text:
# The Wavelet Galerkin Operator

## 1.  Introduction

The wavelet Galerkin operator appears in several different contexts such as wavelets (see for example \[Law91b\], \[Dau95\], \[CoDa96\], \[LLS96\], \[CoRa90\]), ergodic theory and $`g`$-measures (\[Kea82\]) or quantum statistical mechanics (\[Rue68\]). For some of the applications of the Ruelle operator we refer the reader to the book by V. Baladi \[Bal00\]. It also bears many different names in the literature: the Ruelle operator, the Perron-Frobenius-Ruelle operator, the Ruelle-Araki operator, the Sinai-Bowen-Ruelle operator, the transfer operator and several others. We used the name wavelet Galerkin operator as suggested in \[Law91b\], because of its close connection to wavelets that we will be using in the sequel. We will also use the name Ruelle operator and transfer operator.

The Ruelle operator considered in this paper is defined by

$$R_{m_0,m_0^{}}f(z)=\frac{1}{N}\underset{w^N=z}{}\overline{m_0(w)}m_0^{}(w)f(w),(z𝕋)$$

where $`m_0,m_0^{}L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ are nonsingular (i.e. they do not vanish on a set of positive measure ), $`𝕋`$ is the unit circle $`\{z||z|=1\}`$, $`N2`$ is an integer. A large amount of information about this operator is contained in \[BraJo\]. One of the main objectives of this paper is to do a peripheral spectral analysis for the Ruelle operator, that is to solve the equation

$$R_{m_0,m_0}h=\lambda h,|\lambda |=1,hC(𝕋).$$

The restrictions that we will impose on $`m_0`$ are:

(1.1)
$$m_0\text{Lip}_1(𝕋)$$

where

$$\text{Lip}_1(𝕋)=\{f:𝕋|f\text{ is Lipschitz }\}.$$

(1.2)
$$m_0\text{ has a finite number of zeros }.$$

(1.3)
$$R_{m_0,m_0}1=1$$

(1.4)
$$m_0(1)=\sqrt{N}$$

In ergodic theory the Ruelle operators are used in the derivation of correlation inequalities (see \[Sto01\] and \[Dol98\]) and in understanding the Gibbs measures. The role played by the Ruelle operator in wavelet theory is somewhat similar. It can be used to make a direct connection to the cascade approximation and orthogonality relations.

In the applications to wavelets, the function $`m_0`$ is a wavelet filter, i.e., its Fourier expansion

(1.5)
$$m_0(z)=\underset{k}{}a_kz^k$$

yields the masking coefficients of the scaling function $`\phi `$ on $``$, i.e. the function which results from the the fixed-point problem

(1.6)
$$\phi (x)=\sqrt{N}\underset{k}{}a_k\phi (Nxk)$$

Then the solution $`\phi `$ is used in building a multiresolution for the wavelet analysis. If, for example, conditions can be placed on (1.5) which yield $`L^2\left(\right)`$-solutions to (1.6), then the closed subspace $`V_0`$ spanned by the translates $`\left\{\phi (xk)\right|k\}`$ is invariant under the scaling operator

(1.7)
$$Uf(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}f\left(\frac{x}{N}\right),(x)$$

i.e. $`U\left(V_0\right)V_0`$. Setting

$$V_j:=U^j\left(V_0\right),(j)$$

we get the resolution

$$\mathrm{}V_2V_1V_0V_1V_2\mathrm{}$$

from which wavelets can be constructed as in \[Dau92\].

The cascade operator is defined on $`L^2\left(\right)`$ from the masking coefficients by:

$$M_a\psi =\sqrt{N}\underset{n}{}a_n\psi (Nn).$$

The scaling function $`\phi `$ is then a fixed point for the cascade operator, it satisfies the scaling equation

$$M_a\phi =\phi .$$

Now set

$$p(\psi _1,\psi _2)\left(e^{it}\right)=\underset{n}{}e^{int}_{}\overline{\psi _1}(x)\psi (xn)𝑑x.$$

The relation between the Ruelle operator $`R_{m_0,m_0}`$ and the cascade operator $`M_a`$ is

$$R_{m_0,m_0}\left(p(\psi _1,\psi _2)\right)=p(M_a\psi _1,M_a\psi _2),$$

and this makes the transfer operator an adequate tool in the analysis of the orthogonality relations.

One of the fundamental problems in wavelet theory is to give necessary and sufficient conditions on $`m_0`$ such that the the translates of the scaling function $`\{\phi (n)|n\}`$ form an orthonormal set. There are two well known results that answer this question: one due to Lawton (\[Law91a\]), which says that one such condition is that $`R_{m_0,m_0}`$, as an operator on continuous functions, has 1 as a simple eigenvalue, the other, due to A.Cohen (\[Co90\]), which says that the orthogonality is equivalent to the fact that $`m_0`$ has no nontrivial cycles (a cycle is a set $`\{z_1,\mathrm{},z_p\}`$ with $`z_1^N=z_2,\mathrm{},z_{p1}^N=z_p,z_p^N=z^1`$ and $`|m_0(z_i)|=\sqrt{N}`$ for all $`i\{1,\mathrm{},p\}`$; the trivial cycle is $`\{1\}`$).

The peripheral spectral analysis in this paper will elucidate, among other things, why these two conditions are equivalent.

The wavelet theory gives a representation of the algebra $`𝔄_N`$ (i.e. the $`C^{}`$-algebra generated by two unitary operators $`U`$ and $`V`$ subject to the relation $`UVU^1=V^N`$) on $`L^2\left(\right)`$. $`U`$ is the scaling operator in (1.7) and $`V`$ is the translation by 1

$$V:\psi \psi (1).$$

In fact we also have a representation of $`L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ on $`L^2\left(\right)`$ given by

$$\pi (f)\psi =\underset{n}{}c_n\psi (n),$$

for $`f=_nc_nz^nL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$.

The scaling equation (1.6) can be rewritten as

$$U\phi =\pi (m_0)\phi .$$

This representation of $`𝔄_N`$ together with the scaling function $`\phi `$ is called the wavelet representation.

In \[Jor98\] it is proved that there is a 1-1 correspondence between positive solutions to $`R_{m_0,m_0}h=h`$ and representations of $`𝔄_N`$. These representations are in fact given by the unitary $`U:`$, a representation $`\pi :L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)()`$ satisfying

$$U\pi (f)=\pi \left(f\left(z^N\right)\right)U,(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right))$$

and $`\phi `$ with $`U\phi =\pi \left(m_0\right)\phi `$.

We reproduce here the theorem:

###### Theorem 1.1.

1. Let $`m_0L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$, and suppose $`m_0`$ does not vanish on a subset of $`𝕋`$ of positive measure. Let

(1.8)
$$\left(Rf\right)\left(z\right)=\frac{1}{N}\underset{w^N=z}{}\left|m_0\left(w\right)\right|^2f\left(w\right),fL^1\left(𝕋\right).$$

Then there is a one-to-one correspondence between the data (a) and (b) below, where (b) is understood as equivalence classes under unitary equivalence:

1. $`hL^1\left(𝕋\right)`$, $`h0`$, and

    (1.9)
    $$R\left(h\right)=h.$$
    2. $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }Rep(𝔄_N,)`$, $`\phi `$, and the unitary $`U`$ from $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }`$ satisfying

    (1.10)
    $$U\phi =\pi \left(m_0\right)\phi .$$
2. From (a)$``$(b), the correspondence is given by

(1.11)
$$\phi |\pi \left(f\right)\phi _{}=_𝕋fh𝑑\mu ,$$

where $`\mu `$ denotes the normalized Haar measure on $`𝕋`$.

From (b)$``$(a), the correspondence is given by

(1.12)
$$h\left(z\right)=h_\phi \left(z\right)=\underset{n}{}z^n\pi \left(e_n\right)\phi |\phi _{}.$$
3. When (a) is given to hold for some $`h`$, and $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }Rep(𝔄_N,)`$ is the corresponding cyclic representation with $`U\phi =\pi \left(m_0\right)\phi `$, then the representation is unique from $`h`$ and (1.11) up to unitary equivalence: that is, if $`\pi ^{}Rep(𝔄_N,^{})`$, $`\phi ^{}^{}`$ also cyclic and satisfying

$`\phi ^{}|\pi ^{}\left(f\right)\phi ^{}`$ $`={\displaystyle _𝕋}fh𝑑\mu `$
and
$`U^{}\phi ^{}`$ $`=\pi ^{}\left(m_0\right)\phi ^{},`$
then there is a unitary isomorphism $`W`$ of $``$ onto $`^{}`$ such that $`W\pi \left(A\right)=\pi ^{}\left(A\right)W`$, $`A𝔄_N`$, and $`W\phi =\phi ^{}`$.

###### Definition 1.2.

Given $`h`$ as in theorem 1.1 call $`(\pi ,,\phi )`$ the cyclic representation of $`𝔄_N`$ associated to $`h`$.

In the case of the orthogonality of the translates of the scaling function $`\phi `$, the wavelet representation is in fact the cyclic representation corresponding to the unique fixed point of the Ruelle operator $`R_{m_0,m_0}`$, which is the constant function $`1`$.

We will also need the results from \[Dut\] which show the connection between solutions to $`R_{m_0,m_0^{}}h=h`$ and operators that intertwine these representations. Here are those results:

###### Theorem 1.3.

Let $`m_0,m_0^{}L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ be non-singular and $`h,h^{}L^1\left(𝕋\right)`$, $`h,h^{}0`$, $`R_{m_0,m_0}(h)=h`$, $`R_{m_0^{},m_0^{}}(h^{})=h^{}`$. Let $`(\pi ,,\phi )`$, $`(\pi ^{},^{},\phi ^{})`$ be the cyclic representations corresponding to $`h`$ and $`h^{}`$ respectively.
If $`h_0L^1\left(𝕋\right)`$, $`R_{m_0,m_0^{}}\left(h_0\right)=h_0`$ and $`\left|h_0\right|^2chh^{}`$ for some $`c>0`$ then there exists a unique operator $`S:^{}`$ such that

$$SU^{}=US,S\pi ^{}(f)=\pi (f)S,(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right))$$

$$\phi |\pi (f)S\phi ^{}=_𝕋fh_0𝑑\mu ,(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right))$$

Moreover $`S\sqrt{c}`$.

###### Theorem 1.4.

Let $`m_0,m_0^{},h,h^{},(\pi ,,\phi ),(\pi ^{},^{},\phi ^{})`$ be as in theorem 1.3.
Suppose $`S:^{}`$ is a bounded operator that satisfies

$$SU^{}=US,S\pi ^{}(f)=\pi (f)S,(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right))$$

Then there exists a unique $`h_0L^1\left(𝕋\right)`$ such that

$$R_{m_0,m_0^{}}h_0=h_0$$

and

$$\phi |S\pi ^{}(f)\phi ^{}=_𝕋fh_0𝑑\mu ,(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right))$$

Moreover

$$\left|h_0\right|^2S^2hh^{}\text{ almost everywhere on }𝕋.$$

We will see how each cycle of $`m_0`$ gives rise to a representation of $`𝔄_N`$ (hence to a positive solution for $`R_{m_0,m_0}h=h`$).

We will also give the concrete form for the cyclic representation corresponding to the constant function $`1`$ when $`m_0`$ satisfies (1.1)-(1.4). When the wavelets are not orthogonal (the case of tight frames), the representations become more complicated.

## 2.  Peripheral spectral analysis

We begin this section by analyzing the intertwining operators a little bit further. We will see that the commutant of the cyclic representation associated to a positive $`h`$ with $`R_{m_0,m_0}h=h`$ is abelian and we will find the eigenfunction $`h`$ that corresponds to the composition of two intertwining operators that correspond to $`h_1`$ and $`h_2`$ respectively.

In \[Jor98\], corollary 3.9 it is proved that the cyclic representation $`(_h,\pi _h,\phi _h)`$ corresponding to some $`h0`$ with $`R_{m_0,m_0}h=h`$ is given by:

$$_h:=\left\{(\xi _0,\mathrm{},\xi _n,\mathrm{})\right|_𝕋R_{m_0,m_0}^n\left(\left|\xi _n\right|^2h\right)𝑑\mu <\mathrm{},R_{m_0,m_0}\left(\xi _{n+1}h\right)=\xi _nh\}$$

$$\pi _h(f)(\xi _0,\mathrm{}\xi _n,\mathrm{})=(f(x)\xi _0,\mathrm{},f\left(z^N\right)\xi _n,\mathrm{}),(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right))$$

$$U_h(\xi _0,\mathrm{},\xi _n,\mathrm{})=(m_0(z)\xi _1,\mathrm{},m_0\left(z^{N^n}\right)\xi _{n+1},\mathrm{})$$

$$(\xi _0,\mathrm{},\xi _n,\mathrm{})|(\eta _0,\mathrm{}\eta _n,\mathrm{})=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}_𝕋R_{m_0,m_0}^n\left(\overline{\xi _n}\eta _nh\right)𝑑\mu $$

and

$$\phi _h=(1,1,\mathrm{},1,\mathrm{})$$

Also, we have the subspaces $`H_0^hH_1^h\mathrm{}H_n^h\mathrm{}_h`$ whose union is dense in $`_h`$ where

$$H_n^h:=\left\{(\xi _0,\mathrm{},\xi _n,\mathrm{})_h\right|\xi _{n+k}(z)=\xi _n\left(z^{N^k}\right)\text{, for }k0\}$$

The set

$$𝒱_n^h:=\left\{U_h^n\pi _h(f)\phi _h\right|fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)\}$$

is dense in $`H_n^h`$ for all $`n0`$ and $`U_h^nH_n^h=H_0^h`$.

Some notations: if $`m_0`$ and $`h`$ are as in theorem 1.1, then, we denote by $`(_h,\pi _h,\phi _h)`$ the cyclic representation associated to $`h`$.

If $`m_0`$, $`m_0^{}`$, $`h,h^{}`$ and $`h_0`$ are as in theorem 1.3 then denote by $`S_{h,h^{},h_0}`$ the intertwining operator from $`_h^{}`$ to $`_h`$ given by the aforementioned theorem.

Sometime we will omit the subscripts.

###### Lemma 2.1.

Let $`P_{H_0^h}`$ be the projection onto the subspace $`H_0^h`$.
Then $`P_{H_0^h}S_{h,h^{},h_0}P_{H_0^h^{}}`$ is multiplication by $`\frac{h_0}{h}`$ on $`H_0^h^{}`$ i.e.

$`P_{H_0^h}S_{h,h^{},h_0}P_{H_0^h^{}}(\xi (z),\xi \left(z^N\right),\mathrm{},\xi \left(z^{N^n}\right),\mathrm{})=`$
$`=(\xi (z){\displaystyle \frac{h_0(z)}{h(z)}},\xi \left(z^N\right){\displaystyle \frac{h_0\left(z^N\right)}{h\left(z^N\right)}},\mathrm{},\xi \left(z^{N^n}\right){\displaystyle \frac{h_0\left(z^{N^n}\right)}{h\left(z^{N^n}\right)}},\mathrm{})`$
###### Proof.

Denote $`S\phi _h^{}=(\phi _0^S,\mathrm{},\phi _n^S,\mathrm{})`$. Then for all $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$

$`{\displaystyle _𝕋}fh_0𝑑\mu `$ $`=(1,1,\mathrm{},1,\mathrm{})|\pi _h(f)(\phi _0^S,\mathrm{},\phi _n^S,\mathrm{})`$
$`=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle _𝕋}R_{m_0,m_0}^n\left(f\left(z^{N^n}\right)\phi _n^Sh\right)𝑑\mu `$
$`=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle _𝕋}f(z)\phi _0^Sh𝑑\mu ={\displaystyle _𝕋}f\phi _0^Sh𝑑\mu `$
thus $`\phi _0^S=\frac{h_0}{h}`$. Consider again an $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ arbitrary.

$`P_{H_0^h}SP_{H_0^h^{}}\pi _h^{}(f)\phi _h^{}`$ $`=P_{H_0^h}S\pi _h^{}(f)\phi _h^{}=P_{H_0^h}\pi _h(f)S\phi _h^{}=`$
$`=P_{H_0^h}(f(z)\phi _0^S,\mathrm{},f\left(z^{N^n}\right)\phi _n^S,\mathrm{})=`$
$`=(f(z)\phi _0^S,\mathrm{},f\left(z^{N^n}\right)\phi _0^S\left(z^{N^n}\right),\mathrm{})`$
This calculation shows that $`P_{H_0^h}SP_{H_0^h^{}}`$ is multiplication by $`\frac{h_0}{h}`$ on $`𝒱_0^h^{}`$, so, by density, on $`H_0^h^{}`$. ∎

###### Lemma 2.2.

$`P_{H_n^h}S_{h,h^{},h_0}P_{H_n^h^{}}`$ converges to $`S_{h,h^{},h_0}`$ in the strong operator topology.

###### Proof.

Let $`\xi _h^{}`$.

$`P_{H_n^h}SP_{H_n^h^{}}\xi S\xi `$ $`P_{H_n^h}SP_{H_n^h^{}}\xi P_{H_n^h}S\xi +P_{H_n^h}S\xi S\xi `$
$`P_{H_n^h}SP_{H_n^h^{}}\xi \xi +P_{H_n^h}S\xi S\xi 0,\text{ as }n\mathrm{}`$
because the subspaces $`H_n^h`$ form an increasing sequence whose union in dense in $`_h`$ (and similarly for $`H_n^h^{}`$ ). ∎

###### Theorem 2.3.

The commutant $`\pi _h(𝔄_n)^{}`$ is abelian.

###### Proof.

Consider $`S_1,S_2\pi _h(𝔄_n)^{}`$. Then, according to theorem 1.4, $`S_1=S_{h_1}`$, $`S_2=S_{h_2}`$, for some $`h_1,h_2`$ with $`R_{m_0,m_0}h_i=h_i`$, $`\left|h_i\right|c_ih`$ , $`i\{1,2\}`$. Let $`\xi _h`$. It has a decomposition $`\xi =\xi _0+\eta `$ with $`\xi _0H_0^h`$ and $`\eta H_{0}^{h}{}_{}{}^{}`$. Using lemma 2.1

$`\left(P_{H_0^h}S_1P_{H_0^h}\right)`$ $`\left(P_{H_0^h}S_2P_{H_0^h}\right)(\xi )=P_{H_0^h}S_1P_{H_0^h}S_2\xi _0=`$
$`=P_{H_0^h}S_2P_{H_0^h}S_1\xi _0=\left(P_{H_0^h}S_2P_{H_0^h}\right)\left(P_{H_0^h}S_1P_{H_0^h}\right)\xi `$
Since $`P_{H_n^h}=U^nP_{H_0^h}U^n`$ it follows that $`P_{H_n^h}S_1P_{H_n^h}`$ and $`P_{H_n^h}S_2P_{H_n^h}`$ also commute. Lemma 2.2 can be used to get $`S_1S_2`$ as the strong limit of $`\left(P_{H_n^h}S_1P_{H_n^h}\right)\left(P_{H_n^h}S_2P_{H_n^h}\right)`$. Similarly for $`S_2S_1`$. And as the limit is unique we must have $`S_1S_2=S_2S_1`$. ∎

Next, suppose we have two intertwining operators $`S_1:_h_h^{}`$, $`S_2:_h^{}_{h^{\prime \prime }}`$ which come from $`h_1`$ and $`h_2`$ respectively. Then $`S_2S_1`$ is also an intertwining operator so it must come from some $`h_3`$. We want to find the relation between $`h_1,h_2`$ and $`h_3`$.

###### Theorem 2.4.

If $`S_{h_1}:_h_h^{}`$ and $`S_{h_2}:_h^{}_{h^{\prime \prime }}`$ are intertwining operators then, if $`S_{h_3}=S_{h_2}S_{h_1}`$. We have for all $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$:

$$_𝕋|f(z)|^2R_{m_0,m_0}^n\left(\left|\frac{h_1}{h^{}}\frac{h_2}{h^{\prime \prime }}\frac{h_3}{h^{\prime \prime }}\right|^2h^{\prime \prime }\right)𝑑\mu 0$$

###### Proof.

We begin with a calculation. For $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$:

$`P_{H_n^h^{}}S_1P_{H_n^h}`$ $`\left(U_h^n\pi _h(f)\phi _h\right)=U_h^{}^nP_{H_0^h^{}}U_h^{}^nS_1U_h^nP_{H_0^h}U_n^hU_h^n\pi _h(f)\phi _h=`$
$`=U_h^{}^nP_{H_0^h^{}}S_1P_{H_0^h}\pi _h(f)\phi _h`$
$`=U_h^{}^n\pi _h^{}\left(f{\displaystyle \frac{h_1}{h^{}}}\right)\phi _h^{}`$
For the second equality we used the fact that $`S_1`$ is intertwining and for the last one, lemma 2.1.

$$\left(P_{H_n^{h^{\prime \prime }}}S_2P_{H_n^h^{}}\right)\left(P_{H_n^h^{}}S_1P_{H_n^h}\right)\left(U_h^n\pi _h(f)\phi _h\right)=$$

$$=\left(P_{H_n^{h^{\prime \prime }}}S_2P_{H_n^h^{}}\right)U_h^{}^n\pi _h^{}\left(f\frac{h_1}{h^{}}\right)\phi _h^{}$$

(2.1)
$$=U_{h^{\prime \prime }}^n\pi _{h^{\prime \prime }}\left(f\frac{h_1}{h^{}}\frac{h_2}{h^{\prime \prime }}\right)\phi _{h^{\prime \prime }}$$

Similarly

(2.2)
$$\left(P_{H_n^{h^{\prime \prime }}}S_2S_1P_{H_n^h}\right)\left(U_h^n\pi _h(f)\phi _h\right)=U_{h^{\prime \prime }}^n\pi _h\left(f\frac{h_3}{h^{\prime \prime }}\right)\phi _h$$

Using (2.1), (2.2) and the notation $`m_0^{(n)}(z):=m_0(z)m_0\left(z^N\right)\mathrm{}m_0\left(z^{N^{n1}}\right)`$ , we have

$$\left(P_{H_n^{h^{\prime \prime }}}S_2P_{H_n^h^{}}\right)\left(P_{H_n^h^{}}S_1P_{H_n^h}\right)\left(\pi _h(f)\phi _h\right)\left(P_{H_n^{h^{\prime \prime }}}S_2S_1P_{H_n^h}\right)\left(\pi _h(f)\phi _h\right)_{_{h^{\prime \prime }}}=$$

$$\left(P_{H_n^{h^{\prime \prime }}}S_2P_{H_n^h^{}}\right)\left(P_{H_n^h^{}}S_1P_{H_n^h}\right)U_h^n\pi _h\left(f\left(z^{N^n}\right)m_0^{(n)}\right)\phi _h$$

$$\left(P_{H_n^{h^{\prime \prime }}}S_2S_1P_{H_n^h}\right)U_h^n\pi _h\left(f\left(z^{N^n}\right)m_0^{(n)}\right)\phi _h_{_{h^{\prime \prime }}}=$$

$$=U_{h^{\prime \prime }}^n\left(\pi _{h^{\prime \prime }}\left(f\left(z^{n^n}\right)m_0^{(n)}(z)\frac{h_1}{h^{}}\frac{h_2}{h^{\prime \prime }}\right)\right)\phi _{h^{\prime \prime }}$$

$$U_{h^{\prime \prime }}^n\pi _{h^{\prime \prime }}\left(f\left(z^{N^n}\right)m_0^{(n)}(z)\frac{h_3}{h^{}}\right)\phi _{h^{\prime \prime }}_{_{h^{\prime \prime }}}$$

$$=_𝕋\left|f\left(z^{N^n}\right)\right|^2\left|m_0^{(n)}(z)\right|^2\left|\frac{h_1}{h^{}}\frac{h_2}{h^{\prime \prime }}\frac{h_3}{h^{\prime \prime }}\right|^2h^{\prime \prime }𝑑\mu =$$

$$_𝕋|f(z)|^2R_{m_0,m_0}^n\left(\left|\frac{h_1}{h^{}}\frac{h_2}{h^{\prime \prime }}\frac{h_3}{h^{\prime \prime }}\right|^2h^{\prime \prime }\right)𝑑\mu $$

But, by lemma 2.2, the first term in this chain of equalities converges to 0 for all $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ so we obtain the desired conclusion. ∎

###### Corollary 2.5.

If $`S_{h_1},S_{h_2}\pi _h\left(𝔄_N\right)^{}`$, $`S_{h_3}=S_{h_1}S_{h_2}`$ and $`hL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ then

$$_𝕋|g|\left|R_{m_0,m_0}^n\left(\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right)h_3\right|𝑑\mu 0,(gL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right))$$

###### Proof.

We will need the following inequality

(2.3)
$$\left|R_{m_0,m_0}^n(\xi h)\right|^2R_{m_0,m_0}^n\left(|\xi |^2h\right)h$$

This can be proved using Schwartz’s inequality:

$$\left|R_{m_0,m_0}^n(\xi h)\right|^2=\left|\frac{1}{N^n}\underset{w^{N^n}=z}{}\left|m_0^{(n)}(w)\right|^2\xi (w)h(w)\right|^2$$

$$\left(\frac{1}{N^n}\underset{w^{N^n}=z}{}\left|m_0^{(n)}(w)\right|^2|\xi (w)|^2h(w)\right)\left(\frac{1}{N^n}\underset{w^{N^n}=z}{}\left|m_0^{(n)}(w)\right|^2h(w)\right)=$$

$$=R_{m_0,m_0}^n\left(|\xi |^2h\right)R_{m_0,m_0}^nh=R_{m_0,m_0}^n\left(|\xi |^2h\right)h.$$

Now take $`gL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ and $`f=gh^{1/2}`$ in theorem 2.4 $`(h=h^{}=h^{\prime \prime })`$. We have:

$$\left(_𝕋|g|\left|R_{m_0,m_0}^n\left(\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right)h_3\right|𝑑\mu \right)^2_𝕋|g|^2\left|R_{m_0,m_0}^n\left(\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right)h_3\right|^2𝑑\mu =$$

$$=_𝕋|g|^2\left|R_{m_0,m_0}^n\left(\left(\frac{h_1}{h}\frac{h_2}{h}\frac{h_3}{h}\right)h\right)\right|^2𝑑\mu $$

$$_𝕋|g|^2hR_{m_0,m_0}^n\left(\left|\frac{h_1}{h}\frac{h_2}{h}\frac{h_3}{h}\right|^2h\right)𝑑\mu $$

$$=_𝕋|f|^2R_{m_0,m_0}^n\left(\left|\frac{h_1}{h}\frac{h_2}{h}\frac{h_3}{h}\right|^2h\right)𝑑\mu 0$$

In the sequel, we consider intertwining operators that correspond to continuous eigenfunctions $`h`$. We will prove that if $`h_1`$ and $`h_2`$ are continuous and $`S_{h_3}=S_{h_1}S_{h_2}`$ then $`h_3`$ must be also continuous. The fundamental result needed here is from \[BraJo\]:

###### Theorem 2.6.

Let $`m_0`$ be a function on $`𝕋`$ satisfying $`m_0\text{Lip}_1(𝕋)`$, $`R_{m_0,m_0}11`$ and consider the restriction of $`R_{m_0,m_0}`$ to $`\text{Lip}_1(𝕋)`$ going into $`\text{Lip}_1(𝕋)`$. It follows that $`R_{m_0,m_0}`$ has at most a finite number $`\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _p`$ of eigenvalues of modulus 1,

$$\left|\lambda _i\right|=1,$$

and $`R`$ has a decomposition

(2.4)
$$R_{m_0,m_0}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{p}{}}\lambda _iT_{\lambda _i}+S,$$

where $`T_{\lambda _i}`$ and $`S`$ are bounded operators from $`\text{Lip}_1(𝕋)`$ to $`\text{Lip}_1(𝕋)`$, $`T_{\lambda _i}`$ have finite-dimensional range, and

(2.5)
$$T_{\lambda _i}^2=T_{\lambda _i},T_{\lambda _i}T_{\lambda _j}=0\text{ for }ij,T_{\lambda _i}S=ST_{\lambda _i}=0,$$

and there exist positive constants $`M`$, $`h`$ such that

(2.6)
$$S^n_{\text{Lip}_1(𝕋)\text{Lip}_1(𝕋)}M/(1+h)^n$$

for $`n=1,2,\mathrm{}`$. Furthermore $`R_{m_0,m_0}_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}}1`$, and there is a constant $`M`$ such that

(2.7)
$$S^n_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}}M$$

for $`n=1,2,\mathrm{}`$.

Finally, the operators $`T_{\lambda _i}`$ and $`S`$ extend to bounded operators $`C(𝕋)C(𝕋)`$ , and the properties (2.4) and (2.5) still hold for this extension. Moreover

$$\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}S^nf=0,fC(𝕋),$$

$$T_{\lambda _i}(f)=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{1}{n}\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}\lambda _i^kR_{m_0,m_0}^k(f),fC(𝕋).$$

###### Proof.

Everything is contained in \[BraJo\], theorem 3.4.4, proposition 4.4.4 and its proof. ∎

###### Theorem 2.7.

Assume $`m_0`$ is Lipschitz, $`R_{m_0,m_0}11`$, $`h0`$ is continuous, $`R_{m_0,m_0}h=h`$. If $`S_{h_1},S_{h_2}\pi _h\left(𝔄_N\right)^{}`$, with $`h_1,h_2`$ continuous and $`S_{h_3}=S_{h_1}S_{h_2}`$ then $`h_3`$ is also continuous and

$$h_3=T_1\left(\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right)=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}R_{m_0,m_0}^n\left(\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right),\text{ uniformly.}$$

###### Proof.

By corollary 2.5 we have:

(2.8)
$$_𝕋gR^n\left(\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right)𝑑\mu _𝕋gh_3𝑑\mu (gL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right))$$

Also, observe that $`\frac{h_1h_2}{h}`$ is continuous because $`|h_1|c_1h`$, $`|h_2|c_2h`$ for some positive constants $`c_1,c_2`$, and if $`x_0𝕋`$ with $`h(x_0)=0`$ then $`h_1(x_0)=0`$, $`h_2(x_0)=0`$ and $`\left|\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right|c_2h_1`$ Relation (2.8) implies that for all $`gL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$

$$_𝕋\frac{1}{m}\underset{n=0}{\overset{m1}{}}R^n\left(\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right)d\mu _𝕋gh_3𝑑\mu $$

However, by theorem 2.6, we have

$$\frac{1}{m}\underset{n=0}{\overset{m1}{}}R^n\left(\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right)T_1\left(\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right),\text{ uniformly.}$$

Therefore $`h_3=T_1\left(\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right)`$.

Next we want to prove that $`R^n\left(\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right)h_3`$ uniformly. By \[BraJo\], proposition 4.4.4, this is equivalent to $`T_{\lambda _i}\left(\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right)=0`$ for $`\lambda _i1`$.

From (2.8) it follows, using theorem 2.6, that

(2.9)
$$\underset{\lambda _11}{}\lambda _i^n_𝕋gT_{\lambda _i}\left(\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right)𝑑\mu 0$$

for all $`gL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$.

But $`T_{\lambda _i}\left(\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right)`$ are eigenvectors corresponding to different eigenvalues so, some are 0 and the rest are linearly independent. For all $`i`$ with $`T_{\lambda _i}\left(\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right)0`$ we can find a $`g_iL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ such that $`_𝕋g_iT_{\lambda _i}\left(\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right)𝑑\mu =1`$ and $`_𝕋g_iT_{\lambda _j}\left(\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right)𝑑\mu =0`$ for $`\lambda _j\lambda _i`$ (this can be obtain from the fact that $`L^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ is the dual of $`L^1\left(𝕋\right)`$ which contains the vectors $`T_{\lambda _i}\left(\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right)`$ ). Then, if we use (2.9) for $`g_i`$, we get that $`\lambda _i^n0`$ whenever $`T_{\lambda _i}\left(\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right)0`$, $`\lambda _i1`$, which is clearly absurd unless all $`T_{\lambda _i}\left(\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right)`$ are 0, for $`\lambda _i1`$. Thus, as we have mentioned before, this implies that $`R^n\left(\frac{h_1h_2}{h}\right)h_3`$. ∎

###### Corollary 2.8.

If $`hC(𝕋)`$, $`h0`$, $`R_{m_0,m_0}h=h`$ then the space

$$\left\{h_0C(𝕋)\right|R_{m_0,m_0}h_0=h_0,|h_0|ch\}$$

is a finite dimensional abelian $`C^{}`$-algebra under the pointwise addition and multiplication by scalars, complex conjugation and the product given by $`h_1h_2`$ defined by $`S_{h_1h_2}=S_{h_1}S_{h_2}`$.

###### Proof.

Everything follows from theorem 2.7 and theorem 2.3. For the finite dimensionality see \[BraJo\] or \[CoRa90\]. ∎

###### Remark 2.9.

When $`h=1`$ the $`C^{}`$-algebra structure given in corollary 2.8 is the same as the one introduced in \[BraJo\], theorem 5.5.1.

Now we will show how each $`m_0`$-cycle (see definition 2.10 below) gives rise to a continuous solution $`h0`$, $`R_{m_0,m_0}h=h`$. In the end we will see that any eigenfunction $`R_{m_0,m_0}h=h`$ is a linear combination of eigenfunctions coming from such cycles.

###### Definition 2.10.

Let $`m_0C(𝕋)`$. An $`m_0`$-cycle is a set $`\{z_1,\mathrm{},z_p\}`$ contained in $`𝕋`$ such that $`z_i^N=z_{i+1}`$ for $`i\{1,\mathrm{},p1\}`$, $`z_p^N=z_1`$ and $`|m_0(z_i)|=\sqrt{N}`$ for $`i\{1,\mathrm{},p\}`$.

First, we consider the eigenfunction that corresponds to the cycle $`\{1\}`$. This appears in many instances and it is the one that defines the scaling function in the theory of multiresolution approximations (see \[Dau92\], \[BraJo\]).

###### Proposition 2.11.

Let $`m_0\text{Lip}_1(𝕋)`$ with $`m_0(1)=\sqrt{N}`$, $`R_{m_0,m_0}1=1`$. Define

$$\phi _{m_0,1}(x)=\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{m_0\left(\frac{x}{N^k}\right)}{\sqrt{N}},(x)$$

1. $`\phi _{m_0,1}`$ is a well defined, continuous function and it belongs to $`L^2\left(\right)`$.
2. If $`h_{m_0,1}=Per\left|\phi _{m_0,1}\right|^2`$ is Lipschitz ( trigonometric polynomial if $`m_0`$ is one ), where

$$Per(f)(x):=\underset{k}{}f(x+2k\pi ),(x[0,2\pi ],f:).$$

Also $`R_{m_0,m_0}h_{m_0,1}=h_{m_0,1}`$, $`h_{m_0,1}(1)=1`$, $`h_{m_0,1}`$ is 0 on every $`m_0`$-cycle disjoint of $`\{1\}`$.
3. If $`U_1:L^2\left(\right)L^2\left(\right)`$, $`\left(U_1\xi \right)(x)=\sqrt{N}\xi (Nx)`$ and $`\pi _1(f):L^2\left(\right)L^2\left(\right)`$, $`\pi _1(f)(\xi )=f\xi `$ for all $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$, then $`(U_1,\pi _1,\phi _{m_0,1})`$ define the cyclic representation corresponding to $`h_{m_0,1}`$.
4. The commutant of the representation from (iii) is

$$\left\{M_f\right|fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(\right),f(Nx)=f(x)\text{ a.e. }\},$$

where $`M_f`$ is the operator of multiplication by $`f`$.
5. $`h_{m_0,1}`$ is minimal, in the sense that if $`0h^{}ch_{m_0,1}`$, $`c>0`$, $`h^{}`$ continuous and $`R_{m_0,m_0}h^{}=h^{}`$ then there exists a $`\lambda 0`$ such that $`h^{}=\lambda h_{m_0,1}`$.
6. If $`h0`$ is continuous, $`R_{m_0,m_0}h=h`$ and $`h(1)=1`$ then $`hh_{m_0,1}`$.

###### Proof.

(i) See \[Dau92\] or \[BraJo\].

(ii) See \[BraJo\], theorem 5.1.1 and lemma 5.5.6.

For (iv) see \[Dut\]. Also, in \[Dut\] it is proved that we are dealing with a representation of $`𝔄_N`$ (it is the Fourier transform of the wavelet representation mentioned in the introduction). We only need to check that $`\phi _{m_0,1}`$ is cyclic for this representation.

Consider $`P`$ the projection onto the subspace generated by $`\pi _1\left(𝔄_N\right)\phi _{m_0,1}`$. We prove first that $`P`$ commutes with the representation. Take $`A\pi _1\left(𝔄_N\right)`$, $`A`$ selfadjoint. If $`B\pi _1\left(𝔄_N\right)`$ then $`A(B\phi _{m_0,1})\pi _1\left(𝔄_N\right)\phi _{m_0,1}`$ so $`PA(B\phi _{m_0,1})=A(B\phi _{m_0,1})`$. So $`PAP=AP`$. Then

$$AP=PAP=(PAP)^{}=(AP)^{}=PA$$

so $`P`$ commutes with $`A`$, and since any member of $`\pi _1\left(𝔄_N\right)`$ is a linear combination of selfadjoint operators from this set, it follows that $`P`$ lies in the commutant of the representation. Then, by (iv), $`P=M_f`$ for some $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(\right)`$ with $`f(Nx)=f(x)`$ a.e.. As $`P`$ is a projection $`f^2=f=\overline{f}`$ so $`f=\chi _A`$ for some subset $`A`$ of the real line. But $`P\phi _{m_0,1}=\phi _{m_0,1}`$ so $`\phi _{m_0,1}\chi _A=\phi _{m_0,1}`$ a.e.. Since $`\phi _{m_0,1}(0)=1`$ and $`\phi _{m_0,1}`$ is continuous, it follows that $`A`$ contains a neighbourhood of $`0`$. This, coupled with the fact that $`\chi _A(Nx)=\chi _A(x)`$ a.e., imply that $`\chi _A=1`$ a.e. so $`P`$ is the identity and thus $`\pi _1\left(𝔄_N\right)\phi _{m_0,1}`$ is dense, which means exactly that $`\phi _{m_0,1}`$ cyclic.

(v) Consider $`h^{}`$ as mentioned in the hypothesis. Then $`h^{}`$ induces a member of the commutant $`S_h^{}`$. By (iv), $`S_h^{}=M_{f_h^{}}`$ for some $`f_h^{}L^{\mathrm{}}\left(\right)`$ with $`f_h^{}(Nx)=f_h^{}(x)`$ a.e.. We have

$$\phi _{m_0,1}|S_h^{}\pi _1(f)\phi _{m_0,1}=_𝕋fh^{}𝑑\mu ,(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right))$$

which implies that

$$h^{}=Per\left(\overline{\phi _{m_0,1}}S_h^{}\phi _{m_0,1}\right)=Per\left(f_h^{}\left|\phi _{m_0,1}\right|^2\right)$$

We prove that $`f_h^{}`$ is continuous at 0.

(2.10)
$$h^{}(x)=f_h^{}(x)\left|\phi _{m_0,1}\right|^2(x)+\underset{k0}{}f_h^{}(x+2k\pi )\left|\phi _{m_0,1}\right|^2(x+2k\pi )$$

As

$$h_{m_0,1}(x)=\left|\phi _{m_0,1}\right|^2(x)+\underset{k0}{}\left|\phi _{m_0,1}\right|^2(x+2k\pi )$$

and $`h_{m_0,1}(0)=\left|\phi _{m_0,1}\right|^2(0)=1`$ and $`h_{m_0,1}`$, $`\phi _{m_0,1}`$ are continuous, it follows that

$$\underset{k0}{}\left|\phi _{m_0,1}\right|^2(x+2k\pi )0\text{ as }x0$$

Then, as $`x0`$,

$$\left|\underset{k0}{}f_h^{}(x+2k\pi )\right|\phi _{m_0,1}|^2(x+2k\pi )||f_h^{}_{\mathrm{}}\underset{k0}{}|\phi _{m_0,1}|^2(x+2k\pi )0.$$

Using this in (2.10) we obtain that $`lim_{x0}f_h^{}(x)=h^{}(0)`$. But $`f_h^{}(Nx)=f_h^{}(x)`$ a.e. so $`f_h^{}=h^{}(0)`$ a.e. which implies that $`h^{}=h^{}(0)h_{m_0,1}`$ .

(vi) This is contained also in \[BraJo\] but here is a different proof. Consider $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$, arbitrary. Define

$$\phi _n(x)=f(x)\chi _{[N^n\pi ,N^n\pi ]}h^{1/2}\left(\frac{x}{N^n}\right)\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{m_0\left(\frac{x}{N^k}\right)}{\sqrt{N}}$$

Clearly

$$\phi _n(x)f(x)\phi _{m_0,1},(x)$$

$`{\displaystyle _{}}\left|\phi _n(x)\right|^2𝑑x`$ $`={\displaystyle _{N^n\pi }^{N^n\pi }}|f|^2(x)h\left({\displaystyle \frac{x}{N^n}}\right){\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{|m_0|^2\left(\frac{x}{N^k}\right)}{\sqrt{N}}}dx`$
$`={\displaystyle _\pi ^\pi }|f|^2\left(N^ny\right)h(y){\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}|m_0|^2\left(N^kx\right)dy`$
$`={\displaystyle _\pi ^\pi }R_{m_0,m_0}^n\left(h(y)|f|^2\left(N^ny\right)\right)𝑑y`$
$`={\displaystyle _\pi ^\pi }|f|^2(y)h(y)𝑑y`$
Using Fatou’s lemma we obtain:

$`{\displaystyle _{}}|f(x)|^2\left|\phi _{m_0,1}\right|^2𝑑y`$ $`={\displaystyle _{}}\underset{n}{lim\; inf}\left|\phi _n\right|^2dx`$
$`\underset{n}{lim\; inf}{\displaystyle _{}}\left|\phi _n(x)\right|^2𝑑x`$
$`={\displaystyle _𝕋}|f|^2h𝑑\mu `$
and after periodization

$$_𝕋|f|^2h_{m_0,1}𝑑\mu _𝕋|f|^2h𝑑\mu $$

As $`f`$ was arbitrary this shows that $`h_{m_0,1}h`$. ∎

Now we generalize a little bit, by considering a cycle $`\{z_0\}`$ where $`z_0^N=z_0`$.

###### Proposition 2.12.

Let $`m_0\text{Lip}_1\left(𝕋\right)`$, $`z_0𝕋`$ with $`z_0^N=z_0`$, $`m_0\left(z_0\right)=\sqrt{N}e^{i\theta _0}`$, $`R_{m_0,m_0}1=1`$. Define

$$\phi _{m_0,z_0}(x)=\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{e^{i\theta _0}\alpha _{z_0}\left(m_0\right)\left(\frac{x}{N^k}\right)}{\sqrt{N}},(x)$$

where $`\alpha _\rho (f)(z)=f(\rho z)`$ for $`z,\rho 𝕋`$ and $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$.

1. $`\phi _{m_0,z_0}`$ is a well defined continuous function that belongs to $`L^2\left(\right)`$.
2. $`h_{m_0,z_0}:=\alpha _{z_0^1}\left(Per\left|\phi _{m_0,z_0}\right|^2\right)`$ is Lipschitz (trigonometric polynomial if $`m_0`$ is one ), $`R_{m_0,m_0}h_{m_0,z_0}=h_{m_0,z_0}`$, $`h_{m_0,z_0}(z_0)=1`$, $`h_{m_0,z_0}`$ is 0 on every $`m_0`$-cycle disjoint of $`\{z_0\}`$.
3. If $`U_{z_0}:L^2\left(\right)L^2\left(\right)`$, $`U_{z_0}\xi =e^{i\theta _0}U_1\xi `$ and $`\pi _{z_0}(f)(\xi )=\pi _1\left(\alpha _{z_0}(f)\right)(\xi )`$ for $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$, then $`(U_{z_0},\pi _{z_0},\phi _{m_0,z_0})`$ define the cyclic representation corresponding to $`h_{m_0,z_0}`$.
4. The commutant of this representation is

$$\left\{M_f\right|fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(\right),f(Nx)=f(x)\text{ a.e. }\}.$$
5. $`h_{m_0,z_0}`$ is minimal ( see proposition 2.11 (v) ).
6. If $`h0`$ is continuous , $`R_{m_0,m_0}h=h`$ and $`h(z_0)=1`$ then $`hh_{m_0,z_0}`$.

###### Proof.

Consider $`m_0^{}:=e^{i\theta _0}\alpha _{z_0}(m_0)`$. We check that $`m_0^{}`$ satisfies the hypotheses of proposition 2.11. Clearly $`m_0^{}`$ is Lipschitz, $`m_0^{}(1)=\sqrt{N}`$,

$`R_{m_0^{},m_0^{}}1(z)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{w^N=z}{}}\left|\alpha _{z_0}\left(m_0\right)\right|^2(w)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{w^N=z}{}}\left|m_0\right|^2\left(z_0w\right)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{y^N=z_0z}{}}\left|m_0\right|^2(y)=R_{m_0,m_0}\left(z_0z\right)=1`$
Thus we can apply proposition 2.11 to $`m_0^{}`$.

(i) $`\phi _{m_0,z_0}=\phi _{m_0^{},1}`$ and everything follows.

(ii) $`h_{m_0,z_0}=\alpha _{z_0^1}\left(h_{m_0^{},1}\right)`$

$`R_{m_0,m_0}h_{m_0,z_0}(z)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{w^N=z}{}}\left|m_0\right|^2(w)\alpha _{z_0^1}\left(h_{m_0^{},1}\right)(w)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{w^N=z}{}}\left|m_0\right|^2(w)h_{m_0^{},1}\left(wz_0^1\right)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{y^N=zz_0^1}{}}\left|m_0\right|^2\left(yz_0\right)h_{m_0^{},1}(y)`$
$`=R_{m_0^{},m_0^{}}h_{m_0^{},1}\left(zz_0^1\right)=h_{m_0,z_0}(z)`$
Also $`h_{m_0,z_0}(z_0)=h_{m_0^{},1}(z_0^1z_0)=1`$ and, if $`C`$ is an $`m_0`$-cycle disjoint of $`\{z_0\}`$ then $`z_0^1C`$ is an $`m_0^{}`$-cycle disjoint of $`\{1\}`$ and again proposition 2.11 applies.

(iii) and (iv) can also be deduced from proposition 2.11. The relation

$$U_{z_0}\pi _{z_0}(f)=\pi _{z_0}\left(f\left(z^N\right)\right)U_{z_0}$$

follows from the identity $`\alpha _{z_0}\left(f\left(z^N\right)\right)=\alpha _{z_0}(f)\left(z^N\right)`$.

(v) If $`h^{}`$ is as given, then $`\alpha _{z_0}(h^{})`$ satisfies: $`0\alpha _{z_0}(h^{})c\alpha _{z_0}\left(h_{m_0,z_0}\right)=ch_{m_0^{},1}`$ and $`R_{m_0^{},m_0^{}}\alpha _{z_0}(h^{})=\alpha _{z_0}\left(R_{m_0,m_0}h^{}\right)=\alpha _{z_0}(h^{})`$. Then, by proposition 2.11, $`\alpha _{z_0}(h^{})=\lambda h_{m_0^{},1}`$ for some $`\lambda 0`$ so $`h^{}=\lambda h_{m_0,z_0}`$.

(vi) The argument is similar to the one used in (v). ∎

Using proposition 2.12 we are now able to prove that each $`m_0`$-cycle gives rise to a continuous solution for $`R_{m_0,m_0}h=h`$.

###### Proposition 2.13.

Let $`m_0\text{Lip}_1\left(𝕋\right)`$, $`R_{m_0,m_0}1=1`$ and let $`C=\{z_1,z_2=z_1^N,\mathrm{},z_p=z_{p1}^N\}`$, $`z_p^N=z_1`$, be an $`m_0`$-cycle, $`m_0\left(z_k\right)=\sqrt{N}e^{i\theta _k}`$ for $`k\{1,\mathrm{},p\}`$. Denote by $`\theta _C=\theta _1+\mathrm{}\theta _p`$. Define

$$\phi _{k,m_0,C}(x)=\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{e^{i\theta _C}\alpha _{z_k}\left(m_0^{(p)}\right)\left(\frac{x}{N^{kp}}\right)}{\sqrt{N^p}},(k\{1,\mathrm{},p\})$$

1. $`\phi _{k,m_0,C}`$ is a well defined continuous function that belongs to $`L^2\left(\right)`$.
2. Define $`g_{k,m_0,C}=\alpha _{z_k^1}\left(Per\left|\phi _{k,m_0,C}\right|^2\right)`$ for all $`k\{1,\mathrm{},p\}`$. $`g_{k,m_0,C}`$ is Lipschitz (trigonometric polynomial if $`m_0`$ is one). Also

$$R_{m_0,m_0}^pg_{k,m_0,C}=g_{k,m_0,C},$$

$$R_{m_0,m_0}g_{k,m_0,C}=g_{k+1,m_0,C}$$

(we will use the notation mod $`p`$ that is $`z_{p+1}=z_1`$, $`g_{p+2,m_0,C}=g_{2,m_0,C}`$ etc.)

$`g_{k,m_0,C}\left(z_j\right)=\delta _{kj}`$, $`g_{k,m_0,C}`$ is 0 on every $`m_0`$-cycle disjoint of $`C`$.
3. Define $`h_{m_0,C}=_{k=1}^pg_{k,m_0,C}`$. Then $`h_{m_0,C}`$ is Lipschitz (trigonometric polynomial if $`m_0`$ is one). $`R_{m_0,m_0}h_{m_0,C}=h_{m_0,C}`$, $`h_{m_0,C}(z_k)=1`$ for all $`k\{1,\mathrm{},p\}`$ and $`h_{m_0,C}`$ is 0 on every $`m_0`$-cycle disjoint of $`C`$.
4. $`h_{m_0,C}`$ is minimal.
5. If $`h0`$ is continuous, $`R_{m_0,m_0}h=h`$ and $`h`$ is $`1`$ on $`C`$ then $`hh_{m_0,C}`$.
6. If $`U_C:L^2\left(\right)^pL^2\left(\right)^p`$,

$$U_C(\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _p)=(e^{i\theta _1}U_1\xi _2,\mathrm{},e^{i\theta _{p1}}U_1\xi _p,e^{i\theta _p}U_1\xi _1)$$

and for $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$, $`\pi _C(f):L^2\left(\right)^pL^2\left(\right)^p`$,

$$\pi _C(f)(\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _p)=(\pi _1\left(\alpha _{z_1}(f)\right)\left(\xi _1\right),\mathrm{},\pi _1\left(\alpha _{z_p}(f)\right)\left(\xi _p\right))$$

then $`(U_C,\pi _C,(\phi _{1,m_0,C},\mathrm{},\phi _{p,m_0,C}))`$ is the cyclic representation
corresponding to $`h_{m_0,C}`$.
7. The commutant of this representation is

$$\left\{M_{f_1}\mathrm{}M_{f_p}\right|f_kL^{\mathrm{}}\left(\right),f_{k+1}(Nx)=f_k(x)\text{ a.e },\text{ for }k\{1,\mathrm{},p\}\}$$

###### Proof.

Let $`m_0^{}:=m_0^{(p)}`$. Observe that

$`m_0^{}\left(z_i\right)`$ $`=m_0^{(p)}\left(z_i\right)=m_0\left(z_i\right)m_0\left(z_i^N\right)\mathrm{}m_0\left(z_i^{N^{p1}}\right)=`$
$`=m_0\left(z_1\right)m_0\left(z_2\right)\mathrm{}m_0\left(z_p\right)=\sqrt{N^p}e^{i\theta _C}`$
(i) Note that $`R_{m_0^{(p)},m_0^{(p)}}=R_{m_0,m_0}^p`$ so $`R_{m_0^{(p)},m_0^{(p)}}1=1`$. Thus (i) follows from proposition 2.12 (i) (replace $`N`$ by $`N^p`$ when working with $`m_0^{(p)}`$ ).

(ii) If $`y_1,y_2=y_1^N,\mathrm{},y_q=y_{q1}^N,y_1=y_q^N`$ is an $`m_0`$-cycle, then $`\{y_i\}`$ is an $`m_0^{(p)}`$-cycle. Therefore , all assertions in (ii), except the one that relates $`g_{k,m_0,C}`$ and $`g_{k+1,m_0,C}`$, follow from proposition 2.12 (ii).

We check now (vi). $`U_C`$ is unitary as a composition of unitary operators. For $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ we have:

$$U_C\pi _C(f)(\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _p)==(e^{i\theta _1}\pi _1\left(\alpha _{z_2}(f)\left(z^N\right)\right)U_1\xi _2,\mathrm{}$$

$$\mathrm{}e^{i\theta _{p1}}\pi _1\left(\alpha _{z_p}(f)\left(z^N\right)\right)U_1\xi _p,e^{i\theta _p}\pi _1\left(\alpha _{z_1}(f)\left(z^N\right)\right)U_1\xi _1)$$

$$=(e^{i\theta _1}\pi _1\left(\alpha _{z_1}\left(f\left(z^N\right)\right)\right)U_1\xi _2,\mathrm{},e^{i\theta _{p1}}\pi _1\left(\alpha _{z_{p1}}\left(f\left(z^N\right)\right)\right)U_1\xi _p,e^{i\theta _p}\pi _1\left(\alpha _{z_1}\left(f\left(z^N\right)\right)\right)U_1\xi _1)$$

$$=\pi _C\left(f\left(z^N\right)\right)U_C(\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _p)$$

Here we used that $`\alpha _{z_{i+1}}(f)\left(z^N\right)=\alpha _{z_i}\left(f\left(z^N\right)\right)`$.

We must check also that

$$U_C(\phi _{1,m_0,C},\mathrm{},\phi _{p,m_0,C})=\pi _C\left(m_0\right)(\phi _{1,m_0,C},\mathrm{},\phi _{p,m_0,C})$$

To do this observe that

$`\alpha _{z_1}\left(m_0^{(p)}\right)(z)`$ $`=\alpha _{z_1}\left(m_0(z)\right)\alpha _{z_1}\left(m_0\left(z^N\right)\right)\alpha _{z_1}\left(m_0\left(z^{N^{p1}}\right)\right)=`$
$`=\alpha _{z_1}\left(m_0\right)(z)\alpha _{z_2}\left(m_0\right)\left(z^N\right)\mathrm{}\alpha _{z_p}\left(m_0\right)\left(z^{N^{p1}}\right)`$
Thus

$`\phi _{1,m_0,C}(x)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{e^{i\theta _p}\alpha _{z_p}\left(m_0\right)\left(\frac{x}{N}\right)}{\sqrt{N}}}{\displaystyle \frac{e^{i\theta _{p1}}\alpha _{z_{p1}}\left(m_0\right)\left(\frac{x}{N^2}\right)}{\sqrt{N}}}\mathrm{}{\displaystyle \frac{e^{i\theta _1}\alpha _{z_1}\left(m_0\right)\left(\frac{x}{N^p}\right)}{\sqrt{N}}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{e^{i\theta _p}\alpha _{z_p}\left(m_0\right)\left(\frac{x}{N^{p+1}}\right)}{\sqrt{N}}}{\displaystyle \frac{e^{i\theta _{p1}}\alpha _{z_{p1}}\left(m_0\right)\left(\frac{x}{N^{p+2}}\right)}{\sqrt{N}}}\mathrm{}{\displaystyle \frac{e^{i\theta _1}\alpha _{z_1}\left(m_0\right)\left(\frac{x}{N^{2p}}\right)}{\sqrt{N}}}`$
$`\mathrm{}`$
so

$$\phi _{1,m_0,C}(x)=\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{e^{i\theta _{1k}}\alpha _{z_{1k}}\left(m_0\right)\left(\frac{x}{N^k}\right)}{\sqrt{N}}$$

Similarly

$$\phi _{i,m_0,C}(x)=\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{e^{i\theta _{ik}}\alpha _{z_{ik}}\left(m_0\right)\left(\frac{x}{N^k}\right)}{\sqrt{N}}\text{ for }i\{1,\mathrm{},p\}$$

Using this formula we obtain:

$`U_1\phi _{i+1,m_0,C}`$ $`=\sqrt{N}\phi _{i+1,m_0,C}\left(Nx\right)`$
$`=e^{i\theta _i}\alpha _{z_i}\left(m_0\right){\displaystyle \underset{k=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{e^{i\theta _{i+1k}}\alpha _{z_{i+1k}}\left(m_0\right)\left(\frac{x}{N^{k1}}\right)}{\sqrt{N}}}`$
$`=e^{i\theta _i}\alpha _{z_i}\left(m_0\right)\phi _{i,m_0,C}`$
which shows that

$$U_C(\phi _{1,m_0,C},\mathrm{},\phi _{p,m_0,C})=\pi _C\left(m_0\right)(\phi _{1,m_0,C},\mathrm{},\phi _{p,m_0,C})$$

Next we compute the commutant. Consider $`A:L^2\left(\right)^pL^2\left(\right)^p`$ commuting with the representation. Let $`P_i`$ be the projection onto the $`i`$-th component, and let $`A_{ij}=P_iAP_j`$. Note that

$$U_C^p(\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _p)=(e^{i\theta _C}U_1^p\xi _1,\mathrm{},e^{i\theta _C}U_1^p\xi _p)$$

Also, since $`z_i^{N^p}=z_i`$, $`z_i=\frac{2\pi k_i}{N^p1}`$ for some integer $`k_i`$. Take any $`\frac{2\pi }{N^p1}`$-periodic essentially bounded function, $`g`$. Then $`\alpha _{z_i}(g)=g`$ so

$$\pi _C(g)(\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _p)=(\pi _1(g)\xi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _p(g)\xi _p)$$

Then $`P_i`$ commute with $`U_C^p`$ and $`\pi _C(g)`$ so $`A_{ij}`$ commute with $`U_1^p`$ and $`\pi _1(g)`$ and, using the argument in \[Dut\] (proof of theorem 4.1), (see also the proof of lemma 2.14 below), it follows that $`A_{ij}=M_{f_{ij}}`$ for some $`f_{ij}L^{\mathrm{}}\left(\right)`$.

Since $`A`$ and $`\pi _C(f)`$ commute for all $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$, we have for $`i\{1,\mathrm{},p\}`$

$$\underset{j=1}{\overset{p}{}}f_{ij}\pi _1\left(\alpha _{z_j}(f)\right)\xi _j=\pi _1\left(\alpha _{z_i}(f)\right)\underset{j=1}{\overset{p}{}}f_{ij}\xi _j$$

Fix $`k`$ and take $`\xi _j=0`$ for all $`jk`$, then

$$f_{ik}\pi _1\left(\alpha _{z_k}(f)\right)\xi _k=\pi _1\left(\alpha _{z_i}(f)\right)f_{ik}\xi _k$$

so $`f_{ik}=0`$ for $`ik`$. Then, since $`A`$ commutes with $`U`$ we have

$$(e^{i\theta _1}\sqrt{N}f_{22}(Nx)\xi _2(Nx),\mathrm{},e^{i\theta _{p1}}\sqrt{N}f_{pp}(Nx)\xi _p(Nx),e^{i\theta _p}\sqrt{N}f_{11}(Nx))=$$

$$=(e^{i\theta _1}f_{11}(x)\sqrt{N}\xi _2(Nx),\mathrm{},e^{i\theta _{p1}}\sqrt{N}f_{p1p1}(x)\xi _p(Nx),e^{i\theta _p}\sqrt{N}f_{pp}(Nx))$$

Therefore

$$f_{22}(Nx)=f_{11}(x)\text{ a.e. }$$

$$f_{33}(Nx)=f_{22}(x)\text{ a.e.}$$

$$\mathrm{}$$

$$f_{11}(Nx)=f_{pp}(x)\text{ a.e. }$$

and (vii) follows.

The cyclicity of $`(\phi _{1,m_0,C},\mathrm{},\phi _{p,m_0,C})`$ follows as in the proof of proposition 2.11 (iii).

We check that $`R_{m_0,m_0}g_{i,m_0,C}=g_{i+1,m_0,C}`$. Take $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$. We have:

$`{\displaystyle _𝕋}fg_{i+1,m_0,C}𝑑\mu `$ $`=\phi _{i+1,m_0,C}|\pi _1\left(\alpha _{z_{i+1}}(f)\right)\phi _{i+1,m_0,C}`$
$`=U_1\phi _{i+1,m_0,C}|U_1\pi _1\left(\alpha _{z_{i+1}}(f)\right)\phi _{i+1,m_0,C}=`$
$$=e^{i\theta _i}\pi _1\left(\alpha _{z_i}\left(m_0\right)\right)\phi _{i,m_0,C}|e^{i\theta _i}\pi _1\left(\alpha _{z_{i+1}}(f)\left(z^N\right)\right)\pi _1\left(\alpha _{z_i}\left(m_0\right)\right)\phi _{i,m_0,C}$$

$$=\phi _{i,m_0,C}|\pi _1\left(\alpha _{z_i}\left(f\left(z^N\right)\right)\alpha _{z_i}\left(\right|m_0|^2)\right)\phi _{i,m_0,C}$$

$$=_𝕋f\left(z^N\right)\left|m_0\right|^2g_{i,m_0,C}𝑑\mu =_𝕋f(z)R_{m_0,m_0}g_{i,m_0,C}𝑑\mu .$$

Hence

$$R_{m_0,m_0}g_{i,m_0,C}=g_{i+1,m_0,C}.$$

(iii) follows from (ii).

Next we prove that $`h_{m_0,C}`$ is minimal. Take a continuous $`h^{}`$ with $`0h^{}h_{m_0,C}`$, $`R_{m_0,m_0}h^{}=h^{}`$. Then $`R_{m_0^{(p)},m_0^{(p)}}h^{}=R_{m_0,m_0}^ph^{}=h^{}`$ and

$$0h^{}c\left(g_{1,m_0,C}+\mathrm{}+g_{p,m_0,C}\right)$$

Now we use the fact that the space

$$\left\{gC\left(𝕋\right)\right|R_{m_0^{(p)},m_0^{(p)}}g=g\}$$

is a $`C^{}`$-algebra isomorphic to $`C\left(\{1,\mathrm{},d\}\right)`$ for some $`d`$ ( see corollary 2.8 ), and by proposition 2.12 (iv), $`g_{i,m_0,C}`$ are minimal. It follows that $`h^{}`$ can be written uniquely as

$$h^{}=\alpha _1g_{1,m_0,C}+\mathrm{}+\alpha _pg_{p,m_0,C}$$

with $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _p`$ ( the uniqueness comes from the fact that $`g_{i,m_0,C}`$ are linearly independent, which, in turn, is implied by (ii) ). Then

$$R_{m_0,m_0}h^{}=\alpha _1g_{2,m_0,c}+\mathrm{}+\alpha _{p1}g_{p,m_0,C}+\alpha _pg_{1,m_0,C}$$

so, by uniqueness $`\alpha _1=\alpha _2=\mathrm{}=\alpha _p=\alpha _1`$ and

$$h^{}=\alpha _1\left(g_{1,m_0,C}+\mathrm{}+g_{p,m_0,C}\right)=\alpha _1h_{m_0,C}.$$

For (v) we use a similar argument: take $`h^{}`$ as given in the hypothesis. Then $`R_{m_0^{(p)},m_0^{(p)}}h^{}=R_{m_0,m_0}^ph^{}=h^{}`$, $`h^{}\left(z_i\right)=1`$ for all $`i`$. Using proposition 2.12 (v), we get $`h^{}g_{i,m_0,C}`$ for all $`i`$.

Now we use again the fact that $`\left\{gC\left(𝕋\right)\right|R_{m_0^{(p)},m_0^{(p)}}g=g\}`$ is a $`C^{}`$-algebra isomorphic to $`C(\{1,\mathrm{},d\})`$ and $`g_{i,m_0,C}`$ are minimal, so

$$h^{}\left(g_{1,m_0,C}+\mathrm{}+g_{p,m_0,C}\right)=h_{m_0,C}$$

###### Lemma 2.14.

Consider $`m_0`$, $`m_0^{}`$ satisfying (1.1)-(1.4). Let $`C:z_1^N=z_2,\mathrm{},z_p^N=z_1`$ be an $`m_0`$-cycle and $`C^{}:z_1^N=z_2^{},\mathrm{},z_p^{}^N=z_1^{}`$ be an $`m_0^{}`$-cycle, $`m_0\left(z_k\right)=\sqrt{N}e^{i\theta _k}`$, $`m_0^{}\left(z_k^{}\right)=\sqrt{N}e^{i\theta _k^{}}`$ for all $`k`$. Consider the cyclic representations associated to this cycles as in proposition 2.13, $`(U_C,\pi _C,\phi _C)`$, $`(U_C^{},\pi _C^{},\phi _C^{})`$ and let $`S:L^2\left(\right)^p^{}L^2\left(\right)^p`$ be an intertwining operator. Then $`S=0`$ if $`CC^{}`$. If $`C=C^{}`$ and, after relabeling, $`z_k=z_k^{}`$ for all $`k`$, $`p=p^{}`$ then, there exist $`f_1,\mathrm{},f_pL^{\mathrm{}}\left(\right)`$ such that

$$S(\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _p)=(f_1\xi _1,\mathrm{},f_p\xi _p)$$

with

$$f_1(x)=e^{i\left(\theta _1\theta _1^{}\right)}f_2(Nx)\text{, a.e.,}$$

$$\mathrm{}$$

$$f_{p1}(x)=e^{i\left(\theta _{p1}\theta _{p1}^{}\right)}f_p(Nx)\text{, a.e.,}$$

$$f_p(x)=e^{i\left(\theta _p\theta _p^{}\right)}f_1(Nx)\text{, a.e..}$$

###### Proof.

Note that

$$U_C^p=e^{i\theta _C}U_1^p\mathrm{}e^{i\theta _C}U_1^p$$

where $`\theta _C=\theta _1+\mathrm{}+\theta _p`$. Similarly for $`U_C^{}^p^{}`$. This shows that $`U_C^p`$ commutes with the projections $`P_i`$ onto the $`i`$-th component.

We have $`SU_C^{}^{pp^{}}=U_C^{pp^{}}S`$ so $`\left(P_iSP_j\right)U_C^{}^{pp^{}}=U_C^{pp^{}}\left(P_iSP_j\right)`$, therefore
$`S_{ij}e^{ip\theta _C^{}}U_1^{pp^{}}=e^{ip^{}\theta _C}U_1^{pp^{}}S_{ij}`$ where $`S_{ij}=P_iSP_j`$.

Also, since $`z_k^{N^p}=z_k`$, $`z_k`$ has the form $`e^{i\frac{2l\pi }{m}}`$ for all $`k`$ and similarly for $`z_k^{}`$. If we take $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ to be $`\frac{2\pi }{mm^{}}`$-periodic, then $`\alpha _{z_k}(f)=f`$, $`\alpha _{z_k^{}}(f)=f`$ for all $`k`$ so

$$\pi _C(\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _p)=(\pi _1(f)\xi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _1(f)\xi _p)$$

$$\pi _C^{}(\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _p^{})=(\pi _1(f)\xi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _1(f)\xi _p^{})$$

and again

$$S_{ij}\pi _1(f)=\pi _1(f)S_{ij}$$

Hence $`S_{ij}`$ commutes with $`\pi _1(f)=M_f`$ whenever $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(\right)`$ is $`\frac{2\pi }{mm^{}}`$-periodic.

But then also

$$\left(U_1^{pp^{}}\pi _1(f)U_1^{pp^{}}\right)S_{ij}=S_{ij}\left(U_1^{pp^{}}\pi _1(f)U_1^{pp^{}}\right)$$

and $`U_1^{pp^{}}\pi _1(f)U_1^{pp^{}}=M_g`$ where $`g\left(N^{pp^{}}x\right)=f(x)`$ for $`x`$ and $`g`$ is $`\frac{2\pi }{mm^{}}N^{pp^{}}`$-periodic. By induction, it follows that $`S_{ij}`$ commutes with $`M_f`$ whenever $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(\right)`$ is $`\frac{2\pi }{mm^{}}N^{lpp^{}}`$ periodic, $`l`$.

Now take $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(\right)`$. Define $`f_l(x)=f(x)`$ on $`[\frac{\pi }{mm^{}}N^{lpp^{}},\frac{\pi }{mm^{}}N^{lpp^{}}]`$ and extend it to $``$ such that $`f_l`$ is $`\frac{2\pi }{mm^{}}N^{lpp^{}}`$-periodic.

We prove that $`M_{f_l}`$ converges to $`M_f`$ in the strong operator topology. Take $`\psi L^2\left(\right)`$.

$`M_{f_l}\psi M_f\psi _{L^2\left(\right)}`$ $`={\displaystyle _{}}\left|f_lf\right|^2|\psi |^2𝑑x`$
$`={\displaystyle _{|x|\frac{\pi }{mm^{}}N^{lpp^{}}}}\left|f_lf\right|^2|\psi |^2𝑑x`$
$`\left(2f_{\mathrm{}}^2\right){\displaystyle _{}}\chi _{\left\{|x|\frac{\pi }{mm^{}}N^{lpp^{}}\right\}}\left|\psi \right|^2𝑑x`$
$`0\text{, as }l\mathrm{}`$
Consequently the limit holds and $`M_f`$ will commute also with $`S_{ij}`$. As $`f`$ was arbitrary in $`L^{\mathrm{}}\left(\right)`$ , using theorem IX.6.6 in \[Con90\], we obtain that $`S_{ij}=M_{f_{ij}}`$ for some $`f_{ij}L^{\mathrm{}}\left(\right)`$.

Having this, we rewrite the intertwining properties. First, we have for all $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$:

(2.11)
$$\underset{j=1}{\overset{p^{}}{}}f_{ij}\alpha _{z_j^{}}(f)\xi _j=\alpha _{z_i}(f)\underset{j=1}{\overset{p^{}}{}}f_{ij}\xi _j,(i\{1,\mathrm{},p\})$$

Fix $`k\{1,\mathrm{},p^{}\}`$ and take $`\xi _j=0`$ for $`jk`$. Then

(2.12)
$$f_{ik}\alpha _{z_k^{}}(f)\xi _k=\alpha _{z_i}(f)f_{ik}\xi _k$$

Since $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$ is arbitrary, it follows that $`f_{ik}=0`$ unless $`z_k^{}=z_i`$.

If $`z_k^{}=z_i`$ then we get $`C=C^{}`$. If $`CC^{}`$ then $`CC^{}=\mathrm{}`$ so $`f_{ij}=0`$ for all $`i,j`$ and $`S=0`$.

It remains to consider the case $`C=C^{}`$ and, relabeling $`z_k=z_k^{}`$ for all $`k`$, $`p=p^{}`$. Equation (2.12) implies that $`f_{ij}=0`$ for $`ij`$ so

$$S(\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _p)=(f_1\xi _1,\mathrm{},f_p\xi _p)$$

(we used the notation $`f_i=f_{ii}`$ ).

The fact that $`SU_C^{}=U_CS`$ can be rewritten:

$$f_1(x)e^{i\theta _1^{}}\sqrt{N}\xi _2(Nx)=e^{i\theta _1}\sqrt{N}f_2(Nx)\xi _2(Nx)$$

$$\mathrm{}$$

$$f_{p1}(x)e^{i\theta _{p1}^{}}\sqrt{N}\xi _p(Nx)=e^{i\theta _{p1}}\sqrt{N}f_p(Nx)\xi _p(Nx)$$

$$f_p(x)e^{i\theta _p^{}}\sqrt{N}\xi _1(Nx)=e^{i\theta _p}\sqrt{N}f_1(Nx)\xi _1(Nx)$$

so

$$f_1(x)=e^{i\left(\theta _1\theta _1^{}\right)}f_2(Nx)\text{, a.e.,}$$

$$\mathrm{}$$

$$f_{p1}(x)=e^{i\left(\theta _{p1}\theta _{p1}^{}\right)}f_p(Nx)\text{, a.e.,}$$

$$f_p(x)=e^{i\left(\theta _p\theta _p^{}\right)}f_1(Nx)\text{, a.e..}$$

###### Theorem 2.15.

Let $`m_0`$ satisfy (1.1)-(1.4). Let $`C_1,\mathrm{},C_n`$ be the $`m_0`$-cycles. Then, each $`hC(𝕋)`$ with $`R_{m_0,m_0}h=h`$ can be written uniquely as

$$h=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _ih_{m_0,C_i}$$

with $`\alpha _i`$. Moreover $`\alpha _i=h|_{C_i}`$. In particular

$$1=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}h_{m_0,C_i}$$

###### Proof.

Proposition 2.13 (iii) shows that $`h_{m_0,C_i}`$ are linearly independent. Since the dimension of

$$\{hC(𝕋|R_{m_0,m_0}h=h\}$$

is $`n`$ ( see \[BraJo\] ), it follows that $`h_{m_0,C_i}`$ form a basis for this space. so

$$h=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _ih_{m_0,C_i}$$

for some $`\alpha _i`$. An application of proposition 2.13 (iii) shows that $`\alpha _i=h|C_i`$. ∎

###### Theorem 2.16.

Suppose $`m_0`$ satisfies the conditions (1.1)-(1.4). Let $`C_1,\mathrm{},C_n`$ be the $`m_0`$-cycles. For each $`i`$ consider $`(U_{C_i},\pi _{C_i},\phi _{C_i})`$ which give the cyclic representation corresponding to $`h_{m_0,C_i}`$ ( see proposition 2.13 ). Define

$$U=U_{C_1}\mathrm{}U_{C_n},$$

$$\pi =\pi _{C_1}\mathrm{}\pi _{C_n},$$

$$\phi =\phi _{C_1}\mathrm{}\phi _{C_n}.$$

Then $`(U,\pi ,\phi )`$ give the cyclic representation corresponding to the constant function $`1`$. Each element $`S`$ in the commutant of this representation has the form

$$S=S_{C_1}\mathrm{}S_{C_n}$$

where $`S_{C_i}`$ is in the commutant of $`(U_{C_i},\pi _{C_i},\phi _{C_i})`$.

###### Proof.

Since

$$1=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}h_{m_0,C_i}$$

, for the first statement it is enough to check that $`\phi `$ is cyclic. For this we will need the commutant and then the reasoning is the same as the one in the proofs of proposition 2.11 (iii) or proposition 2.13 (vi). But lemma 2.14 makes it clear that the elements of the commutant have the form mentioned in the hypotesis ( see also the proof of theorem 2.17 ). We also need to prove that if $`S`$ is in the commutant , $`S=S^2=S^{}`$ and $`S\phi =\phi `$ then $`S`$ is the identity. But,

$$S=S_{C_1}\mathrm{}S_{C_n}$$

so $`S_{C_i}=S_{C_i}^2=S_{C_i}^{}`$ and $`S_{C_i}\phi _{C_i}=\phi _{C_i}`$ and, as $`\phi _{C_i}`$ is cyclic in the corresponding representation, it follows that $`S_{C_i}`$ is the identity so $`S=I`$. ∎

###### Theorem 2.17.

Suppose $`m_0`$ satisfies (1.1)-(1.4). Let $`C_1,\mathrm{},C_n`$ be the $`m_0`$-cycles, $`C_i:z_{1i},z_{2i}=z_{1i}^N,\mathrm{},z_{p_ii}=z_{p_i1i}^N,z_{1i}=z_{p_ii}^N`$ , for $`i\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$. Let $`g_{k,m_0,C_i}`$ be as in proposition 2.13, $`k\{1,\mathrm{},p_i\}`$, $`i\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$.

If $`hC(𝕋)`$, $`h0`$ and $`R_{m_0,m_0}h=\lambda h`$ for some $`\lambda 𝕋`$, then there exists an $`i\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ such that $`\lambda ^{p_i}=1`$ and there exist $`\alpha _i`$, $`i\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ such that

$$h=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _i\left(\underset{k=1}{\overset{p_i}{}}\lambda ^{k+1}g_{k,m_0,C_i}\right)$$

and $`\alpha _i=0`$ if $`\lambda ^{p_i}1`$.

###### Proof.

First note that instead of $`m_0`$ we can take $`\left|m_0\right|`$ and the problem remains the same. We have

$$\frac{1}{N}\underset{w^N=z}{}\overline{\lambda m_0(w)}m_0(w)h(w)=h(z),(z𝕋)$$

so $`R_{\lambda m_0,m_0}h=h`$. Using theorem 1.3, it follows that $`h`$ induces an intertwining operator $`S:_{m_0}_{\lambda m_0}`$, where $`(_{m_0},\pi _{m_0},\phi _{m_0})`$ is the cyclic representation corresponding to the constant function $`1`$ and $`m_0`$, and $`(_{\lambda m_0},\pi _{\lambda m_0},\phi _{\lambda m_0})`$ is the cyclic representation corresponding to $`1`$ and $`\lambda m_0`$.

Using theorem 2.16 and proposition 2.13, we see that $`_{m_0}=_{\lambda m_0}`$, $`\pi _{m_0}(f)=\pi _{\lambda m_0}(f)`$, for $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$, $`\phi _{m_0}=\phi _{\lambda m_0}`$ and $`U_{\lambda m_0}=\lambda U_{m_0}`$.

The intertwining property of $`S`$ implies that

$$SU_{m_0}=\lambda U_{m_0}S$$

$$S\pi _{m_0}(f)=\pi _{m_0}(f)S,(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right))$$

If $`P_{C_i}`$ is the projection onto the components corresponding to the cycle $`C_i`$ then we see that $`P_{C_i}`$ commutes with both $`U_{m_0}`$ and $`\pi _{m_0}(f)`$, for $`fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right)`$. Therefore

$$\left(P_{C_i}SP_{C_j}\right)U_{C_j}=\lambda U_{C_i}\left(P_{C_i}SP_{C_j}\right),$$

$$\left(P_{C_i}SP_{C_j}\right)\pi _{C_j}(f)=\pi _{C_i}(f)\left(P_{C_i}SP_{C_j}\right),(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right))$$

Using lemma 2.14, we obtain, $`\left(P_{C_i}SP_{C_j}\right)=0`$ if $`ij`$ and for each $`i\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ there exist $`f_{1i},\mathrm{},f_{p_ii}L^{\mathrm{}}\left(\right)`$ such that

$$\left(P_{C_i}SP_{C_j}\right)(\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _{p_i})=(f_{1i}\xi _1,\mathrm{},f_{p_ii}\xi _{p_i}),$$

$$f_{1i}(x)=\lambda f_{2i}(Nx)\text{ a.e.,}$$

$$\mathrm{}$$

$$f_{p_i1i}(x)=\lambda f_{p_ii}(Nx)\text{ a.e., }$$

$$f_{p_ii}(x)=\lambda f_{1i}(Nx)\text{ a.e.. }$$

Also, as

$$_𝕋fh𝑑\mu =\phi _{m_0}|\pi _{m_0}(f)S\phi _{m_0},(fL^{\mathrm{}}\left(𝕋\right))$$

after periodization we get

$$h=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\underset{k=1}{\overset{p_i}{}}\alpha _{z_{ki}^1}\left(Per\left(f_{ki}\left|\phi _{k,m_0,C_i}\right|^2\right)\right)$$

We want to prove that each $`f_{ki}`$ is continuous at $`0`$. Take $`i\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$, $`k\{1,\mathrm{},p_i\}`$. We know from proposition 2.13 that $`g_{k,m_0,C_i}`$ is 1 at $`z_{ki}`$ and 0 at every other $`z_{lj}`$. Then

$$\left|\alpha _{z_{lj}^1}\left(Per\left(f_{lj}\left|\phi _{l,m_0,C_j}\right|^2\right)\right)\right|f_{lj}_{\mathrm{}}g_{l,m_0,C_j}$$

so this function has limit $`0`$ at $`z_{ki}`$ for $`(l,j)(i,k)`$. The argument used in the proof of proposition 2.11 (v) can be repeated here to obtain that $`lim_{x0}f_{ki}(x)=h(z_{ki})`$.

On the other hand we have

(2.13)
$$f_{ki}\left(N^{p_i}x\right)=\lambda ^{p_i}f_{ki}(x)$$

so if we let $`x0`$, we obtain $`h(z_{ki})=\lambda ^{p_i}h(z_{ki})`$. Consequently, $`h(z_{ki})=f_{ki}=0`$ or $`\lambda ^{p_i}=1`$. Since $`h0`$, there exists an $`i\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ with $`\lambda ^{p_i}=1`$.

For an $`i`$ with $`\lambda ^{p_i}1`$ we have $`f_{ki}=0`$ for all $`k\{1,\mathrm{},p_i\}`$. Now take an $`i`$ with $`\lambda ^{p_i}=1`$. From (2.13) and the fact that $`f_{ki}`$ is continuous at $`0`$, it follows that $`f_{ki}`$ is constant. Let $`\alpha _i=f_{1i}`$. Then $`f_{2i}=\lambda ^1\alpha _i,\mathrm{},f_{p_ii}=\lambda ^{p_i+1}\alpha _i`$ and the last assertion of the theorem is proved. ∎

###### Corollary 2.18.

Let $`m_0`$ as in theorem 2.17. For an eigenvalue $`\lambda 𝕋`$ and $`i`$ with $`\lambda ^{p_i}=1`$, define

$$h_{m_0,C_i}^\lambda =\underset{k=1}{\overset{p_i}{}}\lambda ^{k+1}g_{k,m_0,C_i}$$

. Then for each eigenvalue $`\lambda 𝕋`$, the eigenfunctions $`h_{m_0,C_i}^\lambda `$ with $`\lambda ^{p_i}=1`$ are linearly independent. Moreover if we define the measures

$$\nu _i^\lambda =\frac{1}{p_i}\underset{k=1}{\overset{p_i}{}}\lambda ^{k1}\delta _{z_{ki}},i\{1,\mathrm{},n\},\lambda 𝕋,\lambda ^{p_i}=1,$$

where $`\delta _z`$ is the Dirac measure at $`z`$, then

$$T_\lambda (f)=\underset{i=1,\lambda ^{p_i}=1}{\overset{n}{}}\nu _i^\lambda (f)h_{m_0,C_i}^\lambda .$$

###### Proof.

First, we see that theorem 2.17 implies that $`h_{m_0,C_i}^\lambda `$ with $`\lambda ^{p_i}=1`$ span the eigenspace corresponding to the eigenvalue $`\lambda `$. Then we also note that, using proposition 2.13 (ii) we have:

(2.14)
$$\nu _i^\lambda \left(h_{m_0,C_j}^\lambda \right)=\delta _{ij}.$$

This shows that $`h_{m_0,C_i}^\lambda `$ are linearly independent.

On the other hand we have for all $`fC(𝕋)`$, using the fact that $`C_i`$ is an $`m_0`$-cycle:

$`\nu _i^\lambda \left(R_{m_0,m_0}(f)\right)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{p_i}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{p_i}{}}}\lambda ^{k1}\delta _{z_{ki}}\left(R_{m_0,m_0}(f)\right)=`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{p_i}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{p_i}{}}}\lambda ^{k1}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{w^N=z_{ki}}{}}\left|m_0(w)\right|^2f(w)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{p_i}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{p_i}{}}}\lambda ^{k1}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}\left(\right|m_0\left(z_{k1i}\right)|^2f\left(z_{k1i}\right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{w^N=z_{ki},wz_{k1i}}{}}\left|m_0(w)|^2f(w)\right)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{p_i}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{p_i}{}}}\lambda ^{k1}f\left(z_{k1i}\right)`$
$`=\lambda \nu _i^\lambda (f)`$
Then, according to theorem 2.6,

$`\nu _i^\lambda \left(T_\lambda (f)\right)`$ $`=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\lambda ^k\nu _i^\lambda \left(R_{m_0,m_0}^k(f)\right)`$
$`=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\lambda ^k\lambda ^k\nu _i^\lambda (f)`$
$`=\nu _i^\lambda (f)`$
This, together with (2.14) and the fact that $`h_{m_0,C_i}^\lambda `$ form a basis for the eigenspace, imply the last equality of the corollary. ∎