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# Table of Contents

## Chapter 1 Introduction

### 1.1 What is the holomorph of a group and why to study it

The holomorph of a group $`K`$, denoted by $`\text{Hol}(K)`$ and defined below, is a semi-direct product of $`K`$ and its automorphism group $`\text{Aut}(K)`$. It is the universal semi-direct product of $`K`$ in the sense described below. A semi-direct product of groups $`K`$ and $`H`$, denoted by $`KH`$, is a variation of a product: elements of $`KH`$ are pairs $`(k,h)`$ where $`k`$ is in $`K`$ and $`h`$ is in $`H`$, but the multiplication is twisted, i.e. $`(k,h)(l,m)(kl,hm)`$.

The difference between direct products and semi-direct products of groups is like the difference between Cartesian products and “twisted” products of spaces. For example, an untwisted band shown in figure 1.1 is the Cartesian product of a circle and an interval, while a Möbius band shown in figure 1.2 is a “twisted” product of a circle and an interval. Both can be obtained from a square by gluing one pair of opposite edges, but for the Möbius band the orientation of one side is reversed. These two spaces are not homeomorphic. However, they are homotopy equivalent (being both homotopy equivalent to a circle).

A more interesting example is a torus (surface of a donut), the Cartesian product of two circles, and a Klein bottle, a “twisted” product of two circles. A torus can be obtained from a square by gluing the opposite edges as shown in figure 1.3. A Klein bottle is also obtained from a square by gluing the opposite edges, but now one pair should be glued in a twisted way: see figure 1.4.

A torus and a Klein bottle are not homotopy equivalent. This can be shown for example by computing their fundamental groups and showing that they are not isomorphic. The fundamental group of a torus is

$$<a,b|aba^1b^1=1><a,b|ab=ba>\times ,$$

the direct sum of two copies of $``$. The fundamental group of a Klein bottle is

$$<a,b|abab^1=1><a,b|ab=ba^1>,$$

a semi-direct product of two copies of $``$. These two groups are not isomorphic e.g. because the first one is commutative while the second is not.

Semi-direct products occur frequently in algebra and topology, and have been studied a lot. Thus the holomorph of a group, being the universal semi-direct product in the sense described below, is an interesting object to study. It is constructed as a subgroup of the “symmetric group on the set of elements of the group”. More precisely, let $`S(K)`$ be the group of set automorphisms of the set of elements of $`K`$ with multiplication given by composition. If $`K`$ is finite, then $`S(K)`$ is the symmetric group on $`|K|`$ letters. Let

$$\begin{array}{ccc}K& \stackrel{i_K}{}& S(K)\end{array}$$

be the Cayley map. Also, consider the action of $`\text{Aut}(K)`$ on the set of elements of $`K`$ given by $`f:af(a)`$ for $`f\text{Aut}(K)`$ and $`aK`$. This gives an inclusion

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\text{Aut}(K)& \stackrel{i_{\text{Aut}\left(K\right)}}{}& S(K).\end{array}$$

Definition 2.1.1. The holomorph of a group $`K`$, denoted by $`\text{Hol}(K)`$, is the subgroup of $`S(K)`$ generated by the images of $`i_K`$ and $`i_{\text{Aut}(K)}`$.

Below we list some facts about $`\text{Hol}(K)`$.

Facts.

1. There is a split short exact sequence of groups

$$1K\text{Hol}(K)\stackrel{}{}\text{Aut}(K)1.$$

2. The group $`\text{Hol}(K)`$ is the universal semi-direct product of $`K`$, namely

1. For any group homomorphism $`\varphi :H\text{Aut}(K)`$ there is a map of split extensions

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}1& & K& \stackrel{i_1}{}& \xi _{\varphi ,j_2}& \underset{j_1}{\overset{\stackrel{s_1}{}}{}}& H& & 1\\ & & & & f& & \varphi & & & & \\ 1& & K& \stackrel{i_2}{}& \text{Hol}(K)& \underset{j_2}{\overset{\stackrel{s_2}{}}{}}& \text{Aut}(K)& & 1\end{array}$$

where $`\xi _{\varphi ,j_2}`$ is the pullback.
2. For any split extension $`1KG\stackrel{}{}H1`$ there is a unique homomorphism $`H\text{Aut}(K)`$ such that the pullback in the diagram above is isomorphic to $`G.`$
3. That is, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the set of split extensions of $`K`$ and group homomorphisms with target $`\text{Aut}(K)`$.

3. Let $`P`$ be a permutation group on $`q`$ letters (i.e. a subgroup of $`S_q`$). The wreath product $`PG`$ is isomorphic to the pullback $`\xi `$ in the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\xi & & P\\ & & & & \\ \text{Hol}(G^q)& & \text{Aut}(G^q)\end{array}$$

where $`P\text{Aut}(G^q)`$ is the composite $`PS_q\text{Aut}(G^q).`$

4. The group $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_2\right)`$ is isomorphic to a maximal subgroup of $`GL(n+1,_2)`$.

5. Let $`B_G`$ denote a classifying space for a group $`G`$, and let $`E_G`$ denote a principal $`G`$-bundle. The action of $`\text{Aut}(G)`$ on $`G`$ induces an action of $`\text{Aut}(G)`$ on $`B_G`$, and we have the associated bundle

$$B_GB_G\times _{\text{Aut}(G)}E_{\text{Aut}(G)}B_{\text{Aut}(G)},$$

where $`B_G\times _{\text{Aut}(G)}E_{\text{Aut}(G)}`$ is a classifying space for $`\text{Hol}(G)`$. Thus if $`G`$ is discrete, then $`B_G\times _{\text{Aut}(G)}E_{\text{Aut}(G)}`$ is an Eilenberg - Mac Lane space $`K(\text{Hol}(G),1)`$.

Let us mention a related work by M. Furusawa, M. Tezuka, and N. Yagita. Since $`S^1\times S^1`$ is a $`B_{}`$, taking $`B`$ of $``$ twice gives the bundle

$$B_{S^1\times S^1}B_{S^1\times S^1}\times _{GL(2,)}E_{GL(2,)}B_{GL(2,)}.$$

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a subgroup of $`SL(2,)GL(2,)`$, and take the pullback

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\xi & & \mathrm{\Gamma }\\ & & & & \\ B_{S^1\times S^1}\times _{GL(2,)}E_{GL(2,)}& & B_{GL(2,)}\end{array}$$

The cohomology of such pullbacks were studied in \[FTY\].

The purpose of this work is to study some general properties of holomorphs, and compute the cohomology of holomorphs for some natural and interesting examples of groups. For instance, if $`K=\underset{n}{}R`$ where $`R`$ is any commutative ring with a unit, e.g. $``$ or $`/m`$, then $`\text{Aut}(K)GL(n,R)`$, the general linear group of $`n`$ by $`n`$ matrices with entries in $`R`$ (the general linear group is the group of invertible matrices). Thus $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}R\right)`$ is the semi-direct product of $`\underset{n}{}R`$ and $`GL(n,R)`$ via the natural action of $`GL(n,R)`$ on $`\underset{n}{}R`$. The general linear group is of great interest to topologists. We show that $`GL(n,R)`$ and $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}R\right)`$ inform on each other.

Homology and cohomology of groups are an interplay between algebraic topology and homological algebra. They can be defined purely algebraically or topologically (see \[AM\], \[B\], \[M\]). Low dimension homology and cohomology groups have simple algebraic meanings, e.g. the first homology, $`H_1(G)`$, is the abelianization of the group $`G`$; if $`K`$ is abelian, then $`H^2(H;K)`$ classifies central extensions $`1KGH1`$; and $`H^3(H;K)`$ gives the obstruction for existence of such an extension. Higher dimension homology and cohomology groups have further interpretations in terms of extensions.

Main results of this work are listed in the next section.

### 1.2 Main results

In chapter 2 we state some group theoretic properties of the holomorph. In particular, in section 2.4, we study homomorphisms between holomorphs of two groups.

Definition 2.4.1. Let $`G`$ and $`H`$ be groups, and let $`F:GH`$ and $`F^{}:\text{Aut}(G)\text{Aut}(H)`$ be group homomorphisms. Then $`F`$ and $`F^{}`$ are called compatible if for every $`xG`$ and every $`g\text{Aut}(G)`$

$$F^{}(g)(F(x))=F(g(x)),$$

i.e. the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}G& \stackrel{g}{}& G\\ F& & F& & \\ H& \stackrel{F^{}(g)}{}& H\end{array}$$

is commutative for every $`g\text{Aut}(G)`$.

Theorem 2.4.2. The map of sets $`F^{\prime \prime }:\text{Hol}(G)\text{Hol}(H)`$ defined by
$`F^{\prime \prime }((f,x))=(F^{}(f),F(x))()`$
is a group homomorphism if and only if $`F`$ and $`F^{}`$ are compatible. In this case we have a map of split extensions
$`\begin{array}{ccccccccc}1& & G& \stackrel{i_1}{}& \text{Hol}(G)& \underset{j_1}{\overset{\stackrel{s_1}{}}{}}& \text{Aut}(G)& & 1\\ & & F& & F^{\prime \prime }& & F^{}& & & & \\ 1& & H& \stackrel{i_2}{}& \text{Hol}(H)& \underset{j_2}{\overset{\stackrel{s_2}{}}{}}& \text{Aut}(H)& & 1\end{array}()`$
Conversely, for any map of split extensions ($``$), $`F`$ and $`F^{}`$ must be compatible and $`F^{\prime \prime }`$ is defined by ($``$).

For example, if $`\{\mathrm{\Gamma }^i(G)\}`$ is the descending central series for a group $`G`$, then as shown in example 2.4.9, the natural homomorphisms $`GG/\mathrm{\Gamma }^i(G)`$ and $`\text{Aut}(G)\text{Aut}(G/\mathrm{\Gamma }^i(G))`$ are compatible, and hence give a map of split extensions $`\text{Hol}(G)\text{Hol}(G/\mathrm{\Gamma }^i(G))`$. Some other natural examples of compatible homomorphisms are given in 2.4.

In section 2.5 we study modules over the group ring of a split extension. In particular, we show that any free $`[K]`$-module can be turned into a $`[\text{Hol}(K)]`$-module using the natural actions of $`K`$ and $`\text{Aut}(K)`$ on $`[K]`$. This fact generalizes to the case of an arbitrary split extension.

Theorem 2.5.1. Let $`𝔐_G`$, $`𝔐_K`$, and $`𝔉_K`$ denote the categories of $`[G]`$-modules, $`[K]`$-modules, and free $`[K]`$-modules respectively. We have the inclusion $`𝔉_K\stackrel{i}{}𝔐_K`$ and forgetful functor $`𝔐_G\stackrel{f}{}𝔐_K`$. Let $`\xi _{i,f}`$ be the pullback, i.e. the category of $`[G]`$-modules that are free over $`[K]`$. Then the top map in the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\xi _{i,f}& & 𝔉_K\\ & & i& & \\ 𝔐_G& \stackrel{f}{}& 𝔐_K\end{array}$$

is a split epimorphism.

In chapter 3 we compute the integer homology and mod $`p`$ cohomology ring of Hol$`(_{p^r})`$ for any prime number $`p`$, whose description in terms of generators and relations is given in section 3.2 for $`p=2`$ and in section 3.6 for $`p`$ odd. In case $`p`$ is odd $`\text{Hol}(_{p^r})`$ is metacyclic, and mod $`p`$ cohomology rings of metacyclic groups were computed by Huebschmann in \[H\]. However, the author has learned about the work of Huebschmann only after this work was done. Also, we will need to know the behavior of the LHS spectral sequence in chapter 4, so we will state some intermediate results and show the spectral sequence, but omit some details of computations. In addition, we compute the Bockstein homomorphisms.

We will use the method described in \[W\] to construct an explicit resolution of Hol$`(K).`$ Namely, in \[W\] Wall showed how, given a short exact sequence

$$1KGH1$$

where $`K`$ is a normal subgroup of $`G`$, and given resolutions for $`K`$ and $`H`$, to construct a free resolution for $`G`$. He applied his method to find an explicit resolution for a split extension of cyclic by cyclic groups, and used this to compute its integer homology.

If $`r3,`$ $`H=\text{Aut}(_{2^r})`$ is the direct sum of two cyclic groups, so we generalize Wall’s resolution to cover this case. The explicit resolution is given in section 3.3.

The cohomology rings $`\text{Hol}(_{p^r})`$ are as follows.

Theorem 3.5.2.

1. If $`r>3`$, then $`H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r};𝔽_2))`$
$`\mathrm{\Lambda }(x)𝔽_2[a,b,c,y,z]/a^2=ax+ay,az=0,ab=by,b^2=acx+bxz+acy,`$
where $`|x|=|y|=|a|=1,`$ $`|z|=2`$, $`|b|=3`$, and $`|c|=4`$.
2. $`H^{}(\text{Hol}(_8;𝔽_2))`$
$`𝔽_2[a,b,c,x,y]/a^2=ax+ay,ax^2=0,ab=by,b^2=acx+bx^3+acy+cx^2,`$
where $`|x|=|y|=|a|=1,`$ $`|b|=3`$, and $`|c|=4`$.

Theorem 3.7.1.

$$H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});𝔽_p)\mathrm{\Lambda }(d_0,d_1,\mathrm{},d_{p2},e,x)𝔽_p[f,z]/d_id_j=d_ie=d_iz=0$$

where $`|d_i|=2(p1)(i+1)1,`$ $`|e|=2p(p1)1,`$ $`|f|=2p(p1),`$ $`|x|=1,`$ $`|z|=2.`$

The last theorem also follows from theorem A, part (2), of \[H\].

We also compute the continuous cohomology of $`\underset{}{lim}(\text{Hol}(_{p^n}))`$.

Theorem 3.9.1. $`H_{cont}^{}(\underset{}{lim}(\text{Hol}(_{p^n}));𝔽_p)=`$

$`=\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{\Lambda }(x)𝔽_2[u,y]/u^2=ux+uy,\hfill & |x|=|u|=|y|=1,p=2,\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Lambda }(x),\hfill & |x|=1,p\text{ is odd.}\hfill \end{array}`$
The Poincaré series of $`H_{cont}^{}(\underset{}{lim}(\text{Hol}(_{2^n}));𝔽_2)`$ is $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1+t)^2}{1t}}`$.

In chapter 4 we study the holomorph of the direct sum of several copies of $`_{p^r}`$. This holomorph is identified as a subgroup of $`GL(n+1,_{p^r})`$ with certain properties listed in section 4.1. For example, one property is that if $`p^r=2`$, then $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_2\right)`$ is a maximal subgroup of $`GL(n+1,_2)`$. If $`r=1`$, $`\text{Syl}_p\left(\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_p\right)\right)\text{Syl}_p\left(GL(n+1,_p)\right)`$. Thus the cohomology of such a holomorph informs on the cohomology of the general linear group which has been of interest in the subject. Using a map of split extensions from chapter 2 and an analogue of the Dickson algebra, we show that the Lyndon-Hochschild-Serre (LHS) spectral sequence for the cohomology of $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_{p^r}\right)`$ does not collapse at the $`E_2`$ stage:

Theorem 4.2.2. The LHS spectral sequence for the extension

$$1\underset{n}{}_{p^r}\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_{p^r}\right)\text{Aut}\left(\underset{n}{}_{p^r}\right)1$$

does not collapse at the $`E_2`$ stage if $`p=2`$ and $`r3`$, or $`p`$ is odd and $`r2`$.

Corollary 4.2.3. Let $`n2`$. Then

$$H^2(GL(n,_{p^r});H^{2p^n3}(\underset{n}{}_{p^r};𝔽_p))0$$

if $`p=2`$ and $`r3`$, or if $`p`$ is odd and $`r2`$, where the local coefficient system is that in 4.2.2.

In section 4.3 we show that for $`p`$ odd, the kernels of reduction maps

$$\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_{p^r}\right)\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_p\right)$$

form an infinite uniform tower (the definition of a uniform tower is recalled in 4.3), and compute their mod $`p`$ cohomology, as well as the first Bockstein homomorphisms in case $`p5`$:

Theorem 4.3.10. For any prime number $`p`$,

$$H^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}};𝔽_p)\mathrm{\Lambda }(x_{ij},x_l)𝔽_p[s_{ij},s_l]1i,j,k,n$$

where $`|x_{ij}|=|x_l|=1`$ and $`|s_{ij}|=|s_l|=2`$. Also, the first Bocksteins are given by

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \beta (x_{tu})& =\hfill & \{\begin{array}{ccc}\underset{i=t}{\overset{n}{}}x_{ti}x_{iu}+\underset{i=1}{\overset{t1}{}}x_{iu}x_{ti}\hfill & \text{if}\hfill & t<u\hfill \\ \underset{i=t+1}{\overset{n}{}}x_{ti}x_{iu}+\underset{i=1}{\overset{t1}{}}x_{iu}x_{ti}\hfill & \text{if}\hfill & t=u\hfill \\ \underset{i=t+1}{\overset{n}{}}x_{ti}x_{iu}+\underset{i=1}{\overset{t}{}}x_{iu}x_{ti}\hfill & \text{if}\hfill & t>u\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ \hfill \beta (x_t)& =\hfill & \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}x_{ti}x_i\hfill \\ \hfill \beta (s_{tu})& =\hfill & \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}(s_{ti}x_{iu}s_{iu}x_{ti})\hfill \\ \hfill \beta (s_t)& =\hfill & \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}(s_{ti}x_is_ix_{ti})\hfill \end{array}$$

In chapter 5 we recall wreath products and their connections with holomorphs. In particular, we show that for any group $`G`$, $`S_q\text{Aut}(G)`$ and $`S_q\text{Hol}(G)`$ are natural subgroups of $`\text{Aut}(G^q)`$ and $`\text{Hol}(G^q)`$ respectively.

Also, we show how the families of groups

$$\left\{\text{Aut}(G^n),n0\right\},$$

$$\left\{\text{Hol}(G^n),n0\right\},$$

and

$$\left\{\text{Aut}\left(\underset{n}{}G\right),n0\right\}$$

admit additional structure.

Theorem 5.3.1. The above families form permutative categories.

Chapter 6 is independent from the preceding ones. There we give a short proof of the following well-known fact proved in \[EM\].

Theorem 6.1.2 (S. Eilenberg and J. C. Moore) The only injective object in the category of groups is the trivial group.

## Chapter 2 Holomorph of a group

### 2.1 Classical definition of $`\text{Hol}(K)`$

Classically (see e.g. \[K, p.90\]), $`\text{Hol}(K)`$ arises as follows. If $`K`$ is a normal subgroup of a group $`G`$, then every inner automorphism of $`G`$ induces an automorphism of $`K`$. Since inner automorphisms are easier to study than automorphisms in general, a natural question is, given a group $`K`$, does there exist a group $`G`$ containing $`K`$ as a normal subgroup, and such that every automorphism of $`K`$ is induced by some inner automorphism of $`G`$? The answer is “yes”, and an example of such a group $`G`$ is $`\text{Hol}(K)`$.

Let $`S(K)`$ be the group of set automorphisms of the set of elements of $`K`$ with multiplication given by composition. If $`K`$ is finite, then $`S(K)`$ is the symmetric group on $`|K|`$ letters. The group $`K`$ acts on the set of its elements by left translation:

if $`x,aK`$, then $`x:axa`$.

This action gives the inclusion

$$\begin{array}{ccc}K& \stackrel{i_K}{}& S(K)\end{array}$$
(2.1)
known as Cayley map. Also, the group of automorphisms of $`K`$, $`\text{Aut}(K)`$, acts on the set of elements of $`K`$ by applying the automorphism:

if $`f\text{Aut}(K)`$ and $`aK`$, then $`f:af(a)`$.

This gives an inclusion

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\text{Aut}(K)& \stackrel{i_{\text{Aut}\left(K\right)}}{}& S(K).\end{array}$$
(2.2)
###### Definition 2.1.1.

The holomorph of a group $`K`$, denoted by $`\text{Hol}(K)`$, is the subgroup of $`S(K)`$ generated by the images of (2.1) and (2.2).

Equivalently, $`\text{Hol}(K)`$ is the normalizer of the $`K`$ in $`S(K)`$ (see \[K\]).

### 2.2 $`\text{Hol}(K)`$ as a split extension

For $`f\text{Aut}(K)`$ and $`xK`$,

$$(i_K(x)i_{\text{Aut}(K)}(f))(a)=xf(a)=f(f^1(x)a)=(i_{\text{Aut}(K)}(f)i_K(f^1(x)))(a),$$

therefore every element of $`\text{Hol}(K)`$ can be written as a composition $`i_{\text{Aut}(K)}(f)i_K(x)`$ for some $`f\text{Aut}(K)`$ and $`xK`$. Now let us denote this composition by $`(f,x)`$. Then $`i_K(x)=(1,x)`$ and $`i_{\text{Aut}(K)}(f)=(f,1)`$.

Thus elements of $`\text{Hol}(K)`$ can be written as pairs $`(f,x)`$ where $`f\text{Aut}(K)`$ and $`xK`$, and multiplication is given by

$$(f,x)(g,y)=(f,1)(1,x)(g,1)(1,y)=(f,1)(g,g^1(x))(1,y)=(fg,g^1(x)y).$$

A trivial but a useful fact is that the inverse of $`(f,x)`$ is

$$(f,x)^1=(f^1,f(x^1)).$$

From now on, we will identify $`K`$ with its image in $`\text{Hol}(K)`$.

###### Lemma 2.2.1.

$`K`$ is normal in $`\text{Hol}(K)`$, and every automorphism of $`K`$ is induced by an inner automorphism of $`\text{Hol}(K)`$.

###### Proof.

$`(f,x)(1,y)(f,x)^1=(f,x)(1,y)(f^1,f(x^1))=(1,f(xyx^1))`$. This proves the first statement of the lemma.

In particular, for $`x=1`$ we have $`(f,1)(1,y)(f,1)^1=(1,f(y))`$ which means that the automorphism $`f`$ of $`K`$ is induced by the conjugation by the element $`(f,1)`$ in $`\text{Hol}(K)`$.

Clearly, the quotient group $`\text{Hol}(K)/K`$ is isomorphic to $`\text{Aut}(K)`$. Thus we say that $`\text{Hol}(K)`$ is the extension of $`K`$ by $`\text{Aut}(K)`$ via the natural action of $`\text{Aut}(K)`$ on $`K`$.

It is well-known that the short exact sequence

$$1K\text{Hol}(K)\text{Aut}(K)1.$$

is always split, namely there is a section $`\text{Aut}(K)\stackrel{s}{}\text{Hol}(K)`$ defined by $`s(f)=(f,1),`$ and that Hol$`(K)`$ is the universal semi-direct product of $`K`$ in the sense of the theorem 2.2.3 below. For $`K`$ abelian, this theorem is proved in \[BB\]. The author does not know a reference for the general case.

First recall the definition of a pullback.

###### Definition 2.2.2.

Let $`H`$, $`G`$, and $`L`$ be groups. Given homomorphisms $`H\stackrel{\varphi }{}L`$ and $`G\stackrel{\theta }{}L`$, the pullback $`\xi _{\varphi ,\theta }`$ is the subgroup of $`H\times G`$ consisting of all pairs $`(h,g)`$ such that $`\varphi (h)=\theta (g)`$. We then have the commutative diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\xi _{\varphi ,\theta }& \stackrel{p_1}{}& H\\ p_2& & \varphi & & \\ G& \stackrel{\theta }{}& L\end{array}$$

where $`p_1`$ and $`p_2`$ are projection onto the first and second coordinates respectively.

###### Theorem 2.2.3.

(1) For any group homomorphism $`\varphi :H\text{Aut}(K)`$ there is a map of split extensions

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}1& & K& \stackrel{i_1}{}& \xi _{\varphi ,j_2}& \underset{j_1}{\overset{\stackrel{s_1}{}}{}}& H& & 1\\ & & & & f& & \varphi & & & & \\ 1& & K& \stackrel{i_2}{}& \text{Hol}(K)& \underset{j_2}{\overset{\stackrel{s_2}{}}{}}& \text{Aut}(K)& & 1\end{array}$$
(2.3)
(2) For any split extension $`1KG\stackrel{}{}H1`$ there is a unique map $`H\text{Aut}(K)`$ such that the pullback in the diagram above is isomorphic to $`G.`$

###### Proof.

(1) An element of the pullback has the form $`(h,(a,x))`$ where $`hH,`$ $`(a,x)\text{Hol}(K)`$ s.t. $`\varphi (h)=j_2((a,x))=a.`$ Define $`s_1`$ and $`i_1`$ by $`s_1(h)=(h,(\varphi (h),1_K))`$ and $`i_1(x)=(1_H,(1_{\text{Aut}(K)},x)).`$ Then

$$1K\stackrel{i_1}{}\xi _{\varphi ,j_2}H1$$

is a split extension and (2.3) is clearly commutative.

(2) Given $`1K\stackrel{i_3}{}G`$ $`\begin{array}{c}s_3\\ \\ \\ j_3\end{array}`$ $`H1`$, define $`\varphi :H\text{Aut}(K)`$ by
$`\varphi (h)(x)=i_3^1(s_3(h)^1xs_3(h)),`$ and obtain the diagram (2.3).

Define $`\theta :\xi _{\varphi ,j_2}G`$ by $`\theta ((h,(a,x)))=s_3(h)i_3(x).`$ It is easy to see that

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}1& & K& \stackrel{i_1}{}& \text{pullback}& \underset{j_1}{\overset{\stackrel{s_1}{}}{}}& H& & 1\\ & & & & \theta & & & & \\ 1& & K& \stackrel{i_3}{}& G& \underset{j_3}{\overset{\stackrel{s_3}{}}{}}& H& & 1\end{array}$$

is commutative, therefore $`\theta `$ is an isomorphism by the 5-lemma. ∎

###### Example 2.2.4.

Let $`G=K\times H`$. Then the homomorphism $`H\stackrel{\varphi }{}\text{Aut}(K)`$ in (2.3) is the trivial homomorphism.

### 2.3 Other properties and examples of holomorphs

###### Example 2.3.1.

If $`K_3`$, $`\text{Aut}(K)_2`$. It is easy to check that $`\text{Hol}(_3)`$ is not abelian and has order 6, thus $`\text{Hol}(_3)S_3`$.

In fact, $`\text{Hol}(K)`$ is abelian only in two cases as shown in the lemma below.

###### Lemma 2.3.2.

The group $`\text{Hol}(K)`$ is not abelian unless $`K`$ is trivial or $`K_2`$.

###### Proof.

$`(f,x)(g,y)=(g,y)(f,x)`$ implies that $`fg=gf`$ and

$$g^1(x)y=f^1(y)x.$$
(2.4)
In particular, for $`y=1`$, we have $`g^1(x)=x`$, thus $`\text{Aut}(K)`$ is trivial. Then (2.4) implies $`xy=yx`$, i.e. $`K`$ is abelian. If $`K`$ has a cyclic subgroup of order at least 3, then $`\text{Aut}(K)`$ is not trivial because the automorphism group of a cyclic group of order $`n3`$ is non-trivial (it consists of multiplications by numbers between 1 and $`n`$, and relatively prime to $`n`$). $`\text{Aut}(_2_2)`$ is also non-trivial, thus $`K`$ is either a trivial group (in this case $`\text{Hol}(K)`$ is also trivial), or isomorphic to $`_2`$ (and so is $`\text{Hol}(K)`$). ∎

Holomorphs of cyclic groups are studied in chapter 3.

###### Example 2.3.3.

If $`K=_2_2`$, obviously every permutation of the 3 nonidentity elements is an automorphism of $`K`$, so $`\text{Aut}(K)S_3`$, thus $`\text{Hol}(_2_2)`$ is an extension of $`_2_2`$ by $`S_3`$. We know that $`\text{Hol}(K)`$ is a subgroup of $`S(K)`$, and $`|\text{Hol}(_2_2)|=|_2_2||S_3|=46=24=|S_4|`$. Therefore $`\text{Hol}(_2_2)S_4`$. The extension $`1_2_2S_4S_31`$ is an exceptional one appearing in work of Dickson. This is one of only four examples when $`\text{Hol}(K)S(K)`$ as proved in the following lemma.

###### Lemma 2.3.4.

The inclusion $`\text{Hol}(K)S_{|K|}`$ is an isomorphism if and only if $`K`$ is isomorphic to the trivial group, $`_2`$, $`_3`$, or $`_2_2`$.

###### Proof.

If $`\text{Hol}(K)S_{|K|}`$ then $`|\text{Hol}(K)|=|S_{|K|}|=|K|!`$. Therefore $`|\text{Aut}(K)|={\displaystyle \frac{|\text{Hol}(K)|}{|K|}}=(|K|1)!`$. Every automorphism preserves the identity element, so the maximum possible order of $`\text{Aut}(K)`$ is $`(|K|1)!`$. Thus in order for $`\text{Hol}(K)`$ and $`S_{|K|}`$ to be isomorphic, every permutation preserving $`1`$ has to be an automorphism. For $`|K|4`$, let $`x`$ and $`y`$ be distinct nonidentity elements which are not inverses of each other. For any automorphism $`f`$ of $`G`$, $`f(xy)=f(x)f(y)`$, i.e. $`f(x)`$ and $`f(y)`$ determine $`f(xy)`$, therefore $`|K|4`$.

If $`K`$ is isomorphic to the trivial group, $`_2,_3,`$ or $`_2_2`$, it is easy to check that $`|\text{Hol}(K)|=|K|!`$, so $`\text{Hol}(K)S_{|K|}`$, and if $`K_4`$, $`|\text{Hol}(K)|=8`$, so $`\text{Hol}(K)\cong ̸S_{|K|}`$. ∎

###### Example 2.3.5.

More generally, if $`K=\underset{n}{}_m`$, then $`\text{Aut}(K)GL(n,_m)`$. The structure and cohomology of $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_m\right)`$ are studied in chapter 3. In particular, we will show in section 4.1 that $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_m\right)`$ is isomorphic to the group of $`GL(n+1,_m)`$ fixing the first basis vector.

Homology of holomorphs of free groups have been studied by Craig Jensen \[J1\] and \[J2\].

### 2.4 Maps of holomorphs

###### Definition 2.4.1.

Let $`G`$ and $`H`$ be groups, and let $`F:GH`$ and $`F^{}:\text{Aut}(G)\text{Aut}(H)`$ be group homomorphisms. Then $`F`$ and $`F^{}`$ are called compatible if for every $`xG`$ and every $`g\text{Aut}(G)`$

$$F^{}(g)(F(x))=F(g(x)),$$

i.e. the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}G& \stackrel{g}{}& G\\ F& & F& & \\ H& \stackrel{F^{}(g)}{}& H\end{array}$$
(2.5)
is commutative for every $`g\text{Aut}(G)`$.

###### Theorem 2.4.2.

The map of sets $`F^{\prime \prime }:\text{Hol}(G)\text{Hol}(H)`$ defined by

$$F^{\prime \prime }((f,x))=(F^{}(f),F(x))$$
(2.6)
is a group homomorphism if and only if $`F`$ and $`F^{}`$ are compatible. In this case we have a map of split extensions

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}1& & G& \stackrel{i_1}{}& \text{Hol}(G)& \underset{j_1}{\overset{\stackrel{s_1}{}}{}}& \text{Aut}(G)& & 1\\ & & F& & F^{\prime \prime }& & F^{}& & & & \\ 1& & H& \stackrel{i_2}{}& \text{Hol}(H)& \underset{j_2}{\overset{\stackrel{s_2}{}}{}}& \text{Aut}(H)& & 1\end{array}$$
(2.7)
Conversely, for any map of split extensions (2.7), $`F`$ and $`F^{}`$ must be compatible and $`F^{\prime \prime }`$ is defined by (2.6).

###### Proof.

The map $`F^{\prime \prime }`$ is a group homomorphism if and only if for every $`(f,x)`$ and $`(g,y)`$ in $`\text{Hol}(G)`$ we have

$$F^{\prime \prime }((f,x))F^{\prime \prime }((g,y))=F^{\prime \prime }((f,x)(g,y))$$
(2.8)
By our definitions,
$`F^{\prime \prime }((f,x))F^{\prime \prime }((g,y))=(F^{}(f),F(x))(F^{}(g),F(y))=`$
$`=(F^{}(f)F^{}(g),(F^{}(g))^1(F(x))F(y))=(F^{}(fg),F^{}(g^1)(F(x))F(y))`$
and
$`F^{\prime \prime }((f,x)(g,y))=F^{\prime \prime }(fg,g^1(x)y)=(F^{}(fg),F(g^1(x)y))=`$
$`=(F^{}(fg),F(g^1(x))F(y)),`$
thus (2.8) holds if and only if $`F^{}(g^1)(F(x))=F(g^1(x)).`$ Clearly in this case (2.7) is commutative.

Conversely, if we have a map of split extensions (2.7), then
$`F^{\prime \prime }((f,1))=F^{\prime \prime }(s_1(f))=s_2(F^{}(f))=(F^{}(f),1)`$ and
$`F^{\prime \prime }((1,x))=F^{\prime \prime }(i_1(x))=i_2(F(x))=(1,F(x)).`$
Since $`(f,x)=(f,1)(1,x)`$, (2.6) is true for every element of $`\text{Hol}(G)`$. As shown above, in this case $`F`$ and $`F^{}`$ are compatible. ∎

###### Remark.

It is not true that every homomorphism $`F^{\prime \prime }:\text{Hol}(G)\text{Hol}(H)`$ is defined by (2.6) for some compatible $`F`$ and $`F^{}`$ as shown in the next example.

###### Example 2.4.3.

Let $`G_3`$, $`\text{Aut}(_3)_2`$, $`\text{Hol}(_3)S_3`$, and $`H_2`$, $`\text{Aut}(_2)`$ is trivial, $`\text{Hol}(_2)_2`$. The only possible maps $`F:_3_2`$ and $`F^{}:_21`$ are trivial maps, however there exists a nontrivial map $`F^{\prime \prime }:S_3_2`$.

Note that in the above example we do have a map of extensions

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}1& & _3& & S_3& & _2& & 1\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ 1& & _2& & _2& & 1& & 1\end{array}$$

but it is not a map of $`split`$ extensions. Below is an example of a map $`F^{\prime \prime }`$ that does not fit into any map of extensions.

###### Example 2.4.4.

Let $`GZ_3`$ as in example 2.4.3, let $`H_2_2`$, $`\text{Aut}(_2_2)S_3`$, $`\text{Hol}(_2_2)S_4`$, and let $`F^{\prime \prime }:S_3S_4`$ be an inclusion. Since the only possible homomorphism $`F:Z_3_2_2`$ is the trivial one, $`F^{\prime \prime }`$ doesn’t fit into any map of extensions.

###### Example 2.4.5.

For any $`F\text{Aut}(G)`$ there exists a unique $`F^{}:\text{Aut}(G)\text{Aut}(G)`$ compatible with $`F`$. Namely, $`F^{}`$ is defined by

$$F^{}(g)(x)=FgF^1(x)$$
(2.9)
for any $`g\text{Aut}(G)`$ and $`xG`$. This follows from the fact that the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}G& \stackrel{g}{}& G\\ F& & F& & \\ G& \stackrel{F^{}(g)}{}& G\end{array}$$

must commute for every $`g\text{Aut}(G)`$. (Note: In particular, if $`\text{Aut}(G)`$ is abelian, then for every automorphism $`F`$ of $`G`$ the compatible $`F^{}`$ is the identity homomorphism.) Thus any automorphism of $`G`$ induces a map $`F^{\prime \prime }:\text{Hol}(G)\text{Hol}(G)`$, and hence a map of extensions.

###### Example 2.4.6.

If $`HG_1\times \mathrm{}\times G_q`$, then $`G_iH`$ and $`\text{Aut}(G_i)\text{Aut}(H)`$ are compatible, thus $`\text{Hol}(G_i)\text{Hol}(H)`$, and there is a map of split extensions. Moreover, $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{q}{}}}\text{Aut}(G_i)\text{Aut}(H)`$, $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{q}{}}}\text{Hol}(G_i)\text{Hol}(H)`$, and

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}1& & _{i=1}^qG_i& & _{i=1}^q\text{Hol}(G_i)& & _{i=1}^q\text{Aut}(G_i)& & 1\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ 1& & _{i=1}^qG_i& & \text{Hol}\left(_{i=1}^qG_i\right)& & \text{Aut}\left(_{i=1}^qG_i\right)& & 1\end{array}$$

###### Proposition 2.4.7.

If $`K`$ is a characteristic subgroup of $`G`$ (i.e. it is preserved by every automorphism of $`G`$), then for every automorphism $`f`$ of $`G`$, and $`a`$ in $`K`$, $`f(aK)=f(a)K`$, thus $`f`$ induces an automorphism $`f^{}`$ of the quotient group $`G/K`$. Thus we have a map $`\text{Aut}(G)\text{Aut}(G/K)`$. This map is obviously a group homomorphism, and it is compatible with the quotient map $`GG/K`$: commutativity of

$$\begin{array}{ccc}G& \stackrel{f}{}& G\\ \pi & & \pi & & \\ G/K& \stackrel{f^{}}{}& G/K\end{array}$$

follows from the definition of $`f^{}`$ (i.e. that $`f^{}`$ is induced by $`f`$). Thus we have a map of split extensions $`\text{Hol}(G)\text{Hol}(G/K)`$.

There are at least two important examples of characteristic subgroups:

###### Example 2.4.8.

For $`k>l`$, $`p^l_{p^k}_{p^{kl}}`$ is a characteristic subgroup of $`_{p^k}`$ with quotient group isomorphic to $`_{p^l}`$. Therefore there is a reduction homomorphism $`\text{Hol}(_{p^k})\text{Hol}(_{p^l})`$, and a map of split extensions

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}1& & _{p^k}& & \text{Hol}(_{p^k})& \stackrel{}{}& \text{Aut}(_{p^k})& & 1\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ 1& & _{p^l}& & \text{Hol}(_{p^l})& \stackrel{}{}& \text{Aut}(_{p^l})& & 1\end{array}$$

This map will be used in chapters 3 and 4.

###### Example 2.4.9.

For any group $`G`$, groups in the descending central series of $`G`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^i(G)`$ (i.e. $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^i(G)`$ is generated by commutators of length i; e.g. $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(G)=[G,G]`$ is the commutator subgroup of $`G`$), are characteristic in $`G`$. Thus there are maps of split extensions $`\text{Hol}(G)\text{Hol}(G/\mathrm{\Gamma }^i(G))`$. $`i=2`$ is an important special case: $`\text{Hol}(G)\text{Hol}(G_{ab})`$ where $`G_{ab}=G/[G,G]`$ is the abelianization of $`G`$.

### 2.5 Modules over the group ring of a split extension

Let $`K`$ be a discrete group.

###### Theorem 2.5.1.

If $`M`$ is a left $`[K]`$-module and a left $`[\text{Aut}(K)]`$-module, then

$$(f,x)(m)=f(x(m))$$
(2.10)
for $`f\text{Aut}(K),`$ $`xK,`$ and $`mM`$, is a well-defined action of $`\text{Hol}(K)`$ on $`M`$ (i.e. $`M`$ is a left $`[\text{Hol}(K)]`$-module with this action) if and only if for every $`f\text{Aut}(K),`$ $`xK,`$ and $`mM`$,

$$f(x(m))=f(x)(f(m)).$$
(2.11)
###### Proof.

If (2.11) is satisfied, then
$`(f,x)((g,y)(m))=(f,x)(g(y(m)))=f(xg(y)(g(m)))=f(xg(y))(fg(m))`$, and
$`((f,x)(g,y))(m)=(fg,g^1(x)y)(m)=fg(g^1(x)y(m))=fg(g^1(x)y)(fg(m))=`$
$`=f(xg(y))(fg(m))`$, so the action is well-defined.

Conversely, if (2.10) is a well-defined action, then
$`f(x(m))=(f,x)(m)=(1,f(x))(f,1)(m)=(1,f(x))(f(m))=f(x)(f(m))`$. ∎

###### Example 2.5.2.

For $`M=[K]`$, consider the actions of $`K`$ and $`\text{Aut}(K)`$ on $`M`$ given by $`x\left({\displaystyle \underset{x_iK}{}}n_ix_i\right)={\displaystyle \underset{x_iK}{}}n_i(xx_i)`$ and $`f\left({\displaystyle \underset{x_iK}{}}n_ix_i\right)={\displaystyle \underset{x_iK}{}}n_if(x_i).`$
Obviously, these actions satisfy (2.11), thus $`[K]`$ can be regarded as a $`[\text{Hol}(K)]`$-module. Similarly, any free $`[K]`$-module can be regarded as a $`[\text{Hol}(K)]`$-module. However, it may not be free over $`[\text{Hol}(K)]`$.

More generally, let $`1KG\stackrel{}{}H1`$ be a split extension, and $`\varphi :H\text{Aut}(K)`$ as in theorem 2.2.3. Let $`M`$ be a left $`[K]`$-module and a left $`[H]`$-module. Then $`(h,x)(m)=h(x(m))`$ for $`hH`$, $`xK`$, and $`mM`$, is a well-defined action of $`G`$ on $`M`$ (i.e. $`M`$ is a left $`[G]`$-module with this action) if and only if for every $`hH`$, $`xK`$, and $`mM`$,

$$h(x(m))=((\varphi (h))(k))(h(m)).$$
(2.12)
The proof mimics the proof of theorem 2.5.1. Also, the actions
$`x\left({\displaystyle \underset{x_iK}{}}n_ix_i\right)={\displaystyle \underset{x_iK}{}}n_i(xx_i)`$ and $`h\left({\displaystyle \underset{x_iK}{}}n_ix_i\right)={\displaystyle \underset{x_iK}{}}n_i((\varphi (h))(x_i))`$
of $`K`$ and $`H`$ on $`[K]`$ satisfy (2.12), thus any free $`[K]`$-module can be turned into a $`[G]`$-module, although not necessarily free over $`[G]`$. Thus we have the following theorem.

###### Theorem 2.5.3.

Let $`1KG\stackrel{}{}H1`$ be a split extension. Let $`𝔐_G`$, $`𝔐_K`$, and $`𝔉_K`$ denote the categories of $`[G]`$-modules, $`[K]`$-modules, and free $`[K]`$-modules respectively. We have the inclusion $`𝔉_K\stackrel{i}{}𝔐_K`$ and forgetful functor $`𝔐_G\stackrel{f}{}𝔐_K`$. Let $`\xi _{i,f}`$ be the pullback, i.e. the category of $`[G]`$-modules that are free over $`[K]`$. Then the top map in the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\xi _{i,f}& & 𝔉_K\\ & & i& & \\ 𝔐_G& \stackrel{f}{}& 𝔐_K\end{array}$$

is a split epimorphism.

Recall that for any ring $`R`$, a left $`R`$-module $`M`$ can be turned into a right $`R`$-module with the right action defined by $`(m)r=r^1(m)`$. This action is well-defined since $`((m)r_1)r_2=(r_1^1(m))r_2=r_2^1(r_1^1(m))=(r_1r_2)^1(m)=`$
$`=(m)(r_1r_2)`$.

###### Theorem 2.5.4.

Let $`S`$ be a commutative ring with a unit. Let $`L`$, $`M`$, and $`N`$ be left $`S[\text{Hol}(K)]`$-modules with $`L`$ a trivial $`S[K]`$-module. Each of these can also be turned into a right $`S[\text{Hol}(K)]`$-module as above. Then there is a natural isomorphism between $`\left(L_SM\right)_{S[\text{Hol}(K)]}N`$ and $`L_{S[\text{Aut}(K)]}\left(M_{S[K]}N\right)`$ where the action of $`\text{Hol}(K)`$ on $`L_SM`$ and the action of $`\text{Aut}(K)`$ on $`M_{S[K]}N`$ are diagonal. More precisely, these abelian groups are obtained from $`L_SM_SN`$ by the same identifications, i.e. the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}& L_SM_SN& \\ \hfill & & \hfill \\ \hfill (L_SM)_{S[K]}N& & L_S(M_{S[K]}N)\hfill \\ \hfill & & \hfill \\ \hfill (L_SM)_{S[\text{Hol}(K)]}N& & L_{S[\text{Aut}(K)]}(M_{S[K]}N)\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.13)
commutes.

###### Proof.

$`(L_SM)_{S[\text{Hol}(K)]}N`$
$`L_SM_SN/(lm)xn=lmx(n),(lm)fn=lmf(n)`$
$`L_SM_SN/lx^1(m)n=lmx(n),f^1(l)f^1(m)n=lmf(n),`$ and $`L_{S[\text{Aut}(K)]}(M_{S[K]}N)`$
$`L_SM_SN/l(m)xn=lmx(n),(l)fmn=lf(mn)`$
$`L_SM_SN/lx^1(m)n=lmx(n),f^1(l)mn=lf(m)f(n)`$
$`L_SM_SN/lx^1(m)n=lmx(n),f^1(l)f^1(m^{})n=lm^{}f(n)`$.

Now defining the map $`\left(L_SM\right)_{S[\text{Hol}(K)]}NL_{S[\text{Aut}(K)]}\left(M_{S[K]}N\right)`$ by sending the class of $`lmn`$ in $`\left(L_SM\right)_{S[\text{Hol}(K)]}N`$ to the class of $`lmn`$ in $`L_{S[\text{Aut}(K)]}\left(M_{S[K]}N\right)`$ gives an isomorphism such that (2.13) commutes. ∎

Again, this can be generalized to the case of an arbitrary split extension

$$1KG\stackrel{}{}H1.$$

Namely, if $`L,`$ $`M`$, and $`N`$ are left $`S[G]`$-modules with $`L`$ being a trivial $`S[K]`$-module, then the abelian groups $`\left(L_SM\right)_{S[G]}N`$ and $`L_{S[H]}\left(M_{S[K]}N\right)`$, where the action of $`G`$ on $`L_SM`$ and the action of $`H`$ on $`M_{S[K]}N`$ are diagonal, are obtained from $`L_SM_SN`$ by the same identifications, i.e. the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}& L_SM_SN& \\ \hfill & & \hfill \\ \hfill \left(L_SM\right)_{S[G]}N& & L_{S[H]}\left(M_{S[K]}N\right)\hfill \end{array}$$

commutes.

## Chapter 3 Holomorphs of cyclic groups

### 3.1 Introduction

Let $`m=p_1^{r_1}\mathrm{}p_n^{r^n}`$ where $`p_1,`$ $`\mathrm{},`$ $`p_n`$ are distinct prime numbers. By example 2.4.6, there is a map of split extensions

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}1& & _{i=1}^n_{p_i^{r_i}}& & _{i=1}^n\text{Hol}(_{p_i^{r_i}})& & _{i=1}^n\text{Aut}(_{p_i^{r_i}})& & 1\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ 1& & _m& & \text{Hol}(_m)& & \text{Aut}(_m)& & 1\end{array}$$

Since $`p_i`$’s are distinct, $`\text{Aut}(_m){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\text{Aut}(_{p_i^{r_i}})`$ (see \[AM\]), therefore

$$\text{Hol}(_m)\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\text{Hol}(_{p_i^{r_i}}).$$

In this chapter, we compute, for any prime number $`p`$, the integer homology and mod $`p`$ cohomology of the group $`\text{Hol}(_{p^r})`$, whose description in terms of generators and relations is given in section 3.2 for $`p=2`$ and in section 3.6 for $`p`$ odd. In case $`p`$ is odd $`\text{Hol}(_{p^r})`$ is metacyclic, and mod $`p`$ cohomology rings of metacyclic groups were computed by Huebschmann in \[H\]. However, the author has learned about the work of Huebschmann only after this work was done. Also, this work provided additional information: we will need to know the behavior of the LHS spectral sequence in chapter 4, so we will state some intermediate results and show the spectral sequence, but omit some details of computations. In addition, we compute the Bockstein homomorphisms.

We will use the method described in \[W\] to construct an explicit resolution of Hol$`(K).`$ Namely, in \[W\] Wall showed how, given a short exact sequence

$$1KGH1$$

where $`K`$ is a normal subgroup of $`G`$, and given resolutions for $`K`$ and $`H`$, to construct a free resolution for $`G`$. He applied his method to find an explicit resolution for a split extension of cyclic by cyclic groups, and used this to compute its integer homology.

If $`p`$ is an odd prime, Aut$`(_{p^r})`$ is cyclic, therefore the integer homology of $`\text{Hol}(_{p^r})`$ can be computed using Wall’s application. The only difficulty here is that we don’t know any formula for a generator of Aut$`(_{p^r})`$ (see \[AM\]). But it turns out that it is not necessary to know that.

The group Aut$`(_2)`$ is trivial, therefore Hol$`(_2)_2`$ whose homology is well-known; Aut$`(_4)_2`$, therefore the homology of Hol$`(_4)D_8`$ (dihedral group of order 8) can be computed easily using Wall’s application (and is also well-known). So we will only work out the answer for $`r3.`$ In this case $`H=\text{Aut}(_{2^r})`$ is the direct sum of two cyclic groups, but we will generalize Wall’s resolution to cover this case.

As in \[W\], we will choose the usual resolution \[CE, p.251\] for each cyclic group $`_n=\{g|g^n=1\}:`$

$$\begin{array}{cc}R_k\text{ is free on one generator }r_k\hfill & (k0),\\ dr_{2k+1}=(g1)r_{2k}\hfill & (k0),\\ dr_{2k}=N_gr_{2k1}\hfill & (k1),\end{array}$$

where $`N_g={\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}g^i.`$

Also, we will make use of the following obvious lemma.

###### Lemma 3.1.1.

Suppose we have two chain complexes

$$\mathrm{}_{p^r}\stackrel{G}{}_{p^r}\stackrel{F}{}_{p^r}\mathrm{}$$

and

$$\mathrm{}_{p^r}\stackrel{G^{}}{}_{p^r}\stackrel{F^{}}{}_{p^r}\mathrm{},$$

where $`G`$, $`F`$, $`G^{}`$, and $`F^{}`$ are multiplications by $`p^a,`$ $`p^b,`$ $`p^ac,`$ and $`p^bd`$ respectively, where $`c`$ and $`d`$ are relatively prime to $`p`$. Then $`\text{Ker }G=\text{Ker }G^{}`$ and $`\text{Im }F=\text{Im }F^{}.`$

Therefore, to compute the homology of a complex

$$\mathrm{}_{p^r}\stackrel{\times m}{}_{p^r}\stackrel{\times n}{}_{p^r}\mathrm{}$$

it suffices to know the largest powers of $`p`$ that divide $`m`$ and $`n`$.

Let $`\nu _p(n)`$ denote the highest exponent of $`p`$ that divides $`n`$.

### 3.2 Description of $`\text{Hol}(_{2^r})`$ for $`r3`$

###### Lemma 3.2.1.

1. If $`n`$ is odd, then $`\nu _2(3^n1)=1`$.
2. If $`m=2^q`$ where $`q1`$, then $`\nu _2(3^m1)=q+2.`$
3. Moreover, if $`m=2^qn`$ where $`n`$ is odd, then $`\nu _2(3^m1)=q+2.`$

###### Proof.

1. $`\nu _2(3^n1)=\nu _2((31)(3^{n1}+\mathrm{}+1))=1.`$
2. Induction on $`q`$. $`q=1`$: $`m=2`$, $`3^21=2^{1+2}.`$
$`\nu _2(3^{2^{q+1}}1)=\nu _2(3^{2^q2}1)=\nu _2((3^{2^q}1)(3^{2^q}+1))=(q+2)+1=q+3.`$
3. $`\nu _2(3^m1)=\nu _2(3^{2^qn}1)=\nu _2((3^{2^q}1)(3^{2^q(n1)}+\mathrm{}+1))=\nu _2(3^{2^q}1)=`$ $`=q+2.`$

###### Corollary 3.2.2.

For $`r4`$, $`3^{2^{r3}}1+2^{r1}(\text{mod }2^r).`$

Therefore, if $`r4`$, then multiplication by 3 generates a cyclic subgroup of order $`2^{r2}`$ in $`\text{Aut}(_{2^r}).`$ This subgroup contains multiplication by $`2^{r1}+1,`$ an element of order 2. There are two other elements of order 2 in $`\text{Aut}(_{2^r}),`$ namely multiplication by $`2^r1`$ and multiplication by $`2^{r1}1.`$ Since the order of $`\text{Aut}(_{2^r})`$ is $`2^{r1},`$ multiplication by 3 and multiplication by $`2^r1`$ generate all of $`\text{Aut}(_{2^r}).`$
If $`r=3,`$ $`\text{Aut}(_8)_2_2,`$ and we also can choose multiplication by 3 and multiplication by $`2^r1=7`$ as generators of the $`_2`$’s.
Thus we have

###### Corollary 3.2.3.

If $`r3`$, then $`\text{Aut}(_{2^r})_{2^{r2}}_2`$, where $`_{2^{r2}}`$ is generated by multiplication by 3, and $`_2`$ is generated by multiplication by $`2^r1`$.

###### Corollary 3.2.4.

The split short exact sequence

$$1_{2^r}\text{Hol}(_{2^r})\stackrel{}{}\text{Aut}(_{2^r})1$$
(3.1)
implies that for $`r3`$

$$\text{Hol}(_{2^r})\{x,y,z|x^{2^{r2}}=y^2=z^{2^r}=1,xy=yx,zx=xz^3,zy=yz^{2^r1}\}.$$

### 3.3 Application of Wall’s method (Generalization of his resolution \[W\])

Let $`G`$ be a split extension of a cyclic group by the direct sum of two cyclic groups:

$$1_qG\stackrel{}{}_{s_1}_{s_2}1.$$

More precisely, let $`G`$ be given by generators and relations:

$$G\{x,y,z|x^{s_1}=y^{s_2}=z^q=1,xy=yx,zx=xz^{t_1},zy=yz^{t_2}\}$$

where $`t_1^{s_1}1(\text{mod }q),t_2^{s_2}1(\text{mod }q).`$

We will construct a free resolution for Hol$`(G)`$ with underlying module $`A=\{A_{n,m}\}`$ graded by deg$`(A_{n,m})=n+m`$.

Let $`B_m,`$ $`R_i^{},`$ and $`R_j^{\prime \prime }`$ be the resolutions as above for the cyclic groups $`_q,`$ $`_{s_1},`$ and $`_{s_2}`$ on $`z,x,y`$ respectively.

Let the resolution for $`H=_{s_1}_{s_2}`$ be the tensor product of the resolutions for $`_{s_1}`$ and $`_{s_2}:`$

$$C_n=\underset{i+j=n}{}(R_i^{}_{[H]}R_j^{\prime \prime })=\underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}[H],$$

$$d_{n,i}=d_i^{}1(1)^i1d_{ni}^{\prime \prime }.$$

Then $`C_n`$ is free on $`n+1`$ generators. Define $`A_{n,m}=\underset{n+1}{}\left([G]_{[K]}B_m\right)`$ (see \[W\]).

###### Lemma 3.3.1.

Let $`A_{n,m}(n0,m0)`$ be free on $`n+1`$ generators, $`a_{n,m,i},`$ $`0in`$, and let the differentials be given by

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill d_0a_{n,2m+1,i}& =& (z1)a_{n,2m,i},\hfill \\ \hfill d_0a_{n,2m,i}& =& N_za_{n,2m,i},\hfill \\ \hfill d_1a_{2n+1,2m,2i}& =& (yL_{t_2,1}^m1)a_{2n,2m,2i}+\underset{j=0}{\overset{s_11}{}}x^jL_{t_1,j}^ma_{2n,2m,2i1},\hfill \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill d_1a_{2n+1,2m,2i+1}& =& \underset{j=0}{\overset{s_21}{}}y^jL_{t_2,j}^ma_{2n,2m,2i+1}+(xL_{t_1,1}^m1)a_{2n,2m,2i},\hfill \\ \hfill d_1a_{2n+1,2m1,2i}& =& (yL_{t_2,1}^m1)a_{2n,2m1,2i}\underset{j=0}{\overset{s_11}{}}x^jL_{t_1,j}^ma_{2n,2m1,2i1},\hfill \\ \hfill d_1a_{2n+1,2m1,2i+1}& =& \underset{j=0}{\overset{s_21}{}}y^jL_{t_2,j}^ma_{2n,2m1,2i+1}(xL_{t_1,1}^m1)a_{2n,2m1,2i},\hfill \\ \hfill d_1a_{2n,2m,2i}& =& \underset{j=0}{\overset{s_21}{}}y^jL_{t_2,j}^ma_{2n1,2m,2i}+\underset{j=0}{\overset{s_11}{}}x^jL_{t_1,j}^ma_{2n1,2m,2i1},\hfill \\ \hfill d_1a_{2n,2m,2i+1}& =& (yL_{t_2,1}^m1)a_{2n1,2m,2i+1}+(xL_{t_1,1}^m1)a_{2n1,2m,2i},\hfill \\ \hfill d_1a_{2n,2m1,2i}& =& \underset{j=0}{\overset{s_21}{}}y^jL_{t_2,j}^ma_{2n1,2m1,2i}\underset{j=0}{\overset{s_11}{}}x^jL_{t_1,j}^ma_{2n1,2m1,2i1},\hfill \\ \hfill d_1a_{2n,2m1,2i+1}& =& (yL_{t_2,1}^m1)a_{2n1,2m1,2i+1}(xL_{t_1,1}^m1)a_{2n1,2m1,2i},\hfill \\ \hfill d_2a_{n,2m,i}& =& 0,\hfill \\ \hfill d_2a_{n,2m1,i}& =& \frac{1}{q}(t_2^{ms_2}1)a_{n2,2m,i}\frac{1}{q}(t_1^{ms_2}1)a_{n2,2m,i2},\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`L_{f,j}={\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{f^j1}{}}}z^i.`$ Let $`d={\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{2}{}}}d_k`$. Then $`(A,d)`$ is acyclic.

###### Proof.

Let us “place” this resolution in a three-dimensional lattice, with coordinates $`x,y,`$ and $`z`$, as follows. We put each generator $`a_{n,m,i}`$ at the lattice point $`(i,ni,m)`$, i.e. $`i`$ is its $`x`$-coordinate, $`n`$ is its total horizontal degree, and $`m`$ is its vertical degree. It is easy to see from our formulas that every nonzero differential is a linear combination of a differential lying in a plane parallel to the $`xz`$-plane and a differential lying in a plane parallel to the $`yz`$-plane. The $`xz`$-plane contains Wall’s resolution for the extension $`1_qG^x_{s_1}1`$ where $`G^x\{x,z|x^{s_1}=z^q=1,zx=xz^{t_1}\}`$ is the subgroup of $`G`$ generated by $`x`$ and $`z`$, and the $`yz`$-plane contains Wall’s resolution for the extension $`1_qG^y_{s_2}1`$ where $`G^y\{y,z|y^{s_2}=z^q=1,zy=yz^{t_2}\}`$ is the subgroup of $`G`$ generated by $`y`$ and $`z`$. Moreover, all the differentials in every plane $`y=c`$ coincide with the corresponding differentials in the $`xz`$-plane, and the differentials in every plane $`x=c`$ coincide with the corresponding differentials in the $`yz`$-plane except for $`d_1`$ is multiplied by $`(1)^i`$ where $`i`$ is the $`x`$-coordinate of the source of $`d_1`$. Notice that the vertical differentials $`d_0`$ are the same for both extensions. So let’s write $`d_1=d_1^x+(1)^id_1^y`$ and $`d_2=d_2^x+d_2^y`$ where $`d_j^x`$ and $`d_j^y`$ are Wall’s differentials for the above extensions. To show acyclicity, we have to show that for each $`k`$, $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{k}{}}}d_jd_{kj}=0`$.

First of all, notice that all $`d_2`$’s are multiplications by numbers, all $`d_1^x`$’s and $`d_1^y`$’s are multiplications by expressions of $`x`$ and $`y`$ respectively, thus $`d_2`$ commute with everything, and $`d_1^x`$ commutes with $`d_1^y`$ as $`x`$ and $`y`$ commute in our group $`G`$.

* For $`k=0`$ we have $`d_0d_0=0`$ because $`B_m`$ is a resolution for $`_q`$.
* For $`k=1`$, since $`d_0`$ does not change the horizontal bidegree,

$$\begin{array}{c}d_0d_1+d_1d_0\hfill \\ =d_0(d_1^x+(1)^id_1^y)+(d_1^x+(1)^id_1^y)d_0\hfill \\ =(d_0d_1^x+d_1^xd_0)+(1)^i(d_0d_1^y+d_1^yd_0)\hfill \\ =0.\hfill \end{array}$$

by \[W\].
* For $`k=2`$, since $`d_1^x`$ lowers $`i`$ by 1 and $`d_1^y`$ does not change $`i`$,

$$\begin{array}{c}d_0d_2+d_1d_1+d_2d_0\hfill \\ =d_0(d_2^x+d_2^y)+d_1(d_1^x+(1)^id_1^y)+(d_2^x+d_2^y)d_0\hfill \\ =d_0d_2^x+d_0d_2^y+(d_1^x+(1)^{i1}d_1^y)d_1^x+(d_1^x+(1)^id_1^y)(1)^id_1^y+d_2^xd_0+d_2^yd_0\hfill \\ =(d_0d_2^x+d_1^xd_1^x+d_2^xd_0)+(d_0d_2^y+d_1^yd_1^y+d_2^yd_0)+((1)^{i1}d_1^yd_1^x+(1)^id_1^xd_1^y)\hfill \\ =0.\hfill \end{array}$$

The sums in the first two parenthesis here are 0 by \[W\], and the sum in the third parenthesis is identically 0.
* For $`k=3`$, since $`d_j=0`$ for $`j3`$, and $`d_2^x`$ lowers $`i`$ by 2 while $`d_2^y`$ does not change $`i`$, we have

$$\begin{array}{c}d_0d_3+d_1d_2+d_2d_1+d_3d_0\hfill \\ =d_1d_2+d_2d_1\hfill \\ =(d_1^x+(1)^id_1^y)(d_2^x+d_2^y)+(d_2^x+d_2^y)(d_1^x+(1)^id_1^y)\hfill \\ =(d_1^xd_2^x+d_2^xd_1^x)+(1)^i(d_1^yd_2^y+d_2^yd_1^y)+(d_1^xd_2^y+d_2^yd_1^x)+(1)^i(d_1^yd_2^x+d_2^xd_1^y)\hfill \\ =0.\hfill \end{array}$$

The sums in the first two parenthesis are again 0 by \[W\]. The sum in the third parenthesis is 0 because of the following. $`d_2`$ raises the vertical degree by 1; if the vertical degree of the source is even, then $`d_2=0`$, while if the vertical degree of the source is odd, then $`d_2^y`$’s in this sum are multiplication by the same expression of $`y`$, and $`d_1^x`$’s are multiplication by expressions that differ by sign. The sum in the fourth parenthesis is 0 for a similar reason.
* For $`k=4`$ we have $`d_2d_2=0`$ because, as said above, $`d_2=0`$ raises the vertical degree by 1, and it is 0 whenever the vertical degree of the source is even.
* For $`k5`$, $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{k}{}}}d_jd_{kj}=0`$ because $`d_j=0`$ for $`j3`$.

As in Wall’s application (where $`H`$ is cyclic), on forming the tensor product with $``$, $`z1`$ becomes zero, and the graded submodules

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill A^0& =& \underset{n0}{}A_{n,0}_{[G]},\hfill \\ \hfill A^m& =& \underset{n0}{}(A_{n,2m1}+A_{n,2m})_{[G]}\hfill \end{array}$$

are invariant under $`d`$. Thus $`A_{[G]}`$ is a direct sum of chain complexes. Hence it is sufficient to compute the homology of $`d`$ on each summand separately.

To compute the homology of $`A^m`$ for positive m, consider the spectral sequence of the filtration $`F_k(A^m)={\displaystyle \underset{sk}{}}A_{s,}.`$ The differential $`d_0`$ is induced by $`N_z`$, thus is multiplication by $`q.`$ Hence the $`E_1`$-stage collapses to the $`(2m1)`$-row.

###### Remark.

The above construction can be generalized to the case of an arbitrary finite abelian group $`H`$ in the split short exact sequence

$$1_qG\stackrel{}{}H1.$$

If $`H\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}_{s_i},`$ let $`A_{n,m}`$ be free on $`\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n+k1}{k1}}\right)`$ generators, $`a_{n,m,i_1,\mathrm{}i_k},`$ $`0i_jn,`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}}i_j=n.`$ Place each generator $`a_{n,m,i_1,\mathrm{}i_k}`$ at the lattice point $`(i_1,i_2,\mathrm{},i_k,m)`$. The differentials are as follows. Construct Wall’s resolution for

$$1_qG_i\stackrel{}{}_{s_i}1$$
(3.2)
for each $`i`$ from 1 to $`k`$, and put it in each plane parallel to the $`x_iz`$-plane in the $`(k+1)`$-dimensional $`x_1x_2\mathrm{}x_kz`$-space. Let $`d_1^{x_i}`$ and $`d_2^{x_i}`$ be differentials in Wall’s resolution for (3.2). Then define $`d_1`$ and $`d_2`$ by

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill d_1& =& d_1^{x_1}+(1)^{i_1}d_1^{x_2}+(1)^{i_1+i_2}d_1^{x_3}+\mathrm{}+(1)^{i_1+i_2+\mathrm{}+i_{k1}}d_1^{x_k},\hfill \\ \hfill d_2& =& d_2^{x_1}+d_2^{x_2}+\mathrm{}+d_2^{x_k},\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`i_j`$ is the $`j`$-th coordinate of the source of the differential. Define $`d_0`$ as in each resolution (3.2). Let

$$d=d_0+d_1+d_2.$$

Then $`(A,d)`$ is a resolution (the proof is a slight generalization of the proof of lemma 3.3.1). The graded submodules

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill A^0& =& \underset{i_1+\mathrm{}+i_k=n0}{}A_{n,0,i_1,\mathrm{},i_k}_{[G]},\hfill \\ \hfill A^m& =& \underset{i_1+\mathrm{}+i_k=n0}{}(A_{n,2m1,i_1,\mathrm{},i_k}+A_{n,2m,i_1,\mathrm{},i_k})_{[G]}\hfill \end{array}$$

are still invariant under $`d,`$ however, the larger $`k`$ is, the more complicated is the calculation of $`H_{}(A^m)`$.

### 3.4 $`H_{}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r});)`$

The application of the method described above to computation of $`H_{}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r});)`$ is straightforward: according to corollary 3.2.4, we set $`q=2^r,`$ $`s_1=2^{r2},`$ $`s_2=2,`$ $`t_1=3,`$ and $`t_2=2^r1.`$

Let $`\{f_{n,i},0in\}`$ be the basis of the $`E^1`$-stage of the spectral sequence for $`A^m`$ deduced from the basis $`\{a_{n,2m1,i},0in\}.`$ Then for $`m=0,`$

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill d_1f_{2n+1,2i}& =& 2^{r2}f_{2n,2i1},\hfill \\ \hfill d_1f_{2n+1,2i+1}& =& 2f_{2n,2i+1},\hfill \\ \hfill d_1f_{2n,2i}& =& 2f_{2n1,2i}+2^{r2}f_{2n1,2i1},\hfill \\ \hfill d_1f_{2n,2i+1}& =& 0.\hfill \end{array}$$

Then

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill H_{2n+1}(A^0;)& & (\underset{n1}{}_2)_{2^{r2}}\hfill \\ \hfill H_{2n}(A^0;)& & \underset{n}{}_2,n1.\hfill \end{array}$$

For $`m1,`$

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill d_1f_{2n+1,2i}& =& ((1)^m1)f_{2n,2i}\frac{3^{2^{r2}m}1}{3^m1}f_{2n,2i1},\hfill \\ \hfill d_1f_{2n+1,2i+1}& =& (1+(1)^m)f_{2n,2i+1}(3^m1)f_{2n,2i},\hfill \\ \hfill d_1f_{2n,2i}& =& (1+(1)^m)f_{2n1,2i}\frac{3^{2^{r2}m}1}{3^m1}f_{2n1,2i1},\hfill \\ \hfill d_1f_{2n,2i+1}& =& ((1)^m1)f_{2n1,2i+1}(3^m1)f_{2n1,2i}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.3)
By lemma 3.1.1, to compute $`H_{}(A^m;),`$ it suffices to know the largest powers of 2 that divide the coefficients in (3.3).

By lemma 3.2.1,

* if $`m`$ is odd, then $`\nu _2(3^{2^{r2}m}1)=r`$ and $`\nu _2(3^m1)=1`$, therefore
$`\nu _2\left({\displaystyle \frac{3^{2^{r2}m}1}{3^m1}}\right)=r1,`$
* if $`\nu _2(m)=q1`$, then $`\nu _2(3^{2^{r2}m}1)=r+q`$ and $`\nu _2(3^m1)=q+2`$, therefore $`\nu _2\left({\displaystyle \frac{3^{2^{r2}m}1}{3^m1}}\right)=r2.`$

It follows that:

* if $`m`$ is odd, then $`H_n(A^m;)=_2`$ for any $`n0,`$
* if $`V_2(m)=q,`$ $`1qr2`$, then

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill H_0(A^m;)& & _{2^{q+2}}\hfill \\ \hfill H_n(A^m;)& & \left(\underset{n}{}_2\right)_{2^q}(n1)\hfill \end{array}$$
* If $`qr2`$, then $`2^{q+2}0(\text{mod}2^r)`$, therefore the homology of $`A^{2^ql}`$ does not depend on $`q`$, and equals that of $`A^{2^{r2}}.`$

The $`E^{\mathrm{}}`$ stage of this spectral sequence is shown in figure 3.1.

Finally, $`H_{}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r});)`$ is the direct sum of the above for all $`m.`$ We have

$$H_q(\text{Hol}(_8);)\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}\left(\underset{n_i}{}_{2^i}\right),$$

where

$`\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill n_1& =& {\displaystyle \frac{q^2}{8}}+{\displaystyle \frac{3q}{4}}+\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 0& \text{if }q0(\text{mod }4)\hfill \\ \hfill 17/8& \text{if }q1(\text{mod }4)\hfill \\ \hfill 1/4& \text{if }q2(\text{mod }4)\hfill \\ \hfill 5/8& \text{if }q3(\text{mod }4)\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ & & \\ & =& \{\begin{array}{cc}2n^2+3n\hfill & \text{if }q=4n\hfill \\ 2n^2+4n+3\hfill & \text{if }q=4n+1\hfill \\ 2n^2+5n+2\hfill & \text{if }q=4n+2\hfill \\ 2n^2+6n+4\hfill & \text{if }q=4n+3\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ \hfill n_2& =& 0\hfill \\ \hfill n_3& =& \{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 1& \text{if }q3(\text{mod }4)\hfill \\ \hfill 0& \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}`$

$$H_q(\text{Hol}(_{16});)\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}\left(\underset{n_i}{}_{2^i}\right),$$

where

$`\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill n_1& =& {\displaystyle \frac{q^2}{8}}{\displaystyle \frac{q}{4}}+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{q}{4}}\right]\left[{\displaystyle \frac{q}{8}}\right]+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{q+3}{4}}\right]+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{q+1}{2}}\right]+\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 1/8& \text{if }q1(\text{mod }4)\hfill \\ \hfill 3/8& \text{if }q3(\text{mod }4)\hfill \\ \hfill 0& \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ & & \\ \hfill n_2& =& \left[{\displaystyle \frac{q}{8}}\right]+\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 1& \text{if }q1(\text{mod }2)\hfill \\ \hfill 0& \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ & & \\ \hfill n_3& =& \{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 1& \text{if }q3(\text{mod }8)\hfill \\ \hfill 0& \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ & & \\ \hfill n_4& =& \{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 1& \text{if }q7(\text{mod }8)\hfill \\ \hfill 0& \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}`$

If $`r5,`$

$$H_q(\text{Hol}(_{2^r});)\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}\left(\underset{n_i}{}_{2^i}\right),$$

where

$`\begin{array}{ccc}n_1\hfill & =& {\displaystyle \frac{q^2}{8}}{\displaystyle \frac{q}{4}}+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{q}{4}}\right]\left[{\displaystyle \frac{q}{8}}\right]+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{q+3}{4}}\right]+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{q+1}{2}}\right]+\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 1/8& \text{if }q1(\text{mod }4)\hfill \\ \hfill 3/8& \text{if }q3(\text{mod }4)\hfill \\ \hfill 0& \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ & & \\ n_2\hfill & =& \left[{\displaystyle \frac{q}{8}}\right]\left[{\displaystyle \frac{q}{16}}\right]\hfill \\ & & \\ n_3\hfill & =& \left[{\displaystyle \frac{q}{16}}\right]\left[{\displaystyle \frac{q}{32}}\right]+\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 1& \text{if }q3(\text{mod }8)\hfill \\ \hfill 0& \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ & & \mathrm{}\hfill \end{array}`$

$`\begin{array}{ccc}n_i\hfill & =& \left[{\displaystyle \frac{q}{2^{i+1}}}\right]\left[{\displaystyle \frac{q}{2^{i+2}}}\right]+\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 1& \text{if }q2^{i1}1(\text{mod }2^i)\hfill \\ \hfill 0& \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ & & (3ir3)\hfill \\ & & \mathrm{}\hfill \\ n_{r2}\hfill & =& \left[{\displaystyle \frac{q}{2^{r1}}}\right]+\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 1& \text{if }q1(\text{mod }2)\hfill \\ \hfill 1& \text{if }q2^{r3}1(\text{mod }2^{r2})\hfill \\ \hfill 0& \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ & & \\ n_{r1}\hfill & =& \{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 1& \text{if }q2^{r2}1(\text{mod }2^{r1})\hfill \\ \hfill 0& \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ & & \\ n_r\hfill & =& \{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 1& \text{if }q1(\text{mod }2^{r1})\hfill \\ \hfill 0& \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}`$

### 3.5 $`H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r});𝔽_2)`$

First we use the universal coefficient theorem to compute the mod 2 cohomology of Hol$`(_{2^r})`$ additively.

###### Proposition 3.5.1.

If $`r3,`$ then the ranks of $`H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r});𝔽_2)`$ do not depend on $`r:`$

$$\begin{array}{cccc}\hfill H^{4n}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r});𝔽_2)& & \underset{4n^2+5n+1}{}& 𝔽_2,\hfill \\ \hfill H^{4n+1}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r});𝔽_2)& & \underset{4n^2+7n+3}{}& 𝔽_2,\hfill \\ \hfill H^{4n+2}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r});𝔽_2)& & \underset{4n^2+9n+5}{}& 𝔽_2,\hfill \\ \hfill H^{4n+3}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r});𝔽_2)& & \underset{4n^2+11n+7}{}& 𝔽_2\hfill \end{array}$$

Next we find the ring structure of $`H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r});𝔽_2)`$ using LHS spectral sequence. Consider the following three subgroups of $`\text{Aut}(_{2^r})_{2^{r2}}_2:`$

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}1.\hfill & A_1=\hfill & _{2^{r2}}& & _{2^{r2}}_2\\ & & 1& & (1,0)\\ 2.\hfill & A_2=\hfill & _2& & _{2^{r2}}_2\\ & & 1& & (0,1)\\ 3.\hfill & A_3=\hfill & _2& & _{2^{r2}}_2\\ & & 1& & (2^{r3},1)\end{array}$$

and the corresponding pullbacks:

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}1& & _{2^r}& & G_i& & A_i& & 1\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ 1& & _{2^r}& & \text{Hol}(_{2^r})& & _{2^{r2}}_2& & 1\end{array}$$

Then $`G_i`$ is a split extension of cyclic by cyclic groups, so we can use Wall’s method to compute its integer homology, and then use the universal coefficients theorem to compute its mod 2 cohomology.

###### Remark.

$`G_2`$ and $`G_3`$ are the dihedral and semi-dihedral \[MP\] groups of order $`2^{r+1}`$.

Let $`A_1^{}`$ be the subgroup of $`A_1`$ of order 2. Then the corresponding pullback is the quasi-dihedral group of order $`2^{r+1}`$:

$$\{z,s|z^{2^r}=1,s^2=1,zs=sz^{2^{r1}+1}\}$$

Now consider the LHS spectral sequence for $`H^{}(G_1;𝔽_2)`$. Its $`E_2`$ stage is shown in Figure 3.2.

Using Wall’s formulas we have $`H_1(G_1;)_{2^{r2}}_2`$ and $`H_2(G_1;)=0`$. Then $`H^2(G_1;_2)_2_2`$. It follows that

$$d_2(v_1)=u_1z_1\text{ if }r>3,$$

$$d_2(v_1)=u_1x_1^2\text{ if }r=3.$$

Then

$$d_2(v_1^{2n+1}x_1^iz_1^j)=u_1v_1^{2n}x_1^iz_1^{j+1}\text{ if }r>3,$$

$$d_2(v_1^{2n+1}x_1^i)=u_1v_1^{2n}x_1^{i+2}\text{ if }r=3,$$

and all other differentials are zero.

The spectral sequence for $`H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r});𝔽_2)`$ shown in figure 3.3 maps into the spectral sequence for $`H^{}(G_1;𝔽_2)`$ shown in figure 3.2; $`x`$ is mapped to $`x_1`$, $`z`$ to $`z_1`$, $`y`$ to 0, $`u`$ to $`u_1`$, and $`v`$ to $`v_1`$. Therefore,

$$d_2(v)=uz+\text{possibly some other term(s)    if }r>3,$$

$$d_2(v)=ux^2+\text{possibly some other term(s)    if }r>3.$$

###### Note.

The possible terms are linear combinations of $`uy^2`$ and $`uxy.`$

The mod 2 cohomology of $`G_2`$ (which also can by computed using Wall’s method) is given by

$$H^q(G_2;𝔽_2)\underset{q+1}{}𝔽_2.$$

It follows from the ranks of $`H^q(G_2;𝔽_2)`$’s that all the differentials in the LHS spectral sequence for $`H^{}(G_2;𝔽_2)`$ are zero.

The spectral sequence for $`H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r});𝔽_2)`$ maps into it; $`x`$ and $`z`$ are mapped to 0, $`y`$ to $`y_2,`$ $`u`$ to $`u_2,`$ and $`v`$ to $`v_2.`$ Therefore the term $`uy^2`$ is not present in the expression for $`d_2(v)`$.

Finally, considering the map from the spectral sequence for $`H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r});𝔽_2)`$ into the spectral sequence for $`H^{}(G_3;𝔽_2)`$, we conclude that the term $`uxy`$ is not present in the expression for $`d_2(v)`$ either. Therefore

$$d_2(v)=uz\text{ if }r>3,$$

$$d_2(v)=ux^2\text{ if }r=3.$$

Then

$$d_2(v^{2n+1}x^iy^jz^k)=uv^{2n}x^iy^jz^{k+1}\text{ if }r>3,$$

$$d_2(v^{2n+1}x^iy^j)=uv^{2n}x^{i+2}y^j\text{ if }r=3,$$

and all other differentials are zero.

Let $`a=u`$, $`b=uv`$, and $`c=v^2`$. Then, additively, the $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ stage in the spectral sequence for $`\text{Hol}(_{2^r})`$ is

$$E_{\mathrm{}}^,\mathrm{\Lambda }(a,b,x)𝔽_2[c,z,y]/ab=az=0\text{ if }r>3,$$

and

$$E_{\mathrm{}}^,\mathrm{\Lambda }(a,b)𝔽_2[c,x,y]/ab=ax^2=0\text{ if }r=3$$

where $`|a|=|x|=|y|=1,|z|=2,|b|=3,|c|=4.`$

However, the ring structure of the mod 2 cohomology is different.

First we compute the mod 2 cohomology rings of subgroups $`G_1,`$ $`G_2,`$ and $`G_3`$. This was done by the author using Bockstein homomorphisms and Steenrod square operations, however, it was learned later that these cohomology rings were worked out in \[H\]. Thus we skip the details of our calculations.

$`G_1`$ is a special case of theorem C, part (2), in \[H\]:

* If $`r>3`$, then $`H^{}(G_1;𝔽_2)`$
$`\mathrm{\Lambda }(x_1)𝔽_2[a_1,b_1,c_1,z_1]/a_1^2=a_1x_1,a_1z_1=0,a_1b_1=0,b_1^2=a_1x_1c_1+b_1x_1z_1`$
where $`|x_1|=|a_1|=1,`$ $`|z_1|=2,`$ $`b_1|=3,`$ and $`|c_1|=4`$.
* If $`r=3`$, then $`H^{}(G_1;𝔽_2)`$
$`𝔽_2[a_1,b_1,c_1,x_1]/a_1^2=a_1x_1,a_1x_1^2=0,a_1b_1=0,b_1^2=a_1x_1c_1+b_1x_1^3+c_1x_1^2`$
where $`|x_1|=|a_1|=1,`$ $`b_1|=3,`$ and $`|c_1|=4`$.

$`G_2`$ is covered by theorem B, part (2):

$$H^{}(G_2;𝔽_2)𝔽_2[u_2,v_2,y_2]/u_2=u_2y_2,$$

where $`|u_2|=|y_2|=1,`$ and $`|v_2|=2`$.

Finally, $`G_3`$ is covered also by theorem C, part (2).

Next we compute the ring structure of the mod 2 cohomology of $`\text{Hol}(_{2^r})`$. First notice that the split sequence (3.1) gives the maps of cohomology rings

$$H^{}(_{2^r})H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r});𝔽_2)\stackrel{}{}H^{}(_{2^{r2}}_2;𝔽_2).$$

Therefore all the products of $`x`$, $`y`$, and $`z`$ are as in $`H^{}(_{2^{r2}}_2;𝔽_2)`$, namely the only relation is that $`x^2=0`$ in case $`r>3`$. The products $`ac`$, $`bc`$, and $`c^2`$ are non-zero in $`H^{}(_{2^r};𝔽_2)`$, and hence are not linear combinations of other products in $`H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r});𝔽_2)`$. The products $`a^2`$, $`ab`$, and $`b^2`$ all map to 0 in $`H^{}(_{2^r};𝔽_2)`$, thus these are linear combinations of other products each of which necessarily contains $`x`$, $`y`$, or $`z`$. On the other hand, there are choices of $`a,`$ $`b,`$ and $`c`$ that are mapped to 0 in $`H^{}(_{2^{r2}}_2;𝔽_2)`$, thus the expressions for $`a^2`$, $`ab`$, and $`b^2`$ in $`H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r});𝔽_2)`$ do not contain products of only $`x`$, $`y`$, and $`z`$. Thus $`a^2`$ is a linear combination of $`ax`$ and $`ay`$; The product $`ab`$ is a linear combination of $`bx`$, $`by`$, $`axy^2`$, $`ay^2`$, and either $`z^2`$ or $`x^4`$ depending on whether $`p>3`$ or $`p=3`$. Finally, $`b^2`$ is a linear combination of $`acx`$, $`acy`$, $`cz/cx^2`$, $`cxy`$, $`cy^2`$, $`bxz/bx^3`$, $`byz/bx^2y`$, $`bxy^2`$, $`by^3`$, $`axy^4`$, and $`ay^4`$.

Now consider maps from $`H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r}))`$ into $`H^{}(G_i)`$ for $`1i3`$.

As mentioned before, the map $`H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r}))H^{}(G_1)`$ is given by $`xx_1`$, $`y0`$, $`zz_1`$, $`aa_1`$, $`bb_1`$, and $`cc_1`$. Since $`a_1^2=a_1x_1`$, the term $`ax`$ is present in $`a^2`$. Since $`a_1b_1=0`$, neither of the terms not containing $`y`$ is present in $`ab`$. The formulas for $`b_1^2`$ above imply that if $`r>3`$ then $`acx`$ and $`bxz`$ are present in $`b^2`$ but $`cz`$ is not, while if $`r=3`$ then $`acx`$, $`cx^2`$, and $`bx^3`$ are all present.

The map $`H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r}))H^{}(G_2)`$ is given by $`x0`$, $`yy_2`$, $`z0`$, $`au_2`$, $`bu_2v_2`$, and $`cv_2^2`$. The equation $`u_2^2=u_2y_2`$ implies that the term $`ay`$ is also present in $`a^2`$, so $`a^2=ax+ay`$. The product $`ab`$ is mapped into $`u_2^2v_2=u_2v_2y_2`$ which is the image of $`by`$, therefore $`by`$ is present in $`ab`$, but $`ay^3`$ is not present. Further, $`b^2`$ is mapped into $`(u_2v_2)^2=u_2^2v_2^2=u_2v_2^2y_2`$, the image of $`acy`$, therefore $`acy`$ is present in $`b^2`$ but $`cy^2`$, $`by^3`$, and $`ay^4`$, are not present.

Finally, considering the map $`H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r}))H^{}(G_3)`$ we see that there are choices of $`b`$ and $`c`$ such that neither of the other terms is present in $`ab`$, and $`b^2`$, therefore the ring structure of the cohomology of $`\text{Hol}(_{2^r})`$ is as in the following theorem.

###### Theorem 3.5.2.

There are choices of generators $`a,`$ $`b,`$ $`c,`$ $`x,`$ $`y,`$ and $`z`$ such that

1. if $`r>3`$, then $`H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{2^r};𝔽_2)`$
$`\mathrm{\Lambda }(x)𝔽_2[a,b,c,y,z]/a^2=ax+ay,az=0,ab=by,b^2=acx+bxz+acy,`$
where $`|x|=|y|=|a|=1,`$ $`|z|=2`$, $`|b|=3`$, and $`|c|=4`$,
2. $`H^{}(\text{Hol}(_8;𝔽_2)`$
$`𝔽_2[a,b,c,x,y]/a^2=ax+ay,ax^2=0,ab=by,b^2=acx+bx^3+acy+cx^2,`$
where $`|x|=|y|=|a|=1,`$ $`|b|=3`$, and $`|c|=4`$.

### 3.6 Description and integer homology of $`\text{Hol}(_{p^r})`$ for $`p`$ odd

Let $`p`$ be an odd prime. It is well-known that Aut$`(_{p^r})_{(p1)p^{r1}}`$ (e.g., see \[R, p.98\]). Let multiplication by $`s`$ be a generator of Aut$`(_{p^r})`$. Then the split short exact sequence

$$1_{p^r}\text{Hol}(_{p^r})\stackrel{}{}\text{Aut}(_{p^r})1$$

implies that

$$\text{Hol}(_{p^r})\{x,y|x^{(p1)p^{r1}}=y^{p^r}=1,yx=xy^s\}$$

Let A be Wall’s free resolution for $`G=\text{Hol}(_{p^r}):`$ $`A_{n,m}`$ is free on one generator $`a_{n,m}`$ $`(n0,m0)`$ and the differentials as given in \[W\].

###### Note.

We switched the indices so that the bidegree of the differential $`d_k`$ in the spectral sequence below is $`(k,k1)`$.

We take the tensor product with $``$ over $`(G).`$ Let $`g_{n,m}`$ be the generator of $`A_{n,m}_{(G)}`$. The differentials are given by

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill d_0g_{n,2m+1}& =& 0,\hfill \\ \hfill d_0g_{n,2m}& =& p^rg_{n,2m1},\hfill \\ \hfill d_1g_{2n+1,2m}& =& (s^m1)g_{2n,2m},\hfill \\ \hfill d_1g_{2n+1,2m1}& =& (s^m1)g_{2n,2m1},\hfill \\ \hfill d_1g_{2n,2m}& =& \left(\underset{j=0}{\overset{(p1)p^{r1}1}{}}s^{mj}\right)g_{2n1,2m},\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.4)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill d_1g_{2n,2m1}& =& \left(\underset{j=0}{\overset{(p1)p^{r1}1}{}}s^{mj}\right)g_{2n1,2m1},\hfill \\ \hfill d_2g_{n,2m}& =& 0,\hfill \\ \hfill d_2g_{n,2m1}& =& \frac{1}{p^r}\left(s^{m(p1)p^{r1}}1\right)g_{n2,2m},\hfill \end{array}$$

and $`d_k=0`$ for $`k>2`$.

As Wall pointed out, the submodules

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill A^0& =& \underset{n0}{}A_{n,0}_G,\hfill \\ \hfill A^m& =& \underset{n0}{}(A_{2m1,n}+A_{2m,n})_G\hfill \end{array}$$

are invariant under $`d`$, and $`A_G`$ is their direct sum. Hence it is sufficient to compute the homology of $`d`$ on them separately. The homology of $`A^0`$ is that of $`_{(p1)p^{r1}}`$. For $`A^m`$, $`m>0`$, consider the spectral sequence of the filtration $`F_k(A^m)={\displaystyle \underset{sk}{}}A_{s,}.`$ $`d_0`$ is induced by $`N_y`$, thus is multiplication by $`p^r.`$ Hence the $`E_1`$ stage collapses to the $`(2m1)`$-row.

By Lemma 3.1.1, it suffices to know the highest powers of $`p`$ that divide the coefficients in (3.4) in order to compute $`H_{}(A^m)`$.

###### Lemma 3.6.1.

If $`1qr1`$, the natural surjection $`_{p^r}\stackrel{j}{}_{p^q}`$ induces a surjection of the automorphism groups $`\text{Aut}(_{p^r})\stackrel{j^{}}{}\text{Aut}(_{p^q})`$.

###### Proof.

See example 2.4.8. ∎

###### Lemma 3.6.2.

If $`1qr1`$ and $`(k,p)=1,`$ then $`\nu _p(s^{(p1)p^{q1}k}1)=q`$, and $`s^m1`$ is not divisible by $`p`$ if $`(m,p1)=1.`$

###### Proof.

Lemma 3.6.1 implies that multiplication by $`s`$ generates $`\text{Aut}(_{p^q})`$ for $`1qr1`$. Thus $`s^{(p1)p^{q1}}`$ is the smallest power of $`s`$ that is congruent to 1 mod $`p^q`$. ∎

Therefore

* if $`(m,p1)=1,`$ then $`\nu _p(s^m1)=0`$ and $`\nu _p\left({\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{(p1)p^{r1}1}{}}}s^{mj}\right)=r`$.
* if $`m=(p1)p^{q1}k`$ where $`(k,p)=1`$, then $`\nu _p(s^m1)=q`$ and
$`\nu _p\left({\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{(p1)p^{r1}1}{}}}s^{mj}\right)=\nu _p\left({\displaystyle \frac{s^{m(p1)p^{r1}}1}{s^m1}}\right)=r1`$;
* if $`m=(p1)p^{r1}k`$, then $`s^m1(\text{mod }p^r)`$ and $`\nu _p\left({\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{(p1)p^{r1}1}{}}}s^{mj}\right)=r1`$.

It follows that if $`r=1`$ then

$$H_i(A^m;)=\{\begin{array}{cc}_p\hfill & \text{if }m=(p1)k\text{ and }i=2m1\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$$

and if $`r2`$ then

$$H_i(A^m;)=\{\begin{array}{cc}_{p^q}\hfill & \text{if }m=(p1)p^{q1}k,1qr1,(k,p)=1,i=2m1\hfill \\ _{p^{q1}}\hfill & \text{if }m=(p1)p^{q1}k,2qr1,(k,p)=1,i2m\hfill \\ _{p^r}\hfill & \text{if }m=(p1)p^{r1}k\text{ and }i=2m1\hfill \\ _{p^{r1}}\hfill & \text{if }m=(p1)p^{r1}k\text{ and }i2m\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise }\hfill \end{array}$$

Now we just add up the homologies of $`A^m`$, and we get:

$$H_q(\text{Hol}(_p);)\left(\underset{n_1}{}_p\right)\left(\underset{m}{}_{p1}\right)$$

where

$`\begin{array}{ccc}n_1\hfill & =\hfill & \{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{ if }q=2(p1)k1\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{ otherwise}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ & & \\ m\hfill & =\hfill & \{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{ if }q\text{ is odd }\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{ otherwise}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}`$

$$H_q(\text{Hol}(_{p^2});)\underset{i=1}{\overset{2}{}}\left(\underset{n_i}{}_{p^i}\right)\left(\underset{m}{}_{p1}\right)$$

where

$`\begin{array}{ccc}n_1\hfill & =\hfill & \left[{\displaystyle \frac{q}{2(p1)p}}\right]+\{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{if }q=2(p1)k1,(k,p)=1\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}+\{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{if }q\text{ is odd }\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}`$

$`\begin{array}{ccc}n_2\hfill & =\hfill & \{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{ if }q=2(p1)pk1\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{ otherwise}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ & & \\ m\hfill & =\hfill & \{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{ if }q\text{ is odd }\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{ otherwise}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}`$

If $`r3`$,

$$H_q(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});)\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}\left(\underset{n_i}{}_{p^i}\right)\left(\underset{m}{}_{p1}\right)$$

where

$`\begin{array}{ccc}n_i\hfill & =\hfill & \left[{\displaystyle \frac{q}{2(p1)p^i}}\right]\left[{\displaystyle \frac{q}{2(p1)p^{i+1}}}\right]+\hfill \\ & & \\ & & +\{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{if }q=2(p1)p^{i1}k1,(k,p)=1\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}(1ir2)\hfill \\ & & \\ n_{r1}\hfill & =\hfill & \left[{\displaystyle \frac{q}{2(p1)p^{r1}}}\right]+\{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{if }q=2(p1)p^{r2}k1,(k,p)=1\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}+\hfill \\ & & \\ & & +\{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{if }q\text{ is odd }\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ & & \\ n_r\hfill & =\hfill & \{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{if }q=2(p1)p^{r1}k1\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ & & \\ m\hfill & =\hfill & \{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{if }q\text{ is odd }\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}`$

In the future sections we will need integer cohomology rather than homology, but it is easy to compute using the universal coefficients theorem.

### 3.7 $`H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});𝔽_p)`$ for $`p`$ odd prime

The mod $`p`$ cohomology of $`\text{Hol}(_p)`$ and of $`\text{Hol}(_{p^2})`$ are well-known (let us just mention that the LHS spectral sequence collapses for $`r=1`$ but does not collapse for $`r=2`$), so we only give the result for $`r3`$. First we use the universal coefficients theorem to compute $`H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r};𝔽_p)`$ additively:

$$H^q(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});𝔽_p)\underset{n}{}𝔽_p$$

where

$$n=\{\begin{array}{ccc}2k+2\hfill & \text{if}\hfill & q=2(p1)pk+2(p1)l1,1lp\hfill \\ & & \text{or }q=2(p1)pk+2(p1)l,1lp1\hfill \\ 2k+1\hfill & \text{if}\hfill & q=2(p1)pk+m,0m2(p1)p2,\hfill \\ & & \text{but }q\text{ is not of either of the above forms}\hfill \end{array}$$

To find the ring structure of $`H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});𝔽_p)`$ we use the LHS spectral sequence. First consider the top row in the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}& & 1& & 1& & 1& & \\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ 1& & _{p^r}& & G& & _{p^{r1}}& & 1\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ 1& & _{p^r}& & \text{Hol}(_{p^r})& & _{(p1)p^{r1}}& & 1\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ 1& & 1& & Z_{p1}& =& _{p1}& & 1\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & 1& & 1& & 1& & \end{array}$$
(3.5)
(Let us choose $`g_1=s^{p1}`$ as a generator for $`_{p^{r1}}`$, and $`g_2=s^{p^{r1}}`$ as a generator for $`_{p1}.`$)

$`G`$ is a split extension of cyclic by cyclic groups, so we can use Wall’s method to compute its integer homology, and then use the universal coefficients theorem to compute its mod $`p`$ cohomology:

$$H^q(G;𝔽_p)\underset{n}{}𝔽_p$$

where

$$n=\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 2k+1& \text{if }q=2pk\hfill \\ \hfill 2k+2& \text{if }2pk+1q2p(k+1)1\hfill \end{array}$$

Now consider the LHS spectral sequence for $`H^{}(G;𝔽_p).`$ By lemma 3.6.2,
$`g_1=s^{p1}1(\text{mod }p),`$ therefore $`E_2^{p,q}H^p(_{p^{r1}};H^q(_{p^r};𝔽_p))`$ has trivial local coefficients, so $`E_2^{p,q}H^p(_{p^{r1}};𝔽_p)H^q(_{p^r};𝔽_p)`$.

Since the rows of (3.5) are split, all the differentials landing on the horizontal axis are zero. In particular, $`d_2(u)=0.`$

There is a possible non-zero differential

$$d_2(v)=(\text{scalar})uz.$$

The fact that $`H^2(G;𝔽_p)\underset{2}{}𝔽_p`$ implies that $`d_2(v)0`$, i.e.

$$d_2(v)=muz$$

where $`(m,p)=1`$. The coefficient $`m`$ depends on the choice of the generator $`v`$ for $`H^2(_{p^r};𝔽_p).`$ It can be assumed that $`m1(\text{mod }p)`$ for some choice of $`v.`$

Then

$$d_2(v^qx^iz^j)=quv^{q1}x^iz^{j+1},$$

$$d_2(uv^qx^iz^j)=0.$$

Notice that $`d_2(v^qx^iz^j)0`$ if and only if $`(q,p)=1.`$ Now we see that the rank of $`\underset{i+j=q}{}E_3^{i,j}`$ equals the rank of $`H^q(G;𝔽_p)`$ for each $`q1,`$ therefore all higher differentials are zero.

The mod $`p`$ cohomology ring of $`G`$ was computed by the author using Bockstein homomorphisms (since we already know the integer cohomology), but the calculation is long and is omitted here since this cohomology ring is worked out in \[H\]. More precisely, this is a special case of theorem C, part (1).

Let $`a_i=uv^i(0ip2),`$ $`b=uv^{p1},`$ $`c=v^p.`$ Then

$$H^{}(G;𝔽_p)\mathrm{\Lambda }(a_0,a_1,\mathrm{},a_{p2},b,x)𝔽_p[c,z]/a_ia_j=a_ib=a_iz=0$$

where $`|a_i|=2i+1,`$ $`|b|=2p1,`$ $`|c|=2p,`$ $`|x|=1,`$ and $`|z|=2.`$

Now consider the LHS spectral sequence for the middle column in (3.5):

$$E_2^{p,q}H^p(_{p1};H^q(G,𝔽_p))$$

Therefore $`E_2^{p,q}=0`$ for $`p>0`$, and $`E_2^{0,q}\left(H^q(G;𝔽_p)\right)^{_{p1}}.`$ The action of $`_{p1}`$ on $`H^q(G,𝔽_p)`$ is given by

$$g_2(x)=x,g_2(z)=z,g_2(a_i)=s^{(i+1)p^{r1}}a_i,g_2(b)=s^{p^r}b,g_2(c)=s^{p^r}c.$$

It is easy to write out all the invariants under the action of $`g_2`$: the ring of invariants is generated by $`x,`$ $`z,`$ $`a_{pi}c^{i2}`$ ($`2ip`$), $`c^{p1},`$ and $`bc^{p2}.`$

Let $`d_i=a_{p2i}c^i`$ ($`0ip2`$), $`e=bc^{p2},`$ and $`f=c^{p1}.`$ Then we have

###### Theorem 3.7.1.

$$H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});𝔽_p)\mathrm{\Lambda }(d_0,d_1,\mathrm{},d_{p2},e,x)𝔽_p[f,z]/d_id_j=d_ie=d_iz=0$$

where $`|d_i|=2(p1)(i+1)1,`$ $`|e|=2p(p1)1,`$ $`|f|=2p(p1),`$ $`|x|=1,`$ $`|z|=2.`$

This also follows from theorem A, part (2), of \[H\].

The LHS spectral sequence for $`H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});𝔽_p)`$ is shown in figure 3.6 and will be used in section 4.2.

### 3.8 Bockstein homomorphisms

In this section we use the integer cohomology of $`\text{Hol}(_{p^r})`$ (which can be obtained from the last formula of section 2 using the universal coefficients formula) to compute the Bockstein homomorphisms in the Bockstein spectral sequence for $`H^{}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});𝔽_p)`$.

Cases $`r=1`$ and $`r=2`$ are special, so let $`r3`$.

Since $`H^2(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});)_{p^{r1}}_{p1},`$ there exists a cycle in $`E_{r1}^2`$ which is in the image of $`\beta _{r1}.`$ It is easy to see that $`H^2(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});𝔽_p)`$ is generated by $`z`$ and $`H^1(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});𝔽_p)`$ is generated by $`x`$, so

$$\beta _{r1}(x)=c_xz,c_x0(\text{mod }p).$$

Then $`\beta _{r1}(z)=0`$ because $`\beta _{r1}^2=0`$, $`\beta _{r1}(xz^m)=c_xz^{m+1}`$, and $`\beta _n(x)=\beta _n(z)=0`$ for $`n<r1.`$

Since $`_p`$ is a direct summand of $`H^{2(p1)}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});)`$, and $`\{d_0x,z^{p1}\}`$ is a basis for $`H^{2(p1)}\text{Hol}(_{p^r});𝔽_p)`$, some non-zero linear combination of $`d_0x`$ and $`z^{p1}`$ is in the image of $`\beta _1`$. $`\{d_0,xz^{p2}\}`$ is a basis for $`H^{2(p1)1}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});𝔽_p)`$, and we know that $`\beta _1(x)=\beta _1(z)=0`$, so $`\beta _1(d_0)0`$. Let $`\beta _1(d_0)=c_{d_0}d_0x+c_{d_0}^{}z^{p1}`$. Then $`\beta _1(d_0x)=c_{d_0}^{}z^{p1}x,`$ but $`H^{2(p1)+1}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});)`$ does not have a $`_p`$ summand, therefore $`c_{d_0}^{}=0.`$ Thus

$$\beta _1(d_0)=c_{d_0}d_0x,c_{d_0}0(\text{mod }p).$$

Similarly,

$$\beta _1(d_i)=c_{d_i}d_ix,c_{d_i}0(\text{mod }p),0ip2.$$

Further, $`\{e,xz^{p(p1)1}\}`$ is a basis for $`H^{2p(p1)1}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});𝔽_p)`$. If $`r>3`$, then $`_{p^2}`$ is a direct summand of $`H^{2p(p1)}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});)`$, and $`\beta _2(xz^{p(p1)1})=0`$, therefore $`\beta _2(e)0`$. If $`r=3`$, then $`_{p^2}_{p^2}`$ is a direct summand of $`H^{2p(p1)}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});)`$, and $`\beta _2(xz^{p(p1)1})=c_xz^{p(p1)}`$, and again we have that $`\beta _2(e)`$ must be non-zero.

Since $`_p`$ is a direct summand of $`H^{2p(p1)+1}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});)`$, $`\{f,ex,z^{p(p1)}\}`$ is a basis for $`H^{2p(p1)}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});𝔽_p)`$, and $`\beta _1(e)=\beta _1(x)=\beta _1(z)=0`$, we conclude that $`\beta _1(f)0`$. Let $`\beta _1(f)=c_fez+c_f^{}fx+c_f^{\prime \prime }xz^{p(p1)}`$. Also, $`_p`$ is a direct summand of $`H^{2p(p1)+2}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});)`$, and $`\{fx,ez,xz^{p(p1)}\}`$ is a basis for $`H^{2p(p1)+1}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});𝔽_p)`$, therefore $`\beta _1(fx)=c_fezx0`$, so $`c_f0`$.

Now back to $`\beta _2(e)`$. Since $`\beta _1(f)0`$, $`f`$ doesn’t survive to the second stage of the Bockstein spectral sequence, therefore $`\beta _2(e)=c_eex+c_e^{}z^{p(p1)}`$.

If $`r>3`$, then $`\beta _2(x)=0`$ and thus $`\beta _2(ex)=c_e^{}z^{p(p1)}x=0`$ because $`_{p^2}`$ is not a direct summand of $`H^{2p(p1)+1}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});)`$. Thus $`c_e^{}=0`$, and we have

$$\beta _2(e)=c_eex,c_e0(\text{mod }p).$$
(3.6)
$`\beta _1(fe)=\beta _1(f)e=c_f^{}fxe+c_f^{\prime \prime }xz^{p(p1)}e`$. $`_p`$ but not $`_p_p`$ is a direct summand of $`H^{4p(p1)}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});)`$, and $`\beta _1(fxz^{p(p1)1})=c_fexz^{p(p1)}`$ where $`c_f0`$. Therefore $`c_f^{}=0`$. So $`\beta _1(f)=c_fez+c_f^{\prime \prime }xz^{p(p1)}`$. Let $`e_{new}=e+{\displaystyle \frac{c_f^{\prime \prime }}{c_f}}xz^{p(p1)1}`$. Then we’ll have $`\beta _2(e_{new})=c_eex=c_ee_{new}x`$, so we’ll replace $`e`$ by $`e_{new}`$ and will right just $`e`$ again. This gives

$$\beta _1(f)=c_fez,c_f0(\text{mod }p).$$
(3.7)
If $`r=3`$, then $`\beta _2(ex)=c_xez+c_e^{}z^{p(p1)}x`$ (where $`c_x0`$) must be equal to 0 module the image of $`\beta _1`$, and the only way this may happen is if $`\beta _1(f)=m(c_xez+c_e^{}z^{p(p1)}x)=c_fez+c_f^{\prime \prime }z^{p(p1)}x`$. Again, let $`e_{new}=e+{\displaystyle \frac{c_f^{\prime \prime }}{c_f}}xz^{p(p1)1}`$. Then $`\beta _2(e_{new})=c_ee_{new}x`$ and $`\beta _1(f)=c_fe_{new}z`$, so after replacing $`e`$ by $`e_{new}`$ we’ll have (3.6) and (3.7).

Notice that (3.7) implies that $`\beta _1(ef)=0`$. Moreover, it is easy to compute $`\beta _1`$ of any product of powers of $`d_i,`$ $`e,`$ $`x,`$ $`f,`$ and $`z,`$ and see that only elements of the form $`d_ixf^n`$, $`ef^n`$, $`x`$, $`z`$, $`f^p`$ (where $`0n<p`$) and their products are mapped to 0 under $`\beta _1`$. All higher bocksteins of $`z`$ and $`d_ix`$ are zero because there are no $`_p^{}`$ summands in the integer cohomology of $`\text{Hol}(_{p^r})`$ of degrees one more than the degrees of $`z`$ and $`d_ix`$. All Bockstein homomorphisms of $`x`$ we already know.

If $`r>3`$, then $`_{p^2}`$ is a direct summand of $`H^{4p(p1)}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});)`$ and $`\{ef,`$ $`ez^{p(p1)},`$ $`xz^{2p(p1)1}\}`$ is a basis for the kernel of $`\beta _1`$ in degree $`4p(p1)1`$; but $`\beta _2(ez^{p(p1)})=\beta _2(xz^{2p(p1)1})=0`$, so $`\beta _2(ef)0`$. Let $`\beta _2(ef)=c_{ef}efx+c_{ef}^{}z^{2p(p1)}`$. (The terms with $`f^2`$, $`fz^{p(p1)}`$, and $`exz^{p(p1)}`$ are not present in this linear combination because $`\beta _1`$ of the first two elements is non-zero, and the third one is in the image of $`\beta _1`$.) Then $`\beta _2(efx)=c_{ef}^{}z^{2p(p1)}x=0`$ (because $`_{p^2}`$ is not a direct summand of $`H^{4p(p1)+1}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});)`$), and $`z^{2p(p1)}x`$ is not in the image of $`\beta _1`$, therefore $`c_{ef}^{}=0`$ and we have

$$\beta _2(ef)=c_{ef}efx,c_{ef}0(\text{mod }p).$$
(3.8)
If $`r=3`$, then $`_{p^2}_{p^2}`$ is a direct summand of $`H^{4p(p1)}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});)`$. Now $`\beta _2(ez^{p(p1)})=0`$ and $`\beta _2(xz^{2p(p1)1})=c_xz^{2p(p1)}`$, so we still have $`\beta _2(ef)0`$. Let $`\beta _2(ef)=c_{ef}efx+c_{ef}^{}z^{2p(p1)}`$. Then $`\beta _2(efx)=c_{ef}^{}z^{2p(p1)}xc_xefz`$, but $`efz`$ is in the image of $`\beta _1`$, since $`\beta _1(f^2)=2fc_fez`$. $`z^{2p(p1)}x`$ is not in the image of $`\beta _1`$, therefore we still have $`c_{ef}^{}=0`$ and hence (3.8).

Similarly,

$$\beta _2(ef^n)=c_{ef^n}ef^nx,c_{ef^n}0(\text{mod }p),2np2.$$

If $`r4`$, then $`_{p^3}`$ is a direct summand of $`H^{2p^2(p1)}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});)`$, so there must be an element in $`E_3^{2p^2(p1)1}`$ whose $`\beta _3`$ is non-zero. If $`r=4`$, then $`_{p^3}_{p^3}`$ is a direct summand of $`H^{2p^2(p1)}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});)`$; in this case $`\beta _3(xz^{p^2(p1)1})0`$, but there must be another such element. Here is a basis for $`H^{2p^2(p1)1}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});𝔽_p)`$: $`ef^{p1},`$ $`ef^{p1i}z^{ip(p1)}`$ ($`1ip1`$), $`f^{pi}xz^{ip(p1)1}`$ ($`1ip1`$), $`xz^{p^2(p1)1}`$. However, $`\beta _3(ef^{p1i}z^{ip(p1)}=0`$ (it is easy to see that $`\beta _3(ef^nz)=0`$ and, as mentioned above, $`\beta _3(z)=0`$), $`\beta _1(f^{pi}xz^{ip(p1)1)}=c_f(pi)f^{pi1}exz^{ip(p1)}0`$, and in the case $`r>4`$, $`\beta _3(xz^{p^2(p1)1})=0`$ while in the case $`r=3`$ $`\beta _3(xz^{p^2(p1)1})`$ is not even defined. So $`\beta _3(ef^{p1})0`$.

Since $`_{p^2}`$ is a direct summand of $`H^{2p^2(p1)+1}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});)`$, there must be a cycle in $`E_3^{2p^2(p1)1}`$ which is in the image of $`\beta _2`$. An analysis of a basis for $`H^{2p^2(p1)}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});𝔽_p)`$ similar to the preceding paragraph shows that the only possibility is that $`\beta _2(f^p)0`$. An analysis of a basis for $`H^{2p^2(p1)+1}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});𝔽_p)`$ gives that $`\beta _2(f^p)=c_{f^p}ef^{p1}z+c_{f^p}^{}f^px+c_{f^p}^{\prime \prime }xz^{p^2(p1)}`$. Also, if $`r>3`$, then $`\beta _2(f^px)=c_{f^p}ef^{p1}zx0`$ (I bet nobody will ever read this mess, but just in case I will say that this is because $`_{p^2}`$ is a direct summand of $`H^{2p^2(p1)+2}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});)`$), so $`c_{f^p}0`$. If $`r=3`$, then $`_{p^2}_{p^2}`$ is a summand of $`H^{2p^2(p1)+2}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});)`$, so in addition to $`\beta _2(xz^{p^2(p1)})=z^{p^2(p1)+1}`$ we must have $`\beta _2(f^px)=c_{f^p}ef^{p1}zx+c_xf^pz0`$. But $`\beta _2(\beta _2(xz^{p^2(p1)}))=0`$ which implies that $`c_{f^p}0`$, $`c_{f^p}^{}=0`$, and $`c_{f^p}^{\prime \prime }=0`$. Thus if $`r=3`$ then

$$\beta _2(f^p)=c_{f^p}ef^{p1}z,c_{f^p}0(\text{mod }p).$$
(3.9)
Now look at $`\beta _3(ef^{p1})`$ again. Since $`\beta _2(f^p)0`$, $`f^p`$ doesn’t survive to the third stage of the Bockstein spectral sequence, therefore $`\beta _3(ef^{p1})=c_{ef^{p1}}ef^{p1}x+c_{ef^{p1}}^{}z^{p^2(p1)}`$. If $`r>4`$, then $`\beta _3(ef^{p1}x)=c_{ef^{p1}}^{}z^{p^2(p1)}x=0`$ therefore $`c_{ef^{p1}}^{}=0`$, and we have

$$\beta _3(ef^{p1})=c_{ef^{p1}}ef^{p1}x,c_{ef^{p1}}0(\text{mod }p).$$
(3.10)
If $`r=4`$, then $`\beta _3(ef^{p1}x)=c_{ef^{p1}}^{}z^{p^2(p1)}xc_xef^{p1}z`$ (where $`c_x0`$) must be equal to 0 module the image of $`\beta _2`$, and the only way this can happen is if this is a multiple of $`\beta _2(f^p)=c_{f^p}ef^{p1}z`$. Therefore, we have $`c_{ef^{p1}}^{}=0`$ and thus (3.10).

If $`r=3`$, then $`z^{p^2(p1)}`$ is in the image of $`\beta _2`$, so we have (3.10) again.

Now we wish to show that (3.9) holds even if $`r>3`$. $`\beta _2(f^pef^{p1})=(c_{f^p}^{}exf^{2p1}+c_{f^p}^{\prime \prime }exz^{p^2(p1)}f^{p1}`$. $`_{p^2}`$ but not $`_{p^2}_{p^2}`$ is a summand of
$`H^{4p^2(p1)}(\text{Hol}(_{p^r});)`$, and $`\beta _2(xz^{p^2(p1)1}f^p=c_{f^p}exz^{p^2(p1)}f^{p1}`$, therefore $`c_{f^p}^{}=0`$. Similarly, it can be shown that $`c_{f^p}^{\prime \prime }=0`$, and

$$\beta _k(ef^{p^{k2}1})=c_{ef^{p^{k2}1}}ef^{p^{k2}1}x,c_{ef^{p^{k2}1}}0(\text{mod }p)$$

and

$$\beta _{k1}(f^{p^{k2}})=c_{f^{p^{k2}}}ef^{p^{k2}1}z,c_{f^{p^{k2}}}0(\text{mod }p).$$

### 3.9 Continuous cohomology of $`\text{Hol}(_{p^r})`$

Recall (see \[S\]) that if we have a group $`G=\underset{}{lim}G_i,`$ and coefficients $`A=\underset{}{lim}A_j`$ where the limits are taken over surjections $`p_i:G_{i+1}G_i`$ and injections $`i_j:A_jA_{j+1}`$, and the actions of $`G_n`$’s on $`A_n`$’s are compatible, that is, $`(p_ng_{n+1})(a_n)=g_{n+1}(i_n(a_n))`$ for all $`a_nA_n`$ and $`g_{n+1}G_{n+1}`$, then continuous cohomology of $`G`$ with coefficients in $`A`$ is defined by

$$H_{cont}^{}(G;A)=\underset{}{lim}(H^{}(G_n;A_n)).$$

It is well-known that for $`G_n=_{p^n}`$ with natural surjections and $`A_n=_p`$ with $`i_n`$ isomorphism for each $`n`$, $`H_{cont}^{}(G;A)=\mathrm{\Lambda }(x)`$, $`|x|=1`$.

Let $`G_n=\text{Hol}(_{p^n})`$ with surjections from example 2.4.8, and $`A_n=_p`$ with $`i_n`$ isomorphism for each $`n`$. Then the LHS spectral sequence for $`\text{Hol}(_{p^n})`$ maps into that for $`\text{Hol}(_{p^{n+1}})`$. For $`p=2`$ (see figure 3.3), $`x_nx_{n+1}`$, $`y_ny_{n+1}`$, $`z_n0`$, $`u_nu_{n+1}`$, and $`v_n0`$. For $`p`$ odd (see figure 3.6), $`x_nx_{n+1}`$, $`z_n0`$, $`u_nu_{n+1}`$, and $`v_n0`$. Therefore we have

###### Theorem 3.9.1.

$`H_{cont}^{}(\underset{}{lim}(\text{Hol}(_{p^n}));𝔽_p)=`$

$`=\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{\Lambda }(x)𝔽_2[u,y]/u^2=ux+uy,\hfill & |x|=|u|=|y|=1,p=2,\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Lambda }(x),\hfill & |x|=1,p\text{ is odd.}\hfill \end{array}`$
The Poincaré series of $`H_{cont}^{}(\underset{}{lim}(\text{Hol}(_{2^n}));𝔽_2)`$ is $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1+t)^2}{1t}}`$.

## Chapter 4 Holomorph of $`\underset{n}{}_{p^r}`$

### 4.1 Structure of $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}R\right)`$

Let $`R`$ be a commutative ring with a unit. Then $`\text{Aut}\left(\underset{n}{}R\right)`$, the group of automorphisms of $`\underset{n}{}R`$ which is regarded as a module over $`R`$, is isomorphic to $`GL(n,R)`$, the group of all invertible $`n\times n`$ matrices with entries in $`R`$.

###### Lemma 4.1.1.

1. The group $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}R\right)`$ is isomorphic to the subgroup of $`GL(n+1,R)`$ consisting of all the matrices of the form

$$\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& \mathrm{}\\ & \\ 0& n\times n\\ \mathrm{}& \text{invertible}\\ 0& \text{matrix}\end{array}\right],$$
(4.1)
the group of automorphisms of $`\underset{n+1}{}R`$ fixing

$$e_1=\left[\begin{array}{c}1\\ 0\\ \mathrm{}\\ 0\end{array}\right].$$
2. Alternatively, $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}R\right)`$ is isomorphic to the subgroup of $`GL(n+1,R)`$ consisting of all the matrices of the form

$$\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\mathrm{}0\\ & \\ & n\times n\\ \mathrm{}& \text{invertible}\\ & \text{matrix}\end{array}\right],$$

the stabilizer of a rank $`n`$ submodule of $`\underset{n+1}{}R`$.

###### Proof.

1. Recall that $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}R\right)`$ is defined by the split extension

$$1\underset{n}{}R\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}R\right)\stackrel{}{}\text{Aut}\left(\underset{n}{}R\right)1,$$

where multiplication is defined by $`(f,x)(g,y)=(fg,g^1(x)+y)`$ for $`f,g\text{Aut}\left(\underset{n}{}R\right)`$ and $`x,y\underset{n}{}R`$.

Think of $`x\underset{n}{}R`$ as a vertical $`n`$vector. For $`f\text{Aut}\left(\underset{n}{}R\right)`$, let $`M_f`$ be the $`n\times n`$ matrix such that $`f(x)=M_fx`$ for every $`x\underset{n}{}R`$. There is a one-to-one correspondence between elements $`(f,x)`$ of $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}R\right)`$ and matrices of the form (4.1), namely

$$(f,x)\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& x^T\\ & \\ 0& (M_f^1)^T\end{array}\right].$$

This correspondence is a group homomorphism: multiplication of elements in $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}R\right)`$ regarded as a subgroup of $`GL(n+1,R)`$ is as follows:

$`(f,x)(g,y)=\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& x^T\\ & \\ 0& (M_f^1)^T\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& y^T\\ & \\ 0& (M_g^1)^T\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& y^T+x^T(M_g^1)^T\\ & \\ 0& (M_f^1)^T(M_g^1)^T\end{array}\right]=`$

$`=\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& (M_g^1x+y)^T\\ & \\ 0& ((M_fM_g)^1)^T\end{array}\right]=(fg,g^1(x)+y).`$
2. An isomorphism is given by

$$(f,x)\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ & \\ M_fx& M_f\end{array}\right].$$

###### Remark.

This subgroup of $`GL(n+1,R)`$ isomorphic to $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}R\right)`$ is not normal.

It is a classical fact that the stabilizer of a submodule $`\underset{n}{}_2\underset{n+1}{}_2`$ is a maximal subgroup of $`GL(n+1,_2)`$ (see \[CCNPW\]). We give a proof of this fact for completeness.

For the rest of this section we will identify $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}R\right)`$ with the subgroup of $`GL(n+1,R)`$ consisting of matrices of the form (4.1).

###### Corollary 4.1.2.

$`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_2\right)`$ regarded as a subgroup of $`GL(n+1,_2)`$ as above is maximal.

###### Proof.

First we show that $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_2\right)`$ and the permutation matrix

$$P_{1,2}=\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}& 1& & & \\ & & & & \\ 1& & & & \\ & & & & \\ & & & & \\ & & & I& \end{array}\right]$$

(where missing cells are 0) generate all of $`GL(n+1,_2)`$. Let $`AGL(n+1,_2).`$ If the first column of $`A`$ is $`e_1`$, then $`A\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_2\right)`$. If the first column of $`A`$ has the form $`A_1=\left[\begin{array}{c}a\\ 1\\ 0\\ \mathrm{}\\ 0\end{array}\right]`$, then

$$A=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}a& & & \\ & & & \\ 1& & & \\ & & & \\ & & & \\ & & & \end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}1& a& & & \\ & & & & \\ & 1& & & \\ & & & & \\ & & & & \\ & & & I& \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}& 1& & & \\ & & & & \\ 1& & & & \\ & & & & \\ & & & & \\ & & & I& \end{array}\right]\left(\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}& 1& & & \\ & & & & \\ 1& a& & & \\ & & & & \\ & & & & \\ & & & I& \end{array}\right]A\right).$$

The first matrix in this decomposition is in $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_2\right)`$, the second one is our permutation matrix $`P_{1,2}`$, and it is easy to check that the product in parenthesis is again in $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_2\right)`$ as it has the first column $`e_1`$.

Here is a geometric interpretation of this decomposition. Given a basis in $`\underset{n+1}{}_2`$ with the first vector of the form $`A_1`$, there is a sequence of linear transformations each of which either is given by a matrix in $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_2\right)GL(n+1,_2)`$ or permutes $`e_1`$ and $`e_2`$ and fixes all the other basis vectors, such that the composite of the transformations in this sequence transforms the standard basis into the given one. This sequence is as follows. First transform $`e_2`$ into $`A_1`$ and leave all the other basis vectors fixed. Then interchange the first two basis vectors. Finally, leaving the first vector fixed, transform all the other vectors as needed to obtain the given basis.

If the $`i`$-th entry of $`A`$ is 1 for some $`i>2`$, then

$`A=\left[\begin{array}{cccccccc}a& & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & \\ b& & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & \\ x& & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & \\ 1& & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & \\ y& & & & & & & \end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccccccccc}1& & & & & a& & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & 1& & & & b& & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & I& & x& & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & 1& & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & y& & I& \end{array}\right]\times `$

$$\left[\begin{array}{ccccccccc}1& & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & 1& & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & I& & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & 1& & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & I& \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ccccccccc}& 1& & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ 1& & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & I& & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & \end{array}\right]\left(\left[\begin{array}{ccccccccc}& & & & & 1& & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ 1& & & & & a& & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & I& & x& & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & 1& & & & b& & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & y& & I& \end{array}\right]A\right)$$

The first two matrices (and therefore their product, as will be needed below) are in $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_2\right)`$, the third one is $`P_{1,2}`$, and, again, it is easy to check that the product in parenthesis is in $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_2\right)`$. A geometric interpretation is similar (but now we added one step, namely, interchange the second and $`i`$-th vectors).

Thus we proved that for any matrix $`AGL(n+1,_2)`$ there exist matrices $`B`$ and $`C`$ in $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_2\right)`$ such that $`A=BP_{1,2}C`$. Now let $`M`$ also be any matrix in $`GL(n+1,_2)`$. Then there exist matrices $`K`$ and $`L`$ in $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_2\right)`$ such that $`M=KP_{1,2}L`$, therefore $`P_{1,2}=K^1ML^1`$, and

$$A=BP_{1,2}C=BK^1ML^1C.$$

This shows that $`A`$ is in the subgroup of $`GL(n+1,_2)`$ generated by $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_2\right)`$ and $`M`$. Thus $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_2\right)`$ is maximal in $`GL(n+1,_2)`$.

###### Remark.

The above corollary does not hold for $`R\cong ̸_2`$ because if $`xR`$ such that $`x0`$ or $`1`$, then all entries except the first one of the first column of any product of matrices in $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_2\right)`$ and the diagonal matrix with diagonal entries $`x,`$ $`1,`$$`1,`$ are 0.

Let $`p`$ be prime. For a group $`G`$, let $`\text{Syl}_p(G)`$ denote the $`p`$-Sylow subgroup of $`G`$.

###### Lemma 4.1.3.

$`\text{Syl}_p\left(\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_p\right)\right)`$ is isomorphic to $`\text{Syl}_p\left(GL(n+1,_p)\right)`$.

###### Proof.

It is well-known, and is easy to check by computing the order, that the upper-triangular matrices with 1’s on the diagonal form a $`p`$-Sylow subgroup of $`GL(n+1,_p)`$. Namely, the order of $`GL(n+1,_p)`$ is

$$(p^{n+1}1)(p^{n+1}p)\mathrm{}(p^{n+1}p^n)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}p^i\underset{i=1}{\overset{n+1}{}}(p^i1),$$

and the order of the subgroup consisting of upper-triangular matrices with 1’s on the diagonal is $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}p^i`$.

Since $`\text{Syl}_p\left(GL(n+1,_p)\right)`$ is contained in the subgroup of $`GL(n+1,_p)`$ isomorphic to $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_p\right)`$, $`\text{Syl}_p\left(\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_p\right)\right)\text{Syl}_p\left(GL(n+1,_p)\right)`$. ∎

###### Corollary 4.1.4.

The inclusion of $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_p\right)`$ into $`GL(n+1,_p)`$ induces an epimorphism in mod $`p`$ homology and a monomorphism in mod $`p`$ cohomology.

Let $`\text{Syl}_p(GL(n,_p))_i`$ denote the subgroup of the $`\text{Syl}_p(GL(n,_p))`$ consisting of all the upper-triangular matrices with 1’s on the diagonal and $`a_{kl}=0`$ if $`kl,k>i`$ (and anything to the right from the diagonal in lines 1 through $`i`$).

###### Lemma 4.1.5.

If $`i<j`$, $`\text{Syl}_p(GL(n,_p))_i`$ is normal in $`\text{Syl}_p(GL(n,_p))_j`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`\left[\begin{array}{cc}A& B\\ & \\ 0& I\end{array}\right]`$ where $`A`$ is an $`i\times i`$ upper-triangular matrix with 1’s on the diagonal be any element of $`\text{Syl}_p(GL(n,_p))_i`$, and let $`\left[\begin{array}{cc}C& D\\ & \\ 0& E\end{array}\right]`$ where $`C`$ and $`E`$ are $`i\times i`$ and $`(ni)\times (ni)`$ respectively upper-triangular matrices with 1’s on the diagonal be any element of $`{}_{p}{}^{}GL(n,_p)`$. Then the inverse of $`\left[\begin{array}{cc}C& D\\ & \\ 0& E\end{array}\right]`$ is $`\left[\begin{array}{cc}C^1& C^1DE^1\\ & \\ 0& E^1\end{array}\right]`$, and $`\left[\begin{array}{cc}C& D\\ & \\ 0& E\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{cc}A& B\\ & \\ 0& I\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{cc}C^1& C^1DE^1\\ & \\ 0& E^1\end{array}\right]=`$
$`=\left[\begin{array}{cc}CAC^1& CAC^1DE^1+CBE^1+DE^1\\ & \\ 0& I\end{array}\right]`$ where $`CAC^1`$ is an upper-triangular matrix with 1’s on the diagonal because $`C`$ and $`A`$ are such. ∎

However, I had no luck with calculating the mod $`p`$ homology of
$`\text{Syl}_p(GL(n,_p))`$ by running the LHS spectral sequence for

$$1\text{Syl}_p(GL(n,_p))_{i1}\text{Syl}_p(GL(n,_p))_i\underset{ni}{}_p1$$

for each $`i`$ from 2 to $`n1`$ $`\left(E_{qr}^2H_q(\underset{ni}{}_p;H_r(\text{Syl}_p(GL(n,_p))_{i1};𝔽_p))\right)`$.

If $`r2`$, $`\text{Syl}_p\left(\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_{p^r}\right)\right)\cong ̸\text{Syl}_p\left(GL(n+1,_{p^r})\right)`$ because

$$|GL(n,_{p^r})|=(p^{rn}p^{(r1)n})(p^{rn}p^{(r1)n+1})\mathrm{}(p^{rn}p^{(r1)n+n1}),$$

thus

$$|_pGL(n,_{p^r})|=p^{rn^2\frac{n(n+1)}{2}},$$

and

$$\left|{}_{p}{}^{}\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_{p^r}\right)\right|=\left|{}_{p}{}^{}\underset{n}{}_{p^r}\right|\left|{}_{p}{}^{}GL(n,_{p^r})\right|=p^{rn+rn^2\frac{n(n+1)}{2}}\left|{}_{p}{}^{}GL(n+1,_{p^r})\right|.$$

###### Remark.

The subgroup of $`GL(n,_{p^r})`$ consisting of matrices of the form

$$\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}a_1& & & & \\ & .& & & \\ & & .& & \\ & b_{ij}& & .& \\ & & & & a_n\end{array}\right]$$

where $`a_i1(\text{mod }p)`$ and $`b_{ij}0(\text{mod }p)`$ is a $`p`$Sylow subgroup of $`GL(n,_{p^r})`$.

### 4.2 Lyndon-Hochschild-Serre Spectral Sequence for $`H^{}\left(\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_{p^r}\right)\right)`$

###### Lemma 4.2.1.

(Wilson’s theorem) $`{\displaystyle \underset{c𝔽_p^{}}{}}c=1`$.

###### Proof.

$`𝔽_p^{}`$ is a cyclic group of order $`p1`$. Let $`s`$ be a generator of $`𝔽_p^{}`$. Then for $`p`$ odd we have

$$\underset{c𝔽_p^{}}{}c=\underset{i=0}{\overset{p2}{}}s^i=s^{\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{p2}{}}}i\right)}=s^{{\displaystyle \frac{(p1)(p2)}{2}}}=\left(s^{{\displaystyle \frac{p1}{2}}}\right)^{p2}=(1)^{p2}=1.$$

###### Theorem 4.2.2.

The LHS spectral sequence for the extension

$$1\underset{n}{}_{p^r}\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_{p^r}\right)\text{Aut}\left(\underset{n}{}_{p^r}\right)1$$

does not collapse at the $`E_2`$ stage if $`p=2`$ and $`r3`$, or $`p`$ is odd and $`r2`$.

###### Proof.

Consider the map of extensions

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}1& & \underset{n}{}_{p^r}& & (\text{Hol}(_{p^r}))^n& & (\text{Aut}(_{p^r}))^n& & 1\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ 1& & \underset{n}{}_{p^r}& & \text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_{p^r}\right)& & \text{Aut}\left(\underset{n}{}_{p^r}\right)& & 1\end{array}$$

The LHS spectral sequence for $`H^{}(\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_{p^r}\right);𝔽_p)`$ whose $`E_2`$ stage is given by

$$E_2^{pq}=H^p(GL(n,_{p^r});H^q(\underset{n}{}_{p^r};𝔽_p))$$

maps into that for $`H^{}(\left(\text{Hol}\left(_{p^r}\right)\right)^n;𝔽_p)`$. (The LHS spectral sequence for
$`H^{}(\text{Hol}\left(_{p^r}\right);𝔽_p)`$ is shown in figure 3.3 for $`p=2`$, and in figure 3.6 for $`p`$ odd.) Recall that

$$H^{}(\underset{n}{}_{p^r};𝔽_p)\mathrm{\Lambda }[u_1,\mathrm{},u_n]𝔽_p[v_1,\mathrm{},v_n].$$

The vertical axis of our spectral sequence is given by

$$E_2^{0q}H^0(GL(n,_{p^r});H^q(\underset{n}{}_{p^r};𝔽_p))\left(H^q(\underset{n}{}_{p^r};𝔽_p)\right)^{GL(n,_{p^r})},$$

the ring of invariants in $`H^q(\underset{n}{}_{p^r};𝔽_p)`$ under the action of $`GL(n,_{p^r})`$. This contains an analogue of Dickson algebra $`𝔽_p[d_1,\mathrm{},d_n]`$ (defined in \[D\]; see also \[AM\]). The action of $`GL(n,_{p^r})`$ on $`𝔽_p[v_1,\mathrm{},v_n]H^q(\underset{n}{}_{p^r};𝔽_p)`$ is given by $`M(x)=M^Tx`$ for $`MGL(n,_{p^r})`$ and $`x=\left[\begin{array}{c}x_1\\ \mathrm{}\\ x_n\end{array}\right](𝔽_p)^n`$, where we identify $`v_i`$ with the vector with $`i^{th}`$ coordinate equal to 1, and other coordinates 0. Every invertible $`n\times n`$ matrix permutes the $`p^n`$ elements of $`(𝔽_p)^n`$, thus it permutes the set of linear combinations of the $`v_i`$’s, $`\{c_1v_1+\mathrm{}c_nv_n|c_i𝔽_p\}`$. It follows that all the coefficients of the polynomial $`{\displaystyle \underset{c_1,\mathrm{},c_n𝔽_p}{}}(t+c_1v_1+\mathrm{}+c_nv_n)`$ are invariant under the action of $`GL(n,_{p^r})`$. Consider the coefficient of $`t`$. It is a homogeneous polynomial in $`v_i`$’s of degree $`p^n1`$. In fact, it is the last generator $`d_n`$ of the Dickson algebra because the degrees of all other generators are divisible by $`p`$. It contains all the terms of the form

$$(1)^nv_{\sigma (1)}^{p^np^{n1}}v_{\sigma (2)}^{p^{n1}p^{n2}}\mathrm{}v_{\sigma (n1)}^{p^2p}v_{\sigma (n)}^{p1}$$

where $`\sigma `$ is an element of the symmetric group $`S_n`$, because there is only one way to get this term: exactly $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p}}`$th of the multiples in the product $`{\displaystyle \underset{c_1,\mathrm{},c_n𝔽_p}{}}(t+c_1v_1+\mathrm{}+c_nv_n)`$ (i.e. $`p^{n1}`$ of them) does not contain $`v_{\sigma (1)}`$ (when $`c_{\sigma (1)}=0`$), thus $`p^np^{n1}`$ of the multiples contain $`v_{\sigma (1)}`$; exactly $`p^{n1}p^{n2}`$ of the remaining multiples contain $`v_{\sigma (2)}`$, and so on.

###### Note.

The term we actually get this way is

$$\left(\underset{c𝔽_p^{}}{}c^{p^{n1}}\right)v_{\sigma (1)}^{p^np^{n1}}\mathrm{}\left(\underset{c𝔽_p^{}}{}c\right)v_{\sigma (n)}^{p1}$$

but by lemma 4.2.1 each product $`{\displaystyle \underset{c𝔽_p^{}}{}}c^{p^i}1`$ (mod $`p`$).

In the spectral sequence for $`H^{}\left(\left(\text{Hol}\left(_{p^r}\right)\right)^n\right)`$ we have

$$\begin{array}{c}d_2\left(\underset{\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }_n}{}v_{\sigma (1)}^{p^np^{n1}}v_{\sigma (2)}^{p^{n1}p^{n2}}\mathrm{}v_{\sigma (n1)}^{p^2p}v_{\sigma (n)}^{p1}\right)\hfill \\ =\underset{\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }_n}{}\left(d_2\left(v_{\sigma (1)}^{p^np^{n1}}\right)v_{\sigma (2)}^{p^{n1}p^{n2}}\mathrm{}v_{\sigma (n)}^{p1}+\mathrm{}+v_{\sigma (1)}^{p^np^{n1}}\mathrm{}v_{\sigma (n1)}^{p^2p}d_2\left(v_{\sigma (n)}^{p1}\right)\right)\hfill \\ =\underset{\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }_n}{}\left(v_{\sigma (1)}^{p^np^{n1}}\mathrm{}v_{\sigma (n1)}^{p^2p}d_2\left(v_{\sigma (n)}^{p1}\right)\right)\hfill \\ =\{\begin{array}{ccc}\underset{\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }_n}{}\left(v_{\sigma (1)}^{p^np^{n1}}\mathrm{}v_{\sigma (n1)}^{p^2p}mv_{\sigma (n)}^{p2}u_{\sigma (n)}z_{\sigma (n)}\right)\hfill & \text{ if }\hfill & p\text{ is odd, or }p=2\text{ and }r>3\hfill \\ \underset{\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }_n}{}\left(v_{\sigma (1)}^{2^n2^{n1}}\mathrm{}v_{\sigma (n1)}^{2^22}u_{\sigma (n)}x_{\sigma (n)}^2\right)\hfill & \text{ if }\hfill & p=2\text{ and }r=3\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ 0\hfill \end{array}$$

since all the terms in the sum are linearly independent. The other terms in the coefficient of $`t`$ are of the form $`v_1^{e_1}v_2^{e_2}\mathrm{}v_n^{e_n}`$ where the set of exponents $`\{e_1,\mathrm{},e_n\}`$ is not a permutation of $`\{p^np^{n1},p^{n1}p^{n2},\mathrm{},p^2p,p1\}`$, so $`d_2(v_1^{e_1}v_2^{e_2}\mathrm{}v_n^{e_n})`$ in the spectral sequence for $`H^{}(\left(\text{Hol}\left(_{p^r}\right)\right)^n;𝔽_p)`$ is either 0 or linearly independent from $`\{d_2(v_{\sigma (1)}^{p^np^{n1}}v_{\sigma (2)}^{p^{n1}p^{n2}}\mathrm{}v_{\sigma (n1)}^{p^2p}v_{\sigma (n)}^{p1})|\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }_n\}`$. Therefore the image of the coefficient of $`t`$ under $`d_2`$ in the spectral sequence for $`H^{}(\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_{p^r}\right);𝔽_p)`$ is non-zero. ∎

###### Corollary 4.2.3.

Let $`n2`$. Then

$$H^2(GL(n,_{p^r});H^{2p^n3}(\underset{n}{}_{p^r};𝔽_p))0$$

if $`p=2`$ and $`r3`$, or if $`p`$ is odd and $`r2`$, where the action of $`GL(n,_{p^r})`$ on $`H^{2p^n3}(\underset{n}{}_{p^r};𝔽_p)`$ is induced by the natural action of $`GL(n,_{p^r})`$ on $`_{p^r}`$.

### 4.3 Congruence subgroups

We have seen in example 2.4.8 that for $`k>l`$ there is a reduction homomorphism $`\text{Hol}(_{p^k})\text{Hol}(_{p^l})`$. Similarly, there is a reduction homomorphism $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_{p^k}\right)\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_{p^l}\right)`$. The goal of this section is to compute the cohomology of the kernel of

$$\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_{p^k}\right)\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_p\right).$$
(4.2)
for odd $`p`$.

First recall a few definitions and a theorem from \[P\] (everything we need from \[P\] is also contained in \[BP\]). Let $`p`$ be an odd prime.

For a finite $`p`$-group $`G`$, let $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1(G)`$ be the subgroup generated by $`gG`$ such that $`g^p=1`$. The group $`G`$ is called $`p`$-central if $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1(G)`$ is central in $`G`$.

A tower of groups is a sequence of $`p`$-central groups $`\{G_1,G_2,\mathrm{},G_n\}`$ with surjective homomorphisms $`\pi _i:G_iG_{i1}`$ with $`\text{Ker}(\pi _i)\mathrm{\Omega }_1(G_i)`$.

The central extension

$$1\mathrm{\Omega }_1(G_i)G_iG_{i1}1$$
(4.3)
pulls back to

$$1\mathrm{\Omega }_1(G_i)E_i\mathrm{\Omega }_1(G_{i1})1.$$

The $`p`$-power map $`\varphi :\mathrm{\Omega }_1(G_{i1})\mathrm{\Omega }_1(G_i)`$ is defined by $`\varphi (x)=\overline{x}^p\mathrm{\Omega }_1(G_i)`$ where $`\overline{x}E_i`$ is a preimage of $`x\mathrm{\Omega }_1(G_{i1})`$.

A tower of groups is called uniform if all the $`p`$-power maps of the tower are isomorphisms.

###### Theorem 4.3.1.

(W. Browder, J. Pakianathan, T.Weigel) Let $`\{G_1,G_2,\mathrm{},G_N\}`$ be a uniform tower with dim$`(G_1)=n.`$ Then for $`1k<N`$ we have

$$H^{}(G_k;𝔽_p)=\mathrm{\Lambda }(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)𝔽_p[s_1,\mathrm{},s_n]$$

where $`|x_i|=1`$ (and for $`k>1`$, $`x_i`$ is induced from $`G_{k1}`$) and $`|s_i|=2`$ (and for $`k>1`$, $`s_i`$ “comes” from $`\mathrm{\Omega }(G_k))`$, and $`H^{}(G_N;𝔽_p)`$ is given by the same formula if and only if the tower extends to a uniform tower $`\{G_1,\mathrm{},G_N,G_{N+1}\}`$.

It follows from the LHS spectral sequence for the extension (4.3) (see \[P\] for details) that the map $`H^{}(G_{k1})H^{}(G_k)`$ is the identity map on the exterior part and trivial on the polynomial part. Let $`G=\underset{}{lim}G_k`$. Then we have

###### Corollary 4.3.2.

$`H_{cont}^{}(G;𝔽_p)=\mathrm{\Lambda }(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n),`$ $`|x_i|=1.`$

We will show that the kernels of the reduction map (4.2) fit into an infinite uniform tower, and hence theorem 4.3.1 is applicable.

As in \[P\], let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}`$ be the kernel of the reduction map $`GL(n,_{p^{k+1}})GL(n,_p)`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}`$ be the kernel of the reduction map $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_{p^{k+1}}\right)\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_p\right)`$.

We then have the following maps of extensions:

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}1& & \mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}& & GL(n,_{p^{k+1}})& & GL(n,_p)& & 1\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ 1& & \mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k1}& & GL(n,_{p^k})& & GL(n,_p)& & 1\end{array}$$
(4.4)
and similarly

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}1& & \mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}& & \text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_{p^{k+1}}\right)& & \text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_p\right)& & 1\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ 1& & \mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k1}^{\text{Hol}}& & \text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_{p^k}\right)& & \text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_p\right)& & 1\end{array}$$
(4.5)
Also, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}`$ fit into a split extension as follows:

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}& & 1& & 1& & 1& & \\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ 1& & \underset{n}{}p_{p^{k+1}}& & \mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}& \stackrel{}{}& \mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}& & 1\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ 1& & \underset{n}{}_{p^{k+1}}& & \text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_{p^{k+1}}\right)& \stackrel{}{}& GL(n,_{p^{k+1}})& & 1\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ 1& & \underset{n}{}_p& & \text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_p\right)& \stackrel{}{}& GL(n,_p)& & 1\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & 1& & 1& & 1& & \end{array}$$
(4.6)
Combining the first row of (4.6) and the reduction maps in (4.4) and (4.5), we get

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}& & 1& & 1& & 1& & \\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ 1& & \underset{n}{}p^k_{p^{k+1}}& & \text{Ker}_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}& \stackrel{}{}& \text{Ker}_{n,k}& & 1\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ 1& & \underset{n}{}p_{p^{k+1}}& & \mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}& \stackrel{}{}& \mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}& & 1\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ 1& & \underset{n}{}p_{p^k}& & \mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k1}^{\text{Hol}}& \stackrel{}{}& \mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k1}& & 1\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & 1& & 1& & 1& & \end{array}$$
(4.7)
We think of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}`$ as the group consisting of matrices of the form $`1+pA`$ (mod $`p^{k+1}`$), $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k1}`$ consisting of matrices of the form $`1+pA`$ (mod $`p^k`$), and $`\text{Ker}_{n,k}`$ then consists of matrices of the form $`1+p^kA`$ (mod $`p^{k+1}`$).

Let $`\pi _{n,k}`$ be the surjection in the middle column of (4.7).

###### Theorem 4.3.3.

For each $`n`$, the groups $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,1}^{\text{Hol}},`$ $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,2}^{\text{Hol}},`$ $`\mathrm{}`$ together with the surjections $`\pi _{n,k}`$ form an infinite uniform tower.

The following four lemmas give a proof of this theorem.

###### Lemma 4.3.4.

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}`$ is a $`p`$-group.

###### Proof.

$`\left|\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}\right|=\left|\underset{n}{}p_{p^{k+1}}\right|\left|\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}\right|=(p^k)^n{\displaystyle \frac{|GL(n,_{p^{k+1}})|}{|GL(n,_p)|}}=`$
$`=p^{kn}{\displaystyle \frac{(p^{(k+1)n}p^{kn})(p^{(k+1)n}p^{kn+1})\mathrm{}(p^{(k+1)n}p^{kn+n1})}{(p^n1)(p^np)\mathrm{}(p^np^{n1})}}=p^{k(n^2+n)}.`$

###### Lemma 4.3.5.

$`\text{Ker}(\pi _{n,k}:\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k1}^{\text{Hol}})\mathrm{\Omega }_1\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}\right)`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`g=(1+pA,px)\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}`$. Then it can be easily shown by induction that $`g^i=(1+ipA+{\displaystyle \frac{i(i1)}{2}}p^2A^2+p^3(\mathrm{}),ipx{\displaystyle \frac{i(i1)}{2}}p^2Ax+p^3(\mathrm{}))`$. For $`i=p`$ (recall $`p`$ is odd) we have $`g^p=(1+p^2A+p^3(\mathrm{}),p^2x+p^3(\mathrm{}))`$, so $`g^p=1`$ $``$ $`p^2A=0`$ and $`p^2x=0`$ (mod $`p^{k+1}`$) $``$ $`A=p^{k1}B`$, $`x=p^{k1}y`$ $``$ $`g=(1+p^kB,p^ky)`$ $``$ $`g\text{Ker}(\pi _{n,k})`$. ∎

###### Lemma 4.3.6.

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_1\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}\right)`$ is central in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}`$ (thus $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}`$ is $`p`$-central).

###### Proof.

Every element of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}\right)`$ commutes with every element of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}`$:
$`(1+p^kB,p^ky)(1+pA,px)(1+p^kB+pA,p^ky+px)`$
$`(1+pA,px)(1+p^kB,p^ky)`$ (mod $`p^{k+1}`$). ∎

Thus we have an infinite tower $`\{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,1}^{\text{Hol}},\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,2}^{\text{Hol}},\mathrm{}\}`$ with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,1}^{\text{Hol}}\mathrm{\Omega }_1\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,1}^{\text{Hol}}\right)`$ an elementary abelian $`p`$-group of rank $`n^2+n`$. It is useful to say more about $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,1}^{\text{Hol}}`$. Its elements have the form $`(1+pA,px)`$ where $`1+pAGL(n,_{p^2})`$ and $`px\underset{n}{}_{p^2}`$. Let $`H`$ be the group whose elements are pairs $`(A,x)`$ with $`AMat_{n\times n}(_p)`$ and $`x\underset{n}{}_p`$, and the multiplication is given by $`(A,x)(B,y)=(A+B,x+y)`$. Thus $`H`$ is an elementary abelian group of rank $`n^2+n`$. It is easy to check that the map

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,1}^{\text{Hol}}\stackrel{h}{}H$$
(4.8)
defined by $`h((1+pA,px))=(A,x)`$ (mod $`p`$) is an isomorphism.

Now consider the $`p`$-power map $`\varphi `$ for the central extension

$$1\mathrm{\Omega }_1\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}\right)E_k\mathrm{\Omega }_1\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k1}^{\text{Hol}}\right)1$$

$`\varphi (g)=\overline{g}^p`$.

###### Lemma 4.3.7.

The $`p`$-power map $`\varphi :\mathrm{\Omega }_1\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k1}^{\text{Hol}}\right)\mathrm{\Omega }_1\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}\right)`$ is an isomorphism (so the tower is uniform).

###### Proof.

Let $`g\mathrm{\Omega }_1\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k1}^{\text{Hol}}\right)`$, then $`g=(1+p^{k1}A,p^{k1}x)`$ (mod $`p^k`$). Its lift to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}`$ is $`\overline{g}=(1+p^{k1}A,p^{k1}x)`$ (mod $`p^{k+1}`$). Then $`\overline{g}^p=(1+p^kA,p^kx)`$ (mod $`p^{k+1}`$). Since $`p^{k1}_{p^k}p^k_{p^{k+1}}`$, we have an isomorphism. ∎

###### Corollary 4.3.8.

If $`p`$ is odd,

$$H^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}};𝔽_p)\mathrm{\Lambda }(x_{ij},x_l)𝔽_p[s_{ij},s_l],1i,j,ln$$

where $`|x_{ij}|=|x_l|=1`$ and $`|s_{ij}|=|s_l|=2`$. For $`k>1`$, $`x_{ij}`$’s and $`x_l`$’s are induced from $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k1}^{\text{Hol}}`$, and $`s_{ij}`$’s and $`s_l`$’s “come” from $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}\right)`$. (The reason for using two indices for some generators and one index for others will be explained later.)

Recall also (see \[P\]) that for a central extension

$$1VGW1$$

where $`V`$ and $`W`$ are elementary abelian $`p`$-groups, and the $`p`$-power map $`\varphi :WV`$ is an isomorphism, one defines a bracket on $`W`$ by

$$[x,y]=\varphi ^1(\overline{x}\overline{y}\overline{x}^1\overline{y}^1)$$

where $`\overline{x},\overline{y}G`$ are preimages of $`x,yW`$.

Let $`\{G_1,G_2\}`$ be a uniform tower, i.e. $`1\mathrm{\Omega }_1(G_2)G_2G_11`$ is a central extension with $`\varphi :G_1\mathrm{\Omega }_1(G_2)`$ an isomorphism of elementary abelian $`p`$-groups. Then we have a bracket on $`G_1`$. J. Pakianathan proves that the tower $`\{G_1,G_2\}`$ extends to a uniform tower of length 3 if and only if this bracket is a Lie algebra bracket, i.e. it satisfies the Jacobi identity.

Now let $`\{G_1,G_2,\mathrm{},G_N\}`$ be a uniform tower, and let $`c_{ij}^k`$’s be the structure constants of the Lie algebra associated to $`G_2`$ as above and denoted by $`Log(G_2)`$. Then for $`p5`$ (the restriction $`p5`$ is needed because this approach uses Weigel’s functors exp and log for powerful $`p`$-central Lie algebras and groups, see \[We\]), he obtains the following formulas for the first Bockstein homomorphisms $`\beta :H^{}(G_k;𝔽_p)H^{+1}(G_k;𝔽_p)`$ for $`1<k<N`$:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \beta (x_t)& =& \underset{i<j}{}c_{ij}^tx_ix_j\hfill \\ \hfill \beta (s_t)& =& \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{n}{}}c_{ij}^ts_ix_j\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.9)
We will use these formulas to calculate the first Bocksteins for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}`$. First we derive an explicit formula for the bracket on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,1}^{\text{Hol}}`$. Recall that an element of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,1}^{\text{Hol}}`$ has the form $`(1+pA,px)`$ where $`1+pAGL(n,_{p^2})`$ and $`px\underset{n}{}_{p^2}`$.

$$[(1+pA,px),(1+pB,py)]=\varphi ^1((1+pA,px)(1+pB,py)(1+pA,px)^1(1+pB,py)^1)$$

where we denote lifts of elements by the same symbols, only now the matrices and vectors are considered mod $`p^3`$ rather than mod $`p^2`$.
$`(1+pA,px)(1+pB,py)(1+pA,px)^1(1+pB,py)^1`$
$`(1+pA,px)(1+pB,py)((1+pA)^1,(1+pA)(px))((1+pB)^1,(1+pB)(py))`$
$`(1+pA,px)(1+pB,py)(1pA+p^2A^2,pxp^2Ax)(1pB+p^2B^2,pyp^2By)`$
$`(1+p^2(ABBA),p^2(AyBx))`$ (mod $`p^3`$).

The inverse of the $`p`$-power isomorphism “reduces” the exponent of $`p`$ by 1, thus we get

$$[(1+pA,px),(1+pB,py)]=(1+p(ABBA),p(AyBx))(\text{mod }p^2)$$

For simplicity, we use the isomorphism (4.8) to rewrite the bracket in terms of elements of the form $`(A,x)`$ where $`AMat_{n\times n}(_p)`$ and $`x\underset{n}{}_p`$.

###### Theorem 4.3.9.

The Lie algebra bracket in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{Hol}`$ is given by

$$[(A,x),(B,y)]=(ABBA,AyBx).$$
(4.10)
Let $`E_{ij}`$ be the $`n\times n`$-matrix with the $`ij`$-th entry 1 and the other entries 0. Let $`E_l`$ be the $`n`$-vector with $`l`$-th entry 1 and the other entries 0. Let $`e_{ij}=(E_{ij},0)`$ and $`e_l=(0,E_l)`$. Then $`\{e_{11},\mathrm{},e_{nn},e_1,\mathrm{},e_n\}`$ is a basis for $`H`$ isomorphic to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,1}^{\text{Hol}}`$ by (4.8). In this basis, the structure constants of the associated Lie algebra are as follows.

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill c_{ijlm}^{tu}& =\hfill & \delta _{it}\delta _{um}\delta _{jl}\delta _{tl}\delta _{uj}\delta _{im}\hfill \\ \hfill c_{ijlm}^t& =\hfill & 0\hfill \\ \hfill c_{ijl}^{tu}& =\hfill & 0\hfill \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill c_{ijl}^t& =\hfill & \delta _{ti}\delta _{jl}\hfill \\ \hfill c_{ilm}^{tu}& =\hfill & 0\hfill \\ \hfill c_{ilm}^t& =\hfill & \delta _{tl}\delta _{im}\hfill \\ \hfill c_{il}^{tu}& =\hfill & 0\hfill \\ \hfill c_{il}^t& =\hfill & 0\hfill \end{array}$$

Using (4.9), we have

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\beta (x_{tu})\hfill & =\hfill & \underset{ij<lm}{}c_{ijlm}^{tu}x_{ij}x_{lm}\underset{ij,l}{}c_{ijl}^{tu}x_{ij}x_l\underset{i<l}{}c_{il}^{tu}x_ix_l\hfill \\ & =\hfill & \underset{ij<lm}{}\delta _{it}\delta _{um}\delta _{jl}x_{ij}x_{lm}+\underset{ij<lm}{}\delta _{tl}\delta _{uj}\delta _{im}x_{ij}x_{lm}\hfill \\ & =\hfill & \underset{tl<lu}{}x_{tl}x_{lu}+\underset{iu<ti}{}x_{iu}x_{ti}\hfill \\ & =\hfill & \{\begin{array}{ccc}\underset{l=t}{\overset{n}{}}x_{tl}x_{lu}\hfill & \text{if}\hfill & t<u\hfill \\ \underset{l=t+1}{\overset{n}{}}x_{tl}x_{lu}\hfill & \text{if}\hfill & tu\hfill \end{array}+\{\begin{array}{ccc}\underset{i=1}{\overset{t}{}}x_{iu}x_{ti}\hfill & \text{if}\hfill & u<t\hfill \\ \underset{i=1}{\overset{t1}{}}x_{iu}x_{ti}\hfill & \text{if}\hfill & ut\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ \beta (x_t)\hfill & =\hfill & \underset{ij<lm}{}c_{ijlm}^tx_{ij}x_{lm}\underset{ij,l}{}c_{ijl}^tx_{ij}x_l\underset{i<l}{}c_{il}^tx_ix_l\hfill \\ & =\hfill & \underset{ij,l}{}\delta _{ti}\delta _{jl}x_{ij}x_l\hfill \\ & =\hfill & \underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}x_{tl}x_l\hfill \\ \beta (s_{tu})\hfill & =\hfill & \underset{ij,lm}{}c_{ijlm}^{tu}s_{ij}x_{lm}+\underset{ij,l}{}c_{ijl}^{tu}s_{ij}x_l+\underset{i,lm}{}c_{ilm}^{tu}s_ix_{lm}+\underset{i,l}{}c_{il}^{tu}s_ix_l\hfill \\ & =\hfill & \underset{ij,lm}{}\delta _{it}\delta _{um}\delta _{jl}s_{ij}x_{lm}\underset{ij,lm}{}\delta _{tl}\delta _{uj}\delta _{im}s_{ij}x_{lm}\hfill \\ & =\hfill & \underset{tl,lu}{}s_{tl}x_{lu}\underset{iu,ti}{}s_{iu}x_{ti}\hfill \\ & =\hfill & \underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}s_{tl}x_{lu}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}s_{iu}x_{ti}\hfill \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\beta (s_t)\hfill & =\hfill & \underset{ij,lm}{}c_{ijlm}^ts_{ij}x_{lm}+\underset{ij,l}{}c_{ijl}^ts_{ij}x_l+\underset{i,lm}{}c_{ilm}^ts_ix_{lm}+\underset{i,l}{}c_{il}^ts_ix_l\hfill \\ & =\hfill & \underset{ij,l}{}\delta _{ti}\delta _{jl}s_{ij}x_l\underset{i,lm}{}\delta _{tl}\delta _{im}s_ix_{lm}\hfill \\ & =\hfill & \underset{tl,l}{}s_{tl}x_l\underset{i,ti}{}s_ix_{ti}\hfill \\ & =\hfill & \underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}s_{tl}x_l\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}s_ix_{ti}\hfill \end{array}$$

Thus we have

###### Theorem 4.3.10.

If $`p3`$, then

$$H^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}};𝔽_p)\mathrm{\Lambda }(x_{ij},x_l)𝔽_p[s_{ij},s_l],1i,j,k,n$$

where $`|x_{ij}|=|x_l|=1`$ and $`|s_{ij}|=|s_l|=2`$. Also, if $`p5`$, the first Bocksteins are given by

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \beta (x_{tu})& =\hfill & \{\begin{array}{ccc}\underset{i=t}{\overset{n}{}}x_{ti}x_{iu}+\underset{i=1}{\overset{t1}{}}x_{iu}x_{ti}\hfill & \text{if}\hfill & t<u\hfill \\ \underset{i=t+1}{\overset{n}{}}x_{ti}x_{iu}+\underset{i=1}{\overset{t1}{}}x_{iu}x_{ti}\hfill & \text{if}\hfill & t=u\hfill \\ \underset{i=t+1}{\overset{n}{}}x_{ti}x_{iu}+\underset{i=1}{\overset{t}{}}x_{iu}x_{ti}\hfill & \text{if}\hfill & t>u\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ \hfill \beta (x_t)& =\hfill & \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}x_{ti}x_i\hfill \\ \hfill \beta (s_{tu})& =\hfill & \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}(s_{ti}x_{iu}s_{iu}x_{ti})\hfill \\ \hfill \beta (s_t)& =\hfill & \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}(s_{ti}x_is_ix_{ti})\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Remark.

We will see in the next section that these formulas hold for $`p=2`$ and $`p=3`$ as well. Notice that the formula for $`\beta _1(x_{tu})`$ simplifies a little bit for $`p=2`$.

### 4.4 Minh and Symonds’s approach: covers cases $`p=2`$ and $`3`$

In this section we will show that Minh and Symonds’s approach described in \[MS\] applies to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}`$ for any prime $`p`$. Recall that if $`G`$ is a pro-$`p`$ group, then a closed, normal, finitely generated subgroup $`N`$ is almost powerfully embedded if

* $`[G,N]N^p`$ for $`p`$ odd
* $`[G,N]N^2`$ and $`[N,N]N^4`$ for $`p=2`$

where $`N^p`$ denotes the closure of the subgroup of $`N`$ generated by $`p`$-th powers of its elements.

###### Lemma 4.4.1.

1. If $`p`$ is and odd prime, then any element of $`_{p^{k+1}}`$ of the form $`1+p^2a`$ is the $`p`$-th power of some element of the form $`1+pb`$.
2. Any element of $`_{2^{k+1}}`$ of the form $`1+8a`$ is the square of some element of the form $`1+4b`$.
3. Any element of $`_{2^{k+1}}`$ of the form $`1+16a`$ is the fourth power of some element of the form $`1+4b`$.

###### Proof.

The author had quite an ugly proof of this lemma. The idea of the proof given below belongs to Michael Knapp.

1. First notice that $`(1+pb)^p1+p^2a(\text{mod }p^{k+1})`$, and conversely, since $`x^px(\text{mod }p),`$ $`x^p1+pa(\text{mod }p^{k+1})`$ implies that $`x1(\text{mod }p)`$, therefore $`x\text{Aut}(_{p^{k+1}})`$. Let $`s`$ be a generator of $`\text{Aut}(_{p^{k+1}})_{(p1)p^k}.`$ Then $`1+p^2a=s^t`$ for some $`t`$, mod $`(p1)p^k`$. By theorem 5-1 of \[A\], given $`t`$, the equation $`qpt(\text{mod }(p1)p^k)`$ has at most $`p`$ solutions. Therefore the equation $`(s^q)^ps^t(\text{mod }p^{k+1})`$ has at most $`p`$ solutions. Thus for each $`a`$, there are at most $`p`$ numbers of the form $`1+pb`$ such that $`(1+pb)^p1+p^2a(\text{mod }p^{k+1})`$. There are $`p^k`$ numbers of the form $`1+pb`$ and $`p^{k1}`$ numbers of the form $`1+p^2a`$. Hence every equation $`(1+pb)^p1+p^2a(\text{mod }p^{k+1})`$ has a solution.
2. As in part 1, $`(1+4b)^41+8a(\text{mod }2^{k+1})`$, and conversely, since the square of an even number is even, $`x^21+8a(\text{mod }2^{k+1})`$ implies $`x`$ is odd, i.e. $`x\text{Aut}(_{2^{k+1}})_2_{2^{k1}}=<1><3>`$. In this basis, $`1+8a`$ is of the form $`(1,3^t)`$ (it is easy to see that it can not be of the form $`(1,3^t)`$). The equation then can be rewritten as $`(b_1,b_2)^2(1,3^t)`$. Since $`(b_1,b_2)^2=(1,b_2^2)=(1,(3^q)^2),`$ the equation becomes $`(3^q)^23^t(\text{mod }2^{k+1})`$ or $`2qt(\text{mod }2^{k1})`$. By 5-1 of \[A\], the latter has at most 2 solutions. Since we are only interested in solutions of the form $`1+4b`$ (but not $`3+4b`$), $`b_1`$ is determined by $`b_2`$. Since there are $`2^{k1}`$ elements of the form $`1+4b`$ and $`2^{k2}`$ elements of the form $`1+8a`$, every equation $`(1+4b)^21+8a(\text{mod }2^{k+1})`$ has a solution.
3. The proof of this part is the proof of part 2 with minor modifications. First, $`(1+4b)^41+16a(\text{mod }2^{k+1})`$, and conversely, since the fourth power of an even number is even, $`x^41+16a(\text{mod }2^{k+1})`$ implies $`x`$ is odd, i.e. $`x\text{Aut}(_{2^{k+1}})_2_{2^{k1}}=<1><3>`$. In this basis, $`1+16a`$ is of the form $`(1,3^t)`$. The equation then can be rewritten as $`(b_1,b_2)^4(1,3^t)`$. Since $`(b_1,b_2)^4=(1,b_2^4)=(1,(3^q)^4),`$ the equation becomes $`(3^q)^43^t(\text{mod }2^{k+1})`$ or $`4qt(\text{mod }2^{k1})`$. By 5-1 of \[A\], the latter has at most 4 solutions. Since we are only interested in solutions of the form $`1+4b`$ (but not $`3+4b`$), $`b_1`$ is determined by $`b_2`$. Since there are $`2^{k1}`$ elements of the form $`1+4b`$ and $`2^{k3}`$ elements of the form $`1+16a`$, every equation $`(1+4b)^41+16a(\text{mod }2^{k+1})`$ has a solution.

###### Theorem 4.4.2.

Let $`k2`$, and $`G=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}=\{(1+pA,px)(\text{mod }p^{k+1})\}`$.

1. If $`p`$ is odd, let $`N=G`$.
2. If $`p=2`$, let $`N=\{(1+4A,4x)(\text{mod }2^{k+1})\}`$.

Then $`N`$ is almost powerful embedded in $`G`$.

###### Proof.

1. We have seen that
$`[(1+pA,px),(1+pB,py)](1+p^2(ABBA),p^2(AyBx))(\text{mod }p^3),`$
thus $`[G,N]\{(1+p^2C,p^2z)(\text{mod }p^{k+1})\}`$. Now we will show that any element of the form $`(1+p^2C,p^2z)`$ is generated by the $`p`$-th powers of some elements of the form $`(1+pD,pw)`$.

$$(1+p^2C,p^2z)=(1+p^2C,0)(1,p^2z)=\underset{(i,j)I}{}(1+p^2E_{ij},0)(1,p^2z)$$

where $`E_{ij}`$ is the matrix whose $`ij`$-th entry is 1 and all the other entries are 0. By part 1 of lemma 4.4.1, there exists $`x0(\text{mod }p)`$ such that $`(1+x)^p1+p^2(\text{mod }p^{k+1})`$. Then $`(1+p^2E_{ii},0)((1+xE_{ii})^p,0)`$. If $`ij`$, then $`(1+p^2E_{ij},0)((1+pE_{ij})^p,0)`$. Also, $`(1,p^z)(1,pz)^p`$. Thus $`[G,N]N^p`$.
2. Let $`(1+2A,2x)G`$ and $`1+4B,4x)N`$. Then
$`[(1+2A,2x),(1+4B,4y)](1+8(ABBA),8(AyBx))(\text{mod }16),`$
thus $`[G,N]\{(1+8C,8z)(\text{mod }2^{k+1})\}`$. The proof that any element of the form $`(1+8C,8z)`$ is generated by the squares of elements of the form $`(1+4D,4w)`$ is analogous to the proof of part 1 but is using 4.4.1 (2) instead of 4.4.1 (1). Thus $`[G,N]N^2`$.

Now let $`(1+4A,4x)`$ and $`(1+4B,4y)`$ be elements of $`N`$. Then
$`[(1+4A,4x),(1+4B,4y)](1+16(ABBA),16(AyBx))(\text{mod }32),`$
thus $`[N,N]\{(1+16C,16z)(\text{mod }2^{k+1})\}`$. The proof that any element of the form $`(1+16C,16z)`$ is generated by the squares of elements of the form $`(1+4D,4w)`$ is analogous to the proof of part 1 but is using 4.4.1 (3). Thus $`[N,N]N^4`$.

As in \[MS\], let

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(N)=N^p[G,N]=[G,N]=\{\begin{array}{ccc}\{(1+p^2A,p^2x)(\text{mod }p^{k+1})\}\hfill & \text{ if }\hfill & p\text{ is odd},\hfill \\ \{(1+8A,8x)(\text{mod }p^{k+1})\}\hfill & \text{ if }\hfill & p=2.\hfill \end{array}$$

For $`i1`$, define recursively a sequence of subgroups of $`G`$ by

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \mathrm{\Phi }_G^1(N)& =& N\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Phi }_G^{i+1}(N)& =& \mathrm{\Phi }_G(\mathrm{\Phi }_G^i(N))=\{\begin{array}{ccc}\{(1+p^iA,p^ix)(\text{mod }p^{k+1})\}\hfill & \text{ if }\hfill & p\text{ is odd},\hfill \\ \{(1+2^{i+1}A,2^{i+1}x)(\text{mod }2^{k+1})\}\hfill & \text{ if }\hfill & p=2.\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$

The $`p`$-power map induces a map

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_G^i(N)\stackrel{p}{}\mathrm{\Phi }_G^{i+1}.$$

For $`i0`$, let

$$\begin{array}{c}G_i=G/\mathrm{\Phi }_G^{i+1}(N)\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,i}^{\text{Hol}},\hfill \\ A_i=\mathrm{\Phi }_G^i(N)/\mathrm{\Phi }_G^{i+1}(N)\text{Ker}_{n,i}^{\text{Hol}}\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,i}^{\text{Hol}}`$ and $`\text{Ker}_{n,i}^{\text{Hol}}`$ are as in section 4.3. For $`1ik1`$ in case $`p`$ is odd, and for $`0ik2`$ in case $`p=2`$, $`A_i`$ is a vector space over $`F_p`$ of dimension $`n^2+n`$, thus $`N`$ is uniform, or almost uniformly embedded in $`G`$. Also, each $`A_i`$ is central in $`G_i`$, and we have successive central extensions

$$1A_iG_iG_{i1}1$$

for $`1ik1`$ in case $`p`$ is odd, and for $`0ik2`$ in case $`p=2`$, i.e. this construction brings us to the uniform tower of groups $`G_i\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,i}^{\text{Hol}}`$ studied in section 4.3. Furthermore, since $`\{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n,k}^{\text{Hol}}\}`$ is an infinite uniform tower, $`N`$ is $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$-extendable in $`G`$ for any $`k`$, thus all the results of section 3 of \[MS\] apply to our tower. Note that the formula 4.10, and thus our formulas for the Lie algebra structure constants and formulas for the Bockstein homomorphisms are valid for any $`p`$, so theorem 4.3.10 holds for any prime number $`p`$.

## Chapter 5 Wreath product

### 5.1 Definition of wreath product

###### Definition 5.1.1.

The wreath product of a permutation group $`P`$ on $`q`$ letters (i.e. a subgroup of $`S_q`$) and a group $`G`$ is the semi-direct product

$$PG=PG^q$$

where $`P`$ acts on the $`G^q`$ by permuting the factors. More precisely, elements of $`PG^q`$ are $`(q+1)`$-tuples $`(\sigma ,x_1,\mathrm{},x_q)`$ where $`\sigma P`$ and $`f_iG`$, and the product is given by

$$(\sigma ,x_1,\mathrm{},x_q)(\tau ,y_1,\mathrm{},y_q)=(\sigma \tau ,x_{\tau ^1(1)}y_1,\mathrm{},x_{\tau ^1(q)}y_q).$$

###### Remark.

There are different conventions for the multiplication of permutations, and hence different definitions of the multiplication in the wreath product. We use the convention $`(\sigma \tau )(i)=\sigma (\tau (i))`$. If the reader prefers the multiplication of permutations to be given by $`(\sigma \tau )(i)=\tau (\sigma (i))`$, then they should replace the permutations on the right hand sides of all our definitions by their inverses.

Define $`P\stackrel{\varphi }{}\text{Aut}(G^q)`$ by

$$\varphi (\sigma )(x_1,\mathrm{},x_q)=(x_{\sigma (1)},\mathrm{},x_{\sigma (q)}).$$

Then the wreath product $`PG`$ is the pullback $`\xi `$ in the following diagram:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\xi & & P\\ & & \varphi & & \\ \text{Hol}(G^q)& & \text{Aut}(G^q)\end{array}$$

i.e. we have a map of split extensions

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}1& & G^q& & PG& & P& & 1\\ & & & & & & & & & & \\ 1& & G^q& & \text{Hol}(G^q)& & \text{Aut}(G^q)& & 1\end{array}$$

We know from example 2.4.6 that $`(\text{Aut}(G))^q`$ and $`(\text{Hol}(G))^q`$ can be regarded as subgroups of $`\text{Aut}(G^q)`$ and $`\text{Hol}(G^q)`$ respectively. We will now show that there are intermediate subgroups of $`\text{Aut}(G^q)`$ and $`\text{Hol}(G^q)`$ which are isomorphic to $`S_q\text{Aut}(G)`$ and $`S_q\text{Hol}(G)`$.

An element of $`S_q\text{Aut}(G)`$ is an $`(n+1)`$-tuple $`(\sigma ,f_1,\mathrm{},f_q)`$ where $`\sigma S_q`$ and $`f_i\text{Aut}(G)`$, and an element of $`S_q\text{Hol}(G)`$ has the form $`(\sigma ,(f_1,x_1),\mathrm{},(f_q,x_q))`$ where $`\sigma S_q`$, $`f_i\text{Aut}(G)`$, and $`x_iG`$.

Define $`S_q\text{Aut}(G)\stackrel{i}{}\text{Aut}(G^q)`$ by

$$(i(\sigma ,f_1,\mathrm{},f_q))(x_1,\mathrm{}x_q)=(f_{\sigma (1)}(x_{\sigma (1)}),\mathrm{},f_{\sigma (q)}(x_{\sigma (q)})).$$

Define now $`S_q\text{Hol}(G)\stackrel{j}{}\text{Hol}(G^q)`$ by

$$j(\sigma ,(f_1,x_1),\mathrm{},(f_q,x_q))=(i(\sigma ,f_1,\mathrm{},f_q),(x_1,\mathrm{},x_q)).$$

Here is the verification that $`i`$ and $`j`$ are group homomorphisms:

$`\begin{array}{c}(i(\sigma ,f_1,\mathrm{},f_q))((i(\tau ,g_1,\mathrm{},g_q))(x_1,\mathrm{},x_q))=\hfill \\ =(i(\sigma ,f_1,\mathrm{},f_q))((g_{\tau (1)}(x_{\tau (1)}),\mathrm{},g_{\tau (q)}(x_{\tau (q)})))=\hfill \\ =(f_{\sigma (1)}(g_{\sigma (\tau (1))}(x_{\sigma (\tau (1))})),\mathrm{},f_{\sigma (q)}(g_{\sigma (\tau (q))}(x_{\sigma (\tau (q))}))),\hfill \end{array}`$

$`\begin{array}{c}(i((\sigma ,f_1,\mathrm{},f_q)(\tau ,g_1,\mathrm{},g_q)))(x_1,\mathrm{},x_q)=\hfill \\ =(i(\sigma \tau ,f_{\tau ^1(1)}g_1,\mathrm{},f_{\tau ^1(q)}g_q))(x_1,\mathrm{},x_q)=\hfill \\ =(f_{(\sigma \tau )\tau ^1(1)}g_{(\sigma \tau )(1)}(x_{(\sigma \tau )(1)}),\mathrm{},f_{(\sigma \tau )\tau ^1(q)}g_{(\sigma \tau )(q)}(x_{(\sigma \tau )(q)})).\hfill \end{array}`$

$`\begin{array}{c}(j(\sigma ,(f_1,x_1),\mathrm{},(f_q,x_q)))(j(\tau ,(g_1,y_1),\mathrm{},(g_q,y_q)))=\hfill \\ =(i(\sigma ,f_1,\mathrm{},f_q),(x_1,\mathrm{},x_q))(i(\tau ,g_1,\mathrm{},g_q),(y_1,\mathrm{},y_q))=\hfill \\ =((i(\sigma ,f_1,\mathrm{},f_q))(i(\tau ,g_1,\mathrm{},g_q)),((i(\tau ,g_1,\mathrm{},g_q))^1(x_1,\mathrm{},x_q))(y_1,\mathrm{},y_q))=\hfill \\ =(i((\sigma ,f_1,\mathrm{},f_q)(\tau ,g_1,\mathrm{},g_q)),((i((\tau ,g_1,\mathrm{},g_q)^1))(x_1,\mathrm{},x_q))(y_1,\mathrm{},y_q))=\hfill \\ =(i(\sigma \tau ,f_{\tau ^1(1)}g_1,\mathrm{},f_{\tau ^1(q)}g_q),((i(\tau ^1,g_{\tau (1)}^1,\mathrm{},g_{\tau (q)}^1))(x_1,\mathrm{},x_q))(y_1,\mathrm{},y_q))=\hfill \\ =(i(\sigma \tau ,f_{\tau ^1(1)}g_1,\mathrm{},f_{\tau ^1(q)}g_q),(g_1^1(x_{\tau ^1(1)}),\mathrm{},g_q^1(x_{\tau ^1(q)}))(y_1,\mathrm{},y_q))=\hfill \\ =(i(\sigma \tau ,f_{\tau ^1(1)}g_1,\mathrm{},f_{\tau ^1(q)}g_q),(g_1^1(x_{\tau ^1(1)})y_1,\mathrm{},g_q^1(x_{\tau ^1(q)})y_q)),\hfill \end{array}`$

$`\begin{array}{c}j((\sigma ,(f_1,x_1),\mathrm{},(f_q,x_q))(\tau ,(g_1,y_1),\mathrm{},(g_q,y_q)))=\hfill \\ =j(\sigma \tau ,(f_{\tau ^1(1)},x_{\tau ^1(1)})(g_1,y_1),\mathrm{},(f_{\tau ^1(q)},x_{\tau ^1(q)})(g_q,y_q))=\hfill \\ =j(\sigma \tau ,(f_{\tau ^1(1)}g_1,g_1^1(x_{\tau ^1(1)})y_1),\mathrm{},(f_{\tau ^1(q)}g_q,g_q^1(x_{\tau ^1(q)})y_q))=\hfill \\ =(i(\sigma \tau ,f_{\tau ^1(1)}g_1,\mathrm{},f_{\tau ^1(q)}g_q),(g_1^1(x_{\tau ^1(1)})y_1,\mathrm{},g_q^1(x_{\tau ^1(q)})y_q)).\hfill \end{array}`$

Therefore we have a map of split extensions

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}1& & G^q& & S_q\text{Hol}(G)& & S_q\text{Aut}(G)& & 1\\ & & & & j& & i& & & & \\ 1& & G^q& & \text{Hol}(G^q)& & \text{Aut}(G^q)& & 1\end{array}$$

Also, the following diagrams commute:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}S_qS_n\text{Aut}(G)& & S_{qn}\text{Aut}(G)\\ & & & & \\ S_q\text{Aut}(G^n)& & \text{Aut}(G^{qn})\end{array}$$

and

$$\begin{array}{ccc}S_qS_n\text{Hol}(G)& & S_{qn}\text{Hol}(G)\\ & & & & \\ S_q\text{Hol}(G^n)& & \text{Hol}(G^{qn})\end{array}$$

### 5.2 Cohomology of $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}_p\right)`$ at noncharacteristic primes

Wreath products come up in the calculation of the homology of classical groups: $`G(k)=`$ $`GL(k,𝔽_p)`$, $`O(k,𝔽_p)`$, $`Sp(k,𝔽_p)`$, or $`U(k,𝔽_{p^2}`$) with coefficients in $`𝔽_l`$ where $`(l,p)=1`$ (see \[FP\]). Namely, the inclusion

$$S_qG(c)G(qc)$$

(this is a special case of the inclusion $`S_q\text{Aut}(G)\text{Aut}(G^q)`$ above) induces an epimorphism in mod $`l`$ homology, where $`c=2`$ if $`l=2`$ and $`c`$ is the smallest index for which $`|G(c)|`$ is divisible by $`l`$ if $`l`$ is odd. Using Quillen’s lemma, this is improved as follows: the composite

$$G(c)^qS_qG(c)G(qc)$$

induces an epimorphism in mod $`l`$ homology.

Since

$$\left|\text{Hol}\left(\underset{k}{}_p\right)\right|=|\underset{k}{}_p||GL(k,_p)|=p^k|GL(k,_p)|,$$

the results of \[FP, III, §5\] apply to holomorphs. However, we are not getting any new information this way because

$$H^{}(\text{Hol}\left(\underset{k}{}_{p^r}\right);𝔽_l)H^{}(GL(n,_{p^r});𝔽_l)$$

for $`(l,p)=1`$.

### 5.3 Permutative categories

Recall (see e.g. \[FP\]) that a permutative category $`(,\mathrm{},0,c)`$ is a small category $``$ with a bifunctor $`\mathrm{}:\times ,`$ an object $`0,`$ and a natural isomorphism $`c:\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\tau `$ (where $`\tau :\times \times `$ is a transformation), i.e. a function $`c:\text{Ob}\times \text{Ob}\text{Mor}`$ such that for any $`\alpha ,\beta \text{Ob}`$, $`\text{source}(c(\alpha ,\beta ))=\alpha \mathrm{}\beta `$ and $`\text{target}(c(\alpha ,\beta ))=\beta \mathrm{}\alpha `$, and such that for any $`A,B\text{Hom}(\alpha ,\beta )`$, the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\alpha \mathrm{}\beta & \stackrel{A\mathrm{}B}{}& \gamma \mathrm{}\delta \\ c(\alpha ,\beta )& & c(\gamma ,\delta )& & \\ \beta \mathrm{}\alpha & \stackrel{B\mathrm{}A}{}& \delta \mathrm{}\gamma \end{array}$$
(5.1)
commutes, which satisfy the following properties:

1. $`\mathrm{}`$ is associative,
2. $`0`$ is a left and right unit for $`\mathrm{}`$,
3. for all $`\alpha \text{Ob}`$, $`c(\alpha ,0)=1_\alpha =c(0,\alpha )`$,
4. for all $`\alpha ,\beta \text{Ob},`$ $`c(\beta ,\alpha )=(c(\alpha ,\beta ))^1`$,
5. for all $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma \text{Ob},`$ $`(c(\gamma ,\alpha )\mathrm{}1_\beta )c(\alpha \mathrm{}\beta ,\gamma )=1_\alpha \mathrm{}c(\beta ,\gamma ).`$

A permutative functor between permutative categories is a functor that commutes with $`\mathrm{}`$ and $`c`$, and sends $`0`$ to $`0`$.

As shown in \[FP\], each family of classical groups with direct sum homomorphism $`G(m)\times G(n)G(m+n)`$ forms a permutative category. Below we give some other examples of permutative categories. Let $`R`$ be a commutative ring with a unit. Recall the inclusion $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{m}{}R\right)\times \text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}R\right)\text{Hol}\left(\underset{m+n}{}R\right)`$ from example 2.4.6. The family $`\left\{\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}R\right),n0\right\}`$ forms a permutative category (denoted by $`ol(R)`$) as follows. Objects are nonnegative integers, and morphisms are given by

$$\text{Hom}(m,n)=\{\begin{array}{cc}0,\hfill & \text{ if }mn\hfill \\ \text{Hol}\left(_nR\right),\hfill & \text{ if }m=n.\hfill \end{array}$$

Consider $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}R\right)`$ as a subgroup of $`GL(n+1,R)`$ as described in lemma 4.1.1. Define $`\mathrm{}`$ on objects by

$$m\mathrm{}n=m+n$$

and on morphisms by

$$\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& x^T\\ & \\ 0& (M^1)^T\end{array}\right]\mathrm{}\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& y^T\\ & \\ 0& (N^1)^T\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& x^T& y^T\\ & & \\ 0& (M^1)^T& 0\\ & & \\ 0& 0& (N^1)^T\end{array}\right]$$

and define the function $`c`$ by

$$c(m,n)=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ & & \\ 0& 0& I_n\\ & & \\ 0& I_m& 0\end{array}\right]$$

It is easy to check that these functions $`\mathrm{}`$ and $`c`$ satisfy the required properties.

The surjective and splitting homomorphisms between $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}R\right)`$ and $`GL(n,R)`$ in the split extension for the holomorph form permutative functors between the permutative categories $`ol(R)`$ and $`𝒢(R)`$. However, the inclusions $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}R\right)GL(n+1,R)`$ do not give a permutative functor.

More generally, the inclusions

$$\text{Aut}(G^m)\times \text{Aut}(G^n)\text{Aut}(G^{m+n}),$$

$$\text{Hol}(G^m)\times \text{Hol}(G^n)\text{Hol}(G^{m+n}),$$

and

$$\text{Aut}\left(\underset{m}{}G\right)\times \text{Aut}\left(\underset{n}{}G\right)\text{Aut}\left(\underset{m+n}{}G\right)$$

give rise to permutative categories.

###### Theorem 5.3.1.

For any group $`G`$, the families

$$\begin{array}{cc}(i)\hfill & \left\{\text{Aut}(G^n),n0\right\},\hfill \\ (ii)\hfill & \left\{\text{Hol}(G^n),n0\right\},\text{ and}\hfill \\ (iii)\hfill & \left\{\text{Aut}\left(\underset{n}{}G\right),n0\right\}\hfill \end{array}$$

form permutative categories, denoted by $`𝒜ut(G^n)`$ and $`ol(G^n)`$, with objects nonnegative integers, morphisms given by

$$\text{Hom}(m,n)=\{\begin{array}{cc}0,\hfill & \text{ if }mn\hfill \\ \begin{array}{cc}(i)\hfill & \text{Aut}(G^n)\hfill \\ (ii)\hfill & \text{Hol}(G^n)\hfill \\ (iii)\hfill & \text{Aut}\left(_nG\right)\hfill \end{array},\hfill & \text{ if }m=n,\hfill \end{array}$$

bifunctor $`\mathrm{}`$ defined on objects by

$$m\mathrm{}n=m+n$$

and on morphisms by

$$\begin{array}{cc}(i)\hfill & f_m\mathrm{}g_n=f_m\times g_n,\hfill \\ (ii)\hfill & (f_m,(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m))\mathrm{}(g_n,(y_1,\mathrm{},y_n))=(f_m\times g_n,(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m,y_1,\mathrm{},y_n)),\hfill \\ (iii)\hfill & f_m\mathrm{}g_n=f_m\times g_n\hfill \end{array}$$

where in (i) and (ii) $`f_m\text{Aut}(G^m),`$ $`g_n\text{Aut}(G^n),`$ and $`f_m\times g_n\text{Aut}(G^{m+n})`$ is the product of $`f_m`$ and $`g_n`$, in (iii) $`f_m\text{Aut}\left(\underset{m}{}G\right),`$ $`g_n\text{Aut}\left(\underset{n}{}G\right),`$ and $`f_m\times g_n\text{Aut}\left(\underset{m+n}{}G\right)`$ is the product of $`f_m`$ and $`g_n`$, and

$$\begin{array}{cc}(i)\hfill & c(m,n)=s_{m,n},\hfill \\ (ii)\hfill & c(m,n)=(s_{m,n},1_{G^{m+n}}),\hfill \\ (iii)\hfill & c(m,n)(x_i)=\{\begin{array}{ccc}x_{i+n}\hfill & \text{if}\hfill & 1im,\hfill \\ x_{im}\hfill & \text{if}\hfill & m+1in,\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`s_{m,n}\text{Aut}(G^{m+n})`$ is defined by

$$s_{m,n}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m,x_{m+1},\mathrm{},x_{m+n})=(x_{m+1},\mathrm{},x_{m+n},x_1,\mathrm{},x_m),$$

and $`1_{G^{m+n}}`$ is the identity element in $`G^{m+n}`$. There are permutative functors between $`𝒜ut(G^n)`$ and $`ol(G^n)`$ given by the identity maps on objects and the natural maps between $`\text{Aut}(G^m)`$ and $`\text{Hol}(G^m)`$ on morphisms.

The proof of this theorem is a straightforward verification given next.

###### Proof.

Commutativity of 5.1:

1. since $`(x_1,\mathrm{},x_k)=(x_1,1,\mathrm{},1)(1,x_2,1,\mathrm{},1)\mathrm{}(1,\mathrm{},1,x_k)`$, it suffices to check commutativity of the diagram on elements of the form
$`(1,\mathrm{},1,x,1,\mathrm{},1)`$. Let $`x`$ be in the $`i`$-th place. If $`1im`$, we have

$$\begin{array}{ccc}(1,\mathrm{},1,x,1,\mathrm{},1;1,\mathrm{},1)& \stackrel{f\times g}{}& (x_1,\mathrm{},x_m;1,\mathrm{},1)\\ c(m,n)& & c(m,n)& & \\ (1,\mathrm{},1;1,\mathrm{},1,x,1,\mathrm{},1)& \stackrel{g\times f}{}& (1,\mathrm{},1;x_1\mathrm{},x_m).\end{array}$$

The case $`m+1im+n`$ is similar.
2. $`c(m,n)((f,(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m))\mathrm{}(g,(y_1,\mathrm{},y_n)))=`$
$`=(s_{m,n},1_{G^{m+n}})(f\times g,(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m,y_1,\mathrm{},y_n))=`$
$`=(s_{m,n}(f\times g),(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m,y_1,\mathrm{},y_n))`$.

$`(g,(y_1,\mathrm{},y_n))\mathrm{}((f,(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m)))c(m,n)=`$
$`=(g\times f,(y_1,\mathrm{},y_n,x_1,\mathrm{},x_m))(s_{m,n},1_{G^{m+n}})=`$
$`=((g\times f)s_{m,n},(s_{m,n})^1(y_1,\mathrm{},y_n,x_1,\mathrm{},x_m)1_{G^{m+n}})=`$
$`=((g\times f)s_{m,n},(s_{n,m})(y_1,\mathrm{},y_n,x_1,\mathrm{},x_m))=`$
$`=((g\times f)s_{m,n},(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m,y_1,\mathrm{},y_n))=`$
$`=(s_{m,n}(f\times g),(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m,y_1,\mathrm{},y_n))`$ by part (i).
3. As in part (i), we will check the commutativity of the diagram on the generators. If $`1im`$, we have

$$\begin{array}{ccc}x_i& \stackrel{f\times g}{}& f(x_i)\\ c(m,n)& & c(m,n)& & \\ x_{i+n}& \stackrel{g\times f}{}& f(x_{i+n})\end{array}$$

The case $`m+1im+n`$ is similar.

Axioms:

1. $`\mathrm{}`$ is associative because multiplication in $`\text{Aut}(G^n)`$ is.

1. $`(f_m\times g_n)\times h_p=f_m\times (g_n\times h_p),`$
    2. $`(f_m\times g_n)\times h_p,(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m,y_1,\mathrm{},y_n,z_1,\mathrm{},z_p))=`$
    $`=(f_m\times (g_n\times h_p),(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m,y_1,\mathrm{},y_n,z_1,\mathrm{},z_p)),`$
    3. same as (i).
2. 0 is a unit in $``$.
3. 1. $`c(m,0)=s_{m,0}=1_{\text{Aut}(G^m)}=s_{0,m}=c(0,m)`$,
    2. $`c(m,0)=(s_{m,0},1_{G^m})=(s_{0,m},1_{G^m})=c(0,m),`$
    3. $`c(m,0)=1_{\text{Aut}\left(\underset{m}{}G\right)}=c(0,m).`$
4. 1. $`c(m,n)c(n,m)(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{m+n})=s_{m,n}s_{n,m}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{m+n})=`$
    $`=s_{m,n}(x_{n+1},\mathrm{},x_{m+n},x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)=(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{m+n})=1_{\text{Aut}(G^{m+n})},`$
    2. $`c(m,n)c(n,m)=(s_{m,n},1_{G^{m+n}})(s_{n,m},1_{G^{m+n}})=(s_{m,n}s_{n,m},1_{G^{m+n}})=`$
    $`=(1_{\text{Aut}(G^{m+n})},1_{G^{m+n}})=1_{\text{Hol}(G^{m+n})},`$
    3. if $`1im`$, then $`c(m,n)c(n,m)(x_i)=c(m,n)(x_{i+m})=x_{i+mm}=x_i;`$ the case $`m+1im+n`$ is similar.
5. 1. $`((c(p,m)\mathrm{}1_n)c(m+n,p))(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{m+n+p})=`$
    $`=(s_{p,m}\times 1_{\text{Aut}(G^n)})s_{m+n,p}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{m+n+p})=`$
    $`=(s_{p,m}\times 1_{\text{Aut}(G^n)})(x_{m+n+1},\mathrm{},x_{m+n+p},x_1,\mathrm{},x_{m+n})=`$
    $`=(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m,x_{m+n+1},\mathrm{},x_{m+n+p},x_{m+1},\mathrm{},x_{m+n})=`$
    $`=(1_{\text{Aut}(G^m)}\times s_{n,p})(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{m+n+p})=1_m\mathrm{}c(n,p)(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{m+n+p}),`$
    2. $`(c(p,m)\mathrm{}1_n)c(m+n,p)=`$
    $`=((s_{p,m},1_{G^{m+p}})\mathrm{}(1_{\text{Aut}(G^n)},1_{G^n}))(s_{m+n,p},1_{G^{m+n+p}})=`$
    $`=(s_{p,m}\times 1_{\text{Aut}(G^n)},1_{G^{m+n+p}})(s_{m+n,p},1_{G^{m+n+p}})=`$
    $`=((s_{p,m}\times 1_{\text{Aut}(G^n)})s_{m+n,p},1_{G^{m+n+p}})=(1_{\text{Aut}(G^m)}\times s_{n,p},1_{G^{m+n+p}})=`$
    $`=(1_{\text{Aut}(G^m)},1_{G^m})\mathrm{}(s_{n,p},1_{G^{n+p}})=(1_m\mathrm{}c(n,p)),`$
    3. if $`1im`$, then $`((c(p,m)\mathrm{}1_n)c(m+n,p))(x_i)=`$
    $`=(c(p,m)\mathrm{}1_n)(x_{i+p})=x_i=(1_m\mathrm{}c(n,p))(x_i)`$;
    if $`m+1im+n`$, then $`((c(p,m)\mathrm{}1_n)c(m+n,p))(x_i)=`$
    $`=(c(p,m)\mathrm{}1_n)(x_{i+p})=x_{i+p}=(1_m\mathrm{}c(n,p))(x_i)`$;
    if $`m+n+1im+n+p`$, then $`((c(p,m)\mathrm{}1_n)c(m+n,p))(x_i)=`$
    $`=(c(p,m)\mathrm{}1_n)(x_{imn})=x_{imn+m}=x_{in}=(1_m\mathrm{}c(n,p))(x_i)`$.

These permutative categories give rise to infinite loop spaces which will be studied later.

###### Remark.

The family $`\left\{\text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}G\right),n0\right\}`$ is not a permutative category because there is no “natural” map $`\text{Hol}\left(\underset{m}{}G\right)\times \text{Hol}\left(\underset{n}{}G\right)\text{Hol}\left(\underset{m+n}{}G\right)`$.

## Chapter 6 Injectives in the category of groups

### 6.1 Introduction

This chapter is independent from the previous ones. In the next section we give a short proof of a theorem (6.1.2) proved by S. Eilenberg and J. C. Moore in \[EM\].

###### Definition 6.1.1.

An object $`I`$ in a category $``$ is called injective if for any monomorphism $`KL`$, and any map $`KI`$, there is a map $`LI`$ such that the diagram

commutes.

###### Theorem 6.1.2.

(S. Eilenberg, J. C. Moore) The only injective object in the category of groups is the trivial group.

We will need the following lemma. It follows from a classical proof of the fact that the free group on two letters contains the free group on countably many letters. We recall a proof of the lemma because we do not know reference for the lemma in this exact wording.

###### Lemma 6.1.3.

(Classical) Let $`F[a,b]`$ denote the free group on letters $`a`$ and $`b`$. Then the group homomorphism

$$F[a,b]F[c,d]$$

given by

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill a& & c\hfill \\ \hfill b& & dcd^1\hfill \end{array}$$

is an injection.

###### Proof.

Consider the covering space of a bouquet of two circles shown in figure 6.1 on the next page. The covering space is homotopy equivalent to a bouquet of countably many circles, and hence its fundamental group is isomorphic to the free group on countably many generators. Classes of loops a and b shown in figure 6.2 generate a free subgroup $`F[a,b]`$. The fundamental group of the covering space injects into the fundamental group of the bouquet which is isomorphic to the free group on two generators, say, $`F[c,d]`$ (see figure 6.3). Let $`i`$ denote the restriction of this injection on $`F[a,b]`$, then we have

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill F[a,b]& \stackrel{i}{}& F[c,d],\hfill \\ \hfill i(a)& =& c,\hfill \\ \hfill i(b)& =& dcd^1.\hfill \end{array}$$

Figure 6.3: The fundamental group of the bouquet of two circles is free on two generators

### 6.2 Proof of theorem 6.1.2

###### Proof.

Suppose $`G`$ is injective, and let $`xG`$ be any element. Let the homomorphism

$$F[a,b]\stackrel{f}{}G$$

be given by

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill f(a)& =& 1\hfill \\ \hfill f(b)& =& x\hfill \end{array}$$

and let $`F[a,b]\stackrel{i}{}F[c,d]`$ be as in lemma 6.1.3. Then there exists a homomorphism

$$F[c,d]\stackrel{g}{}G$$

such that the diagram

commutes. Then we have

$$g(c)=g(i(a))=f(a)=1,$$

and

$$x=f(b)=g(i(b))=g(dcd^1)=g(d)g(c)g(d^1)=g(d)1(g(d))^1=1,$$

i.e. any element of $`G`$ is the identity. ∎