get exactly the set $`G_{L^i,iR}^j`$. From now on, we will be only considering universal sequences with this property.

Now, for all $`l`$ and $`R>0`$, let $`\left\{\mathrm{\Omega }_{l,R}^{(n)}\right\}_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ be a universal sequence on $`(𝒵_l^{\mathrm{}},𝒫^{\mathrm{}}(𝒵_l))`$, and, for every $`𝐱`$, let $`p_{𝐱,l,R}^{(n)}`$ be a projector in $`_{𝐱,l}^{(n)}`$ that corresponds to the set $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{l,R}^{(n)}`$, that is

$$p_{𝐱,l,R}^{(n)}:=f_{𝐱,l}^1\left(\mathrm{\Omega }_{l,R}^{(n)}\right)$$
(21)
Let $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }`$ be an arbitrary stationary ergodic state on $`𝔄^{\mathrm{}}`$, and we convert all the notation we introduce in connection with the sate $`\psi `$ to the notation for $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }`$ by adding the symbol ~. We know that given any two (faithful) states on $`𝔄^{(l)}`$, for any $`l`$, the eigenbasis of the density operator of one state can be obtained from the other state’s eigenbasis by applying some unitary operator in $`𝔄^{(l)}`$. Therefore, for every pair $`𝐱`$ and $`𝐲`$, there exists a unitary operator $`U_l𝔄^{(l)}`$ which satisfies the equality

$$\stackrel{~}{p}_{𝐲,l,R}^{(n)}=U_l^np_{𝐱,l,R}^{(n)}U_l^n,$$
(22)
We define an auxiliary projector $`w_{l,R}^{(ln)}𝔄^{(ln)}`$

$$w_{l,R}^{(ln)}:=\underset{U_l𝔄^{(l)}}{}U_l^np_{0,l,R}^{(n)}U_l^n,$$
(23)
where $`p_{0,l,R}^{(n)}:=p_{𝐱,l,R}^{(n)}|_{𝐱=0}`$. Then, for every $`𝐱`$ and all real $`R>0`$, we have

$$\stackrel{~}{p}_{𝐱,R}^{(n)}w_{l,R}^{(ln)}.$$
(24)
Moreover, for all integer $`i,j>0`$ and real $`R>0`$, we have the inequality

$$w_{l,R}^{(lij)}w_{il,iR}^{(ilj)}$$
(25)
due to the special relationship between the universal codes $`G_{L,R}^{ij}`$ and $`G_{L^i,iR}^j`$, which we discussed earlier. Finally, we construct, for any real $`r>0`$, a projector sequence $`\{q_r^{(m)}\}_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ as follows. For every integer $`m>0`$, let $`i_m`$ be the integer-valued function of $`m`$ which is defined by the inequality

$$2^{i_m}d^{32^{i_m}}m<2^{i_m+1}d^{32^{i_m+1}},$$
(26)
and we also define integer-valued functions $`l_m,n_m`$ and real-valued function $`R_m`$ via equalities

$`l_m`$ $`:=`$ $`2^{i_m},`$
$`n_m`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{m}{l_m}},`$
$`R_m`$ $`:=`$ $`l_mr.`$
Then $`q_r^{(m)}`$ is given by the expression

$$q_r^{(m)}:=\{\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccc}w_{l_m,R_m}^{(l_mn_m)}\hfill & \text{if}m=2^{i_m}d^{32^{i_m}},\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ w_{l_m,R_m}^{(l_mn_m)}I^{(ml_mn_m)}\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \end{array}$$
(27)
Thus, projectors $`q_r^{(m)}`$ do not depend on either $`\psi `$ or $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }`$ or any other state(s).

###### Lemma 5.2

For any real $`0<r\mathrm{log}d`$ and stationary ergodic source $`\psi `$ with $`s(\psi )<r`$, the following two limits hold:

* $`lim_m\mathrm{}\psi ^{(m)}(q_r^{(m)})=1`$;
* $`lim_m\mathrm{}\frac{1}{m}\mathrm{log}\text{tr}(q_r^{(m)})=r`$.

Proof: For all integer $`m\stackrel{~}{m}>0`$, we have the following sequence of relations

$`\psi ^{(m)}\left(q_r^{(m)}\right)`$ $`\stackrel{1)}{=}`$ $`\psi ^{(l_mn_m)}\left(w_{l_m,R_m}^{(l_mn_m)}\right)\stackrel{2)}{}\psi ^{(l_mn_m)}\left(w_{l_{\stackrel{~}{m}},R_{\stackrel{~}{m}}}^{(l_mn_m)}\right)\stackrel{3)}{=}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{k(l_{\stackrel{~}{m}})}}{\displaystyle \underset{𝐱=0}{\overset{k(l_{\stackrel{~}{m}})1}{}}}\psi _{𝐱,l_{\stackrel{~}{m}}}^{(l_mn_m)}\left(w_{l_{\stackrel{~}{m}},R_{\stackrel{~}{m}}}^{(l_mn_m)}\right)`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{k(l_{\stackrel{~}{m}})}}{\displaystyle \underset{𝐱A_{l_{\stackrel{~}{m}},\eta }^c}{}}\psi _{𝐱,l_{\stackrel{~}{m}}}^{(l_mn_m)}\left(w_{l_{\stackrel{~}{m}},R_{\stackrel{~}{m}}}^{(l_mn_m)}\right){\displaystyle \frac{|A_{l_{\stackrel{~}{m}},\eta }^c|}{k(l_{\stackrel{~}{m}})}}\underset{𝐱A_{l_{\stackrel{~}{m}},\eta }^c}{\mathrm{min}}\psi _{𝐱,l_{\stackrel{~}{m}}}^{(l_mn_m)}\left(w_{l_{\stackrel{~}{m}},R_{\stackrel{~}{m}}}^{(l_mn_m)}\right)`$
$`\stackrel{4)}{}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{|A_{l_{\stackrel{~}{m}},\eta }^c|}{k(l_{\stackrel{~}{m}})}}\underset{𝐱A_{l_{\stackrel{~}{m}},\eta }^c}{\mathrm{min}}\psi _{𝐱,l_{\stackrel{~}{m}}}^{(l_mn_m)}\left(p_{𝐱,l_{\stackrel{~}{m}},R_{\stackrel{~}{m}}}^{(l_mn_m/l_{\stackrel{~}{m}})}\right)={\displaystyle \frac{|A_{l_{\stackrel{~}{m}},\eta }^c|}{k(l_{\stackrel{~}{m}})}}\underset{𝐱A_{l_{\stackrel{~}{m}},\eta }^c}{\mathrm{min}}\mu _{𝐱,l_{\stackrel{~}{m}}}\left(\mathrm{\Omega }_{l_{\stackrel{~}{m}},R_{\stackrel{~}{m}}}^{(l_mn_m/l_{\stackrel{~}{m}})}\right)`$ (28)
where $`1)`$ is due to (27), $`2)`$ is due to (25), $`3)`$ is due to Theorem 5.1, $`4)`$ is due to (24), and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{l_{\stackrel{~}{m}},R_{\stackrel{~}{m}}}^{(j)}f_{𝐱,l_{\stackrel{~}{m}}}\left(p_{𝐱,l_{\stackrel{~}{m}},R_{\stackrel{~}{m}}}^{(j)}\right)`$ for any integer $`j>0`$ by definition (21).

Now we want to show that for every $`𝐱A_{l_{\stackrel{~}{m}},\eta }^c`$, where $`\eta :=rs(\psi )`$, the inequality

$$h(\mu _{𝐱,l_{\stackrel{~}{m}}})<R_{\stackrel{~}{m}}$$
(29)
holds. First, we upper-bound $`h(\mu _{𝐱,l})`$, for all integer $`l`$ and $`𝐱`$, as follows

$`h(\mu _{𝐱,l})\stackrel{a)}{}H(\mu _{𝐱,l}^{(1)})\stackrel{b)}{=}S(\psi _{𝐱,l}^{(l)}_{𝐱,l})\stackrel{c)}{=}S(\psi _{𝐱,l}^{(l)}),`$ (30)
where $`a)`$ is due to (19), $`b)`$ is due to (17), (18), and $`c)`$ is due to (15). Then (30) and (14) imply (29).

Since $`l_m`$ is a non-decreasing function of $`m`$, and there holds the limit

$$\underset{m\mathrm{}}{lim}l_m=\mathrm{},$$
(31)
Lemma 5.1 implies the existence of the limit

$$\underset{m\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{|A_{l_m,\eta }^c|}{k(l_m)}=1.$$

That is, for any $`ϵ>0`$, there exists an integer $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{ϵ,\eta }>0`$ which satisfies the inequality

$$\frac{|A_{l_{\stackrel{~}{m}_{ϵ,\eta }},\eta }^c|}{k(l_{\stackrel{~}{m}_{ϵ,\eta }})}>1ϵ.$$
(32)
On the other hand, for every integer $`m>\stackrel{~}{m}_{ϵ,\eta }`$, the expression $`l_mn_m/l_{\stackrel{~}{m}}`$ is a non-decreasing integer-valued function of $`m`$, and there holds the limit

$$\underset{m\mathrm{}}{lim}l_mn_m=\mathrm{}.$$

Then by (20) there exists an integer $`M_{ϵ,\eta }>\stackrel{~}{m}_{ϵ,\eta }`$ such that for every integer $`m>M_{ϵ,\eta }`$ and every $`𝐱A_{l_{\stackrel{~}{m}_{ϵ,\eta }},\eta }^c`$, there holds the inequality

$$\mu _{𝐱,l_{\stackrel{~}{m}_{ϵ,\eta }}}\left(\mathrm{\Omega }_{l_{\stackrel{~}{m}_{ϵ,\eta }},R_{\stackrel{~}{m}_{ϵ,\eta }}}^{(l_mn_m/l_{\stackrel{~}{m}_{ϵ,\eta }})}\right)>1ϵ.$$
(33)
Thus, combining (28), (32), and (33), we obtain the first part of the lemma.

To prove the second part of the lemma, we will make use of the simple upper bound on the dimensionality of a so-called symmetrical subspace of a linear space. We define a space

$$SYM\left(𝔄^{(ln)}\right):=span\{A^n:A𝔄^{(l)}\},$$

which is the symmetrical subspace of $`𝔄^{(ln)}`$ over sub-lattice box $`l\mathrm{\Lambda }(n)`$. Then the dimensionality of $`SYM\left(𝔄^{(ln)}\right)`$ is upper-bounded by $`(n+1)^{d^{2l}}`$. Thus, for all integer $`m>0`$ and real $`r>0`$, we have

$`\text{tr}\left(q_r^{(m)}\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\text{tr}\left(w_{l_m,R_m}^{(l_mn_m)}\right)\text{tr}\left(I^{(ml_mn_m)}\right)SYM\left(𝔄^{(l_mn_m)}\right)\text{tr}\left(p_{0,l_m,R_m}^{(n_m)}\right)d^{l_m}`$
$``$ $`(n_m+1)^{d^{2l_m}}\left|\mathrm{\Omega }_{0,l_m,R_m}^{(n_m)}\right|d^{l_m}=(n_m+1)^{d^{2l_m}}2^{n_mR_m}d^{l_m},`$
and

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m}}\mathrm{log}\text{tr}\left(q_r^{(m)}\right)`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l_mn_m}}\mathrm{log}\text{tr}\left(q_r^{(m)}\right)\stackrel{1)}{}{\displaystyle \frac{d^{2l_m}\mathrm{log}(d^{3l_m}+1)}{l_md^{3l_m}}}+r+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{log}d}{d^{3l_m}}},`$ (34)
where $`1)`$ is due to the fact that inequality $`n_md^{3l_m}`$ holds for all integers $`m>0`$. On the other hand,

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m}}\mathrm{log}\text{tr}\left(q_r^{(m)}\right)`$ $`\stackrel{1)}{}{\displaystyle \frac{n_mR_m+(ml_mn_m)\mathrm{log}d}{m}}\stackrel{2)}{}r,`$ (35)
where $`1)`$ is due (24) and $`2)`$ is due to the relation $`rl_mR_ml_m\mathrm{log}d`$ which holds for all $`m`$. Combining (31), (34), and (35), we obtain the second part of the lemma.

## 6 Conclusion

We prove that, for any real number $`r>0`$, there exists a sequence $`\left\{p^{(n)}\right\}_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ of orthogonal projectors such that for any stationary ergodic source with von Neumann entropy rate below $`r`$ and all sufficiently large $`n`$, the range subspace of $`p^{(n)}`$ approximately contains the source’s typical subspace. Thus, we can compress the source by projecting it into the range subspace. Since $`\left\{p^{(n)}\right\}_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ does not depend on the source, we obtain a universal compression scheme for the family of all stationary ergodic sources with the entropy rates less than $`r`$. This extends the result obtained by Jozsa et al. for independently and identically distributed quantum sources.

We also show invariance of stationary and ergodic properties under completely positive linear transformations that describe the effect of a transmission via a quantum memoryless channel. As the corrolarly of our invariance result, we establish ergodicity criteria for classically-correlated quantum sources. This can be viewd as a step towards the studies on how the properties of a quantum source are changed after transmission through a quantum channel, and which subclasses of stationary ergodic quantum sources are invariant under certain transformations.

Appendix A States on Quasilocal Commutative $`C^{}`$-algebras

Let $`𝔅`$ be an arbitrary commutative $`k`$-dimensional $`C^{}`$-subalgebra of $`()`$, and let $`𝔅_{\mathrm{}}`$ be a quasilocal algebra $`𝔅_{\mathrm{}}`$ over lattice $``$ with local algebras $`𝔅_𝐱`$ isomorphic to $`𝔅`$ for every $`𝐱`$, i.e., $`𝔅_{\mathrm{}}`$ is constructed in the same way as is $`𝔄_{\mathrm{}}`$ in Section 2. Then, for any $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, every minimal projector in $`𝔅_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is necessarily one-dimensional, and the density operator for every pure state $`\phi ^{(\mathrm{\Lambda })}`$ on $`𝔅_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is exactly a one-dimensional projector. Let $`\left\{|z_iz_i|\right\}_{i=1}^k`$ be a collection of the density operators for all the distinct pure states on $`𝔅`$. We then define an abstract set $`𝒵:=\{z_i\}_{i=1}^k`$, where every element $`z_i`$ symbolically corresponds to the operator $`|z_iz_i|`$, and $`z_iz_j`$ for all $`ij`$. For every finite lattice subset $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, we define the Cartesian product

$$𝒵^\mathrm{\Lambda }:=\underset{𝐱\mathrm{\Lambda }}{\mathbf{\times }}𝒵_𝐱,$$

i.e., the elements $`\omega `$ of $`𝒵^{\mathrm{\Lambda }(n)}`$ have the form $`\omega =\omega _1\mathrm{}\omega _n`$, $`\omega _i𝒵`$. It is easy to see that, for every $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, the set $`𝒵^\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and the set of all one-dimensional projectors in $`𝔅_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ are in one-to-one correspondence: $`\omega |\omega \omega |`$. Consequently, there is one-to-one correspondence between the set of all projectors in $`𝔅_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and $`𝒫^\mathrm{\Lambda }(𝒵)`$, the Cartesian product of the power sets of $`𝒵`$. In particular, every projector $`p𝔅_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ corresponds to a set $`\{\omega :\omega 𝒵^\mathrm{\Lambda },|\omega \omega |p\}`$. We note that, equipped with the product of the discrete topologies of the sets $`𝒵_𝐱`$, $`𝒵^\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is a compact space, and the pair $`(𝒵^\mathrm{\Lambda },𝒫^\mathrm{\Lambda }(𝒵))`$ defines a measurable space. Thus, by Gelfand-Naimark theorem\[30, chap. 11\] and Riesz representation theorem\[31, sec. 2.14\], for any pure or mixed state $`\phi ^{(\mathrm{\Lambda })}`$ on $`𝔅_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, there exists a unique positive measure on $`(𝒵^\mathrm{\Lambda },𝒫^\mathrm{\Lambda }(𝒵))`$, denoted by $`\mu _\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, such that the following equality holds for any projector $`p𝔅_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$:

$$\phi ^{(\mathrm{\Lambda })}(p)=\underset{|\omega \omega |p}{}\mu _\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega )$$
(A.1)
Combining (A.1) and (7) and setting $`a:=|\omega _1\mathrm{}\omega _m\omega _m\mathrm{}\omega _1|`$ in the latter, we obtain, for any $`m,i`$ and any $`\omega _1\mathrm{}\omega _m𝒵^{\mathrm{\Lambda }(m)}`$,

$$\mu _{\mathrm{\Lambda }(m)}(\omega _1\mathrm{}\omega _m)=\underset{\omega _{m+1}\mathrm{}\omega _{m+i}}{}\mu _{\mathrm{\Lambda }(m+i)}(\omega _1\mathrm{}\omega _m\omega _{m+1}\mathrm{}\omega _{m+i})$$
(A.2)
The equality (A.2) is called the (classical) consistency condition. Thus, $`\{\mu _\mathrm{\Lambda }\}_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is a consistent family of probability measures, and $`\mu _\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ extends to a probability measure on $`(𝒵^{\mathrm{}},𝒫^{\mathrm{}}(𝒵))`$ by the Kolmogorov extension theorem. The extended measure is denoted by $`\mu `$.

###### Proposition A.1

If a state $`\phi `$ on $`𝔅_{\mathrm{}}`$ is stationary and ergodic (weakly mixing or strongly mixing, respectively), then so is the corresponding measure $`\mu `$ on $`(𝒵^{\mathrm{}},𝒫^{\mathrm{}}(𝒵))`$, and the following entropy relations hold:

$`S(\phi ^{(n)})`$ $`=`$ $`H(\mu ^n)`$ (A.3)
$`s(\phi )`$ $`=`$ $`h(\mu )`$ (A.4)
where $`H(\mu ^n)`$ and $`h(\mu )`$ denote the Shannon entropy of the probability distribution on $`𝒵^n`$ defined by measure $`\mu `$ and the Shannon entropy rate of $`\mu `$, respectively. The converse is also true.

Proof:  The result follows immediately from Lemma 3.2, Lemma 3.3, and the equality (A.1).

Appendix B Conditional expectation

Let $`\stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$ be a $`C^{}`$-subalgebra of $`𝔄`$, and let $`E:𝔄\stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$ be a linear mapping which sends the density of every state $`\phi `$ on $`𝔄`$ to the density of the state $`\phi \stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$. Such a mapping is usually called a conditional expectation and has the following properties\[27, propos. 1.12\]:

1. if $`a𝔄`$ is positive operator, then so is $`E(a)\stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$;
2. $`E(b)=b`$ for every $`b\stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$;
3. $`E(ab)=E(a)b`$ for every $`a𝔄`$ and $`b\stackrel{~}{𝔄}`$;
4. for every $`a𝔄`$, it holds

$$\text{tr}_𝔄(a)=\frac{\text{tr}_𝔄(I)}{\text{tr}_{\stackrel{~}{𝔄}}(I)}\text{tr}_{\stackrel{~}{𝔄}}\left(E(a)\right),$$

where $`I`$ stands for identity operator.

###### Lemma B.1

Let $`𝔄^{\mathrm{}}`$ be the quasi-local $`C^{}`$-algebra, which is constructed with the copies of the finite-dimensional $`C^{}`$-algebra $`𝔄`$ over the lattice $``$ as described in Section 2. Let $``$ be a maximal abelian $`C^{}`$-subalgebra of $`𝔄`$, and let $`^{\mathrm{}}𝔄^{\mathrm{}}`$ be the abelian quasi-local $`C^{}`$-algebra which is constructed with the copies of $``$ over the lattice $``$. Then, for every stationary ergodic state $`\phi `$ on $`𝔄^{\mathrm{}}`$, the state $`\phi ^{\mathrm{}}`$ is also stationary ergodic.

Proof: For any integer $`m>1`$, let $`E_m:𝔄^{(m)}^{(m)}`$ be the conditional expectation mapping which sends the density of $`\phi ^{(m)}`$ to the density of $`\phi ^{(m)}^{(m)}`$, and let $`\{\rho _m\}_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ be the family of density operators for $`\phi `$. Since $`^{(m)}`$ is a maximal abelian subalgebra of $`𝔄^{(m)}`$, we have $`\text{tr}_{𝔄^{(m)}}(I)=\text{tr}_{^{(m)}}(I)`$. Then, the following equalities hold by the properties of conditional expectation for all positive integers $`m<i<\mathrm{}`$ and all $`a,b^{(m)}`$:

$`\text{tr}_{𝔄^{(m+i)}}\left(\rho _{m+i}\left(aI^{(im)}b\right)\right)=\text{tr}_{^{(m+i)}}\left(E_{m+i}\left(\rho _{m+i}\left(aI^{(im)}b\right)\right)\right)`$
$`=`$ $`\text{tr}_{^{(m+i)}}\left(E_{m+i}(\rho _{m+i})\left(aI^{(im)}b\right)\right),`$
$`\text{tr}_{𝔄^{(m)}}(\rho _ma)=\text{tr}_{^{(m)}}\left(E_m(\rho _ma)\right)=\text{tr}_{^{(m)}}\left(E_m(\rho _m)a\right),`$
$`\text{tr}_{𝔄^{(m)}}(\rho _mb)=\text{tr}_{^{(m)}}\left(E_m(\rho _mb)\right)=\text{tr}_{^{(m)}}\left(E_m(\rho _m)b\right).`$
Thus, the family $`\{E_m(\rho _m)\}_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ is consistent, stationary, and ergodic by the lemmas 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3.

Appendix C Proofs

Proof of Theorem 3.1:
For any TPCPL map there exists a so-called ”operator-sum representation”,. Then, an $`m`$-fold tensor product map $`^m`$ has the following representation:

$$^m\left(\rho _m\right)=\underset{j_1,j_2,\mathrm{},j_m}{}\left(A_{j_1}A_{j_2}\mathrm{}A_{j_m}\right)\rho _{[1,m]}\left(A_{j_1}A_{j_2}\mathrm{}A_{j_m}\right)^{}$$
(C.1)
with

$$\underset{i}{}A_i^{}A_i=I,A_i,I𝔄,$$
(C.2)
where $`I`$ stands for identity operator.
Due to (C.1) and (C.2), the following three equalities hold for all positive integers $`m<i<\mathrm{}`$ and all $`a,b𝔄^{(m)}`$

$$\begin{array}{c}\text{tr}\left(^{(m+i)}(\rho _{m+i})(aI^{(im)}b)\right)=\text{tr}\left(\rho _{m+i}(\stackrel{~}{a}I^{(im)}\stackrel{~}{b})\right),\\ \text{tr}(^m(\rho _m)a)=\text{tr}(\rho _m\stackrel{~}{a}),\\ \text{tr}(^m(\rho _{\mathrm{\Lambda }(m)})b)=\text{tr}(\rho _m\stackrel{~}{b}),\end{array}$$
(C.3)
where $`a,b𝔄^{(m)}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{a}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{b}`$ are defined as follows:

$$\stackrel{~}{a}:=\underset{j_1,j_2,\mathrm{},j_m}{}\left(A_{j_1}A_{j_2}\mathrm{}A_{j_m}\right)^{}a\left(A_{j_1}A_{j_2}\mathrm{}A_{j_m}\right),$$

$$\stackrel{~}{b}:=\underset{j_1,j_2,\mathrm{},j_m}{}\left(A_{j_1}A_{j_2}\mathrm{}A_{j_m}\right)^{}b\left(A_{j_1}A_{j_2}\mathrm{}A_{j_m}\right).$$

Combining (C.3) with Lemma 3.3, we obtain the ergodicity (weakly mixing or strongly mixing, respectively) of $`\left\{^m\left(\rho _m\right)\right\}_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$. In a similar manner, the application of Lemma 3.1 establishes the consistency of $`\left\{^m\left(\rho _m\right)\right\}_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$, and the application of Lemma 3.2 establishes the stationarity of $`\left\{^m\left(\rho _m\right)\right\}_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Proof of Corollary 3.1:
Let $`S_{}:=\{|e_1,|e_2,\mathrm{},|e_d\}`$ be any orthonormal basis in $``$, and let $`\{\stackrel{~}{\rho }_m^{cls}\}_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ be the source with alphabet $`S_{}`$ and distribution $`p()`$. For $`i=1,\mathrm{},d`$, we define a set $`\{A_i\}`$ of linear operators as follows

$$A_i:=|\psi _ie_i|.$$
(C.4)
Then, set $`\{A_i\}`$ satisfies (C.2), and we define a TPCPL map $`^m`$ as in (C.1). Consequently, we have $`\left(\rho _m^{cls}\right)=^m\left(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_m^{cls}\right)`$. Thus, to complete the proof, we need to show that $`\{\stackrel{~}{\rho }_m^{cls}\}_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ on $`𝔄_{\mathrm{}}`$ is ergodic (weakly mixing or strongly mixing, respectively). Let $``$ be a subalgebra of $`𝔄`$ spanned by the set $`\{|e_ie_i|:|e_iS_{}\}`$. We extend $``$ to a quasilocal algebra $`_{\mathrm{}}𝔄_{\mathrm{}}`$ over lattice $``$ in the same way we did for $`𝔄_{\mathrm{}}`$. The algebra $`_{\mathrm{}}`$ is abelian due to the orthogonality of the set $`S_{}`$. For any integer $`m>1`$, let $`E_m:𝔄^{(m)}^{(m)}`$ denote the conditional expectation. Since $`^{(m)}`$ is a maximal abelian subalgebra of $`𝔄^{(m)}`$, we have $`\text{tr}_{𝔄^{(m)}}(I)=\text{tr}_{^{(m}}(I)`$. Moreover, by our construction, $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }_m^{cls}`$ is an element of algebra $`^{(m)}𝔄^{(m)}`$ for every $`m`$. Then, the following equalities hold by the properties of conditional expectation for all positive integers $`m<i<\mathrm{}`$ and all $`a,b𝔄^{(m)}`$:

$`\text{tr}_{𝔄^{(m+i)}}\left(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_{m+i}^{cls}\left(aI^{(im)}b\right)\right)=\text{tr}_{^{(m+i)}}\left(E_{m+i}\left(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_{m+i}^{cls}\left(aI^{(im)}b\right)\right)\right)`$
$`=`$ $`\text{tr}_{^{(m+i)}}\left(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_{m+i}^{cls}E_{m+i}\left(aI^{(im)}b\right)\right),`$
$`\text{tr}_{𝔄^{(m)}}(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_m^{cls}a)=\text{tr}_{^{(m)}}\left(E_m(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_m^{cls}a)\right)=\text{tr}_{^{(m)}}\left(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_m^{cls}E_m(a)\right),`$
$`\text{tr}_{𝔄^{(m)}}(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_m^{cls}b)=\text{tr}_{^{(m)}}\left(E_m(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_m^{cls}b)\right)=\text{tr}_{^{(m)}}\left(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_m^{cls}E_m(b)\right).`$
Thus, if $`\{\stackrel{~}{\rho }_m^{cls}\}_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ is consistent, stationary, and ergodic (weakly mixing or strongly mixing, respectively) on $`_{\mathrm{}}`$, then it also holds on $`𝔄_{\mathrm{}}`$ by the lemmas 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3. Finally, we note that since $`_{\mathrm{}}`$ is abelian, $`\{\stackrel{~}{\rho }_m^{cls}\}_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ on $`_{\mathrm{}}`$ is ergodic (weakly mixing or strongly mixing, respectively) if and only if so is $`p()`$ by Proposition A.1 from the appendix 6. $`\mathrm{}`$

References


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# Asteroseismological studies of three 𝛽 Cephei stars: IL Vel, V433 Car and KZ Mus

## 1 Introduction

The $`\beta `$ Cephei stars are a group of early B-type stars of luminosity classes III-V that pulsate in pressure (p) and gravity (g) modes of low radial overtone. Their pulsational behaviour is thus similar to that of the A/F-type $`\delta `$ Scuti stars. Both classes of variable seem suitable for asteroseismological investigations: their pulsational frequencies may be used to sound their interiors as the associated modes penetrate deeply into the star.

As exciting as this possibility is in theory, practice has shown that several obstacles still need to be overcome before precision asteroseismology of $`\beta `$ Cephei or $`\delta `$ Scuti stars can be done. On the theoretical side an adequate description of higher-order rotational effects is being worked on (e.g. Soufi, Goupil & Dziembowski 1998), and mode coupling is expected to have major effects on the pulsational eigenspectra of fast rotators (see Daszyńska-Daszkiewicz et al. 2002). Observationally, the main problem is the detection and identification of as many pulsation modes as possible because a complete set of mode spectra has not even nearly been detected for any of these pulsators.

It may be suspected that the $`\delta `$ Scuti stars offer better possibilities for asteroseismology than $`\beta `$ Cephei stars do, as they generally have many more pulsation modes excited to observable amplitudes. This result is in agreement with theoretical investigations of mode excitation (e.g. Pamyatnykh 2003). However, the problem lies with mode identification, that is, the match of the observed frequencies with the corresponding pulsation mode defined by the three parameters $`k`$, the radial overtone of the mode, the spherical degree $`\mathrm{}`$ and the azimuthal order $`m`$.

To accomplish such a match in the presence of incomplete observed pulsation spectra, it is necessary to use mode identification methods. However, the surface convection zones of $`\delta `$ Scuti stars are expected to affect some of these methods, like the commonly used photometric method that utilises and amplitude ratios and/or phase shifts of the light curves in different filters, adversely (see Balona & Evers 1999), and it is not known if they can be trusted. The $`\beta `$ Cephei stars do not have surface convection zones and therefore the simple photometric method may be applicable with more confidence.

We have therefore chosen three $`\beta `$ Cephei stars whose literature data qualify them as interesting candidates for in-depth studies aiming at the detection of many pulsation frequencies and at their mode identification by photometric means. All these objects have been reported as multiperiodic variables before and photometric mode identifications have been attempted. However, in all cases the amount of data available was small enough to give us hope for a significant improvement over previous results if we can obtain $`\stackrel{>}{}100`$ h of observation.

The most comprehensive photometric study of IL Vel (HD 80383) was performed by Heynderickx & Haug (1994). They found four frequencies in their UBV light curves, three of which formed an equally spaced triplet, suggestive of rotational $`m`$-mode splitting. This frequency solution did however not fit additional data in the Walraven system within the precision of the measurements. Heynderickx, Waelkens & Smeyers (1994) used the Walraven data for mode identification and suggested that all modes are of degree $`\mathrm{}=0`$ and $`\mathrm{}=1`$.

The variability of V433 Car (HD 90288) was discovered by Lampens (1988) and followed up by Heynderickx (1992). The frequency analysis of all the Geneva and Walraven data available to Heynderickx (1992) allowed him to disentangle four frequencies in the light variations of V433 Car. The mode identification by Heynderickx et al. (1994) was somewhat ambiguous, but suggested a mixture of (possibly) radial and nonradial modes with spherical degrees $`\mathrm{}`$ up to 4.

Our third target star, KZ Mus (HD 109885) was a discovery of the HIPPARCOS satellite (ESA 1997) reported by Waelkens et al. (1998). Aerts (2000) obtained new Geneva photometry for the star and performed both a frequency analysis of all data and mode identification. She suggested that the star pulsates with at least three frequencies, where the second strongest one appeared to be radial.

## 2 Observations

### 2.1 Photometry

We have studied IL Vel, V433 Car and KZ Mus from both the Siding Spring (SSO, Australia) and South African Astronomical (SAAO) Observatories. We used photoelectric photometers attached to the 0.6-m telescope at SSO and the 0.5-m and 0.75-m telescopes at SAAO.

The most valuable part of the energy distribution of a $`\beta `$ Cephei star for mode identification by means of photometry is in the blue ($`\lambda <4200`$ Å). Therefore, the Geneva and (particularly) Walraven systems are well suited for such a purpose as they have several filters in this wavelength domain. Unfortunately, these are not widely available. Owing to the faintness of our variables ($`V=8.19.1`$) we decided to utilise the standard Johnson UBV system, supplemented by Strømgren v whenever possible.

The periods of the known pulsations of our three targets are all longer than 150 minutes, and the stars are all located in an area covering some 30°on the sky. Consequently, we chose one local comparison star for each variable (the B5 IV star HD 79670 for IL Vel, the B9 IV/V star HD 90434 that was later replaced by the A1 IV/V star HD 89768 for V433 Car and the B9 IV star HD 109082 for KZ Mus; all spectral types are from Houk & Cowley 1975), and our observing sequence included all six stars whenever reachable. The resulting cycle time of about 25 minutes (or less) per measurement of each variable sampled the light curves of all stars adequately.

Another aspect of the pulsations of $`\beta `$ Cephei stars requires consideration when planning an observational effort such as ours. In many cases, closely spaced pulsation frequencies are present. As mentioned above Heynderickx & Haug (1994) reported just that for our target IL Vel. Consequently, a sufficient time baseline must be spanned by the observations (at least 2 months for IL Vel) for such frequencies to be resolved and the measurements should be distributed evenly over the observation period to avoid aliasing problems.

We have therefore also observed these objects during a multisite campaign for the $`\delta `$ Scuti star FG Vir (Breger et al., in preparation) when this star was not reachable. This only resulted in short runs up to two hours that however covered important gaps in the total coverage which made them quite valuable. The main body of our final data set spanned 94 days in February to May 2002, during which data was obtained on 52 nights. A total of 146 hr of measurement of IL Vel, 150 hr of V433 Car and 127 hr of KZ Mus was acquired.

Data reduction was performed in the standard way for differential photoelectric time-series photometry. First, we corrected the data for coincidence losses, followed by sky subtraction and by extinction determination using the time series of the constant stars in our ensemble. After the extinction correction, the differential light curves of the variables with respect to their local comparison stars and that of the three comparison with respect to the others were calculated and the times of measurement were converted to Heliocentric Julian Date (HJD). The light curves of the three $`\beta `$ Cephei stars in the V filter are shown in Fig. 1.

As part of the reductions were already performed during the observational campaign, it was noticed that the comparison star HD 90434 was variable. Consequently, it was replaced by HD 89768. As it turned out during the final reductions after completion of the observations, this star is also variable. We will analyse these objects later, but for the time being let it suffice to say that we performed a frequency analysis of their differential light curves with respect to the constant comparison stars for the other targets. We then subtracted synthetic light curves built from the results of this frequency search from the differential measurements of V433 Car so the variability of its comparison stars will not affect the frequency analysis of this star. This procedure is valid as the time scales of the variability of HD 90434 and HD 89768 is much longer than that of V433 Car.

### 2.2 Spectroscopy

With the main aim of determining the projected rotational velocities of IL Vel, V433 Car and KZ Mus, high-resolution spectra of the three $`\beta `$ Cephei stars were obtained on the night of 4/5 May 2002 with the 1.9-m telescope at SAAO. We used the GIRAFFE echelle fibre-fed spectrograph attached to the Cassegrain focus of this telescope. The GIRAFFE spectrograph has a resolving power of about 32 000, giving a resolution of 0.06 – 0.09 Å per pixel. Exposure times were 1500 seconds for IL Vel and KZ Mus as well as 600 seconds for V433 Car for 7S/N ratios between 27 and 35. A Th-Ar arc lamp was used for wavelength calibration.

The spectra were normalised to the continuum by using an unbroadened synthetic spectrum with T$`{}_{\mathrm{eff}}{}^{}=23000`$ K, $`\mathrm{log}g=4.00`$ as a template, using the SPECTRUM code (Gray & Corbally 1994). A running median of each echelle order was divided by the corresponding section of the synthetic spectrum and taken to represent the response function of the instrument. A polynomial of degree 5 was fitted to the response function and used to correct the observed spectrum.

For each order, the observed rectified spectrum was correlated with the corresponding section of the synthetic spectrum after removing the unit continuum, effectively resulting in the mean line profile with the continuum removed. A quadratic was then fitted to the correlation function, and its maximum adopted as the “radial velocity” for each order. The mean radial velocity from all the orders is also obtained.

The correlation profiles can be co-added to form what is essentially a mean line profile. The projected rotational velocity, $`v\mathrm{sin}i`$, can be determined by fitting a model profile of a rotating star. The projected rotational velocity is adjusted until a best fit is obtained to the observed profile. We show these fits in Fig. 2; the results from our spectroscopic analysis are summarised in Table 1.

## 3 Frequency analysis of the photometric time series

Our frequency analysis was performed with the program PERIOD 98 (Sperl 1998). This package applies single-frequency power spectrum analysis and simultaneous multi-frequency sine-wave fitting. One of its many advanced features is its capability to fix dependent signal frequencies to certain values, e.g. to sum and difference terms, and to perform simultaneous nonlinear least squares fits with such fixed frequencies.

Our strategy for the frequency analysis starts with the calculation of the spectral window of the data. It is computed as the Fourier amplitude spectrum of a single noise-free sine wave with the frequency of highest amplitude in our data. In this way, the reflection of the spectral window pattern at zero frequency, which may not be negligible as our observing nights often did not sample a full cycle of the light variations, can be evaluated.

We continue by computing amplitude spectra of our data as well as those of residual light curves after the previously identified periodicities had been removed using the multi-periodic fitting algorithm of PERIOD 98. We continue this process until no significant peaks are left in the residual amplitude spectrum. We consider an independent peak significant if it exceeds four times the local noise level in the amplitude spectrum, following Breger et al. (1993). Combination signals only require $`S/N>3.5`$ to be regarded as significant. Experience has shown that this criterion is both reliable and conservative.

Similar analyses were performed for all the four filters used. We note that, within the uncertainties of frequency determination, these detected frequencies were the same for all stars in every filter. This confirms that alias ambiguities do not affect our analysis. As our final values for the frequencies we adopted the mean values from the data in all four filters weighted by the associated signal-to-noise ratios. The deviations of the optimum frequencies in the individual filters from this mean is taken as our error estimate on the frequency determination.

### 3.1 KZ Mus

As the frequency analysis of this star was straightforward, it is the first that we chose to describe. The spectral window, amplitude spectra, and prewhitened versions thereof are shown in Fig. 3. We use the data obtained in the B filter for display as they have best S/N ratio. Due to our two-site coverage the spectral window is sufficiently clean so that alias ambiguities do not represent a problem for the analysis.

The first three signals in the periodogram are easy to detect. After prewhitening these, a more complicated residual amplitude spectrum (fifth panel of Fig. 3), with several peaks standing out, remains. A closer look reveals that two of them are the combination sum and difference frequencies of the two strongest modes, whereas the remaining tall peak corresponds to an independent signal. Prewhitening all the six variations detected so far, the 2f-harmonic of the second strongest mode also becomes notable.

After this signal is included in our multifrequency light-curve fit, no significant peaks remain in the residual amplitude spectrum of the B filter data alone, and neither are there any present in the measurements in any other filter. However, we can attempt to increase the signal to noise in our analysis by adding the data in all filters. Obviously, this must not be done for the original light curves, as different pulsation modes have different relative amplitudes in the different wavelength passbands (that are a diagnostic for mode identification!). It is however safe to combine the residual light curves as we are working at low S/N ratio, i.e. the intrinsic differences in mode amplitude between the wavebands are small compared to the noise in the data.

To combine the different residual data sets we have therefore subtracted a multifrequency solution from all the individual filters’ observations, using exactly the same frequencies (determined as described in the previous section) for each waveband. We then roughly scaled the residuals to B amplitude by multiplying the U filter residuals by 0.8 and the V filter residuals by 1.1. We did not scale the v filter data as the signals in it were found to have essentially the same amplitude as in B. The scale factors are approximate average amplitude ratios of the modes previously detected.

All these residual light curves were then added together, averaged, and the periodogram was computed out to the Nyquist frequency (lowest panel of Fig. 3); we find no more significant signals. Interestingly, we do note two residual mounds of amplitude, one in the frequency region where the pulsational signals were found and another one where combination frequencies would be expected. In fact, the two highest peaks in the latter region are located at exact sums of two known frequencies but they are not formally significant.

We can therefore claim the detection of seven signals in the light curves of KZ Mus; our final frequency solution is listed in Table 2. The rms scatter per single data point in the combined and averaged UvBV residuals is 3.0 mmag.

#### 3.1.1 Re-analysis of published data

Our frequency solution in Table 2 differs somewhat from the results of Aerts (2000), who needed to base her frequency analysis on the HIPPARCOS data of the star. The first two signals detected by her agree with ours, but the third one is different; the remaining signals are below her detection level. Two possible reasons for the disagreement can be imagined, the more exciting one being intrinsic amplitude variability of the star and the other one being an alias problem in the poorly sampled HIPPARCOS photometry.

Consequently, we have re-analysed the time series of KZ Mus acquired by the HIPPARCOS satellite. The residual amplitude spectrum after prewhitening the two consistent main frequencies contains the third signal claimed by Aerts (2000) as the tallest peak. However, our third signal is also visible and of similar strength. As our data are more extensive and of better quality than the HIPPARCOS photometry, we suggest that the third signal found by Aerts (2000) is an unfortunate artifact of the poor sampling of the HIPPARCOS measurements.

### 3.2 V433 Car

The upper panel of Fig. 4 shows that the spectral window function for our measurements of this star is also quite good. The amplitude spectrum is dominated by two peaks of similar strength that seem to imply an aliasing problem, but thanks to the long time base of our data they are well resolved and do not interfere with each other; they are simply two independent signals of similar amplitude.

Prewhitening of these variations results in the detection of a third frequency and the next step reveals another significant peak. After these four periodicities have been removed, no obvious new candidate frequency can be discerned. We therefore combined the residual data as we did for KZ Mus, but used somewhat different scale factors that seemed more appropriate for this star. We multiplied the U residuals by 0.83 and the ones in V by 1.05 to obtain approximate B amplitudes.

The amplitude spectrum of the residuals thus combined is shown in the lowest panel of Fig. 4, again out to the Nyquist frequency. The highest peak corresponds to a combination frequency difference and as it exceeds the noise level more than 3.5 times, we adopt it as an additional term for our frequency solution. We would also like to point out the peak near 7 c/d in the lowest panel of Fig. 4. It is in fact a close doublet at 6.924 and 6.968 c/d that is present in the residuals of all individual filters, but as it still does not exceed $`S/N>4`$, we cannot be sure about its reality. We therefore adopt a five-frequency solution for our light curves that we list in Table 3.

The rms scatter of the combined residual light curves of V433 Car is 3.9 mmag per point. This is 30% higher than for KZ Mus. Likely reasons for the increased noise are undetected further intrinsic signals and possible residual variations by the variable comparison stars that could not be taken out.

#### 3.2.1 Comparison with literature data

Heynderickx (1992) reported the detection of four frequencies in his light curves of V433 Car. Two of them agree with the two strongest signals in our Table 3, and the other two are 1 c/d aliases of our values. We prefer the frequencies derived our analysis because our data are more numerous, the results in the different filters were consistent and as our two-site measurements have a much better spectral window function.

The order in which we detected the variation frequencies of V433 Car is different from the one obtained by Heynderickx (1992). Although this author does not list the amplitudes of the signals he determined, inspection of his published PDM periodograms suggests that the pulsations suffered amplitude variability in the 14 years that have elapsed between his and our observations.

### 3.3 IL Vel

The spectral window and amplitude spectra of our measurements of IL Vel are shown in Fig. 5. Two independent frequencies dominate the periodogram. After prewhitening those, a third signal stands out, and including that one in the multifrequency solution allows the detection of two combinations frequencies. Combining the residuals in all filters, scaling the U data by a factor of 0.76 and the V data by 1.05, results in the uninformative periodogram in the lowest panel of Fig. 5. The frequency solution for IL Vel is given in Table 4.

This analysis may appear simple, but it is not. Firstly, the third independent signal is located halfway between the first two that are of much higher amplitude. Although it is well resolved from the two strong modes, some doubts remain as to its reality; it could be an artifact caused by amplitude/frequency variability of the two main signals.

We have therefore divided our data set into two halves (before and after JD 2452360) and analysed them separately. We adopted the frequencies of the two strongest modes and their detected combination signals as definite and fitted them to each half, but left their amplitudes and phases as free parameters. We then computed amplitude spectra of the residuals for each half in each filter. The signal $`f_3`$ was detected in each of the 8 subsets of data; we conclude that it is real.

The second cause of concern is the rms residual of our five-frequency fit to the IL Vel light curves. After combination of the data in all four filters, it is an enormous 7.8 mmag per point, twice as large as for V433 Car and 2.6 times larger than for KZ Mus. The noise level in the lowest panel of Fig. 5 is also correspondingly higher.

We started our quest for the reason for the high residuals by investigating the constancy of the comparison star. We calculated differential light curves to all the other stars that we had simultaneous data for, but found no evidence for variability of HD 79670, at least at a level that could produce the high residuals observed. They must therefore be (mostly) due to IL Vel.

When we checked the reality of $`f_3`$, we noted that its location in the amplitude spectra of the two subsets of data was somewhat shifted and that there was more structure surrounding it than just the normal spectral window pattern plus noise. A plot of the residual light curves after subtraction of our five-frequency solution shows conspicuous variability on time scales similar to those of the known pulsational signals. We are therefore inclined to think that further, presently unresolved, pulsation frequencies are present in the light curves of IL Vel and that a data set with an even longer time base than ours is required to detect them.

#### 3.3.1 Re-analysis of published data

The results of our frequency analysis differ from that by Heynderickx & Haug (1994). Our first frequency is significantly different from theirs, but we agree on the second one. Heynderickx & Haug (1994) did not find our third frequency, whereas we did not detect their third and fourth signals.

To clarify the situation, we have retrieved the data by Heynderickx & Haug (1994) and re-analysed them. We show the periodogram analysis of their Johnson B data in Fig. 6, where we have assumed our frequencies to be correct, and used them as the initial values for light curve-fitting and prewhitening.

Our two frequencies $`f_1`$ and $`f_2`$ are sufficient to explain the dominant variations in these measurements. After they are prewhitened, the residual amplitude spectrum (lowest panel of Fig. 6) shows no peak exceeding 5 mmag; the two additional frequencies claimed by Heynderickx & Haug (1994) had B amplitudes of 20 and 14 mmag, respectively. We conclude that these were artifacts originating from choosing a wrong alias frequency.

The absence of our signal $`f_3`$ in their data may be due to a similar reason. Two out of their three yearly data sets spanned two weeks, and one consisted two single-week runs spread by 25 days. The beating phenomenon of $`f_3`$ with either $`f_1`$ or $`f_2`$ is therefore never properly resolved. Due to this particular unfortunate time distribution $`f_3`$ can be suppressed below detectability, as we have checked with numerical simulations. It is therefore well possible that our $`f_3`$ was present in their data but could not be detected. We note that the two combination frequencies detected in our data may also be present in the measurements by Heynderickx & Haug (1994), but if so, their amplitude was lower.

Finally, we would like to point out that the lowest panel of Fig. 6 also shows a residual mound of power, even more pronounced than in the residual periodogram of our data. The combined, scaled and average UBV residuals of the data by Heynderickx & Haug (1994) have an rms scatter of 9.8 mmag, also much higher than their measurement accuracy. As these authors used a comparison star different from ours, we strengthen the conclusion that there are unresolved frequencies in the light curves of IL Vel.

### 3.4 Variable comparison stars

#### 3.4.1 HD 90434

This was the original local comparison star for V433 Car. When we examined amplitude spectra of the differential data reduced during the course of the observing campaign, we noted some additional low-frequency variability besides the pulsations of V433 Car. The differential light curves of HD 90434 relative to the comparison star for IL Vel, allowed us to identify HD 90434 unambiguously as a new variable. Figure 7 contains the spectral window and amplitude spectra of these data.

We detect one variation frequency for this star. Prewhitening it from the data, combining the residual light curves as done for the $`\beta `$ Cephei stars, and computing the amplitude spectrum of this data set results in some evidence for additional variability (lowest panel of Fig. 7), but produces no more detections. The increase in noise level at low frequencies may however also (partly) be due to residual effects of extinction and sky transparency as the two stars are separated by about 10°in the sky. The frequency solution we derived for HD 90434 is given in Table 5. We note that the amplitude of the variability increases toward the blue, as confirmed by an examination for colour variations. No significant phase shifts between the light curves in the different filters were found.

#### 3.4.2 HD 89768

After discovery of its variability, HD 90434 was replaced as a comparison star for V433 Car by HD 89768 whose spectral type of A1 IV/V places it outside any known pulsational instability region, but we were no luckier with this star. In fact, we only noticed that this object was variable as well when it was too late to replace it with yet another star.

We again constructed differential light curves with respect to HD 79670 and show its Fourier analysis in the same fashion as the one in the previous section in Fig. 8. Again, a single frequency suffices to explain the observed light variations, and some residual low-frequency variability seems present that we attribute to atmospheric effects. Table 5 contains our results for HD 89768 as well.

From the amplitudes in the different filters listed in Table 5 it appears that this star also shows some colour variability. We have therefore analysed the colour light curves as well, but we could not confirm this suspicion. It seems that the different amplitudes in the four filters are generated by noise effects and our errors are underestimates for variations at these low frequencies.

## 4 Basic stellar parameters

### 4.1 The $`\beta `$ Cephei stars

The astrophysical analysis of our results is facilitated by firstly restricting the physical parameter space occupied by these stars. Consequently, we have estimated their masses and temperatures with calibrations of multicolour photometry, as meaningful trigonometric parallaxes are not available. Fortunately, all three stars have already been measured in the Strømgren, Geneva and Johnson systems. We have retrieved the corresponding standard values from the Lausanne-Geneva data base (http://obswww.unige.ch/gcpd/gcpd.html).

We have then applied different calibrations for effective temperature, surface gravity and absolute magnitude to the three stars. It seems important to use more than one calibration as their results often deviate. We can then hope to get a good average result with a realistic determination of its uncertainty. Absolute visual magnitudes were calculated from the Strømgren $`\beta `$ index using Crawford’s (1978) results that also allow a determination of the interstellar reddening. We find $`A_v=0.90`$ for IL Vel, $`A_v=0.38`$ for V433 Car and $`A_v=1.24`$ for KZ Mus.

We used the formulae by Napiwotzki, Schönberner & Wenske (1993) to calculate stellar temperatures from the Strømgren $`[ub]`$ and $`(by)_0`$ indices as well as from Johnson $`(BV)_0`$. The tables by Flower (1996) allow another temperature estimate from $`(BV)_0`$ and also provide bolometric corrections. The latter were also determined from Drilling & Landolt’s (2000) tables. Estimates of the surface gravities of the three stars were obtained with the calibration by Smalley & Dworetsky (1995) from the Strømgren $`\beta `$ index, including a correction proposed by Dziembowski & Jerzykiewicz (1999). Finally, we applied the work by Künzli et al. (1997) for the Geneva system that results in effective temperatures and surface gravities. Average values for the resulting effective temperatures and luminosities as well as error estimates are given in Table 6.

### 4.2 The variable comparison stars

The HIPPARCOS parallax of HD 90434 (ESA 1997) has a relative error that is too large to make it useful. The spectral classification and the Strømgren colours of the star imply it is a late B star. Johnson and Geneva colours of this object are also available at the Lausanne-Geneva data base. Consequently, we applied the same calibrations that we have already used for the $`\beta `$ Cephei stars to determine its effective temperature and luminosity. We derive $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}=12.2\pm 0.4`$ kK and log $`L/L_{\mathrm{}}=1.86\pm 0.10`$.

No standard photometry is available for HD 89768. However, from the mean magnitude differences of V433 Car from both of its comparison stars, we can estimate $`(BV)=0.09`$ and $`(UB)=0.04`$ for HD 89768. With the HIPPARCOS parallax of $`2.09\pm 0.69`$ mas and the galactic reddening law by Chen et al. (1998), we can then estimate $`(BV)_0=0.01\pm 0.03`$ and $`M_v=0.7\pm 0.9`$. From the calibration by Napiwotzki et al. (1993) we then obtain $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}=9250\pm 400`$ K, and the luminosity results in log $`L/L_{\mathrm{}}=2.3\pm 0.4`$.

#### 4.2.1 The nature of HD 90434 and HD 89768

The effective temperature and luminosity of HD 90434 as derived above put it into the instability region of the slowly pulsating B (SPB) stars (Dziembowski, Moskalik & Pamyatnykh 1993). The colour variability we found combined with the variation being in phase in the different filters supports this hypothesis and argues against an interpretation in terms of rotational modulation of a chemically peculiar star; the Strømgren $`m_1`$ index for HD 90434 does not suggest it is an Ap star either.

On the other hand, HD 89768 is not located in any known pulsational instability region, and we could not detect colour variability in its light curves. We suspect that the variability may be binary-induced, but spectroscopic data would be required to confirm our hypothesis.

## 5 Mode identification

The ranges in effective temperature and luminosity of the $`\beta `$ Cephei stars listed in Table 6 are an essential ingredient for mode identification. We have followed the method proposed by Balona & Evers (1999, see their paper for a detailed description). It uses theoretically calculated nonadiabatic parameters to determine the amplitude ratios between different wavebands that are the discriminator between the different modes of pulsation.

We computed stellar evolutionary models by means of the Warsaw-New Jersey evolution and pulsation code (described, for instance, by Pamyatnykh et al. 1998) for solar chemical composition. The models spanned a mass range between $`816M_{\mathrm{}}`$ in steps of $`1M_{\mathrm{}}`$. Guided by the projected rotational velocities of the stars listed in Table 1, we chose a rotational velocity of 100 km/s on the ZAMS for models representing IL Vel and KZ Mus, but 260 km/s for V433 Car. By comparing the model evolutionary tracks with the stellar parameters in Table 6, we inferred that IL Vel is a star with a mass between $`10.513M_{\mathrm{}}`$ in the second half of its main-sequence evolution, whereas KZ Mus and V433 Car are less evolved but somewhat more massive ($`11.5M_{\mathrm{}}<M_{}<14M_{\mathrm{}}`$).

We then proceeded by calculating theoretical UvBV amplitudes for all pulsationally unstable modes along model sequences that spanned the physical parameter space of our targets, whereby we extended the error bars in Table 6 by up to a factor of 2 to be conservative. We did not consider the phase shifts between the different photometric bands because their measured relative error is much higher than that for amplitude ratios. We have not found phase shifts significant at the 3$`\sigma `$ level and they have therefore no discriminative power.

The resulting theoretical amplitudes in the four passbands were normalised to that in the U filter, and the average amplitude ratio and its rms error were calculated. In this way we can also get an idea of the uncertainties involved in the calculation of theoretical results that need to be considered when being matched with the observations.

The comparison between the theoretical and observed colour amplitude ratios of IL Vel is shown in Fig. 9. We also include the UBV colour amplitude ratios from the data by Heynderickx & Haug (1984) with the correct frequencies $`f_1`$ and $`f_2`$.

The identification for the two strongest modes of IL Vel is unambiguous: both have a spherical degree $`\mathrm{}=1`$. The third pulsation mode we found that has a frequency intermediate between the other two is also nonradial and could be $`\mathrm{}=1,2`$ or 3. Our mode identification is therefore consistent with that by Heynderickx et al. (1994), although they have used an incorrect alias and spurious frequencies.

Observed and theoretical amplitude ratios for the four modes of V433 Car are plotted in Fig. 10. The identifications we derive from that figure are not as clear as the ones for IL Vel. Mode $`f_1`$ is most likely $`\mathrm{}=2`$, and the amplitude ratios for $`f_2`$ agree best with $`\mathrm{}=1`$. All we can say about mode $`f_3`$ is that it is nonradial ($`\mathrm{}=2`$ or 4?), and mode $`f_4`$ may be $`\mathrm{}=0`$, 1, 2 or 3.

Heynderickx et al. (1994) arrived at similar conclusions concerning the identification of the modes of V433 Car, and they also reported inconsistencies of their identifications in different photometric systems. We must therefore consider the attempts to derive mode identifications for V433 Car as mostly inconclusive.

Turning now to KZ Mus, we show the comparison of its observed amplitude ratios with their theoretical predictions in Fig. 11. The identifications for the highest-amplitude modes of this star are very clear. The strongest mode of KZ Mus is quadrupole ($`\mathrm{}=2`$), whereas mode $`f_2`$ is radial. This is in excellent agreement with the identification by Aerts (2000).

As we have a much larger data set available than Aerts (2000) did, we can also provide an identification for the third mode of KZ Mus, which is a dipole ($`\mathrm{}=1`$). Only the identification for the weak fourth mode of this star does not point to an unambiguous spherical degree, but we can safely that it is nonradial with $`\mathrm{}3`$; a radial identification is ruled out because this mode’s frequency is too close to that of the radial mode $`f_2`$.

Finally, we also look for a possible mode identification for our SPB candidate HD 90434. For this star, we adopted 3$`M_{\mathrm{}}`$ models near the ZAMS guided by the results from Sect. 4.2 to determine the theoretical UvBV amplitude ratios. We then proceeded in the same manner as for the $`\beta `$ Cephei stars, and present the comparison between theoretical and observed amplitude ratios in Fig. 12.

Modes of spherical degrees $`\mathrm{}=1`$ and 4 give the best agreement, but $`\mathrm{}=2`$ also seems a viable identification. The long period of the star and the normalisation of the amplitudes in the U band (where the absolute error on the amplitude is largest) are suspected to result in larger systematic contributions to the observational errors than the formal values we adopted would include. Taking the effects of geometrical cancellation (Dziembowski 1977) into account, the most likely reason for the variability of HD 90434 is pulsation in a dipole mode.

## 6 Asteroseismology

### 6.1 IL Vel

We will now take advantage of the information gathered in the previous sections to understand the pulsational behaviour of our three target stars by means of comparison with model calculations. We have again used the Warsaw-New Jersey stellar evolution and pulsation code for this part of the analysis. We note that we do not attempt an exhaustive seismic analysis of the stars because too few identified pulsation modes are available for such purposes. Instead, we want to determine what we can learn about the stars by means of standard models and procedures and we want to assess the potential for asteroseismology of $`\beta `$ Cephei stars.

One tool that has been established for constraining the range of physical parameters of the seismological model of a star is stability analysis (see Pamyatnykh 2003 for a review). As a model of a pulsating star evolves, its radius changes, and the range of pulsationally unstable radial overtones of the eigenfrequencies varies as well. In conclusion, the frequency range of the unstable eigenmodes depends on the location of the model in the instability strip. This frequency range can then be matched with the one actually observed in the star.

Applying this method to IL Vel, we can take advantage of our mode identification. As all the modes for which we have a certain identification are $`\mathrm{}=1`$, we can restrict the comparison to this single spherical degree only. Figure 13 shows evolutionary tracks for models between 8 and 16 $`M_{\mathrm{}}`$ (we assumed solar chemical composition and a rotational velocity of 100 km/s on the ZAMS) in the theoretical HR diagram together with the parameters of the star from Table 6; models with a matching range of unstable frequencies are indicated.

Inspection of Fig. 13 shows very good agreement between the star’s position in the HRD and the range of models that have the same frequency domain unstable. We note that the sequences of matching models sometimes have gaps as they evolve along the main sequence. This is due to a change in the type of modes that produce the match and their frequency evolution which is affected by avoided crossings. We caution that the strength of pulsational driving in $`\beta `$ Cephei stars is strongly dependent on metal abundance (Moskalik & Dziembowski 1992, Pamyatnykh 1999). Therefore the results in Fig. 13 are only an indication of the range of possible models for IL Vel.

The two $`\mathrm{}=1`$ modes of IL Vel have similar frequencies; they are spaced by only 0.0986 c/d. The projected rotational velocity of the star ($`v\mathrm{sin}i=65`$ km/s, cf. Table 1) implies a rotational period $`P_{\mathrm{rot}}<5.8`$ d for the star assuming a mass of 12 $`M_{\mathrm{}}`$ as indicated by Fig. 13. At first glance, this suggests that those two modes cannot be caused by rotational splitting of a single mode. Three explanations for this close splitting may be possible. First, the star’s pulsations are just undergoing an avoided crossing phenomenon (e.g. see Aizenman, Smeyers & Weigert 1976) resulting in a close proximity of a p- and a g-mode. Second, the two $`\mathrm{}=1`$ modes are the central and prograde components of a multiplet, and the second-order rotational splitting is large enough to produce such a small frequency difference. Third, we may observe a gravity mode; the first-order rotational splitting of such a mode is approximately $`\nu (1(\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}+1))^1)P_{\mathrm{rot}}^1`$ (Winget et al. 1991).

We examine these hypotheses in Fig. 14, where we show the evolution of the rotational $`m`$-mode splitting and the frequencies of the $`\mathrm{}=1`$ modes of a 12 $`M_{\mathrm{}}`$ model with $`v_{\mathrm{rot},\mathrm{ZAMS}}=70`$ km/s along the main sequence. The first three pressure (p) and the first two gravity (g) modes are shown. From the upper panel of this figure it becomes clear that the observed frequency splitting of IL Vel can be easily reproduced by the model in the corresponding temperature range. In fact, this would be possible with models rotating as fast as 110 km/s. On the other hand, the rotational frequency splitting of any of these modes never becomes small enough that the observed frequency difference can be due to $`\mathrm{}=1`$ modes of the same type and radial overtone but with $`m=1`$ and $`m=1`$. This also implies that the third mode of IL Vel cannot be another member of this multiplet.

To determine the modes that are potentially responsible for the pulsations of IL Vel, we have traced the frequencies of the individual $`\mathrm{}=1`$ modes of the same model as used before along the main sequence in the lower panel of Fig. 14. The mode originating as $`p_1`$ on the ZAMS has a frequency very similar to the two observed for IL Vel over the whole temperature range estimated for the star, and is unstable as well. This mode has already undergone an avoided crossing with the $`g_1`$ mode and should therefore also have gravity mode characteristics, i.e. it is a mixed mode. In higher-mass models, dipole modes at this frequency become stable against pulsations, and in models below 11 $`M_{\mathrm{}}`$ the $`g_1`$ mode reproduces the observed frequency in the temperature range appropriate for IL Vel.

Another observation from Fig. 14 is that the $`p_1`$ and $`g_1`$ modes never come closer together than about 0.5 c/d. It is therefore unlikely that the two modes observed in IL Vel originate from different modes that just happen to undergo an avoided crossing. If we consider the hypothesis that the proximity of the two observed $`\mathrm{}=1`$ modes is caused by the effects of second-order rotational splitting, we find that $`v_{\mathrm{rot}}\stackrel{>}{}160`$ km/s, and hence $`i<25\mathrm{°}`$, which is also unlikely. In addition, the high amplitude of the prograde mode and the absence of the retrograde component of the hypothesised triplet would also be difficult to explain.

We conclude that the two dipole pulsation modes of IL Vel are most likely due to rotationally split components of the mode originating as $`p_1`$ on the ZAMS. One of these modes is $`m=0`$, the other one $`|m|=1`$, and 65 km/s $`<v_{\mathrm{rot}}<`$ 110 km/s.

### 6.2 V433 Car

We have performed a similar analysis for V433 Car. Regrettably, we could not obtain unambiguous $`\mathrm{}`$ identifications for any of its modes. On the other hand, the excited frequency range of the star is larger, which may however be related to it being a fast rotator. In any case, we show the match of unstable model frequencies to that of the observed ones in Fig. 15. The model evolutionary tracks are again for solar chemical composition, but for a rotational velocity of 260 km/s on the ZAMS, and we considered all modes with $`0\mathrm{}4`$.

Again, the agreement between theory and observation is fairly good, even when keeping in mind that our analysis does not take the frequency spread due to fast rotation of the star. However, as the observational results only allow us a rough qualitative comparison between observations and theory for V433 Car, this is not regarded as being important. V433 Car appears to be an object of about 13 $`M_{\mathrm{}}`$ that has just entered the $`\beta `$ Cephei star instability strip.

### 6.3 KZ Mus

The asteroseismological prospects of KZ Mus appear much better. In particular, we have unambiguously identified one of its modes as radial, and two more modes also have unique $`\mathrm{}`$ assignments. In the same fashion as in the previous sections, we show model evolutionary tracks (for $`v_{\mathrm{rot},\mathrm{ZAMS}}=100`$ km/s) in the theoretical HR diagram, the star’s position in it, and models with unstable modes in the observed frequency range in Fig. 16. In addition, we have indicated the locations of models that have a radial mode at 5.9506 c/d as observed for KZ Mus.

As for the other two stars, we find no disagreement between models with unstable modes in the observed frequency range and the observationally determined position of the star in the HRD. Figure 16 also allows us to reject the second overtone as the identification for the radial mode of KZ Mus, as it is inconsistent with the star’s evolutionary state, and it never becomes pulsationally unstable.

However, we cannot say at this point whether the radial mode is the fundamental or first overtone. Models with the fundamental radial mode at 5.9506 c/d are in better agreement with the stellar parameters from Table 6, but it may be stable in models with the mass inferred for the star. On the other hand, for this mode to be the first overtone, only models at the upper limits on mass and luminosity seem appropriate.

We attempted to find further constraints on the parameter space occupied by KZ Mus by using the nonradial modes that we identified unambiguously; any model representing the star should have modes of the same $`\mathrm{}`$ in the correct frequency range. All models with the radial fundamental or first overtone mode at 5.9506 c/d that we investigated could be used to reproduce the observed nonradial modes given the unknown angular rotational velocity of the star. However, when imposing mode stability as an additional criterion, it is found that model sequences of 12 and 13 $`M_{\mathrm{}}`$ give best agreement with the observations.

In this case, it is most likely that $`f_2`$ is the radial fundamental mode of KZ Mus. Then the $`\mathrm{}=1`$ mode would be associated with the mode originating as $`p_1`$ at the ZAMS and the observed $`\mathrm{}=2`$ most likely corresponds to the mode originating as $`g_1`$.

## 7 Summary, discussion and conclusions

In an attempt to investigate the asteroseismological potential of the $`\beta `$ Cephei stars, we have obtained 127 – 150 h of differential photoelectric photometry for each of the three pulsators IL Vel, V433 Car and KZ Mus. In line with the recent results by Stankov et al. (2002) and Cuypers et al. (2002), we have shown that low-amplitude pulsation modes are present in $`\beta `$ Cephei stars, and that large observational efforts to determine their mode spectra in detail are justified. We therefore confirm the importance of $`\beta `$ Cephei stars as asteroseismological targets for both ground and space based measurements.

By using the amplitude ratios of the different pulsation modes in the UvBV filters of the Johnson and Strømgren systems, we performed mode identification. We obtained unambiguous results for all pulsation modes with photometric amplitudes larger than about 10 mmag in V, or with relative errors on their amplitude smaller than 3%. The modes we could identify were the two dominant ones of IL Vel and the three strongest of KZ Mus, but none of V433 Car.

This may not only be due to its photometric amplitudes that are small compared to those of the other two $`\beta `$ Cephei stars. We have shown that V433 Car is a fast rotator, and therefore mode coupling (see Daszyńska-Daszkiewicz et al. 2002 and references therein) may occur. Mode coupling affects the predicted colour amplitude ratios and phase shifts. Since we have not taken this into account in our analysis, it may be at least partly responsible for the ambiguous mode identifications for this star.

On the other hand, our results for the more slowly rotating stars appear reliable, which represents a good motivation for studying a larger number of multiperiodic $`\beta `$ Cephei stars in the future. Our limit of the relative error of 3% of the photometric amplitudes for successful mode identification can then serve as a guideline for planning future campaigns.

We have performed model calculations for our three targets. The outcome was also quite encouraging. Although we only detected up to four modes per star (thus our obervational constraints on the models are not very strong), in no case disagreements between the observational results and model predictions were found. The observationally determined positions of the stars in the HR diagram could be reproduced by models that have the same range in pulsation frequencies unstable as are excited in the real stars.

In addition, we were able to place constraints on the types of mode observed in IL Vel and KZ Mus. We have shown that the most likely explanation for the two dipole modes of IL Vel are rotationally split components (one necessarily being $`m=0`$) of the mode originating as $`p_1`$ on the ZAMS. The third mode of IL Vel cannot be another multiplet member, and the equatorial rotational velocity of the star must be smaller than 110 km/s. If the radial mode observed in KZ Mus is the fundamental, then the high-amplitude $`\mathrm{}=2`$ mode is most likely the one originating as $`g_1`$, and the $`\mathrm{}=1`$ mode we identified is probably the one originating as $`p_1`$.

We cannot push the asteroseismological analysis of the three stars further at this point because too few modes have been detected and identified for detailed modelling. However, we strongly suspect that more modes are present in IL Vel that just need better time resolution to be detected. KZ Mus may have more modes as well, and a unique mode identification for its fourth mode may place a constraint on the star’s rotation frequency. Further work on both stars should also include time-resolved spectroscopic observations to determine the azimuthal order $`m`$ of the high-amplitude nonradial modes; although both objects are $`V9.1`$, the spectra we obtained suggests this is possible. Determinations of the metal abundances of the stars would also be a valuable ingredient for model calculations. With all these observations in hand, precision asteroseismological studies of IL Vel and KZ Mus appear possible.

## ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work has been supported by the Austrian Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung under grant R12 to GH and by travel support for FR and TT under grant P14546-PHY. We thank Wolfgang Zima for helping with some of the observations. GH is indebted to Alosha Pamyatnykh for helpful discussions, for providing theoretical instability domains for the $`\beta `$ Cephei stars and to him and Anamarija Stankov for comments on a draft version of this paper. This research has made use of the SIMBAD and VizieR databases, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France and the GCPD database, operated at the Institute of Astronomy of the University of Lausanne.