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# A unified treatment of exactly solvable and quasi-exactly solvable quantum potentials

## A. Periodic model

Consider the transformation $`u=xa`$ ($`a`$) along with the representation $`B_4=\beta ^2(1\xi ^2)`$ \[this comes about if we set $`C_{++}=C_{+0}=C_0=0,C_{00}=\beta ^2=C_{},\beta 0`$\]. This particular form for $`B_4`$ immediately yields $`\xi =\mathrm{cos}\beta u`$ and facilitates generating a periodic QES system. Indeed, trialing with various choices of $`B_3`$ and $`B_2`$ we have found that in all four algebraizations exist each leading to a distinct QES family. Our results are

1. $`B_3=\alpha \xi ^22\beta ^2\xi +\alpha \pm \beta ^2,B_2=n\alpha \xi +\frac{n(n+2)}{4}\beta ^2+d_j(n)`$

$$\text{[ i. e. }C_+=\alpha =\pm \beta ^2C_{},C_0=(n+1)\beta ^2,\alpha 0\text{ ]}$$

$$V_1(x)=\frac{\alpha ^2}{8\beta ^2}\mathrm{cos}2\beta (xa)\alpha (n+1)\mathrm{cos}\beta (xa)\frac{\beta ^2}{4}$$

$$E_j=\frac{n(n+2)}{4}\beta ^2\frac{\alpha ^2}{8\beta ^2}\frac{\alpha }{2}+d_j(n),j=0,1,\mathrm{},n,$$

$$\psi _j(x)=\mathrm{sin}\left\{(\delta _{k+})\frac{\pi }{2}+\beta \frac{xa}{2}\right\}\mathrm{exp}[\frac{\alpha }{\beta ^2}\mathrm{sin}^2(\beta \frac{xa}{2})]\underset{r=0}{\overset{n}{}}b_j^{(r)}\mathrm{cos}^r\beta (xa),(k=+,).$$
2. $`B_3=\alpha \xi ^22\beta ^2\xi \alpha \pm \beta ^2,B_2=n\alpha \xi +\frac{n(n+2)}{4}\beta ^2+d_j(n)`$

$$\text{[ i. e. }C_+=\alpha =\pm \beta ^2C_{},C_0=(n+1)\beta ^2,\alpha 0\text{ ]}$$

$$V_2(x)=\frac{\alpha ^2}{8\beta ^2}\mathrm{cos}2\beta (xa)+\alpha (n+1)\mathrm{cos}\beta (xa)\frac{\beta ^2}{4}$$

$$E_j=\frac{n(n+2)}{4}\beta ^2\frac{\alpha ^2}{8\beta ^2}\pm \frac{\alpha }{2}+d_j(n),j=0,1,\mathrm{},n,$$

$$\psi _j(x)=\mathrm{sin}\left\{(\delta _{k+})\frac{\pi }{2}+\beta \frac{xa}{2}\right\}\mathrm{exp}[\frac{\alpha }{\beta ^2}\mathrm{sin}^2(\beta \frac{xa}{2})]\underset{r=0}{\overset{n}{}}b_j^{(r)}\mathrm{cos}^r\beta (xa),(k=+,)$$
3. $`B_3=\pm \alpha \xi ^23\beta ^2\xi \alpha ,B_2=\frac{n(n+4)}{4}\beta ^2+d_j(n)n\alpha \xi `$

$$\text{[ i. e. }C_+=\pm \alpha =C_{},C_0=(n+2)\beta ^2,\alpha 0\text{ ]}$$

$$V_3(x)=\frac{\alpha ^2}{8\beta ^2}\mathrm{cos}2\beta (xa)\pm \alpha (n+\frac{3}{2})\mathrm{cos}\beta (xa)\frac{\beta ^2}{4}$$

$$E_j=\frac{n(n+4)+3}{4}\beta ^2\frac{\alpha ^2}{8\beta ^2}+d_j(n),j=0,1,\mathrm{},n,$$

$$\psi _j(x)=\mathrm{sin}\beta (xa)\mathrm{exp}[\pm \frac{\alpha }{\beta ^2}\mathrm{sin}^2\beta \frac{xa}{2})]_{r=0}^nb_j^{(r)}\mathrm{cos}^r\beta (xa).$$
4. $`B_3=\pm \alpha \xi ^2\beta ^2\xi \alpha ,B_2=n\alpha \xi +\frac{n^2}{4}\beta ^2+d_j(n)`$

$$\text{[ i. e. }C_+=\pm \alpha =C_{},C_0=n\beta ^2,\alpha 0\text{ ]}$$

$$V_4(x)=\frac{\alpha ^2}{8\beta ^2}\mathrm{cos}2\beta (xa)\pm \alpha (n+\frac{1}{2})\mathrm{cos}\beta (xa)\frac{\beta ^2}{4}$$

$$E_j=\frac{n^21}{4}\beta ^2\frac{\alpha ^2}{8\beta ^2}+d_j(n),j=0,1,\mathrm{},n,$$

$$\psi _j(x)=\mathrm{exp}[\pm \frac{\alpha }{\beta ^2}\mathrm{sin}^2\beta \frac{xa}{2}]\underset{r=0}{\overset{n}{}}b_j^{(r)}\mathrm{cos}^r\beta (xa).$$

The above potentials are new and appear in the true spirit of QES. It should be noted that the particular class corresponding to $`n=0`$ for $`V_1(x)`$ has been studied for understanding nonaveraged properties of disordered systems. The coefficients $`b_j^{(r)},r=1,2,\mathrm{}n`$ and $`d_j(n)`$ appearing in the Bloch wave functions $`\psi _j(x)`$ and band-edge energies are to be calculated from (9) for a given $`n`$. It is found that number of levels in the algebraic sector is $`2|m|`$, where $`m`$ is the coefficient of $`\alpha \mathrm{cos}\beta (xa)`$ in the potentials.

## B. Generalized double-well potential

With $`u=xa(a)`$, we next adopt for $`B_4`$ the choice $`B_4=4\gamma ^2(\xi ^21)`$\[i. e. if we set $`C_{++}=C_{+0}=C_0=0,C_{00}=4\gamma ^2=C_{},\gamma 0`$\]. $`\xi `$ turns out to be in the hyperbolic form $`\xi =\mathrm{cosh}2\gamma u`$. As before we carry out trials with $`B_3`$ and $`B_2`$ to arrive at the following four types of algebraizations:

1. $`B_3=2\gamma ^2\eta \xi ^2+8\gamma ^2\xi +2\gamma ^2(\pm 2\eta ),B_2=n\gamma ^2(2\eta \xi +n+2)+d_j(n)`$

$$\text{[ i. e. }C_+=2\gamma ^2\eta =\pm 4\gamma ^2C_{},C_0=4\gamma ^2(n+1),\eta 0\text{ ]}$$

$$V_1(x)=\frac{\gamma ^2\eta ^2}{8}\mathrm{cosh}4\gamma (xa)+2\eta \gamma ^2(n+1)\mathrm{cosh}2\gamma (xa)\frac{\gamma ^2\eta ^2}{8}$$

$$E_j=[(n+1)^2\pm \eta ]\gamma ^2+d_j(n),j=0,1,\mathrm{},n,$$

$`\psi _j(x)`$ $`=`$ $`[(\delta _{k+})\mathrm{sinh}\gamma (xa)+(\delta _k)\mathrm{cosh}\gamma (xa)]\mathrm{exp}[{\displaystyle \frac{\eta }{4}}\mathrm{cosh}2\gamma (xa)]`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \underset{r=0}{\overset{n}{}}}b_j^{(r)}\mathrm{cosh}^r2\gamma (xa),(k=+,).`$
2. $`B_3=2\gamma ^2(\eta \xi ^2+4\xi +\eta \pm 2),B_2=n\gamma ^2(2\eta \xi n2)+d_j(n)`$

$$\text{[ i. e. }C_+=2\gamma ^2\eta =\pm 4\gamma ^2C_{},C_0=4\gamma ^2(n+1),\eta 0\text{ ]}$$

$$V_2(x)=\frac{\gamma ^2\eta ^2}{8}\mathrm{cosh}4\gamma (xa)2\eta \gamma ^2(n+1)\mathrm{cosh}2\gamma (xa)\frac{\gamma ^2\eta ^2}{8}$$

$$E_j=[(n+1)^2\eta ]\gamma ^2+d_j(n),j=0,1,\mathrm{},n,$$

$$\psi _j(x)=[(\delta _{k+})\mathrm{sinh}\gamma (xa)+(\delta _k)\mathrm{cosh}\gamma (xa)]\mathrm{exp}[\frac{\eta }{4}\mathrm{cosh}2\gamma (xa)]$$

$$\times \underset{r=0}{\overset{n}{}}b_j^{(r)}\mathrm{cosh}^r2\gamma (xa),(k=+,).$$
3. $`B_3=2\gamma ^2(\eta \xi ^2+2\xi \pm \eta ],,B_2=n\gamma ^2(\pm 2\eta \xi n)+d_j(n)`$

$$\text{[ i. e. }C_+=2\gamma ^2\eta =C_{},C_0=4n\gamma ^2,\eta 0\text{ ]}$$

$$V_3(x)=\frac{\gamma ^2\eta ^2}{8}\mathrm{cosh}4\gamma (xa)2\eta \gamma ^2(n+\frac{1}{2})\mathrm{cosh}2\gamma (xa)\frac{\gamma ^2\eta ^2}{8}$$

$$E_j=n^2\gamma ^2+d_j(n),j=0,1,\mathrm{},n,$$

$$\psi _j(x)=\mathrm{exp}[\frac{\eta }{4}\mathrm{cosh}2\gamma (xa)]\underset{r=0}{\overset{n}{}}b_j^{(r)}\mathrm{cosh}^r2\gamma (xa).$$
4. $`B_3=2\gamma ^2(\eta \xi ^2+6\xi \pm \eta ),B_2=n\gamma ^2(\pm 2\eta \xi n4)+d_j(n)`$

$$\text{[ i. e. }C_+=2\gamma ^2\eta =C_{},C_0=4\gamma ^2(n+2),\eta 0\text{ ]}$$

$$V_4(x)=\frac{\gamma ^2\eta ^2}{8}\mathrm{cosh}4\gamma (xa)2\eta \gamma ^2(n+\frac{3}{2})\mathrm{cosh}2\gamma (xa)\frac{\gamma ^2\eta ^2}{8}$$

$$E_j=(n+2)^2\gamma ^2+d_j(n),j=0,1,\mathrm{},n,$$

$$\psi _j(x)=\mathrm{sinh}2\gamma (xa)\mathrm{exp}[\frac{\eta }{4}\mathrm{cosh}2\gamma (xa)]\underset{r=0}{\overset{n}{}}b_j^{(r)}\mathrm{cosh}^r2\gamma (xa).$$

The potentials $`V_1,V_2,V_3,V_4`$ may be looked upon as hyperbolic counterparts to those of the periodic model. These generalize the bistable potential studied in the context of homonuclear diatomic molecule. Our potentials are also of interest in spin-boson and spin-spin interacting models where similar hyperbolic forms are known to exist. As before the coefficients $`b_j^{(r)}`$ in the wave functions and $`d_j(n)`$ in the energies are determined for a given $`n`$ from (9). The number of analytically known levels is $`2|t|`$, $`t`$ being the coefficient of $`2\eta \gamma ^2\mathrm{cosh}2\gamma (xa)`$.

To summarize, we have presented a unified approach of generating ES and QES potentials by exploiting the hidden sl(2) symmetry of the Schrödinger equation and setting up a master equation. Our scheme is especially suitable for generating new types of solvable potentials as we have demonstrated for the QES cases.