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# Theta functions on the moduli space of parabolic bundles

## 1. Introduction

Let $`X`$ be a smooth, connected projective curve of genus $`g2`$ over the field of complex numbers and $`I`$ a finite subset of points of $`X`$. Let $`^{par}`$ denote the moduli space of semistable parabolic vector bundles of rank $`r`$, trivial determinant and fixed parabolic structure at $`I`$. There is a natural ample line bundle $`^{par}`$ on $`^{par}`$, which is the analogue of the determinant bundle $`𝒟`$ on the moduli space $``$, of vector bundles on $`X`$ of fixed rank and determinant (\[N-R\] theorem 1, for rank $`2`$, \[Pa1\] theorem 3.3, for any rank). In this paper we determine an integer $`\mathrm{}_0`$ such that, if $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}_0`$, then $`_{}^{par}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{}}`$ is globally generated.

The analogue problem in the classical case has been studied by Faltings, Le Potier and Popa. For vector bundles, there are natural global sections (of each power $`h`$) of the determinant bundle, that are called theta functions (of order $`h`$). Faltings has shown that such sections do generate $`𝒟^h`$, for $`h0`$ \[F\], and an effective bound on $`h`$ has been given by Le Potier \[LP\]. Recently Popa has produced a considerably better bound, in the sense that it does not depend on the genus $`g`$ of the curve \[Po\].

The parabolic case in rank $`2`$ has been studied by Pauly \[Pa2\]. He produces sections of the parabolic determinant $`^{par}`$ on the moduli space of semistable parabolic bundles of rank $`2`$ and trivial determinant. They generalize the sections of type theta of the determinant line bundle. Moreover, under the assumption that the parabolic subset $`I`$ has small and even cardinality, he proves that these sections generate the line bundle $`^{par}`$.

Our main result can be stated as follows.

###### Theorem 1.1.

Let $`\mathrm{}`$ be an integer such that

$$\mathrm{}\left[\frac{r^2}{4}\right],$$

and suppose it is $`I\mathrm{}`$. Then the linear system $`|_{}^{par}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{}}|`$ is base point free.

We are actually going to prove that, for $`\mathrm{}`$ given by this bound, there exist global sections, the parabolic analogues of theta functions, generating $`_{}^{par}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{}}`$. These sections are obtained generalizing Pauly’s method \[Pa2\] and will be called parabolic theta functions. They are associated with parabolic bundles whose rank, degree and parabolic invariants depend on the invariants of the bundles parametrized by $`^{par}`$ and on the order $`\mathrm{}`$. Let $`_{\mathrm{}}^{}`$ denote the moduli space of semistable parabolic bundles with which we associate parabolic theta functions of order $`\mathrm{}`$.

The idea of the proof is to show that, under this assumption on $`\mathrm{}`$, for each point $`x`$ of the moduli space $`^{par}`$, the dimension of the subscheme of points of $`_{\mathrm{}}^{}`$, whose associated parabolic theta function vanishes at $`x`$, is strictly smaller than $`dim(_{\mathrm{}}^{})`$.

Our method of proof is inspired by Popa’s beautiful ideas \[Po\]. An essential step in his proof is the estimate of the dimension of Grothendieck’s Quot scheme (see also \[Po-Ro\]). This allows him to estimate the dimension of the family of bundles, that are images of a morphism from a fixed vector bundle $`E`$.
In order to treat the parabolic case, given a point $`F_{}`$ of $`_{\mathrm{}}^{}`$, we first show how to identify the zeroes of the associated section with the points $`E_{}`$ of $`^{par}`$, admitting a nonzero parabolic morphism to $`F_{}`$. Particular care has then to be taken in order to understand the family of such morphisms for which we construct a scheme that can be seen as a parabolic analogue of Grothendieck’s Quot scheme. An estimate of the dimension of this scheme is given by a formula (see theorem 3.6), which extends the result of Popa and Roth \[Po-Ro\] to the parabolic case. The computation can then be worked out, by applying Lange’s results on families of extensions to the parabolic context.

Let $`𝒬Par_{X,I,\underset{¯}{n}}`$ be the (algebraic) stack of quasi-parabolic vector bundles with trivial determinant and fixed quasi-parabolic structure. It is well known that the choice of a system $`\underset{¯}{\alpha }`$ of Seshadri parabolic weights defines a notion of $`\underset{¯}{\alpha }`$-semistability for such bundles. Actually by the classification of line bundles on $`𝒬Par_{X,I,\underset{¯}{n}}`$ of Pauly \[Pa1\] and Laszlo and Sorger \[La-So\] the choice of $`\underset{¯}{\alpha }`$ also defines a line bundle $`L_{\underset{¯}{\alpha }}`$ on this stack and all “ample” line bundles arise this way. The above theorem may be applied to show that for $`\mathrm{}`$ sufficiently large, the base locus of the linear system $`|L_{\underset{¯}{\alpha }}^{\mathrm{}}|`$ on $`𝒬Par_{X,I,\underset{¯}{n}}`$ is isomorphic to the closed substack of $`\underset{¯}{\alpha }`$-unstable parabolic bundles.

Acknowledgements. I am deeply grateful to Christoph Sorger for the interest he has taken in this work and to Christian Pauly for several interesting and helpful discussions.

## 2. Parabolic bundles

A quasi-parabolic bundle $`(E,(f_p)_{pI})`$ on $`X`$ with quasi-parabolic structure at $`I`$ is a vector bundle $`E`$ on $`X`$ and flags $`f_p`$ of the fibre of $`E`$ over $`p`$, for $`pI`$:

$$E_p=E_{p,1}E_{p,2}\mathrm{}E_{p,l_p}E_{p,l_p+1}=0.$$

The positive integers $`n_i(p)=rk(E_{p,i}/E_{p,i+1})`$ are the multiplicities of $`(E,(f_p)_{pI})`$ at $`p`$ and $`l_p`$ is the length of the flag $`f_p`$. Let $`r_i(p)`$ denote $`_{j=1}^in_i(p)`$.

This is equivalent to considering filtered locally free sheaves

$$E=E_{(p,1)}E_{(p,2)}\mathrm{}E_{(p,l_p)}E_{(p,l_p+1)}=E(p),$$

where $`E_{(p,i)}=\mathrm{ker}(EE_pE_p/E_{p,i})`$. This filtration will again be denoted by $`f_p`$. Here the multiplicities are defined as the integers $`n_i(p)=\mathrm{deg}(E_{(p,i)}/E_{(p,i+1)})`$.
Let $`Flag_{n_1,\mathrm{},n_l}(E_p)`$ be the flag variety of $`E_p`$ of type $`(n_1,\mathrm{},n_l)`$. It is an irreducible projective variety of dimension $`d_{n_1,\mathrm{},n_l}={\displaystyle \underset{i>j}{}}n_in_j`$.

Let $`E\stackrel{q}{}G`$ be a quotient bundle of $`E`$. Then a quasi-parabolic structure on $`E`$ induces a quasi-parabolic structure on $`G`$: let $`h_{p,i}`$ be the injection $`E_{(p,i)}E`$ and denote $`G_{(p,i)}=\text{Im}(qh_{p,i})`$. Then the quotient morphism induces a filtration at each parabolic point

$$G=G_{(p,1)}G_{(p,2)}\mathrm{}G_{(p,l_p)}G_{(p,l_p+1)}=G(p).$$

By considering the distinct locally free sheaves of each filtration, this defines a quasi-parabolic structure on $`G`$. It is induced by the one on $`E`$ in the sense that the morphism $`q`$ is naturally compatible with the filtrations. Dually, there is a natural induced quasi-parabolic structure on a subbundle $`H\stackrel{j}{}E`$: if $`\pi =\text{coker}\text{ }(j)`$, then it is obtained by letting $`H_{(p,i)}=\mathrm{ker}(\pi h_{p,i})`$. In other words, $`H_{(p,i)}=HE_{(p,i)}`$.

Let $`(V^{\prime \prime },(f_{p}^{}{}_{V^{\prime \prime }}{}^{})_{pI})`$ (respectively, $`(V^{},(f_p^V^{})_{pI})`$) denote the quasi-parabolic structure induced by $`(E,(f_p)_{pI})`$ on a quotient bundle $`V^{\prime \prime }`$ (respectively, a subbundle $`V^{}`$).

A parabolic bundle $`E_{}`$ on $`X`$ is a quasi-parabolic bundle with, for all $`pI`$, a sequence of real numbers

$$0\alpha _1(p)<\alpha _2(p)<\mathrm{}<\alpha _{l_p}(p)<1,$$

attached to the flag at $`p`$. These numbers are called parabolic weights. It is convenient to introduce Simpson’s equivalent definition \[Si\] of a parabolic bundle as a filtered vector bundle. In the notations of \[M-Y\], \[Y\], a parabolic bundle is:

\- for all $`\alpha 𝐑`$, a locally free sheaf $`E_\alpha `$ on $`X`$ and an isomorphism

$$j_\alpha :E_\alpha (\underset{pI}{}p)\stackrel{_{}}{}E_{\alpha +1},$$

\- for all $`\alpha ,\beta 𝐑`$, such that $`\alpha \beta `$, an injective morphism $`i_E_{}^{\alpha ,\beta }:E_\alpha E_\beta `$, such that the diagram

commutes,

\- a sequence of real numbers $`0\alpha _1<\alpha _2<\mathrm{}<\alpha _L<1,`$ such that $`i_E_{}^{\alpha ,\alpha _i}`$ is an isomorphism $`E_\alpha E_{\alpha _i}`$, for all $`\alpha ]\alpha _{i1},\alpha _i]`$.

As a convention for a parabolic bundle $`E_{}`$ the sheaf $`E=E_0`$ is called the underlying vector bundle and for $`\alpha 𝐑^+`$ the morphisms of the parabolic structure will be denoted by $`i_E^\alpha :=i_E_{}^{\alpha ,0}`$ and $`\pi _E^\alpha :=\text{coker}\text{ }(i_E^\alpha )`$.

Let $`E_{}`$ and $`F_{}`$ be parabolic bundles on $`X`$, with parabolic structure at $`I`$. A morphism $`\phi :EF`$ is parabolic if, for all $`\alpha 𝐑^+`$, the composition $`\pi _F^\alpha \phi i_E^\alpha `$ is the zero morphism. This produces a morphism

that will be denoted by $`\phi _\alpha :E_\alpha F_\alpha `$. The notation $`\phi _{}:E_{}F_{}`$, means that $`\phi `$ is parabolic.

Consider the sheaf defined by

$$om(E_{},F_{})(𝒰)=\{\phi _{}^𝒰:E_{}^{}{}_{|𝒰}{}^{}F_{}^{}{}_{|𝒰}{}^{}\}.$$

By definition of parabolic morphism, it is a subsheaf of $`om(E,F)`$ and for all open subset $`𝒰X`$, such that $`I𝒰=\mathrm{}`$, it actually is $`om(E_{},F_{})(𝒰)=om(E,F)(𝒰)`$. Thus the quotient sheaf is a torsion sheaf with support at $`I`$ that can be described in terms of the parabolic structures of $`E_{}`$ and $`F_{}`$; this is done in \[B-H\], lemma 2.4: suppose for simplicity that $`I=\{p\}`$ and let $`(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _l)`$ be the weights, $`n_i^E_{}=\mathrm{deg}(E_{\alpha _i}/E_{\alpha _{i+1}})`$ the multiplicities of $`E_{}`$, $`(\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _h)`$ the weights, $`n_j^F_{}=\mathrm{deg}(F_{\beta _j}/F_{\beta _{j+1}})`$ the multiplicities of $`F_{}`$. Then there is a short exact sequence

(3)
where $`\tau _{E_{},F_{}}`$ is a torsion sheaf supported at $`p`$ of degree

$$h^0(X,\tau _{E_{},F_{}})=\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i,j}{\alpha _i>\beta _j}}{}n_i^E_{}n_j^F_{}.$$

This is a consequence of the fact that a morphism $`\phi :EF`$ is parabolic, if and only if the linear map over the parabolic point

$$\phi _p=(\phi _{i,j}):\underset{i}{}E_{\alpha _i}/E_{\alpha _{i+1}}\stackrel{}{}\underset{j}{}F_{\beta _j}/F_{\beta _{j+1}}$$

is such that $`\phi _{i,j}=0`$, for all $`\alpha _i>\beta _j`$. Hence the fiber of $`\tau _{E_{},F_{}}`$ at $`p`$ is isomorphic to

$$\underset{\alpha _i>\beta _j}{}(E_{\alpha _i}/E_{\alpha _{i+1}})^{}F_{\beta _j}/F_{\beta _{j+1}}.$$

For a general parabolic subset $`I`$, the degree of the torsion sheaf $`\tau _{E_{},F_{}}`$ can be computed as

$$h^0(X,\tau _{E_{},F_{}})=\underset{pI}{}\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i,j}{\alpha _i(p)>\beta _j(p)}}{}n_i^E_{}(p)n_j^F_{}(p).$$

Let $`\chi (E_{},F_{})`$ denote $`\chi (om(E_{},F_{}))`$. By Riemann-Roch formula and the exact sequence (3), this Euler characteristic can be computed as

$$\chi (E_{},F_{})=rk(E)\mathrm{deg}(F)rk(F)\mathrm{deg}(E)+rk(E)rk(F)(1g)h^0(\tau _{E_{},F_{}}).$$

The group of global sections $`H^0(om(E_{},F_{}))`$ is the group of parabolic morphisms, $`\text{Hom}(E_{},F_{})`$. The first cohomology group $`H^1(om(E_{},F_{}))`$ is, by \[Y\] lemma 1.4, isomorphic to the group of isomorphism classes of parabolic extensions of $`F_{}`$ by $`E_{}`$ and is denoted by $`\text{Ext}^1(E_{},F_{})`$. By definition, a parabolic extension is a short exact sequence

two parabolic extensions being isomorphic, if there is a parabolic isomorphism of extensions.

Recall the definitions of the parabolic invariants of $`E_{}`$. Let $`d=\mathrm{deg}(E)`$ and $`r=rk(E)`$; the parabolic degree of $`E_{}`$ is defined as the real number

$$\mathrm{deg}(E_{})=\mathrm{deg}(E)+\underset{pI}{}\underset{i=1}{\overset{l_p}{}}n_i(p)\alpha _i(p)$$

and can be computed as the integral

$$_0^1\mathrm{deg}(E_\alpha )𝑑\alpha +r|I|=_1^0\mathrm{deg}(E_\alpha )𝑑\alpha .$$

The parabolic Hilbert polynomial is

$$\mathrm{P}(E(m)_{})=\mathrm{deg}(E(m)_{})+r(1g)=\mathrm{deg}(E_{})+r(m+1g)$$

and the parabolic slope is $`\mu (E_{})={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{deg}(E_{})}{r}}`$.

Let $`E_{}`$ be a parabolic bundle and $`E\stackrel{}{}G`$ a quotient vector bundle. Consider the parabolic structure obtained by the induced quasi-parabolic structure, weighted as the one of $`E_{}`$. This parabolic structure is said to be the one induced on $`G`$ by $`E_{}`$ and will be denoted by $`G_{}`$. Dually, all subbundle $`H\stackrel{}{}E`$ has an induced parabolic structure, that will be denoted by $`H_{}`$. Recall the notations of the induced quasi-parabolic structure. For all $`pI`$ and $`i=1,\mathrm{},l_p`$, consider the integers $`n_i^{\prime \prime }(p)=\mathrm{deg}(G_{(i)}/G_{(i+1)})`$. They verify $`0n_i^{\prime \prime }(p)n_i(p)`$ and $`n_1^{\prime \prime }(p)+\mathrm{}+n_{l_p}^{\prime \prime }(p)=rk(G)`$. Then we can easily check the equality

$$\mathrm{deg}(G_{})=\mathrm{deg}(G)+\underset{pI}{}\underset{i=1}{\overset{l_p}{}}n_i^{\prime \prime }(p)\alpha _i(p).$$

###### Remark 2.1.

For all parabolic structure $`G_{^{}}`$ (respectively, $`H_{^{}}`$), such that $`E_{}\stackrel{}{}G_{^{}}`$ (respectively, $`H_{^{}}\stackrel{}{}E_{}`$) is parabolic, it is $`\mathrm{deg}(G_{})\mathrm{deg}(G_{^{}})`$ (respectively, $`\mathrm{deg}(H_{})\mathrm{deg}(H_{^{}})`$).

###### Definition 2.2.

A parabolic bundle $`E_{}`$ is semistable if, for all quotient bundle $`E\stackrel{}{}G`$, the inequality $`\mu (E_{})\mu (G_{})`$ holds. A semistable bundle is stable if the inequality is strict, whenever $`G`$ is a nontrivial quotient of $`E`$.

Suppose, to simplify the formulation of the following basic facts, that $`I=\{p\}`$.

It is easily seen, that the (semi)stability of a parabolic bundle, as a function of the weights, just depends on their differences. More precisely, let $`E_{^{}}`$ be the bundle with same quasi-parabolic structure as $`E_{}`$ and weights

$$00<\delta _1<\mathrm{}<\delta _1+\mathrm{}+\delta _{l1}<1,$$

where $`\delta _i=\alpha _{i+1}\alpha _i`$. Then $`E_{}`$ is (semi)stable if and only if $`E_{^{}}`$ is (semi)stable. Thus we can (and will) assume in the following that the smallest weight at each parabolic point is zero. With the notations of \[B-H\] this means that we represent the weights in the face $`_0W`$ of $`W`$.
It will be useful to remark that this assumption allows to write the parabolic degree as

$$\mathrm{deg}(E_{})=\mathrm{deg}(E)+\underset{pI}{}\underset{i>j}{}n_i(p)\delta _j(p).$$

As it is shown in \[Me-S\], § 2 the (semi)stability condition actually depends on rational weights, i.e. there is a rational system of weights $`(\alpha _1^{},\mathrm{},\alpha _l^{})`$, such that $`E_{}`$ is (semi)stable if and only if it is (semi)stable with respect to the weights $`(\alpha _j^{})`$. For this reason, in what follows we consider rational weights.

With the notations of \[B-H\] for the variation of the (semi)stability condition, for a fixed quasi-parabolic structure there exists an open subset of the space of weights $`W`$ such that, for any system of weights in this open subset, the condition of semistability is equivalent to the condition of stability. Actually, this open subset is the complement of a union of hyperplanes \[Me-S\], that we will call Seshadri walls. Writing the weights $`(\alpha _i)`$ as rational numbers $`\alpha _i=\frac{a_i}{k}`$, these hyperplanes are given by the equations $`h=(r,k\mathrm{deg}(E_{}))`$, for some integer $`h2`$.

## 3. The schemes of quasi-parabolic and parabolic quotients

Let $`(E,f)`$ be a rank $`r`$ vector bundle endowed with a quasi-parabolic structure at $`p`$ of multiplicities $`(n_1,\mathrm{},n_l)`$. Consider the set of quotient bundles $`G`$ of $`E`$, whose induced quasi-parabolic structure is of fixed type $`(n_1^{\prime \prime },\mathrm{},n_l^{\prime \prime })`$, that is if $`(G,f_G)`$ is the induced structure, then $`f_GFlag_{n_1^{\prime \prime },\mathrm{},n_l^{\prime \prime }}(G_p)`$. In fact this set can be equipped with a natural algebraic structure: in the first part of this section we construct a subscheme of Grothendieck’s scheme of quotients, parametrizing quotient bundles of fixed induced multiplicities.
The same construction applies to the case of quotients of a parabolic bundle $`E_{}`$. This produces a scheme parametrizing quotient bundles of fixed induced parabolic type.

Let $`Quot_{r^{\prime \prime },d^{\prime \prime }}(E)`$ be the scheme of quotients of $`E`$ of rank $`r^{\prime \prime }`$ and degree $`d^{\prime \prime }`$ and let $`Quot_{r^{\prime \prime },d^{\prime \prime }}^o(E)`$ denote the open subscheme of quotients $`E\stackrel{q}{}G`$, such that $`G`$ is a locally free sheaf. Denote by $`\pi _X`$, $`\pi _Q`$ the projections of $`X\times Quot_{r^{\prime \prime },d^{\prime \prime }}^o(E)`$ on $`X`$ and $`Quot_{r^{\prime \prime },d^{\prime \prime }}^o(E)`$ respectively and $`\pi _X^{}(E)\stackrel{\pi }{}𝒢`$ the universal quotient. The morphism $`h_i:E_{(i)}E`$ produces an injective morphism $`\pi _X^{}h_i`$ of locally free sheaves on $`X\times Quot_{r^{\prime \prime },d^{\prime \prime }}^o(E)`$ and the image of the composition $`\pi \pi _X^{}(h_i)`$ is a subsheaf $`𝒢_{(i)}`$ of the universal family of quotients $`𝒢`$:

$$\text{}.$$

There is a flattening stratification of $`𝒢_{(2)}`$ on $`X\times Quot_{r^{\prime \prime },d^{\prime \prime }}^o(E)`$. Thus we can write the scheme of locally free quotients as a disjoint union

$$Quot_{r^{\prime \prime },d^{\prime \prime }}^o(E)=\underset{\nu _1=0}{\overset{r^{\prime \prime }}{}}Q_{\nu _1}$$

where, set theoretically, the scheme $`Q_{\nu _1}`$ consists of those quotients that can be seen as points of $`Quot_{r^{\prime \prime },d^{\prime \prime }\nu _1}(E_{(2)})`$ via the induced surjective map:

$$Q_{\nu _1}=\{[E\stackrel{q}{}G]Quot_{r^{\prime \prime },d^{\prime \prime }}^o(E)|\mathrm{deg}(G_{(2)})=d^{\prime \prime }\nu _1\}.$$

Restrict the filtration of the universal family to the stratum $`Q_{\nu _1}`$ and consider the sheaf $`𝒢_{(3)}`$ as an $`𝒪_{X\times Q_{\nu _1}}`$-module. Then there is a flattening stratification of $`Q_{\nu _1}`$ with respect to the family $`𝒢_{(3)}`$, hence we can write:

$$Q_{\nu _1}=\underset{\nu _2=0}{\overset{r^{\prime \prime }}{}}Q_{\nu _1\nu _2}.$$

Thus, taking flattening stratifications of each stratum, we end up with a stratification of $`Q_{\nu _1\mathrm{}\nu _{i1}}`$, with respect to $`𝒢_{(i+1)}`$:

$$Q_{\nu _1\mathrm{}\nu _{i1}}=\underset{\nu _i=0}{\overset{r^{\prime \prime }}{}}Q_{\nu _1\mathrm{}\nu _{i1}\nu _i}.$$

###### Remark 3.1.

Let $`\nu _1,\mathrm{},\nu _i`$ be positive integers such that $`\nu _1+\mathrm{}+\nu _i>r^{\prime \prime }`$. Then the stratum $`Q_{\nu _1\mathrm{}\nu _i}`$ is empty.

This is straightforward, since there is a natural isomorphism $`𝒢_{(l+1)}\stackrel{_{}}{}𝒢(p)=𝒢\pi _X^{}𝒪_X(p)`$.

Thus, the induced quasi-parabolic type on quotients gives a stratification of Grothendieck’s scheme of locally free quotients

$$Quot_{r^{\prime \prime },d^{\prime \prime }}^o(E)=\underset{\nu _1+\mathrm{}+\nu _{l1}=0}{\overset{r^{\prime \prime }}{}}Q_{\nu _1\mathrm{}\nu _{l1}}.$$

###### Definition 3.2.

Let $`(n_1^{\prime \prime },\mathrm{},n_l^{\prime \prime })`$ be integers, such that $`0n_i^{\prime \prime }n_i`$ and $`n_1^{\prime \prime }+\mathrm{}+n_l^{\prime \prime }=r^{\prime \prime }`$. We define the scheme of quasi-parabolic quotients of $`(E,f)`$ of type $`(n_1^{\prime \prime },\mathrm{},n_l^{\prime \prime })`$ as the stratum $`Q_{n_1^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{}n_{l1}^{\prime \prime }}`$ and will denote it by $`\mathrm{Quot}_{(n_i^{\prime \prime }),d^{\prime \prime }}^{qpar}(E,f)`$.

Let $`IX`$ be a finite subset of points and $`(E,(f_p)_{pI})`$ a quasi-parabolic structure on $`E`$. Then quotient bundles of $`E`$ of rank $`r^{\prime \prime }`$, degree $`d^{\prime \prime }`$ and fixed induced quasi-parabolic type are parametrized by a locally closed subscheme of Grothendieck’s scheme of quotients. Let $`((n_i^{\prime \prime }(p))_{pI})`$ be integers such that, for all $`pI`$, it is $`0n_i^{\prime \prime }(p)n_i(p)`$, for all $`i=1,\mathrm{},l_p`$ and $`_in_i^{\prime \prime }(p)=r^{\prime \prime }`$. We define the scheme of quasi-parabolic quotients of $`(E,(f_p)_{pI})`$ of type $`((n_i^{\prime \prime }(p))_{pI})`$ as the intersection

$$\mathrm{Quot}_{((n_i^{\prime \prime }(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime }}^{qpar}(E,(f_p)_{pI})=\underset{pI}{}\mathrm{Quot}_{(n_i^{\prime \prime }(p)),d^{\prime \prime }}^{qpar}(E,f_p).$$

Let $`E_{}`$ be a parabolic bundle. The construction of the scheme of quotients of $`E_{}`$ of fixed induced parabolic structure is completely analogue to the construction of the scheme of quasi-parabolic quotients. It is enough to consider flattening stratifications of the families $`𝒢_{\alpha _i}`$:

$$\text{}.$$

The strata are here determined by the Hilbert polynomials at the weights $`\alpha _i`$. This fixes the parabolic Hilbert polynomial of the quotients, since this is determined by the Hilbert polynomials at each weight.

There are more useful multiplicities than the quasi-parabolic ones, that we introduce here, since they better fit to the parabolic filtration. For a point of a stratum, represented by a quotient bundle $`G_{}`$, let $`n_{\alpha _1}^{\prime \prime }`$ be the positive integer defined by $`\mathrm{deg}(G_{\alpha _1})=d^{\prime \prime }n_{\alpha _1}^{\prime \prime }`$ and in general $`n_{\alpha _i}^{\prime \prime }`$ the integer such that $`\mathrm{deg}(G_{\alpha _i})=\mathrm{deg}(G_{\alpha _{i1}})n_{\alpha _i}^{\prime \prime }`$. In analogy with the quasi-parabolic multiplicities, we will denote $`r_{\alpha _i}^{\prime \prime }=_{j=1}^in_{\alpha _j}^{\prime \prime }`$.

By letting $`\alpha _0=0`$ the parabolic degree $`d_{}^{\prime \prime }`$ can be viewed as a polynomial in the weights, in fact it can be computed as

$$d_{}^{\prime \prime }=d^{\prime \prime }+\underset{i=1}{\overset{L+1}{}}n_{\alpha _i}^{\prime \prime }\alpha _{i1}.$$

The parabolic structure induced on a quotient bundle $`G`$ of $`E_{}`$ is determined by the decreasing step function, that we denote by $`s_{}`$, associated with the collection of the degrees at each weight, that is the parabolic degree function

$$\alpha s_\alpha =\mathrm{deg}(G_\alpha ).$$

Remark that, if $`s_{}`$ and $`s_{}^{}`$ are the parabolic degree functions of quotient bundles $`V`$ and $`W`$ of $`E_{}`$ of same rank $`r^{\prime \prime }`$, for all $`\beta 𝐑`$ it is $`s_{1+\beta }=s_\beta r^{\prime \prime }|I|`$ and the same holds for $`s_{}^{}`$, hence the function $`s_{}s_{}^{}`$ is periodic of period $`1`$ and

$$_\beta ^{\beta +1}s_\alpha s_\alpha ^{}d\alpha =\mathrm{deg}(V_{})\mathrm{deg}(W_{}).$$

###### Definition 3.3.

We define the scheme of parabolic quotients of $`E_{}`$ of rank $`r^{\prime \prime }`$ and induced parabolic type $`s_{}`$ as the stratum corresponding to the parabolic degree function $`s_{}`$ and will denote it by $`\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },s_{}}^{par}(E_{})`$.

###### Remark 3.4.

This construction allows to consider an algebraic structure on a scheme parametrizing parabolic quotient bundles, with possibly different underlying quasi-parabolic structures.

For instance, consider a parabolic bundle $`E_{}`$ on $`X`$ at $`I=\{p,q\}`$ of rank $`r`$ and weight $`0<\alpha _1(p)=\alpha _1(q)=\alpha <1`$ and suppose its underlying quasi-parabolic structure is such that $`n_i(p),n_i(q)r^{\prime \prime }`$, for $`i=1,2`$. Let $`s_{}`$ be a parabolic degree function of quotient bundles of $`E`$ of rank $`r^{\prime \prime }`$ and degree $`d^{\prime \prime }`$, defined by $`s_0=d^{\prime \prime }`$ and $`s_\alpha =d^{\prime \prime }r^{\prime \prime }`$.

Then the function $`s_{}`$ corresponds to $`r^{\prime \prime }+1`$ quasi-parabolic structures, i.e. as a set $`\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },s_{}}^{par}(E_{})`$ is the following disjoint union

$$\underset{k=0}{\overset{r^{\prime \prime }}{}}\mathrm{Quot}_{(k,r^{\prime \prime }k),d^{\prime \prime }}^{qpar}(E,f_p)\mathrm{Quot}_{(r^{\prime \prime }k,k),d^{\prime \prime }}^{qpar}(E,f_q).$$

Let $`d_{r^{\prime \prime },}`$ denote the minimal parabolic degree of a rank $`r^{\prime \prime }`$ quotient bundle of $`E`$. We denote by $`\overline{s}_{}`$ a parabolic degree function whose parabolic degree is $`d_{r^{\prime \prime },}`$, that is $`_1^0\overline{s}_\alpha 𝑑\alpha =d_{r^{\prime \prime },}`$.

For a parabolic structure $``$ on $`E`$, we denote by $`^{}`$ a parabolic structure obtained from $``$ by dropping one weight. For instance, consider the parabolic structure obtained by dropping the highest weight $`\alpha _L`$:

$$EE_{\alpha _1}E_{\alpha _2}\mathrm{}E_{\alpha _{L1}}E(\underset{pI}{}p).$$

Then a parabolic degree function $`s_{}`$ for quotient bundles of rank $`r^{\prime \prime }`$ completely determines the parabolic degree function for the structure $`^{}`$ and we denote it by $`s_{^{}}^{}`$. This means that the stratum $`\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },s_{}}^{par}(E_{})`$ naturally is a substratum of the scheme $`\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },s_{^{}}^{}}^{par}(E_{^{}})`$. Remark that the parabolic degree of these strata are such that

(4) $`{\displaystyle _1^0}s_\alpha ^{}𝑑\alpha ={\displaystyle _1^0}s_\alpha 𝑑\alpha (\alpha _L\alpha _{L1})n_{\alpha _{L+1}}^{\prime \prime }.`$
###### Remark 3.5.

Consider a parabolic degree function $`s_{}`$ for which the last multiplicity is maximal, that is $`n_{\alpha _{L+1}}^{\prime \prime }=\mathrm{min}\{n_{\alpha _{L+1}},r^{\prime \prime }|I|\}`$. Let $`d_{}^{\prime \prime }`$ denote the parabolic degree of this stratum and $`d_{^{}}^{\prime \prime }`$ denote the parabolic degree of the stratum $`s_{^{}}^{}`$. Then equality (4) is

$$d_{^{}}^{\prime \prime }=d_{}^{\prime \prime }(\alpha _L\alpha _{L1})n_{\alpha _{L+1}}^{\prime \prime }.$$

Let $`E\stackrel{}{}V`$ be a quotient vector bundle of $`E`$ of rank $`r^{\prime \prime }`$. Denote by $`\overline{d}_{}=\mathrm{deg}(V_{})`$ and $`\overline{d}_{^{}}=\mathrm{deg}(V_{^{}})`$ the parabolic degrees with respect to the structures induced by $``$ and $`^{}`$ respectively. Then there exists an integer $`n`$ for which equality (4) can be written as

$$\overline{d}_{^{}}=\overline{d}_{}(\alpha _L\alpha _{L1})n.$$

Note that, since we assume that $`n_{\alpha _{L+1}}^{\prime \prime }`$ is maximal, it is $`n_{\alpha _{L+1}}^{\prime \prime }n0`$. This translates into the following inequality, on the differences of parabolic degrees

(5) $`d_{^{}}^{\prime \prime }\overline{d}_{^{}}=d_{}^{\prime \prime }\overline{d}_{}(\alpha _L\alpha _{L1})(n_{\alpha _{L+1}}^{\prime \prime }n)d_{}^{\prime \prime }\overline{d}_{}.`$
In particular, if $`V`$ is in a stratum corresponding to the minimal parabolic degree $`d_{r^{\prime \prime },^{}}`$, inequality (5) and the fact that for all quotient bundle $`V`$ it is $`\mathrm{deg}(V_{})d_{r^{\prime \prime },}`$, imply the following inequality

$$d_{^{}}^{\prime \prime }d_{r^{\prime \prime },^{}}=d_{^{}}^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{deg}(V_{^{}})d_{}^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{deg}(V_{})d_{}^{\prime \prime }d_{r^{\prime \prime },}.$$

We still denote by $`d_{}^{\prime \prime }`$ the parabolic degree of the stratum $`s_{}`$. We want to prove the following estimate for the dimension of the parabolic strata.

###### Theorem 3.6.

With the notations above, it is

$$dim(\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },s_{}}^{par}(E_{}))r^{\prime \prime }(rr^{\prime \prime })+r(d_{}^{\prime \prime }d_{r^{\prime \prime },}).$$

###### Remark 3.7.

This estimate depends on the parabolic invariants of the stratum. In Appendix B we study the example of rank $`2`$ parabolic bundles and show how, under some hypotheses, it is possible to get an estimate depending on the invariants of the underlying vector bundles of the stratum.

*Proof:* The proof goes by induction on the number of weights. For $`L=0`$ the statement is given by the estimate of Popa and Roth \[Po-Ro\], theorem 4.1 on the dimension of Grothendieck’s scheme of quotients.

We have to prove that the statement holds for $`L`$ weights, provided it holds for $`L1`$ weights. We prove it in two steps. The first one consists in proving the statement for $`L`$ weights and under the assumption that $`n_{\alpha _{L+1}}^{\prime \prime }`$ is maximal. The second step consists in drawing the general case from the first step.

First step
Consider the parabolic structure $`^{}`$ obtained from $``$ by dropping $`\alpha _L`$. We still denote by $`s_{^{}}^{}`$ the parabolic degree function induced by $`s_{}`$ with respect to the structure $`^{}`$. Then there is an obvious inequality

$$dim(\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },s_{}}^{par}(E_{}))dim(\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },s_{^{}}^{}}^{par}(E_{^{}}))$$

and since the parabolic structure $`^{}`$ has $`L1`$ weights, the statement for the estimate of the dimension of $`\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },s_{^{}}^{}}^{par}(E_{^{}})`$ holds by the induction hypothesis. From this inequality and remark 3.5 it follows

$`dim(\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },s_{}}^{par}(E_{}))`$
$`dim(\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },s_{^{}}^{}}^{par}(E_{^{}}))r^{\prime \prime }(rr^{\prime \prime })+r(d_{^{}}^{\prime \prime }d_{r^{\prime \prime },^{}})`$
$`r^{\prime \prime }(rr^{\prime \prime })+r(d_{}^{\prime \prime }d_{r^{\prime \prime },}).`$
This proves the statement for the strata of a parabolic structure with $`L`$ weights, whose last multiplicity is maximal.

###### Remark 3.8.

We have actually proved that the statement holds for all strata for which there is an $`i\{1,\mathrm{},L+1\}`$ such that $`n_{\alpha _i}^{\prime \prime }`$ is maximal. This is due to the fact that the parabolic strata are obtained by successive flattening stratifications and do not depend on the “origin” chosen for the filtration of the parabolic bundle. This translates into an isomorphism

$$\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },s_{}}^{par}(E_{})\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },s[\delta ]_{}}^{par}(E[\delta ]_{})$$

for all $`\delta 𝐑`$, where $`E[\delta ]_{}`$ is the parabolic bundle $`E_{}`$ shifted by $`\delta `$ (see \[Y\], definition 1.1) defined by $`(E[\delta ]_{})_\alpha =E_{\alpha +\delta }`$ and $`s[\delta ]_{}`$ is the shifted parabolic degree function, that is $`s[\delta ]_\alpha =s_{\delta +\alpha }`$.

Second step
We have to show that the result still holds when the multiplicities $`n_{\alpha _i}^{\prime \prime }`$ are such that no one of them is maximal. Of course, since $`r^{\prime \prime }>0`$ there is a nonzero multiplicity. Without loss of generality, we can assume that it is

$$0<n_{\alpha _1}^{\prime \prime }<\mathrm{min}\{n_{\alpha _1},r^{\prime \prime }|I|\}n_{\alpha _1}.$$

We are going to need to add a (harmless) vector bundle in the filtration of $`E_{}`$, in order to conclude for the second step of the proof.

###### Lemma 3.9.

There exists a vector bundle $`\stackrel{~}{E}`$ on $`X`$ such that $`E\stackrel{~}{E}E_{\alpha _1}`$ and $`\mathrm{deg}(\stackrel{~}{E})=\mathrm{deg}(E_{\alpha _1})+n_{\alpha _1}^{\prime \prime }`$ for which, if we consider the parabolic structure $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ obtained from $``$ by adding $`\stackrel{~}{E}`$ to the structure $``$ with weight $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }]0,\alpha _1[`$, that is if $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ is given by

$$E\stackrel{~}{E}=E_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}E_{\alpha _1}E_{\alpha _2}\mathrm{}E_{\alpha _L}E(\underset{pI}{}p),$$

then it is

$$dim(\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },s_{}}^{par}(E_{}))=dim(\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },\stackrel{~}{s}_\stackrel{~}{}}^{par}(E_\stackrel{~}{})),$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{s}_\stackrel{~}{}`$ is the parabolic degree function with same values as $`s_{}`$ at all $`\alpha \{\alpha _0,\mathrm{},\alpha _L\}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{s}_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}=d^{\prime \prime }=\stackrel{~}{s}_0`$.

This lemma allows to finish the induction argument. Fix a parabolic structure $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ as in the lemma and consider $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ the parabolic structure obtained from $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ by dropping $`\alpha _0`$. The parabolic structure $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ has $`L`$ weights and the stratum associated with $`\stackrel{~}{s}_\stackrel{~}{}^{}^{}`$ has maximal first multiplicity. Remark that the parabolic degree $`d_\stackrel{~}{}^{}^{\prime \prime }`$ of the stratum $`\stackrel{~}{s}_\stackrel{~}{}^{}^{}`$ is such that

$$d_\stackrel{~}{}^{}^{\prime \prime }=d_\stackrel{~}{}^{\prime \prime }=d_{}^{\prime \prime }+\stackrel{~}{\alpha }n_{\alpha _1}^{\prime \prime }.$$

We have the inclusion

$$\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },\stackrel{~}{s}_\stackrel{~}{}}^{par}(E_\stackrel{~}{})\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },\stackrel{~}{s}_\stackrel{~}{}^{}^{}}^{par}(\stackrel{~}{E}_\stackrel{~}{}^{}).$$

From this inclusion and lemma 3.9 we get the inequality

$$dim(\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },s_{}}^{par}(E_{}))=dim(\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },\stackrel{~}{s}_\stackrel{~}{}}^{par}(E_\stackrel{~}{}))dim(\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },\stackrel{~}{s}_\stackrel{~}{}^{}^{}}^{par}(\stackrel{~}{E}_\stackrel{~}{}^{})).$$

By the first step of the induction argument, the last dimension is less than or equal to

$$r^{\prime \prime }(rr^{\prime \prime })+r(d_\stackrel{~}{}^{}^{\prime \prime }d_{r^{\prime \prime },\stackrel{~}{}^{}}).$$

Let $`\overline{s}_\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ be a parabolic degree function realizing the minimal parabolic degree $`d_{r^{\prime \prime },\stackrel{~}{}^{}}`$. By remark 3.5, it is

$$d_\stackrel{~}{}^{}^{\prime \prime }d_{r^{\prime \prime },\stackrel{~}{}^{}}d_\stackrel{~}{}^{\prime \prime }\overline{d}_\stackrel{~}{},$$

where $`\overline{d}_\stackrel{~}{}`$ is the parabolic degree of some vector bundle $`\overline{V}`$ of the stratum $`\overline{s}_\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$. Moreover, if we denote by $`\overline{d}_{}`$ the parabolic degree of $`\overline{V}`$ with respect to the original parabolic structure $``$, since the structure $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ has one weight more than $``$, it is $`\overline{d}_\stackrel{~}{}\overline{d}_{}`$. Thus we get

$$d_\stackrel{~}{}^{}^{\prime \prime }d_{r^{\prime \prime },\stackrel{~}{}^{}}d_\stackrel{~}{}^{\prime \prime }\overline{d}_\stackrel{~}{}d_\stackrel{~}{}^{\prime \prime }\overline{d}_{}.$$

Recalling the expression of $`d_\stackrel{~}{}^{\prime \prime }`$, we get the inequality

$$dim(\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },s_{}}^{par}(E_{}))r^{\prime \prime }(rr^{\prime \prime })+r(d_{}^{\prime \prime }+\stackrel{~}{\alpha }n_{\alpha _1}^{\prime \prime }\overline{d}_{})$$

$$r^{\prime \prime }(rr^{\prime \prime })+r(d_{}^{\prime \prime }d_{r^{\prime \prime },}+\stackrel{~}{\alpha }n_{\alpha _1}^{\prime \prime }).$$

Then in order to get the inequality of the statement it is enough to remark that, according to lemma 3.9, we can choose $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$ as small as we like. $`\mathrm{}`$

*Proof of lemma 3.9:*  It will be enough to prove that

$$dim(\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },s_{}}^{par}(E_{}))dim(\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },\stackrel{~}{s}_\stackrel{~}{}}^{par}(E_\stackrel{~}{})),$$

that is, to find some subscheme of the substratum associated with $`\stackrel{~}{s}_\stackrel{~}{}`$ with same dimension as the stratum associated with $`s_{}`$. Let $`Q`$ be an irreducible component of $`\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },s_{}}^{par}(E_{})`$ of maximal dimension and let $`V`$ be a quotient bundle of $`E`$, representing a point of $`Q`$. By assumption on the function $`s_{}`$ it is

$`\mathrm{deg}(E_{\alpha _1}/E({\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}p))=n_{\alpha _2}+\mathrm{}+n_{\alpha _{L+1}}>`$
$`\mathrm{deg}(V_{\alpha _1}/V({\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}p))=n_{\alpha _2}^{\prime \prime }+\mathrm{}+n_{\alpha _{L+1}}^{\prime \prime }`$
and moreover, since $`n_{\alpha _1}^{\prime \prime }>0`$, it is $`n_{\alpha _2}^{\prime \prime }+\mathrm{}+n_{\alpha _{L+1}}^{\prime \prime }<r^{\prime \prime }|I|`$. Translating this into quasi-parabolic conditions, this means that there are some $`pI`$ such that $`\alpha _1(p)=\alpha _1`$ and at $`p`$ the induced parabolic structure is a strict inclusion in the fiber of $`V`$:

On the other hand, we can add the missing generators of $`V_p`$ at such points: we can choose a subset $`I^{}I`$ of points such that $`\alpha _1(p)=\alpha _1`$ and at these points add a linear subspace $`H_{p,2}`$ to $`E_{p,2}`$, with $`rk(H_{p,2})=rk(V_p/V_{p,2})`$ for which the composition

$$H_{p,2}E_{p,2}\stackrel{}{}E_p\stackrel{}{}V_p$$

has rank $`r^{\prime \prime }`$ and $`_{pI^{}}rk(H_{p,2})=n_{\alpha _1}^{\prime \prime }`$. It is enough to choose the vector space $`H_{p,2}`$ as the image of a section of the surjective linear map

$$E_p\stackrel{}{}V_p/V_{p,2}.$$

The parabolic structure $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ is obtained by enriching the flags of the quasi-parabolic structures at the points of $`I^{}`$ in the following way:

$$E_pH_{p,2}E_{p,2}E_{p,2}\mathrm{}E_{p,l_p}0$$

with weights $`(\alpha _i(p))=(\stackrel{~}{\alpha },\alpha _1(p),\mathrm{},\alpha _{l_p}(p))`$. This means that $`V`$ represents a point of the substratum $`\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },\stackrel{~}{s}_\stackrel{~}{}}^{par}(E_\stackrel{~}{})`$. All is left to check is that this is true in an open neighbourhood of $`V`$ in $`Q`$.

By semi-continuity of the rank, the composed linear map

$$H_{p,2}E_{p,2}\stackrel{}{}E_p\stackrel{}{}W$$

has rank $`r^{\prime \prime }`$, for all vector spaces $`W`$ in an open neighbourhood $`U_p`$ of the isomorphism class of the fiber $`V_p`$ in the grassmannian $`G_p=Grass_{r^{\prime \prime }}(E_p)`$. Hence the induced quasi-parabolic filtration is of the same type, for all vector bundle in an open neighbourhood of $`V`$. Recall that all the points of the parabolic strata are vector bundles and consider, for all $`pI^{}`$, the map

$$ϵ_p:QG_p,[E\stackrel{\pi }{}W][E_p\stackrel{\pi _p}{}W_p].$$

Let $`Q^{}`$ be the open subscheme of $`Q`$ defined as the intersection

$$Q^{}=\underset{pI^{}}{}ϵ_p^1(U_p).$$

Since $`Q`$ is irreducible, we have $`dim(Q^{})=dim(Q)`$ and by construction $`Q^{}`$ is a subscheme of $`\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },\stackrel{~}{s}_\stackrel{~}{}}^{par}(E_\stackrel{~}{})`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 4. Sections of the line bundle $`^{par}`$

Let $`^{par}`$ denote the moduli space of parabolic bundles on $`X`$ of rank $`r`$, trivial determinant and parabolic structure at $`I`$ of multiplicities $`((n_1(p),\mathrm{},n_{l_p}(p))_{pI})`$ and weights

$$0\alpha _1(p)=0<\alpha _2(p)<\alpha _3(p)<\mathrm{}<\alpha _{l_p}(p)<1.$$

Let $`((d_1(p),\mathrm{},d_{l_p1}(p))_{pI},k)`$ be strictly positive integers such that, for all $`j=2,\mathrm{},l_p`$, the weights at $`p`$ can be written as $`\alpha _j(p)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{k}}{\displaystyle \underset{h=1}{\overset{j1}{}}}d_h(p)`$.

A family $`_{}`$ of parabolic bundles at $`I`$, of rank $`r`$, trivial determinant, multiplicities $`((n_i(p))_{pI})`$ and weights $`((d_j(p))_{pI},k)`$ parametrized by a scheme $`S`$ is a vector bundle $``$ over $`X\times S`$ of rank $`r`$, such that $`det()=𝒪_{X\times S}`$ and, for all $`pI`$, quotient bundles $`Q_i(p)`$ of $`_{|\{p\}\times S}`$, of rank $`r_i(p)=n_1(p)+\mathrm{}+n_i(p)`$, such that, by letting $`𝒦_i(p)`$ denote the kernel

then $`𝒦_i(p)𝒦_{i1}(p)`$ for all $`i=1\mathrm{},l_p1`$. The family is parabolic in the sense that, for all $`sS`$ the vector bundle $`_s`$, has the quasi-parabolic structure

$$_{s}^{}{}_{p}{}^{}𝒦_1(p)_s\mathrm{}𝒦_{l1}(p)_s0$$

and weights $`((d_j(p))_{pI},k)`$. Actually the family $``$ has a weighted filtration, induced by the quotients $`Q_i(p)`$, that is

$$=_0_{\delta _1(p)}\mathrm{}_{\delta _1(p)+\mathrm{}+\delta _{l_p1}(p)}_1=\pi _X^{}𝒪_X(p),$$

where $`\delta _j(p)={\displaystyle \frac{d_j(p)}{k}}`$ and $`Q_j(p)/_{\delta _1(p)+\mathrm{}+\delta _j(p)}`$. Suppose that the family is semistable and let $`\varphi _S:S^{par}`$ the modular morphism. Suppose that $`{\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i>j}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{n_i(p)d_j(p)}{r}}𝐙`$ and let $`^{par}(_{})`$ be the line bundle on $`S`$ defined as the tensor product

$$^{par}(_{})=(detR\pi _S)^k\underset{pI}{}\underset{j}{}(detQ_j(p))^{d_j(p)}(det_{|\{q\}\times S})^e.$$

Here $`e`$ is an integer depending on the parabolic structure defined by

$$e=\frac{1}{r}\underset{pI}{}\underset{i>j}{}n_i(p)d_j(p)+k(1g)\underset{pI}{}\underset{j}{}d_j(p).$$

###### Theorem 4.1.

(\[N-R\], theorem 1, for rank $`2`$; \[Pa1\], theorem 3.3, for arbitrary rank) There exists a unique ample line bundle $`^{par}`$ over $`^{par}`$ such that, for all semistable parabolic family $`_{}`$ parametrized by $`S`$, it is $`\varphi _S^{}^{par}=^{par}(_{})`$.

In the case of rank two parabolic bundles, Pauly gives in \[Pa2\] a method to produce sections of $`^{par}`$ of type theta. In what follows, we extend his method to the rank $`r`$ case and produce sections of $`_{}^{par}{}_{}{}^{h}`$, for all $`h𝐍`$.

Let $`_{}`$, $`_{}`$ be families of parabolic bundles on $`I`$, parametrized by $`S`$, of quotients and flags respectively

$$\begin{array}{cc}0\stackrel{}{}_\alpha \stackrel{i_\alpha }{}\stackrel{p_\alpha }{}Q_\alpha \stackrel{}{}0& 0𝒦_i(p)_{|\{p\}\times S}Q_i(p)0,\\ 0\stackrel{}{}_\alpha \stackrel{i_\alpha ^{}}{}\stackrel{p_\alpha ^{}}{}Q_\alpha ^{}\stackrel{}{}0& 0𝒦_j^{}(p)_{|\{p\}\times S}Q_j^{}(p)0.\end{array}$$

A morphism $`\phi :`$ of vector bundles is parabolic if the composed map $`p_\alpha ^{}\phi i_\alpha `$ is the zero morphism, for all $`\alpha 𝐑^+`$. The sheaf of parabolic homomorphisms is a locally free subsheaf of $`om(,)`$, that will be denoted by $`om(_{},_{})`$. The quotient sheaf $`\text{coker}\text{ }(om(_{},_{})\stackrel{}{}om(,))`$ is a family of torsion sheaves parametrized by $`S`$ whose support is contained in the parabolic subset $`I`$, that we denote by $`T__{},_{}`$.

The sheaf $`om(_{},_{})`$ is the family on $`S`$ parametrizing the sheaves of parabolic morphisms between bundles of the families, that is for all $`sS`$ there is a natural isomorphism

$$om(_{}^{}{}_{s}{}^{},_{}^{}{}_{s}{}^{})om(_{},_{})_s.$$

Let $`F`$ be a vector bundle on $`X`$ of rank $`hk`$ such that

$$\mathrm{deg}(F)=\frac{h}{r}\underset{pI}{}\underset{i>j}{}n_i(p)d_j(p)+hk(g1)$$

and let $`F_{}`$ be a parabolic structure at $`I`$ of multiplicities

$$((hd_1(p),\mathrm{},hd_{l_p1}(p),hkh\underset{j}{}d_j(p))_{pI})$$

and weights $`((d_j(p))_{pI},k)`$. Let $`\pi _X^{}F_{}`$ be the constant family of parabolic bundles of value $`F_{}`$, parametrized by $`S`$. For $`sS`$, let $`_{}^{}{}_{s}{}^{}`$ denote the parabolic bundle of $`_{}`$ over $`s`$. Then it is

$`\chi (_{}^{}{}_{s}{}^{},F_{})`$
$`=rhk(\mu (_{}^{}{}_{s}{}^{})+(g1))hk\mathrm{deg}(_s)+rhk(1g){\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i>j}{}}n_i^_{}^{}{}_{s}{}^{}(p)n_j^F_{}(p)`$
$`=h{\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i>j}{}}n_i(p)d_j(p){\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i>j}{}}n_i(p)hd_j(p)=0.`$
Fix a basis of $`F_p={\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}F_{p,j}/F_{p,j+1}`$ and let $`𝒯_{_{},F_{}}`$ denote the family of torsion sheaves of the short exact sequence of parabolic morphisms

(6) $`0om(_{},\pi _X^{}F_{})om(,\pi _X^{}F)\stackrel{\mathrm{p}}{}𝒯_{_{},F_{}}0.`$
###### Lemma 4.2.

With the notations above, it is

$$detR\pi _Som(_{},\pi _X^{}F_{})^{par}(_{})^h.$$

*Proof:* By the short exact sequence (6) there is a natural isomorphism

$$detR\pi _Som(_{},\pi _X^{}F_{})(detR\pi _Som(,\pi _X^{}F))(detR\pi _S𝒯_{_{},F_{}})^{}.$$

By Serre duality theorem, \[Pa2\], lemma 3.4, there is an isomorphism

$$detR\pi _Som(,\pi _X^{}F)=detR\pi _S^{}\pi _X^{}FdetR\pi _S\pi _X^{}(F^{}\mathrm{K}_X).$$

The vector bundle $`det_{|\{q\}\times S}`$ is independent of $`qX`$ and by \[Pa2\], lemma 3.5 it follows that

$$detR\pi _S\pi _X^{}(F^{}\mathrm{K}_X)(detR\pi _S)^{hk}(det_{|\{q\}\times S})^{\mathrm{deg}(F^{}\mathrm{K}_X)}.$$

Now, since the degree of $`F^{}\mathrm{K}_X`$ can be computed as

$$\mathrm{deg}(F^{}\mathrm{K}_X)=hk\mathrm{deg}(\mathrm{K}_X)\mathrm{deg}(F)=hk(g1)\frac{h}{r}\underset{pI}{}\underset{i>j}{}n_i(p)d_j(p),$$

the first determinant bundle is isomorphic to

$`detR\pi _Som(,\pi _X^{}F)(detR\pi _S)^{hk}`$
$`(det_{|\{q\}\times S})^{\frac{h}{r}_{pI}_{i>j}n_i(p)d_j(p)+hk(1g)}.`$
The sheaf $`𝒯_{_{},F_{}}`$ is a family of skyscraper sheaves supported at $`I`$, hence the sheaf $`R^1\pi _{S}^{}{}_{}{}^{}𝒯_{_{},F_{}}`$ is zero and there is an isomorphism

$$\pi _{S}^{}{}_{}{}^{}𝒯_{_{},F_{}}\underset{pI}{}\underset{j=1}{\overset{l_p1}{}}𝒦_j(p)^{}𝒪_S^{hd_j(p)}.$$

Thus the second determinant can be computed as follows

$`(detR\pi _S𝒯_{_{},F_{}})^{}`$ $`det{\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{l_p1}{}}}𝒦_j(p)^{}𝒪_S^{hd_j(p)}{\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{l_p1}{}}}det(𝒦_j(p)^{}𝒪_S^{hd_j(p)})`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{l_p1}{}}}(det𝒦_j(p)^{})^{hd_j(p)}.`$
By definition, it is $`𝒦_i(p)=\mathrm{ker}(\pi _i(p))`$ and this yields the isomorphism

$$\underset{pI}{}\underset{j=1}{\overset{l_p1}{}}(det𝒦_j(p)^{})^{hd_j(p)}\underset{pI}{}\underset{j=1}{\overset{l_p1}{}}(detQ_j(p))^{hd_j(p)}(det_{|\{p\}\times S}^{})^{hd_j(p)}.$$

The lemma then follows from the fact that for all $`pI`$ there is a natural isomorphism $`det_{|\{q\}\times S}det_{|\{p\}\times S}`$ and the equality

$$he=\frac{h}{r}\underset{pI}{}\underset{i>j}{}n_i(p)d_j(p)+hk(1g)h\underset{pI}{}\underset{j}{}d_j(p).$$

$`\mathrm{}`$

Let $``$ be a quasi-coherent $`𝒪_{X\times S}`$-module, flat over $`S`$. Recall how one obtains a complex that is quasi-isomorphic to $`R\pi _S`$. By the relative version of Serre A theorem, there is an integer $`m_0`$ such that, if $`mm_0`$, the natural evaluation morphism

$$K_0=\pi _X^{}𝒪_X(m)\pi _X^{}\pi _{X}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(m)\stackrel{q}{}$$

is surjective. Since $`\mathrm{deg}(𝒪_X(m))<0`$, it is $`\pi _{S}^{}{}_{}{}^{}K_0=0`$ and if we denote by $`K_1=\mathrm{ker}q`$ it is $`\pi _{S}^{}{}_{}{}^{}K_1=0`$ as well. Moreover the higher direct image sheaves $`_1=R^1\pi _{S}^{}{}_{}{}^{}K_1`$, $`_0=R^1\pi _{S}^{}{}_{}{}^{}K_0`$ are locally free. Hence the short exact sequence

yields the long exact sequence in cohomology

and there is a natural isomorphism $`detR\pi _Sdet_0det_1^{}`$.

Let $`0_1\stackrel{\nu }{}_00`$ be a complex of locally free sheaves on $`X\times S`$, quasi-isomorphic to $`R\pi _Som(_{},\pi _X^{}F_{})`$. The hypothesis on the Euler characteristic $`\chi (_{}^{}{}_{s}{}^{},F_{})=0`$, for all $`sS`$, is equivalent to the assumption that the locally free sheaves $`_i`$ have same rank and the morphism of vector bundles $`det\nu :det_1det_0`$ defines a section of $`(det_1)^{}det_0=detR\pi _Som(_{},\pi _X^{}F_{})^{par}(_{})^h`$, that we denote by $`\theta _F_{}^{_{}}`$. This section is zero at a point $`sS`$, if and only if

$$dim(\text{Hom}(_{}^{}{}_{s}{}^{},F_{}))=dim(\text{Ext}^1(_{}^{}{}_{s}{}^{},F_{}))0.$$

To show that this produces a section of the line bundle on the moduli space $`^{par}`$, recall its construction (see, for instance, \[Pa1\], theorem 2.3). Let $`Q`$ be the scheme of quotients of rank $`r`$ and trivial determinant of $`𝒪_X^{P(n)}(n)`$, where $`P`$ is the Hilbert polynomial of such quotients and $`n`$ is an integer, $`n0`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ denote the open subset of $`Q`$ of locally free quotients, $``$ the universal family of quotients on $`X\times \mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`\mathrm{F}_p`$ the flag varieties bundle of multiplicities $`(n_1(p),\mathrm{},n_{l_p}(p))`$

$$\mathrm{F}_p=\mathrm{lag}_{(n_1(p),\mathrm{},n_{l_p}(p))}(_{|\{p\}\times \mathrm{\Omega }})\stackrel{\pi (p)}{}\mathrm{\Omega }.$$

Let $`𝒬_i(p)`$ denote the universal quotients on $`\mathrm{F}_p`$ and let $``$ be the fibred product of the $`\mathrm{F}_p`$’s, for $`pI`$, over $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. We still denote by $`_{}`$ and $`𝒬_i(p)`$ the universal families obtained by pullback to $``$. The parabolic family $`_{}`$, with parabolic quotients $`(𝒬_i(p))`$, is locally a universal family of parabolic bundles. Let $`^{ss}`$ be the open subscheme of $``$ of semistable parabolic bundles. Then $`^{par}`$ is obtained as the good quotient of $`^{ss}`$ for the natural action of $`SL(P(n))`$.

Consider the line bundle $`^{par}(_{})`$ on $`^{ss}`$. By \[Pa1\], theorem 3.3 it descends to the moduli space $`^{par}`$. The section $`\theta _F_{}^{_{}}`$ is $`SL(P(n))`$-invariant, thus it descends to a section of $`_{}^{par}{}_{}{}^{h}`$, that will be called parabolic theta function (of order $`h`$) associated with the parabolic bundle $`F_{}`$.

## 5. Zeroes of parabolic theta functions

Let $`E_{}`$ be a semistable parabolic bundle on $`X`$ at $`I`$, of rank $`r`$, trivial determinant, multiplicities $`((n_i(p))_{pI})`$ and weights $`((d_j(p))_{pI},k)`$. For a parabolic bundle $`F_{}`$ on $`X`$ at $`I`$, of rank $`\mathrm{}k`$, slope $`\mu (E_{})+g1`$, multiplicities $`((\mathrm{}d_1(p),\mathrm{},\mathrm{}d_{l_p1}(p),\mathrm{}(k{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{l_p1}{}}}d_i(p)))_{pI})`$ and same weights as $`E_{}`$, the parabolic theta function associated with $`F_{}`$ is zero at the point of $`^{par}`$ represented by $`E_{}`$, if and only if $`\text{Hom}(E_{},F_{})=\mathrm{H}^0(om(E_{},F_{}))\{0\}`$. Let $`d_{l_p}(p)=k{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{l_p1}{}}}d_i(p)`$ and let $`_{\mathrm{}}^{{}_{}{}^{}par}`$ denote the moduli space of equivalence classes of semistable parabolic bundles $`F_{}`$, with which we can associate parabolic theta functions of order $`\mathrm{}`$. Recall that its dimension is given by

$$dim(_{\mathrm{}}^{{}_{}{}^{}par})=(\mathrm{}k)^2(g1)+\underset{pI}{}d_{\mathrm{}d_1(p),\mathrm{},\mathrm{}d_{l_p}(p)}+1.$$

Let $`r^{\prime \prime }`$ be an integer such that $`0<r^{\prime \prime }r`$ and let $`_{r^{\prime \prime }}`$ denote the family of isomorphism classes of stable parabolic bundles $`F_{}`$ such that there is a morphism $`\phi _{}:E_{}F_{}`$ of rank $`r^{\prime \prime }`$. We prove in this section that whenever $`\mathrm{}r^{\prime \prime }(rr^{\prime \prime })`$ and $`\mathrm{}\frac{r}{k}`$, then

$$dim(_{r^{\prime \prime }})(\mathrm{}k)^2(g1)+\underset{pI}{}d_{\mathrm{}d_1(p),\mathrm{},\mathrm{}d_{l_p}(p)}.$$

This will prove theorem 1.1 since if $`I\mathrm{}`$ then $`k2`$ and

$$\underset{0<r^{\prime \prime }r}{sup}\{r^{\prime \prime }(rr^{\prime \prime }),\frac{r}{k}\}\left[\frac{r^2}{4}\right].$$

Then there exists a nonempty open subset $`𝒰`$ of the moduli space $`M_{\mathrm{}}^{{}_{}{}^{}par}`$, such that for all $`F_{}`$ representing a point of $`𝒰`$ it is $`\text{Hom}(E_{},F_{})=0`$.

### 5.1. Images of parabolic morphisms

Let $`\phi _{}:E_{}F_{}`$ be a morphism. The image of $`\phi `$ is a quotient bundle of $`E`$, denote it by $`V=\text{Im}(\phi )`$ and let $`V_{}`$ be the induced parabolic structure via the quotient morphism $`E_{}\stackrel{}{}V`$. The subbundle $`V^{}`$ of $`F`$ generated by $`V`$ inherits a natural parabolic structure as well, via the injective morphism to $`F_{}`$. We want to compare these two induced parabolic structures. Note that, if the support of the quotient sheaf $`V^{}/V`$ does not intersect the parabolic subset $`I`$, the two parabolic structures necessarily have the same multiplicities.
Suppose for simplicity that $`I=\{p\}`$ and let $`n_i^{}=\mathrm{deg}(V_{\alpha _{i1}}^{}/V_{\alpha _i}^{})`$ be the multiplicities of the parabolic structure induced on $`V^{}`$ by $`F_{}`$ and $`n_i^{\prime \prime }=\mathrm{deg}(V_{\alpha _{i1}}/V_{\alpha _i})`$ be the multiplicities induced on $`V`$ by $`E_{}`$.

###### Proposition 5.1.

With these notations, it is

$`\mathrm{deg}(V)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{k}}{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}(r^{\prime \prime }r_j^{\prime \prime })d_j`$
$`\mathrm{deg}(V)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{k}}{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}(r^{\prime \prime }r_j^{})d_j\mathrm{deg}(V^{})+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{k}}{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}(r^{\prime \prime }r_j^{})d_j.`$
In particular, the following inequality holds

$$\mathrm{deg}(V_{})\mathrm{deg}(V_{}^{}).$$

*Proof:* We are actually going to prove that $`\mathrm{deg}(V/V_{\alpha _i})\mathrm{deg}(V^{}/V_{\alpha _i}^{})`$, for all $`i=1,\mathrm{},l`$. In fact, this inequality can be rewritten as

$$r_i^{\prime \prime }=\underset{ji}{}n_j^{\prime \prime }r_i^{}=\underset{ji}{}n_j^{},$$

for all $`i`$. The underlying vector bundle $`V^{}`$ is the saturation of $`V`$ in $`F`$ and so $`\mathrm{deg}(V)\mathrm{deg}(V^{})`$. From these facts inequalities (5.1) follow.

Let $`i\{1,\mathrm{},l\}`$ and denote $`\alpha _i=\alpha `$. The morphism $`\phi `$ is parabolic, so $`V_\alpha \text{Im}(\phi _\alpha )`$ and the diagram (16) commutes. From this we deduce the commutative diagram (23), hence a morphism $`j_\alpha :V_\alpha V^{}\times _FF_\alpha V_\alpha ^{}`$.

(16)
(23)
The morphism $`j_\alpha `$ is such that $`i_V^{}^\alpha j_\alpha `$ is injective, so it is injective as well. Thus the cokernel $`\tau _\alpha `$ has rank zero. Denote by $`G_\alpha ^{}=\text{coker}\text{ }(i_\alpha )`$ and $`G_\alpha =\text{coker}\text{ }(V_\alpha ^{}F_\alpha )`$ and let $`i_G^\alpha :G_\alpha G`$ be the morphism of the induced parabolic structure on $`G`$. From the commutativity of the cube, we deduce the morphisms $`v:\tau _\alpha \tau `$ and $`i_G^{}^\alpha :G_\alpha ^{}G^{}`$ as well as $`\tau _\alpha G_\alpha ^{}`$ this translates into the diagram (44).

(44)
By the snake lemma it follows that the morphism $`\tau _\alpha G_\alpha ^{}`$ is injective and its cokernel is isomorphic to $`G_\alpha `$. These morphisms are such that in the diagram (44) each horizontal and vertical diagram is commutative. Starting over this process from the vertical diagram of weight $`\alpha `$ thus obtained, we can add the corresponding vetical diagram of weight $`1`$. Now, the first nontrivial horizontal diagram is (51) and the morphism $`\tau \stackrel{u}{}\tau _\alpha \stackrel{v}{}\tau `$ is an isomorphism.

This means that $`u`$ is injective, $`v`$ is surjective, so

$$\mathrm{deg}(V_\alpha ^{})\mathrm{deg}(V_\alpha )=\mathrm{deg}(\tau _\alpha )\mathrm{deg}(\tau )=\mathrm{deg}(V^{})\mathrm{deg}(V),$$

which is exactly the inequality we wanted to prove.

(51)
$`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 5.2.

Use the notations for the multiplicities introduced at the end of the second section, to construct the scheme of parabolic quotients. Then the same proof shows the following inequalities:

(52) $`\mathrm{deg}(V_{})\mathrm{deg}(V)+\mathrm{deg}(V_{}^{})\mathrm{deg}(V^{})\mathrm{deg}(V_{}^{}).`$
### 5.2. Parabolic extensions

Let $`_{}^{},_{}^{\prime \prime }`$ be families of parabolic bundles, parametrized by a scheme $`S`$. We want to describe a parameter space for isomorphism classes of nonsplitting parabolic extensions of type

for $`sS`$. This is actually a consequence of Lange’s results \[Ln\], so we just introduce the argument needed to adapt them to the parabolic case.

Let $`\pi _S`$ be the projection $`X\times S\stackrel{}{}S`$ and $`R^i\pi _{S}^{}{}_{}{}^{}om(_{}^{\prime \prime },_{}^{})`$ be the higher direct image sheaves, for $`i=0,1`$. For $`sS`$, denote by

$$\tau _s^i:R^i\pi _{S}^{}{}_{}{}^{}om(_{}^{\prime \prime },_{}^{})k(s)H^i(om(_{}^{\prime \prime }{}_{s}{}^{},_{}^{}{}_{s}{}^{}))$$

the natural base change morphism. The condition that $`\tau _s^i`$ is an isomorphism for all points $`sS`$ will be shortened in $`R^i\pi _{S}^{}{}_{}{}^{}om(_{}^{\prime \prime },_{}^{})`$ commutes with base change.

Let $`\mu :S^{}S`$ be a morphism of schemes and denote by

$$\mathrm{E}_{}(S^{})=H^0(S^{},R^1\pi _{S^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{}om(\mu ^{}_{}^{\prime \prime },\mu ^{}_{}^{})).$$

Then $`\mathrm{E}_{}`$ actually is a functor from the category of $`S`$-schemes to the category of sets. In fact, let $`\nu :S^{\prime \prime }S^{}`$ be a morphism of schemes over $`S`$. This gives a map $`\mathrm{E}_{}(S^{})\mathrm{E}_{}(S^{\prime \prime })`$ by composition of the natural map

$$H^0(S^{},R^1\pi _{S^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{}om(\mu ^{}_{}^{\prime \prime },\mu ^{}_{}^{}))H^0(S^{\prime \prime },\nu ^{}R^1\pi _{S^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{}om(\mu ^{}_{}^{\prime \prime },\mu ^{}_{}^{}))$$

and the morphism induced in cohomology by the base change morphism

$$\nu ^{}R^1\pi _{S^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{}om(\mu ^{}_{}^{\prime \prime },\mu ^{}_{}^{})R^1\pi _{S^{\prime \prime }}^{}{}_{}{}^{}\nu ^{}om(\mu ^{}_{}^{\prime \prime },\mu ^{}_{}^{}).$$

Since it is $`\nu ^{}om(\mu ^{}_{}^{\prime \prime },\mu ^{}_{}^{})om(\nu ^{}\mu ^{}_{}^{\prime \prime },\nu ^{}\mu ^{}_{}^{})`$, this gives the morphism $`\mathrm{E}_{}(S^{})\mathrm{E}_{}(S^{\prime \prime })`$.

###### Proposition 5.3.

(\[Ln\], proposition 3.1) Suppose that $`R^i\pi _{S}^{}{}_{}{}^{}om(_{}^{\prime \prime },_{}^{})`$ commutes with base change, for $`i=0,1`$. Then the functor $`\mathrm{E}_{}`$ is representable by the bundle associated with the locally free sheaf $`R^1\pi _{S}^{}{}_{}{}^{}om(_{}^{\prime \prime },_{}^{})^{}`$.

Let $`\mathrm{PE}_{}(S^{})`$ denote the set of invertible quotients

$$R^1\pi _{S}^{}{}_{}{}^{}om(\mu ^{}_{}^{\prime \prime },\mu ^{}_{}^{})^{}\stackrel{}{}.$$

This defines a functor from the category of $`S`$-schemes to the category of sets.

###### Proposition 5.4.

(\[Ln\], proposition 4.2) Suppose that $`R^i\pi _{S}^{}{}_{}{}^{}om(_{}^{\prime \prime },_{}^{})`$ commutes with base change, for $`i=0,1`$. Then the functor $`\mathrm{PE}_{}`$ is representable by the projective bundle $`P(R^1\pi _{S}^{}{}_{}{}^{}om(_{}^{\prime \prime },_{}^{})^{})`$.

This result is applied in the proof of theorem 1.1 in the following way. Suppose that, for all $`sS`$, there is an isomorphism induced by base change

$$R^1\pi _{S}^{}{}_{}{}^{}om(_{}^{\prime \prime },_{}^{})k(s)H^1(om(_{}^{\prime \prime }{}_{s}{}^{},_{}^{}{}_{s}{}^{}))$$

and $`H^0(om(_{}^{\prime \prime }{}_{s}{}^{},_{}^{}{}_{s}{}^{}))=0`$. Then for $`i=0,1`$ the sheaves $`R^i\pi _{S}^{}{}_{}{}^{}om(_{}^{\prime \prime },_{}^{})`$ commute with base change, the sheaf $`R^1\pi _{S}^{}{}_{}{}^{}om(_{}^{\prime \prime },_{}^{})`$ is locally free over $`S`$ and its fibre over a point $`s`$ is isomorphic to $`H^1(om(_{}^{\prime \prime }{}_{s}{}^{},_{}^{}{}_{s}{}^{}))`$. By proposition 5.4 the projective bundle associated with the sheaf $`R^1\pi _{S}^{}{}_{}{}^{}om(_{}^{\prime \prime },_{}^{})^{}`$ parametrizes isomorphism classes of nonsplitting parabolic extensions of parabolic bundles of the family $`_{}^{\prime \prime }`$ by parabolic bundles of the family $`_{}^{}`$.

### 5.3. Proof of theorem 1.1

We first prove the theorem for generic weights of $`_0W`$: suppose that the weights $`((d_j(p))_{pI},k)`$ do not lie on any Seshadri wall.

Consider the stratification of $`_{r^{\prime \prime }}`$ given by the quasi-parabolic invariants of the images of parabolic morphisms. Let $`_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime }}`$ be the family of isomorphism classes of stable parabolic bundles $`F_{}`$, such that there exists a morphism $`\phi _{}:E_{}F_{}`$ for which the vector bundle $`\text{Im}(\phi )=V`$ has degree $`d^{\prime \prime }`$ and the induced parabolic structure on $`V^{}`$, the saturation of $`V`$ in $`F`$, has multiplicities $`((n_i^{}(p))_{pI})`$. The parabolic morphism $`\phi _{}`$ gives rise to a commutative diagram

and so the exact sequence in the second column is a nonsplitting parabolic extension. The bundle $`G_{}`$ has rank $`\mathrm{}kr^{\prime \prime }`$, parabolic multiplicities

$$((\mathrm{}d_1(p)n_1^{}(p),\mathrm{},\mathrm{}d_{l_p}(p)n_{l_p}^{}(p))_{pI})$$

and if $`t=\mathrm{deg}(\tau )`$, then $`\mathrm{deg}(G)=\mathrm{deg}(F)(d^{\prime \prime }+t)`$.

Let $`𝒱_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime },t}^{}`$ be the family of isomorphism classes of parabolic bundles $`V_{}^{}`$ of degree $`d^{\prime \prime }+t`$, multiplicities $`((n_i^{}(p))_{pI})`$, such that there exists a stable bundle $`F_{}`$ and a morphism $`\phi _{}:E_{}F_{}`$ for which $`\text{Im}(\phi )`$ generates $`V^{}`$ as a subbundle of $`F`$. Any such bundle is an extension of a torsion sheaf $`\tau `$ of degree $`t`$ by a quotient bundle $`V`$ of $`E`$ and by inequalities 52 of remark 5.2, if the quotient morphism $`\phi `$ induces the parabolic structure $`V_{}`$, then it is

$$\mathrm{deg}(V_{})d^{\prime \prime }+\frac{1}{k}\underset{pI}{}\underset{i>j}{}n_i^{}(p)d_j(p).$$

Denote by $`d_{}^{\prime \prime }`$ the right hand side of this inequality. This condition implies that the quotient $`E\stackrel{}{}\text{Im}(\phi )`$ is a point of a finite union of parabolic strata of the scheme $`Quot_{r^{\prime \prime },d^{\prime \prime }}(E)`$, that we denote by $`\mathrm{Q}_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime }}`$. More explicitly, it is the union of those strata that correspond to functions $`s_{}`$, for which $`_1^0s_\alpha 𝑑\alpha d_{}^{\prime \prime }`$. By the computation of theorem 3.6, its dimension is bounded by

(53) $`dim(\mathrm{Q}_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime }})r^{\prime \prime }(rr^{\prime \prime })+r(d_{}^{\prime \prime }d_{r^{\prime \prime },}),`$
where $`d_{r^{\prime \prime },}`$ is the minimal parabolic degree of a rank $`r^{\prime \prime }`$ quotient bundle of $`E`$.

Remark that in the generic case it is $`\tau I=\mathrm{}`$ and then it is enough to consider those quotient morphisms of the stratum $`\mathrm{Quot}_{r^{\prime \prime },s_{}}^{par}(E_{})`$, corresponding to the fixed multiplicities $`((n_i^{}(p))_{pI})`$. In any case, we draw the following estimate for the dimension of the family:

$$dim(𝒱_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime },t}^{})r^{\prime \prime }(rr^{\prime \prime })+r(d_{}^{\prime \prime }d_{r^{\prime \prime },})+tr^{\prime \prime }.$$

Let $`𝒢_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime },t}`$ be the family of isomorphism classes of parabolic bundles $`G_{}`$ of rank $`\mathrm{}kr^{\prime \prime }`$, degree $`\mathrm{}k(\mu (E_{})+g1)(d^{\prime \prime }+t)`$ and multiplicities $`((\mathrm{}d_i(p)n_i^{}(p))_{pI})`$, which are parabolic quotients of a stable bundle $`F_{}`$ by a bundle $`V_{}𝒱_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime },t}^{}`$. Consider the family of isomorphism classes of the underlying vector bundles and denote it by $`𝒢`$. This family is bounded. In fact, since any bundle $`G`$ of $`𝒢`$ is quotient of some parabolic stable bundle $`F_{}`$, if we consider a rank $`n`$ quotient bundle $`G\stackrel{}{}H`$, there is a constant $`h(n)`$ such that $`\mu (H)h(n)`$. This condition ensures the boundedness of $`𝒢`$. Thus there exists a scheme $`S`$ and a vector bundle $``$ on $`X\times S`$ such that, for all $`G`$ of the family $`𝒢`$ there is an isomorphism $`G_s`$, for some $`sS`$. By \[BP-Gr-Ne\], lemma 4.1, we can suppose that the generic bundle of the family $`𝒢`$ is semistable, i.e. $`dim(𝒢)(\mathrm{}kr^{\prime \prime })^2(g1)+1`$.
For all $`pI`$, let $`\iota _p:\{p\}\times S\stackrel{}{}X\times S`$ denote the inclusion morphism and consider the bundle in flag varieties

$$_p=\mathrm{lag}_{(\mathrm{}d_1(p)n_i^{}(p),\mathrm{},\mathrm{}d_{l_p}(p)n_{l_p}^{}(p))}(\iota _p^{}).$$

Let $``$ denote the fibred product over $`X\times S`$ of the bundles $`_p`$. Recall that its dimension is given by

$$dim()=dim(S)+\underset{pI}{}\underset{i>j}{}(\mathrm{}d_i(p)n_i^{}(p))(\mathrm{}d_j(p)n_j^{}(p)).$$

This family parametrizes quasi-parabolic bundles, whose underlying vector bundle is isomorphic to $`_s`$, for some $`sS`$. Thus $`𝒢_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime },t}`$ is a bounded family and moreover it is

$$dim(𝒢_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime },t})(\mathrm{}kr^{\prime \prime })^2(g1)+1+\underset{pI}{}\underset{i>j}{}(\mathrm{}d_i(p)n_i^{}(p))(\mathrm{}d_j(p)n_j^{}(p)).$$

Let $`_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime },t}`$ denote the family of isomorphism classes of stable parabolic bundles $`F_{}`$, which are parabolic extensions of a bundle $`G_{}𝒢_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime },t}`$ by a bundle $`V_{}^{}𝒱_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime },t}^{}`$.

###### Lemma 5.5.

Let $`F_{}`$ be a stable parabolic bundle and

a parabolic extension. Then $`\text{Hom}(F_{}^{\prime \prime },F_{}^{})=0`$.

*Proof:* If there were a nonzero parabolic morphism $`\phi _{}:F_{}^{\prime \prime }F_{}^{}`$, there would be an endomorphism of $`F_{}`$, that is $`i_{}\phi _{}p_{}:F_{}F_{}`$, which is not a multiple of the identity. $`\mathrm{}`$

From this lemma it follows that $`h^0(om(G_{},V_{}^{}))=0`$ and so the dimension of $`H^1(om(G_{},V_{}^{}))\text{Ext}^1(G_{},V_{}^{})`$ is constant for all $`V_{}^{}`$ of $`𝒱_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime },t}^{}`$ and $`G_{}`$ of $`𝒢_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime },t}`$. Therefore we can compute the dimension of the first cohomology group as the opposite of the Euler characteristic:

$`\begin{array}{ccc}\multicolumn{3}{c}{dim(\text{Ext}^1(G_{},V_{}^{}))}\\ & ={\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i>j}{}}(\mathrm{}d_i(p)n_i^{}(p))n_j^{}(p)(\mathrm{}kr^{\prime \prime })(d^{\prime \prime }+t)\hfill \\ & +r^{\prime \prime }(\mathrm{}k(g1+\mu (E_{}))(d^{\prime \prime }+t))+r^{\prime \prime }(\mathrm{}kr^{\prime \prime })(g1)\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{}k(d^{\prime \prime }+t)+2r^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{}k(g1)r_{}^{\prime \prime }{}_{}{}^{2}(g1)+r^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{}k\mu (E_{})\hfill \\ & +{\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i>j}{}}(\mathrm{}d_i(p)n_i^{}(p))n_j^{}(p).\hfill \end{array}`$
Proposition 5.4 then gives the following bound for the dimension of the family of extensions

$`dim(_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime },t})`$
$`dim(𝒱_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime },t}^{})+dim(𝒢_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime },t})+h^1(om(G_{},V_{}^{}))1.`$
The computation then goes as follows:

$`\begin{array}{ccc}\multicolumn{3}{c}{dim(_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime },t})}\\ & dim(\mathrm{Q}_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime }})+r^{\prime \prime }t+(\mathrm{}kr^{\prime \prime })^2(g1)\hfill \\ & +{\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i>j}{}}(\mathrm{}d_i(p)n_i^{}(p))(\mathrm{}d_j(p)n_j^{}(p))+1\mathrm{}k(d^{\prime \prime }+t)+r^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{}k\mu (E_{})\hfill \\ & +r^{\prime \prime }(2\mathrm{}kr^{\prime \prime })(g1)+{\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i>j}{}}(\mathrm{}d_i(p)n_i^{}(p))n_j^{}(p)1\hfill \\ & =(\mathrm{}k)^2(g1)+dim(\mathrm{Q}_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime }})+{\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i>j}{}}\mathrm{}d_i(p)\mathrm{}d_j(p)\hfill \\ & {\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i>j}{}}n_i^{}(p)\mathrm{}d_j(p)\mathrm{}kd^{\prime \prime }+t(r^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{}k)+r^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{}k\mu (E_{})\hfill \\ & =(\mathrm{}k)^2(g1)+{\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}d_{\mathrm{}d_1(p),\mathrm{},\mathrm{}d_{l_p}(p)}+t(r^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{}k)+dim(\mathrm{Q}_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime }})\hfill \\ & \mathrm{}(kd^{\prime \prime }+{\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i>j}{}}n_i^{}(p)d_j(p){\displaystyle \frac{r^{\prime \prime }}{r}}{\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i>j}{}}n_i(p)d_j(p)).\hfill \end{array}`$
The right hand side of the inequality should be read as

$`\begin{array}{ccc}\multicolumn{3}{c}{dim(M_{\mathrm{}}^{{}_{}{}^{}par})1+t(r^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{}k)+dim(\mathrm{Q}_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime }})}\\ & \mathrm{}(kd^{\prime \prime }+{\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i>j}{}}n_i^{}(p)d_j(p){\displaystyle \frac{r^{\prime \prime }}{r}}{\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i>j}{}}n_i(p)d_j(p)).\hfill \end{array}`$
By assumption it is $`\mathrm{}krr^{\prime \prime }`$ and $`t0`$, so to prove the theorem it is enough to show that

$`dim(\mathrm{Q}_{((n_i^{}(p))_{pI}),d^{\prime \prime }})`$
$`\mathrm{}(kd^{\prime \prime }+{\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i>j}{}}n_i^{}(p)d_j(p){\displaystyle \frac{r^{\prime \prime }}{r}}{\displaystyle \underset{pI}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i>j}{}}n_i(p)d_j(p)).`$
We can rewrite the right hand side as $`\mathrm{}k(d_{}^{\prime \prime }r^{\prime \prime }\mu (E_{}))`$. Thus, by inequality 53 it will be enough to show that

$$r^{\prime \prime }(rr^{\prime \prime })+r(d_{}^{\prime \prime }d_{r^{\prime \prime },})\mathrm{}k(d_{}^{\prime \prime }r^{\prime \prime }\mu (E_{})),$$

that we can rewrite as

(54) $`r^{\prime \prime }(rr^{\prime \prime })(\mathrm{}kr)(d_{}^{\prime \prime }d_{r^{\prime \prime },})+\mathrm{}k(d_{r^{\prime \prime },}r^{\prime \prime }\mu (E_{})).`$
By assumption it is $`\mathrm{}\frac{r}{k}`$ and by remark 5.2 $`d_{}^{\prime \prime }`$ is greater than or equal to the minimal parabolic degree $`d_{r^{\prime \prime },}`$. So in order to get inequality 54 it is enough to show that

$$r^{\prime \prime }(rr^{\prime \prime })\mathrm{}k(d_{r^{\prime \prime },}r^{\prime \prime }\mu (E_{})).$$

This inequality is trivial, when $`r^{\prime \prime }=r`$, since in this case both sides are equal to zero.

###### Remark 5.6.

Suppose $`r^{\prime \prime }`$ is strictly less than $`r`$. Then it is $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}k(d_{r^{\prime \prime },}r^{\prime \prime }\mu (E_{}))`$. In fact, let $`V`$ be a quotient bundle of rank $`r^{\prime \prime }`$ and minimal parabolic degree $`d_{r^{\prime \prime },}`$. The level $`k`$ of the parabolic structure is such that $`k\mu (E_{})𝐙`$ and moreover $`kr^{\prime \prime }\mu (V_{})=k\mathrm{deg}(V_{})`$ is an integer as well. Hence the difference $`kr^{\prime \prime }(\mu (V_{})\mu (E_{}))`$ is an integer, which is strictly positive since $`E_{}`$ is stable. Then we draw the inequality

$$\mathrm{}\mathrm{}kr^{\prime \prime }(\mu (V_{})\mu (E_{}))=\mathrm{}k(d_{r^{\prime \prime },}r^{\prime \prime }\mu (E_{})).$$

By this remark inequality 54 for the nontrivial case $`r^{\prime \prime }<r`$ follows from the assumption $`\mathrm{}r^{\prime \prime }(rr^{\prime \prime })`$. This finishes the proof of theorem 1.1 for generic weights.

We are left with the case in which the weights $`((d_j(p))_{pI},k)`$ of the parabolic structure are on a Seshadri wall and the bundle $`E_{}`$ is strictly semistable. Let $`E_{}=E_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{}E_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{}E_{n}^{}{}_{}{}^{}0`$ denote a Jordan-Hölder filtration of $`E_{}`$, that is each quotient $`E_{h}^{}{}_{}{}^{}/E_{h+1}^{}{}_{}{}^{}`$ is a stable bundle of parabolic slope $`\mu (E_{})`$. By the previous computation, for each $`h`$ there is an open subscheme $`𝒰_h`$ of the moduli space $`M_{\mathrm{}}^{{}_{}{}^{}par}`$ such that, for all stable bundle $`F_{}`$ whose isomorphism class is in $`𝒰_h`$, it is $`\text{Hom}(E_{h}^{}{}_{}{}^{}/E_{h+1}^{}{}_{}{}^{},F_{})=0`$. Since the moduli space $`M_{\mathrm{}}^{{}_{}{}^{}par}`$ is irreducible, the open subscheme $`𝒰=_{h=1}^l𝒰_h`$ is nonempty and by definition, for all stable bundle $`F_{}`$ whose isomorphism class is in $`𝒰`$ it is $`\text{Hom}(E_{},F_{})=0`$.
This finishes the proof of the theorem.

This bound for the order of base point freeness does not depend on the degree $`|I|`$ of the parabolic divisor and extends the result of Popa and Roth for the classical case as well as the result of Pauly for rank $`2`$ parabolic bundles with generic parabolic divisor of small degree.


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# Thermodynamics for radiating shells in anti-de Sitter space-time

## 1 Introduction

The collapse of spherically symmetric, self-gravitating thin shells has been widely studied as a simplified model for the process of black hole formation . In Ref.  it was shown that the black hole entropy, expressed in terms of the area of the horizon, can be interpreted as the entropy of a shell of matter that contracts reversibly from infinity to its event horizon. A thermodynamical formalism was then introduced in order to describe the contraction of the shell. In Refs.  the quasi-static collapse of a non-radiating dust shell was investigated in the perspective of applying the AdS-CFT correspondence  to the gravitational collapse, as a first step with the aim of obtaining a unitary description for the black hole formation and evaporation.

In these notes, we will examine the collapse of a radiating spherical shell of matter in anti-de Sitter (AdS) space-time. The inclusion of radiation in the model may in fact help in the understanding of the black hole formation, as suggested in Ref. . The collapse is assumed to be a quasi-static process, in the sense that the shell contraction velocity is sufficiently small so that the system (shell-matter) can be described as evolving through a succession of equilibrium states. This assumption allows us to introduce a thermodynamical formalism (see Refs.  for the case of an asymptotically flat space-time) to describe the process. The properties of the system depend on the equation of state, that is a relation between the thermodynamically independent quantities. In order to obtain some explicit results we shall consider the case of a power-law dependence of the shell temperature (introduced as usual through the second principle of thermodynamics) on the horizon radius. In Appendix A the particular choice corresponding to Hawking temperature is then considered.

We use units for which $`\mathrm{}=c=k_\mathrm{B}=1`$, with $`k_\mathrm{B}`$ the Boltzmann constant.

## 2 Thermodynamics

The spherically symmetric space-time we consider is divided into an inner region and an outer one by a thin massive spherical shell. The inner region can be expressed in static coordinates as

$`ds_\mathrm{i}^2=f_\mathrm{i}(r)dt^2+{\displaystyle \frac{dr^2}{f_\mathrm{i}(r)}}+r^2d\mathrm{\Omega }^2,`$ (1)
and will be taken to be described by a Schwarzschild metric, so that

$`f_\mathrm{i}(r)=1{\displaystyle \frac{2m}{r}},`$ (2)
where $`m`$ is a constant ADM mass. The outer region, because of the radiation emitted by the shell, is described by a Vaidya-AdS space-time

$`ds_\mathrm{o}^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{f_\mathrm{o}(r,t)}}\left[\left({\displaystyle \frac{_tM(r,t)}{_rM(r,t)}}\right)^2dt^2dr^2\right]+r^2d\mathrm{\Omega }^2,`$ (3)
with

$`f_\mathrm{o}(r,t)=1{\displaystyle \frac{2M(r,t)}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{\mathrm{}^2}}`$ (4)
where $`M(r,t)`$ is the Bondi mass and its dependence on the time $`t`$ is related to the amount of radiation (energy) flowing out of the shell, $`_tM`$ and $`_rM`$ are the partial derivatives of $`M(r,t)`$ with respect to $`t`$ and $`r`$ respectively, and $`\mathrm{}`$ is the AdS radius.

We shall obtain the thermodynamical description for the evolution of a thin shell, by assuming that the collapse can be described as a sequence of equilibrium states. Israel’s junction equations  for a static thin shell located at radius $`r=R`$, allow us to relate the proper mass of the shell $`E`$ to the inner and outer metrics through the equation

$`E(R,M)=4\pi R^2\rho =R\left(\sqrt{f_\mathrm{i}(R)}\sqrt{f_\mathrm{o}(R)}\right),`$ (5)
where $`\rho `$ is the surface energy density, and to evaluate the surface tension, denoted by $`P`$, as

$`P(R,M){\displaystyle \frac{E}{A}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\pi R}}\left[\sqrt{f_\mathrm{i}(R)}\sqrt{f_\mathrm{o}(R)}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{f_\mathrm{i}(R)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m}{R}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{f_\mathrm{o}(R)}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{R}}+{\displaystyle \frac{R^2}{\mathrm{}^2}}\right)\right],`$ (6)
where $`A=4\pi R^2`$ is the shell area. The continuity equation for the matter has to be taken as a constraint, and can be expressed in the form

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dL}{d\tau }}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{f_\mathrm{o}(R)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{dM}{d\tau }},`$ (7)
where $`L`$ is the shell luminosity and $`\tau `$ is the proper time of an observer sitting on the shell.

In order to obtain a description of the collapse process in a thermodynamical language one has to set up a correspondence between the mechanical properties of the shell, such as its tension and proper mass, and thermodynamical quantities such as the pressure, the internal energy, the temperature or the entropy. The proper mass of the shell is naturally identified with its internal energy (see Refs. ) and the surface tension with the thermodynamical pressure. This means that the shell, considered as a thermodynamical system, is characterized by an internal energy $`E(R,M)`$ and a pressure $`P(R,M)`$. We note that in our formalism the Schwarzschild mass $`M`$ and the radius $`R`$ are taken to be the dynamical independent variables, whereas $`m`$ and $`\mathrm{}`$ are taken to be fixed parameters. Therefore, we shall often find it convenient to use $`M`$ instead of the horizon radius $`R_h`$, the latter being defined by $`f_\mathrm{o}(R_h)=0`$, that is

$`M={\displaystyle \frac{R_h}{2}}\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{R_h^2}{\mathrm{}^2}}\right).`$ (8)
One may now introduce the first law of thermodynamics, associated with energy conservation, by defining the infinitesimal heat flow $`\delta Q`$ by

$`\delta Q=dEPdA.`$ (9)
On using the explicit expressions for the pressure and the internal energy one finds

$`\delta Q={\displaystyle \frac{dM}{\sqrt{f_\mathrm{o}(R)}}}.`$ (10)
This expression agrees with the luminosity of a collapsing shell as described in Eq. (7). The above Eq. (9) can thus be re-interpreted as the continuity equation for the matter on the shell, and as such it confirms that the definitions of the internal energy (5) and pressure (6) are correct.

It is now possible to introduce a temperature $`T`$ through the second principle of thermodynamics, that is the existence of the entropy as the exact differential

$`dS={\displaystyle \frac{\delta Q}{T}}.`$ (11)
The temperature appears as an integrating factor which must satisfy the integrability condition

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{R}}\left(T\sqrt{f_\mathrm{o}(R)}\right)^1=0,`$ (12)
whose general solution is

$`T={\displaystyle \frac{B_h(R_h)}{\sqrt{f_\mathrm{o}(R)}}},`$ (13)
where $`B_h=B_h(R_h)`$ is an arbitrary function of the horizon radius $`R_h`$, leading to

$`dS=\left(1+3{\displaystyle \frac{R_h^2}{\mathrm{}^2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{dR_h}{2B_h}}.`$ (14)
We note that the temperature exhibits the usual Tolman radial dependence. Once the temperature is fixed one may evaluate the specific heat at constant radius $`C_R`$,

$`C_R`$ $``$ $`T\left({\displaystyle \frac{S}{T}}\right)_R=T\left({\displaystyle \frac{S}{R_h}}\right)_R\left({\displaystyle \frac{T}{R_h}}\right)_R^1`$ (15)
$`=`$ $`\left[{\displaystyle \frac{2\mathrm{}^2B_h^{}}{\mathrm{}^2+3R_h^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{B_h}{Rf_\mathrm{o}(R)}}\right]^1,`$
where $`B_h^{}=dB_h/dR_h`$. The above expression shows a possible singularity for $`R`$ satisfying

$`\left(RR_h\right)\left(\mathrm{}^2+R^2+RR_h+R_h^2\right)={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}^2+3R_h^2}{\left(\mathrm{ln}B_h^2\right)^{}}}.`$ (16)
The specific heat at constant tension takes the form

$`C_P`$ $`=`$ $`T\left({\displaystyle \frac{S}{T}}\right)_P`$ (17)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{T}{2B_h}}\left(1+3{\displaystyle \frac{R_h^2}{\mathrm{}^2}}\right)\left[\left({\displaystyle \frac{T}{R_h}}\right)_R\left({\displaystyle \frac{T}{P}}\right)_{R_h}\left({\displaystyle \frac{P}{R_h}}\right)_R\right]^1,`$
whose explicit expression we omit for the sake of brevity. Other thermodynamical quantities of interest, related to the second derivative of the Gibbs potential , are the change in area with respect to the temperature for fixed tension $`\left(A/T\right)_P`$ and with respect to the tension for fixed temperature $`\left(A/P\right)_T`$. All such quantities show a singular behavior if there exists an $`R`$ satisfying

$`{\displaystyle \frac{3R_h}{2R}}\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{R_h^2}{\mathrm{}^2}}\right)\left[1{\displaystyle \frac{R_h}{2R}}\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{R_h^2}{\mathrm{}^2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{R^2}{\mathrm{}^2}}\right]`$
$`+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{f_\mathrm{o}(R)}{f_\mathrm{i}(R)}}\right]^{3/2}\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{3m}{R}}+{\displaystyle \frac{3m^2}{R^2}}\right)`$
$`=1{\displaystyle \frac{R_h^2}{4R^2}}\left[1+{\displaystyle \frac{R_h^2}{\mathrm{}^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2R^3}{R_h\mathrm{}^2}}\right]^2\left[1+f_\mathrm{o}(R){\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}^2\left(\mathrm{ln}B_h^2\right)^{}}{\mathrm{}^2+3R_h^2}}\right]^1.`$ (18)
In order to have an explicit expression for the specific heats and to proceed further in our investigation, we need an equation of state, that is an expression for the function $`B_h`$. Let us examine a rather general case assuming a power-law dependence of the function $`B_h`$ on the horizon radius, leading to the temperature

$`T={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{f_\mathrm{o}(R)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi R_h^a}},`$ (19)
with $`a`$ a constant. We can now determine the specific heat at constant area

$`C_R=4\pi f_\mathrm{o}(R)R_h^{a+1}\left(1+3{\displaystyle \frac{R_h^2}{\mathrm{}^2}}\right)\left(2af_\mathrm{o}(R)+R_h{\displaystyle \frac{f_\mathrm{o}(R)}{R_h}}\right)^1.`$ (20)
This implies that $`C_R`$ diverges for

$`0`$ $`=`$ $`2af_\mathrm{o}(R)+R_h{\displaystyle \frac{f_\mathrm{o}(R)}{R_h}}`$ (21)
$`=`$ $`2a\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{R^2}{\mathrm{}^2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{R_h}{R}}\left[(1+2a)+(3+2a){\displaystyle \frac{R_h^2}{\mathrm{}^2}}\right].`$
Let us examine the above equation. One finds that $`C_R`$ has at most one singularity at $`R=R_{\mathrm{}}`$ for

$`\begin{array}{ccc}\{\begin{array}{c}a>0\hfill \\ \\ R_h0\hfill \end{array}\hfill & \mathrm{with}& R_{\mathrm{}}>R_h,\end{array}`$ (26)
and

$`\begin{array}{ccc}\{\begin{array}{c}3/2a1/2\hfill \\ \\ R_h^2{\displaystyle \frac{1+2a}{3+2a}}\mathrm{}^2\hfill \end{array}\hfill & \mathrm{with}& 0R_{\mathrm{}}<R_h.\end{array}`$ (31)
The behaviour of the specific heat at constant tension $`C_P`$ is singular for $`a>3/2`$, as is shown (along with $`C_R`$) in Fig. 1, for any value of $`\mathrm{}`$, and the radius for which the singularity appears decreases as $`a`$ increases.

It is now interesting to compare the above singular behaviours with that of the asymptotically flat case, which is obtained for $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$. For instance, Eq. (21) simplifies considerably and one finds that the singularity moves to

$`R_{\mathrm{}}=\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2a}}\right)R_h,`$ (32)
which is a physical (i.e. positive) radius for $`a>1/2`$ and is larger than $`R_h`$ for $`a>0`$. Let us note that the singularity (31), which occurs inside the shell horizon in AdS, is now replaced by an again hidden (inside the horizon) one for $`1/2<a<0`$.

## 3 Conclusions

We have analysed the thermodynamical behaviour for the collapse of a radiating shell in an AdS space-time, under the assumption that the evolution consists of a succession of equilibrium states, that is the process is quasi-static. On identifying the internal energy and surface tension of the shell, we were able to evaluate the specific heats at constant area and tension and other related thermodynamical quantities when the temperature is given by a power law of the horizon radius as in Eq. (19). Their behavior may suggest the existence of a phase transition before the shell reaches its Schwarzschild radius. Of course, in a realistic case, the shell ADM mass and horizon could change quickly in time and the adiabaticity (quasi-staticity) of the process may be lost. There is however evidence for cases in which the shell naturally emits radiation (having a Hawking temperature) in such a way that its contraction velocity remains small  and the quasi-static approximation can therefore be applied.

The case of the Hawking temperature is not of the form (19) and is analyzed in Appendix A. A very interesting feature of the model is then the appearance of a threshold value for the AdS parameter $`\mathrm{}7R_h/4`$, which leads to two very different behaviours for the specific heats at constant area and tension, as shown in Fig. 2.

We feel that these singularities in thermodynamically quantities such as specific heats may be of relevance and deserve further investigation.

## Appendix A Hawking temperature

Let us examine the case in which the temperature is that of a black hole with horizon radius $`R_h`$ , implying

$`B_h={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi R_h}}\left(1+3{\displaystyle \frac{R_h^2}{\mathrm{}^2}}\right),`$ (1)
which seems to be the most natural choice if we assume that at the end of the collapse the system behaves as if a black hole were being formed (for an analysis supporting the naturalness of this choice see Refs. ). On substituting for $`B_h`$ in Eq. (16) one obtains the equation

$`R+{\displaystyle \frac{R^3}{\mathrm{}^2}}={\displaystyle \frac{R_h}{2}}\left(3+2{\displaystyle \frac{R_h^2}{\mathrm{}^2}}+3{\displaystyle \frac{R_h^4}{\mathrm{}^4}}\right),`$ (2)
which determines the singularity of the specific heat at constant area. Let us note that for $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$, the singularity for the specific heat at constant radius is located at $`R=3M`$ as in the asymptotically flat case \[see Eq. (32) and Ref. \].

In order to examine the singularities of $`C_R`$ and $`C_P`$ for a general value of $`\mathrm{}`$ one must study Eqs. (16) and (18). This analysis shows that for $`\mathrm{}>\mathrm{}_07R_h/4`$, $`C_R`$ has a singularity and changes sign for a finite radius, as shown in Fig. 2. As $`\mathrm{}`$ approaches $`\mathrm{}_0`$ from above, the singularity moves to arbitrarily large values of $`R`$. On the other hand the specific heat at constant tension $`C_P`$, shows a singularity at the horizon $`R_h`$ and at a finite radius. The singularity moves to arbitrarily large radii as $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}_0`$ and $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$. The singularity of $`C_P`$ always occurs for a radius greater than that for which $`C_R`$ is singular.

For the case $`\mathrm{}<\mathrm{}_0`$, $`C_R`$ does not show any singularity and remains positive for any radius of the shell, becoming zero at the horizon radius, whereas $`C_P`$ is regular everywhere except at the horizon, as is shown in Fig. 2. It is worth noting that the singularity in $`C_P`$ is not present in the purely Schwarzschild case, thus it is a peculiar feature for the AdS space-time.

We finally note that for the choice of a Hawking temperature, the entropy, following Eqs. (14) and (1), is given by

$`S={\displaystyle \frac{\delta Q}{T}}=\pi R_h^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(\mathrm{horizon}\mathrm{area}).`$ (3)
This expression will exhibit a simple additive property, in the sense that the entropy of two non-interacting (well separated) shells will just be the sum of the two entropies, as expected for usual thermodynamical systems . Such an additive property also rules out any integration constant in the Eq. (3).