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# Extensions of homogeneous coordinate rings to 𝐴_∞-algebras

## 1. Introduction

Let $`X`$ be a projective variety over a field $`k`$, $`L`$ be a very ample line bundle on $`X`$. Recall that the graded $`k`$-algebra

$$R_L=_{n0}H^0(X,L^n)$$

is called the homogeneous coordinate ring corresponding to $`L`$. More generally, one can consider the bigraded $`k`$-algebra

$$A_L=_{p,q}H^q(X,L^p).$$

We call $`A_L`$ the extended homogeneous coordinate ring corresponding to $`L`$.

Since $`A_L`$ can be represented naturally as the cohomology algebra of some dg-algebra (say, using injective resolutions or Čech cohomology with respect to an affine covering), it is equipped with a family of higher operations called Massey products. A better way of recording this additional structure uses the notion of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebra due to Stasheff. Namely, by the theorem of Kadeishvili the product on $`A_L`$ extends to a canonical (up to $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphism) $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebra structure with $`m_1=0`$ (see  3.3 and references therein). More precisely, this structure is unique up to a strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphism, i.e., an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphism with the identity map as the first structure map (see section 2.1 for details). Note that the axioms of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebra use the cohomological grading on $`A_L`$ (where $`H^q(X,L^p)`$ has cohomological degree $`q`$), and all the operations $`(m_n)`$ have degree zero with respect to the internal grading (where $`H^q(X,L^p)`$ has internal degree $`p`$). The natural question is whether it is possible to characterize intrinsically this canonical class of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures on $`A_L`$. This question is partly motivated by the homological mirror symmetry. Namely, in the case when $`X`$ is a Calabi-Yau manifold, the $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure on $`A_L`$ is supposed to be $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-equivalent to an appropriate $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebra arising on a mirror dual symplectic side. An intrinsic characterization of the $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphism class of our $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure could be helpful in reducing the problem of constructing such an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-equivalence to constructing an isomorphism of the usual associative algebras. More generally, it is conceivable that the algebra $`A_L`$ can appear as cohomology algebra of some other dg-algebras (for example, if there is an equivalence of the derived category of coherent sheaves on $`X`$ with some other such category), so one might be interested in comparing corresponding $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures on $`A_L`$.

Thus, we want to study all $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures $`(m_n)`$ on $`A_L`$ (with respect to the cohomological grading), such that $`m_1=0`$, $`m_2`$ is the standard double product and all $`m_n`$ have degree $`0`$ with respect to the internal grading. Let us call such an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure on $`A_L`$ admissible. As we have already mentioned before, there is a canonical strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphism class of such structures coming from the realization of $`A_L`$ as cohomology of the dg-algebra $`_n𝒞^{}(L^n)`$ where $`𝒞^{}(\mathrm{?})`$ denotes the Čech complex with respect to some open affine covering of $`X`$. By definition, an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure belongs to the canonical class if there exists an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphism from $`A_L`$ equipped with this $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure to the above dg-algebra inducing identity on the cohomology. The simplest picture one could imagine would be that all admissible $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures are strictly $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphic, i.e., that $`A_L`$ is intrinsically formal. It turns out that this is not the case. However, our main theorem below shows that if the cohomology of the structure sheaf on $`X`$ is concentrated in degrees $`0`$ and $`dimX`$ then for sufficiently ample $`L`$ the situation is not too much worse.

We will recall the notion of a homotopy between $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphisms in section 2.1 below. 111All $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphisms and homotopies between them are assumed to respect the internal grading on $`A_L`$. Let us say that an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure is nontrivial if it is not $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphic to an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure with $`m_n=0`$ for $`n2`$. By rescaling of an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure we mean the change of the products $`(m_n)`$ to $`(\lambda ^{n2}m_n)`$ for some constant $`\lambda k^{}`$. Our main result gives a classification of admissible $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures on $`A_L`$ up to a strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphism and rescaling (under certain assumptions).

###### Theorem 1.1.

Let $`L`$ be a very ample line bundle on a $`d`$-dimensional projective variety $`X`$ such that $`H^q(X,L^p)=0`$ for $`q0,d`$ and all $`p`$. Then

(i) up to a strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphism and rescaling there exists a unique non-trivial admissible $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure on $`A_L`$; moreover, $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures on $`A_L`$ from the canonical strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphism class are nontrivial;

(ii) for every pair of strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphisms $`f,f^{}:(m_i)(m_i^{})`$ between admissible $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures on $`A_L`$ there exists a homotopy from $`f`$ to $`f^{}`$.

Remarks. 1. One can unify strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphisms with rescalings by considering $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphisms $`(f_n)`$ with the morphism $`f_1`$ of the form $`f_1(a)=\lambda ^{\mathrm{deg}(a)}`$ for some $`\lambda k^{}`$ (where $`a`$ is a homogeneous element of $`A_L`$). In particular, part (i) of the theorem implies that all non-trivial admissible $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures on $`A_L`$ are $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphic.

2. As we will show in section 2.1, part (ii) of the theorem is equivalent to its particular case when $`f^{}=f`$. In this case the statement is that every strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-automorphism of $`f`$ is homotopic to the identity.

3. If one wants to see more explicitly how a canonical $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure on $`A_L`$ looks like, one has to choose one of the natural dg-algebras with cohomology $`A_L`$ (an obvious algebraic choice is the Čech complex; in the case $`k=`$ one can also use the Dolbeault complex), choose a projector $`\pi `$ from the dg-algebra to some space of representatives for the cohomology such that $`\pi =1dQQd`$ for some operator $`Q`$, and then apply formulas of  for the operations $`m_n`$ (they are given by certain sums over trees).

The above theorem is applicable to every line bundle of sufficiently large degree on a curve. In higher dimensions it can be used for every sufficiently ample line bundle on a $`d`$-dimensional projective variety $`X`$ such that there exists a dualizing sheaf on $`X`$ and $`H^i(X,𝒪_X)=0`$ for $`0<i<d`$. For example, this condition is satisfied for complete intersections in projective spaces. At present we do not know how to extend this theorem to the case when $`𝒪_X`$ has some nontrivial middle cohomology. Note that for a smooth projective variety $`X`$ over $``$ the natural (up to a strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphism) $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure on $`H^{}(X,𝒪_X)`$ is trivial as follows from the formality theorem of . This suggests that for sufficiently ample line bundle $`L`$ one could try to characterize the canonical $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure on $`A_L`$ (up to a strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphism and rescaling) as an admissible $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure whose restriction to $`H^{}(X,𝒪_X)`$ is trivial.

In the case when $`X`$ is a curve we can also compute the group of strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-automorphisms of an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure on $`A_L`$. As we will explain below 2.1, strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphisms on $`A_L`$ form a group $`HG`$, which is a subgroup of automorphisms of the free coalgebra $`\mathrm{Bar}(A_L)`$ (preserving both gradings). The dual to the degree zero component of $`\mathrm{Bar}(A_L)`$ (with respect to both gradings) can be identified with the completed tensor algebra $`\widehat{T}(H^1(X,𝒪_X)^{})=_{n0}T^n(H^1(X,𝒪_X)^{})`$. Therefore, we obtain a natural homomorphism from $`HG`$ to to the group $`G`$ of continuous automorphisms of $`\widehat{T}(H^1(X,𝒪_X)^{})`$.

###### Theorem 1.2.

Let $`L`$ be a very ample line bundle on a projective curve $`X`$ such that $`H^1(X,L)=0`$. Let also $`HG(m)HG`$ be the group of strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-automorphisms of an admissible $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure $`m`$ on $`A_L`$. Then the above homomorphism $`HGG`$ restricts to an isomorphism of $`HG(m)`$ with the subgroup $`G_0G`$ consisting of inner automorphisms of $`\widehat{T}(H^1(X,𝒪_X)^{})`$ by elements in $`1+_{n>0}T^n(H^1(X,𝒪_X)^{})`$.

Assume that $`X`$ is a smooth projective curve. Then there is a canonical noncommutative thickening $`\stackrel{~}{J}`$ of the Jacobian $`J`$ of $`X`$ (see ). As was shown in , a choice of an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure in the canonical strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphism class gives rise to a formal system of coordinates on $`\stackrel{~}{J}`$ at zero. More precisely, by this we mean an isomorphism of the formal completion of the local ring of $`\stackrel{~}{J}`$ at zero with $`\widehat{T}(H^1(X,𝒪_X)^{})`$ inducing the identity map on the tangent spaces. Formal coordinates associated with two strictly isomorphic $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures are related by the coordinate change given by the image of the corresponding $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphism under the homomorphism $`HGG`$. Now Theorem 1.2 implies that two $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures in the canonical class that induce the same formal coordinate on $`\stackrel{~}{J}`$ can be connected by a unique strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphism. Indeed, two such isomorphisms would differ by a strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-automorphism inducing the trivial automorphism of $`\widehat{T}(H^1(X,𝒪_X)^{})`$, but such an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-automorphism is trivial by Theorem 1.2.

Convention. Throughout the paper we work over a fixed ground field $`k`$. The symbol $``$ without additional subscripts always denotes the tensor product over $`k`$.

Acknowledgment. I’d like to thank the referee for helpful remarks and suggestions.

## 2. Preliminaries

### 2.1. Strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphisms and homotopies

We refer to  for an introduction to $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures. We restrict ourselves to several remarks about $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphisms and homotopies between them.

A strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphism between two $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures $`(m)`$ and $`(m^{})`$ on the same graded space $`A`$ is an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphism $`f=(f_n)`$ from $`(A,m)`$ to $`(A,m^{})`$ such that $`f_1=\mathrm{id}`$. The equations connecting $`f`$, $`m`$ and $`m^{}`$ can be interpreted as follows. Recall that $`m`$ and $`m^{}`$ correspond to coderivations $`d_m`$ and $`d_m^{}`$ of the bar-construction $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)=_{n1}T^n(A[1])`$ such that $`d_m^2=d_m^{}^2=0`$. Now every collection $`f=(f_n)_{n1}`$, where $`f_n:A^nA`$ has degree $`1n`$, $`f_1=\mathrm{id}`$, defines a coalgebra automorphism $`\alpha _f:\mathrm{Bar}(A)\mathrm{Bar}(A)`$, with the component $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)A[1]`$ given by $`(f_n)`$. The condition that $`f`$ is an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphism is equivalent to the equation $`\alpha _fd_m=d_m^{}\alpha _f`$. In other words, strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphisms between $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures precisely correspond to the action of the group of automorphisms of $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)`$ as a coalgebra on the space of coderivations $`d`$ such that $`d^2=0`$. More precisely, we consider only automorphisms of $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)`$ of degree $`0`$ inducing the identity map $`AA`$. Let us denote by $`HG=HG(A)`$ the group of such automorphisms which we will also call the group of strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphisms on $`A`$. We will denote by $`mgm`$, where $`gHG`$, the natural action of this group on the set of all $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures on $`A`$.

One can define a decreasing filtration $`(HG_n)`$ of $`HG`$ by normal subgroups by setting

$$HG_n=\{f=(f_i)|f_i=0,1<in\}.$$

Note that $`fHG_n`$ if and only if the restriction of $`\alpha _f`$ to the sub-coalgebra $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)_n=_{in}(A[1])^i`$ is the identity homomorphism. Furthermore, it is also clear that $`HGproj\; lim_nHG/HG_n`$. In particular, an infinite product of strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphisms $`\mathrm{}f(3)f(2)f(1)`$ is well-defined as long as $`f(n)HG_{i(n)}`$, where $`i(n)\mathrm{}`$ as $`n\mathrm{}`$.

The notion of a homotopy between $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphisms is best understood in a more general context of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-categories. Namely, for every pair of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-categories $`𝒞`$, $`𝒟`$ one can define the $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-category $`\mathrm{Fun}(𝒞,𝒟)`$ having $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functors $`F:𝒞𝒟`$ as objects (see , ). In particular, there is a natural notion of closed morphisms between two $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functors $`F,F^{}:𝒞𝒟`$. Specializing to the case when $`𝒞`$ and $`𝒟`$ are $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-categories with one object corresponding to $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebras $`A`$ and $`B`$ we obtain a notion of a closed morphism between a pair of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphisms $`f,f^{}:AB`$. Following  we call such a closed morphism a homotopy between $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphisms $`f`$ and $`f^{}`$. More explicitly, a homotopy $`h`$ is given by a collection of maps $`h_n:A^nB`$ of degree $`n`$, where $`n1`$, satisfying some equations. These equations are written as follows: there exists a unique linear map $`H:\mathrm{Bar}(A)\mathrm{Bar}(B)`$ of degree $`1`$ with the component $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)B`$ given by $`(h_n)`$, such that

(2.1.1)
$$\mathrm{\Delta }H=(\alpha _fH+H\alpha _f^{})\mathrm{\Delta },$$

where $`\alpha _f,\alpha _f^{}:\mathrm{Bar}(A)\mathrm{Bar}(B)`$ are coalgebra homomorphisms corresponding to $`f`$ and $`f^{}`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ denotes the comultiplication. Then the equation connecting $`h`$, $`f`$ and $`f^{}`$ is

(2.1.2)
$$\alpha _f\alpha _f^{}=d_AH+Hd_B,$$

where $`d_A`$ (resp., $`d_B`$) is the coderivation of $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)`$ (resp., $`\mathrm{Bar}(B)`$) corresponding to the $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure on $`A`$ (resp., $`B`$). It is not difficult to check that for a given $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphism $`f`$ from $`A`$ to $`B`$ the equations (2.1.1) and (2.1.2) imply that $`\alpha _f^{}`$ is a homomorphism of dg-coalgebras, so it defines an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphism $`f^{}`$ from $`A`$ to $`B`$. Moreover, similarly to the case of strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphisms we have the following result.

###### Lemma 2.1.

Let $`A`$ and $`B`$ be $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebras and $`f=(f_n)`$ be an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphism from $`A`$ to $`B`$. For every collection $`(h_n)_{n1}`$, where $`h_n:A^nB`$ has degree $`n`$, there exists a unique $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphism $`f^{}`$ from $`A`$ to $`B`$ such that $`h`$ is a homotopy from $`f`$ to $`f^{}`$.

Proof. It is easy to see that equation (2.1.1) is equivalent to the following formula

(2.1.3)
$$\begin{array}{c}H[a_1|\mathrm{}|a_n]=_{i_1<\mathrm{}<i_k<m<j_1<\mathrm{}<j_l=n}\pm [f_{i_1}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_{i_1})|\mathrm{}|f_{i_ki_{k1}}(a_{i_{k1}+1},\mathrm{},a_{i_k})|\hfill \\ h_{mi_k}(a_{i_k+1},\mathrm{}a_m)|f_{j_1m}^{}(a_{m+1},\mathrm{},a_{j_1})|\mathrm{}|f_{j_lj_{l1}}^{}(a_{j_{l1}+1},\mathrm{},a_{j_l})],\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`a_1,\mathrm{},a_nA`$, $`n1`$. We are going to construct the maps $`H|_{\mathrm{Bar}(A)_n}`$ and $`\alpha _f^{}|_{\mathrm{Bar}(A)_n}`$ recursively, so that at each step the equations (2.1.2) and (2.1.3) are satisfied when restricted to $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)_n`$. Of course, we also want $`H`$ to have $`(h_n)`$ as components. Then such a construction will be unique. Note that $`H|_{A[1]}`$ is given by $`h_1`$ and $`\alpha _f^{}|_{A[1]}`$ is given by $`f_1^{}=f_1m_1h_1h_1m_1`$. Now assume that the restrictions of $`H`$ and $`\alpha _f^{}`$ to $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)_{n1}`$ are already constructed, so that the maps $`f_i^{}:A^iB`$ are defined for $`in1`$. Then the formula (2.1.3) defines uniquely the extension of $`H`$ to $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)_n`$ (note that in the RHS of this formula only $`f_i^{}`$ with $`in1`$ appear). It remains to apply formula (2.1.2) to define $`\alpha _f^{}|_{\mathrm{Bar}(A)_n}`$. ∎

Let $`HG`$ be the group of strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphisms on a given graded space $`A`$. In other words, $`HG`$ is the group of degree $`0`$ coalgebra automorphisms of $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)`$ with the componenent $`AA`$ equal to the identity map. This group acts on the set of all $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures on $`A`$. The stabilizer subgroup of some $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure $`m`$ is the group of strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-automorphisms $`HG(m)`$. We can consider the set of all strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-automorphisms $`f_hHG(m)`$ such that there exists a homotopy $`h`$ from the trivial $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-automorphism $`f^{tr}`$ to $`f_h`$ (where $`f_i^{tr}=0`$ for $`i>1`$). It is easy to see that $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-automorphisms of the form $`f_h`$ constitute a normal subgroup in $`HG(m)`$ that we will denote by $`HG(m)^0`$. Furthermore, for every $`gHG`$ we have $`HG_{gm}=gHG(m)^0g^1`$. Also, for a pair of elements $`g_1,g_2HG`$ such that $`m^{}=g_1m=g_2m`$, there exists a homotopy between $`g_1`$ and $`g_2`$ (where $`g_i`$ are considered as $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphisms from $`(A,m)`$ to $`(A,m^{})`$) if and only if $`g_1^1g_2HG(m)^0`$.

### 2.2. Obstructions

Below we use Hochschild cohomology $`HH(A):=HH(A,A)`$ for a graded associative algebra $`A`$ (see  for the corresponding sign convention). When considering $`A=A_L`$ as a graded algebra we equip it with the cohomological grading, so in the situation of Theorem 1.1 this grading has only $`0`$-th and $`d`$-th non-trivial graded components.

The following lemma is well known and its proof is straightforward.

###### Lemma 2.2.

Let $`m`$ and $`m^{}`$ be two admissible $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures on $`A`$. Assume that $`m_i=m_i^{}`$ for $`i<n`$, where $`n3`$.

(i) Set $`c(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)=(m_n^{}m_n)(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)`$. Then $`c`$ is a Hochschild $`n`$-cocycle, i.e.,

$`\delta c(a_1,\mathrm{},a_{n+1})={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}(1)^jc(a_1,\mathrm{},a_ja_{j+1},\mathrm{},a_{n+1})+`$
$`(1)^{n\mathrm{deg}(a_1)}a_1c(a_2,\mathrm{},a_{n+1})+(1)^{n+1}c(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)a_{n+1}=0.`$
(ii) If $`m^{}=fm`$ for a strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphism $`f`$ such that $`f_i=0`$ for $`1<i<n1`$, then setting $`b(a_1,\mathrm{},a_{n1})=(1)^{n1}f_{n1}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_{n1})`$ we get

$$c(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)=\delta b(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n),$$

where $`c`$ is the $`n`$-cocycle defined in (i). Hence, $`c`$ is a Hochschild coboundary.

Thus, the study of admissible $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures on $`A`$ is closely related to the study of certain components of Hochschild cohomology of $`A`$. More precisely, let us denote $`C_{p,q}^n(A)`$ (resp. $`HH_{p,q}^n(A)`$) the space of reduced Hochschild $`n`$-cochains (resp. of $`n`$-th Hochschild cohomology classes) of internal grading $`p`$ and of cohomological grading $`q`$. In other words, $`C_{p,q}^n(A)`$ consists of cochains $`c:A^nA`$ such that $`\mathrm{intdeg}c(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)=\mathrm{intdeg}a_1+\mathrm{}+\mathrm{intdeg}a_np`$, $`\mathrm{deg}c(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)=\mathrm{deg}a_1+\mathrm{}+\mathrm{deg}a_nq`$. Since, all the operations $`m_n`$ respect the internal grading and have (cohomological) degree $`2n`$, we see that the cocycle $`c`$ defined in Lemma 2.2 lives in $`C_{0,n2}^n(A)`$.

There is an analogue of Lemma 2.2 for strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphisms.

###### Lemma 2.3.

Let $`m`$ and $`m^{}`$ be admissible $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures on $`A`$, $`f,f^{}`$ be a pair of strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphisms from $`m`$ to $`m^{}`$. Assume that $`f_i=f_i^{}`$ for $`i<n`$, where $`n2`$.

(i) Set $`c(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)=(f_n^{}f_n)(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)`$. Then $`c`$ is a Hochschild $`n`$-cocycle in $`C_{0,n1}^n(A)`$.

(ii) If $`\varphi :ff^{}`$ is a homotopy such that $`\varphi _i=0`$ for $`i<n1`$, then for $`b(a_1,\mathrm{},a_{n1})=\pm \varphi _{n1}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_{n1})`$ one has $`c=\delta b`$.

## 3. Calculations

### 3.1. Hochschild cohomology

In this subsection we calculate the components of the Hochschild cohomology of $`A=A_L`$ that are relevant for the proof of Theorem 1.1.

Let us set $`R=R_L`$ and let $`R_+=_{n1}R_n`$ be the augmentation ideal in $`R`$, so that $`R/R_+=k`$. Recall that the bar-construction provides a free resolution of $`k`$ as $`R`$-module of the form

(3.1.1)
$$\mathrm{}R_+R_+RR_+RRk.$$

For graded $`R`$-bimodules $`M_1,\mathrm{},M_n`$ we consider the bar-complex

$$B^{}(M_1,\mathrm{},M_n)=M_1T(R_+)M_2\mathrm{}T(R_+)M_n,$$

where $`T(R_+)`$ is the tensor algebra of $`R_+`$. This is just the tensor product over $`T(R_+)`$ of the bar-complexes of $`M_1,\mathrm{},M_n`$ (where $`M_1`$ is considered as a right $`R`$-module, $`M_2,\mathrm{},M_{n1}`$ as $`R`$-bimodules, and $`M_n`$ as a left $`R`$-module). The grading in this complex is induced by the cohomological grading of the tensor algebra $`T(R_+)`$ defined by $`\mathrm{deg}T^i(R_+)=i`$, so that $`B^{}(M_1,\mathrm{},M_n)`$ is concentrated in nonnegative degrees and the differential has degree $`1`$. For example, $`B^{}(k,R)`$ is the bar-resolution (3.1.1) of $`k`$.

###### Proposition 3.1.

Under the assumptions of Theorem 1.1 let us consider the graded $`R`$-module $`M=_iH^d(X,L^i)`$. Let $`M_1,\mathrm{},M_n`$ be graded $`R`$-bimodules such that each of them is isomorphic to $`M`$ as a (graded) right $`R`$-module and as a left $`R`$-module.

(i) The complex $`B^{}(k,M)=T(R_+)M`$ has one-dimensional cohomology, which is concentrated in degree $`d1`$ and internal degree $`0`$.

(ii) $`H^i(B^{}(M_1,M_2))=0`$ for $`id1`$ and $`H^{d1}(B^{}(M_1,M_2))`$ is isomorphic to $`M`$ as a (graded) right $`R`$-module and as a left $`R`$-module.

(iii) $`H^i(B^{}(M_1,\mathrm{},M_n))=0`$ for $`i>(n1)(d+1)`$.

(iv) $`H^i(B^{}(k,M_1,\mathrm{},M_n,k))=0`$ for $`i>n(d+1)`$. In addition, the space $`H^{d1}(B^{}(k,M_1,k))`$ is one-dimensional and has internal degree $`0`$.

Proof. (i) Localizing the exact sequence (3.1.1) on $`X`$ and tensoring with $`L^m`$, where $`m`$, we obtain the following exact sequence of vector bundles on $`X`$:

(3.1.2)
$$\mathrm{}_{n_1,n_2>0}R_{n_1}R_{n_2}L^{mn_1n_2}_{n>0}R_nL^{mn}L^m0.$$

Each term in this sequence is a direct sum of a number of copies of line bundles $`L^n`$: for a finite-dimensional vector space $`V`$ we denote by $`VL^n`$ the direct sum of $`dimV`$ copies of $`L^n`$. Now let us consider the spectral sequence with $`E_1`$-term given by the cohomology of all sheaves in this complex and abutting to zero (this sequence converges since we can compute cohomology using Čech resolutions with respect to a finite open affine covering of $`X`$). The $`E_1`$-term consists of two rows: one obtained by applying the functor $`H^0(X,)`$ to (3.1.2), another obtained by applying $`H^d(X,)`$. The row of $`H^0`$’s has form

$$\mathrm{}_{n_1,n_2>0}R_{n_1}R_{n_2}R_{mn_1n_2}_{n>0}R_nR_{mn}R_m0$$

which is just the $`m`$-th homogeneous component of the bar-resolution. Hence, this complex is exact for $`m0`$. Since the sequence abuts to zero the row of $`H^d`$’s should also be exact for $`m0`$. For $`m=0`$ the row of $`H^0`$’s reduces to the single term $`H^0(X,𝒪_X)=k`$, hence, the row of $`H^d`$’s in this case has one-dimensional cohomology at $`(d+1)`$th term and is exact elsewhere.

(ii) Consider the filtration on $`B^{}(M_1,M_2)`$ associated with the $``$-grading on $`M_2`$. By part (i) the corresponding spectral sequence has the term $`E_1H^{d1}(M_1T(R_+))M_2M_2`$. Hence, it degenerates in this term and

$$H^{}(K^{})H^{d1}(K^{})M$$

as a right $`R`$-module. Similarly, the spectral sequence associated with the filtration on $`K^{}`$ induced by the $``$-grading on $`M_2`$ gives an isomorphism of left $`R`$-modules $`H^{d1}(K^{})M`$.

(iii) For $`n=2`$ this follows from (ii). Now let $`n>2`$ and assume that the assertion holds for $`n^{}<n`$. We can consider $`B^{}(M_1,\mathrm{},M_n)`$ as the total complex associated with a bicomplex, where the bidegree $`(\mathrm{deg}_0,\mathrm{deg}_1)`$ on $`M_1T(R_+)\mathrm{}T(R_+)M_n`$ is given by

$$\mathrm{deg}_0(x_1t_1\mathrm{}t_{n1}x_n)=\underset{i0(2)}{}\mathrm{deg}(t_i),$$

$$\mathrm{deg}_1(x_1t_1\mathrm{}t_{n1}x_n)=\underset{i1(2)}{}\mathrm{deg}(t_i),$$

where $`t_iT(R_+)`$, $`x_iM_i`$, $`\mathrm{deg}`$ denotes the cohomological degree on $`T(R_+)`$. Therefore, there is a spectral sequence abbuting to cohomology of $`B^{}(M_1,\mathrm{},M_n)`$ with the $`E_1`$-term

$$H^{}(M_1T(R_+)M_2)T(R_+)H^{}(M_3T(R_+)M_4)\mathrm{},$$

where the last factor of the tensor product is either $`M_n`$ or $`H^{}(M_{n1}T(R_+)M_n)`$. Using part (ii) we see that $`E_1`$ is isomorphic to the complex of the form

$$B^{}(M_1^{},\mathrm{},M_n^{}^{})[(nn^{})(d+1)]$$

with $`n^{}<n`$. It remains to apply the induction assumption.

(iv) Consider first the case $`n=1`$. The complex $`B^{}(k,M_1,k)=T(R_+)M_1T(R_+)`$ is the total complex of the bicomplex $`(_1\mathrm{id},\mathrm{id}_2)`$, where $`_1`$ and $`_2`$ are bar-differentials on $`T(R_+)M_1`$ and $`M_1T(R_+)`$. Our assertion follows immediately from (i) by considering the spectral sequence associated with this bicomplex.

Now assume that for some $`n>1`$ the assertion holds for all $`n^{}<n`$. As before we view $`B^{}(k,M_1,\mathrm{},M_n,k)`$ as the total complex of a bicomplex by defining the bidegree on $`T(R_+)M_1\mathrm{}M_nT(R_+)`$ as follows:

$$\mathrm{deg}_0(t_0x_1t_1\mathrm{}x_nt_n)=\underset{i0(2)}{}\mathrm{deg}(t_i),$$

$$\mathrm{deg}_1(t_0x_1t_1\mathrm{}x_nt_n)=\underset{i1(2)}{}\mathrm{deg}(t_i).$$

Assume first that $`n`$ is even. Then there is a spectral sequence associated with the above bicomplex abutting to the cohomology of $`B^{}(k,M_1,\mathrm{},M_n,k)`$ and with the $`E_1`$-term

$$T(R_+)H^{}(M_1T(R_+)M_2)T(R_+)\mathrm{}H^{}(M_{n1}T(R_+)M_n)T(R_+).$$

Using (ii) we see that $`E_1`$ is isomorphic to the complex of the form

$$B^{}(k,M_1^{},\mathrm{},M_{n/2}^{},k)[n(d+1)/2],$$

so we can apply the induction assumption. If $`n`$ is odd then we consider another spectral sequence associated with the above bicomplex, so that

$`E_1=`$ $`H^{}(T(R_+)M_1)T(R_+)`$
$`H^{}(M_2T(R_+)M_3)T(R_+)\mathrm{}H^{}(M_{n1}T(R_+)M_n)T(R_+).`$
By (i) and (ii) this complex is isomorphic to $`B^{}(k,M_1^{},\mathrm{},M_{(n1)/2}^{},k)[(n+1)(d+1)/2]`$. Again we can finish the proof by applying the induction assumption. ∎

We will also need the following simple lemma.

###### Lemma 3.2.

Let $`C^{}`$ be a complex in an abelian category equipped with a decreasing filtration $`C^{}=F^0C^{}F^1C^{}F^2C^{}\mathrm{}`$ such that $`C^n=\mathrm{proj}.\mathrm{lim}_iC^n/F^iC^n`$ for all $`n`$. Let $`\mathrm{gr}_iC^{}=F^iC^{}/F^{i+1}C^{}`$, $`i=0,1,\mathrm{}`$ be the associated graded factors. Assume that $`H^n\mathrm{gr}_iC^{}=0`$ for all $`i>0`$ and for some fixed $`n`$. Then the natural map $`H^nC^{}H^n\mathrm{gr}_0C^{}`$ is injective.

Proof. Considering an exact sequence of complexes

$$0F^1C^{}C^{}\mathrm{gr}_0C^{}0$$

one can easily reduce the proof to the case $`H^n\mathrm{gr}_iC^{}=0`$ for all $`i0`$. In this case we have to show that $`H^nC^{}=0`$. Let $`cC^n`$ be a cocycle and let $`c_i`$ be its image in $`C^n/F^iC^n`$. It suffices to construct a sequence of elements $`x_iC^{n1}/F^iC^{n1}`$, $`i=1,2,\mathrm{}`$, such that $`x_{i+1}x_imodF^iC^{n1}`$ and $`c_i=d(i)x_i`$, where $`d(i)`$ is the differential on $`C^{}/F^iC^{}`$. Since $`n`$-th cohomology of $`C^{}/F^1C^{}=\mathrm{gr}_0C^{}`$ is trivial we can find $`x_1`$ such that $`c_1=d(1)x_1`$. Then we proceed by induction: once $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_i`$ are chosen an easy diagram chase using the exact triple of complexes

$$0\mathrm{gr}_iC^{}C^{}/F^{i+1}C^{}C^{}/F^iC^{}0$$

and the vanishing of $`H^n(\mathrm{gr}_iC^{})`$ show that $`x_{i+1}`$ exists. ∎

###### Theorem 3.3.

Under the assumptions of Theorem 1.1 one has $`HH_{0,md}^i(A)=0`$ for $`i<m(d+2)`$ and $`dimHH_{0,d}^{d+2}(A)1`$, where $`A=A_L`$.

Proof. Set $`C^i=C_{0,md}^i(A)`$ (see 2.2). Note that Hochschild differential maps $`C^i`$ into $`C^{i+1}`$ (since $`m_2`$ preserves both gradings on $`A`$). Recall that the decomposition of $`A`$ into graded pieces with respect to the cohomological degree has form $`A=RM`$, where $`R`$ has degree $`0`$ and $`M=_iH^d(X,L^i)`$ has degree $`d`$. The natural augmentation of $`A`$ is given by the ideal $`A_+=R_+M`$. Each of the spaces $`C^i`$ decomposes into a direct sum $`C^i=C^i(0)C^i(d)`$, where $`C^i(0)\mathrm{Hom}(A_+^i,R)`$, $`C^i(d)\mathrm{Hom}(A_+^i,M)`$. More precisely, the space $`C^i(0)`$ consists of linear maps

(3.1.3)
$$[T(R_+)MT(R_+)\mathrm{}MT(R_+)]_iR$$

preserving the internal grading, where there are $`m`$ factors of $`M`$ in the tensor product and the index $`i`$ refers to the total number of factors $`H^{}(L^{})`$ (so that the LHS can be considered as a subspace of $`A_+^i`$). Similarly, the space $`C^i(d)`$ consists of linear maps

$$[T(R^+)MT(R_+)\mathrm{}MT(R_+)]_iM$$

preserving the internal grading, where there is $`m+1`$ factors of $`M`$ in the tensor product. Clearly, $`C^{}(d)`$ is a subcomplex in $`C^{}`$, so we have an exact sequence of complexes

$$0C^{}(d)C^{}C^{}(0)0.$$

Therefore, it suffices to prove that $`H^i(C^{}(0))=H^i(C^{}(d))=0`$ for $`i<m(d+2)`$, and that in the case $`m=1`$ one has in addition $`H^{d+2}(C^{}(d))=0`$ and $`dimH^{d+2}(C^{}(0))1`$.

To compute the cohomology of these two complexes we can use spectral sequences associated with some natural filtrations to reduce the problem to simpler complexes. First, let us consider the decomposition

$$C^{}(0)=\underset{j0}{}C^{}(0)_j,$$

where $`C^i(0)_jC^i(0)`$ is the space of maps (3.1.3) with the image contained in $`H^0(L^j)R`$. The differential on $`C^{}(0)`$ has form

$$\delta (x_j)_{j0}=(\underset{j^{}j}{}\delta _{j^{},j}x_j^{})_{j0}$$

for some maps $`\delta _{j^{},j}:C^{}(0)_j^{}C^{}(0)_j`$, where $`j^{}j`$. By Lemma 3.2 it suffices to prove that one has $`H^i(C^{}(0)_j,\delta _{j,j})=0`$ for $`i<m(d+2)`$ and all $`j`$, while for $`m=1`$ one has in addition $`H^{d+2}(C^{}(0)_j,\delta _{j,j})=0`$ for $`j>0`$ and $`dimH^{d+2}(C^{}(0)_0,\delta _{0,0})1`$. But

$$(C^{}(0)_j,\delta _{j,j})=\mathrm{Hom}(K_{m,j}^{},R_j)[m],$$

where $`K_m^{}=B^{}(k,M,\mathrm{},M,k)`$ ($`m`$ copies of $`M`$) and $`K_{m,j}^{}`$ is its $`j`$-th graded component with respect to the internal grading. Here we use the following convention for the grading on the dual complex: $`\mathrm{Hom}(K^{},R)^i=\mathrm{Hom}(K^i,R)`$. Therefore, Proposition 3.1(iv) implies that cohomology of $`C^{}(0)_j`$ is concentrated in degrees $`m(d+1)+m=m(d+2)`$. Moreover, for $`m=1`$ the $`(d+2)`$-th cohomology space is non-zero only for $`j=0`$, in which case it is one-dimensional.

For the complex $`C^{}(d)`$ we have to use a different filtration (since $`M`$ is not bounded below with respect to the internal grading). Consider the decreasing filtration on $`C^{}(d)`$ induced by the following grading on $`T(R^+)MT(R_+)\mathrm{}MT(R_+)`$:

$$\mathrm{deg}(t_1x_1t_2\mathrm{}x_{m+1}t_{m+2})=\mathrm{deg}(t_1)+\mathrm{deg}(t_{m+2}),$$

where $`t_iT(R_+)`$, $`x_iM`$, the degree of $`R_+`$ is taken to be $`1`$. The associated graded complex is

$$\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathrm{gr}}(T(R^+)B^{}(M,\mathrm{},M)T(R^+),M)[m1],$$

where there are $`m+1`$ factors of $`M`$ in the bar-construction. It remains to apply Proposition 3.1(iii). ∎

### 3.2. Some Massey products

In this subsection we will show the nontriviality of the canonical class of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures on $`A_L`$ and combine it with our computations of the Hochschild cohomology to prove the main theorem.

Note that the canonical class of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures can be defined in a more general context. Namely, if $`𝒞`$ is an abelian category with enough injectives then we can define the canonical class of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures on the derived category $`D^+(𝒞)`$ of bounded below complexes over $`𝒞`$. Indeed, one can use the equivalence of $`D^+(𝒞)`$ with the homotopy category of complexes with injective terms and apply Kadeishvili’s construction to the dg-category of such complexes (see ,1.2 for more details). In the case when $`𝒞`$ is the category of coherent sheaves the resulting $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure is strictly $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphic to the structure obtained using Čech resolutions (since the relevant dg-categories are equivalent). In this context we have the following construction of nontrivial Massey products.

###### Lemma 3.4.

Let $`𝒞`$ be an abelian category with enough injectives,

$$0_0\stackrel{\alpha _1}{}_1\stackrel{\alpha _2}{}_2\mathrm{}\stackrel{\alpha _n}{}_n0$$

be an exact sequence in $`𝒞`$, where $`n2`$, and let $`\beta :_n_0[n1]`$ be a morphism in the derived category $`D^b(𝒞)`$ corresponding to the Yoneda extension class in $`\mathrm{Ext}^{n1}(_n,_0)`$ represented by the above sequence. Assume that $`\mathrm{Ext}^{ji1}(_j,_i)=0`$ when $`0i<jn1`$. Then

$$m_{n+1}(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _n,\beta )=\pm \mathrm{id}__0$$

for any $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure $`(m_i)`$ on $`D^b(𝒞)`$ from the canonical class.

Proof. Assume first that $`n=2`$. Then $`m_3(\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\beta )`$ is the unique value of the well-defined triple Massey product in $`D^b(𝒞)`$ (see , 1.1). Using the standard recipe for its calculation (see , IV.2) we immediately get that $`m_3(\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\beta )=\mathrm{id}`$.

For general $`n`$ we can proceed by induction. Assume that the statement is true for $`n1`$. Set $`_{n1}^{}=\mathrm{ker}(\alpha _n)`$. Then we have exact sequences

(3.2.1)
$$0_0\stackrel{\alpha _1}{}_1\mathrm{}_{n2}\stackrel{\alpha _{n1}^{}}{}_{n1}^{}0,$$

(3.2.2)
$$0_{n1}^{}\stackrel{i}{}_{n1}\stackrel{\alpha _n}{}_n0,$$

where $`m_2(\alpha _{n1}^{},i)=i\alpha _{n1}^{}=\alpha _{n1}`$. By the definition, we have $`\beta =m_2(\gamma ,\beta ^{})`$, where $`\beta ^{}\mathrm{Ext}^{n2}(_{n1}^{},_0)`$ and $`\gamma \mathrm{Ext}^1(_n,_{n1}^{})`$ are the extension classes corresponding to these exact sequences. Applying the $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-axiom to the elements $`(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _n,\gamma ,\beta ^{})`$ and using the vanishing of $`m_{ni+2}(\alpha _{i+1},\mathrm{},a_n,\gamma ,\beta ^{})\mathrm{Ext}^{i1}(_i,_0)`$ for $`0<i<n`$, we get

(3.2.3)
$$m_{n+1}(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _n,\beta )=\pm m_n(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _{n1},m_3(\alpha _{n1},\alpha _n,\gamma ),\beta ^{}).$$

Furthermore, applying the $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-axiom to the elements $`(\alpha _{n1}^{},i,\alpha _n,\gamma )`$ we get

(3.2.4)
$$m_3(\alpha _{n1},\alpha _n,\gamma )=\pm m_2(\alpha _{n1}^{},m_3(i,\alpha _n,\gamma )).$$

Next, we claim that sequences (3.2.1) and (3.2.2) satisfy the assumptions of the lemma. Indeed, for (3.2.1) this is clear, so we just have to check that $`\mathrm{Hom}(_{n1},_{n1}^{})=0`$. The exact sequence (3.2.1) gives a resolution $`_0\mathrm{}_{n2}`$ of $`_{n1}^{}`$ and we can compute $`\mathrm{Hom}(_{n1},_{n1}^{})`$ using this resolution. Now the required vanishing follows from our assumption that $`\mathrm{Ext}^{ni2}(_{n1},_i)=0`$ for $`0in2`$. Therefore, we have

$$m_3(i,\alpha _n,\gamma )=\mathrm{id}.$$

Together with (3.2.4) this implies that

$$m_3(\alpha _{n1},\alpha _n,\gamma )=\pm \alpha _{n1}^{}.$$

Substituting this into (3.2.3) we get

$$m_{n+1}(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _n,\beta )=\pm m_n(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _{n1},\alpha _{n1}^{},\beta ^{}).$$

It remains to apply the induction assumption to the sequence (3.2.1). ∎

Proof of Theorem 1.1. (i) Since the algebra $`A=A_L`$ is concentrated in degrees $`0`$ and $`d`$, the first potentially nontrivial higher product of an admissible $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure $`(m_i)`$ on $`A`$ is $`m_{d+2}`$. Therefore, by Lemma 2.2 for every such $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure $`(m_i)`$ on $`A`$ the map $`m_{d+2}`$ induces a cohomology class $`[m_{d+2}]HH_{0,d}^{d+2}(A)`$. We claim that if $`(m_i^{})`$ is another admissible $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure on $`A`$ then $`(m_i)`$ is strictly $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphic to $`(m_i^{})`$ if and only if $`[m_{d+2}]=[m_{d+2}^{}]`$. Indeed, this follows from Lemma 2.2 and from the vanishing of higher obstructions due to Theorem 3.3 (these obstructions lie in $`HH_{0,md}^{md+2}(A)`$ where $`m>1`$, and the vanishing follows since $`md+2<m(d+2)`$). In particular, an admissible $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure $`(m_i)`$ is nontrivial if and only if $`[m_{d+2}]0`$. Since by Theorem 3.3 the space $`HH_{0,d}^{d+2}(A)`$ is at most one-dimensional, it remains to prove the nontriviality of an admissible $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure from the canonical class. Replacing $`L`$ by its sufficiently high power if necessary we can assume that there exists $`d+1`$ sections $`s_1,\mathrm{},s_{d+1}H^0(L)`$ without common zeroes. The corresponding Koszul complex gives an exact sequence

$$0𝒪𝒪^{(d+1)}_𝒪L𝒪^{\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{d+1}{2}\right)}_𝒪L^2\mathrm{}𝒪^{(d+1)}_𝒪L^dL^{d+1}0.$$

By our assumptions this sequence satisfies the conditions required in Lemma 3.4, hence we get a nontrivial $`(d+2)`$-ple Massey product for our $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure.

(ii) Applying Lemma 2.3 we see that obstructions for connecting two strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphisms by a homotopy lie in $`_{m1}HH_{0,md}^{md+1}(A)`$. But this space is zero by Theorem 3.3. ∎

###### Corollary 3.5.

Under assumptions of Theorem 1.1 the space $`HH_{0,d}^{d+2}(A_L)`$ is one-dimensional.

Proof. Indeed, from Theorem 3.3 we know that $`dimHH_{0,d}^{d+2}(A_L)1`$. If this space were zero then the above argument would show that all admissible $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures on $`A_L`$ are trivial. But we know that $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures on $`A_L`$ from the canonical class are nontrivial. ∎

Remark. One can ask whether there exists an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure on $`A_L`$ from the canonical class such that $`m_n=0`$ for $`n>d+2`$ or at least $`m_n=0`$ for all sufficiently large $`n`$. However, even in the case of smooth curves of genus $`1`$ the answer is “no”. The proof can be obtained using the construction of a universal deformation of a coherent sheaf (when it exists) using the canonical $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure, outlined in . For example, it is shown there that the products

$$m_{n+2}:H^1(𝒪_X)^nH^0(L^{n_1})H^0(L^{n_2})H^0(L^{n_1+n_2})$$

appear as coefficients in the universal deformation of the structure sheaf. The base of this family is $`\mathrm{Spec}R`$, where $`Rk[[t_1,\mathrm{},t_g]]`$ is the completed symmetric algebra of $`H^1(𝒪_X)^{}`$. If all sufficiently large products were zero, this family would be induced by the base change from some family over an open neighborhood $`U`$ of zero in the affine space $`𝔸^g`$. But this would imply that the embedding of $`\mathrm{Spec}R`$ into the Jacobian (corresponding to the isomorphism of $`R`$ with the completion of the local ring of the Jacobian at zero) factors through $`U`$, which is false.

### 3.3. Proof of Theorem 1.2

Theorem 1.1(i) easily implies that every admissible $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure on $`A=A_L`$ is (strictly) $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphic to some strictly unital $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure. Therefore, it is enough to prove our statement for strictly unital structures. Recall that the group of strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-isomorphisms $`HG`$ is the group of coalgebra automorphisms of $`\mathrm{Bar}(A_L)`$ inducing the identity map $`A_LA_L`$ and preserving two grading on $`\mathrm{Bar}(A_L)`$ induced by the two gradings of $`A_L`$. Thus, we can identify $`HG`$ with a subgroup of algebra automorphisms of the completed cobar-construction $`\mathrm{Cobar}(A_L)=_{n0}T^n(A_L^{}[1])`$ (our convention is that passing to dual vector space changes the grading to the opposite one).

By Theorem 1.1(ii) for every strict $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-automorphism $`f`$ of an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure $`m`$ there exists a homotopy from $`f`$ to the trivial $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-automorphism $`f^{tr}`$. Let $`\alpha =\alpha _f^{}`$ be the automorphism of $`\mathrm{Cobar}(A_L)`$ corresponding to $`f`$ and $`h=H^{}:\mathrm{Cobar}(A_L)\mathrm{Cobar}(A_L)[1]`$ be the map giving the homotopy from $`f`$ to $`f^{tr}`$. The equations dual to (2.1.1) and (2.1.2) in our case have form

$$h(xy)=h(x)y\pm \alpha (x)h(y),$$

$$\alpha =\mathrm{id}+dh+hd,$$

where $`d`$ is the differential on $`\mathrm{Cobar}(A_L)`$ associated with $`m`$. Recall that $`A_L=H^0H^1`$, where $`H^0=_{n0}H^0(X,L^n)`$, $`H^1=_{n0}H^1(X,L^n)`$. Since $`h`$ has degree $`1`$ we have $`h((H^1)^{}[1])=0`$ and $`h((H^0)^{}[1])\widehat{T}((H^1)^{}[1])`$. Furthermore, since $`h`$ preserves the internal degree, we have $`h(H^0(X,L^n)^{}[1])=0`$ for all $`n>0`$. Let $`ϵ(H^0)^{}[1]\mathrm{Cobar}(A_L)`$ be an element corresponding to the natural projection $`H^0H^0(X,𝒪_X)k`$. Then we have $`A_L^{}[1]=kϵV`$, where $`V=(H^1)^{}[1](_{n>0}H^0(X,L^n))^{}[1]`$, and $`h(V)=0`$. Let $`V\mathrm{Cobar}(A_L)`$ be the subalgebra topologically generated by $`V`$. Then $`h`$ vanishes on $`V`$. Also, for every $`xV`$ we have

$$dx=ϵx+xϵmodV$$

since our $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure is strictly unital. Hence, for $`xV`$ we have

$$\alpha (x)=x+h(dx)=x+h(ϵ)x\alpha (x)h(ϵ),$$

which implies that

$$\alpha (x)=(1+h(ϵ))x(1+h(ϵ))^1.$$

In particular, the restriction of $`\alpha `$ to the subalgebra $`\widehat{T}(H^1(X,𝒪_X)^{}[1])`$ is the inner automorphism associated with the invertible element $`1+h(ϵ)\widehat{T}(H^1(X,𝒪_X)^{}[1])`$. On the other hand, we have

$$dϵ=ϵ^2modV.$$

Hence,

$$\alpha (ϵ)=ϵ+dh(ϵ)+h(ϵ)ϵ\alpha (ϵ)h(ϵ),$$

so that

$$\alpha (ϵ)=(1+h(ϵ))ϵ(1+h(ϵ))^1+dh(ϵ)(1+h(ϵ))^1.$$

Thus, $`\alpha `$ is uniquely determined by $`h(ϵ)`$. Also, by Lemma 2.1 $`h(ϵ)`$ can be an arbitrary element of $`_{n1}T^n(H^1(X,𝒪_X)^{}[1])`$. ∎


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# X-ray absorption via K𝛼 resonance complexes in oxygen ions

## 1 Introduction

K-shell excitation leads to the formation of resonance complexes in all atomic systems, with the exception of H- and He-like ions. The K$`\alpha `$ complex in particular, associated with the 1s $``$ 2p transition, is expected to be generally strong. The same transitions in H- and He-like ions are well known and have been observed in many Chandra and XMM-Newton sources (e.g. Branduardi-Raymont et al. 2001, Lee et al. 2001, Ness et al. 2001, Sako et al. 2002); they are bound-bound transitions and their wavelengths and oscillator strengths have been determined to very high accuracy for most elements (e.g. Drake 1979, Savukov, Johnson, and Safronova 2002). However, there is very little reliable data in literature for resonances since they involve autoionizing states, not readily computed theoretically or observed experimentally.

We refer to lines as due to transitions between initial and final bound levels, and to resonances as due to transitions between a bound level and an interacting bound and continuum state (quasi-bound). The resonance may decay into the continuum with a finite lifetime, leading to a resonance or autoionization width in energy; it may also decay radiatively to a bound level as in the di-electronic recombination process. In astrophysical observations, with resolution usually lower than typical autoionization widths of the order of meV, line and resonance features look similar. In X-ray work, resonances are often referred to as ‘inner-shell lines’, although resonances need not be associated with inner-shells excitations alone. While the relevant transition matrix elements may be computed by atomic structure codes by explicitly coupling the bound and continuum wavefunctions in an isolated resonance approximation, the well established close-coupling approximation from atomic collision theory enables a complete description of the coupled wavefunctions and interference effects in resonances. Following traditional atomic physics usage, we refer to a complex as a set of lines or resonances belonging to the same principal quantum number. (Eissner and Nussbaumer 1969, and references therein).

Recently, theoretical calculations of wavelengths and resonance oscillator strengths for the O VI KLL resonances (Pradhan 2000) predicted a feature at 22.05 $`\AA `$ that was later detected for the first time in the Chandra spectra of Seyfert 1 galaxy MCG$``$6-30-15 by Lee et al. (2001). Similar calculations have now been carried out for the Li-like ions, C IV, O VI, and Fe XXIV (Nahar, Pradhan, and Zhang 2001). These resonance oscillator strengths are needed in order to interpret the X-ray spectra of many sources. Of prime interest is the plasma in active galactic nuclei, photoionised by and surrounding the central source. We may expect that all ionization states of oxygen might be present in such sources, and should be identifiable through their K$`\alpha `$ resonance complexes, potentially leading to the determination of column densities and ionization fractions. Identifications of K- and L-shell transitions in Oxygen and several other elements have also been made in the XMM-Newton spectra of Mrk 766 (Ogle et al. 2002, Mason et al. 2002), MCG$``$6-30-15 6 (Branduardi-Raymont et al. 2001, Lee et al. 2001), and other sources (Kaastra et al. 2002, Blustin et al. 2002). To enable the identification and analysis of such features, in this brief Letter we present the K$`\alpha `$ resonance strengths derived from large-scale relativistic close coupling calculations for the photoionization cross sections of all ions from O I to O VI.

## 2 Theory and computations

A procedure for computing resonance oscillator strengths has been described recently by Pradhan (2000). It is well known that we may relate the line oscillator strength and the bound-free photoionization cross section $`\sigma _{PI}`$ to the differential oscillator strength

$$\frac{df}{dϵ}=[\begin{array}{c}\frac{\nu ^3}{2z^2}f_{line},ϵI\hfill \end{array}$$
(1)
where I the ionization potential, z the ion charge, $`\nu `$ the effective quantum number at $`ϵ=\frac{z^2}{\nu ^2}`$ in Rydbergs, and $`\alpha `$ and $`a_0`$ are the fine structure constant and the Bohr radius respectively. The quantity $`\frac{df}{dϵ}`$ describes the strength of photoabsorption per unit energy, in the discrete bound-bound region as well as the continuum bound-free region, continuously across the ionization threshold.

The $`\frac{df}{dϵ}`$ reflects the same resonance structure as the $`\sigma _{PI}`$ in the bound-free continuum. Combining the two forms of $`\frac{df}{dϵ}`$ we therefore define, in the vicinity of a resonance, the integrated ‘resonance oscillator strength’ as:

$$f_r(J_iJ_f)=_{\mathrm{\Delta }E_r}\left(\frac{df(J_iJ_f)}{dϵ}\right)𝑑ϵ=\left(\frac{1}{4\pi ^2\alpha a_0^2}\right)\sigma _{\mathrm{PI}}(ϵ;J_iJ_f)𝑑ϵ,$$
(2)
where $`J_i,J_f`$ represent the initial bound and the continuum symmetries. Eq. (2) may be evaluated from the detailed $`\sigma _{PI}`$ for the symmetries concerned provided the resonance profile is sufficiently well delineated. In practice this is often difficult and elaborate methods need to be employed to obtain accurate positions and profiles (the background and the peaks) of resonances. Furthermore, relativistic effects need to be included to differentiate the fine structure components. Using the coupled channel formulation based on the R-matrix and the relativistic Breit-Pauli R-matrix (BPRM) method (Burke et al. 1971, Berrington et al. 1995) a large number of photoionization cross sections have been calculated for all astrophysically abundant elements including resonance structures, particularly in the Opacity Project and the Iron Project works (Seaton et al. 1994, Hummer et al. 1993). We compute the $`\frac{df}{dϵ}`$ for all ions under consideration from photoionization cross sections from elaborate and extensive relativistic close coupling calculations using the BPRM method. In Eq. (2) the resonance oscillator strength $`f_r`$ is integrated over $`\mathrm{\Delta }E_r`$, the energy range associated with the autoionization width(s). An advantage of the present method is that $`f_r`$ may be computed not only for an isolated resonance, but also for overlapping complex of resonances that may not be observationally resolved.

In the close-coupling or the coupled-channel approximation the bound or resonant (e + ion) system is represented by a wavefunction expansion over coupled levels of the ‘core’ or ‘target’ ion described by configuration-interaction type eigenfunctions. The presnet calculations for O-ions employ expansions for initial ground states and K$`\alpha `$ resonances associated with all different (e + ion) continua (symmetry) using a number of configuration-interaction type target ion configurations, including those with 1s-hole in the K-shell and 2s-hole in the L-shell. The extensive list of such spectroscopic configurations, and other computational details such as (e + ion) short-range correlation configurations, will be reported elsewhere. We note that these close-coupling calculations are based on the theory of atomic collisions, and are quite different from atomic structure calculations generally employed to compute line oscillator strengths.

The resonant transitions from the ground state of an Oxygen ion into the K$`\alpha `$ autoionizing resonances are:

$$\begin{array}{c}OI:1s^22s^22p^4(^3P_2)+h\nu 1s2s^22p^5(^3P_{0,1,2}^o,^1P_1^o)\hfill \\ OII:1s^22s^22p^3(^4S_{3/2}^o)+h\nu 1s2s^22p^4(^4P_{1/2,3/2/,5/2},^2D_{3/2,5/2},^2S_{1/2},^2P_{1/2,3/2})\hfill \\ OIII:1s^22s^22p^2(^3P_0)+h\nu 1s2s^22p^3(^5S_2^o,^3D_{1,2,3}^o,^1D_2^o,^3S_1^o,^3P_{0,1,2}^o,^1P_1^o)\hfill \\ OIV:1s^22s^22p(^2P_{1/2}^o)+h\nu 1s2s^22p^2(^4P_{1/2,3/2/,5/2},^2D_{3/2,5/2},^2S_{1/2},^2P_{1/2,3/2})\hfill \\ OV:1s^22s^2(^1S_0)+h\nu 1s2s^22p(^3P_{0,1,2}^o,^1P_1^o)\hfill \\ OVI:1s^22s(^2S_{1/2})+h\nu 1s2s2p(^2P_{1/2,3/2}^o,^4P_{1/2,3/2,5/2}^o).\hfill \end{array}$$
(3)
The resonances on the RHS of (3) autoionise into a free electron and a core ion in ground or excited states, consistent with total fine structure (e + ion) J$`\pi `$-symmetries given as subscripts of the LS ($`{}_{}{}^{(2S+1)}L_{}^{\pi }`$) terms. Whereas we locate the resonances due to all final continuum symmetries on the RHS, some are overlapping or are weak with little integrated resonance oscillator strength.

The monochromatic opacity due to the K$`\alpha `$ resonances may be obtained from the accurate bound-free photoionization cross sections that delineate autoionization shapes or profiles. Fine structure also needs to be included explicitly since, as shown in this work, many fine structure components of resonances may be present. Because several coupled continuum channels contribute to each KLL resonance complex, as shown in Eq. (3), individual autoionization widths are not computed (and may be overlapping); instead the whole complex is delineated as function of energy. Integration over the entire K$`\alpha `$ photoabsorption range therefore yields the resonance oscillator strengths reported in the next section.

Calculations for low ionization states are more difficult than for higher ones since the electron-electron correlations are stronger relative to the dominant Coulomb potential, and many more electronic configurations, both for the ion eigenfunctions and for the (e + ion) system described by continuum and bound channels, need to be considered.

Theoretical resonance spectroscopy, as formulated under the present approach, yields precise and detailed resonance positions, shapes, and oscillator strengths, compelmenting traditional line spectroscopy.

## 3 Results and discussion

Fig. 1 shows the K$`\alpha `$ resonant complexes of all O-ions O I - OVI. The dominant components and the peak positions of resonances in each ion are shown. As mentioned above, each complex has several components; their positions may or may not overlap depending on the exact energies of the contributing angular and spin symmetries. For example, O I and O II show one single peak because the contributing final J$`\pi `$ symmetries all lie at the same energy ($`\pi `$ refers to the parity of the electronic state). On the other hand resonances begin to spread out with ion charge in O III and O IV, which also present more complicated resonance structures. The ground level of O III, $`1s^22s^22p^2(^3P_0)`$, photoionizes into the J = (1)o continuum of $`1s2s^22p^3`$ with the three components shown. O V has only one final J$`\pi (^1P^o)`$ since the initial level is $`1s^22s^2(^1S_0)`$. The KLL O VI is a twin component system discussed in detail in earlier works (Pradhan 2000, Nahar et al. 2001). However, the O VI resonance at 21.87 $`\AA `$ is about an order of magnitude weaker than the stronger one at 22.05 $`\AA `$ ; the latter was identified in the MCG$``$6-30-15 spectrum by Lee et al. (2001). Most of these results for O-ions have been obtained for the first time (prior works discussed below).

We note that the tentative identification by Lee et al. (2001) of the O I resonance in MCG$``$6-30-15 appears to be slightly higher in energy than the present value, and previous experimental and theoretical values at $`23.5`$ $`\AA `$ discussed by Paerels et al. (2001), who used the non-relativistic theoretical cross sections for O I computed by McLaughlin and Kirby (1998) to analyse interstellar X-ray absorption (the theoretical model spectrum was shifted by 0.051 $`\AA `$ to match the measured centroid wavelength of the O I resonance). Our O II K$`\alpha `$ resonance is about 0.08 $`\AA `$ lower than inferred from experimental data by Paerels et al. We also note that the computed wavelength for O V K$`\alpha `$ resonance at 22.35 $`\AA `$ is in good agreement with the rest wavelength of 22.334 $`\AA `$ recently observed with XMM-Newton by Blustin et al. (2002) from the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 3783. O III and O IV resonances in Fig. 1 clearly illustrate the overlapping and asymmetric nature of autoionizing resonance profiles of the repective K$`\alpha `$ complexes.

In Table 1 we present the K$`\alpha `$ resonance oscillator strengths for all O-ions, most with $`f_r`$ $`>0.1`$. As evident from Fig. 1 several components are nearly degenerate. The fr given in Table 1 are therefore the sum over features lying approximately within $`0.01\AA `$ of each other. We also present autoionization ‘equivalent widths’ Wa (meV), together with maximum peak values $`\sigma _{max}`$, of the K$`\alpha `$ resonances (note that $`f_r`$ = Wa $`\times \sigma _{max}`$). It needs to be emphasized that while the values in Table 1 may be utilised to treat K$`\alpha `$ resonances on par with ‘lines’, a more precise treatment is to consider the entire photoionization cross section, up to energies encompassing the entire series of K-shell excitations, in calculating the bound-free X-ray opacity. Such calculations are more extensive and are in progress.

Another potentially important consideration is the level population in excited fine structure levels of the ground LS term. If the source plasma is moderately dense, $`N_e>10^6`$ cm-3, then the excited levels may be significantly populated. Photoabsorption therefrom would lead to additional K$`\alpha `$ features to augment those presented herein. These calculations are also in progress.

## 4 Concluding remarks

The main conclusions of this work are as follows.

1. The K$`\alpha `$ resonance strengths of oxygen ions may be used to identify and analyse soft X-ray spectral features around 0.5 - 0.6 keV, given the Chandra and XMM-Newton resolution of $`0.01\AA `$.

2. Although not spatially co-existent, O VI and O VII regions may both be present and detectable via K-shell X-ray transitions from a given source. A Li-like ion, such as O VI, is easily ionized, while the ionization of a He-like ion, such as O VII, is the most energetic of all ionization states of an element and may exist in a plasma over the widest temperature range (Pradhan 1982,1985). Thus the detection of O VI may be indicative of possibly a larger fraction of oxygen in O VII driven by recombination : (e + O VII) $``$ O VI. The O VI KLL doublet absorption resonances at $`\lambda \lambda `$ 22.05 and 21.87 $`\AA `$ (Pradhan 2000) lie between the well known forbidden (‘f’ or ‘z’), intercombination (‘i’ or ‘x,y’), and allowed (‘r’ or ‘w’) K$`\alpha `$ emission lines of O VII due to transitions $`2(^3S_1,^3P_{2,1}^o,^1P_1^o)1(^1S_0)`$ at $`\lambda \lambda `$ 22.101, 21.804, and 21.602 $`\AA `$ respectively (e.g. Ness et al. 2001). To augment theoretical studies, new collisional calculations for electron impact excitation of O VII have been carried out (Delahaye and Pradhan 2002). In addition, self-consistent cross sections and rates O VI/O VII/O VIII have been computed (Nahar and Pradhan, in preparation) with the same eigenfunction expansion for both photoionization and recombination, and a unified (e + ion) recombination scheme including both radiative and dielectronic recombination in an ab initio manner using the BPRM method (e.g. Nahar and Pradhan 1992, Zhang et al. 1999). The new O VII total and level-specific recombination rates and A-values, up to $`n`$ = 10 fine structure levels, should generally help the study of recombination lines, such as the O VII ‘He$`\beta ,\gamma ,\delta ,ϵ`$’ identified by Sako et al. (2002) in the XMM-Newton spectrum

3. Analagous to the oxygen K$`\alpha `$ resonances at $``$ 0.55 keV (22-23 $`\AA `$ ), there are complexes corresponding to other elements such as carbon at $``$ 0.3 keV, nitrogen at $``$ 0.4 keV, neon at $``$ 0.9 keV. For example, at $``$ 0.94 keV Lee et al. (2001) have identified a line from He-like Ne IX ($`1s^21s2p`$). Calculations are in progress for these elements.

Note to be added in proof: A recent experimental and theoretical study of K$`\alpha `$ photoionization of O II (Kawatsura et al. 2002) reports the resonance oscillator strengths obtained from multi-configuration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) calculations. Their combined value for the transitions $`{}_{}{}^{4}S_{3/2}^{}^4P_{5/2},^4P_{3/2},^2P_{1/2}`$ is 0.765, compared to the present gf-value of 0.736 for the total K$`\alpha `$ oscillator strength. It is expected that the other transitions not considered by Kawatsura et al. would be weaker, and if so then the present results should agree with theirs to about a few percent. They also report that the measured position is 1.5 eV lower than the MCDF value; it appears that the energies in Table 1 and Fig. 1 for O II may be higher by a similar amount, thus providing an estimate of the uncertainties in the resonance positions in the present work.

## Acknowledgments

This work was partially supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation and NASA Astrophysical Theory Program. The computational work was carried out on the Cray-SV1 at the Ohio Supercomputer Center in Columbus Ohio.