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# Non linear stability of an expanding universe with 𝑆¹ isometry group

## 1 Introduction.

An einsteinian universe is a pair $`(V,^{(4)}g)`$, with $`V`$ a smooth 4 dimensional manifold and $`{}_{}{}^{(4)}g`$ a lorentzian metric on $`V`$ which satisfies the Einstein equations. Such a universe satisfies the classical causality requirements if it is globally hyperbolic, equivalently if $`V`$ is a product $`V=M\times R`$ with each $`M_tM\times \{t\}`$ space like and a Cauchy surface, i.e. intersected once by each causal curve (timelike or null). It is well known that given a 3 dimensional manifold endowed with a properly riemannian metric $`\overline{g}`$ and a symmetric 2 tensor $`K`$ satisfying the Einstein constraint equations, there exists (modulo appropriate functional hypotheses on the data) a globally hyperbolic vacuum (the theorem extends to classical sources which admit of a well posed Cauchy problem) einsteinian universe such that $`M_{t_0}`$ is a Cauchy surface, and the spacetime metric $`{}_{}{}^{(4)}g`$ induces on $`M_{t_0}`$ the metric $`\overline{g}`$ while $`K`$ is the extrinsic curvature of $`M_{t_0}.`$ This solution is unique, up to isometry, in the class of maximal spacetimes (i.e. which cannot be embedded in a larger one). In spite of its formulation using $`R`$ this solution is a local one: $`t`$ is just a coordinate, it has no intrisic meaning: the physically meaningful quantity is the proper time, determined by the metric $`{}_{}{}^{(4)}g.`$ The main problems which remain open in this field are the infinite proper time existence, or the formation of singularities and their nature.

In this article we will prove the existence for an infinite proper time, in the expanding direction, of vacuum einsteinian universes with Cauchy data which are in a neighbourhood of a vacuum einsteinian universe defined as follows.

* $`V=M\times R`$ is such that $`M`$ is a compact manifold of the form $`M=S^1\times \mathrm{\Sigma },`$ with $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ a smooth, orientable surface.
* The spacetime metric is invariant under the group $`S^1.`$ It is given by:

$${}_{}{}^{(4)}g=4dt^2+2t^2\sigma +\theta ^2$$
(1.1)
with $`\sigma `$ a metric on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ independent of $`t`$ and of scalar curvature $`1`$, and $`\theta `$ a 1-form on $`S^1`$. In local coordinates $`x^a`$on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and $`dx^3`$ on $`S^1`$ we have:

$$\sigma =\sigma _{ab}dx^adx^b,\text{ }a,b=1,2\text{ }\theta =dx^3.$$

The property

$$R(\sigma )=1$$
(1.2)
implies, by the Gauss Bonnet theorem, that the surface $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ has genus $`G>1.`$

Remark (important fact for the Thurston classification). The lorentzian 3 metric $`4dt^2+2t^2\sigma `$ is homogeneous in $`t`$, but not the 4 metric.

The above universe is a particular case of the ones described in the next section.

## 2 $`S^1`$ invariant einsteinian universes.

The spacetime manifold is a product $`S^1\times \mathrm{\Sigma }\times R`$, where $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is a smooth, compact, orientable 2 - manifold of genus $`G>1`$. The spacetime 4 metric is invariant under the action of the group $`S^1`$, with spacelike orbits $`S^1\times \{x\}\times \{t\}`$. We restrict here our study to the so called polarized case where the orbits are orthogonal to 3 dimensional lorentzian sections. The metric can be written, without loss of generality and for later convenience, in the form:

$${}_{}{}^{(4)}g=e^{2\gamma (3)}g+e^{2\gamma }(\theta )^2,$$
(2.1)
with $`\gamma `$ a scalar function and $`{}_{}{}^{(3)}g`$ an arbitrary lorentzian 3-metric on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }\times R`$ which we write under the usual form adapted to the Cauchy 2+1 splitting:

$${}_{}{}^{(3)}g=N^2dt^2+g_{ab}(dx^a+\nu ^adt)(dx^b+\nu ^bdt)$$
(2.2)
$`N,`$ $`\nu ,`$ $`g=g_{ab}dx^adx^b`$ are $`t`$ dependent scalar (lapse), vector (shift), metric on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and $`\theta =dx^3`$ a 1-form on $`S^1,x^3`$ a periodic coordinate.We denote by $`_\alpha `$ the Pfaff derivatives in the coframe $`\theta ^0=dt,`$ $`\theta ^a=dx^a+\nu ^adt`$, greek indices taking the values 0, 1 or 2. It holds that:

$$_0=\frac{}{t}\nu ^a\frac{}{x^a}$$
(2.3)
We introduce the extrinsic curvature $`k_t`$ of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_t`$ i.e. we set

$$k_{ab}=\frac{1}{2N}\widehat{}_0g_{ab},$$
(2.4)
with $`\widehat{}_0`$ the operator on time dependent tensors on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ given by:

$$\widehat{}_0=\frac{}{t}L_{\nu _t}.$$
(2.5)
with $`L_{\nu _t}`$ the Lie derivative with respect to $`\nu _t.`$ The mean curvature $`\tau `$ of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_t`$, which will play a fundamental role in our later estimates, is:

$$\tau g^{ab}k_{ab}.$$
(2.6)
## 3 Equations.

The metric $`{}_{}{}^{(4)}g`$ is supposed to satisfy the vacuum Einstein equations,

$$Ricci(^{(4)}g)=0.$$

The equations $`{}_{}{}^{(4)}R_{\alpha 3}^{}=0`$ are identically satisfied by the metric 2.1..

### 3.1 Wave equation for $`\gamma .`$

The equation $`{}_{}{}^{(4)}R_{33}^{}=0`$ implies that the function $`\gamma `$ satisfies the wave equation on ($`\mathrm{\Sigma }\times R,^{(3)}g)`$. This equation reads:

$$N^1_0(N^1_0\gamma )+Ng^{ab}_a(N_b\gamma )+N^1\tau _0\gamma =0$$
(3.1)
### 3.2 3 dimensional Einstein equations.

When $`{}_{}{}^{(4)}R_{3\alpha }^{}=0`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{(4)}R_{33}^{}=0`$ the equations $`{}_{}{}^{(4)}R_{\alpha \beta }^{}=0`$ are equivalent to Einstein’s equations on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }\times R`$ for the metric $`{}_{}{}^{(3)}g`$ with source the stress energy tensor of the scalar field $`\gamma ,`$ namely:

$${}_{}{}^{(3)}R_{\alpha \beta }^{}=2_\alpha \gamma _\beta \gamma $$
(3.2)
In dimension 3 the Einstein equations are non dynamical, except for the conformal class of $`g.`$ We set on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }\times R`$

$$g_{ab}=e^{2\lambda }\sigma _{ab},$$

We impose that, on each $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_t,`$ $`\sigma _t`$ has scalar curvature $`R(\sigma _t)=1,`$ i.e. $`\sigma _tM_1,`$ which is no restriction since any metric $`\sigma `$ on $`\mathrm{\Sigma },`$ which is of genus greater than 1, is conformal to such a metric, and $`e^{2\lambda }`$ is to be determined.

As a gauge condition we suppose that the mean extrinsic curvature $`\tau `$ is constant on each $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_t,`$ i.e. depends only on $`t.`$ We will construct an expanding space time, i.e. we take $`\tau `$ to be negative and increasing from a value $`\tau _0<0`$. The moment of maximum expansion will be attained if $`\tau `$ reaches the value $`\tau =0.`$ For convenience we define the parameter $`t`$ by

$$t=\tau ^1,\text{ }tt_0.$$
(3.3)
The following equations (momentum constraint) hold on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_t`$:

$$Ne^{2\lambda (3)}R_{0a}D_bh_a^b=L_a2D_a\gamma \dot{\gamma }$$
(3.4)
with $`h_{ab}=k_{ab}\frac{1}{2}g_{ab}\tau `$ the traceless part of $`k_t,D_a`$ the covariant derivative in the metric $`\sigma _t`$ and indices raised with $`\sigma ^{ab},`$ and we have set:

$$\dot{\gamma }=e^{2\lambda }\gamma ^{}\text{ with }\gamma ^{}=N^1_0\gamma .$$

Given $`\sigma ,\gamma `$ and $`\dot{\gamma }`$ this is a linear equation for $`h`$ on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_t,`$ independent of $`\lambda .`$ The general solution is the sum of a solution $`q`$ of the homogeneous equation, a trace and divergence free tensor called a TT tensor, and a conformal Lie derivative $`r.`$ Such tensors are $`L^2(\sigma )`$ orthogonal.

The so called hamiltonian constraint on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_t,`$ on the other hand, is given by

$$2N^{2(3)}S_{00}R(^{(3)}g)g^{ac}g^{bd}h_{bc}h_{ad}+\frac{1}{2}\tau ^2=2(N^2_0\gamma _0\gamma +g^{ab}_a\gamma _b\gamma )$$
(3.5)
When $`g_{ab}=e^{2\lambda }\sigma _{ab}`$ it becomes a semilinear elliptic equation in $`\lambda :`$

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda =f(x,\lambda )p_1e^{2\lambda }p_2e^{2\lambda }+p_3,$$
(3.6)
with

$$p_1\frac{1}{4}\tau ^2,p_2\stackrel{.}{\gamma }^2+\frac{1}{2}h^2,p_3\frac{1}{2}R(\sigma )|D\gamma |^2$$

The equation $`{}_{}{}^{(3)}R_{00}^{}=\rho _{00}`$ gives for $`N`$ the linear elliptic equation

$$\mathrm{\Delta }N\alpha N=e^{2\lambda }_t\tau \text{ with }\alpha e^{2\lambda }(h^2+\dot{u}^2)+\frac{1}{2}e^{2\lambda }\tau ^2$$
(3.7)
The shift $`\nu `$ satisfies the equation (resulting from the expression for $`h)`$

$$(L_\sigma n)_{ab}D_an_b+D_bn_a\sigma _{ab}D_c\nu ^c=f_{ab}\text{ with }n_a\nu _ae^{2\lambda }$$
(3.8)
$$f_{ab}2Ne^{2\lambda }h_{ab}+_t\sigma _{ab}\frac{1}{2}\sigma _{ab}\sigma ^{cd}_t\sigma _{cd}$$

We require the metric $`\sigma _t`$ to lie in some chosen cross section $`Q\psi (Q)`$ of the fiber bundle $`M_1T_{eich}`$ with $`T_{eich}`$ (Teichmu̇ller) the space of classes of conformally inequivalent riemannian metrics, identified with $`R^{6G6}.`$ The solvability condition for the shift equation determines $`dQ/dt`$ in terms of $`h.`$ One obtains an ordinary differential system for the evolution of $`Q`$ by requiring that the $`t`$dependent spatial tensor $`{}_{}{}^{(3)}R_{ab}^{}2_au_bu,`$ which is TT by the previously solved equations, be $`L^2`$ orthogonal to TT tensors.

## 4 Local existence theorem.

The Cauchy data on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{t_0}`$ are:

1. A $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ riemannian metric $`\sigma _0`$ which projects onto a point $`Q(t_0)`$ of $`T_{eich}`$ and a $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ tensor $`q_0`$ which is TT in the metric $`\sigma _0.`$ The spaces $`W_s^p`$ and $`H_sW_s^2`$ are the usual Sobolev spaces of tensor fields on the riemannian manifold $`(\mathrm{\Sigma },\sigma _0).`$

2. Cauchy data for $`\gamma `$ and $`\dot{\gamma }`$ on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_0`$, i.e.

$$\gamma (t_0,.)=\gamma _0H_2,\dot{\gamma }(t_0,.)=\dot{\gamma }_0H_1$$

###### Theorem 4.1

The Cauchy problem with the above data for the Einstein equations with $`S^1`$ isometry group (polarized case) has, if $`Tt_{0\text{ }}`$is small enough, a solution with $`\gamma `$ $`C^0([t_0,T],H_2)`$ $`C^1([t_0,T],H_1);`$ $`\lambda ,N,\nu C^0([t_0,T],`$ $`W_3^p,1<p<2`$ and $`N>0`$ while $`\sigma C^1([t_0,T],C^{\mathrm{}})`$ with $`\sigma _t`$ uniformly equivalent to $`\sigma _0`$. This solution is unique up to $`t`$ parametrization of $`\tau `$ and choice of a cross section of $`M_1`$ over $`T_{eich}.`$

The proof is by solving alternately elliptic systems for $`h,\lambda ,N,\nu `$ on each $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_t`$, the wave equation for $`u`$ and the differential system satisfied by $`Q.`$ The iteration converges if $`Tt_0`$ is small enough.

We will prove that the solution exists for all $`tt_0>0,`$ and for an infinite proper time, by obtaining a priori estimates of the various norms, and of a strictly positive lower bound independent of $`T`$ for $`N.`$

## 5 Energy estimates.

We omit the index $`t`$ when the context is clear. We denote by$`.`$ and $`._g`$the $`L^2`$ norms in the $`\sigma `$ and $`g`$ metric. We denote by $`C_\sigma `$ numbers depending only on $`(\mathrm{\Sigma },\sigma )`$. A lower case index m or M denotes respectively the lower or upper bound of a scalar function on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_t`$. It follows from the equations satisfied by $`N`$ and $`\lambda ,`$ by the maximum principle, that

$$0N_mN_M2\frac{_t\tau }{\tau ^2}\text{ and }e^{2\lambda _m}\frac{1}{2}\tau ^2$$
(5.1)
### 5.1 First energy estimate.

Inspired by the hamiltonian constraint we define the energy by

$$E(t)\gamma ^{}_g^2+D\gamma _g^2+\frac{1}{2}h_g^2$$
(5.2)
By integrating the hamiltonian constraint over ($`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{t,}g)`$ and using the constancy of $`\tau `$ and the Gauss Bonnet theorem we find, with $`\chi `$ the Euler characteristic of $`\mathrm{\Sigma },`$ that

$$E(t)=\frac{\tau ^2}{4}Vol_g(\mathrm{\Sigma }_t)+4\pi \chi $$
(5.3)
and after some manipulations, that

$$\frac{dE(t)}{dt}=\tau _t(\frac{1}{2}|h|_g^2+|\gamma ^{}|^2)N\mu _g.$$
(5.4)
We see that $`E(t)`$ is a non increasing function of $`t`$ if $`\tau `$ is negative.

### 5.2 Second energy estimate.

We define the energy of gradient $`\gamma `$ by

$$E^{(1)}(t)_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}(J_0+J_1)\mu _g,\text{ }J_1=\mathrm{\Delta }_g\gamma ^2,\text{ }J_0=D\gamma ^{}^2$$
(5.5)
After lengthy but straightforward calculation we have found (see , indices raised with $`g)`$

$$\frac{dE^{(1)}}{dt}2\tau E^{(1)}=\tau _{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}\{NJ_0+(N2)(J_0+J_1)\}\mu _g+Z$$
(5.6)
$$Z2_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}\{Nh^{ab}_a\gamma ^{}_b\gamma ^{}+2Nh^{ab}_a_b\gamma \mathrm{\Delta }_g\gamma +(_b(^aN_a\gamma )+\tau _bN\gamma ^{})(^b\gamma ^{})+$$

$$[(2_aNh^{ac}4N^c\gamma \gamma ^{})_c\gamma +2^aN_a\gamma ^{}+\gamma ^{}\mathrm{\Delta }_gN]\mathrm{\Delta }_g\gamma \}\mu _g$$
(5.7)
We set

$$E(t)=\epsilon ^2,\text{ }E^{(1)}(t)=\tau ^2\epsilon _1^2.$$
(5.8)
## 6 Elliptic estimates.

We have shown in  that if the sum $`\epsilon ^2+\epsilon _1^2`$ is bounded by a number $`c`$ \- hypothesis $`H_c`$ \- the quantities $`N,`$ ,$`h,`$ $`\lambda ,`$ $`\nu `$ can be bounded on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_t`$ by using the elliptic equations they satisfy. In particular, denoting by $`\lambda _M`$ the supremum of $`\lambda `$ on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_t,`$

$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}|\tau |e^{\lambda _M}1+CC_{\sigma _t}(\epsilon ^2+\epsilon _1^2)$$
(6.1)
where $`C`$ denotes a number depending on $`c,`$ and $`C_{\sigma _t}`$ a Sobolev constant of ($`\mathrm{\Sigma }_t,\sigma _t)`$

We have also obtained estimates for $`h,`$ and for $`N`$, namely

$$h_{L^{\mathrm{}}(g_t)}CC_{\sigma _t}|\tau |\{\epsilon +(\epsilon +\epsilon _1)^2\}$$
(6.2)
$$02N_mCC_{\sigma _t}(\epsilon ^2+\epsilon \epsilon _1),\text{ }DN_{L^{\mathrm{}}(g_t)}CC_{\sigma _t}|\tau |(\epsilon ^2+\epsilon \epsilon _1).$$
(6.3)
All these estimates would be sufficient to prove that the energies remain uniformly bounded for all $`tt_0,`$ if small enough initially, if we knew an uniform (in $`t`$) bound of the Sobolev constants $`C_{\sigma _t}.`$ We can obtain such a bound only if the total energy, $`\epsilon ^2+\epsilon _1^2`$ decays when $`t`$ increases.

## 7 Corrected energy estimates.

The decay we are looking for will be obtained through the introduction of ”corrected energies” whose $`t`$ derivatives take advantage of the negative part of the derivative of the corresponding original energy to give a negative definite contribution.

### 7.1 First corrected energy.

One defines a corrected first energy by the formula, where $`\alpha `$ is a positive number:

$$E_\alpha (t)=E(t)2\alpha \tau _{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}(\gamma \stackrel{\_}{\gamma })\gamma ^{}\mu _g,\text{ with }\stackrel{\_}{\gamma }=\frac{1}{Vol_\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }_t}_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}\gamma \mu _\sigma $$
(7.1)
We estimate the complementary term using the Poincaré inequality which gives

$$\gamma \stackrel{\_}{\gamma }_{g_t}e^{\lambda _M}\gamma \stackrel{-}{\gamma }_{\sigma _t}e^{\lambda _M}\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\sigma _t}^{1/2}D\gamma _{\sigma _t}.$$
(7.2)
therefore, by the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, since $`D\gamma _{\sigma _t}=D\gamma _{g_t}`$

$$|\tau _{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}\gamma ^{}(\gamma \stackrel{\_}{\gamma })\mu _g||\tau |e^{\lambda _M}\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\sigma _t}^{1/2}\gamma ^{}_gD\gamma _g.$$
(7.3)
We deduce from this inequality that:

$$E(t)\frac{1}{1a_t}E_\alpha (t)\text{ with }a_t\frac{\alpha |\tau |e^{\lambda _M}}{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\sigma _t}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$$

We will have $`a_t<1`$ if

$$\alpha <\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\sigma _t}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{|\tau |e^{\lambda _M}}$$
(7.4)
We have seen that there exists numbers $`C`$ and $`C_\sigma `$ such that

$$|\tau |e^{\lambda _M}\sqrt{2}(1+CC_\sigma (\epsilon ^2+\epsilon _1^2))$$
(7.5)
We suppose that there exist numbers $`\mathrm{\Lambda }>0`$ and $`\delta >0,`$ independent of $`t,`$ such that for all $`t`$ it holds that

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\sigma _t}^{\frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{\frac{1}{2}}(1+\delta )$$
(7.6)
then it holds that

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\sigma _t}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{|\tau |e^{\lambda _M}}\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }^{\frac{1}{2}}(1+\delta )}{\sqrt{2}(1+CC_\sigma (\epsilon ^2+\epsilon _1^2))}>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{\frac{1}{2}}$$
(7.7)
as soon as

$$CC_\sigma (\epsilon ^2+\epsilon _1^2)<\delta $$
(7.8)
When this inequality is satisfied we can choose any number $`\alpha `$ such that

$$\alpha \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{\frac{1}{2}}$$
(7.9)
and so insure that $`a_t<1.`$ For instance if

$$CC_\sigma (\epsilon ^2+\epsilon _1^2)<\frac{\delta }{2}$$
(7.10)
then

$$1a_t1\frac{\alpha |\tau |e^{\lambda _M}}{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\sigma _t}^{\frac{1}{2}}}\frac{\delta }{2(1+\delta )}$$
(7.11)
### 7.2 Decay of the corrected energy.

We set:

$$\frac{dE_\alpha }{dt}=\frac{dE}{dt}R_\alpha $$

with (the terms explicitly containing the shift $`\nu `$ give an exact divergence which integrates to zero)

$$R_\alpha =2\alpha \tau _{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}\{_0\gamma ^{}(\gamma \stackrel{\_}{\gamma })+\gamma ^{}_0(\gamma \stackrel{\_}{\gamma })N\tau \gamma ^{}(\gamma \stackrel{\_}{\gamma })\}\mu _g$$

$$+2\alpha \frac{d\tau }{dt}_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}\gamma ^{}(\gamma \stackrel{\_}{\gamma })\mu _g$$
(7.12)
To simplify the writing we suppose that $`_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}\gamma ^{}\mu _g=0,`$ this quantity is conserved in time if $`\gamma `$ satisfies the wave equation 3.1. Some elementary computations using 3.1 and integration by parts show that , using also $`\frac{d\tau }{dt}=\tau ^2:`$

$$R_\alpha =2\alpha \tau _{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}\{[|\gamma ^{}|^2|D\gamma |_g^2]N+\tau (\gamma \stackrel{\_}{\gamma })\gamma ^{}\}\mu _g$$
(7.13)
We write $`\frac{dE_\alpha }{dt}`$ in the form

$$\frac{dE_\alpha }{dt}=\tau _{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}\{2[\frac{1}{2}|h|^2+(12\alpha )|\gamma ^{}|^2+2\alpha |D\gamma |_g^2]2\alpha \tau \gamma ^{}(\gamma \stackrel{\_}{\gamma })\}\mu _g+\tau A$$
(7.14)
where $`A`$ can be estimated with higher order terms in the energies, using the inequality 6.3 satisfied by $`N2,`$ since $`A`$ reads

$$A_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}(N2)[\frac{1}{2}|h|^2+(12\alpha )|\gamma ^{}|^2+2\alpha |D\gamma |_g^2]\mu _g$$
(7.15)
We look for a positive number $`k`$ such that the difference $`\frac{dE_\alpha }{dt}k\tau E_\alpha `$ can be estimated with higher order terms in the energies. We have:

$$\frac{dE_\alpha }{dt}k\tau E_\alpha =2\tau _{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}\{[\frac{1}{2}|h|^2+(12\alpha \frac{k}{2})|\gamma ^{}|^2+(2\alpha \frac{k}{2})|D\gamma |_g^2]$$
(7.16)
$$\alpha (1k)\tau \gamma ^{}(\gamma \stackrel{\_}{\gamma })\}\mu _g+\tau A$$
(7.17)
We have treated in  the case where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\frac{1}{8},`$ $`\alpha =\frac{1}{4}.`$ In this case it is possible to take $`k=1`$ and obtain immediately

$$\frac{dE_{\frac{1}{4}}}{dt}\tau E_{\frac{1}{4}}|\tau A|.$$
(7.18)
In the general case we have

$$\frac{dE_\alpha }{dt}k\tau E_\alpha 2\tau _{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}\{[(12\alpha \frac{k}{2})|\gamma ^{}|^2+(2\alpha \frac{k}{2})|D\gamma |_g^2]$$
(7.19)
$$\alpha (1k)\tau \gamma ^{}(\gamma \stackrel{\_}{\gamma })\}\mu _g+|\tau A|$$
(7.20)
The estimate 7.3 together with the inequality 7.7gives

$$|\tau _{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}\gamma ^{}(\gamma \stackrel{\_}{\gamma })\mu _g|\sqrt{2}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{1/2}\gamma ^{}_gD\gamma _g$$
(7.21)
Therefore it holds that:

$$_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}\{[(12\alpha \frac{k}{2})|\gamma ^{}|^2+(2\alpha \frac{k}{2})|D\gamma |_g^2]\alpha (1k)\tau \gamma ^{}(\gamma \stackrel{\_}{\gamma })\}\mu _g$$

$$(12\alpha \frac{k}{2})\gamma ^{}_g^2+(2\alpha \frac{k}{2})D\gamma _g^2\alpha (1k)\sqrt{2}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{1/2}\gamma ^{}_gD\gamma _g$$
(7.22)
The above quadratic form in $`\gamma ^{}_g`$ and $`D\gamma _g`$ is non negative if

$$k4\alpha ,\text{ }k2(12\alpha )$$
(7.23)
and $`k`$ is such that

$$2\alpha ^2\mathrm{\Lambda }^1(1k)^24(2\alpha \frac{k}{2})(12\alpha \frac{k}{2})0$$
(7.24)
the inequalities 7.23 imply

$$k1,$$
(7.25)
The inequality 7.24 reads

$$(12\mathrm{\Lambda }^1\alpha ^2)k^2(12\mathrm{\Lambda }^1\alpha ^2)2k2\mathrm{\Lambda }^1\alpha ^2+8\alpha (12\alpha )>0$$
(7.26)
That is, since $`12\mathrm{\Lambda }^1\alpha ^2>0,`$

$$k^22k+1\frac{(14\alpha )^2}{(12\mathrm{\Lambda }^1\alpha ^2)}>0$$
(7.27)
equivalently

$$k<1\frac{14\alpha }{(12\mathrm{\Lambda }^1\alpha ^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}}$$
(7.28)
There will exist such a $`k>0`$ if

$$\frac{14\alpha }{(12\mathrm{\Lambda }^1\alpha ^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}}<1$$
(7.29)
that is

$$2\mathrm{\Lambda }^1\alpha 16\alpha +8>0.$$
(7.30)
i.e.

$$\alpha <\frac{4}{8+\mathrm{\Lambda }^1}$$
(7.31)
We have

$$\frac{4}{8+\mathrm{\Lambda }^1}\frac{1}{4},\text{ if }\mathrm{\Lambda }\frac{1}{8}$$
(7.32)
An elementary computation shows that

$$\frac{4}{8+\mathrm{\Lambda }^1}\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }^{\frac{1}{2}}}{\sqrt{2}}$$
(7.33)
with the equality satisfied only when $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\frac{1}{8}.`$

We choose $`\alpha `$ such that it satisfies the inequality 7.31, and then $`k>0`$ such that it satisfies 7.28.

### 7.3 Corrected second energy.

We define a corrected second energy $`E_\alpha ^{(1)}`$ by the formula

$$E_\alpha ^{(1)}(t)=E^{(1)}(t)+2\alpha ^{(1)}\tau _{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}\mathrm{\Delta }_g\gamma \gamma ^{}\mu _g$$

Using again the Cauchy Schwarz inequality, and the Poincaré inequality to estimate $`\gamma ^{}_{g_t}`$ in terms of $`D\gamma ^{}_{g_t}`$ (the hypothesis $`\stackrel{\_}{\gamma ^{}}=0`$ is not necessary here because on a compact manifold $`_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}\mathrm{\Delta }_g\gamma \mu _g=0.)`$ we find, (with the same $`a_t`$ as in the previous subsection)

$$E^{(1)}(t)\frac{1}{1a_t}E_\alpha ^{(1)}(t)$$
(7.34)
### 7.4 Decay of the second corrected energy.

We have found in , by straightforward but lengthy computations with the use of the wave equation for $`\gamma `$ and $`{}_{}{}^{(3)}R_{0}^{c}N_ah^{ac}=2_0\gamma ^c\gamma `$ together with Cauchy Schwarz and Sobolev theorems, an equality of the form:

$$\frac{dE_\alpha ^{(1)}}{dt}\frac{dE^{(1)}}{dt}+R_\alpha ^{(1)}$$

where, with the choice $`\tau =\frac{1}{t}`$,

$$R_\alpha ^{(1)}2\alpha ^{(1)}\tau _{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}\{N|D\gamma ^{}|^2+N|\mathrm{\Delta }_g\gamma |^2+(N+1)\tau \mathrm{\Delta }_g\gamma \gamma ^{}\}\mu _g+\tau Z_\alpha $$

where $`Z_\alpha ,`$ given by:

$$Z_\alpha 2\alpha _{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}^aN(_a\gamma \mathrm{\Delta }_g\gamma +\gamma ^{}_a\gamma ^{})+2Nh^{ab}_a_b\gamma \gamma ^{}+2\gamma ^{}_c\gamma (_aNh^{ac}\gamma ^{}^c\gamma )\}\mu _g$$
(7.35)
can be estimated with higher order terms in the energies. Using 5.6 we obtain that:

$$\frac{dE_\alpha ^{(1)}}{dt}(2+k)\tau E_\alpha ^{(1)}=\tau _{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}\{(2N2k2\alpha N)J_0+(2\alpha N+N2k)J_1\}\mu _g$$

$$+2\alpha \tau ^2_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}\{(N+12k)\mathrm{\Delta }_g\gamma \gamma ^{}\}\mu _g+Z+\tau Z_\alpha $$
(7.36)
which we write:

$$\frac{dE_\alpha ^{(1)}}{dt}(2+k)\tau E_\alpha ^{(1)}=\tau _{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}\{(2k4\alpha )J_0+(4\alpha k)J_1\}\mu _g$$

$$+2\alpha \tau ^2_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}\{(1k)\mathrm{\Delta }_guu^{}\}\mu _g+Z+\tau Z_\alpha +Z_N$$
(7.37)
where $`Z_N`$ can be estimated with higher order terms in the energies through the estimate of $`N2.`$

The same estimates as those done for the first corrected energy show that, under the hypothesis made previously, it holds that the term linear in the energies on the right hand side of the above equality is always non negative for the following choices of $`\alpha `$ and $`k:`$

* 1. $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\frac{1}{8}.`$ We can choose $`\alpha =\frac{1}{4}`$ and $`k=1.`$
* 2. $`\mathrm{\Lambda }<\frac{1}{8}.`$ We must then choose $`\alpha `$ and $`k`$ satisfying the inequalities 7.31 and 7.28.

In all cases the estimate of the higher order terms in the energies are the same ones as obtained in , and the following equality holds:

$$\frac{dE_\alpha ^{(1)}}{dt}=(2+k)\tau E_\alpha ^{(1)}+|\tau |^3B$$

where $`B`$ is a polynomial in first and second derivatives of $`\gamma ,h,Dh,DN,D^2N`$ whose many terms can all be bounded using previous estimates by a polynomial in $`\epsilon `$ and $`\epsilon _1`$ whose terms are at least of degree 3 and the coefficients bounded by $`CC_{\sigma _t},`$ under the $`H_c`$ hypothesis, with $`c>0`$ a given appropriate number.

## 8 Decay of the total energy.

We define $`y(t)`$ to be the total corrected energy namely:

$$y(t)E_\alpha (t)+\tau ^2E_\alpha ^{(1)}$$

It bounds the total energy $`x(t)E_{tot}(t)\epsilon ^2+\epsilon _1^2`$ by

$$x(t)\epsilon ^2+\epsilon _1^2\frac{1}{1a_t}y(t)\text{ with }a_t\frac{\alpha |\tau |e^{\lambda _M}}{\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\sigma _t}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$$

We make the following a priori hypothesis, for all $`tt_0`$ for which the considered quantities exist

* Hypothesis H<sub>σ</sub> : 1. The numbers $`C_{\sigma _t}`$ are uniformly bounded by a constant $`M_\sigma `$.

2. There exist $`\mathrm{\Lambda }>0`$ and $`\delta >0`$ such that the inequality 7.6 is satisfied.

* Hypothesis H<sub>E</sub>. The energies $`\epsilon _t^2`$ and $`\epsilon _{1,t}^2`$ satisfy the inequality 7.8.

We choose $`\alpha `$ such that (the case $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\frac{1}{8},`$ $`\alpha =\frac{1}{4}`$ was considered in ).

$$\alpha <\frac{4}{8+\mathrm{\Lambda }^1}<\frac{1}{4}\text{with}\mathrm{\Lambda }<\frac{1}{8}$$
(8.1)
Under the hypotheses H$`_c,`$H<sub>E</sub> and H<sub>σ</sub> there exists a number $`M>0`$ such that, for all $`t:`$

$$1a_tM>0.$$
(8.2)
Under the hypothesis H<sub>E</sub> all powers of $`E_{tot}`$ greater than 3/2 are bounded by the product of $`E_{tot}^{3/2\text{ }}`$ by a constant.

We denote by $`M_i`$ any given number dependent on the bounds of these H’s hypothesis but independent of $`t`$.

Under the hypotheses H$`_c,`$ H<sub>σ</sub> and H<sub>E</sub> the function $`y`$ satisfies a differential inequality of the form

$$\frac{dy}{dt}\frac{k}{t}(yM_1y^{3/2})$$
(8.3)
We suppose that $`y_0y(t_0)`$ satisfies

$$y_0^{1/2}<\frac{1}{2M_1}$$
(8.4)
Then $`y`$ starts decreasing, continues to decrease as long as it exists and satisfies an inequality which gives by integration, after setting $`y=z^2,`$

$$\mathrm{log}\{\frac{z(1M_1z_0)}{(1M_1z)z_0}\}+\frac{1}{2}k\mathrm{log}\frac{t}{t_0}0\text{ a fortiori }t^ky\frac{t_0^ky_0}{(1M_1z_0)^2}$$

hence, using the hypotheses and previous bounds, the decay estimate

$$t^kx(t)M_2x_0\text{ with }M_2\frac{4t_0^k}{(1a_t)(1a_0)}\frac{4t_0^k}{M^2}$$

## 9 Teichmuller parameters.

We require the metric $`\sigma _t`$ to remain, when t varies, in some cross section of $`M_1`$ over the Teichmuller space $`𝒯`$.

Given a metric s $`M_1`$the Dirichlet energy $`D_s(\sigma )`$ of the metric $`\sigma M_1`$ is the energy of the (unique) harmonic diffeomorphism homotopic to the identity $`\varphi :`$($`\mathrm{\Sigma },\sigma )(\mathrm{\Sigma },s).`$ It can be written by conformal invariance as

$$D_s(\sigma )_\mathrm{\Sigma }g^{ab}_a\mathrm{\Phi }^A_b\mathrm{\Phi }^Bs_{AB}(\mathrm{\Phi })\mu _g\text{ }$$

Let $`\sigma _0`$ satisfy the hypothesis $`H_\sigma `$, then there exists a number D such that if $`|`$D($`\sigma )D(\sigma _0)|D,`$ called Hypothesis $`H_D,`$ then $`\sigma `$ satisfies also the hypothesis $`H_\sigma `$. We now estimate $`D(\sigma ).`$

We have if $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is a harmonic map that

$$\frac{d}{dt}D_s(\sigma )=_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}\{\stackrel{\_}{}_0g^{ab}_a\mathrm{\Phi }^A_b\mathrm{\Phi }^BN\tau g^{ab}_a\mathrm{\Phi }^A_b\mathrm{\Phi }^B\}s_{AB}(\mathrm{\Phi })\mu _g$$

with

$$\stackrel{\_}{}_0g^{ab}=2Ne^{4\lambda }h^{ab}+Ne^{2\lambda }h^{ab}\tau $$

hence

$$\frac{d}{dt}D_s(\sigma )=_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_t}2Ne^{2\lambda }h^{ab}_a\mathrm{\Phi }_\sigma ^A_b\mathrm{\Phi }_\sigma ^Bs_{AB}(\mathrm{\Phi }_\sigma )\mu _\sigma $$

Using $`0<N2`$ and e$`{}_{}{}^{2\lambda }\frac{\tau ^2}{2}`$ and the bound of $`h_{\mathrm{}}`$ we find:

$$\frac{d}{dt}D_s(\sigma )|\tau |CC_\sigma [\epsilon +(\epsilon +\epsilon _1)^2]D_s(\sigma )$$

Under the hypotheses that we have made the Dirichlet energy satisfies the differential inequality

$$\frac{1}{D_s(\sigma )}\frac{d}{dt}D_s(\sigma )\frac{CM_\sigma M_2^{\frac{1}{2}}x_0^{\frac{1}{2}}}{t^{1+\frac{k}{2}}}$$

By integration and elementary calculus we obtain the inequality, valid for all $`tt_0`$ since $`k`$ is a strictly positive number,

$$|D(\sigma _t)D(\sigma _0)|M_3x_0^{\frac{1}{2}}$$

## 10 Global existence.

###### Theorem 10.1

Let ($`\sigma _0,q_0)C^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Sigma }_0)`$ and ($`u_0,\stackrel{.}{u}_0)H_2(\mathrm{\Sigma }_0,\sigma _0)\times H_1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_0,\sigma _0)`$ be initial data for the polarized Einstein equations with U(1) isometry group on the initial manifold $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_0\times U(1)`$ ; suppose that $`\sigma _0`$ is such that $`R(\sigma _0)=1.`$Then there exists a number $`\eta >0`$ such that if

$$x_0E_{tot}(t_0)<\eta $$

these Einstein equations have a solution on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }\times S^1\times [t_0,\mathrm{}),`$ with initial values determined by $`\sigma _0,q_0,u_0,\stackrel{.}{u}_0.`$ The solution has an infinite proper time extension since $`N_m>0.`$ It is unique with $`\tau =t^1`$ and $`\sigma _t`$ in a chosen cross section of $`M_1`$ over $`T_{eich}.`$

Proof. The same continuity argument as in .

It can be proved that when $`t`$ tends to infinity the obtained solution tends to a metric of the type 1.1.

<sup>1</sup> Supported in part for the NSF contract n PHY-9732629 and PHY-0098084 to Yale university

Aknowledgements. We thank L. Andersson for suggesting the use of corrected energies. We thank the university Paris VI, the ITP in Santa Barbara, the university of the Aegean in Samos, the IHES in Bures and the Schroedinger Institute in Vienna for their hospitality during our collaboration.

References

 Y. Choquet-Bruhat and V. Moncrief, Future global einsteinian spacetimes with U(1) isometry group. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris t. 332 serie I (2001), 137-144. Detailed version in Ann. H. Poincaré 2 (2001) 1007-1064.

 V. Moncrief Reduction of Einstein equations for vacuum spacetimes with U(1) spacelike isometry group, Annals of Physics 167 (1986), 118-142

 Y. Choquet-Bruhat and V. Moncrief Existence theorem for solutions of Einstein equations with 1 parameter spacelike isometry group, Proc. Symposia in Pure Math, 59, 1996, H. Brezis and I.E. Segal ed. 67-80

 L. Andersson, V. Moncrief and A. Tromba On the global evolution problem in 2+1 gravity J. Geom. Phys. 23 1997 n$`{}_{}{}^{}34`$,1991-205

YCB Université Paris 6, 4 Place Jussieu 75232 Paris France Email YCB@CCR.jussieu.fr

VM Department of Physics, Yale University, New Heaven CT, USA Email vincent.moncrief@yale.edu


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# Solution of the ∂̄-Neumann problem on a bi-disc

## 1. Introduction

Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }^n`$ be a bounded, pseudoconvex domain, equipped with the standard Hermitian metric. The $`\overline{}`$-Neumann problem, on domains with a $`C^2`$ defining function, takes the form of the boundary value problem

$$\mathrm{}u=f\text{ in }\mathrm{\Omega },$$

for $`f`$ in $`L_{p,q}^2(\mathrm{\Omega })`$, and

(1.1) $`u\overline{}\rho `$ $`=0,`$
(1.2) $`\overline{}u\overline{}\rho `$ $`=0,`$
on $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, where $`\mathrm{}`$ is the complex Laplacian, $`\overline{}\overline{}^{}+\overline{}\overline{}^{}`$.

In the past decade, considerable attention has been given to the study of the $`\overline{}`$-Neumann problem on non-smooth domains. We point to the papers of Henkin and Iordan , Henkin, Iordan, and Kohn , Michel and Shaw , and Straube , in which properties, compactness and subelliptic estimates, hold for the Neumann operator, N, the inverse to the $`\overline{}`$-Neumann problem, on certain non-smooth domains.

In , the author studied the $`\overline{}`$-Neumann problem for $`(0,1)`$-forms on a model domain, the product of two half-planes in $`^2`$. We continue here the study of the problem for $`(0,1)`$-forms on model domains, focusing on the bi-disc, $`\mathrm{\Omega }=𝔻_1\times 𝔻_2^2,`$ where $`𝔻_1`$ and $`𝔻_2`$ are defined by the equations $`r_1<1`$ and $`r_2<1`$, respectively, where $`r_j=|z_j|`$, $`j=1,2.`$ The existence of a solution in $`L^2(\mathrm{\Omega })`$ is given by Hörmander . We shall see singularities only occur on the distinguished boundary, $`𝔻_1\times 𝔻_2`$. Our main result is the

###### Theorem 1.1.

Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }^2`$ be the bi-disc, $`𝔻_1\times 𝔻_2`$, where $`𝔻_j`$ is the disc $`\{z_j:|z_j|<1\}`$ for $`j=1,2`$. Let $`f=f_1d\overline{z}_1+f_2d\overline{z}_2`$ be a $`(0,1)`$-form such that $`fC_{(0,1)}^{\mathrm{}}(\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }})`$, the family of $`(0,1)`$-forms whose coefficients are in $`C^{\mathrm{}}(\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }})`$, and $`u=u_1d\overline{z}_1+u_2d\overline{z}_2`$ the $`(0,1)`$-form which solves the $`\overline{}`$-Neumann problem with data the $`(0,1)`$-form $`f`$ on $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. Then, with $`z_j=r_je^{i\theta _j}`$, near $`r_1=r_2=1`$, $`u_j`$ can be written as

$$u_j=\alpha _j\mathrm{log}\left((\mathrm{log}r_1)^2+(\mathrm{log}r_2)^2\right)+\beta _j+\gamma _j\mathrm{arctan}\left(\frac{\mathrm{log}r_1}{\mathrm{log}r_2}\right)j=1,2,$$

where $`\alpha _j`$, $`\beta _j`$, $`\gamma _j`$ are smooth functions of $`r_1,r_2,\theta _1,\theta _2`$.

We point out the interesting phenomenon that, although the Neumann operator on $`(0,1)`$-forms, $`N_{(0,1)}`$, is not regular, $`\overline{}^{}N_{(0,1)}`$ is. Regularity of $`\overline{}^{}N_{(0,1)}`$ follows from regularity of the Bergman projection on the bi-disc and the formula for the Bergman projection, P,

$$Pg=g\overline{}^{}N_{(0,1)}\overline{}g$$

for $`gL^2(\mathrm{\Omega })`$.

I wish to thank several people who helped me in the preparation of this article. I offer my gratitude to David Barrett under whose guidance and encouragement I first considered the problem on the bi-disc. I also wish to thank Harold Boas, Peter Kuchment, and Emil Straube with whom I could share and discuss various ideas in the course of my research.

## 2. Setup

We set up the $`\overline{}`$-Neumann problem for $`(0,1)`$-forms on the bi-disc, $`\mathrm{\Omega }=𝔻_1\times 𝔻_2^2`$ and prove regularity results away from the distinguished boundary.

$$\overline{}\overline{}^{}u+\overline{}^{}\overline{}u=f$$

gives equations for $`u_1`$ and $`u_2`$ based on the Laplacian:

(2.1) $`\mathrm{\Delta }u_1`$ $`=2f_1,`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }u_2`$ $`=2f_2,`$
which, in polar coordinates $`(r_1,\theta _1)`$, $`(r_2,\theta _2)`$, are

(2.2) $`{\displaystyle \frac{^2u_j}{r_1^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_1}}{\displaystyle \frac{u_j}{r_1}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_1^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2u_j}{\theta _1^2}}+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2u_j}{r_2^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_2}}{\displaystyle \frac{u_j}{r_2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_2^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2u_j}{\theta _2^2}}=2f_j.`$
The boundary conditions (1.2), which were defined for $`C^2`$ domains, may be adapted to our case of the bi-disc to yield the conditions

(2.3) $`u_1`$ $`=0\text{ when }r_1=1,`$
$`u_2`$ $`=0\text{ when }r_2=1,`$
and

(2.4)
$$\frac{u_2}{\overline{z}_1}\frac{u_1}{\overline{z}_2}=0$$

when $`r_1=1`$ or $`r_2=1`$. However, since $`u_1=0`$ when $`r_1=1`$, we must have $`\frac{u_1}{\overline{z}_2}=0`$, and on the boundary $`r_1=1`$, (2.4) is

$$\frac{u_2}{\overline{z}_1}=0.$$

Similarly, for $`r_2=1`$, (2.4) is

(2.5)
$$\frac{u_1}{\overline{z}_2}=0.$$

###### Lemma 2.1.

Let $`u`$ be a solution to the $`\overline{}`$-Neumann problem on $`\mathrm{\Omega }=𝔻_1\times 𝔻_2`$. Then $`u`$ is smooth in any neighborhood, $`V\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}`$ not intersecting $`𝔻_1\times 𝔻_2`$.

###### Proof.

We consider $`u_1`$, the solution to equation (2.1) with the boundary conditions given by (2.3) and (2.5).

Interior regularity follows from the strong ellipticity of the Laplacian.

Also, general regularity at the boundary arguments for the Dirichlet problem can be applied to the case in which $`V`$ is a neighborhood such that $`V\mathrm{\Omega }=V𝔻_1\mathrm{}`$ (see ).

Lastly, suppose $`V`$ is a neighborhood such that $`V\mathrm{\Omega }=V𝔻_2\mathrm{}`$. Define $`v=\frac{u_1}{\overline{z}_2}`$ and consider the related problem

$$\mathrm{}v=2\frac{f_1}{\overline{z}_2}$$

on $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, with the conditions

$`v=0`$ $`\text{on }r_1=0,`$
$`v=0`$ $`\text{on }r_2=0.`$
We know, from above, that $`v`$ is smooth on all neighborhoods not intersecting $`𝔻_1𝔻_2`$, hence in $`V`$. Let $`z^{}=(z_1^{},z_2^{})V𝔻_2`$. We will work in the neighborhood $`𝔻_1\times V_2`$, where $`V_2`$ is a bounded neighborhood of $`z_2^{}`$ in $`\overline{𝔻}_2`$ such that $`V_2𝔻_2`$ has smooth boundary. Let $`\chi C_0^{\mathrm{}}(\overline{V_2})`$ such that $`\chi 1`$ near $`z_2^{}`$. Define

$$u^{}=\frac{1}{2\pi i}_{V_2}\frac{\chi (\zeta _2)v(z_1,\zeta _2)}{\zeta _2z_2}𝑑\zeta _2d\overline{\zeta }_2.$$

$`u^{}`$ has the properties $`\frac{u^{}}{\overline{z}_2}=v`$ near $`z^{}`$ and $`u^{}C^{\mathrm{}}(𝔻_1\times \overline{V_2})`$ .

We define the operators $`\mathrm{}_j`$ to be $`\frac{^2}{x_j^2}+\frac{^2}{x_j^2}`$ for $`j=1,2`$. Then, computing $`\mathrm{}u^{}`$ in $`𝔻_1\times V_2`$, we find

$$\mathrm{}u^{}=\frac{1}{\pi i}_{V_2}\frac{\chi (\zeta _2)\frac{f_1}{\overline{\zeta }_2}}{\zeta _2z_2}𝑑\zeta _2d\overline{\zeta }_2+\varphi (z_1,z_2),$$

which is in $`C^{\mathrm{}}(𝔻_1\times \overline{V_2})`$, where, with $`\rho =|\zeta _2|`$,

$`\varphi (z_1,z_2)=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle _{V_2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\mathrm{}_2^{}\chi )v(z_1,\zeta _2)}{\zeta _2z_2}}𝑑\zeta _2d\overline{\zeta }_2+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\pi i}}{\displaystyle _{V_2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\frac{\chi }{\zeta _2}\frac{v}{\overline{\zeta }_2}+\frac{\chi }{\overline{\zeta }_2}\frac{v}{\zeta _2}}{\zeta _2z_2}}𝑑\zeta _2d\overline{\zeta }_2`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle _{V_2{\scriptscriptstyle 𝔻_2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\chi (\zeta _2)\frac{v(z_1,\zeta _2)}{\rho }}{\zeta _2z_2}}𝑑\zeta _2.`$
We set $`w=u_1u^{}`$ and show $`wC^{\mathrm{}}(𝔻_1\times \overline{V_2}).`$ For $`z_2`$ near $`z_2^{}`$, $`\frac{w}{\overline{z}_2}=0`$, in which case

(2.6)
$$\mathrm{}_1w=\mathrm{}w=2f_1\mathrm{}u^{}=2f_1+\frac{1}{\pi i}_{V_2}\frac{\chi (\zeta _2)\frac{f_1}{\overline{\zeta }_2}(z_1,\zeta _2)}{\zeta _2z_2}𝑑\zeta _2d\overline{\zeta }_2\varphi (z_1,z_2).$$

We also have the boundary condition $`w=0`$ when $`r_1=0`$. Hence $`w`$ is the solution to a Dirichlet problem on the unit disc,

(2.7)
$$w=_{𝔻_1}G_1(z_1,\zeta _1)\mathrm{\Phi }(\zeta _1,z_2)𝑑\zeta _1d\overline{\zeta }_1,$$

where $`G_1`$ is the Green’s function for $`𝔻_1,`$

$$G_1=\frac{1}{2\pi }\mathrm{log}|z_1\zeta _1|\frac{1}{2\pi }\mathrm{log}||z_1|^1z_1|\zeta _1|^1\zeta _1|,$$

and $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is defined to be the right hand side of equation 2.6. Because $`\mathrm{\Phi }C^{\mathrm{}}(𝔻_1\times \overline{V_2})`$, so is $`w`$, and $`u_1C^{\mathrm{}}(𝔻_1\times \overline{V_2})`$ follows from the fact that $`u^{}C^{\mathrm{}}(𝔻_1\times \overline{V_2})`$.

The same reasoning applies to $`u_2`$, and this proves the lemma. ∎

We may simplify our calculations if we consider the equations

$$\mathrm{}v_i=g_i$$

with boundary conditions

$$v_i=0\text{ on }\mathrm{\Omega }$$

for $`i=1,2`$, where $`v_i=\frac{u_i}{\overline{z}_j}`$ and $`g_i=2\frac{f_i}{\overline{z}_j}`$ ($`ji`$).

Expanding $`v_1`$ and $`g_1`$ into Fourier series:

(2.8) $`v_1`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{m_1,m_2=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}a_{m_1m_2}(r_1,r_2)e^{im_1\theta _1}e^{im_2\theta _2}`$
$`g_1`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{m_1,m_2=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}c_{m_1m_2}(r_1,r_2)e^{im_1\theta _1}e^{im_2\theta _2}.`$
Using these expansions in (2.2),(2.3), and (2.5), we see the family of equations

$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2a_{m_1m_2}}{r_1^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_1}}{\displaystyle \frac{a_{m_1m_2}}{r_1}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_1^2}{r_1^2}}a_{m_1m_2}+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2a_{m_1m_2}}{r_2^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_2}}{\displaystyle \frac{a_{m_1m_2}}{r_2}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_2^2}{r_2^2}}a_{m_1m_2}=c_{m_1m_2}m_1,m_2=0,\pm 1,\mathrm{}`$
are satisfied with the boundary conditions

$`a_{m_1m_2}(1,r_2)`$ $`=0,`$
$`a_{m_1m_2}(r_1,1)`$ $`=0.`$
We have analogous equations for $`v_2`$.

## 3. Solution

We are then led to study the equations

(3.1)
$$\begin{array}{c}\frac{^2a_{m_1m_2}}{r_1^2}+\frac{1}{r_1}\frac{a_{m_1m_2}}{r_1}\frac{m_1^2}{r_1^2}a_{m_1m_2}+\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{^2a_{m_1m_2}}{r_2^2}+\frac{1}{r_2}\frac{a_{m_1m_2}}{r_2}\frac{m_2^2}{r_2^2}a_{m_1m_2}=c_{m_1m_2}\end{array}$$

in the space $`r_1<1`$, $`r_2<1`$. Here $`a_{m_1m_2}=a_{m_1m_2}(r_1,r_2)`$ and $`c_{m_1m_2}=c_{m_1m_2}(r_1,r_2),`$ and the boundary conditions

$`a_{m_1m_2}(1,r_2)`$ $`=0,`$
$`a_{m_1m_2}(r_1,1)`$ $`=0`$
hold.

We make the transformation $`y_j=\mathrm{log}r_j`$ for $`j=1,2`$ in (3.1), and multiply the resulting equation by $`e^{2y_1}e^{2y_2}`$. Then with $`A_{m_1m_2}=a_{m_1m_2}(e^{y_1},e^{y_2})`$ and $`C_{m_1m_2}=e^{2y_1}e^{2y_2}c_{m_1m_2}(e^{y_1},e^{y_2})`$, (3.1) becomes

$$e^{2y_2}(D_1^2m_1^2)A_{m_1m_2}+e^{2y_1}(D_2^2m_2^2)A_{m_1m_2}=C_{m_1m_2}$$

on the first quadrant in $`^2`$, where $`D_j`$ stands for the differential operator $`\frac{}{y_j}`$, and the boundary conditions are

$`A_{m_1m_2}(0,y_2)`$ $`=0,`$
$`A_{m_1m_2}(y_1,0)`$ $`=0.`$
We extend $`A_{m_1m_2}`$ and $`C_{m_1m_2}`$ by odd reflections in the variables $`y_1`$ and $`y_2`$, labelling the extended functions $`\stackrel{~}{A}_{m_1m_2}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{C}_{m_1m_2}`$, respectively, and we look to solve

$$e^{2|y_2|}(D_1^2m_1^2)\stackrel{~}{A}_{m_1m_2}+e^{2|y_1|}(D_2^2m_2^2)\stackrel{~}{A}_{m_1m_2}=\stackrel{~}{C}_{m_1m_2}.$$

Let $`\chi `$ be a smooth compactly supported cutoff function in $`^2`$, symmetric about the origin, such that $`\chi 1`$ in a neighborhood of the origin. Then $`\chi \stackrel{~}{A}_{m_1m_2}`$ satisfies

(3.2)
$$e^{2|y_2|}(D_1^2m_1^2)\chi \stackrel{~}{A}_{m_1m_2}+e^{2|y_1|}(D_2^2m_2^2)\chi \stackrel{~}{A}_{m_1m_2}=h,$$

where $`h`$ is a compactly supported, odd function of $`y_1`$ and $`y_2`$, which, when restricted to the first quadrant is $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ up to the boundary, and, in a neighborhood of the origin, is equivalent to $`\stackrel{~}{C}_{m_1m_2}`$.

Upon taking Fourier transforms of (3.2) we obtain

(3.3)
$$\left((\eta _1^2+m_1^2)e^{2|D_{\eta _2}|}+(\eta _2^2+m_2^2)e^{2|D_{\eta _1}|}\right)\left(\chi \stackrel{~}{A}_{m_1m_2}\right)^\widehat{}=\widehat{h},$$

where $`|D_{\eta _j}|`$ is the positive square root of $`\frac{^2}{\eta _j^2}`$ for $`j=1,2`$. We intend to invert the operator

$$(\eta _1^2+m_1^2)e^{2|D_{\eta _2}|}+(\eta _2^2+m_2^2)e^{2|D_{\eta _1}|}.$$

(3.4)
$$\begin{array}{c}\left((\eta _1^2+m_1^2)e^{2|D_{\eta _2}|}+(\eta _2^2+m_2^2)e^{2|D_{\eta _1}|}\right)\left(\chi \stackrel{~}{A}_{m_1m_2}\right)^\widehat{}=\hfill \\ \hfill (\eta ^2+m^2)\left(\chi \stackrel{~}{A}_{m_1m_2}\right)^\widehat{}+\\ \hfill \left((\eta _1^2+m_1^2)\left((e^{2|y_2|}1)\chi \stackrel{~}{A}_{m_1m_2}\right)^\widehat{}+(\eta _2^2+m_2^2)\left((e^{2|y_1|}1)\chi \stackrel{~}{A}_{m_1m_2}\right)^\widehat{}\right)=\\ \hfill (\eta ^2+m^2)(IK)\left(\chi \stackrel{~}{A}_{m_1m_2}\right)^\widehat{},\end{array}$$

where $`\eta ^2=\eta _1^2+\eta _2^2`$ and $`m^2=m_1^2+m_2^2`$, $`I`$ is the identity operator, and $`K`$ is the operator defined by

$$K\widehat{\varphi }=\frac{\eta _1^2+m_1^2}{\eta ^2+m^2}\left((1e^{2|y_2|})\varphi \right)^\widehat{}+\frac{\eta _2^2+m_2^2}{\eta ^2+m^2}\left((1e^{2|y_1|})\varphi \right)^\widehat{}$$

for $`\varphi L_0^2(^2)`$.

Now let $`\chi _1=\chi `$, and define cutoff functions, $`\chi _j`$, which are symmetric about the origin, for $`j=1,2\mathrm{}`$, such that $`\chi _j=1`$ on $`\text{supp}\chi _{j1}`$. Also, define $`T_0=I`$ and $`T_j\varphi =\left(K\left(\chi _jT_{j1}\varphi \right)^\widehat{}\right)^\stackrel{ˇ}{}`$ for $`\varphi L_0^2`$ for $`j=1,2,\mathrm{}`$. We may assume, after restricting the supports of the $`\chi _j`$ if necessary, that the following relations hold

$`T_j\varphi _2<\varphi _2\varphi L^2\text{ and }j;`$
$`T_jA_{m_1m_2}_20\text{as }j\mathrm{}.`$
From (3.3) and (3.4) we have

(3.5)
$$(IK)\left(\chi \stackrel{~}{A}_{m_1m_2}\right)^\widehat{}=\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},$$

where $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}=\frac{\widehat{h}}{\eta ^2+m^2}`$, and from (3.5) we obtain,

(3.6)
$$\chi _{n+1}T_nA_{m_1m_2}\chi _{n+2}T_{n+1}A_{m_1m_2}=\chi _{n+1}T_n\mathrm{\Phi }+s_n,$$

where $`s_n=(\chi _{n+1}\chi _{n+2})T_{n+1}A_{m_1m_2}+\chi _{n+1}\left(K\widehat{s}_{n1}\right)^\stackrel{ˇ}{}`$ and $`s_0=(\chi _2\chi _1)\mathrm{\Phi }`$. Equation 3.6 gives terms of a telescoping series which converges in $`L^2`$ since $`\chi _{n+2}T_{n+1}A_{m_1m_2}_20`$ as $`n\mathrm{}`$. For any $`ϵ>0`$ we may also choose the $`\chi _j`$ so that $`\chi _{n+1}\chi _n_2<\frac{ϵ}{2^{n+1}A_{m_1m_2}_2}`$ for $`n2`$ and $`\chi _2\chi _1_2<\frac{ϵ}{2\mathrm{\Phi }_2}`$ which implies $`_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}s_n_2<ϵ`$. Hence, we conclude

(3.7)
$$\chi \stackrel{~}{A}_{m_1m_2}\stackrel{L^2}{=}\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\chi _{n+1}T_n\mathrm{\Phi }.$$

###### Remark 3.1.

To proceed formally, we may take (3.7) as a starting point, using (3.7) to define a function $`a_{m_1m_2}(r_1,r_2)`$ from the transformations above. Then it is easy to show, working backwards, that $`v_1`$, as defined in (2.8), gives rise to a function $`u_1`$ which solves (2.1), (2.3), and (2.5). In fact, using Lemma 2.1, we can show the boundary conditions are satisfied in the classical sense.

## 4. Behavior at the distinguished boundary

Here we find the singular functions which are in the expansion, (3.7). We show, in particular,

###### Proposition 4.1.

$`N`$, $``$ polynomials of degree $`N`$, $`A_N`$, $`B_N`$, and $`C_N`$, such that, near the origin, modulo terms which are in $`C^N(\overline{_+\times _+})`$,

$$A_{m_1m_2}=A_N\mathrm{log}(y_1^2+y_2^2)+B_N+C_N\mathrm{arctan}\frac{y_1}{y_2}.$$

In the proof of the proposition we shall make use of functions constructed in . Let

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_1(y_1,y_2)=\frac{i}{2}\mathrm{log}(y_1^2+y_2^2)$$

and define $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{l+1}`$ to be the unique solution of the form

$$p_1(y_1,y_2)\mathrm{log}(y_1^2+y_2^2)+p_2(y_1,y_2),$$

where $`p_1`$ and $`p_2`$ are homogeneous polynomials of degree $`2l2`$ in $`y_1`$ and $`y_2`$ such that $`p_2(y_1,0)=0`$, to the equation

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Phi }_{l+1}}{y_2}=\frac{1}{2l}y_2\mathrm{\Phi }_l$$

for $`l1`$. Then with $`\mathrm{\Phi }_l`$ defined for $`l1`$, define $`(\mathrm{\Phi }_l)_0=\mathrm{\Phi }_l`$ for $`y_20`$, and, for $`j1`$, $`(\mathrm{\Phi }_l)_j`$ to be the unique solution of the form

$$p_1\mathrm{log}(y_1^2+y_2^2)+p_2+p_3\mathrm{arctan}\left(\frac{y_1}{y_2}\right)$$

on the half-plane $`\{(y_1,y_2):y_20\}`$, where $`p_1`$, $`p_2`$, and $`p_3`$ are polynomials in $`y_1`$ and $`y_2`$ such that $`p_2(0,y_2)=0`$, to the equation

$$\frac{(\mathrm{\Phi }_l)_j}{y_1}=(\mathrm{\Phi }_l)_{j1}.$$

Also, define recursively for $`k1`$, on $`y_20`$,

$$(\mathrm{\Phi }_l)_{jk}=_0^{y_2}\mathrm{}_0^{t_2}_0^{t_1}(\mathrm{\Phi }_l)_j(y_1,t)𝑑t𝑑t_1\mathrm{}𝑑t_{k1}.$$

###### Proof of the proposition..

We shall prove that with $`T_n`$ defined as above, $``$ $`N`$, and $``$ $`n0`$, on $`_+\times _+`$, in a neighborhood of $`(0,0)`$,

(4.1)
$$T_n\mathrm{\Phi }=\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a+b+2l2+j+k=2}{l,j,k1}}{\overset{N}{}}c_{abljk}y_1^ay_2^b(\mathrm{\Phi }_l)_{jk}+s,$$

where $`c_{abljk}`$ depend on $`\theta _1`$, $`\theta _2`$, $`m_1`$, and $`m_2`$, and $`s`$ is used to denote the Fourier transform of any function which, when restricted to $`_+\times _+`$, is in $`C^N(\overline{_+\times _+})`$ (plus terms which may be singular either along all of $`y_1=0`$ or along all of $`y_2=0`$). The proof is by induction. (4.1) holds true when $`n=0`$, as shown in . We use the Taylor expansion with remainder formula,

(4.2)
$$1e^{2y_k}=2y_k\frac{(2y_k)^2}{2!}+\mathrm{}+(1)^N\frac{(2y_k)^N}{(N+1)!}+\frac{(2)^{N+1}}{(N+1)!}_0^{y_k}(y_kt)^{N+1}e^{2t}𝑑t,$$

for $`k=1,2`$, in the integrands of the formula

(4.3)
$$\begin{array}{c}\widehat{T_n\mathrm{\Phi }}=\hfill \\ \hfill (2i)^2\frac{\eta _1^2+m_1^2}{\eta ^2+m^2}_0^{\mathrm{}}_0^{\mathrm{}}(1e^{2y_2})\chi _{n1}(T_{n1}\mathrm{\Phi })\mathrm{sin}(\eta _1y_1)\mathrm{sin}(\eta _2y_2)𝑑y_1𝑑y_2\\ \hfill +(2i)^2\frac{\eta _2^2+m_2^2}{\eta ^2+m^2}_0^{\mathrm{}}_0^{\mathrm{}}(1e^{2y_1})\chi _{n1}(T_{n1}\mathrm{\Phi })\mathrm{sin}(\eta _1y_1)\mathrm{sin}(\eta _2y_2)𝑑y_1𝑑y_2.\end{array}$$

Now for $`y_20`$,

(4.4)
$$(\mathrm{\Phi }_l)_{jk}=p_1\mathrm{log}(y_1^2+y_2^2)+p_2+p_3\mathrm{arctan}\left(\frac{y_1}{y_2}\right)+p_4\mathrm{log}|y_1|,$$

where the $`p_m`$ are homogeneous polynomials of degree $`(2l2)+j+k`$ in $`y_1`$ and $`y_2`$ for $`m=1,2,3,4`$, and we shall also denote by $`(\mathrm{\Phi }_l)_{jk}`$ its extension to $`^2\{y_1=0,y_2=0\}`$, where we use the branch from 0 to $`\mathrm{}`$ to extend the $`\mathrm{arctan}`$ function.

We show, writing $`r_{Nk}`$ for the remainder term in (4.2),

(4.5)
$$\frac{\eta _i^2+m_i^2}{\eta ^2+m^2}_0^{\mathrm{}}_0^{\mathrm{}}r_{Nk}\chi _{n1}(T_{n1}\mathrm{\Phi })\mathrm{sin}(\eta _1y_1)\mathrm{sin}(\eta _2y_2)𝑑y_1𝑑y_2,$$

for $`i=1,2`$, is the Fourier transform of a function which may be included in a function $`s`$. We now use the induction hypothesis so that we may utilize the properties of the particular functions comprising $`T_{n1}\mathrm{\Phi }`$. $`r_{Nk}(y_1^ay_2^b(\mathrm{\Phi }_l)_{jk})`$ vanishes to $`(N+2)nd`$ order along $`y_k`$ hence its odd reflection about the $`y_k`$axis will still be $`C^{N+1}`$ on the appropriate half-plane. Then the regularity of the operator $`D_1^2+D_2^2m_1^2m_2^2`$ shows

$$\frac{\eta _i^2+m_i^2}{\eta ^2+m^2}_0^{\mathrm{}}_0^{\mathrm{}}r_{Nk}\chi _{n1}(y_1^ay_2^b(\mathrm{\Phi }_l)_{jk})\mathrm{sin}(\eta _1y_1)\mathrm{sin}(\eta _2y_2)𝑑y_1𝑑y_2$$

is in $`C^N(\overline{_+\times _+})`$. Again, using the regularity of $`D_1^2+D_2^2m_1^2m_2^2`$, when the remaining terms of $`T_{n1}\mathrm{\Phi }`$ are considered in the integral in (4.5), we can show that (4.5) may be included in a function $`s`$.

After using the induction hypothesis in (4.3), we consider

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}=\frac{\eta _i^2+m_i^2}{\eta ^2+m^2}_0^{\mathrm{}}_0^{\mathrm{}}\chi _{n1}y_1^py_2^q(\mathrm{\Phi }_l)_{jk}\mathrm{sin}(\eta _1y_1)\mathrm{sin}(\eta _1y_1)𝑑y_1𝑑y_2.$$

Instead of looking at the odd function, $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$, of both variables, we extend $`\mathrm{\Psi }|_{_+\times _+}`$, denoting the extended function $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}`$, in such a way that

$$\widehat{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}}=\frac{\eta _i^2+m_i^2}{\eta ^2+m^2}\left(\chi _{n1}y_1^py_2^q(\mathrm{\Phi }_l)_{jk}\right)^\widehat{}.$$

Then using the relations

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{y_1}}(\mathrm{\Phi }_l)_{jk}`$ $`=(\mathrm{\Phi }_l)_{(j1)k},`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{y_2}}(\mathrm{\Phi }_l)_{jk}`$ $`=(\mathrm{\Phi }_l)_{j(k1)},`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{y_1}}\mathrm{\Phi }_l`$ $`=y_1\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1},`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{y_2}}\mathrm{\Phi }_l`$ $`=y_2\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1},`$
$`\widehat{\chi _{n1}(\mathrm{\Phi }_l)}_{jk}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\eta _1^j}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\eta _2^k}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(\eta _1^2+\eta _2^2)^l}}+s,`$
where

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_0=\frac{1}{y_1^2+y_2^2},$$

we may write $`\widehat{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}}`$ as a sum of terms of the form

$$\left(\phi y_1^\alpha y_2^\beta (\mathrm{\Phi }_l)_{jk}\right)^\widehat{}+s,$$

where $`\phi C_0^{\mathrm{}}`$ is equivalent to 1 in a neighborhood of the origin, $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ are non-negative integers and $`l`$, $`j`$, and $`k`$ are positive integers.

Once (4.1) is proved, another induction argument shows

$$T_n\mathrm{\Phi }|_{_+\times _+}C^n(\overline{_+\times _+})$$

(modulo a function, $`s`$), and thus we may prove the proposition by looking at only the first $`N`$ terms in (3.7), using Lemma 2.1 to argue the vanishing of singular terms arising from (4.1) or (4.4). ∎

After using the decay of $`c_{m_1m_2}`$ with respect to $`m_1`$ and $`m_2`$ to sum over $`m_1`$ and $`m_2`$, and then transforming back to the variables $`z_1`$ and $`z_2`$, we deduce that, $`n`$ $`v_1`$ may be written

$$v_1=a_n\mathrm{log}(\mathrm{log}r_1)^2+(\mathrm{log}r_2)^2)+b_n+c_n\mathrm{arctan}(\frac{\mathrm{log}r_1}{\mathrm{log}r_2}),$$

where $`a_n`$, $`b_n`$, and $`c_n`$ are polynomials of degree $`n`$ in $`\mathrm{log}r_1`$ and $`\mathrm{log}r_2`$ whose coefficients are smooth functions of $`\theta _1`$ and $`\theta _2`$.

We now obtain the singularities of $`u_1`$ from those of $`v_1`$. If

$$u_1=2\underset{m_1,m_2=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}b_{m_1m_2}(r_1,r_2)e^{im_1\theta _1}e^{im_2\theta _2},$$

then $`u_1`$ and $`v_1`$ are related by

(4.6)
$$\frac{}{r_2}b_{m_1m_2}m_2\frac{b_{m_1m_2}}{r_2}=a_{m_1(m_2+1)}.$$

We assume without loss of generality that, $``$ $`m_1`$, $`m_20`$, $`b_{m_1m_2}`$ and $`a_{m_1m_2}`$ are supported in some neighborhood of $`r_1=r_2=1`$. The solution to (4.6) is given by

$$b_{m_1m_2}=r_2^{m_2}_0^{r_2}t^{m_2}a_{m_1(m_2+1)}(r_1,t)𝑑t.$$

We make the substitution $`u=\mathrm{log}t`$ in the above integral to get

(4.7)
$$b_{m_1m_2}=r_2^{m_2}_{\mathrm{log}r_2}^{\mathrm{}}e^{u(m_2+1)}a_{m_1(m_2+1)}(r_1,e^u)𝑑u.$$

The integral in (4.7) was considered in  and gives, after summing over $`m_1`$ and $`m_2`$, and using a theorem of Borel, with similar results on the form of $`u_2`$, Theorem 1.1.

We note that there are $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }})`$, for example those $`f`$ whose components, $`f_1`$ and $`f_2`$, are equivalently equal to 1 in a neighborhood of $`𝔻_1\times 𝔻_2`$, which make Theorem 1.1 non-trivial, i.e. $`\alpha _j`$ and $`\gamma _j`$ are not necessarily 0.

We may also determine a sufficient condition under which the solution exhibits any desired degree of regularity up to the boundary of the bi-disc.

###### Proposition 4.2.

If

(4.8)
$$\frac{^{2j}}{r_1^{2j}}\frac{^{2k}}{r_2^{2k}}\left(\frac{f_1}{\overline{z}_2}\right)|_{r_1=r_2=0}=0$$

$``$ $`j,k0`$ such that $`j+kn+2`$, then $`u_1C^n(\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }})`$.

###### Proof.

If (4.8) holds, then $``$ $`m_1,m_2`$

$$\frac{^{2j}}{y_1^{2j}}\frac{^{2k}}{y_2^{2k}}C_{m_1m_2}|_{y_1=y_2=0}=0,$$

$``$ $`j,k0`$ such that $`j+kn+2`$, which implies $`A_{m_1m_2}C^n(\overline{_+\times _+})`$ (see ), $`A_{m_1m_2}`$ and $`C_{m_1m_2}`$ defined as above, and thus $`v_1=\frac{u_1}{\overline{z}_2}C^n(\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }})`$. Then, we can see $`u_1`$ is in $`C^n(\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }})`$ by considering integrals as in (4.7), where now the integrands are in $`C^n(\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }})`$. ∎