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# Crystalline realizations of 1-motives

##

Grothendieck’s vision of crystals is well explained in  (see also  and the subsequent papers by Berthelot and Messing ). Grothendieck pointed out that one can recover the first De Rham cohomology of an abelian scheme in characteristic zero via the Lie algebra of the universal $`𝐆_a`$-extension of the dual. Moreover, in positive characteristics, this universal $`𝐆_a`$-extension and the Poincaré biextension are crystalline in nature and depend only on the $`p`$-divisible group associated to the abelian scheme. Recall the following classical results.

If $`G`$ is any group scheme over a base scheme $`S`$ such that $`om(G,𝐆_a)=0`$ and $`xt(G,𝐆_a)`$ is a locally free $`𝒪_S`$-module of finite rank, the universal $`𝐆_a`$-extension $`𝔼(G)`$ exists: it is an extension of $`G`$ by the vector group $`xt(G,𝐆_a)^{}`$.

Theorem A (\[11, Prop. I.4.1.4 & § II.1.5\]): Let $`A_0`$ be an abelian scheme over a perfect field $`k`$ of characteristic $`p>0`$. Let $`A`$ be a (formal) lifting to the Witt vectors $`𝐖(k)`$ and let $`A^{}`$ be the dual. Let $`𝐓^{\mathrm{crys}}(A_0)`$ be the contravariant Dieudonné module associated to the Barsotti-Tate group $`A_0[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$. Then

$$𝐓^{\mathrm{crys}}(A_0)\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}𝔼(A^{})\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{DR}}^1(A/𝐖(k))$$

Providing a good definition of crystalline topology (cf. ) one can recover one dimensional crystalline cohomology from the above. We then also have:

Theorem B (\[10, II.3.11.2\]): Let $`X`$ be smooth and proper over a perfect field $`k`$ of characteristic $`p>0`$. Let $`\mathrm{Pic}^{0,\mathrm{red}}(X)`$ be the abelian Picard scheme. Let $`𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}()`$ denote the covariant Dieudonné module. Then

$$𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(\mathrm{Pic}^{0,\mathrm{red}}(X))\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1(X/𝐖(k))$$

A geometric way to prove it is by applying the former to the universal extension of a lifting, considering the Albanese variety $`\mathrm{Alb}(X)=\mathrm{Pic}^{0,\mathrm{red}}(X)^{}`$. Let $`\mathrm{Pic}^{\mathrm{crys},0}(X)`$ be the sheaf on the (small) fppf site on $`𝐖(k)`$ given by the functor associating to $`T`$ the group of isomorphism classes of crystals of invertible $`𝒪_{X\times _{𝐖(k)}T/T}^{\mathrm{crys}}`$-modules (which are algebraically equivalent to $`0`$ on the Zariski site on $`X\times _{𝐖(k)}T`$). By construction we have that $`\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\mathrm{Pic}^{\mathrm{crys},0}=\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1`$, inducing a canonical isomorphism

$$\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\mathrm{Pic}^{\mathrm{crys},0}(\mathrm{Alb}(X))\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\mathrm{Pic}^{\mathrm{crys},0}(X)$$

by the Albanese mapping. Furthermore, $`\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\mathrm{Pic}^{\mathrm{crys},0}(\mathrm{Alb}(X))`$ can be identified to the Lie algebra of the universal extension of a (formal) lifting of $`\mathrm{Pic}^{0,\mathrm{red}}(X)`$ to the Witt vectors. Note that $`\mathrm{Pic}^{\mathrm{crys},0}`$ is the natural substitute of the usual functor $`\mathrm{Pic}^{\mathrm{},0}`$ given by invertible sheaves with an integrable connection, and recall that, in general, in positive characteristics, $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{DR}}^1(X/k)`$ cannot be recovered from the Picard scheme, as illustrated by Oda .

Another application of Grothendieck’s vision is provided by Deligne’s definition of the De Rham realization of a 1-motive (see  and ). In fact, the universal $`𝐆_a`$-extension $`𝔼(𝕄)`$ of a 1-motive $`𝕄`$ over any base scheme exists and the De Rham realization is naturally defined via the Lie algebra (see \[7, 10.1.10-11\], cf. Section 2 below).

### The results

The purpose of this paper, after providing a 1-motive of the crystalline realization, is to draw the picture above in the motivic world, over a perfect field $`k`$.

The target category of our realizations is the category of filtered $`F`$-crystals of level $`1`$ over $`k`$, for simplicity referred to as filtered $`F`$-crystals in the sequel. Actually, we consider the category of filtered $`F`$-$`𝐖(k)`$-modules consisting of finitely generated $`𝐖(k)`$-modules endowed with an increasing filtration and a $`\sigma `$-linear operator, the Frobenius $`F`$, respecting the filtration (here $`\sigma `$ is the Frobenius on $`𝐖(k)`$). Such category is, in an obvious way, a tensor category. Filtered $`F`$-crystals are the objects whose underlying $`𝐖(k)`$-modules are free and there exists a $`\sigma ^1`$-linear operator, the Verschiebung $`V`$, such that $`VF=FV=p`$. We let $`𝐖(k)(1)`$ be the filtered $`F`$-crystal $`𝐖(k)`$, with filtration $`W_n=𝐖(k)`$ if $`n2`$ and $`W_n=0`$ for $`n<2`$ and with the $`\sigma `$-linear operator $`F`$ given by $`11`$ and the $`\sigma ^1`$-linear operator $`V`$ defined by $`1p`$.

For a 1-motive $`𝕄`$ over a perfect field define $`𝕄[p^n]`$ as $`\mathrm{H}^1\left(𝕄/p^n𝕄\right)`$, where $`𝕄/p^n𝕄`$ is the cone of multiplication by $`p^n`$ on $`𝕄`$. Then get a Barsotti-Tate group $`𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$ taking the direct limit. Passing to its contravariant Dieudonné module we get a filtered $`F`$-crystal over $`k`$ which we denote $`𝐓^{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄)`$ (see Section 1 for details). We note that such a realization is an instance (the good reduction case) of a more general theory of $`p`$-adic realizations of $`1`$-motives over a local field due to J.-M. Fontaine (to appear in ).

On the other hand, following Deligne, define $`𝐓^{\mathrm{DR}}(𝕄)`$ by $`\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}𝔼(𝕄^{})`$ where $`𝕄^{}`$ is the Cartier dual (see Section 2, cf. 1.2 for duals and 2.1 for extensions). We show that for $`p>2`$ the universal extension and the Poincaré biextension are crystalline (see Section 3). Furthermore, $`𝐓^{\mathrm{DR}}()`$ yields a filtered crystal (no restriction on $`p`$), providing the Dieudonné crystal of the 1-motive (in the terminology of , see 3.5). We then have the following comparison theorem.

Theorem ALet $`𝕄_0`$ be a $`1`$-motive over a perfect field $`k`$ of positive characteristic $`p>0`$. Choose a (formal) $`1`$-motive $`𝕄`$ over $`𝐖(k)`$ lifting $`𝕄_0`$. Then, there is a canonical isomorphism

$$𝐓^{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄_0)𝐓^{\mathrm{DR}}(𝕄)$$

of filtered $`F`$-crystals. Let $`𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄_0)`$ be the crystal given by $`𝐓^{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄_0^{})`$. There is a bilinear perfect pairing of filtered $`𝐖(k)`$-modules

$$𝐓^{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄_0)_{𝐖(k)}𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄_0)𝐖(k)(1).$$

See 2.1 for the definition of the filtration on $`𝐓^{\mathrm{DR}}(𝕄)`$ and 1.3 for the definition of the filtration on $`𝐓^{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄_0)`$. The proof of Theorem A is given in Section 4 (see 4.3 for a list of properties of $`𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}`$) and it ‘mostly’ adorns Grothendieck’s original proof for abelian schemes, cf. . We stress that the description of $`𝐓^{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄_0)`$ in terms of universal extensions is essential to prove Theorem B below.

Now let $`V`$ be an algebraic variety over a perfect field $`k`$. Applying de Jong’s method  we obtain a pair $`(X_{},Y_{})`$ where $`X_{}`$ is a smooth proper simplicial scheme, $`Y_{}`$ is a normal crossing divisor in $`X_{}`$ and $`V_{}\text{ }:=X_{}Y_{}`$ is a smooth hypercovering of $`V`$. Note that we may and will assume that $`V_0V`$ is generically étale by \[6, Thm. 4.1\]. Let $`\mathrm{Pic}^+(V)\text{ }:=\mathrm{Pic}^+(X_{},Y_{})`$ be the Picard 1-motive of $`V`$ (see Section 5 and Appendix A, cf.  and ). In the same way, as de Jong suggested in \[6, p. 51-52\], we set $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^{}(V_{}/𝐖(k))\text{ }:=_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^{}(X_{},Y_{})`$ where $`(X_{},Y_{})`$ here denotes the simplicial logarithmic structure on $`X_{}`$ determined by $`Y_{}`$ (see Section 6). We show in 6.6 that $`_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1(X_{},Y_{})`$ is naturally a free filtered $`F`$-$`𝐖(k)`$-module. We have the following link.

Theorem BLet $`V`$ be an algebraic variety over a perfect field $`k`$ of characteristic $`p3`$. There is a functorial isomorphism of filtered $`F`$-$`𝐖(k)`$-modules

$$𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(\mathrm{Pic}^+(V))\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1(V_{}/𝐖(k))(1).$$

The proof of Theorem B is the full Section 7 and, very roughly speaking, goes as follows. By the comparison Theorem A, we are left to compute the universal extension crystal of the $`1`$-motive $`\mathrm{Pic}^+(V)`$. Thus, one gets to deal with a simplicial version of the functor of invertible crystals $`\mathrm{Pic}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}`$ showing that its Lie algebra coincides with $`_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1`$ (see 7.3–7.5).

It is shown in the Appendix A that $`\mathrm{Pic}^+(V)`$ is independent of the choices made, i.e., of the pair $`(X_{},Y_{})`$, and in particular functorial in $`V`$. Thus via Theorem B, see Corollary 7.5.4, $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1(V_{}/𝐖(k))`$ is independent of the chosen hypercovering $`V_{}V`$ so that one can define $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1(V/𝐖(k)):=\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1(V_{}/𝐖(k))`$ forcing descent for crystalline cohomology. This answers a question raised in \[6, p. 52\] concerning the independence of $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^i(V_{}/𝐖(k))𝐐`$ from the choice of hypercoverings, at least for $`i=1`$ and $`p3`$.

For the sake of exposition we omit the case $`p=2`$ deserving an ad hoc explanation. Actually, in this case, the independence of $`\mathrm{Pic}^+(V)`$ from the choices made and $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1(V_{}/𝐖(k))`$ are still in place. Some technical difficulties in proving Theorem B arise from the fact that the standard divided power structures on the ideal $`2𝐖(k)`$ are not topologically nilpotent; see 7.4. We will treat these matters elsewhere.

Note that the abelian quotient of $`\mathrm{Pic}^+(V)`$ is the (reduced) identity component of the kernel of the canonical map $`\mathrm{Pic}^{0,\mathrm{red}}(X_0)\mathrm{Pic}^{0,\mathrm{red}}(X_1).`$ Moreover, for $`V`$ a normal proper scheme $`\mathrm{Pic}^+(V)=\mathrm{Pic}^{0,\mathrm{red}}(V)`$ is abelian, e.g., for every prime $`p`$ we obtain from Theorem B

$$\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1(V/𝐖(k))\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1(X_0)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1(X_1)\right)$$

if $`V`$ is a normal projective variety.

Recall that the Cartier dual of $`\mathrm{Pic}^+(V)`$ is the (homological) Albanese 1-motive $`\mathrm{Alb}^{}(V)`$ see  (cf. ), e.g., for $`V`$ a normal proper scheme is the cokernel of the map $`\mathrm{Alb}(X_1)\mathrm{Alb}(X_0)`$.

CorollaryThere is a functorial $`𝐖(k)`$-linear isomorphism

$$𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(\mathrm{Alb}^{}(V))\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{Hom}(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1(V/𝐖(k))(1),𝐖(k)(1)).$$

This suggests that one can define the first crystalline homology group (modulo torsion!) as $`\mathrm{H}_1^{\mathrm{crys}}(V/𝐖(k))\text{ }:=\mathrm{Hom}(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1(V/𝐖(k))(1),𝐖(k)(1))`$. Finally note that Theorem B can be reformulated in terms of the first rigid cohomology group of $`V`$, i.e.,

$$𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(\mathrm{Pic}^+(V))𝐐\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1(V/𝐖(k))(1)𝐐\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{rig}}^1(V/\mathrm{Frac}(𝐖(k)))(1).$$

The last isomorphism follows using the recent proof of cohomological descent of rigid cohomology for proper coverings due to N. Tsuzuki  and the comparison between log-crystalline cohomology and rigid cohomology (for proper and smooth schemes with strict normal crossing divisors) due to A. Shiho . This suggests, as remarked by B. Chiarellotto and K. Joshi, that one could approach Theorem B using rigid cohomology. On the other hand, our approach allows to prove the version of Theorem B with integral coefficients.

In the same spirit, the Corollary can be rephrased for rigid homology. However, if we compare to , we find that $`\mathrm{H}_{}^{\mathrm{crys}}(V/\mathrm{Frac}(𝐖(k)))\mathrm{H}_{}^{\mathrm{rig}}(V/\mathrm{Frac}(𝐖(k)))`$ in general, since the rigid homology defined in \[21, §2\] is the Borel-Moore variation of crystalline homology, e.g., they coincide for proper schemes.

### Open problems

A natural question is to extend our crystalline realization functor to mixed motives. Recall that the category of 1-motives (up to isogeny) is embedded in Voevodsky’s triangulated category of motives. However, for 1-motives over a perfect field, the more striking question is to prove the following claim.

Let $`(X,Y)`$ be a pair such that $`Y`$ is a closed subvariety of an algebraic variety $`X`$ over a perfect field. In , over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero, effective 1-motives with torsion $`\mathrm{Pic}^+(X,Y;i)`$ (= $`M_{i+1}(X,Y)`$ in ) are constructed showing Deligne’s conjecture \[7, 10.4.1\], e.g., showing the algebraicity of the maximal mixed Hodge structure of type $`\{(0,0),(0,1),(1,0),(1,1)\}`$ contained in $`\mathrm{H}^{i+1}(X,Y;𝐐(1))`$ if $`k=𝐂`$. By using an appropriate resolution it is easy to modify the construction yielding $`\mathrm{Pic}^+(X,Y;i)`$ over a perfect field, such that $`\mathrm{Pic}^+(X,\mathrm{};0)=\mathrm{Pic}^+(X)`$ above (however, it is not clear, for $`i>0`$, if $`\mathrm{Pic}^+(X,Y;i)`$ is integrally well defined!). Furthermore, it is easy to obtain a Barsotti-Tate crystal of an effective 1-motive, using Fontaine’s theory . Note that now we deal with finite groups and therefore we can lift to the Witt vectors only the free part of an effective 1-motive. However, we may define $`𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}()`$ by means of the covariant Dieudonné module, i.e., given by the Dieudonné module of the dual of the associated formal $`p`$-group.

Conjecture CProvide a weight filtration $`W_{}`$ on the crystalline cohomology $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^{}((X,Y)/𝐖(k))`$ of the pair $`(X,Y)`$. Let $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys},(1)}^{}((X,Y)/𝐖(k))`$ denote the submodule of $`W_2\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^{}((X,Y)/𝐖(k))`$ whose image in $`\mathrm{Gr}_W^2`$ is generated by the image of the discrete part of $`\mathrm{Pic}^+(X,Y;i)`$ under a suitable cycle map. Then there is a canonical isomorphism (eventually up to $`p`$-power isogenies)

$$𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(\mathrm{Pic}^+(X,Y;i))\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys},(1)}^{i+1}((X,Y)/𝐖(k))(1)$$

of filtered $`F`$-$`𝐖(k)`$-modules.

The corresponding statement for De Rham cohomology over a field of characteristic zero is Theorem 3.5 in . Theorem B above corresponds to this statement for $`i=0`$ and $`Y=\mathrm{}`$. Note that only the free part of $`\mathrm{Pic}^+(X,Y;i)`$ is independent of the hypercoverings in char. $`0`$ (cf. \[1, 2.5\] and \[2, 4.4.4\]). Here $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^{}((X,Y)/𝐖(k))`$ is defined following . However, by dealing with rigid cohomology Conjecture C, can be rephrased switching crystalline to rigid. Note that a cycle map for rigid cohomology is fully described in .

#### Acknowledgements

We would like to thank B. Chiarellotto and V. Cristante for several useful discussions. We also thank J.-M. Fontaine and K. Joshi for informing us about the contents of their forthcoming book . We finally thank the referee for several useful comments which helped us to improve the exposition.

### Notation

We let our base schemes be locally noetherian. For a perfect field $`k`$ we let $`𝐖(k)`$ (resp. $`𝐖_n(k)`$ with $`n𝐍`$) denote the ring of (truncated) Witt vectors with the standard divided power structure on its maximal ideal. Note that for $`p=2`$ the standard divided power structure on the maximal ideal of $`𝐖_n(k)`$ is not nilpotent. For $`S_0`$ a base scheme such that $`p`$ is locally nilpotent we let $`S_0S`$ be a thickening defined by an ideal $`I`$ with nilpotent divided powers.

Let $`𝔾`$ denote a group scheme over $`S`$. We consider $`𝔾`$ as a sheaf for the fppf topology on $`S`$. We sometimes denote $`g𝔾`$ an $`S`$-point. Denote $`𝐆_a`$ and $`𝐆_m`$ the usual additive and multiplicative structure $`S`$-group schemes.

If $`\underset{¯}{G}`$ is a $`p`$-divisible group over a perfect field $`k`$ of characteristic $`p`$, we denote by $`𝐃(\underset{¯}{G})`$ the contravariant Dieudonné module of $`\underset{¯}{G}`$ defined as the module over the Dieudonné ring $`D_k:=𝐖(k)[F,V]/(FV=VF=p)`$ of homomorphisms from $`\underset{¯}{G}`$ to the group of Witt covectors over $`k`$; see \[8, §III.1.2\]. By \[8, §III.6.1\] such functor defines an antiequivalence from the categroy of $`p`$-divisible groups over $`k`$ to the category of $`D_k`$-modules which are finite and free as $`𝐖(k)`$-modules. By the comparison Theorem \[16, Thm. 15.3\] $`𝐃(\underset{¯}{G})`$ coincides with the Lie algebra of the universal extension of a lifting of the dual $`p`$-divisible group $`\underset{¯}{G}^{}`$ to $`𝐖(k)`$. For the latter approach to contravariant Dieudonné theory we refer the reader to \[17, IV.2.4.3\] or \[16, §9.2 \].

For a simplicial $`S`$-scheme $`X_{}`$ we denote $`d_i^j`$ the faces $`X_jX_{j1}`$, e.g.$`d_0^2,d_1^2,d_2^2:X_2X_1`$, over $`S`$, and sometimes we omit the $`j`$-index when it is clear from the context.

## 1 Barsotti-Tate crystal of a 1-motive

First recall some definitions and constructions. We refer to \[7, §10\] and \[2, §1\] for more details on 1-motives.

### 1.1 Deligne’s 1-motives

Recall that algebraic 1-motives are originally defined in \[7, Définition 10.1.2\] over an algebraically closed field. However, in \[7, Variante 10.1.10\] (cf. ), the definition of 1-motif lisse is taken over arbitrary base schemes, as follows. Let $`S`$ be a scheme. A $`1`$-motive $`𝕄`$ over $`S`$, is

* a group scheme $`𝕏`$ over $`S`$ which étale locally on $`S`$ is constant, free and of finite type as $`𝐙`$-module;
* a semi-abelian scheme $`𝔾`$ over $`S`$, extension of an abelian scheme $`𝔸`$ over $`S`$ by a torus $`𝕋`$ over $`S`$;
* a homomorphism of $`S`$-group schemes $`\mathrm{u}:𝕏𝔾`$.

As customary, we view the category of commutative $`S`$-group schemes as a full sub-category of the derived category $`\mathrm{D}_{\mathrm{fppf}}^\mathrm{b}(S)`$, identifying an $`S`$-group scheme with the complex having its underlying fppf sheaf concentrated in degree $`0`$. Analogously, we identify a $`1`$-motive $`𝕄`$ with the complex in $`\mathrm{C}_{\mathrm{fppf}}^\mathrm{b}(S)`$

$$\mathrm{}0𝕏\stackrel{\mathrm{u}}{}𝔾0\mathrm{}$$

of fppf sheaves over $`S`$ concentrated in degree $`1`$ and $`0`$. One sees (cf. ) that

$$\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathrm{C}_{\mathrm{fppf}}^\mathrm{b}(S)}(𝕄_1,𝕄_2)=\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathrm{D}_{\mathrm{fppf}}^\mathrm{b}(S)}(𝕄_1,𝕄_2).$$

By \[23, Prop. 2.3.1\] the morphisms of $`1`$-motives, from $`\left[𝕏_1\stackrel{\mathrm{u}_1}{}𝔾_1\right]`$ to $`\left[𝕏_2\stackrel{\mathrm{u}_2}{}𝔾_2\right]`$, also as objects of $`\mathrm{D}_{\mathrm{fppf}}^\mathrm{b}(S)`$, are morphisms of complexes, i.e., given by pairs of homomorphisms $`𝕏_1𝕏_2`$ and $`𝔾_1𝔾_2`$ of $`S`$-group schemes making the following diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝕏_1& \stackrel{\mathrm{u}_1}{}& 𝔾_1\\ & & & & \\ 𝕏_2& \stackrel{\mathrm{u}_2}{}& 𝔾_2\end{array}$$

commute. Given a $`1`$-motive $`𝕄`$ we define a weight filtration $`W_0(𝕄):=𝕄`$, $`W_1(𝕄):=[0𝔾]`$, $`W_2(𝕄):=[0𝕋]`$ and $`W_{n<2}(𝕄)=0`$.

### 1.2 Cartier duality

Cartier duality is naturally extended to 1-motives over a field (see \[7, 10.2.11\] and cf. \[2, §1.5\]). Over a base scheme it is further extended as follows. Let $`S`$ be a locally noetherian base scheme. Let $`𝔸`$ be an abelian scheme over $`S`$. Let $`𝔸^{}:=\mathrm{Pic}_{𝔸/S}^0`$ be the abelian scheme dual to $`𝔸`$. Let $`𝒫𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}`$ be the Poincaré $`𝐆_m`$-bundle rigidified along $`\{0\}\times _S𝔸^{}`$ and $`𝔸\times _S\{0\}`$: it defines a biextension of $`𝔸`$ and $`𝔸^{}`$ by $`𝐆_{m,S}`$ \[14, VIII.3.2\]. For every $`S`$-scheme $`T`$, an extension of $`𝔸\times _ST`$ by $`𝐆_{m,T}`$ defines a $`𝐆_{m,T}`$-bundle over $`𝔸\times _ST`$ and, hence, a $`T`$-valued point of $`𝔸^{}`$. The map associating to $`x𝔸^{}(T)`$ the $`𝐆_{m,T}`$-bundle $`𝒫|_{A\times _T\{y\}}`$ rigidified over $`0𝔸(T)`$ defines a homomorphism form $`𝔸^{}(T)`$ to $`\mathrm{Ext}_T^1(𝔸\times _ST,𝐆_{m,T})`$. These two maps are inverse one of the other and define an isomorphism $`𝔸^{}\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{Ext}^1(𝔸,𝐆_{m,S})`$.

* let $`𝕋`$ be a torus over $`S`$ and let $`𝕐`$ be its character group. To give an extension $`𝔾`$ of $`𝔸`$ by $`𝕋`$ is equivalent to give a homomorphism $`\mathrm{u}_𝔸^{}:𝕐𝔸^{}`$ over $`S`$.
* If $`y𝕐`$, then the image of $`y`$ (note the minus sign!) in $`𝔸^{}`$, identified with $`\mathrm{Ext}^1(𝔸,𝐆_{m,S})`$, is the unique rigidified extension of $`𝔸`$ by $`𝐆_{m,S}`$ obtained as the push-out of

$$0𝕋𝔾𝔸0$$

by $`y`$;
* to give a homomorphism $`\mathrm{u}:𝕏𝔾`$ is equivalent to give
* a homomorphism $`\mathrm{u}_𝔸:𝕏𝔸`$
* a trivialization, as biextension, of the pull back of $`𝒫`$ by the homomorphism

$$\mathrm{u}_𝔸\times \mathrm{u}_𝔸^{}:𝕏\times _S𝕐𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}.$$

In particular, let $`𝕄:=\left[𝕏\stackrel{\mathrm{u}}{}𝔾\right]`$ be a $`1`$-motive. Define the dual $`1`$-motive

$$𝕄^{}:=\left[𝕏^{}\stackrel{\mathrm{u}^{}}{}𝔾^{}\right]$$

as follows:

* the group scheme $`𝕏^{}`$ is the character group $`𝕐`$ of $`𝕋`$;
* the semiabelian scheme $`𝔾^{}`$ is the extension of $`𝔸^{}`$ by the torus $`𝕏^{}_𝐙𝐆_{m,S}`$ defined by the composite homomorphism $`\mathrm{u}_𝔸:𝕏\stackrel{\mathrm{u}}{}𝔾𝔸=\left(𝔸^{}\right)^{}`$;
* the homomorphism $`\mathrm{u}^{}`$ is defined by the trivialization of the biextension $`\left(\mathrm{u}_𝔸\times \mathrm{u}_𝔸^{}\right)^{}\left(𝒫\right)`$ (cf. \[7, 10.2.11\]).

### 1.3 The functors $`𝐓^{\mathrm{crys}}`$ and $`𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}`$

Let $`p`$ be a prime number. Let $`n𝐍`$. Define the group scheme $`𝕄[p^n]`$ as $`\mathrm{H}^1\left(𝕄/p^n𝕄\right)`$, where $`𝕄/p^n𝕄`$ is the cone of multiplication by $`p^n`$ on $`𝕄`$. More explicitly,

$$𝕄[p^n]:=\frac{\mathrm{Ker}(\mathrm{u}+p^n:𝕏\times _S𝔾𝔾)}{\mathrm{Im}((p^n,\mathrm{u}):𝕏𝕏\times _S𝔾)}.$$

It is a finite and flat group scheme over $`S`$ and it sits in the exact sequence

$$0𝔾[p^n]𝕄[p^n]\left(𝕏/p^n𝕏\right)0.$$
(1)
Note also that we have the exact sequence

$$0𝕋[p^n]𝔾[p^n]𝔸[p^n]0.$$

Define

$$𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]:=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}𝕄[p^n];$$

the direct limit being taken using the natural inclusions $`𝕄[p^n]𝕄[p^m]`$ for $`mn`$. Then, $`𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$ defines a Barsotti-Tate group in the sense of \[17, Def I.2.1\]. It sits in the exact sequence

$$0𝔾[p^{\mathrm{}}]𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]𝕏[p^{\mathrm{}}]0,$$
(2)
where $`𝕏[p^{\mathrm{}}]:=𝕏_𝐙\left(𝐐_p/𝐙_p\right)`$. We also get the exact sequence

$$0𝕋[p^{\mathrm{}}]𝔾[p^{\mathrm{}}]𝔸[p^{\mathrm{}}]0.$$
(3)
Note that we clearly get a splitting of (2) over a suitable faithfully flat extension of $`S`$. In fact, choose a faithfully flat extension $`S^{}S`$ and a compatible set of homomorphisms

$$\{\mathrm{u}_n:\frac{1}{p^n}\left(𝕏\times _SS^{}\right)𝔾\times _SS^{}\}_{n𝐍}$$

such that $`\mathrm{u}_0=\mathrm{u}\times _SS^{}`$. Such a choice determines a splitting of (1) over $`S^{}`$, for any $`n`$, defining $`\left(𝕏/p^n𝕏\right)\times _SS^{}𝕄[p^n]\times _SS^{}`$ by $`\overline{x}(x,\mathrm{u}_n(p^nx))`$. Hence, we get a splitting of (2) over $`S^{}`$.

Let $`S`$ be a scheme where $`p`$ is locally nilpotent. Denote by

$$𝐃\left(𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]\right)$$
(4)
the contravariant Dieudonné crystal, on the crystalline site of $`S`$, associated to the Barsotti-Tate group $`𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$ (cf. \[17, IV.2.4.3\]).

Let $`k`$ be a perfect field of characteristic $`p`$ and let $`𝐖(k)`$ be the Witt vectors of $`k`$. Suppose that $`𝕄`$ is defined over $`k`$.

###### Definition 1.3.1

We call crystalline realizations of $`𝕄`$ the following $`𝐖(k)`$–modules

$$𝐓^{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄\right)\text{ }:=\underset{\mathrm{}n}{lim}𝐃\left(𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]\right)\left(\mathrm{Spec}(k)\mathrm{Spec}\left(𝐖_n(k)\right)\right)$$

and

$$𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄\right)\text{ }:=\underset{\mathrm{}n}{lim}𝐃\left(𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]^{}\right)\left(\mathrm{Spec}(k)\mathrm{Spec}\left(𝐖_n(k)\right)\right).$$

Call $`𝐓^{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄\right)`$ the Barsotti-Tate crystal of the 1-motive $`𝕄`$. The functor associating to a $`1`$-motive its $`p`$-divisible group is exact and covariant. The Dieudonné functor is exact and contravariant. It follows from (2) and (3) that $`𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄)`$ admits Frobenius and Verschiebung operators and a filtration (respected by Frobenius and Verschiebung): $`W_0\left(𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄)\right):=𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄)`$, $`W_1\left(𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄)\right):=𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(𝔾)`$, $`W_2\left(𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄)\right):=𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕋)`$ and $`W_3\left(𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄)\right):=0`$. Hence, $`𝐓^{\mathrm{crys}}`$ (resp. $`𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}`$) defines a contravariant (resp. covariant) functor from the category of $`1`$-motives over $`k`$ to the category of filtered $`F`$-crystals.

We remark that the Poincaré biextension in 1.2 yields a perfect pairing (cf. \[7, 10.2.5\])

$$𝕄[p^n]𝕄^{}[p^n]𝐙/p^n(1)$$

identifying $`𝕄^{}[p^n]`$ with the Cartier dual $`𝕄[p^n]^{}`$ of $`𝕄[p^n]`$. We thus get a perfect pairing of Barsotti-Tate groups

$$𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]𝕄^{}[p^{\mathrm{}}]𝐐_p/𝐙_p(1)$$

We therefore obtain a perfect pairing of filtered $`𝐖(k)`$-modules

$$𝐓^{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄)_{𝐖(k)}𝐓^{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄^{})𝐖(k)(1).$$
(5)
We then may regard the Barsotti-Tate crystal of the motivic Cartier dual as the Dieudonné module of the usual Cartier dual.

## 2 Universal vector extension of a 1-motive

We give some generalities on vector extensions of $`1`$-motives; see \[7, 10.1.7\]. As in  and  this concept will be essential to define the Dieudonné module of a $`1`$-motive directly in terms of the $`1`$-motive, without using the associated Barsotti-Tate group.

### 2.1 Vector extensions of 1-motives

A vector group scheme over $`S`$ is a group scheme endowed with an action of the group ring $`𝐀^1`$ and isomorphic to $`𝐆_{a,S}^r`$ (compatibly with the $`𝐀^1`$-action), for some $`r𝐍`$, locally on $`S`$. If $``$ is a (fixed, Zariski) locally free $`𝒪_S`$-module, denote by $`𝕎`$ the vector group scheme over $`S`$ whose sections over an $`S`$-scheme $`T`$ are

$$𝕎(T):=\mathrm{\Gamma }(T,𝒪_T_{𝒪_S}),$$

e.g., if $`=𝒪_S`$ then $`𝕎=𝐆_{a,S}`$.

A vector extension

$$0𝕎𝔼𝕄0$$

of a $`1`$-motive $`𝕄=\left[𝕏\stackrel{\mathrm{u}}{}𝔾\right]`$ is an extension of the complex given by $`𝕄`$ (here $`𝕏`$ is in degree $`1`$ and $`𝔾`$ in degree $`0`$) by a complex consisting of a vector group scheme $`𝕎`$ over $`S`$ concentrated in degree $`0`$.

To give a vector extension $`𝔼`$ of $`𝕄`$ is equivalent to give a complex $`\left[𝕏\stackrel{\mathrm{u}_𝔼}{}𝔼_𝔾\right]`$, where

* $`𝔼_𝔾`$ is a vector extension

$$0𝕎𝔼_𝔾𝔾0$$

of $`𝔾`$ by a vector group scheme $`𝕎`$ over $`S`$;
* $`\mathrm{u}_𝔼:𝕏𝔼_𝔾`$ is a group homomorphism so that the map $`𝕏\stackrel{\mathrm{u}_𝔼}{}𝔼_𝔾𝔾`$ coincides with $`\mathrm{u}`$.

Let $`𝕄=\left[𝕏\stackrel{\mathrm{u}}{}𝔾\right]`$ be a $`1`$-motive over $`S`$. A vector extension

$$0𝕎\left(𝕄\right)𝔼\left(𝕄\right)𝕄0$$
(6)
of $`𝕄`$ is called universal if, for any vector extension $`0𝕎𝔼𝕄0`$, there exists a unique homomorphism of $`S`$-vector group schemes $`\varphi :𝕎\left(𝕄\right)𝕎`$ such that $`𝔼`$ is the push-out of $`𝔼\left(𝕄\right)`$ by $`\varphi `$.

In the following Sections 2.2 and 2.3 we will show (cf. \[7, 10.1.7\]) that there exists a universal vector extension $`𝔼\left(𝕄\right)`$ over $`S`$. Moreover, we clearly have (cf. \[2, 1.4\]) an exact sequence:

$$0𝔼\left(𝔾\right)𝔼\left(𝕄\right)_𝔾𝔼\left([𝕏0]\right)0.$$
(7)
Following Deligne’s notation (see \[7, 10.1.11\]) we let

$$𝐓_{\mathrm{DR}}(𝕄)\text{ }:=\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(𝔼\left(𝕄\right)_𝔾\right).$$

The weight filtration on $`𝕄`$, defined in 1.1, induces a weight filtration on $`𝐓_{\mathrm{DR}}`$: $`W_0(𝐓_{\mathrm{DR}}(𝕄)):=𝐓_{\mathrm{DR}}(𝕄)`$, $`W_1(𝐓_{\mathrm{DR}}(𝕄)):=𝐓_{\mathrm{DR}}(𝔾)`$, $`W_2(𝐓_{\mathrm{DR}}(𝕄)):=𝐓_{\mathrm{DR}}(𝕋)`$ and $`W_3(𝐓_{\mathrm{DR}}(𝕄)):=0`$.

The fact that $`W_n(𝐓_{\mathrm{DR}}(𝕄))`$, as defined above, are submodules of $`𝐓_{\mathrm{DR}}(𝕄)`$ follows from 2.2 and 2.3 below. The short exact sequence (7) yields a corresponding short exact sequence of De Rham realizations (cf. \[2, 1.4\]). Denote $`𝐓^{\mathrm{DR}}(𝕄)\text{ }:=𝐓_{\mathrm{DR}}(𝕄^{})`$.

### 2.2 Construction of $`𝔼\left(𝔸\right)`$, $`𝔼\left(𝔾\right)`$ and $`𝔼\left(\left[𝕏0\right]\right)`$

By  or  the abelian scheme $`𝔸`$ admits a universal vector extension $`𝔼\left(𝔸\right)`$ over $`S`$. Let $`𝔸^{}`$ be the abelian scheme dual to $`𝔸`$. Let $`\mathrm{Pic}^{\mathrm{},0}`$ be the functor of invertible sheaves in $`\mathrm{Pic}^0`$ endowed with an integrable $`S`$-connection (see ). The map which forgets the connection gives to this functor $`\mathrm{Pic}_{𝔸^{}/S}^{\mathrm{},0}`$ the structure of a functor over $`𝔸=\mathrm{Pic}_{𝔸^{}/S}^0`$. One proves (see \[16, I 2.6 and 3.2.3\]) that this functor is representable and

$$𝔼\left(𝔸\right)\mathrm{Pic}_{𝔸^{}/S}^{\mathrm{},0}.$$

In particular, the kernel of the forgetful map

$$\mathrm{Pic}_{𝔸^{}/S}^{\mathrm{},0}\mathrm{Pic}_{𝔸^{}/S}^0$$

classifies all possible connections on the structure sheaf of $`𝔸^{}`$. We conclude that, if $`\omega _{𝔸^{}/S}`$ is the $`𝒪_S`$-module of invariant differentials on $`𝔸^{}`$ dual to $`𝔸`$, then

$$𝕎\left(𝔸\right)\stackrel{}{}𝕎\left(\omega _{𝔸^{}/S}\right)$$

in the notation of 2.1.

###### Lemma 2.2.1

The universal extension $`𝔼\left(𝔾\right)`$ exists and is isomorphic to $`𝔾\times _𝔸𝔼\left(𝔸\right)`$.

Proof: Applying the functor $`\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathrm{fppf}}(\mathrm{\_},𝐆_{a,S})`$ to the exact sequence

$$0𝕋𝔾𝔸0$$

we get the long exact sequence

$$0\mathrm{Hom}(𝔸,𝐆_{a,S})\mathrm{Hom}(𝔾,𝐆_{a,S})\mathrm{Hom}(𝕋,𝐆_{a,S})$$

$$\mathrm{Ext}^1(𝔸,𝐆_{a,S})\mathrm{Ext}^1(𝔾,𝐆_{a,S})\mathrm{Ext}^1(𝕋,𝐆_{a,S}).$$

Note that

* $`\mathrm{Hom}(𝔸,𝐆_{a,S})=\{0\}`$, since $`f:𝔸S`$ is proper, smooth and geometrically irreducible so that $`f_{}(𝒪_𝔸)=𝒪_S`$;
* $`\mathrm{Hom}(𝕋,𝐆_{a,S})=\{0\}`$, since $`\mathrm{Hom}(𝐆_{m,S},𝐆_{a,S})=\{0\}`$ by a direct computation comparing the comultiplications on the associated Hopf algebras;
* $`\mathrm{Ext}^1(𝕋,𝐆_{a,S})=\{0\}`$ (cf. \[7, 10.1.7.b)\]).

We conclude that $`\mathrm{Ext}^1(𝔸,𝐆_{a,S})\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{Ext}^1(𝔾,𝐆_{a,S})`$. The map is defined by sending an extension $`𝔼`$ of $`𝔸`$ by $`𝐆_{a,S}`$ to $`𝔾\times _𝔸𝔼`$. Hence, $`𝔾`$ admits a universal vector extension $`𝔼\left(𝔾\right)`$ over $`S`$ defined by $`𝔾\times _𝔸𝔼\left(𝔸\right)`$. $``$

###### Lemma 2.2.2

(i) The sheaf $`𝕏_𝐙𝐆_{a,S}`$ is represented by a vector group scheme over $`S`$.
(ii) The universal extension $`𝔼\left(\left[𝕏0\right]\right)`$ is defined by the homomorphism

$$𝕏𝕏_𝐙𝐆_{a,S}$$

which sends $`xx1`$.

Proof: Let $`S^{}`$ be an étale cover of $`S`$ such that $`𝕏\times _SS^{}`$ is split. Then, $`\left(𝕏_𝐙𝐆_{a,S}\right)\times _SS^{}`$ is the spectrum of the symmetric algebra $`\mathrm{Sym}(^{})`$ with $`^{}=𝕏\times _𝐙𝒪_S^{}`$. By descent theory the latter descends to a locally free $`𝒪_S`$-module $``$. Hence, $`𝕏_𝐙𝐆_{a,S}`$ is represented by the vector group scheme associated to $`\mathrm{Hom}(,𝒪_S)`$. This proves part (i).

The homomorphism in (ii) is well defined over $`S`$. Due to the uniqueness of the universal extensions and descent theory for morphisms, it suffices to prove (ii) over $`S^{}`$. Hence, we may assume that $`𝕏`$ is split. The proof is trivial. $``$

### 2.3 Construction of $`𝔼(𝕄)`$

See \[2, §1.4\] for a construction of $`𝔼(𝕄)`$. For our purposes the following less canonical construction will be useful. Let $`S^{}`$ be an étale cover of $`S`$ such that $`𝕏\times _SS^{}𝐙^n`$, for some $`n𝐍`$. Assume that a universal vector extension $`𝔼\left(𝕄\times _SS^{}\right)`$ exists over $`S^{}`$. The universal property of $`𝔼\left(𝕄\times _SS^{}\right)`$ gives the necessary descent data to get $`𝔼\left(𝕄\right)`$ descending $`𝔼\left(𝕄\times _SS^{}\right)`$ from $`S^{}`$ to $`S`$. Since $`𝕄`$ is defined over $`S`$, the descent is effective. Hence, we may assume that $`𝕏=𝐙e_1\mathrm{}𝐙e_n`$. In the notation of 2.1, let

$$𝔼\left(𝕄\right)_𝔾:=𝔼\left(𝔾\right)\times _S\left(𝕏_𝐙𝐆_{a,S}\right).$$

It is naturally endowed with the structure of commutative group scheme over $`S`$.

Note that

$$𝔼\left(𝕄\right)_𝔾/𝔼\left(𝔾\right)\stackrel{}{}𝕏_𝐙𝐆_{a,S}$$

and $`𝔼\left(𝕄\right)_𝔾𝔾`$ is a vector extension of $`𝔾`$. Let

$$\psi :𝕏𝔼\left(𝔾\right)$$

be a homomorphism lifting $`\mathrm{u}`$; by our assumption on $`𝕏`$ and possibly replacing $`S`$ with an étale cover, it exists. Let

$$\mathrm{u}_{𝔼(𝕄)}:𝕏𝔼\left(𝕄\right)_𝔾$$

be the homomorphism

$$x=\underset{i}{}x_ie_i(\underset{i}{}x_i\psi (e_i),\underset{i}{}x_ie_i1).$$

It is a homomorphism of group schemes and the composition with $`𝔼\left(𝕄\right)_𝔾𝔾`$ coincides with $`\mathrm{u}`$. By the discussion in 2.1 the homomorphism $`\mathrm{u}_{𝔼(𝕄)}`$ defines a vector extension of $`𝕄`$. We leave to the reader the proof that it is (canonically isomorphic to) the universal vector extension of $`𝕄`$ (cf. \[2, 1.4\]). By construction we then get the claimed exact sequence (7).

### 2.4 $`𝔼(𝕄)`$ via $`𝔼([𝕏𝔸])`$

Let $`𝕄`$ be a $`1`$-motive and let $`\mathrm{u}_𝔸:𝕏𝔸`$ be the induced 1-motive such that

$$0𝕋𝕄[𝕏𝔸]0$$

is exact. Taking $`\mathrm{Ext}^1(,𝐆_{a,S})`$ we see that

$$\mathrm{Ext}^1([𝕏𝔸],𝐆_{a,S})\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{Ext}^1(𝕄,𝐆_{a,S})$$

in such a way that $`𝔼([𝕏𝔸])`$ pulls back to $`𝔼(𝕄)`$.

Let $`𝕄_1:=\left[𝕏_1\stackrel{\mathrm{u}_1}{}𝔸_1\right]`$ and $`𝕄_2:=\left[𝕏_2\stackrel{\mathrm{u}_2}{}𝔸_2\right]`$ be $`1`$-motives over $`S`$ with $`𝔸_1`$ and $`𝔸_2`$ abelian schemes over $`S`$. Assume we are given

* vector extensions $`𝔼_1`$ and $`𝔼_2`$ of $`𝕄_1`$ and $`𝕄_2`$ respectively;
* a $`𝐆_{m,S}`$-biextension $`𝒫`$ of $`𝔼_{1,𝔸_1}\times _S𝔼_{2,𝔸_2}`$;
* a map $`\alpha :𝕏_1\times _S𝕏_2𝒫`$ lifting $`(\mathrm{u}_1,\mathrm{u}_2)`$ and inducing a trivialization, as a biextension, of $`(\mathrm{u}_1,\mathrm{u}_2)^{}(𝒫)`$.

For every $`x_2𝕏_2`$, the element $`\alpha (0,x_2)`$ defines a rigidification of $`𝒫|_{𝔼_1\times _S\{x_2\}}`$ over the $`0`$ element of $`𝔼_1𝔼_1\times _S\{x_2\}`$. Because of the biextension structure of $`𝒫`$, we get that $`𝒫|_{𝔼_1\times _S\{x_2\}}`$ is endowed with the structure of a commutative group scheme, having $`\alpha (0,x_2)`$ as $`0`$ element and sitting in an exact sequence

$$0𝐆_{m,S}𝒫|_{𝔼_1\times _S\{x_2\}}𝔼_10.$$

Moreover, the map $`𝕏_1𝒫|_{𝔼_1\times _S\{x_2\}}`$ defined by $`x_1\alpha (x_1,x_2)`$ is a group homomorphism. Hence, the data 1) – 3) above define an extension of $`𝔼_1`$ by a torus with character group $`𝕏_2`$.

Apply these considerations taking $`𝕄_1=\left[𝕏𝔸\right]`$, $`𝕄_2:=\left[𝕏^{}𝔸^{}\right]`$ (the notation is as in 1.2) and $`𝒫`$ the pull back of the Poincaré biextension on $`𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}`$ to $`𝔼\left(𝕏\times _S𝕏^{}𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}\right)_{𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}}`$. The universal vector extension $`𝔼\left(𝕄\right)`$ of $`𝕄`$, regarded as the symmetric avatar of \[7, §10.2.12\], is then equivalent to:

* the universal extension

$$\mathrm{u}_{𝔼\left(𝕏\times _S𝕏^{}𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}\right)}:𝕏\times _S𝕏^{}𝔼\left(𝕏\times _S𝕏^{}𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}\right)_{𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}}.$$
* a map $`\alpha :𝕏\times _S𝕏^{}𝒫`$ lifting $`\mathrm{u}_{𝔼\left(𝕏\times _S𝕏^{}𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}\right)}`$ and inducing a trivialization, as biextension, of the pull back of $`𝒫`$ to $`𝕏\times _S𝕏^{}`$.

### 2.5 Universal vector extension of a Barsotti-Tate group

In  and  it is proven that, if $`p`$ is locally nilpotent on $`S`$ and $`\underset{¯}{G}`$ is a Barsotti-Tate group, there exists a universal vector extension $`𝔼\left(\underset{¯}{G}\right)`$ of $`\underset{¯}{G}`$.

Suppose that $`p^NS=0`$. As in \[17, Prop IV.1.10\], we may classify the extensions of $`\underset{¯}{G}`$ by $`𝐆_{a,S}`$ via the exact sequence

$$0\underset{¯}{G}[p^N]\underset{¯}{G}\stackrel{p^N}{}\underset{¯}{G}0$$

applying the functor $`\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathrm{fppf}}(\mathrm{\_},𝐆_{a,S})`$. Then,

$$\mathrm{Hom}(\underset{¯}{G}[p^N],𝐆_{a,S})\mathrm{Ext}^1(\underset{¯}{G},𝐆_{a,S})$$

is an isomorphism. Moreover, by \[17, Prop IV.1.3\],

$$\mathrm{Hom}(\underset{¯}{G}[p^N],𝐆_{a,S})\mathrm{Hom}(\omega _{\underset{¯}{G}[p^N]^{}},𝐆_{a,S}),$$

where $`\underset{¯}{G}[p^N]^{}`$ is the Cartier dual to $`\underset{¯}{G}[p^N]`$. The universal map $`\underset{¯}{G}[p^N]\omega _{\underset{¯}{G}[p^N]^{}}`$ is defined by

$$\underset{¯}{G}[p^N]\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{Hom}(\underset{¯}{G}[p^N]^{},𝐆_{m,S})\mathrm{Hom}(\mathrm{Inf}^1\left(\underset{¯}{G}[p^N]^{}\right),𝐆_{m,S})\omega _{\underset{¯}{G}[p^N]^{}},$$

where $`\mathrm{Inf}^1\left(\underset{¯}{G}[p^N]^{}\right)\underset{¯}{G}[p^N]^{}`$ is the first infinitesimal neighborhood of the identity.

Let $`S_0`$ be a scheme on which $`p`$ is locally nilpotent and let $`\underset{¯}{G}_0`$ be a Barsotti-Tate group on $`S_0`$. The construction above can be extended to define a crystal in fppf sheaves on the nilpotent crystalline site of $`S_0`$ as follows. Let $`S_0S`$ be a locally nilpotent thickening with nilpotent divided powers and let $`\underset{¯}{G}`$ be a (any) lifting of $`\underset{¯}{G}_0`$ to $`S`$. Define

$$𝔼\left(\underset{¯}{G}_0\right)\left(S_0S\right):=𝔼\left(\underset{¯}{G}\right).$$
(8)
It is proven in \[17, Thm IV.2.2\] that indeed this defines a crystal and is functorial in $`\underset{¯}{G}_0`$.

Recall that the Dieudonné crystal $`𝐃\left(\underset{¯}{G}_0[p^{\mathrm{}}]\right)`$, on the crystalline site of $`S_0`$, associated to the Barsotti-Tate group $`\underset{¯}{G}_0[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$ in \[17, IV.2.4.3\], is by definition the Lie algebra of the crystal $`𝔼\left(\underset{¯}{G}_0\right)`$.

### 2.6 Another construction of $`𝔼\left(𝔾\right)`$ for $`p`$ nilpotent

Let $`𝔾`$ be a semiabelian scheme over $`S`$. One can construct the universal vector extension of $`𝔾`$ exactly as in 2.5 substituting $`𝔾`$ to $`\underset{¯}{G}`$.

Assume that $`p^NS=0`$. The composite map

$$\mathrm{Hom}(𝔾[p^N],𝐆_{a,S})\mathrm{Ext}^1(𝔾,𝐆_{a,S})\mathrm{Ext}^1(𝔾\left[p^{\mathrm{}}\right],𝐆_{a,S})$$

is the isomorphism in 2.5. Since all these cohomology groups are represented by locally free $`𝒪_S`$-modules of the same rank, all the maps are isomorphisms. Let $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ be a splitting of $`𝔼\left(𝔾\right)𝔾`$ Zariski locally on $`𝔾`$. Then, $`\rho :=p^N\mathrm{\Delta }:𝔾𝔼(𝔾)`$ is a well defined homomorphism not depending on $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$. Hence, we have a diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}0& & 𝔾\left[p^N\right]& & 𝔾& \stackrel{p^N}{}& 𝔾& & 0\\ & & & & \rho & & & & \\ 0& & 𝕎\left(𝔾\right)& & 𝔼(𝔾)& & 𝔾& & 0.\end{array}$$

Let $`𝔾[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$ be the Barsotti-Tate group associated to $`𝔾`$. Restricting this diagram to $`𝔾[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$ and using 2.5 we get:

###### Lemma 2.6.1

(\[17, Thm V.2.1\]) The map $`𝔾[p^N]𝕎\left(𝔾\right)`$ is universal for vector extensions of $`𝔾`$ over $`S`$. Moreover, the canonical map

$$𝔼\left(𝔾[p^{\mathrm{}}]\right)𝔼\left(𝔾\right)\times _𝔾𝔾[p^{\mathrm{}}]$$

is an isomorphism.

### 2.7 Another construction of $`𝔼\left(𝕄\right)`$ for $`p`$ nilpotent

Let $`𝕄`$ be a $`1`$-motive over a scheme $`S`$ on which $`p^N=0`$. Let $`\rho `$ be as in 2.6. By construction we have $`\rho \mathrm{u}=p^N\mathrm{u}_{𝔼(𝕄)}`$. Let

$$q:𝕏\times _S𝔾𝔾$$

be the map $`(x,g)\mathrm{u}(x)+p^Ng`$. Define

$$\mathrm{\Phi }:𝕏\times _S𝔾𝔼\left(𝕄\right)_𝔾$$

by $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x,g):=\mathrm{u}_{𝔼(𝕄)}(x)+\rho (g)`$. Then,

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(p^Nx,\mathrm{u}(x))=p^N\mathrm{u}_{𝔼(𝕄)}(x)\rho (\mathrm{u}(x))=0.$$

The composition of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ with the projection $`\pi :𝔼\left(𝕄\right)_𝔾𝔾`$ is $`(x,g)\mathrm{u}(x)+p^Nx`$. Hence, $`\pi \mathrm{\Phi }=q`$ and

$$\mathrm{Ker}\left(\pi \mathrm{\Phi }\right)=\mathrm{Ker}(q)=\left\{(g,x)𝔾\times _S𝕏\right|\mathrm{u}(x)=p^Ng\}.$$

By 1.3 we get a surjective map $`\mathrm{Ker}(q)𝕄[p^N]`$. Summarizing we get a diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}0& & \mathrm{Ker}(q)& & 𝕏\times _S𝔾& \stackrel{q}{}& 𝔾& & 0\\ & & & & \mathrm{\Phi }& & & & \\ 0& & 𝕎\left(𝕄\right)& & 𝔼\left(𝕄\right)_𝔾& & 𝔾& & 0.\end{array}$$

Moreover, the induced map $`\mathrm{Ker}(q)𝕎\left(𝕄\right)`$ factors as

$$\mathrm{Ker}(q)𝕄[p^N]𝕎\left(𝕄\right).$$

This map is functorial in $`𝕄`$. Taking $`𝔾𝕄`$ and in virtue of 2.6, the composition of

$$𝔾[p^N]𝕄[p^N]𝕎\left(𝕄\right)$$

factors via $`𝕎\left(𝔾\right)`$ and is the universal map for vector extensions. Replacing $`S`$ with a suitable étale cover, we may assume that $`𝕏=𝐙e_1\mathrm{}𝐙e_n`$. By Lemma 2.2.2 and functoriality of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, the induced map

$$𝕄[p^N]𝕏/p^N𝕏𝔼\left([𝕏0]\right)=𝕏_𝐙𝐆_{a,S}$$

is defined by $`xx1`$. Hence, it coincides with the universal map

$$𝕏/p^N𝕏\omega _{(𝕏/p^N𝕏)^{}}=\omega _{𝕏_𝐙\mu _{p^N}}=𝕏_𝐙\omega _{\mu _{p^N}}$$

of 2.5 (the computation is left to the reader). By 2.5 the map $`𝕄[p^N]𝕎\left(𝕄\right)`$ induced by $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ factors via a unique map $`\omega _{𝕄[p^N]^{}}𝕎\left(𝕄\right)`$. Putting together all the remarks given so far, we conclude that this map is an isomorphism and, hence, it is the universal one.

### 2.8 Comparison between $`𝔼\left(𝕄\right)`$ and $`𝔼\left(𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]\right)`$ for $`p`$ nilpotent

Fix $`n𝐍`$. By 1.3 the group scheme $`𝕄[p^n]`$ is the quotient of the subgroup

$$\stackrel{~}{𝕄[p^n]}:=\left\{(x,g)𝕏\times _S𝔾\right|\mathrm{u}(x)=p^ng\}𝕏\times _S𝔾$$

by $`(p^n,\mathrm{u})(𝕏)`$. The inclusion $`𝕄[p^n]𝕄[p^{n+m}]`$ is induced by the inclusion $`\stackrel{~}{𝕄[p^n]}\stackrel{~}{𝕄[p^{n+m}]}`$ defined by $`(x,g)(p^mx,g)`$. Multiplication by $`p^m:𝕄[p^{n+m}]𝕄[p^n]`$ is induced by the map $`\stackrel{~}{𝕄[p^{n+m}]}\stackrel{~}{𝕄[p^n]}`$ defined by $`(x,g)(x,p^mg)`$. Let

$$\stackrel{~}{𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]}:=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\stackrel{~}{𝕄[p^n]}.$$

Then, $`𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$ is the quotient of $`\stackrel{~}{𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]}`$ by the image of $`𝕏`$. Note that $`\stackrel{~}{𝕄[p^N]}=\mathrm{Ker}(q)`$. Let $`𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]^{}`$ be the fiber product of $`p^N:𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$ and the inclusion $`𝔾[p^{\mathrm{}}]𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$ over $`𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$. Note that $`𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]^{}`$ surjects onto $`𝔾[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$ with kernel $`𝕄[p^N]`$. Let $`\stackrel{~}{𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]}^{}`$ be the fiber product of $`\stackrel{~}{𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]}\stackrel{~}{𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]}𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$(the first map being multiplication by $`p^N`$) and $`𝔾[p^{\mathrm{}}]𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$ over $`𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$. By construction we have a surjective map $`q^{}:\stackrel{~}{𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]}^{}𝔾[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$ with kernel $`\stackrel{~}{𝕄[p^N]}`$. If $`(x,g)\stackrel{~}{𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]}^{}\stackrel{~}{𝕄[p^n]}`$ with $`nN`$, then $`\frac{x}{p^{nN}}`$ lies in $`𝕏`$ and $`q^{}\left((x,g)\right)=\mathrm{u}\left(\frac{x}{p^{nN}}\right)+p^Ng=q(\frac{x}{p^{nN}},g)`$. Thus, we obtain a commutative diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}0& & \mathrm{Ker}(q)& & \stackrel{~}{𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]}^{}& \stackrel{q^{}}{}& 𝔾[p^{\mathrm{}}]& & 0\\ & & & & & & & & \\ 0& & \mathrm{Ker}(q)& & 𝕏\times _S𝔾& \stackrel{q}{}& 𝔾& & 0.\end{array}$$

Note that $`𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]^{}`$ is the quotient of $`\stackrel{~}{𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]}^{}`$ by the image of $`𝕏`$. By 2.5 the push-out of $`𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]^{}`$ along $`𝕄[p^N]\omega _{𝕄[p^N]^{}}`$ is the pull-back of $`𝔼\left(𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]\right)`$ via $`𝔾[p^{\mathrm{}}]𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$. Hence, the push-out of the extensions in the diagram above via the composite of $`\mathrm{Ker}(q)𝕄[p^N]\omega _{𝕄[p^N]^{}}`$ yields, by 2.7, the following

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}0& & \omega _{𝕄[p^N]^{}}& & 𝔼\left(𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]\right)\times _{𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]}𝔾[p^{\mathrm{}}]& & 𝔾[p^{\mathrm{}}]& & 0\\ & & & & & & & & \\ 0& & 𝕎(𝕄)& & 𝔼(𝕄)_𝔾& & 𝔾& & 0.\end{array}$$

###### Proposition 2.8.1

Let $`S`$ be a scheme on which $`p`$ is locally nilpotent. Let $`𝕄`$ be a $`1`$-motive over $`S`$. There is a canonical and functorial isomorphism

$$𝔼\left(𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]\right)\times _{𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]}𝔾[p^{\mathrm{}}]\stackrel{}{}𝔼\left(𝕄\right)_𝔾\times _𝔾𝔾[p^{\mathrm{}}].$$

In particular, it induces an isomorphism on the level of formal groups of $`𝔼\left(𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]\right)`$ and of $`𝔼\left(𝕄\right)`$ and of Lie algebras

$$\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(𝔼\left(𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]\right)\right)\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(𝔼\left(𝕄\right)_𝔾\right)=𝐓_{\mathrm{DR}}(𝕄).$$

## 3 Universal extension crystal of a 1-motive

Let $`S_0`$ be a scheme such that $`p`$ is locally nilpotent. Let $`𝕄_0:=[\mathrm{u}_0:𝕏_0𝔾_0]`$ be a $`1`$-motive over $`S_0`$. Let $`S_0S`$ be a locally nilpotent pd thickening of $`S_0`$: it is a closed immersion defined by an ideal sheaf $``$ endowed with locally nilpotent divided powers structure $`\{\gamma _n:\}_n`$. Let $`𝕄:=[\mathrm{u}:𝕏𝔾]`$ and $`𝕄^{}:=[\mathrm{u}^{}:𝕏^{}𝔾^{}]`$ be two $`1`$-motives over $`S`$ lifting $`𝕄_0`$. We will show that there is a canonical isomorphism $`𝔼(𝕄)𝔼(𝕄^{})`$.

### 3.1 Exp and Log

Let $`\mathrm{Spec}(𝒟)`$ be an affine flat scheme over $`S`$. The divided power structure on $``$ extends uniquely to a divided power structure on $`𝒟`$ by the flatness of $`𝒟`$; see \[4, Cor 3.22\]. We get a homomorphism

$$\mathrm{exp}:\left\{a𝒟\right|a0\text{mod }𝒟\}\left\{m𝒟\right|m1\text{mod }𝒟\}$$

defined by $`a_n\gamma _n(a)`$. The inverse exists and is the logarithm $`m\mathrm{log}\left(m\right):=_n(n1)!\gamma _n(m)`$. Thus, $`\mathrm{exp}`$ and $`\mathrm{log}`$ are isomorphisms.

### 3.2 The crystalline nature of $`𝔼\left(\left[𝕏𝔸\right]\right)`$

The category of étale group schemes over $`S`$ is equivalent to the category of étale group schemes over $`S_0`$. Hence, we get canonical isomorphisms

$$\rho :𝕏𝕏^{},$$
(9)
since their base change to $`S_0`$ are isomorphic to $`𝕏_0`$. Moreover, there is a canonical isomorphism of $`S`$-group schemes $`\sigma :𝔼\left(𝔸\right)\stackrel{}{}𝔼\left(𝔸^{}\right)`$. This follows from  and : in loc. cit. a crystal, over the crystalline site of $`S_0`$, is constructed whose value at $`S_0S`$ is canonically $`𝔼\left(𝔸\right)`$ (equivalently $`𝔼\left(𝔸^{}\right)`$).

###### Lemma 3.2.1

There is a unique isomorphism of complexes of $`S`$-group schemes

$$\xi :𝔼\left(\left[𝕏𝔸\right]\right)\stackrel{}{}𝔼\left(\left[𝕏^{}𝔸^{}\right]\right)$$

making the following diagram commute:

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}0& & 𝔼\left(𝔸\right)& & 𝔼\left(\left[𝕏𝔸\right]\right)& & 𝔼\left([𝕏0]\right)& & 0\\ & & \sigma & & \xi & & \rho & & \\ 0& & 𝔼\left(𝔸^{}\right)& & 𝔼\left(\left[𝕏^{}𝔸^{}\right]\right)& & 𝔼\left([𝕏^{}0]\right)& & 0,\end{array}$$

where the vertical map $`\sigma `$ on the left is the isomorphism defined in  and the vertical map on the right is the isomorphism

$$𝔼\left(\left[𝕏0\right]\right)𝔼\left(\left[𝕏^{}0\right]\right)$$

deduced from (9).

Proof: By the asserted uniqueness and by descent theory we may assume that $`𝕏_0𝐙e_1\mathrm{}𝐙e_n`$ and $``$ is nilpotent. Let $`\pi ^{}:𝔼\left(𝔸^{}\right)𝔸^{}`$ be the projection. We may assume that $`\mathrm{Ker}(\pi ^{})`$ is isomorphic to $`𝐆_{a,S}^{dim(𝔸^{})}`$. Choose homomorphisms $`\psi :𝕏𝔼\left(𝔸\right)`$ and $`\psi ^{}:𝕏^{}𝔼\left(𝔸^{}\right)`$, lifting $`\mathrm{u}`$ and $`\mathrm{u}^{}`$ respectively, such that $`\psi \times _SS_0=\psi ^{}\times _SS_0`$. By 2.3 we have

$$𝔼\left(\left[𝕏𝔸\right]\right)_𝔸=𝔼\left(𝔸\right)\times _S\left(𝕏_𝐙𝐆_{a,S}\right)$$

and

$$𝔼\left(\left[𝕏^{}𝔸^{}\right]\right)_𝔸^{}=𝔼\left(𝔸^{}\right)\times _S\left(𝕏^{}_𝐙𝐆_{a,S}\right).$$

Let $`\xi :=\sigma \times \rho `$. With the notation of 2.3, let $`\mathrm{v}:=\mathrm{u}_{𝔼([𝕏𝔸])}`$ and $`\mathrm{v}^{}:=\mathrm{u}_{𝔼([𝕏^{}𝔸^{}])}`$. Consider $`d:=\xi \mathrm{v}\mathrm{v}^{}\rho :𝕏𝔼\left([𝕏^{}𝔸^{}]\right)_𝔸^{}`$. Its projection to $`𝕏^{}_𝐙𝐆_{a,S}`$ is $`0`$ by construction.

Let $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$. Notice that $`(\pi d)(e_i)\mathrm{Ker}\left(𝔸(S)𝔸^{}(S_0)\right)`$. Hence, $`\pi (d(e_i))`$ is a point defined in the formal group of $`𝔸^{}`$. Since $``$ is nilpotent, such point factors through a finite flat subgroup scheme $`𝔸^{}[p^N]`$ for suitable $`N`$. Let $`S[\epsilon ]`$ be the dual numbers over $`S`$. Let $`𝔸^{}[p^N]^{}=:\mathrm{Spec}(𝒟)`$, let $`\mathrm{\Delta }:𝒟𝒟_{𝒪_S}𝒟`$ be the comultiplication and let $`\mathrm{cu}:𝒟𝒪_S`$ be the counit. We have

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 𝔸^{}[p^N](S)& =\mathrm{Hom}_S(𝔸^{}[p^N]^{},𝐆_{m,S})\hfill \\ & =\left\{d𝒟\right|\mathrm{\Delta }(x)=xx,\mathrm{cu}(x)=1\}\hfill \\ & =:\mathrm{Cospec}(𝒟).\hfill \end{array}$$

Note that

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(𝔸^{}[p^N]\right)& =\{\tau :𝔸^{}[p^N]^{}\times _SS[\epsilon ]𝐆_{m,S[\epsilon ]}|\tau \times _{S[\epsilon ]}S=1\}\hfill \\ & =\left\{d𝒟\right|\mathrm{\Delta }(x)=x1+1x,\mathrm{cu}(x)=0\}\hfill \\ & =:\mathrm{Prim}(𝒟).\hfill \end{array}$$

Since $`𝒟`$ is a flat $`𝒪_S`$-module, as explained in 3.1 the exponential and the logarithm define an isomorphism

$$\mathrm{exp}:\mathrm{Prim}(𝒟)𝒟\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{Cospec}(𝒟)\mathrm{Cospec}(𝒟/𝒟)\right);$$

see \[17, Rmk III.2.2.6\]. Hence, the exponential defines an isomorphism

$$\mathrm{exp}:\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(𝔸^{}[p^N]\right)𝒟\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{Ker}\left(𝔸^{}[p^N](S)𝔸^{}[p^N](S_0)\right).$$

Let $`y_i:=\mathrm{exp}^1\left((\pi d)(e_i)\right)`$. Let $`𝐆_{a,S}\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(𝔸^{}[p^N]\right)`$ be the homomorphism of group schemes sending $`1`$ to $`y_i`$. The composition with $`\mathrm{exp}`$ defines the unique map $`𝐆_{a,S}𝔸^{}[p^N]`$ sending $`1`$ to $`\pi (d(e_i))`$. Since $`𝔼\left(𝔸^{}\right)`$ is the extension of $`𝔸^{}`$ by $`𝐆_{a,S}^{dim(𝔸^{})}`$, there exists a unique map from $`𝐆_{a,S}`$ to $`𝔼\left(𝔸^{}\right)`$ sending $`1`$ to $`d(e_i)`$. Hence, there exists a unique map $`t:𝕏_𝐙𝐆_{a,S}𝔼\left(𝔸^{}\right)`$ such that, if

$$\xi :=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\sigma & t\\ 0& \rho \end{array}\right),$$

then $`\xi \mathrm{v}=\mathrm{v}^{}\rho `$. $``$

### 3.3 Deformations of biextensions

Let $`S_0`$ be a scheme. Let $`S_0S`$ be a thickening defined by an ideal $``$ with nilpotent divided powers.

###### Lemma 3.3.1

Let $`X`$ be a flat and separated group scheme over $`S`$. The group of isomorphism classes of extensions of $`X`$ by $`𝐆_{m,S}`$, endowed with a trivialization over $`X\times _SS_0`$, is naturally isomorphic to the group of isomorphism classes of extensions of $`X`$ by $`𝐆_{a,S}`$, endowed with a trivialization over $`X\times _SS_0`$.

Given representatives of two corresponding isomorphism classes $`P_m`$ and $`P_a`$, there is a natural isomorphism between the group of automorphisms of $`P_m`$, preserving the trivialization over $`X\times _SS_0`$, and the group of automorphisms of $`P_a`$, preserving the trivialization over $`X\times _SS_0`$.

Proof: Let $`𝐆=𝐆_{m,S}`$ or $`𝐆_{a,S}`$. Let $`P`$ be an extension of $`X`$ by $`𝐆`$ and let

$$\alpha :P\times _SS_0\stackrel{}{}X\times _S𝐆\times _SS_0$$

be a trivialization of the extension over $`X\times _SS_0`$. Choose an open affine covering $`\{U_i\}_i`$ of $`X`$ and, for each $`i`$, a trivialization

$$\beta _i:P\times _SU_i\stackrel{}{}𝐆\times _SU_i$$

compatible with $`\alpha `$. For $`ij`$, let $`\mathrm{Spec}(𝒟_{i,j}):=U_{i,j}`$. The trivializations $`\beta _i`$ and $`\beta _j`$ restricted to $`U_{i,j}:=U_i\times _XU_j`$ differ by

* a multiplicative cocycle $`m_{i,j}𝒟_{i,j}^{}`$ such that $`m_{i,j}`$ is $`1`$ mod $``$ if $`𝐆=𝐆_{m,S}`$;
* an additive cocycle $`a_{i,j}𝒟_{i,j}`$ such that $`a_{i,j}`$ is $`0`$ mod $``$ if $`𝐆=𝐆_{a,S}`$.

In case (i) define the extension

$$0𝐆_{a,S}P_aX0$$

by the additive cocycle $`a_{i,j}:=\mathrm{log}\left(m_{i,j}\right)𝒟_{i,j}`$; see 3.1 for $`\mathrm{log}`$. In case (ii) define the extension

$$0𝐆_{m,S}P_mX0$$

by the multiplicative cocycle $`m_{i,j}:=\mathrm{exp}\left(a_{i,j}\right)𝒟_{i,j}`$. It is easily checked that these maps define an equivalence between $`𝐆_{m,S}`$-torsors and $`𝐆_{a,S}`$-torsors with a trivialization over $`S_0`$.

Let $`m`$, $`p_1`$ and $`p_2`$ be the maps form $`X\times _SX`$ to $`X`$ defined by the multiplication, the first and the second projection respectively. Let $`P`$ be a $`𝐆`$-torsor over $`X`$. To give a multiplication law on $`P`$, compatible with the one on $`X`$ and with the action of $`𝐆`$ and inducing the standard group law on $`P\times _SS_0`$, is equivalent to give a map

$$X\times _SXm^{}(P)p_1^{}(P)^1p_2^{}(P)^1$$

reducing to the identity after base change to $`S_0`$. Proceeding as before, using the logarithm and the exponential, one passes from the case $`𝐆=𝐆_{m,S}`$ to the case $`𝐆=𝐆_{a,S}`$ and viceversa. Clearly the commutativity and the associativity of the multiplication is preserved. Hence, the conclusion.

The proof of the second part of the Lemma is left as an exercise for the reader. $``$

###### Corollary 3.3.2

Let $`A`$ and $`B`$ be flat and separated group schemes over $`S`$. There is a natural isomorphism between the group of isomorphism classes of biextensions \[14, Ex. VII\] of $`A`$ and $`B`$ by $`𝐆_{m,S}`$, endowed with a trivialization over $`(A\times _SS_0)\times _{S_0}(B\times _SS_0)`$, and the group of isomorphism classes of biextensions \[14, Ex. VII\] of $`A`$ and $`B`$ by $`𝐆_{a,S}`$, endowed with a trivialization over $`(A\times _SS_0)\times _{S_0}(B\times _SS_0)`$.

Given representatives of two corresponding isomorphism classes $`P_m`$ and $`P_a`$ in this two groups, there is a natural isomorphism between the group of automorphisms of $`P_m`$, preserving the trivialization over $`(A\times _SS_0)\times _{S_0}(B\times _SS_0)`$, and the group of automorphisms of $`P_a`$, preserving the trivialization over $`(A\times _SS_0)\times _{S_0}(B\times _SS_0)`$. Such group is isomorphic to

$$\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{Bil}(A\times _SB,𝐆_{a,S})\mathrm{Bil}(A_0\times _{S_0}B_0,𝐆_{a,S_0})\right),$$

where $`\mathrm{Bil}`$ stands for the bilinear homomorphisms.

###### Proposition 3.3.3

Let $`𝔸`$ be an abelian scheme over $`S`$. Let $`X`$ be a flat and separated group scheme over $`S`$. Let $`𝐆`$ be $`𝐆_{a,S}`$ or $`𝐆_{m,S}`$. Then, the group of biextensions of $`X`$ and $`𝔼(𝔸)`$ by $`𝐆`$, endowed with a trivialization over $`(X\times 𝔼(𝔸))\times _SS_0`$, is identified with a subgroup of the homomorphisms from $`X`$ to the sheaf of isomorphism classes of extensions of $`𝕎(𝔸)`$ by $`𝐆`$ endowed with a trivialization over $`S_0`$. Such identification is compatible with the isomorphisms in Lemma 3.3.1 and Corollary 3.3.2.

Proof: Let $``$ be a biextension of $`X`$ and $`𝔼(𝔸)`$ by $`𝐆`$. For every $`S`$-scheme $`T`$ and any $`T`$-valued point $`x`$ of $`X`$ the fiber $`|_{\{x\}\times _S𝔼(𝔸)}`$ defines an extension $`_x`$ of $`𝔼(𝔸)\times _ST`$ by $`𝐆\times _ST`$. This defines a map $`\vartheta :\mathrm{Biext}^1(X,𝔼(𝔸);𝐆)\mathrm{Hom}(X,\mathrm{𝑥𝑡}^1(𝔼(𝔸),𝐆))`$. By \[14, Ex. VIII, 1.1.4\] the kernel of this map is $`\mathrm{Ext}^1(X,\mathrm{𝑜𝑚}(𝔼,𝐆))`$.

A trivialization of $``$ over $`(X\times 𝔼(𝔸))\times _SS_0`$ induces a trivialization of $`_x`$ over $`𝔼(𝔸_0)`$. This construction is compatible with the isomorphisms of 3.3.1 and 3.3.2. Hence, it suffices to consider the case $`𝐆=𝐆_{a,S}`$. The exact sequence (6) induces a long exact sequence

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 0& \mathrm{𝑜𝑚}(𝔸,𝐆_{a,S})\mathrm{𝑜𝑚}(𝔼(𝔸),𝐆_{a,S})\mathrm{𝑜𝑚}(𝕎(𝔸),𝐆_{a,S})\hfill \\ & \stackrel{\delta }{}\mathrm{𝑥𝑡}^1(𝔸,𝐆_{a,S})\mathrm{𝑥𝑡}^1(𝔼(𝔸),𝐆_{a,S})\mathrm{𝑥𝑡}^1(𝕎(𝔸),𝐆_{a,S}).\hfill \end{array}$$

Note that

* $`\mathrm{𝑜𝑚}(𝔸,𝐆_{a,S})=\{0\}`$ since $`𝔸S`$ is proper;
* the map $`\delta `$ is defined by push forward of (6) and is an isomorphism by definition of universal extension.

We conclude that $`\mathrm{𝑜𝑚}(𝔼(𝔸),𝐆_{a,S})=\{0\}`$ so that $`\vartheta `$ is injective for $`𝐆=𝐆_a`$. Furthermore, we get an injective map $`\mathrm{𝑥𝑡}^1(𝔼(𝔸),𝐆_{a,S})\mathrm{𝑥𝑡}^1(𝕎(𝔸),𝐆_{a,S})`$. Since the homomorphisms from $`𝔼(𝔸_0)`$ to $`𝐆_{a,S_0}`$ are trivial, such map is injective also considering extensions of $`𝔼(𝔸)`$ (resp. $`𝕎(𝔸)`$) by $`𝐆_{a,S}`$ endowed with trivialization over $`S_0`$. $``$

###### Proposition 3.3.4

Let $`𝕄:=[𝕏𝔸]`$ and $`:=[𝕐𝔹]`$ be $`1`$-motives over $`S`$ with trivial toric part. Then, kernel of the base change map

$$\mathrm{Biext}^0(𝔼\left(\right)_𝔹,𝔼\left(𝕄\right)_𝔸;𝐆_{m,S})\mathrm{Biext}^0(𝔼\left(_0\right)_{𝔹_0},𝔼\left(𝕄_0\right)_{𝔸_0};𝐆_{m,S_0})$$

is isomorphic to the kernel of

$$\mathrm{Hom}(𝕐𝕏,𝐆_{a,S})\mathrm{Hom}(𝕐_0𝕏_0,𝐆_{a,S_0}).$$

Proof: By Corollary 3.3.2, it suffices to prove the proposition for the kernel of the homomorphism $`\mathrm{Biext}^0(𝔼\left(\right)_𝔹,𝔼\left(𝕄\right)_𝔸;𝐆_{a,S})\mathrm{Biext}^0(𝔼\left(_0\right)_{𝔹_0},𝔼\left(𝕄_0\right)_{𝔸_0};𝐆_{a,S_0})`$. Note that $`\mathrm{Biext}^0(𝔼()_𝔹\times _S𝔼(𝕄)_𝔸,𝐆_{a,S})\mathrm{Hom}(𝔼()_𝔹,\mathrm{Hom}(𝔼(𝕄)_𝔸,𝐆_{a,S}))`$. Proceeding as in the proof of Proposition 3.3.3, get that $`\mathrm{Hom}(𝔼(𝕄)_𝔸,𝐆_{a,S})\mathrm{Hom}(𝔼(𝕏),𝐆_{a,S})\mathrm{Hom}(𝕏,𝐆_{a,S})𝕏^{}𝐆_{a,S}`$ with $`𝕏^{}:=\mathrm{Hom}_𝐙(𝕏,𝐙)`$. Analogously, since $`𝔼()_𝔹`$ is the extension of $`𝔼(𝔹)`$ by $`𝕐𝐆_{a,S}`$, we get that $`\mathrm{Hom}(𝔼()_𝔹,𝕏^{}𝐆_{a,S})`$ is isomorphic to $`\mathrm{Hom}(𝕐,𝕏^{}𝐆_{a,S})`$. The latter is $`\mathrm{Hom}(𝕐𝕏,𝐆_{a,S})`$. $``$

### 3.4 The crystalline nature of the Poincaré biextension

Let $`𝕄_0:=[𝕏_0𝔾_0]`$ be a $`1`$-motive over $`S_0`$. Let $`𝒫_0`$ be the pull back to the universal extension $`𝔼\left(\left[𝕏_0\times _{S_0}𝕏_0^{}𝔸_0\times _{S_0}𝔸_0^{}\right]\right)_{𝔸_0\times _{S_0}𝔸_0^{}}`$ of the Poincaré biextension on $`𝔸_0\times _{S_0}𝔸_0^{}`$. Let

$$\alpha _0:𝕏_0\times _{S_0}𝕏_0^{}𝒫_0$$

be as in 2.4. Let $`𝕄:=[𝕏𝔾]`$ and $`𝕄^{}:=[𝕏^{}𝔾^{}]`$ be $`1`$-motives over $`S`$ lifting $`𝕄_0`$. Let

$$\sigma :𝔼\left(\left[𝕏\times _S𝕏^{}𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}\right]\right)\stackrel{}{}𝔼\left(\left[𝕏^{}\times _S𝕏_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}𝔸^{}\times _S𝔸_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}\right]\right)$$

be the isomorphism defined in Lemma 3.2.1. Let

$$𝒫𝔼\left(\left[𝕏\times _S𝕏^{}𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}\right]\right)_{𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}}$$

and

$$𝒫^{}𝔼\left(\left[𝕏^{}\times _S𝕏_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}𝔸^{}\times _S𝔸_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}\right]\right)_{𝔸^{}\times _S𝔸_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}}$$

be the pull back of the Poincaré biextension on $`𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}`$ (resp. on $`𝔸^{}\times _S𝔸_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}`$). Let

$$\alpha :𝕏\times _S𝕏^{}𝒫\text{and}\alpha _2:𝕏^{}\times _S𝕏_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}𝒫^{}$$

be the maps defining $`𝔼\left(𝕄\right)`$ (resp. $`𝔼\left(𝕄^{}\right)`$) as in 2) of 2.4. Then,

###### Proposition 3.4.1

There is a unique isomorphism

$$𝒫\stackrel{}{}\sigma ^{}(𝒫^{}),$$

as biextensions of $`𝔼\left(\left[𝕏\times _S𝕏^{}𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}\right]\right)_{𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}}`$, compatible with the trivializations $`\alpha `$ and $`\alpha ^{}`$ via the identification $`𝕏\times _S𝕏^{}𝕏^{}\times _S𝕏_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}`$ of (9).

Proof: By the claimed uniqueness and using descent, we may assume that $`𝕏_0𝐙^r`$ and that the toric part of $`𝔾_0`$ is split. This is equivalent to require that $`𝕏`$, $`𝕏^{}`$, $`𝕏^{}`$ and $`𝕏_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}`$ are constant group schemes. In particular, the map $`𝔼\left(\left[𝕏\times _S𝕏^{}𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}\right]\right)_{𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}}𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}`$ can be factored via

$$𝔼\left(\left[𝕏\times _S𝕏^{}𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}\right]\right)_{𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}}\stackrel{p}{}𝔼\left(𝔸\times 𝔸^{}\right)\stackrel{\pi }{}𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}.$$

We conclude that $`𝒫`$ is also the pull back via $`p`$ of the pull back $`𝒬`$ of the Poincaré biextension on $`𝔸\times 𝔸^{}`$ via $`\pi `$ and, hence, does not depend on the choice of $`p`$. Denote by $`𝒬^{}`$ the pull back to $`𝔼(𝔸^{}\times _S𝔸_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{})`$ of the Poincaré biextension on $`𝔸^{}\times _S𝔸_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}`$. Consider the isomorphism

$$\varrho :𝔼\left(𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}\right)\stackrel{}{}𝔼\left(𝔸\right)\times _S𝔼\left(𝔸^{}\right)\stackrel{}{}𝔼\left(𝔸^{}\right)\times _S𝔼\left(𝔸_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}\right)\stackrel{}{}𝔼\left(𝔸^{}\times _S𝔸_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}\right)$$

defined in 3.2. Let $`𝐆=𝐆_{m,S}`$. Consider the element $`\varrho ^{}\left(𝒬^{}\right)𝒬^1`$: it is a biextension of $`𝔼(𝔸)`$ and $`𝔼(𝔸^{})`$ by $`𝐆_{m,S}`$ whose base change to $`𝔼(𝔸_0)\times 𝔼(𝔸_0^{})`$ is canonically trivialized. By Proposition 3.3.3 such biextensions form a subgroup of the group of homomorphisms from $`𝔼(𝔸)`$ to the sheaf of isomorphism classes of extensions of $`𝕎(𝔸^{})`$ by $`𝐆_{a,S}`$ endowed with a trivialization over $`S_0`$. Since $`𝔸`$ is a divisible sheaf and $`𝕎(𝔸^{})`$ and $`𝐆_{a,S}`$ are torsion sheaves, such homomorphisms are a subgroup of the group $`𝒦`$ of homomorphisms from $`𝕎(𝔸)`$ to the sheaf of isomorphism classes of extensions of $`𝕎(𝔸^{})`$ by $`𝐆_{a,S}`$ (equivalently $`𝐆_{m,S}`$) endowed with a trivialization over $`S_0`$. Note that $`𝒬`$ defines the trivial $`𝐆_{m,S}`$-biextension of $`𝕎(𝔸)`$ and $`𝕎(𝔸^{})`$ since it is pulled-back from $`𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}`$. Thus, the image of $`\varrho ^{}\left(𝒬^{}\right)𝒬^1`$ in $`𝒦`$ coincides with the pull-back of $`𝒫^{}`$ via the map $`𝕎(𝔸)\times _S𝕎(𝔸^{})𝔸^{}\times _S𝔸_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}`$ induced by $`\varrho `$. Hence, the image of $`\varrho ^{}\left(𝒬^{}\right)`$ in $`𝒦`$ lies in the image of homomorphisms from $`𝔸^{}`$ to the sheaf of isomorphism classes of extensions of $`𝕎(𝔸^{})`$ by $`𝐆_{a,S}`$ endowed with a trivialization over $`S_0`$, which is trivial. Therefore, $`\varrho ^{}\left(𝒬^{}\right)`$ is isomorphic to $`𝒬`$ as biextension. We conclude that $`𝒫`$ is isomorphic to $`\sigma ^{}(𝒫^{})`$ as biextensions lifting $`𝒫_0`$.

By Proposition 3.3.4 the automorphism group of a biextension over $`𝔼\left(\left[𝕏\times _S𝕏^{}𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}\right]\right)`$, reducing to the identity after base change to $`S_0`$, is isomorphic to the kernel of

$$\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathrm{fppf}}(𝕏𝕏^{},𝐆_{a,S})\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathrm{fppf}}(𝕏_0𝕏_0^{},𝐆_{a,S_0}).$$

The set of maps $`\alpha :𝕏\times _S𝕏^{}𝒫`$, as in 3) of 2.4, deforming the map $`\alpha _0`$ defining $`𝕄_0`$, is a principal homogenous space under the kernel of

$$\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathrm{fppf}}(𝕏𝕏^{},𝐆_{a,S})\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathrm{fppf}}(𝕏_0𝕏_0^{},𝐆_{a,S_0}).$$

Hence, the conclusion. $``$

###### Corollary 3.4.2

There is a unique isomorphism of $`S`$-group schemes

$$\zeta :𝔼\left(𝕄\right)\stackrel{}{}𝔼\left(𝕄^{}\right)$$

making the following diagram commute

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}0& & 𝕋& & 𝔼\left(𝕄\right)& & 𝔼\left(\left[𝕏𝔸\right]\right)& & 0\\ & & \tau & & \zeta & & \xi & & \\ 0& & 𝕋^{}& & 𝔼\left(𝕄^{}\right)& & 𝔼\left(\left[𝕏^{}𝔸^{}\right]\right)& & 0,\end{array}$$

where $`\xi `$ is defined in Lemma 3.2.1 and $`\tau `$ is the canonical isomorphism between the tori $`𝕋`$ and $`𝕋^{}`$ as deformations of $`𝕋_0`$.

Proof: By 2.4 the universal extension of $`𝕄`$ is defined by the universal extension $`𝔼\left([𝕏\times _S𝕏^{}𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}]\right)`$ and a trivialization $`\alpha `$ of the pull-back $`𝒫`$ to $`𝕏\times 𝕏^{}`$. Analogous description exists for $`𝕄^{}`$. By Proposition 3.4.1 we get an isomorphism $`𝔼(𝕄)𝔼(𝕄^{})`$ with the claimed properties. Since the homomorphims from a vector group scheme to a torus and from an abelian scheme to a torus are trivial, we have $`\mathrm{Hom}(𝔼([𝕏𝔸]),𝕋^{})=0`$. This implies the claimed uniqueness. $``$

### 3.5 Crystals via universal extensions

Let $`S_0`$ be a scheme such that $`p`$ is locally nilpotent. Let $`𝕄_0`$ be a $`1`$-motive over $`S_0`$. Define the crystal of group schemes $`𝔼\left(𝕄_0\right)`$ on the nilpotent crystalline site of $`S_0`$. Let $`S_0S`$ be a locally nilpotent pd thickening of $`S_0`$. Let $`𝕄`$ be a $`1`$-motive lifting $`𝕄_0`$ to $`S`$. Then,

$$𝔼\left(𝕄_0\right)\left(S_0S\right):=𝔼\left(𝕄\right).$$
(10)
Here $`𝕄_0S_0`$ can be lifted locally and by virtue of Corollary 3.4.2 we get indeed a crystal which we call the universal extension crystal of the 1-motive.

Define the contravariant functor associating to a $`1`$-motive $`𝕄_0`$ over $`S_0`$ the crystal $`𝐃\left(𝕄_0\right)`$ on the nilpotent crystalline site of $`S_0`$ as follows:

$$𝐃\left(𝕄_0\right)\left(S_0S\right):=𝐓^{\mathrm{DR}}(𝕄).$$
(11)
See 2.1 for the notation $`𝐓^{\mathrm{DR}}(𝕄)`$. Furthermore, let $`𝒫_0`$ be the pull back to $`𝔼\left(\left[𝕏_0\times _{S_0}𝕏_0^{}𝔸_0\times _{S_0}𝔸_0^{}\right]\right)`$ of the Poincaré biextension on $`𝔸_0\times _{S_0}𝔸_0^{}`$. Define the Poincaré crystal of biextensions $`𝒫_0`$ over the crystal $`𝔼(𝕄_0)`$ on the crystalline site of $`S_0`$ as follows. Let $`S_0S`$ be as above and let $`𝕄`$ be a $`1`$-motive lifting $`𝕄_0`$ to $`S`$. Let $`𝒫`$ be the pull back to $`𝔼\left(𝕏\times _S𝕏^{}𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}\right)`$ of the Poincaré biextension on $`𝔸\times _S𝔸^{}`$. Then,

$$𝒫_0\left(S_0S\right):=𝒫(S).$$
(12)
Due to Proposition 3.4.1 this defines a crystal. Define the $`𝒪_{S_0}^{\mathrm{crys}}`$-bilinear pairing of crystals

$$\mathrm{\Phi }:𝐃\left(𝕄_0\right)\times 𝐃\left(𝕄_0^{}\right)𝐃\left(𝐆_{m,S_0}^{}\right)$$

as follows. By \[7, Prop 10.2.7.4\] there is a unique $`\mathrm{}`$-structure on the biextension $`𝒫`$. See \[7, 10.2.7.2\] for this notion. Its curvature defines an $`𝒪_S`$-bilinear map \[7, 10.2.7.3\]

$$\mathrm{\Phi }:\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(𝔼\left(𝕄^{}\right)\right)_{𝒪_S}\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(𝔼\left(𝕄\right)\right)\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(𝐆_{m,S}\right)$$
(13)
where the Lie algebras are applied to the degree zero component of the complexes, i.e., to connected group schemes, yielding a pairing of filtered vector bundles over $`S`$.

###### Remark 3.5.1

If $`S_0S`$ is a pd thickening defined by a locally nilpotent ideal, but the pd structure is not locally nilpotent, then the universal extension of a lifting of $`𝕄_0`$ to $`S`$ need not be crystalline. This holds, for example, if $`p=2`$ and $`S`$ is a scheme over $`𝐖(k)`$ with pd structure compatible with the one on the maximal ideal of $`𝐖(k)`$. On the other hand, thanks to Proposition 2.8.1 and \[16, §11\], its formal completion at the origin is crystalline. Thus, the crystal $`𝐃\left(𝕄_0\right)`$ is defined on the full crystalline site of $`S_0`$.

## 4 Proof of Theorem A

Let $`𝕄_0`$ be a 1-motive defined over a perfect field $`S_0=\mathrm{Spec}(k)`$ of positive characteristic $`p>0`$. Let $`𝕄`$ denote a lifting to $`S=\mathrm{Spec}(𝐖_n(k))`$. We first show that the crystal (11) is a filtered $`F`$-crystal, i.e., we show how to get Frobenius and Verschiebung compatibly with the weight filtration.

### 4.1 Frobenius and Verschiebung

Let $`\sigma :\mathrm{Spec}(k)\mathrm{Spec}(k)`$ be the Frobenius map defined on $`k`$ by $`xx^p`$. By abuse of notation we denote by $`\sigma :\mathrm{Spec}\left(𝐖_n(k)\right)\mathrm{Spec}\left(𝐖_n(k)\right)`$ also the map associated to the Frobenius map on Witt vectors. Let $`𝕄_0^{(p)}`$ be the pull-back of $`𝕄_0`$ via $`\sigma `$ (as complex of group schemes, i.e.$`𝕄_0^{(p)}:=[𝕏_0^{(p)}𝔾_0^{(p)}]`$). The Frobenius map on $`𝕄_0`$ defines a morphism of $`1`$-motives $`F:𝕄_0𝕄_0^{(p)}`$ over $`k`$. Given the lifting $`𝕄`$ of $`𝕄_0`$ to $`𝐖_n(k)`$, then $`\sigma ^{}(𝕄)`$ is a lift of $`𝕄_0^{(p)}`$ to the truncated Witt vectors $`𝐖_n(k)`$. Hence, we obtain a map, called Verschiebung,

$$V:\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(𝔼(𝕄)\right)\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(𝔼\left(\sigma ^{}(𝕄)\right)\right)\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(𝔼(𝕄)\right)_\sigma 𝐖_n(k).$$

The Frobenius map on $`𝕄_0^{}`$ defines by duality a morphism of $`1`$-motives $`V:𝕄_0^{(p)}𝕄_0`$ over $`k`$. Note that $`FV=p`$ and $`VF=p`$: this is clear on the lattice $`𝕏_0`$, on the torus $`𝕋_0`$ and it is classical on the the abelian part $`𝔸_0`$. The Verschiebung on $`𝕄_0`$ defines a homomorphism, called Frobenius,

$$F:\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(𝔼(𝕄)\right)_\sigma 𝐖_n(k)\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(𝔼(𝕄)\right).$$

Then, $`FV=p`$ and $`VF=p`$. Analogously, Frobenius on $`𝕄_0^{}`$ defines $`V`$ on $`\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(𝔼(𝕄^{})\right)`$ and Frobenius on $`𝕄_0`$ defines, by duality, Verschiebung on $`𝕄_0^{}`$ and Frobenius on $`\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(𝔼(𝕄^{})\right)`$. Clearly, $`F`$ and $`V`$ preserve the weight filtrations. Passing to the limit over $`n`$ we then obtain $`F`$ and $`V`$ on $`\underset{\stackrel{}{n}}{lim}𝐃\left(𝕄_0\right)\left(\mathrm{Spec}(k)\mathrm{Spec}(𝐖_n(k))\right)`$ and $`\underset{\stackrel{}{n}}{lim}𝐃\left(𝕄_0^{}\right)\left(\mathrm{Spec}(k)\mathrm{Spec}(𝐖_n(k))\right)`$ over $`𝐖(k)`$.

Note that, for $`𝕄:=𝐆_m`$ we get $`𝕋_{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄)=𝐖(k)`$ as $`𝐖(k)`$-module, with $`F`$ sending $`11`$ and $`V`$ sending $`1p`$ ,i.e.$`𝕋_{\mathrm{crys}}([0𝐆_m])=𝐖(k)(1)`$ as $`F`$-crystals according with the notation adopted above.

Finally, we remark that Frobenius defines a map from the Poincaré biextension $`P_0`$ on $`𝔼\left(\left[𝕏_0\times _{S_0}𝕏_0^{}𝔸_0\times _{S_0}𝔸_0^{}\right]\right)`$ to the Poincaré biextension $`P_0^{(p)}`$ on $`𝔼\left(\left[𝕏_0^{(p)}\times _{S_0}(𝕏_0^{})^{(p)}𝔸_0^{(p)}\times _{S_0}(𝔸_0^{})^{(p)}\right]\right)`$. It follows that, for $`p3`$, the pairing (13) satisfies $`V_{𝐆_m}\mathrm{\Phi }_𝕄=p\sigma ^1\mathrm{\Phi }_𝕄=\mathrm{\Phi }_{𝕄^{(p)}}(V_𝕄^{}\times V_𝕄)`$ and, thus, $`pF_{𝐆_m}\mathrm{\Phi }_{𝕄^{(p)}}=\mathrm{\Phi }_𝕄\left(F_𝕄^{}\times F_𝕄\right)`$.

### 4.2 The comparison

We then show that $`𝐓^{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄_0)=𝐓^{\mathrm{DR}}(𝕄)`$. By \[16, §15\] the contravariant Dieudonné module of a $`p`$-divisible group over $`k`$ is canonically isomorphic to the Lie algebra of the universal extension of a lifting to $`𝐖(k)`$ of the dual $`p`$-divisible group. It follows from 2.8.1, applied to $`S=\mathrm{Spec}(𝐖_n(k))`$ that $`𝐃\left(𝕄_0\right)(S_0S)=𝐓^{\mathrm{DR}}(𝕄)`$, defined in (11), and $`𝐃\left(𝕄_0[p^{\mathrm{}}]\right)(S_0S)`$, defined in (4), are canonically isomorphic as filtered $`𝐖_n(k)`$-modules. By definition of $`𝐓^{\mathrm{crys}}`$ and $`𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}`$, see Definition 1.3.1, we get canonical isomorphisms $`𝐓^{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄_0\right)\underset{\stackrel{}{n}}{lim}𝐃\left(𝕄_0\right)\left(\mathrm{Spec}(k)\mathrm{Spec}(𝐖_n(k))\right)`$ and, since $`𝕄_0[p^{\mathrm{}}]^{}=𝕄_0^{}[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$, $`𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄_0\right)\underset{\stackrel{}{n}}{lim}𝐃\left(𝕄_0^{}\right)\left(\mathrm{Spec}(k)\mathrm{Spec}(𝐖_n(k))\right)`$ as filtered $`𝐖(k)`$–modules. By the functoriality claimed in Proposition 2.8.1, they are compatible with Frobenius and Verschiebung. This proves the first claim of Theorem A.

The second claim of Theorem A follows from the above and 4.1, at least for $`p3`$, or from (5) for any $`p`$. Note that, for $`p3`$, both the pairings (13) and (5) are induced by the Poincaré extension on a formal lifting of $`𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$ and $`𝕄`$, respectively, to $`𝐖(k)`$. One can prove that, indeed, the two pairings are the same. Since we will not use this compatibility in the sequel, we omit the proof and leave it to the reader.
We also have obtained the following result.

###### Corollary 4.2.1

Let $`R`$ be a complete discrete valuation ring with perfect residue field $`k`$ and with ramification index smaller than $`p1`$. Let $`𝕄`$ be a $`1`$-motive over $`\mathrm{Spec}(R)`$. Then, there is a canonical isomorphism

$$𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄_k\right)_{𝐖(k)}R𝐓_{\mathrm{DR}}\left(𝕄\right).$$

Proof: The hypothesis on the ramification implies that the maximal ideal of $`R`$ is endowed with canonical divided powers structure compatible with that on the maximal ideal of $`𝐖(k)`$. The $`1`$-motive $`𝕄_n`$ obtained base changing $`𝕄`$ to $`R/(p^n)`$ is a lifting of $`𝕄_k`$. Let $`𝕄_n^{}`$ be a lifting of $`𝕄_k`$ to $`𝐖_n(k)`$. It follows from 2.8.1 that we have canonical isomorphisms $`\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(𝔼(𝕄_n[p^{\mathrm{}}])\right)\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(𝔼(𝕄_n^{}[p^{\mathrm{}}])_{𝐖(k)}R\right)𝐃(𝕄_k[p^{\mathrm{}}])\left(\mathrm{Spec}(k)\mathrm{Spec}(𝐖_n(k))\right)_{𝐖(k)}R`$. $``$

### 4.3 Properties of $`𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄)`$

We explicitly state some of the properties of $`𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄\right)`$ (similarly for $`𝐓^{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄\right)`$), which can be deduced using either its definition as the Dieudonné module of $`𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]^{}`$ or via $`𝐃(𝕄)`$:

it is a free $`𝐖(k)`$-module of rank equal to $`dim(𝔾)+\mathrm{rk}(𝕏)`$;

it admits a weight filtration $`W`$

$`W_0\left(𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄\right)\right)=𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄\right)`$;

$`W_1\left(𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄\right)\right)=𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝔾\right)`$. It is a free $`𝐖(k)`$-module of rank $`dim(𝔾)`$;

$`W_2\left(𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄\right)\right)=𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕋\right)`$. It is a free $`𝐖(k)`$-module of rank $`dim(𝕋)`$;

$`W_3\left(𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄\right)\right)=0`$;

the graded pieces of the weight filtration satisfy

$`\mathrm{Gr}_2^W\left(𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄\right)\right):=𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}\left([0𝕋]\right)`$. It is a free $`𝐖(k)`$-module of rank $`dim(𝕋)`$;

$`\mathrm{Gr}_1^W\left(𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄\right)\right):=𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}\left([0𝔸]\right)`$. It is a free $`𝐖(k)`$-module of rank $`dim(𝔸)`$;

$`\mathrm{Gr}_0^W\left(𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄\right)\right):=𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}\left([𝕏0]\right)`$. It is a free $`𝐖(k)`$-module of rank $`\mathrm{rk}(𝕏)`$.

Let $`\sigma `$ be the Frobenius homomorphism on $`𝐖(k)`$. Then $`𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄)`$ is endowed with a $`\sigma `$-linear morphism $`\mathrm{F}`$ and a $`\sigma ^1`$-linear morphism $`\mathrm{V}`$ such that

they respect the weight filtration;

$`\mathrm{F}\mathrm{V}=\mathrm{V}\mathrm{F}=p`$;

$`\mathrm{V}`$ is an isomorphism on $`\mathrm{Gr}_0^W\left(𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄\right)\right)`$;

$`\mathrm{F}`$ is an isomorphism on $`\mathrm{Gr}_2^W\left(𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄\right)\right)`$;

there is a perfect bilinear pairing of filtered $`𝐖(k)`$–modules

$$,:𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄)_{𝐖(k)}𝐓^{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄)𝐖(k)(1).$$
(14)
satisfying $`,^{\sigma ^1}=V(),V()`$ and $`p,^\sigma =F(),F()`$.

## 5 Picard 1-motives and $`\mathrm{}`$-structures

Let $`S_0=\mathrm{Spec}(k)`$ where $`k`$ is any field. Let $`\pi :X_{}S_0`$ be a simplicial $`S_0`$-scheme. Note that the simplicial structure provide a complex of $`S_0`$-schemes in the sense of \[1, §2\]. Let $`\pi _i:X_iS_0`$ denote the structure morphisms. We say that $`\pi `$ is proper, smooth, etc. if each $`\pi _i`$ is proper, smooth, etc. Assume $`X_{}`$ proper over $`S_0`$ so that, for each component $`X_i`$, the usual Picard fppf-sheaf $`\mathrm{Pic}_{X_i/S_0}\text{ }:=R^1(\pi _i)_{}𝔾_{m,X_i}`$ is representable by a (commutative) group scheme, locally of finite type over $`S_0`$. We refer to  for the general framework of Picard functors.

If, in addition $`S_0=\mathrm{Spec}(k)`$ is a perfect field, and $`X_i`$ is smooth over $`S_0`$ then the reduced connected component of the identity $`\mathrm{Pic}_{X_i/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}`$ is an abelian scheme over $`S_0`$, i.e., this is the case if $`\pi `$ is proper and smooth over $`S_0`$ (see ).

### 5.1 $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^+`$

For any simplicial $`S_0`$-scheme $`X_{}`$ let $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}(X_{})`$ be the group of isomorphism classes of simplicial line bundles on $`X_{}`$ (we refer to \[2, §4.1 & A.3\] for the basic properties of the simplicial Picard functor). By descent we see that

$$\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}(X_{})_{\text{ét}}^1(X_{},𝔾_{m,X_{}})_{\mathrm{fppf}}^1(X_{},𝔾_{m,X_{}}).$$

Denote $`T\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}(T)`$ the Picard fppf-sheaf obtained by sheafifying the functor

$$T\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}(X_{}\times _{S_0}T)$$

with respect to the fppf-topology on $`S_0`$, i.e., if $`\pi :X_{}\times _{S_0}TT`$, then

$$\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}(T)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{fppf}}^0(T,R^1\pi _{}𝔾_{m,X_{}\times _{S_0}T}).$$

Considering the canonical spectral sequence (see \[7, 5.2.7.1 \])

$$E_1^{p,q}=R^q(\pi _p)_{}𝔾_{m,X_p}R^{p+q}\pi _{}𝔾_{m,X_{}}$$
(15)
we obtain an exact sequence of fppf-sheaves:

$$0\frac{\mathrm{ker}((\pi _1)_{}𝔾_{m,X_1}(\pi _2)_{}𝔾_{m,X_2})}{\mathrm{Im}((\pi _0)_{}𝔾_{m,X_0}(\pi _1)_{}𝔾_{m,X_1})}\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}\mathrm{Ker}(\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0/S_0}\mathrm{Pic}_{X_1/S_0})$$
(16)
We then have the following result.

###### Lemma 5.1.1

Let $`X_{}`$ be a smooth proper simplicial $`S_0`$-scheme, $`S_0=\mathrm{Spec}(k)`$. Then the Picard $`\mathrm{fppf}`$-sheaf $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}`$ is representable by a group scheme, locally of finite type over $`S_0`$. Denote by $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}`$ the connected component of the identity of the simplicial Picard scheme of $`X_{}`$ over a perfect field $`S_0=\mathrm{Spec}(k)`$, endowed with its reduced structure: it is a semi-abelian scheme, extension of the abelian scheme

$$\mathrm{Ker}^{0,\mathrm{red}}(\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}\mathrm{Pic}_{X_1/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}})$$

by a torus $`T`$ (here $`\mathrm{Ker}^{0,\mathrm{red}}`$ denote the identity component of the kernel endowed with its reduced structure).

Proof: It follows from \[2, Lemma 4.1.2\] and the proof of \[2, Prop. 4.1.3\] (see also \[22, 3.2-3.5\]). Actually, using (15) it follows from (16) and the representability of $`\mathrm{Pic}_{X_i/S_0}`$, since the fppf-sheaf $`(\pi _i)_{}𝔾_{m,X_i}`$ is representable by a torus and the resulting extensions are representable, e.g., by \[20, Prop. 17.4\]. $``$

###### Remark 5.1.2

We describe the torus $`T`$ appearing in Lemma 5.1.1. Consider the homology of the following complex of tori (cf. (15) and (16))

$$(\pi _0)_{}𝔾_{m,X_0}(\pi _1)_{}𝔾_{m,X_1}(\pi _2)_{}𝔾_{m,X_2}.$$

The torus $`T`$ is given by the quotient of $`T_2:=\mathrm{Ker}^{0,\mathrm{red}}((\pi _1)_{}𝔾_{m,X_1}(\pi _2)_{}𝔾_{m,X_2})`$ by $`T_1:=\mathrm{Im}((\pi _0)_{}𝔾_{m,X_0}(\pi _1)_{}𝔾_{m,X_1})`$. We also describe the cocharacter group of $`T`$ as follows. Assume that $`S_0=\mathrm{Spec}(k)`$ and $`k`$ is algebraically closed. Let $`C_2`$, $`C_1`$ and $`C_0`$ be the free abelian groups generated by the connected (= irreducible) components of $`X_2`$, $`X_1`$ and $`X_0`$ respectively. Let

$$C_2\stackrel{d_2}{}C_1\stackrel{d_1}{}C_0$$

be the group homomorphisms defined by the alternating sums of the faces maps of the simplicial scheme. Let

$$C^0\stackrel{d^1}{}C^1\stackrel{d^2}{}C^2$$

be the dual complex, actually given by the cocharacters of the above complex of tori. The map $`C_1C_0`$ associates to a component $`X_{1,j}`$ of $`X_1`$ the element $`X_{0,h}X_{0,i}`$ where $`d_0^1(X_{1,j})X_{0,h}`$ and $`d_1^1(X_{1,j})X_{0,i}`$. In particular, the image of $`C_1C_0`$ is a direct summand of $`C_0`$. This implies that the kernel of $`(\pi _0)_{}𝔾_{m,X_0}(\pi _1)_{}𝔾_{m,X_1}`$ is a torus. In particular, the group of cocharacters of $`T_1`$ coincides with $`\mathrm{Im}d^1`$. Since $`\mathrm{Ker}d^2`$ is the cocharacter group of $`T_2`$, we conclude that the cocharacter group of $`T`$ is the free group $`\mathrm{Ker}d^2/\mathrm{Im}d^1`$.

Let $`(X_{},Y_{})`$ be a simplicial pair over $`S_0`$ such that $`X_{}`$ is as above (cf. Lemma 5.1.1) and $`Y_{}X_{}`$ is a reduced simplicial $`S_0`$-divisor with strict normal crossings. Here we have that every $`Y_i`$ is a divisor with strict normal crossings in $`X_i`$, i.e.$`Y_i=Y_{ij}`$ such that $`Y_{ij}`$ is smooth over $`S_0`$ and $`Y_{ij}`$ has pure codimension $`1`$ in $`X_i`$. For example, by de Jong’s theory of alterations , every algebraic variety $`V`$ over a perfect field $`S_0=\mathrm{Spec}(k)`$ admits a proper hypercovering $`V_{}V`$ such that $`V_{}=X_{}Y_{}`$ for some $`(X_{},Y_{})`$ as above, and moreover $`V_0V`$ is generically étale. Consider the fppf-sheaf $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{[X_{}|Y_{}]/S_0}`$ associated to the presheaf (cf. \[7, 5.1.13.1\])

$$T\text{ }\text{ }_{Y_{}\times _{S_0}T}^1(X_{}\times _{S_0}T,𝔾_m).$$

We obtain a canonical map (forgetting the support, cf. \[2, §4.2\])

$$u:\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{[X_{}|Y_{}]/S_0}\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}$$

Since $`S_0=\mathrm{Spec}(k)`$ and $`k`$ is a perfect field, we then describe $`u`$ as follows. Let $`\overline{S_0}=\mathrm{Spec}(\overline{k})`$ be some algebraic closure of $`k`$. Let $`\mathrm{Gal}(\overline{k}/k)`$ be the Galois group. Let $`\overline{X_{}}`$ and $`\overline{Y_{}}`$ denote the base change to $`\overline{S_0}`$. Denote

$$\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_{\overline{Y_{}}}(\overline{X_{}})$$
(17)
the group of those Weil divisors $`D`$ on $`X_0\times _{S_0}\overline{S_0}`$, supported on $`Y_0\times _{S_0}\overline{S_0}`$, such that $`d_0^{}(D)=d_1^{}(D)`$ as divisors on $`X_1\times _{S_0}\overline{S_0}`$ (note that on $`X_0`$ and $`X_1`$ Cartier and Weil divisors coincide).

The group $`\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_{\overline{Y_{}}}(\overline{X_{}})`$ is naturally a $`\mathrm{Gal}(\overline{k}/k)`$-module with respect to the Galois action on Weil divisors. Moreover, we have a natural identification of the group of $`\overline{S_0}`$-points of $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{[\overline{X_{}}|\overline{Y_{}}]/\overline{S_0}}`$ with $`\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_{\overline{Y_{}}}(\overline{X_{}})`$. In fact, the analogous spectral sequence (15) for the cohomology with supports degenerates over $`\overline{S_0}`$ and yields the claimed group isomorphism (see \[2, (33) p. 56\]). We then obtain canonical $`\mathrm{Gal}(\overline{k}/k)`$-equivariant maps

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_{\overline{Y_{}}}(\overline{X_{}})& \stackrel{u^{}}{}& \mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}(\overline{X_{}})\\ & & & & \\ \mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{[\overline{X_{}}|\overline{Y_{}}]/\overline{S_0}}(\overline{S_0})& & \mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{\overline{X_{}}/\overline{S_0}}(\overline{S_0})\end{array}$$
(18)
where $`u^{}`$ is the canonical map sending a Weil divisor $`D`$ on $`\overline{X_0}`$ to the corresponding line bundle $`𝒪_{\overline{X_0}}(D)`$. Let $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{[X_{}|Y_{}]/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}`$ be the inverse image of $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}`$ under the map $`u`$. Remark that $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{\overline{X_{}}/\overline{S_0}}^{0,\mathrm{red}}`$ is stable under the $`\mathrm{Gal}(\overline{k}/k)`$-action on $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}\times _{S_0}\overline{S_0}`$.

The following definition is equivalent to \[2, Def. 4.2.1\] and \[22, Def. 4.1\] but the proof of the independence of the choices made, for positive characteristics, appears in our Appendix A only.

###### Definition 5.1.3

Let $`(X_{},Y_{})`$ be a pair as above. Define

$$\mathrm{Pic}^+(X_{},Y_{})\text{ }:=[\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{[X_{}|Y_{}]/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}\stackrel{u}{}\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}].$$

If $`V_{}=X_{}Y_{}`$ is an hypercovering of an algebraic variety $`V`$ over a perfect field (such that $`V_0V`$ is generically étale) we let

$$\mathrm{Pic}^+(V)\text{ }:=\mathrm{Pic}^+(X_{},Y_{})$$

denote the cohomological Picard 1-motive of $`V`$ (see the Appendix A for the fact that $`\mathrm{Pic}^+`$ is well defined and contravariantly functorial).

Conversely, we remark that the 1-motive $`\mathrm{Pic}^+(X_{},Y_{})`$ over $`S_0`$ is determined by the $`\mathrm{Gal}(\overline{k}/k)`$-equivariant map

$$\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_{\overline{Y_{}}}(\overline{X_{}})\stackrel{u^{}}{}\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}(\overline{X_{}})\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{\overline{X_{}}/\overline{S_0}}(\overline{S_0})$$

over $`\overline{S_0}`$, in particular $`\mathrm{Pic}^+(V)_{\overline{k}}=\mathrm{Pic}^+(V_{\overline{k}})`$. We may and will denote $`\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_{\overline{Y_{}}}^0(\overline{X_{}})`$ the subgroup of those divisors in $`\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_{\overline{Y_{}}}(\overline{X_{}})`$ mapping to zero in $`\mathrm{NS}(\overline{X_{}})\text{ }:=\pi _0(\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{\overline{X_{}}/\overline{S_0}})`$.

Now let $`S_0S_n`$ be a thickening defined by an ideal with nilpotent divided powers. As above, we are mainly interested in the case that the thickening $`S_n=\mathrm{Spec}(𝐖_{n+1}(k))`$ is the affine scheme defined by the Witt vectors of length $`n+1`$ (or equivalently by $`𝐖(k)/p^{n+1}`$). We then always get a lifting $`\mathrm{Pic}^+(V)_n`$ of the 1-motive $`\mathrm{Pic}^+(V)`$ to $`S_n`$.

Remark that if $`(X_{},Y_{})`$ itself lift (this is not the case in general!) to a similar pair $`(X_{},Y_{})_n`$ over $`S_n`$ and $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}`$ is representable over $`S_n`$, we may set

$$\mathrm{Pic}^+(V)_n=\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^+((X_{},Y_{})_n).$$

Nevertheless, a formal lifting of the 1-motive $`\mathrm{Pic}^+(V)`$ always exists.

### 5.2 $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^{\mathrm{}}`$

Recall (see \[2, §4.5\]) the construction of the functor $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}^{\mathrm{}}`$. Here $`S_0`$ is the spectrum of a perfect field and $`X_{}`$ is smooth and proper over $`S_0`$.

The group $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^{\mathrm{}}(X_{})`$ is given by isomorphism classes of pairs $`(_{},_{})`$, where $`_{}`$ is a simplicial line bundle and $`_{}`$ is a simplicial integrable connection

$$_{}:_{}_{}_{𝒪_X_{}}\mathrm{\Omega }_{X_{}/S_0}^1.$$

There is a natural map

$$\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^{\mathrm{}}(X_{})^1(X_{},𝒪_X_{}^{}\stackrel{\mathrm{dlog}}{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{X_{}/S_0}^1).$$

In characteristic zero this map is an isomorphism and provides the group of $`k`$-points of the universal extension of $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^0`$, whose Lie algebra is the first De Rham cohomology (see \[2, 4.5\]), i.e., the simplicial $`\mathrm{}`$-Picard functor $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}^{\mathrm{}}`$, obtained by sheafifying the functor

$$T\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^{\mathrm{}}(X_{}\times _{S_0}T)$$

with respect to the fppf-topology on $`S_0`$, yields an exact sequence of Zariski (or étale) sheaves

$$0\pi _{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{X_{}/S_0}^1\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}R^1\pi _{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{X_{}/S_0}^1$$
(19)
and

$$\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}^{\mathrm{},0}\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{DR}}^1(X_{}/S_0)$$
(20)
over $`S_0`$ of characteristic zero.

In positive characteristics one dimensional De Rham cohomology cannot be recovered as above, e.g., we only have an injection

$$\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{DR}}^1(X_{}/S_0)^1(X_{},𝒪_X_{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{X_{}/S_0}^1)$$

determined by the Oda subspace $`\mathrm{H}^0(X_0,\mathrm{\Omega }_{X_0/S_0}^1)_{d=0}`$ (cf. \[19, p. 121\]).

However, for curves, $`\mathrm{Pic}^+`$ coincides with Deligne’s definition of motivic cohomology and its universal extension is given by the $`\mathrm{}`$-Picard functor (see \[7, 10.3.13\] and cf. \[19, 5.2\]). A similar case is given by $`X_{}`$ such that each $`X_i`$ has connected components which are abelian schemes (cf. \[19, 5.1\]).

Actually, whenever the Hodge-De Rham spectral sequence degenerates we get De Rham cohomology as above.

###### Lemma 5.2.1

The $`\mathrm{}`$-Picard sheaf $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ is representable, by a group scheme locally of finite type over $`S_0`$. We have an extension

$$0\pi _{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{X_{}/S_0,d=0}^1\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}^{\mathrm{},0}\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}0$$

where we set $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{X_{}/S_0,d=0}^{}`$ according to Oda \[19, Def. 5.5\].

If we further assume that the Hodge-De Rham spectral sequence of the components $`X_i`$ degenerates then (19) and (20) hold over $`S_0`$.

Proof: Representability follows by a similar argument to the proof of Lemma 5.1.1, since $`\mathrm{Pic}_{X_i/S_0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ is representable, e.g., by using \[20, Prop. 17.4\].

By applying the arguments in \[16, 4.1.2\] and \[2, p. 62\] to our setting we can see that the indeterminacy in putting an integrable connection on the trivial simplicial line bundle is the space of closed simplicial 1-forms. Moreover, the obstruction map in putting an integrable connection on a simplicial line bundle defines a homomorphism from $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}`$ to the vector group $`R^1\pi _{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{X_{}/S_0,d=0}^1`$. Thus, when restricted to the semiabelian scheme $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}`$ it is trivial, proving the exactness on the right of the sequence in the Lemma. Note that here $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}^{\mathrm{},0}`$ is just the pullback of $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}`$ along $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}`$.

For the components $`X_i`$ such that all global 1-forms are closed the arguments provided by \[2, 4.5.1\] apply; an easy spectral sequence and Lie algebra computations yields the result (cf. \[16, §4\]). $``$

Note that if we consider the component $`X_i`$ of any smooth proper simplicial scheme $`X_{}`$ and let $`A_i`$ denote $`\mathrm{Alb}_{X_i/S_0}:=(\mathrm{Pic}_{X_i/S_0}^0)^{}`$, the Albanese (abelian) scheme, we have that the following extension

$$0(\pi _0)_{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{A_i/S_0}^1\mathrm{Pic}_{A_i/S_0}^{\mathrm{},0}\mathrm{Pic}_{X_i/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}0$$

is the universal extension of the abelian scheme $`\mathrm{Pic}_{X_i/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}`$.

## 6 Log-crystalline cohomology

We refer the reader to \[15, §5\] for the basics on log-crystalline theory.

### 6.1 Logarithmic structures

Let $`k`$ be a perfect field of characteristic $`p`$. For every $`n𝐍`$, let $`(S_n,L_n,\gamma _n)`$ be the triple consisting of

* $`S_n:=\mathrm{Spec}\left(𝐖_{n+1}(k)\right)`$ the spectrum of the Witt vectors of length $`n+1`$ over $`k`$;
* $`L_n`$ the trivial logarithmic structure on $`S_n`$ defined by the map (of multiplicative monoids) $`𝐍𝐖_{n+1}(k)`$ given by $`10`$;
* $`\gamma _n`$ the standard divided powers structure on the ideal $`_n:=(p)`$ of $`𝐖_n(k)`$.

Assume these data to be compatible for varying $`n`$. As usual we view the category of schemes over $`S_n`$ as the full subcategory of log-schemes over $`S_n`$ with logarithmic structure induced by $`L_n`$.

###### Remark 6.1.1

(cf. \[15, §1.5\]) Let $`X`$ be a smooth projective scheme over $`S_0`$. Let $`YX`$ be a divisor with normal crossings. Let $`M`$ be the logarithmic structure defined by $`Y`$ on $`X`$ as follows. We can cover $`X`$ with affine schemes $`\{U_i=\mathrm{Spec}(A_i)\}_i`$, étale over $`X`$, such that for each $`i`$ there exists irreducible elements $`\{\pi _{i,\alpha }\}_\alpha A_i`$ such that $`YU_i`$ is defined by the ideal $`_\alpha \pi _{i,\alpha }`$. Then,

$$M_{U_i}=\left\{gA_i\left[\pi _{i,\alpha }^{\pm 1}\right]_\alpha \right\}$$

and coincides with the logarithmic structure associated to the pre-logarithmic structure

$$\underset{\alpha }{}𝐍A_i,\left(a_\alpha \right)_\alpha \underset{\alpha }{}\pi _{i,\alpha }^{a_\alpha }.$$

#### 6.1.2 Log structures and crystals

We continue with the discussion in 6.1.1. Let $`(U_i,T_i,M_{T_i},\iota ,\delta )`$ be an open set for the logarithmic crystalline site of $`(X,M)`$ over $`(S_n,L_n,\gamma _n)`$ defined in 6.1. Then,

$$\iota :(U_i,M_{U_i})(T_i,M_{T_i})$$

is an exact closed immersion of logarithmic schemes defined by an ideal $`I_i`$ with divided powers $`\delta `$; \[15, §5.2\]. In particular, $`I_i`$ is a nilpotent ideal and the log-structure on $`U_i`$ is the one induced from $`T_i`$. Therefore, for every $`\alpha `$ there exists $`m_{i,\alpha }\mathrm{\Gamma }(T_i,𝒪_{T_i})`$ such that $`\iota ^{}\left(m_{i,\alpha }\right)A_i^{}\pi _{i,\alpha }`$. Any two elements $`m_{i,\alpha }`$ and $`m_{i,\alpha }^{}`$, having the same property, satisfy

$$m_{i,\alpha }^{}m_{i,\alpha }^1\mathrm{\Gamma }(T_i,𝒪_{T_i}^{}).$$

Hence, the ideal $`\left(m_{i,\alpha }\right)`$ defines a Cartier divisor on $`T_i`$ relative to $`S_n`$ lifting the Cartier divisor $`\left(\pi _{i,\alpha }\right)`$ on $`U_i`$. Hence, for every element $`\pi `$ in the group $`M^{\mathrm{gp}}`$ associated to $`M`$ we get a well defined invertible sheaf

$$𝒪_{T_i}\left[\pi ^1\right]$$

on $`T_i`$ lifting the invertible sheaf on $`U_i`$ defined by $`\pi `$.

Let $`(X_{},Y_{})`$ be a simplicial pair over $`S_0`$ such that $`X_{}`$ is a projective and smooth simplicial scheme over $`S_0`$ and $`Y_{}X_{}`$ is a simplicial divisor with normal crossings relative to $`S_0`$. Identify the pair $`(X_i,Y_i)`$ with the scheme $`X_i`$ with the fine logarithmic structure defined by $`Y_i`$. Then, $`(X_i,Y_i)`$ lies over $`(S_0,L_0)`$ in the sense of log schemes and it is log-smooth over $`(S_0,L_0)`$ \[15, Ex 3.7\].

###### Definition 6.1.3

A simplicial logarithmic pair over $`(S_0,L_0)`$ is a simplicial pair $`(X_{},Y_{})`$ over $`S_0`$ as above where $`(X_i,Y_i)`$ is regarded as a scheme $`X_i`$ with the fine logarithmic structure defined by $`Y_i`$.

### 6.2 $`\stackrel{ˇ}{𝐂}`$ech coverings

Let $`(X,M)`$ be a logarithmic scheme log-smooth over $`(S_0,L_0)`$. Assume that $`X`$ is projective and smooth (in the classical sense) over $`S_0`$. Let $`\{U_i\}_i`$ be a covering family of $`X`$ by affine schemes étale over $`X`$. We choose and fix a total order on the set of indices $`\{i\}`$. Each $`U_i`$ lifts to an open $`U_iV_i`$ in the logarithmic site of $`(X,M)`$ over $`(S_n,L_n)`$ so that $`V_i`$ is smooth over $`S_n`$. In particular, $`V_i`$ is flat over $`S_n`$ and $`_nV_i`$ has a unique PD structure extending the one on $`_n`$. Then, $`\left\{U_iV_i\right\}_i`$ is a covering family in the site $`\left((X,M)/(S_n,L_n)\right)^{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$. For any $`i<j`$ let $`U_{i,j}:=U_iU_j`$. Since $`X`$ is separated, $`U_{i,j}`$ is an affine scheme. Let $`V_i^j`$ (resp. $`V_j^i`$) be the open subscheme of $`V_i`$ (resp. $`V_j`$) defined by $`U_{i,j}`$. They are isomorphic. Define $`V_{i,j}:=V_i^j`$. Then $`V_{i,j}`$ is the logarithmic divided power envelope of the thickening $`U_{i,j}V_{i,j}`$ \[15, Def 5.4 \]. Continuing in this fashion one defines

$$U_{\underset{¯}{i}}V_{\underset{¯}{i}}$$

for every $`n+1`$-uple of indices $`\underset{¯}{i}=(i_0,\mathrm{},i_n)`$. One gets an hypercovering

$$\mathrm{}_{i_0<i_1}U_{(i_0,i_1)}U_i$$

and a Leray spectral sequence

$$E_2^{s,t}=\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^t(_{i_0<\mathrm{}<i_s}U_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}/(S_n,L_n))\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^{s+t}((X,M)/(S_n,L_n)).$$

By \[15, Thm 6.4\] we have

$$\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^t\left(U_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}/(S_n,L_n)\right)\mathrm{H}^t(V_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)},\omega _{V_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}/(S_n,L_n)}^{,\mathrm{log}});$$

where $`\omega ^{,\mathrm{log}}`$ is the de Rham complex of differentials defined in the logarithmic sense \[15, §1.7\].

###### Lemma 6.2.1

The homology of the total complex of the bicomplex $`_{i_0<\mathrm{}<i_s}\omega _{V_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}/(S_n,L_n)}^{t,\mathrm{log}}`$ is $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^{s+t}\left((X,M)/(S_n,L_n)\right)`$.

### 6.3 Crystalline versus log-crystalline

The notation is as in 6.2. Let $`(X,L_0)`$ be the scheme $`X`$ with logarithmic structure defined by pull back of $`L_0`$. The morphism $`f:(X,M)(X,L_0)`$ induces a natural morphism of topoi \[15, §5.9\]

$$f_{\mathrm{logcrys}}:\left((X,M)/(S_n,L_n)\right)^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\left((X,L_0)/(S_n,L_n)\right)^{\mathrm{logcrys}}=\left(X/S_n\right)^{\mathrm{crys}}.$$

Let $`I`$ be a sheaf on $`(X/S_n)^{\mathrm{crys}}`$. Let $`(U,M_U)(T,M_T)`$ be an open on $`(X,M)^{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$ defined by a PD ideal, then $`f_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^{}(I)\left((U,M_U)(T,M_T)\right)=I\left(UT\right)`$. This implies that $`f_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^{}`$ is exact and commutes with taking global sections. In particular, let $`𝒪_X^{\mathrm{crys}}I^{}`$ and $`𝒪_{(X,M)}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}J^{}`$ be injective resolutions. By the exactness of $`f_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^{}`$ we get a commutative diagram with exact rows

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}0& & f_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^{}\left(𝒪_X^{\mathrm{crys}}\right)& & f_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^{}\left(I^{}\right)\\ & & & & & & \\ 0& & 𝒪_{(X,M)}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}& & J^{}.\end{array}$$

Taking global sections we obtain for every $`i𝐍`$ homomorphisms

$$\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^i\left(X/S_n\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^i\left((X,M)/(S_n,L_n)\right).$$

We wish to determine kernel and cokernel of the homomorphism for $`i=0`$ and $`1`$. To do that we use the spectral sequence of the ‘$`\stackrel{ˇ}{\mathrm{C}}`$ech cohomology’ for the log-crystalline as in Lemma 6.2.1. Since we are considering and comparing two logarithmic structures on $`X`$, we write a superscript $`\mathrm{log}`$ whenever we consider $`(X,M)`$ and we use no superscript whenever we consider $`(X,L_0)`$. Fix indices $`i_0<\mathrm{}<i_s`$. Let $`\alpha :M_{V_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}}𝒪_{V_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}}`$ be the logarithmic structure on $`V_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}`$. For every $`r`$ and $`n`$ let

$$𝒬_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}^r:=\omega _{V_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}/(S_n,L_n)}^{r,\mathrm{log}}/\omega _{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)/S_n}^r$$

be the quotient of the $`r`$-th wedge product of the logarithmic differentials of $`(V_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)},M_{V_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}})`$ relative to $`(S_n,L_n)`$ by the $`r`$-th wedge product of the usual Kähler differentials of $`V_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}`$ relative to $`S_n`$. By possibly shrinking the open subschemes $`\{U_i\}`$ and by the assumptions of logarithmic smoothness, we may assume that there exists $`\{v_1,\mathrm{},v_w\}`$ global sections of $`𝒪_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}`$ and $`\{m_1,\mathrm{},m_z\}`$ global sections of $`M_{V_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}}`$ such that

$$\omega _{V_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}/(S_n,L_n)}^{1,\mathrm{log}}=𝒪_{V_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}}dv_1\mathrm{}𝒪_{V_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}}dv_w𝒪_{V_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}}d\mathrm{log}\left(m_1\right)\mathrm{}d\mathrm{log}\left(m_z\right).$$

In particular,

$$𝒬_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}^1𝒪_{V_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}}/m_1𝒪_{V_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}}\mathrm{}𝒪_{V_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}}/m_z𝒪_{V_{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_s)}}.$$

Consider the following diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}0_i𝒪_{V_i}& & _{i,j}𝒪_{V_{i,j}}_i\omega _{V_i/S_n}^1& & _{i,j,k}𝒪_{V_{i,j,k}}_{i,j}\omega _{V_{i,j}/S_n}^2_{i,j}\omega _{V_{i,j}/S_n}^1\\ & & & & & & \\ 0_i𝒪_{V_i}& & _{i,j}𝒪_{V_{i,j}}_i\omega _{V_i/(S_n,L_n)}^{1,\mathrm{log}}& & _{i,j,k}𝒪_{V_{i,j,k}}_{i,j}\omega _{V_{i,j}/(S_n,L_n)}^{2,\mathrm{log}}_{i,j}\omega _{V_{i,j}/(S_n,L_n)}^{1,\mathrm{log}}\\ & & & & & & \\ & & 0_i𝒬_i^1& & _{i,j}𝒬_{i,j}^1_i𝒬_i^2\end{array}$$

By Lemma 6.2.1 the homology of the first row computes $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^{}(X/S_n)`$, while the homology of the second row computes $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^{}\left((X,M)/(S_n,L_n)\right)`$.

###### Corollary 6.3.1

The group $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0((X,M)/(S_n,L_n))`$ is equal to $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^0(X/S_n)`$ and is a locally free $`𝒪_{S_n}`$-module of rank equal to the number of the geometric irreducible components of $`XS_0`$.

Proof: By 6.3 the formation of $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^0\left(X/S_n\right)`$ and of $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0\left((X,M)/(S_n,L_n)\right)`$ commute with field extensions of $`S_0`$. Hence, we may assume that $`XS_0`$ is geometrically irreducible. Furthermore, both groups injects in

$$K_n:=\mathrm{Ker}\left(\underset{i}{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(V_i,𝒪_{V_i})\underset{i<j}{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(V_{i,j},𝒪_{V_{i,j}})\right)$$

and we have inclusions $`𝒪_{S_n}\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^0\left(X/S_n\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0\left((X,M)/S_n\right)`$. It suffices to prove that the composite $`𝒪_{S_n}K_n`$ is an isomorphism. Proceeding by induction on $`n`$ and since for every $`n`$ we have the exact sequence $`0K_0\stackrel{p^n}{}K_{n+1}K_n`$, one concludes. $``$

###### Proposition 6.3.2

Let $`M`$ denote the log-structure defined by a strict normal crossing divisor $`Y`$ in $`X`$ smooth and projective over $`S_0`$. We have an exact sequence

$$0\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1(X)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1(X,M)\mathrm{Div}_Y(X)_𝐙𝐖(k)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^2(X).$$

The map $`\mathrm{Div}_Y(X)_𝐙𝐖(k)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^2(X)`$ is defined via the crystalline first Chern class and its kernel coincides with $`\mathrm{Div}_Y^0(X)_𝐙𝐖(k)`$.

Proof: We let $`𝒬_{}^r`$ denote the complex $`0_i𝒬_i^r_{i,j}𝒬_{i,j}^r\mathrm{}`$ By the arguments in 6.3, for every $`n𝐍`$, we have an exact sequence

$$0\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1\left(X/S_n\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1\left((X,M)/(S_n,L_n)\right)\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{H}^0(𝒬_{}^1)\mathrm{H}^0(𝒬_{}^2)\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^2(X/S_n).$$
(21)
The claimed exact sequence follows inspecting such exact sequence and taking limits over $`n𝐍`$. Note that all groups appearing above are finitely generated $`𝐖_{n+1}(k)`$-modules and, thus, satisfy the Mittag-Leffler condition. We further may assume that $`k=\overline{k}`$ is algebraically closed. For $`j=1,\mathrm{},z`$ the image of $`d\mathrm{log}(m_j)`$ via the derivation $`\omega _{V_i/(S_n,L_n)}^{1,\mathrm{log}}\omega _{V_i/(S_n,L_n)}^{2,\mathrm{log}}`$ is $`d\left(d\mathrm{log}(m_j)\right)=0`$. Hence, the map $`\mathrm{H}^0(𝒬_{}^1)_i𝒬_i^2`$ is zero and $`\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{H}^0(𝒬_{}^1)\mathrm{H}^0(𝒬_{}^2)\right)=\mathrm{H}^0(𝒬_{}^1)`$. Since the log-structure $`M`$ is defined by a strict normal crossing divisor $`Y`$ of $`X`$, if $`\{Y_j\}`$ is the set of irreducible components of $`Y`$, it follows from Corollary 6.3.1 that $`\mathrm{H}^0(𝒬_{}^1)=_j\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^0(Y_j/S_n)=\mathrm{Div}_Y(X)_𝐙𝐖_{n+1}(k)`$. The first Chern class map

$$c_1^{\mathrm{crys}}:\mathrm{H}^1(X,𝒪_X^{})\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^2(X/S_n)(\text{resp. }c_1^{\mathrm{logcrys}}:\mathrm{H}^1(X,𝒪_X^{})\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^2(X/(S_n,L_n)))$$

is defined taking the long exact sequence of cohomology groups associated to the short exact sequence $`01+p𝒪_{X/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys}}𝒪_{X/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys}}{}_{}{}^{}𝒪_{X/S_0}^{}0`$ and the map $`\mathrm{log}:1+p𝒪_{X/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys}}𝒪_{X/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys}}`$ (analogously for $`c_1^{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$). Comparing $`c_1^{\mathrm{crys}}`$ and $`c_1^{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$ via the long exact sequence relating the crystalline and the log–crystalline cohomology groups, one sees that the composite of the projection $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1(X/S_n,𝒪_{X/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}{}_{}{}^{})\mathrm{H}^1(X,𝒪_X^{})`$ and $`c_1^{\mathrm{crys}}`$ factors via the connecting homomorphism $`\mathrm{H}^0(Q_{}^1)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^2(X/S_n)`$ of (21). As remarked in 6.1.2 $`\mathrm{Div}_Y(X)\mathrm{H}^1(X,𝒪_X^{})`$ factors via $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1(X/S_n,𝒪_{X/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}{}_{}{}^{})`$. Thus, $`c_1^{\mathrm{crys}}`$ restricted to $`\mathrm{Div}_Y(X)`$ factors as $`\mathrm{Div}_Y(X)\mathrm{H}^0(Q_{}^1)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^2(X/S_n)`$.

By \[10, II.6.8.0\] and the comparison between crystalline and de Rham-Witt cohomology for proper and smooth schemes over perfect fields, the Chern class $`c_1^{\mathrm{crys}}`$ induces an injection $`\mathrm{NS}(X)_𝐙𝐙_p\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^2(X)`$. By \[10, II.5.10.1\] and \[10, II.6.8.4\] the map $`\mathrm{NS}(X)_𝐙𝐖(k)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^2(X)`$ is injective as well. Since $`\mathrm{Div}_Y^0(X)`$ is the subgroup of $`\mathrm{Div}_Y(X)`$ of divisors algebraically equivalent to zero, the conclusion follows. $``$

### 6.4 Crystalline via simplicial log-crystalline

Let $`(X_{},Y_{})`$ be a simplicial pair and $`n𝐍`$. For every sheaf $`_{}`$ of abelian groups over the simplicial logarithmic crystalline site $`(X_{},Y_{})/(S_n,L_n,\gamma _n)`$ define

$$_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^{}((X_{},Y_{})/(S_n,L_n,\gamma _n),_{})$$

as the right derived functor of the following left exact functor

$$_{}\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }((X_0,Y_0)/(S_n,L_n,\gamma _n),_0)\stackrel{(d_0^1)^{}(d_1^1)^{}}{}\mathrm{\Gamma }((X_1,Y_1)/(S_n,L_n,\gamma _n),_1)\right).$$

Note that each $`_i`$ is a sheaf on the scheme $`X_i`$ with the logarithmic structure. Define

$$_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^i\left((X_{},Y_{})/(S_n,L_n,\gamma _n)\right)$$

as $`_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^i`$ of the structure sheaf $`𝒪_X_{}`$. We write $`_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^i\left((X_{},Y_{})/S_n\right)`$ whenever the logarithmic structure and the divided powers structures $`(L_n,\gamma _n)`$ are the ones fixed in 6.1. Define

$$_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^i(X_{},Y_{}):=\underset{\mathrm{}n}{lim}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^i\left((X_{},Y_{})/S_n\right).$$

Denote $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^i(V_{}/𝐖(k))\text{ }:=_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^i(X_{},Y_{})`$ where $`V_{}=X_{}Y_{}`$ is the corresponding smooth simplicial scheme.

### 6.5 A spectral sequence, $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1`$ and $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0`$

From the spectral sequence

$$\mathrm{E}_1^{p,q}=\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^q\left((X_p,Y_p)/S_n\right)_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^{p+q}\left((X_{},Y_{})/S_n\right).$$
(22)
we deduce exact sequences describing $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1`$ and $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^0`$:

$$\begin{array}{c}0\frac{\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0\left((X_1,Y_1)/S_n\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0\left((X_2,Y_2)/S_n\right)\right)}{\mathrm{Im}\left(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0\left((X_0,Y_0)/S_n\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0\left((X_1,Y_1)/S_n\right)\right)}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1\left((X_{},Y_{})/S_n\right)\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1\left((X_0,Y_0)/S_n\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1\left((X_1,Y_1)/S_n\right)\right)\\ \hfill \frac{\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0\left((X_2,Y_2)/S_n\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0\left((X_3,Y_3)/S_n\right)\right)}{\mathrm{Im}\left(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0\left((X_1,Y_1)/S_n\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0\left((X_2,Y_2)/S_n\right)\right)}.\end{array}$$
(23)
The arrows are defined by alternating sums of pull-backs along the faces of the simplicial structure (cf. \[2, §4\]). By Corollary 6.3.1 we may replace $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0`$ with $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^0`$ everywhere. Analogously, we have a spectral sequence giving us $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0`$ as

$$_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0\left(X_{}/S_n\right)=\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0\left(X_0/S_n\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0\left(X_1/S_n\right)\right).$$

In particular, $`_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0\left((X_{},Y_{})/S_n\right)=_{\mathrm{crys}}^0\left(X_{}/S_n\right)`$. Taking limits over $`n𝐍`$ one concludes that

$$\frac{\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0(X_1,Y_1)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0(X_2,Y_2)\right)}{\mathrm{Im}\left(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0(X_0,Y_0)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0(X_1,Y_1)\right)}$$

is a free $`𝐖(k)`$-module. In fact, in the notation of Remark 5.1.2, the latter is identified with $`(\mathrm{Ker}d^2/\mathrm{Im}d^1)𝐖(k)`$ and $`\mathrm{Ker}d^2/\mathrm{Im}d^1`$ is a free abelian group.

### 6.6 Properties of $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1(X_{},Y_{})`$

The $`𝐖_{n+1}(k)`$-modules appearing in 6.3-6.5 are finitely generated and, thus, they satisfy the Mittag-Leffler condition. In particular, we get a canonical (decreasing) weight filtration $`W`$ on our crystalline cohomology $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1(V_{}/𝐖(k)):=_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1(X_{},Y_{})`$ as follows:

* $`W_2:=_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1(X_{},Y_{})`$;
* $`W_1:=_{\mathrm{crys}}^1(X_{})`$ which is a $`𝐖(k)`$-submodule of $`_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1(X_{},Y_{})`$ by 6.5, 6.3.1 and (21);
* $`W_0:=\frac{\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^0\left(X_1\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^0\left(X_2\right)\right)}{\mathrm{Im}\left(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^0\left(X_0\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^0\left(X_1\right)\right)}`$ which is a free $`𝐖(k)`$-submodule of $`_{\mathrm{crys}}^1(X_{})`$ by (23) and the discussion in 6.5;
* $`W_{<0}:=0`$.

Moreover we have the following description of the graded pieces $`\mathrm{Gr}_i^W`$

* $`\mathrm{Gr}_2^W`$ over $`k=\overline{k}`$, by (23), 6.3.1 and 6.3.2, is contained in the $`𝐖(k)`$-module $`\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}^0(X_{})_𝐙𝐖(k)`$: here $`\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}^0(X_{})`$ are the divisors defined in 5.1. Therefore, $`\mathrm{Gr}_2^W`$ is a finitely generated free $`𝐖(k)`$-module;
* $`\mathrm{Gr}_1^W`$ is contained in $`\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1\left(X_0\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1\left(X_1\right)\right)`$. In particular, $`\mathrm{Gr}_1^W`$ is a finitely generated, free $`𝐖(k)`$-module by \[10, Prop. II.3.11\].

For $`p>2`$ it follows from the proof of Theorem B, see 7.3.2 and 7.3.6, that in fact

$$\mathrm{Gr}_1^W=\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1\left(X_0\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1\left(X_1\right)\right)$$

and, by 7.5.3, also $`\mathrm{Gr}_2^W=\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}^0(X_{})_𝐙𝐖(k)`$. Anyway, we can already conclude that $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1(V_{}/𝐖(k))`$ is a finitely generated free $`𝐖(k)`$-module.

Next, we show that $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1(V_{}/𝐖(k))`$ is naturally endowed with the structure of a filtered $`F`$-$`𝐖(k)`$-module. The filtration has been discussed above. We define Frobenius. Let $`(X_{}^{(p)},Y_{}^{(p)})`$ be the simplicial scheme obtained pulling back $`(X_{},Y_{})`$ via the Frobenius map $`\mathrm{Spec}(k)\mathrm{Spec}(k)`$. Then, Frobenius on $`(X_{},Y_{})`$ defines a morphism of simplicial $`k`$-schemes $`(X_{},Y_{})(X_{}^{(p)},Y_{}^{(p)})`$ and, hence, a $`𝐖(k)`$-linear map

$$_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1(X_{}^{(p)},Y_{}^{(p)})_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1(X_{},Y_{})_\sigma 𝐖(k)_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1(X_{},Y_{})$$

($`\sigma =`$Frobenius on $`𝐖(k)`$), which respects the weights filtration by functoriality. In conclusion, we obtain a $`\sigma `$-linear map

$$F:_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1(X_{},Y_{})_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1(X_{},Y_{}).$$

## 7 Proof of Theorem B

Our main task here is to compute, given a variety $`V`$ over a perfect field $`k`$ of characteristic $`p3`$, the Lie algebra of the universal vector extension of a lifting of $`\mathrm{Pic}^+(V)`$ to the Witt vector. See 7.4 for some remarks on the characteristic $`2`$ case.

### 7.1 Intermediate functors

First construct some simplicial variations on themes from  and log-crystalline variations on themes from .

#### 7.1.1 The functor $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}`$

Assume that $`p3`$. Let $`(X_{},Y_{})`$ be a simplicial logarithmic pair, see 6.1. Thus $`X_{}`$ is a simplicial log-scheme over $`S_0`$. Let

$$\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{(X_{},Y_{})/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{(X_{},Y_{})/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}$$

be the sheaves over the fppf site of $`S_n`$ associated to the following presheaves. Let $`T`$ be a scheme flat and of finite presentation over $`S_n`$. Consider the logarithmic and divided powers structure on $`T`$ induced from those on $`S_n`$. Let $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\left((X_{},Y_{})/T\right)`$ be the group of isomorphism classes of simplicial crystals of invertible $`𝒪_{X_{}\times _{S_n}T/T}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$-modules for the nilpotent crystalline site of $`X_{}\times _{S_n}T`$ relative to $`T`$. There is a canonical pull back to the Zariski site $`(X_{}\times _{S_n}T)_{\mathrm{Zar}}`$. Let $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\left((X_{},Y_{})/T\right)`$ denote the subgroup of sections of $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\left((X_{},Y_{})/T\right)`$ which land in $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}\left(T\times _{S_n}S_0\right)`$ (cf. 5.1).

We might describe an element of $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\left((X_{},Y_{})/T\right)`$ as the giving of a pair $`(L,\alpha )`$

* $`L`$ yields an element of $`\mathrm{Pic}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\left((X_0,Y_0)/T\right)`$;
* and the isomorphism $`\alpha :(d_0^1)^{}(L)\stackrel{}{}(d_1^1)^{}(L)`$ as elements of $`\mathrm{Pic}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\left((X_1,Y_1)/T\right)`$ satisfying the cocycle condition

$$\left((d_1^2)^{}(\alpha )\right)^1\left((d_2^2)^{}(\alpha )\right)\left((d_0^2)^{}(\alpha )\right)=\mathrm{Id}.$$

Analogous description holds for $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\left((X_{},Y_{})/T\right)`$. For the sake of notation, in the following, we sometimes omit reference to the pair $`(X_{},Y_{})`$ if it is clear from the context.

###### Lemma 7.1.2

We have an exact sequence of functors, respecting the group laws

$$\begin{array}{c}0\frac{\mathrm{Ker}^{}\left(\pi _{1,}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\left(𝐆_{m,X_1}\right)\pi _{2,}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\left(𝐆_{m,X_2}\right)\right)}{\mathrm{Im}\left(\pi _{0,}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\left(𝐆_{m,X_0}\right)\pi _{1,}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\left(𝐆_{m,X_1}\right)\right)}\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{(X_{},Y_{})/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{(X_0,Y_0)/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\mathrm{Pic}_{(X_1,Y_1)/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\right)\end{array}$$

where $`\mathrm{Ker}^{}()`$ denotes the subsheaf of $`\mathrm{Ker}()`$ of those elements which land in $`\mathrm{Ker}^{0,\mathrm{red}}()`$ over $`S_0`$.

Proof: Here, for every scheme $`T`$ flat over $`S_n`$ and any element $`(L,\alpha )`$ of $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\left((X_{},Y_{})/T\right)`$, the canonical map is $`(L,\alpha )L`$. The kernel consists of the automorphisms of $`(d_0^1)^{}(𝒪_{X_0\times T}^{\mathrm{logcrys}})\stackrel{}{}(d_1^1)^{}𝒪_{X_0\times T}^{\mathrm{logcrys}})`$ satisfying the usual cocycle condition modulo the automorphisms of $`𝒪_{X_0\times T}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$. This description proves the lemma with the correction $`\mathrm{Ker}^{}()`$ according to the description of the toric part of $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}`$ in Remark 5.1.2. $``$

#### 7.1.3 Dual numbers

Let $`Z`$ be a log-scheme and $`(I_Z,\gamma )`$ a nilpotent ideal with divided powers structure. Let $`Z[\epsilon ]:=\mathrm{Spec}\left(𝒪_Z[\epsilon ]/(\epsilon ^2)\right)`$ be the scheme of dual numbers over $`Z`$. Then, $`I_Z𝒪_Z[\epsilon ]/(\epsilon ^2)`$ is endowed with a unique divided powers structure extending the one on $`I_Z`$; cf. \[4, Cor. 3.22\]. Let $`L_n`$ be the unique fine logarithmic structure extending the one on $`Z`$. Let

$$i_Z:ZZ[\epsilon ]\text{and}j_Z:Z[\epsilon ]Z$$

be the closed immersion defined by $`\epsilon =0`$ and, respectively, the natural projection map. These maps are compatible with logarithmic and divided powers structures.

#### 7.1.4 The functor $`\mathrm{InfDef}`$

Let

$$\mathrm{InfDef}\left(𝒪_{X_{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\right)$$

be the group of infinitesimal deformations of the structural sheaf $`𝒪_{X_{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$ or, equivalently, the group of isomorphism classes of pairs $`(,\tau _{})`$ where

* $``$ is a crystal of invertible $`𝒪_{X_{}\times _{S_n}S_n[\epsilon ]/S_n[\epsilon ]}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$\- modules,
* $`\tau _{}:i_{X_{},\mathrm{logcrys}}^{}()\stackrel{}{}𝒪_{X_{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$ is an isomorphism of $`𝒪_{X_{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$-modules.

The group structure is defined by the tensor product as $`𝒪_{X_{}\times _{S_n}S_n[\epsilon ]/S_n[\epsilon ]}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$\- modules. The identity element is equal to $`𝒪_{X_{}\times _{S_n}S_n[\epsilon ]/S_n[\epsilon ]}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$. Multiplication by elements of $`1+\epsilon 𝐖_n(k)`$ induces the structure of $`𝐖_n(k)`$-module. We might describe an element of $`\mathrm{InfDef}\left(𝒪_{X_{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\right)`$ as the giving of a pair $`(L,\alpha )`$

* $`L`$ yields an element of $`\mathrm{InfDef}\left(𝒪_{X_0/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\right)`$;
* and $`\alpha :(d_0^1)^{}(L)\stackrel{}{}(d_1^1)^{}(L)`$ as elements of $`\mathrm{InfDef}\left(𝒪_{X_1/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\right)`$ (i.e., as sheaves of $`𝒪_{X_1/S_n[\epsilon ]}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$-modules such that $`i_{X_1,\mathrm{logcrys}}^{}(\alpha )=\mathrm{Id}`$) satisfying the cocycle condition

$$\left((d_1^2)^{}(\alpha )\right)^1\left((d_2^2)^{}(\alpha )\right)\left((d_0^2)^{}(\alpha )\right)=\mathrm{Id}.$$

Note that the functor $`\mathrm{InfDef}`$ is functorial in $`X_{}`$ and, in particular, the Frobenius $`X_{}X_{}^{(p)}`$ defines a $`\sigma `$-linear homomorphism on $`\mathrm{InfDef}\left(𝒪_{X_{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\right)`$.

We link $`\mathrm{InfDef}`$ to $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$ as follows. For every $`i`$ let $`f_i:\left(X_i[\epsilon ]/S_n[\epsilon ]\right)_{\mathrm{logcrys}}\left(X_i/S_n\right)_{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$ be the standard morphism of topoi: for $`(UT,\delta ,L)`$ an object of the crystalline site of $`X_i`$ relative to $`S_n`$ we let $`f_i^1(UT,\delta ,L)`$ be $`U[\epsilon ]T[\epsilon ]`$. As in \[16, §II.1.5\] we get an exact sequence $`0𝒪_{X_i/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}(𝒪_{X_i[\epsilon ]/S_n[\epsilon ]}^{\mathrm{logcrys}})^{}(𝒪_{X_i/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}})^{}0`$ compatibly with the simplicial structure. Let $`\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{(X_{},Y_{})/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\right)`$ be the group of $`S_n[\epsilon ]`$–valued points of $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{(X_{},Y_{})/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$ reducing to the identity modulo $`\epsilon `$. We conclude that

$$\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{(X_{},Y_{})/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\right)\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{InfDef}\left(𝒪_{X_{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\right).$$

Analogously, let $`\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{(X_{},Y_{})/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\right)`$ be the group of $`S_n[\epsilon ]`$–valued points of $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{(X_{},Y_{})/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}`$ reducing to the identity modulo $`\epsilon `$. Then, we have a canonical, Frobenius equivariant homomorphism

$$\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{(X_{},Y_{})/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\right)\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{(X_{},Y_{})/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\right)\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{InfDef}\left(𝒪_{X_{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\right).$$

###### Lemma 7.1.5

We have a canonical isomorphism

$$\mathrm{InfDef}\left(𝒪_{X_{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\right)_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1\left((X_{},Y_{})/S_n\right)$$

compatibly with Frobenius and the exact sequences:

$$\begin{array}{c}0\frac{\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{Aut}\left(𝒪_{X_1/S_n[\epsilon ]}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\right)\mathrm{Aut}\left(𝒪_{X_2/S_n[\epsilon ]}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\right)\right)}{\mathrm{Im}\left(\mathrm{Aut}\left(𝒪_{X_0/S_n[\epsilon ]}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\right)\mathrm{Aut}\left(𝒪_{X_1/S_n[\epsilon ]}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\right)\right)}\mathrm{InfDef}\left(𝒪_{X_{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{InfDef}\left(𝒪_{X_0/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\right)\mathrm{InfDef}\left(𝒪_{X_1/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\right)\right)\end{array}$$

and

$$\begin{array}{c}0\frac{\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0\left(X_1/S_n\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0\left(X_2/S_n\right)\right)}{\mathrm{Im}\left(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0\left(X_0/S_n\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^0\left(X_1/S_n\right)\right)}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1\left((X_{},Y_{})/S_n\right)\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1\left((X_0,Y_0)/S_n\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1\left((X_1,Y_1)/S_n\right)\right)\end{array}$$

where $`\mathrm{Aut}\left(𝒪_{X_i/S_n[\epsilon ]}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\right)`$ consists of the automorphisms reducing to the identity via $`i_{X_1,\mathrm{logcrys}}^{}`$.

Proof: Using the identification $`\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\left((X_{},Y_{})/T\right)\right)\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{InfDef}\left(𝒪_{X_{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\right)`$, the argument is a simplicial variant of \[16, §II.1.5\]. Note that Frobenius on $`(𝒪_{X_i[\epsilon ]/S_n[\epsilon ]}^{\mathrm{logcrys}})^{}`$ induces the Frobenius on $`𝒪_{X_i/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$. $``$

###### Lemma 7.1.6

Let $`X`$ and $`Y`$ be projective and smooth schemes over $`k`$. Then,

$$\mathrm{Pic}_{X\times _kY/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}=\mathrm{Pic}_{X/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\times \mathrm{Pic}_{Y/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}.$$

Proof: We proceed by induction on $`n`$. If $`n=0`$, then $`S_0=\mathrm{Spec}(k)`$ and for every logarithmic scheme $`Z`$ smooth and log-smooth over $`k`$ the group of $`\overline{k}`$-points of the functor $`\mathrm{Pic}_{Z/k}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}`$ is the group of isomorphism classes of invertible sheaves on $`Z\times _k\overline{k}`$ algebraically equivalent to $`0`$ and endowed with a logarithmic integrable connection. Hence, denoting by $`\omega _{Z/k}^1`$ the sheaf of logarithmic differentials, we have an exact sequence

$$0\mathrm{H}^0(Z,\omega _{Z/k}^1)_{d=0}\mathrm{Pic}_{Z/k}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\mathrm{Pic}_{Z/k}^0.$$

Note that $`\mathrm{Pic}_{X\times _kY/k}^{0,\mathrm{red}}\mathrm{Pic}_{X/k}^{0,\mathrm{red}}\times _k\mathrm{Pic}_{Y/k}^{0,\mathrm{red}}`$ (see ). Let $`\pi _1`$ and $`\pi _2`$ be the two projections from $`X\times _kY`$ to $`X`$ and $`Y`$ respectively. Then, $`\omega _{X\times _kY/k}^1=\pi _1^{}(\omega _{X/k}^1)\pi _2^{}(\omega _{Y/k}^1)`$. Since $`X`$ and $`Y`$ are projective we have, $`\pi _{1,}\left(\pi _1^{}(\omega _{X/k}^1)\right)=\omega _{X/k}^1`$ and $`\pi _{2,}\left(\pi _2^{}(\omega _{Y/k}^1)\right)=\omega _{Y/k}^1`$. Hence

$$\mathrm{H}^0(X\times _kY,\omega _{X\times _kY/k}^1)_{d=0}\mathrm{H}^0(X,\omega _{X/k}^1)_{d=0}\mathrm{H}^0(Y,\omega _{Y/k}^1)_{d=0}.$$

We conclude that the lemma holds for $`n=0`$. Suppose that the lemma is proven for $`n`$. Pulling back via the projections $`X\times _kYX`$ and $`X\times _kYY`$ we obtain the following commutative diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}0& & 0\\ & & & & \\ \mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1\left(X/k\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1\left(Y/k\right)& \stackrel{}{}& \mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1\left(X\times _kY/k\right)\\ p^n& & p^n& & \\ \mathrm{Pic}_{X/S_{n+1}}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\times \mathrm{Pic}_{Y/S_{n+1}}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}& & \mathrm{Pic}_{X\times _kY/S_{n+1}}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\\ & & & & \\ \mathrm{Pic}_{X/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\times \mathrm{Pic}_{Y/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}& \stackrel{}{}& \mathrm{Pic}_{X\times Y/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}.\end{array}$$

Indeed, the kernel of the bottom vertical right hand side map is isomorphic to the crystals of invertible modules on the crystalline site of $`X\times _kY`$ relative to $`S_{n+1}`$ reducing to the trivial crystal $`𝒪_{X\times _kY/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$. Using ‘Cech cohomology’ by 6.2, it can be identified with the cohomology group $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1\left(X\times _kY/k\right)_k(p^n𝐖_{n+1}(k))`$. One gets an analogous description of the kernel of the bottom vertical left hand side map. The bottom horizontal isomorphism exists by inductive hypothesis, while the top horizontal isomorphism follows from the equality $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1\left(X\times _kY/k\right)=\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{X\times _kY/k}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\right)`$ and the $`n=0`$ case. $``$

### 7.2 The case of abelian varieties

This is Grothendieck’s remark , cf. . Let $`B_0`$ be an abelian variety over $`S_0`$. Since the deformation functor of abelian varieties is unobstructed, there exists an abelian scheme $`B_n`$ over $`S_n`$ lifting $`B_0`$. Then, $`B_n[\epsilon ]`$ is a lifting of $`B_0`$, smooth over $`S_n[\epsilon ]`$. Hence, the category of crystals of invertible $`𝒪_{B_0\times _{S_n}S_n[\epsilon ]/S_n[\epsilon ]}^{\mathrm{crys}}`$-modules over the nilpotent crystalline site of $`B_0\times _{S_0}S_0[\epsilon ]`$ relative to $`S_n[\epsilon ]`$ is equivalent to the category of line bundles over $`B_n[\epsilon ]`$ with integrable connection. Let $`𝔼\left(B_n^{}\right)`$ be the universal extension of the abelian scheme dual to $`B_n`$. It actually classifies isomorphism classes of line bundles over $`B_n`$ algebraically equivalent to $`0`$ and endowed with integrable connection. Hence, we have an equivalence of functors over the fppf site of $`S_n`$, compatible with group structures,

$$𝔼\left(B_n^{}\right)\mathrm{Pic}_{B_n/S_n}^{\mathrm{},0}\mathrm{Pic}_{B_0/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}.$$

Taking $`\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}`$ we get a natural isomorphism of $`𝒪_{S_n}`$-modules

$$𝐓^{\mathrm{crys}}(B_0)𝒪_{S_n}\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(𝔼\left(B_n^{}\right)\right)\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{B_0/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\right)\mathrm{InfDef}\left(𝒪_{B_0/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\right).$$

### 7.3 The compact case

Here we assume that $`Y_{}=\mathrm{}`$, thus all logarithmic structures are trivial. We then write $`\mathrm{Pic}^{\mathrm{crys},0}`$ for the functor $`\mathrm{Pic}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}`$ defined in the previous sections. We also assume that each irreducible component of $`X_0`$, $`X_1`$ and $`X_2`$ is geometrically irreducible. For the general case, since $`k`$ is assumed to be perfect we pass to a separable closure $`k^{\mathrm{sep}}`$ of $`k`$. Then, one easily verifies that the morphisms $`\varphi _i`$ in 7.3.1, and consequently $`\varphi _{\mathrm{crys}}^{}`$ in 7.3.6, are $`\mathrm{Gal}\left(k^{\mathrm{sep}}/k\right)`$-equivariant.

#### 7.3.1 Comparison via the Albanese

Let $`i=0`$$`1`$ or $`2`$. Let $`X_i=:X_i^j`$ be the irreducible components of $`X_i`$. Define

$$X_i^{[2]}:=_jX_i^j\times _kX_i^j,\text{and}A(X_i):=_j\mathrm{Alb}(X_i^j/k).$$

For every $`j`$ there exists a unique morphism $`\varphi _i^j:X_i^j\times _kX_i^j\mathrm{Alb}(X_i^j/k)`$ such that for every $`x_i^jX_i^j(\overline{k})`$ the map $`\varphi _i^j(x_i^j,\mathrm{\_}):X_i^j\mathrm{Alb}(X_i^j/k)`$ is the Albanese map sending $`x_i^j0`$. Let

$$_j\varphi _i^j=:\varphi _i:X_i^{[2]}A(X_i)$$

be the induced map. By the functoriality of the Albanese construction it is easily checked that the maps $`d_0^1,d_1^1:X_1X_0`$ and $`d_0^2,d_1^2,d_2^2:X_2X_1`$ induce maps $`d_0^1,d_1^1:X_1^{[2]}X_0^{[2]}`$ and $`d_0^2,d_1^2,d_2^2:X_2^{[2]}X_1^{[2]}`$ and maps $`d_0^1,d_1^1:A(X_1)A(X_0)`$ and $`d_0^2,d_1^2,d_2^2:A(X_2)A(X_1)`$. Then, $`(X_i^{[2]},d_i^j)`$ and $`(A(X_i),d_i^j)`$ are simplicial schemes over $`k`$ and the maps $`\{\varphi _i:X_i^{[2]}A(X_i)\}_{i=0,1,2}`$ define a map of $`2`$-truncated simplicial schemes. By functoriality of $`\mathrm{Pic}^{\mathrm{crys},0}`$ we have the map

$$\varphi ^{}:\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{A(X_0)/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\mathrm{Pic}_{A(X_1)/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\right)\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0^{[2]}/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\mathrm{Pic}_{X_1^{[2]}/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\right).$$

Let $`𝔸_0`$ be the reduced kernel of $`(d_0^1)^{}(d_1^1)^{}:\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0/k}^{0,\mathrm{red}}\mathrm{Pic}_{X_1/k}^{0,\mathrm{red}}`$. Let $`B_{0,n}`$ and $`B_{1,n}`$ be abelian schemes over $`S_n`$ lifting $`\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}\right)^{}`$ and $`\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{X_1/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}\right)^{}`$. Let $`𝔸_n`$ be an abelian scheme over $`S_n`$ lifting $`𝔸_0`$. The sequence

$$\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{X_1/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}\right)^{}\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}\right)^{}𝔸_0^{}0$$

is exact. Hence, we get from 7.2 a commutative diagram of sheaves over the fppf site of $`S_n`$:

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}\mathrm{Pic}_{𝔸_0^{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}& & \mathrm{Pic}_{\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}\right)^{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}& & \mathrm{Pic}_{\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{X_1/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}\right)^{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\\ & & & & & & \\ 𝔼\left(A_n^{}\right)& \stackrel{a_n}{}& 𝔼\left(B_{0,n}\right)& \stackrel{b_n}{}& 𝔼\left(B_{1,n}\right).\end{array}$$
(24)
Since $`𝔸_0\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}`$ is a closed immersion, $`a_0`$ is a closed immersion. Since $`a_n\times _{S_n}S_0`$ is $`a_0`$, then also $`a_n`$ is a closed immersion. In particular, $`a_n`$ is injective. Using Lemma 7.1.6 to get the second equality we have

$$\mathrm{Pic}_{A(X_i)/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}=\underset{j}{}\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathrm{Alb}(X_i^j/k)/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}=\mathrm{Pic}_{_j\mathrm{Alb}(X_i^j/k)/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}.$$

Note that $`\mathrm{Pic}_{\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{X_i/S_0}^0\right)^{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}=\mathrm{Pic}_{_j\mathrm{Alb}(X_i^j/k)/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}`$. In conclusion, we obtain

$$\mathrm{Pic}_{𝔸_0^{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{A(X_0)/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\mathrm{Pic}_{A(X_1)/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\right).$$

For every $`i`$ and $`j`$ the composite of the diagonal embedding $`X_i^jX_i^j\times _kX_i^j`$ and $`\varphi _i^j:X_i^j\times _kX_i^j\mathrm{Alb}(X_i/k)`$ factors via the identity of $`\mathrm{Alb}(X_i/k)`$. Hence, the homomorphism

$$\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathrm{Alb}(X_i^j/k)/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\mathrm{Pic}_{X_i^j\times _kX_i^j/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\mathrm{Pic}_{X_i^j/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}$$

is the zero map. By Lemma 7.1.6 we have $`\mathrm{Pic}_{X_i^j\times _kX_i^j/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}=\mathrm{Pic}_{X_i^j/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\times \mathrm{Pic}_{X_i^j/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}`$ and the map to $`\mathrm{Pic}_{X_i^j/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}`$ is the sum. Hence, the map of fppf sheaves on $`S_n`$

$$(\varphi _i^j)^{}:\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathrm{Alb}(X_i^j/k)/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\mathrm{Pic}_{X_i^j\times _kX_i^j/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}$$

factors via $`(\mathrm{Id},\mathrm{Id}):\mathrm{Pic}_{X_i^j/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\mathrm{Pic}_{X_i^j/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\times \mathrm{Pic}_{X_i^j/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}`$. Hence, the map $`\varphi ^{}`$ induces a homomorphism

$$\varphi ^{}:\mathrm{Pic}_{𝔸_0^{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\mathrm{Pic}_{X_1/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\right).$$

Taking $`\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}`$ of these functors we get a map

$$\varphi _{\mathrm{crys}}^{}:\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1\left(𝔸_0^{}/S_n\right)\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1\left(X_0/S_n\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1\left(X_1/S_n\right)\right)$$

###### Proposition 7.3.2

The induced map

$$𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝔸_0\right)\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1\left(X_0\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1\left(X_1\right)\right)$$

is an isomorphism.

Proof: Using Illusie’s theory \[10, §II.1\] we can compute crystalline cohomology of the smooth proper schemes $`X_i`$ as the hypercohomology of De Rham Witt complexes. In particular, by \[10, II.3.11.2\] the groups $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1(X_i)`$ and $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1\left(\mathrm{Alb}(X_i/k)\right)`$ coincide. Since the sequence $`\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{X_1/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}\right)^{}\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}\right)^{}𝔸_0^{}0`$ is exact and the contravariant Dieudonné functor defines a fully faithful functor from the category of abelian varieties to the category of $`F`$-crystals, the associated sequence

$$0\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1\left(𝔸_0^{}\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1\left(\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}\right)^{}\right)\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1\left(\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{X_1/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}\right)^{}\right)$$

is exact. Since $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1\left(𝔸_0^{}\right)=𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝔸_0\right)`$, the conclusion follows. $``$

#### 7.3.3 Souping up

Let $`𝔾_0`$ be the semiabelian scheme $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/k}^{0,\mathrm{red}}`$. Let $`𝔸_0`$ be the abelian part of $`𝔾_0`$. Fix $`n𝐍`$. Let $`𝔾_nS_n`$ be a lift of $`𝔾_0S_0`$ as a semiabelian scheme. Let $`𝔸_n`$ be the abelian part of $`𝔾_n`$. By the discussion above, see 7.3.1, and the identification $`𝔼(𝔸_n)\mathrm{Pic}_{𝔸_0^{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}`$, see 7.2, we have a homomorphism of sheaves of abelian groups on the fppf site of $`S_n`$

$$\varphi ^{}:𝔼(𝔸_n)\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\mathrm{Pic}_{X_1/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\right).$$

Define $`𝔼_n^{}`$ as the fibred product

$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝔼_n^{}& & \mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\\ & & & & \\ 𝔼\left(𝔸_n\right)& \stackrel{\varphi ^{}}{}& \mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\mathrm{Pic}_{X_1/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\right)\end{array}$$

By 7.1.2 the kernel of the right vertical map is represented by a torus $`𝕋_n`$ over $`S_n`$.

###### Lemma 7.3.4

We have $`𝔼_n^{}𝔼\left(𝔾_n\right)`$ as extensions of $`𝔼(𝔸_n)`$ by $`𝕋_n`$.

Proof: By the discussion above we have a sequence

$$0𝕋_n𝔼_n^{}𝔼\left(𝔸_n\right)0.$$

We claim that it is exact on the right and, hence, exact. We have a homomorphism of abelian sheaves

$$\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\mathrm{Pic}_{X_1/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\right)\left(\pi _{3,}^{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝐆_{m,X_3}\right)/\mathrm{Im}\left(\pi _{2,}^{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝐆_{m,X_2}\right)\right)\right)$$

associating to any crystal $`L`$ of invertible modules on $`(X_0/S_n)`$, such that there exists an isomorphism $`\alpha :(d_0^1)^{}(L)(d_1^1)^{}(L)`$, the class of $`\left((d_1^2)^{}(\alpha )\right)^1\left((d_2^2)^{}(\alpha )\right)\left((d_0^2)^{}(\alpha )\right)`$. Note that such a class is trivial if and only if there exists $`\alpha `$ satisfying the cocycle condition, i.e., if and only if $`\alpha `$ lifts to an element of $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}`$. Thus, to prove the exactness it suffices to prove that the composite $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_n:𝔼(𝔸_n)𝕋_n^{}:=\pi _{3,}^{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝐆_{m,X_3}\right)/\mathrm{Im}\left(\pi _{2,}^{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝐆_{m,X_2}\right)\right)`$ is trivial. We proceed by induction on $`n`$. For $`n=0`$ the triviality follows from $`\mathrm{Hom}(𝐆_{a,k},𝐆_{m,k})=0`$ and $`\mathrm{Hom}(𝔸_0,𝐆_{m,k})=0`$. If $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_n`$ is trivial, then $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_{n+1}`$ factors as $`𝔼(𝔸_0)\mathrm{Ker}\left(𝕋_{n+1}^{}𝕋_n^{}\right)`$. The group on the right hand side is a sum of $`𝐆_{a,k}`$’s. Since $`𝔼(𝔸_0)`$ is the universal $`𝐆_{a,k}`$-extension of $`𝔸_0`$, we have $`\mathrm{Hom}(𝔼(𝔸_0),𝐆_{a,k})=\{0\}`$. This concludes the inductive step and proves the claimed exactness.

Interpreting $`\mathrm{Pic}_{/S_0}^{\mathrm{crys},0}`$ as isomorphism classes of invertible sheaves endowed with integrable connection, $`𝔼_0^{}`$ is the fibred product of $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/k}^{\mathrm{},0}`$ and $`\mathrm{Pic}_{𝔸_0/k}^{\mathrm{},0}`$ over the kernel of $`\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0/k}^{\mathrm{},0}\mathrm{Pic}_{X_1/k}^{\mathrm{},0}`$. It follows from the definition of $`𝔾_0`$ that $`𝔼_0^{}𝔼\left(𝔾_0\right)`$.

Since $`𝔼_n^{}`$ is an extension of representable sheaves over the fppf site of $`S_n`$, \[20, Prop. 17.4\] guarantees that $`𝔼_n^{}`$ is itself representable. Moreover, the base change of $`𝔼_n^{}`$ to $`S_0`$ is isomorphic to $`𝔼_0^{}`$. It follows from the crystalline nature of $`𝔼\left(𝔾_n\right)`$ (see 3.4.2) that there exists a unique isomorphism of extensions $`𝔼\left(𝔾_n\right)𝔼_n^{}`$ lifting the isomorphism $`𝔼_n\times _{S_n}S_0𝔼_0^{}𝔼\left(𝔾_0\right)`$ over $`S_0`$. $``$

#### 7.3.5 The comparison

In conclusion, given a lift $`𝔾_nS_n`$ of $`𝔾_0S_0`$, we get a canonical homomorphism

$$𝔼\left(𝔾_n\right)\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}.$$

Taking $`\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}`$ and using 7.1.4 and 7.1.5, we get functorial homomorphisms of $`𝒪_{S_n}`$-modules

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(𝔼\left(𝔾_n\right)\right)& & \mathrm{InfDef}\left(𝒪_{X_{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys}}\right)\\ & & & & \\ 𝕋_{\mathrm{crys}}(𝔾)_{𝐖(k)}𝐖_n(k)& & _{\mathrm{crys}}^1\left(X_{}/S_n\right).\end{array}$$
(25)
###### Proposition 7.3.6

For $`p3`$ the inverse limit of the above maps defines an isomorphism

$$\varphi _{\mathrm{crys}}^{}:𝕋_{\mathrm{crys}}(𝔾_0)\stackrel{}{}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1\left(X_{}\right)(1)$$

respecting the weight filtrations and the actions of Frobenius in 4.3 and in 6.6.

Proof: By 4.3 and 6.6 the two $`𝐖(k)`$-modules admit a weight filtration, preserved by $`\varphi _{\mathrm{crys}}^{}`$. Hence, it suffices to prove that it is an isomorphism on the various graded pieces. For $`\mathrm{Gr}_1`$ use 7.3.2 and for $`\mathrm{Gr}_0`$ use 6.5 (cf. 5.1.2). $``$

### 7.4 On the case $`p=2`$

For $`p=2`$ there is a problem in defining the functor $`\mathrm{Pic}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}`$ in 7.1.1 since the divided power structure we consider on $`p𝐖_{n+1}(k)`$ is not nilpotent. Following  we may replace $`\mathrm{Pic}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}`$ with the sheaf

$$\overline{\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}}_{(X_{},Y_{})/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}$$

associated to the following presheaf over the fppf site of $`S_n`$. Let $`T`$ be a scheme over $`S_n`$ flat and of finite presentation. Consider the logarithmic and divided power structure on $`T`$ induced from those on $`S_n`$. Consider the group of isomorphism classes of simplicial crystals of invertible $`𝒪_{X_{}\times _{S_n}T/T}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$-modules for the full crystalline site of $`X_{}\times _{S_n}T`$ relative to $`T`$ endowed with a trivialization over $`T\times _SS_0`$; compare with \[16, §11.1\].

By \[4, Ex. 4.14 & Cor. 6.8 \] the category of crystals of invertible $`𝒪_{X_{}\times _{S_0}T/T}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$-modules for the full crystalline site of $`X_{}\times _{S_0}T`$ relative to $`T`$ is equivalent to the category of invertible simplicial sheaves on $`X_{}`$ with an integrable, quasi-nilpotent connection. In particular, if $`𝔸_0`$ is an abelian variety, $`\overline{\mathrm{Pic}}_{𝔸_0/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}`$ is the formal group $`\overline{𝔼}(𝔸_n^{})`$ of the universal extension of the dual of a lifting $`𝔸_n`$ of $`𝔸_0`$ to $`S_n`$. Note that $`\overline{\mathrm{Pic}}_{𝔸_0/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}`$ and $`𝔼(𝔸_n^{})`$ have the same Lie algebras.

For $`p3`$, if we consider the nilpotent crystalline site, the category of crystals of invertible $`𝒪_{X_{}\times _{S_n}T/T}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$-modules is equivalent to the category of invertible simplicial sheaves on $`X_{}`$ with an integrable connection (no nilpotence assumption). Thus, we get a natural inclusion $`\overline{\mathrm{Pic}}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\mathrm{Pic}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}`$ inducing an isomorphism at the level of tangent spaces $`\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}`$. By \[4, Ex. 4.14\] $`\overline{\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}}_{X_{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}`$ is the fiber product of $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}}_{X_{}/S_0}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}`$ over $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}`$.

Unfortunately, this is not enough to get Theorem B for $`p=2`$ since 7.5.2 is lacking.

### 7.5 The general case

See 5.1 for the general definition of the Picard $`1`$-motive $`𝕄_0=\mathrm{Pic}^+(V)`$ associated to the algebraic $`k`$-variety $`V`$. Let $`\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_{\overline{Y}_{}}^0\left(\overline{X}_{}\right)`$ be the group defined in (17) over $`\overline{k}`$ along with a Galois action; that is an étale sheaf on $`S_0=\mathrm{Spec}(k)`$ and identified with the discrete part of $`\mathrm{Pic}^+(V)`$.

###### Definition 7.5.1

Let $`n𝐍`$. Define

$$\mathrm{v}_n:𝕏\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\left((X_{},Y_{})/S_n\right)$$

to be the homomorphism associating to a local section $`D`$ of $`𝕏`$ the crystal $`𝒪_{X_{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}\left[D^1\right]`$ of invertible $`𝒪_{X_{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys}}`$-modules via the procedure in 6.1.2.

###### Proposition 7.5.2

For $`n𝐍`$ there is a unique homomorphism

$$\psi _n:𝔼\left(𝕄_n\right)_{𝔾_n}\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{(X_{},Y_{})/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}$$

such that

* for varying $`n`$ the $`\psi _n`$ are compatible, and
* $`\psi _n`$ makes the following diagram commute

$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝔼\left(𝔾_n\right)& & \mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_n}^{\mathrm{crys},0}\\ & & & & \\ 𝔼\left(𝕄_n\right)_{𝔾_n}& \stackrel{\psi _n}{}& \mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{(X_{},Y_{})/S_n}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\\ \mathrm{u}_n& & \mathrm{v}_n& & \\ 𝕏& \stackrel{=}{}& 𝕏,\end{array}$$
(26)
where the morphism of top line is defined in 7.3.5.

Proof: The $`\psi _n`$ are clearly obtained after an étale covering of $`S_0`$. We may then assume that $`𝕏`$ is a constant group scheme. Note that $`𝕄_n=\left[𝕏𝔾_n\right]`$. Proceed by induction on $`n`$. If $`n=0`$, the claim is granted by 7.3.5 and the following commutative diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝔼\left(𝕄_0\right)_{𝔾_0}& \stackrel{\psi _0}{}& \mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{(X_{},Y_{})/S_0}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\\ p_0& & q_0& & \\ 𝔾_0& \stackrel{=}{}& \mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}^{0,\mathrm{red}}.\end{array}$$
(27)
Note that $`𝔾_0`$ is the semiabelian part of the universal extension of $`𝕄_0`$, the kernel of the map $`p_0`$ is $`\mathrm{Ext}(𝕄_0,𝐆_a)^{}`$, and the diagram is provided by universality as soon as $`q_0`$ is a vector group extension of $`𝕄_0`$. To see this, note that

$$\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}^{\mathrm{},0}\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{(X_{},Y_{})/S_0}^{\mathrm{}\mathrm{log},0}=\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{(X_{},Y_{})/S_0}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}$$

and the kernel of the surjection $`q_0`$ is the group scheme representing connections on the structure sheaf of the simplicial scheme $`X_{}`$ with logarithmic poles along the simplicial divisor $`Y_{}`$. Hence, it is isomorphic to the vector group scheme

$$^0(X_{},\mathrm{\Omega }_{X_{}/S_0}^1\left(\mathrm{log}(Y_{})\right)_{d=0}$$

by the arguments in the proof of Lemma 5.2.1. The universal property of $`𝔼\left(𝕄_0\right)`$ yields the claimed $`\psi _0`$ uniquely.

Suppose that $`\psi _n`$ has been defined for $`n<N`$. Since we have a non-canonical splitting

$$𝔼\left(𝕄_N\right)_{𝔾_N}\stackrel{}{}𝔼\left(𝔾_N\right)\times _{S_N}𝔼\left[𝕏0\right]$$

we certainly can lift $`\psi _{N1}`$ to a homomorphism

$$\psi _N^{}:𝔼\left(𝕄_N\right)_{𝔾_N}\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{(X_{},Y_{})/S_N}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}$$

such that the upper square in (b) commutes. The possible liftings $`\psi _N^{}`$ are a principal homogeneous space under

$$\mathrm{Hom}(𝕏,\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}\left(\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{(X_{},Y_{})/S_N}^{\mathrm{logcrys},0}\right)).$$

Hence, there is a unique $`\psi _N^{}`$ such that the lower square in (b) commutes. $``$

#### 7.5.3 Concluding

By taking $`\mathrm{𝐋𝐢𝐞}`$ of the map $`\psi _n`$ in Proposition 7.5.2, we get a $`𝐖_n(k)`$-linear homomorphism

$$𝕋_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄_0\right)_{𝐖(k)}𝐖_n(k)_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1\left((X_{},Y_{})/S_n\right)(1)$$

as claimed in Theorem B, compatible for varying $`n`$, preserving the weight filtrations $`W`$ and the action of Frobenius. Due to Proposition 7.3.6 in order to conclude the proof of Theorem B, it suffices to check that the above map is an isomorphism after taking the inverse limit over $`n𝐍`$ on the $`\mathrm{Gr}_0^W`$ parts. Thus we are left to deal with the case of $`k=\overline{k}`$ as all maps are clearly Galois equivariants. By 6.6 we have $`\iota :\mathrm{Gr}_2^W\left(_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1(X_{},Y_{})\right)\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}^0(X_{})_𝐙𝐖(k)`$. Furthermore $`\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}^0(X_{})_𝐙𝐖(k)=\mathrm{Gr}_0^W\left(𝕋_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄_0\right)\right)`$ by definition of $`𝕄_0=\mathrm{Pic}^+(V)`$, see 5.1. By Proposition 7.5.2 we obtain a map

$$\eta :\mathrm{Gr}_0^W\left(𝕋_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄_0\right)\right)\mathrm{Gr}_0^W\left(_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1(X_{},Y_{})(1)\right).$$

We now show that $`\iota \eta `$ is the identity modulo $`p`$. This suffices to conclude the proof of Theorem B. Using Section 6.3 for the case $`S_n=S_0=\mathrm{Spec}(k)`$ we get, by construction, the following commutative diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{Gr}_0^W\left(_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1(X_{},Y_{})(1)\right)& \stackrel{\iota }{}& \mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}^0(X_{})_𝐙𝐖(k)\\ & & & & \\ ^0(X_{},\mathrm{\Omega }_{X_{}/S_0}^1\left(\mathrm{log}(Y_{})\right)_{d=0}/^0(X_{},\mathrm{\Omega }_{X_{}/S_0}^1)_{d=0}& \stackrel{\mathrm{Res}}{}& \mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}(X_{})_𝐙k,\end{array}$$

where $`\mathrm{Res}`$ is the map defined by taking residues and $`\iota `$ is the inclusion above. By the proof of Proposition 7.5.2 for every $`D\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}^0(X_{})=𝕏`$ we have $`\psi _0(u_0(D))=(𝒪_X_{}(D),d)`$, where $`d`$ is the canonical connection on $`𝒪_X_{}(D)`$. Thus, the map $`\overline{\psi }_0:𝔼(𝕄_0)_{𝔾_0}/𝔼(𝔾_0)=𝕏𝐆_a\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{(X_{},Y_{})/S_0}^{\mathrm{}\mathrm{log},0}/\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/S_0}^{\mathrm{},0}`$ induced by $`\psi _0`$ is the unique $`𝔸^1`$-linear map sending $`D1`$ to the class of $`(𝒪_X_{}(D),d)`$ and the induced map on Lie algebras yields the lower horizontal arrow in the following commutative diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{Gr}_0^W\left(𝕋_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄_0\right)\right)& \stackrel{\eta }{}& \mathrm{Gr}_0^W\left(_{\mathrm{logcrys}}^1(X_{},Y_{})(1)\right)\\ & & & & \\ \mathrm{Gr}_0^W\left(𝕋_{\mathrm{crys}}\left(𝕄_0\right)\right)𝐙/p𝐙& \stackrel{\eta _k}{}& ^0(X_{},\mathrm{\Omega }_{X_{}/S_0}^1\left(\mathrm{log}(Y_{})\right)_{d=0}/^0(X_{},\mathrm{\Omega }_{X_{}/S_0}^1)_{d=0}.\end{array}$$

Furthermore, using the description of $`\overline{\psi }_0`$ given above, one verifies that $`\mathrm{Res}\eta _k`$ is simply the inclusion $`\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}^0(X_{})_𝐙k\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}(X_{})_𝐙k`$. Patching the two diagrams we conclude that $`\iota \eta `$ is the identity modulo $`p`$ as claimed.

###### Corollary 7.5.4

Let $`V`$ be an algebraic variety over a perfect field $`k`$ of characteristic $`p>2`$. The filtered $`F`$-$`𝐖(k)`$-module $`\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1(V/𝐖(k))\text{ }:=\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1(V_{}/𝐖(k))`$ is independent of the choice of the hypercovering $`V_{}V`$ (subject to the condition that $`V_0V`$ is generically étale).

Proof: Let $`V_{}V`$ and $`V_{}^{}V`$ be two such hypercoverings. We may assume that there is a map $`\phi _{}:V_{}^{}V_{}`$ of $`V`$-simplicial schemes compatibly with the normal crossing boundaries, i.e., which is the restriction of a map $`X_{}^{}X_{}`$ (cf. Appendix A). By Theorem B, the Appendix A and functoriality we get an induced isomorphism $`𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(\mathrm{Pic}^+(V))\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1\left(V_{}/𝐖(k)\right)\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{crys}}^1\left(V_{}^{}/𝐖(k)\right)𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(\mathrm{Pic}^+(V))`$ of filtered $`F`$-$`𝐖(k)`$-modules. $``$

## Appendix A Appendix

We provide details showing that the cohomological Picard 1-motive $`\mathrm{Pic}^+(V)`$ is independent of the choices made, i.e., it is independent of choices of hypercoverings and compactifications, over perfect fields. In characteristic zero this is provided by \[1, Prop. 2.5\], see also \[2, Remark 4.4.4\]. However, the argument for positive characteristics is slightly more involved.

Suppose we are given two such smooth proper hypercoverings $`f:V_{}V`$ and $`f^{}:V_{}^{}V`$ which admit smooth compactifications with normal crossing boundaries, $`V_{}=X_{}Y_{}`$ and $`V_{}^{}=X_{}^{}Y_{}^{}`$ and assume that $`V_0V`$ and $`V_0^{}V`$ are generically étale. We refer to De Jong’s theory of alterations over perfect fields for their existence, see \[6, Thm. 4.1\]. Note that, as usual (cf. \[7, §6.2\]), we can always find a third one mapping to both (cf. 5.1.7 and 5.2.4 in Exposé V bis of ). We then can assume that there is a map $`\phi _{}:V_{}^{}V_{}`$ of $`V`$-simplicial schemes compatibly with the normal crossing boundaries, i.e., it is the restriction of a proper map $`\phi _{}:X_{}^{}X_{}`$.

Then, by pulling back (see \[2, 6.2\]), we get a map of 1-motives $`\phi ^{}:\mathrm{Pic}^+(X_{},Y_{})\mathrm{Pic}^+(X_{}^{},Y_{}^{})`$ and thus, equivalently, we have a $`\mathrm{Gal}(\overline{k}/k)`$-equivariant map of complexes

$$\overline{\phi }^{}:[\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_{\overline{Y}_{}}^0(\overline{X}_{})\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^{0,\mathrm{red}}(\overline{X}_{})][\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_{\overline{Y}_{}^{}}^0(\overline{X}_{}^{})\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^{0,\mathrm{red}}(\overline{X}_{}^{})].$$

We are then reduced to deal with $`k=\overline{k}`$ since our constructions are natural enough to be automatically compatible with $`\mathrm{Gal}(\overline{k}/k)`$-actions. The proof is divided in two steps. First of all, in Section A.1, we show that, for $`\mathrm{}p=\mathrm{char}(k)`$, the map $`\phi ^{}`$ induces an isomorphism of the $`\mathrm{}`$-adic realization of the above $`1`$-motives. This implies that $`\phi ^{}`$ is an isogeny of $`p`$-th power order. The argument follows closely \[2, Thm. 4.4.3\]. Then, in Section A.2, we prove that $`\phi ^{}`$ is an isomorphism: here, the techniques used are specific to characteristic $`p`$.

### A.1 $`\mathrm{}`$-adic realizations

Let $`p=\mathrm{char}(k)`$ and $`k=\overline{k}`$. Recall \[7, 10.1.10\] for the definition of $`\mathrm{}`$-adic realization $`𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝕄)`$ of a 1-motive $`𝕄`$ over $`k`$ for $`\mathrm{}p`$; this is given by taking the inverse limit over $`\nu `$ of the inverse system $`𝕄[\mathrm{}^\nu ]`$ as defined in our section 1.3. From (1) it yields an exact sequence (cf. \[2, §1.3 \])

$$0\underset{\mathrm{}p}{}𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝔾)\underset{\mathrm{}p}{}𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝕄)\underset{\mathrm{}p}{}𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝕏)0$$
(28)
for $`𝕄=[𝕏\stackrel{u}{}𝔾]`$. Note that for a complex of abelian groups $`𝒞=[𝒢]`$ such that $`{}_{\mathrm{}^\nu }{}^{}=0`$ and $`𝒢/\mathrm{}^\nu =0`$ (for all $`\nu >0`$) $`𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝒞)`$ can be defined along with an exact sequence

$$0\underset{\stackrel{}{\nu }}{lim}{}_{\mathrm{}^\nu }{}^{}𝒢𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝒞)\underset{\stackrel{}{\nu }}{lim}/\mathrm{}^\nu \underset{\stackrel{}{\nu }}{lim}^1{}_{\mathrm{}^\nu }{}^{}𝒢$$

explaining (28). The following is a modification of \[2, Prop. 1.3.1\].

###### Lemma A.1.1

Let $`p=\mathrm{char}(k)`$ and $`k=\overline{k}`$. The functor $`_\mathrm{}p𝐓_{\mathrm{}}`$ from the category of 1-motives to abelian groups is faithful. Moreover, if $`𝕄𝕄^{}`$ is a map of 1-motives such that

$$\underset{\mathrm{}p}{}𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝕄)\underset{\mathrm{}p}{}𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝕄^{})$$

then $`𝕄𝕄^{}`$ is an isogeny of $`p`$-power order.

Proof: Consider $`𝕄=[𝕏\stackrel{u}{}𝔾]`$, $`𝕄^{}=[𝕏^{}\stackrel{u^{}}{}𝔾^{}]`$ and $`f:𝕄𝕄^{}`$. By making use of the exact sequence (28) we can see that it is enough to check faithfulness separately for maps of semi-abelian schemes or lattices. Since torsion points coprime to $`p`$ are Zariski dense in a semi-abelian scheme over $`k=\overline{k}`$, $`_\mathrm{}p𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(f)=0`$ implies $`f=0`$ for morphisms $`f`$ between semi-abelian schemes. Moreover, $`_\mathrm{}p𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝕏[1])=_\mathrm{}p𝕏𝐙_{\mathrm{}}`$ is clearly faithful.

If $`𝕄𝕄^{}`$ induces an isomorphism $`_\mathrm{}p𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝕄)_\mathrm{}p𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝕄^{})`$ then by (28) we have that $`_\mathrm{}p𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝔾)`$ injects into $`_\mathrm{}p𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝔾^{})`$ and $`_\mathrm{}p𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝕏[1])`$ surjects onto $`_\mathrm{}p𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝕏^{}[1])`$, therefore we have an exact sequence

$$0𝕏^{\prime \prime }𝕏𝕏^{}𝒜0$$

where $`𝒜`$ is finite and killed by a power of $`p`$. Moreover by the snake lemma applied to the resulting diagram given by (28) we get that

$$\underset{\mathrm{}p}{}𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝕏^{\prime \prime }[1])\underset{\mathrm{}p}{}\frac{𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝔾^{})}{𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝔾)}.$$

Since $`_\mathrm{}p𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝔾)_\mathrm{}p𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝔾^{})`$ we have that $`=\mathrm{Ker}(𝔾𝔾^{})`$ is a finite group. Let $`\{p\}`$ be the sub-group of $`p^n`$-torsion elements for some $`n0`$ then

$$/\{p\}\underset{\mathrm{}p}{}\frac{𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝔾/)}{𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝔾)}\underset{\mathrm{}p}{}\frac{𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝔾^{})}{𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝔾)}.$$

Thus $`p^n=0`$, for some $`n0`$, since $`/\{p\}`$ injects into $`_\mathrm{}p𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝕏^{\prime \prime }[1])`$ which is torsion free. If we let $`𝔾^{\prime \prime }`$ denote the cokernel of the map $`𝔾𝔾^{}`$, we then get the following exact sequence of complexes

$$0[𝕏^{\prime \prime }][𝕏𝔾][𝕏^{}𝔾^{}][𝒜𝔾^{\prime \prime }]0.$$

Applying $`_\mathrm{}p𝐓_{\mathrm{}}`$ we have

$$\underset{\mathrm{}p}{}𝐓_{\mathrm{}}([𝕏^{\prime \prime }])\underset{\mathrm{}p}{}𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝕄)\stackrel{}{}\underset{\mathrm{}p}{}𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝕄^{})\underset{\mathrm{}p}{}𝐓_{\mathrm{}}([𝒜𝔾^{\prime \prime }])$$

where $`𝐓_{\mathrm{}}([𝕏^{\prime \prime }])=𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝕏^{\prime \prime }[1])`$ and $`𝐓_{\mathrm{}}([𝒜𝔾^{\prime \prime }])=𝐓_{\mathrm{}}([𝔾^{\prime \prime }])`$ since $`{}_{\mathrm{}^\nu }{}^{}=0`$ and $`𝒜/\mathrm{}^\nu =0`$ (for all $`\nu >0`$ and $`\mathrm{}p`$) respectively. Therefore the composition of the induced maps here-above is the zero map as well as an isomorphism. Thus $`_\mathrm{}p𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝕏^{\prime \prime }[1])=_\mathrm{}p𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝔾^{\prime \prime })=0`$ whence $`𝕏^{\prime \prime }=𝔾^{\prime \prime }=0`$, i.e.$`𝔾𝔾^{}`$ is an isogeny with kernel the finite group $``$, $`𝕏𝕏^{}`$ is injective with cokernel the finite group $`𝒜`$ and we can find a positive integer $`\overline{\nu }`$ such that $`p^{\overline{\nu }}𝒜=p^{\overline{\nu }}=0`$. $``$

Now just apply Lemma A.1.1 to our map $`\phi ^{}`$ and obtain an induced isomorphism

$$\underset{\mathrm{}p}{}𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(\phi ^{}):\underset{\mathrm{}p}{}𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{Pic}^+(X_{},Y_{}))\stackrel{}{}\underset{\mathrm{}p}{}𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{Pic}^+(X_{}^{},Y_{}^{}))$$

by cohomological descent. In fact, the same arguments in the proof of Theorem 4.4.3 in  applies here (see also \[2, 7.2\] for compatibility with Galois actions) provided that $`\mathrm{}p`$, and therefore

$$𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{Pic}^+(X_{}^{},Y_{}^{}))=\mathrm{H}_{\text{ét}}^1(V,𝐙_{\mathrm{}}(1))=𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{Pic}^+(X_{},Y_{})).$$

We then have that $`\phi ^{}`$ is an isogeny of $`p`$-power order.

###### Corollary A.1.2

If $`𝕄𝕄^{}`$ is a map of 1-motives such that

$$\underset{\mathrm{}p}{}𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝕄)\underset{\mathrm{}p}{}𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝕄^{})\text{and}𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄)𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄^{}),$$

then $`𝕄𝕄^{}`$ is an isomorphism.

Proof: By Lemma A.1.1 we know that $`𝕄𝕄^{}`$ is a $`p`$-power isogeny. In particular, $`𝔾𝔾^{}`$ is a $`p`$-power isogeny and the map $`𝕏𝕏^{}`$ is injective with $`p`$-power cokernel. By definition the crystalline realization $`𝐓_{\mathrm{crys}}(𝕄)`$ of $`𝕄`$ is the covariant Dieudonné module of the $`p`$-divisible group $`𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$. Since the Dieudonné functor is fully faithful, we deduce that $`𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]𝕄^{}[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$ is an isomorphism. Note that we have an exact sequence $`0𝔾[p^{\mathrm{}}]𝕄[p^{\mathrm{}}]𝕏[p^{\mathrm{}}]0`$. Since the map $`𝕏[p^{\mathrm{}}]=𝕏𝐐_p/𝐙_p𝕏^{}[p^{\mathrm{}}]=𝕏^{}𝐐_p/𝐙_p`$ is injective, we deduce from the above exact sequence that it is also surjective and that $`𝔾[p^{\mathrm{}}]𝔾^{}[p^{\mathrm{}}]`$ is an isomorphism. The conclusion follows. $``$

### A.2 $`p`$-adic realization

Let $`𝕄:=[𝕏𝔾]:=\mathrm{Pic}^+(X_{},Y_{})`$ and $`𝕄^{}:=[𝕏^{}𝔾^{}]:=\mathrm{Pic}^+(X_{},Y_{})`$. Let $`𝔾`$ be an extension of the abelian variety $`𝔸`$ by the torus $`𝕋`$. Let $`𝔾^{}`$ be an extension of the abelian variety $`𝔸^{}`$ by the torus $`𝕋^{}`$. All cohomology groups in the sequel are considered for the fppf-topology.

###### Lemma A.2.1

Let $`\pi :X_{}\mathrm{Spec}(k)`$ be the structural morphism. Let $``$ be a finite commutative group scheme over $`k`$. Let $`^{}:=\mathrm{𝑜𝑚}(,𝐆_m)`$ be the Cartier dual of $``$. The natural map of $`\mathrm{fppf}`$-sheaves over $`k`$

$$R^1\pi _{}(_X_{})\mathrm{𝑜𝑚}(^{},\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/k}),$$

defined by push-forward of simplicial $``$-torsors via elements of $`^{}`$, is an isomorphism.

Proof: By \[18, Prop. III.4.16\] the maps $`R^1(\pi _i)_{}(_{X_i})\mathrm{𝑜𝑚}(^{},\mathrm{Pic}_{X_i/k})`$ are isomorphisms for every $`i`$. Thus, the map

$$\mathrm{Ker}\left(R^1(\pi _0)_{}(_{X_0})R^1(\pi _1)_{}(_{X_1})\right)\mathrm{𝑜𝑚}(^{},\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0/k}\mathrm{Pic}_{X_1/k}\right))$$

is an isomorphism. Furthermore, $`(\pi _i)_{}(_{X_i})=\mathrm{𝑜𝑚}(^{},(\pi _i)_{}(𝐆_m))`$. By \[18, Lemma III.4.17\] we have $`\mathrm{𝑥𝑡}^1(^{},𝐆_m)=0`$ for every $`i`$. Then, $`\mathrm{𝑜𝑚}(^{},\mathrm{\_})`$ preserves exact sequences of tori. Using the spectral sequences for $`R^1\pi _{}(_X_{})`$ and for $`R^1\pi _{}(𝐆_{m,X_{}})`$ the lemma follows. $``$

###### Corollary A.2.2

We have $`^1(X_{},𝐙_p)\mathrm{Hom}(\mu _p^{\mathrm{}},𝔾)`$.

Proof: By Lemma A.2.1, the map $`^1(X_{},𝐙_p)\mathrm{Hom}(\mu _p^{\mathrm{}},\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/k})`$ is an isomorphism. If $``$ is a finite $`k`$-group scheme or a discrete group scheme, we have $`\mathrm{Hom}(\mu _p^{\mathrm{}},)=0`$. Let $`K:=\mathrm{Ker}\left(\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0/k}\mathrm{Pic}_{X_1/k}\right)`$ and let $`:=K/K^{0,\mathrm{red}}`$. Thus, $`\mathrm{Hom}(\mu _p^{\mathrm{}},K^{0,\mathrm{red}})\mathrm{Hom}(\mu _p^{\mathrm{}},K)`$ is an isomorphism. Hence, the map $`\mathrm{Hom}(\mu _p^{\mathrm{}},𝔾)\mathrm{Hom}(\mu _p^{\mathrm{}},\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/k})`$ is an isomorphism, as claimed. $``$

###### Lemma A.2.3

Let $`X`$ be a normal $`k`$–scheme and let $`UX`$ be an open dense subscheme. The map $`H^1(X,𝐙/p^n𝐙)H^1(U,𝐙/p^n𝐙)`$ is injective.

Proof: Let $`YX`$ be a $`𝐙/p^n𝐙`$–torsor. Since the map $`YX`$ is étale and $`X`$ is normal, $`Y`$ is normal. Suppose that $`Y|_UU`$ is trivial, i.e.$`Y|_U=_{i=1}^{p^n}U`$. In particular, the normalization $`Y^{}:=_{i=1}^{p^n}X`$ of $`X`$ in $`Y|_U`$ is the trivial $`𝐙/p^n𝐙`$-torsor. The normality of $`Y`$ implies that $`YY^{}`$ as $`𝐙/p^n𝐙`$–torsors over $`X`$. Thus, $`Y`$ is the trivial torsor as claimed. $``$

###### Lemma A.2.4

The group

$$\underset{\mathrm{}n}{lim}\left(\mathrm{H}^1(V_i,𝐙/p^n𝐙)/\mathrm{H}^1(X_i,𝐙/p^n𝐙)\right)$$

is torsion free as $`𝐙_p`$-module. The map

$$\alpha _i:\underset{\mathrm{}n}{lim}\left(\mathrm{H}^1(V_i,𝐙/p^n𝐙)/\mathrm{H}^1(X_i,𝐙/p^n𝐙)\right)\underset{\mathrm{}n}{lim}\left(\mathrm{H}^1(V_i^{},𝐙/p^n𝐙)/\mathrm{H}^1(X_i^{},𝐙/p^n𝐙)\right)$$

is injective.

Proof: If $`ZX_i`$ is an irreducible divisor, we let $`R_Z`$ be a complete dvr which is an extension of the completed local ring $`\widehat{𝒪}_{X_i,Z}`$ of $`X_i`$ at the generic point of $`Z`$ with residue field equal to an algebraic closure $`k_Z`$ of the fraction field $`k(Z)`$ of $`Z`$ and with maximal ideal generated by that of $`\widehat{𝒪}_{X_i,Z}`$. Let $`K_Z`$ be the fraction field of $`R_Z`$ and let $`m_Z`$ be the maximal ideal of $`R_Z`$. For every $`r𝐍`$ let $`U_{Z,(r)}`$ be the group of units of $`R_Z`$ congruent to $`1`$ modulo $`m_Z^r`$. Let $`W_{Z,(r)}:=U_{Z,(1)}/U_{Z,(r)}`$ and $`W_Z:=lim_\mathrm{}rW_{Z,(r)}`$. For every integer $`1ir1`$ prime to $`p`$ let $`r_i`$ be the smallest integer such that $`p^{r_i}r/i`$. By \[25, §V.9 Prop. 9\] the group $`W_{Z,(r)}`$ is isomorphic to the product of truncated Witt vectors $`𝐖_{r_i}(k_Z)`$ over the integers $`1ir1`$ prime to $`p`$. By purity of the branch locus \[12, X.3.4\] a $`𝐙/p^n𝐙`$-torsor over $`V_i`$ which is unramified at the generic points of $`Y_i`$ is unramified. Thus, $`\mathrm{H}^1(V_i,𝐙/p^n𝐙)/\mathrm{H}^1(X_i,𝐙/p^n𝐙)`$ is contained in $`_j\mathrm{H}^1(K_{Y_{ij}},𝐙/p^n𝐙)/\mathrm{H}^1(R_{Y_{ij}},𝐙/p^n𝐙)`$. By class field theory, cf. \[26, §XV.2\], the latter is isomorphic to $`_j\mathrm{Hom}(W_{Y_{ij}},𝐙/p^n𝐙)`$. In particular, the map

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{X_i}:\underset{\mathrm{}n}{lim}\left(\mathrm{H}^1(V_i,𝐙/p^n𝐙)/\mathrm{H}^1(X_i,𝐙/p^n𝐙)\right)_j\mathrm{Hom}(W_{Y_{ij}},𝐙_p)$$

is injective. Let $`Y_{ih}^{}`$ be an irreducible component of $`Y_i^{}`$ dominating $`Y_{ij}`$. Let $`\mathrm{𝐍𝐨𝐫𝐦}_{jh}`$ be the homomorphism $`W_{Y_{ih}^{}}W_{Y_{ij}}`$ defined by the norm map from $`K_{Y_{ih}^{}}`$ to $`K_{Y_{ij}}`$. Then, the map from $`\mathrm{H}^1(V_i,𝐙/p^n𝐙)/\mathrm{H}^1(X_i,𝐙/p^n𝐙)`$ to $`\mathrm{H}^1(V_i^{},𝐙/p^n𝐙)/\mathrm{H}^1(X_i^{},𝐙/p^n𝐙)`$ is compatible with the map obtained applying $`\mathrm{Hom}(\mathrm{\_},𝐙/p^n𝐙)`$ to $`_{j,h}\mathrm{𝐍𝐨𝐫𝐦}_{jh}`$. By class field theory the quotient of $`W_{Y_{ih}^{}}W_{Y_{ij}}`$ is isomorphic to the wild inertia of the abelianized Galois group of the extension $`K_{Y_{ih}^{}}/K_{Y_{ij}}`$; see \[26, Cor. XV.2.3\]. In particular, it is a finite $`p`$-group. Applying $`\mathrm{Hom}(\mathrm{\_},𝐙_p)`$ we conclude that the map $`\alpha _i`$ is injective as claimed. $``$

###### Corollary A.2.5

The map $`\mathrm{Hom}(\mu _p^{\mathrm{}},𝔾)\mathrm{Hom}(\mu _p^{\mathrm{}},𝔾^{})`$ is an isomorphism.

Proof: Since $`V_{}`$ and $`V_{}^{}`$ are hypercoverings of $`V`$, we have cohomological descent for the étale cohomology of constant sheaves. In particular, $`^i(V_{},𝐙/p^n𝐙)\mathrm{H}^i(V,𝐙/p^n𝐙)^i(V_{}^{},𝐙/p^n𝐙)`$ for every $`n`$. Hence, the induced map $`^i(V_{},𝐙/p^n𝐙)^i(V_{}^{},𝐙/p^n𝐙)`$ is an isomorphism. Taking inverse limits over $`n𝐍`$ we have a commutative diagram with exact rows (using Lemma A.2.3)

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}0& & ^1(X_{},𝐙_p)& & ^1(V_{},𝐙_p)& & \mathrm{H}^1(V_0,𝐙_p)/\mathrm{H}^1(X_0,𝐙_p)\\ & & & & & & \alpha _0& & \\ 0& & ^1(X_{}^{},𝐙_p)& & ^1(V_{}^{},𝐙_p)& & \mathrm{H}^1(V_0^{},𝐙_p)/\mathrm{H}^1(X_0^{},𝐙_p)\end{array}$$

By Lemma A.2.4 the map $`\alpha _0`$ is injective. Thus, the left vertical map is an isomorphism. By Corollary A.2.2 such map coincides with the map $`\mathrm{Hom}(\mu _p^{\mathrm{}},𝔾)\mathrm{Hom}(\mu _p^{\mathrm{}},𝔾^{})`$. This proves the claim. $``$

###### Lemma A.2.6

The maps $`\mathrm{Hom}(\alpha _p,\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0/k})\mathrm{Hom}(\alpha _p,\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0^{}/k})`$ and $`\mathrm{Hom}(𝐙/p𝐙,\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0/k})\mathrm{Hom}(𝐙/p𝐙,\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0^{}/k})`$ are injective. Thus $`\mathrm{Hom}(\alpha _p,𝔾)\mathrm{Hom}(\alpha _p,𝔾^{})`$ and $`\mathrm{Hom}(𝐙/p𝐙,𝔾)\mathrm{Hom}(𝐙/p𝐙,𝔾^{})`$ are injective.

Proof: For any finite commutative $`k`$-group scheme $``$, let $`^{}`$ be the Cartier dual of $``$. By \[18, Prop. III.4.16\] we have $`\mathrm{Hom}(,\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0/k})\mathrm{H}^1(X_0,^{})`$ (and analogously for $`X_0^{}`$). For $`=\alpha _p`$ or $`=𝐙/p𝐙`$, the latter group is identified with a subgroup of $`\mathrm{H}^0(X_0,\mathrm{\Omega }_{X_0/k}^1)`$ (resp. $`\mathrm{H}^0(X_0^{},\mathrm{\Omega }_{X_0^{}/k}^1)`$); cf. \[18, Prop. III.4.14\]. Note that $`\mathrm{H}^0(X_0,\mathrm{\Omega }_{X_0/k}^1)\mathrm{\Omega }_{k(X_0)/k}^1`$ and that $`\mathrm{H}^0(X_0^{},\mathrm{\Omega }_{X_0^{}/k}^1)\mathrm{\Omega }_{k(X_0^{})/k}^1`$. Furthermore, the map $`X_0^{}X_0`$ is generically separable by construction; thus, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{k(X_0)/k}^1\mathrm{\Omega }_{k(X_0^{})/k}^1`$. This proves the first claim. Since any homomorphism from $`\alpha _p`$ or $`𝐙/p𝐙`$ to a torus is trivial, it suffices to prove the second assertion for $`𝔸`$ in place of $`G`$ and $`𝔸^{}`$ in place of $`𝔾^{}`$. By construction $`𝔸`$ is the reduced kernel of the map $`\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0/k}^0\mathrm{Pic}_{X_1/k}^0`$ and $`𝔸^{}`$ is the reduced kernel of the map $`\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0^{}/k}^0\mathrm{Pic}_{X_1^{}/k}^0`$. Thus, it suffices to prove the Lemma for $`\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0/k}^{0,\mathrm{red}}`$ instead of $`𝔾`$ and $`\mathrm{Pic}_{X_0^{}/k}^{0,\mathrm{red}}`$ instead of $`𝔾^{}`$. The conclusion follows. $``$

###### Corollary A.2.7

The homomorphism $`𝔾𝔾^{}`$ is an isomorphism.

Proof: By Section A.1 for every $`\mathrm{}p`$ the homomorphism of Tate modules $`𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝔾)𝐓_{\mathrm{}}(𝔾^{})`$ is an isomorphism. This implies that the map $`𝔾𝔾^{}`$ is an isogeny with kernel $``$ of $`p`$-power order. By Corollary A.2.5 and Lemma A.2.6, $``$ does not contain any subgroup isomorphic to $`\mu _p`$ or $`\alpha _p`$ or $`𝐙/p𝐙`$. Hence, $`=0`$. $``$

###### Proposition A.2.8

The homomorphism $`\phi ^{}:𝕄𝕄^{}`$ is an isomorphism.

Proof: By Section A.1 the map $`\phi ^{}`$ is an isogeny of $`p`$-power order. In particular, the lattices $`𝕏`$ and $`𝕏^{}`$ have the same rank and $`𝕏^{}/𝕏`$ is killed by a power of $`p`$. By Corollary A.2.7 the map induced by $`\phi ^{}`$ on the semiablian parts is an isomorphism. It then suffices to prove that the map $`𝕏/p𝕏𝕏^{}/p𝕏^{}`$ is injective. Let $`𝒞\text{ }:=[\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}(X_{})\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}(X_{})]`$ as a complex of abelian groups. As in A.1, denote

$$𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(𝒞):=\frac{\left\{(D,_{})\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}(X_{})\times \mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}(X_{})\right|\eta _{}:_{}^p𝒪_X_{}(D)\}}{\left\{(pD,𝒪_X_{}(D))\right\}}.$$

It sits in an exact sequence

$$0𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}(X_{}))𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(𝒞)\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}(X_{})/p\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}(X_{})0.$$

Let $`\rho _p:𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(𝒞)^1(V_{},\mu _p)`$ be the map $`\rho _p\left((D,_{})\right):=(_{},\eta _{})|_V_{}`$ defined via simplicial Kummer theory, cf. \[2, §4.4\]. As in loc. cit. the induced map $`𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}(X_{}))^1(X_{},\mu _p)`$ is an isomorphism. Since $`\mu _p(X_i)=0`$, the map $`^1(X_{},\mu _p)\mathrm{H}^1(X_0,\mu _p)`$ is injective. Note that $`\rho _p\left((D,_{})\right)`$ is a simplicial $`\mu _p`$-covering of $`X_{}`$ and the associated covering of $`X_0`$ is ramified exactly over the support of $`D`$. Thus, the inverse image of $`^1(X_{},\mu _p)`$ via $`\rho _p`$ is $`𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}(X_{}))`$ and the induced map $`\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}(X_{})/p\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}(X_{})\mathrm{H}^1(V_0,\mu _p)/\mathrm{H}^1(X_0,\mu _p)`$ is injective. Hence, in the following commutative diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}0& & 𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}(X_{}))& & 𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(𝒞)& & \mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}(X_{})/p\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}(X_{})& & 0\\ & & & & & & & & \\ 0& & \mathrm{H}^1(X_0,\mu _p)& & \mathrm{H}^1(V_0,\mu _p)& & \mathrm{H}^1(V_0,\mu _p)/H^1(X_0,\mu _p)& & 0\end{array}$$

the left and right vertical arrows are injective. Therefore, we conclude that

$$𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(𝒞)\mathrm{H}^1(V_0,\mu _p).$$
(29)
is an injective map.

Note that we assumed that $`V_0V_0^{}`$ is a dominant map of normal schemes over $`k`$ which is generically finite and separable, see \[6, Thm. 4.1\]. Let $`k(V_0)`$ and $`k(V_0^{})`$ be the function fields of $`V_0`$ and $`V_0^{}`$ respectively. Consider the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}\mathrm{H}^1(V_0,\mu _p)& & \mathrm{H}^1(k(V_0),\mu _p)& \stackrel{}{}& k(V_0)^{}/(k(V_0)^{})^p\\ & & & & & & \\ \mathrm{H}^1(V_0^{},\mu _p)& & \mathrm{H}^1(k(V_0^{}),\mu _p)& \stackrel{}{}& k(V_0^{})^{}/(k(V_0^{})^{})^p\end{array}$$

By normality the horizontal arrows are injective. By the separability assumption the right vertical arrow is injective. Thus, the induced map $`\mathrm{H}^1(V_0,\mu _p)\mathrm{H}^1(V_0^{},\mu _p)`$ is injective. Let $`𝒞^{}\text{ }:=[\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}^{}(X_{}^{})\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}(X_{}^{})]`$.

Using (29) for $`𝒞`$ and $`𝒞^{}`$, we obtain that

$$𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(𝒞)𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(𝒞^{})$$
(30)
is injective.

Let $`𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(𝕄)`$ be (as in Section 1.3) the group of $`k`$-valued $`p`$-torsion points of $`𝕄`$: it sits in the exact sequence (1). By construction it maps to $`𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(𝒞)`$. Let $`\mathrm{NS}(X_{})\text{ }:=\pi _0(\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/k})`$. It is a discrete group and it coincides with $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/k}(k)/\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}_{X_{}/k}^{0,\mathrm{red}}(k)`$. The map $`𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(𝔾)𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}(X_{}))`$ is injective. Since $`𝕏`$ is the fiber product of $`\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}(X_{})\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}(X_{})`$ and $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^{0,\mathrm{red}}(X_{})\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}(X_{})`$, the kernel $``$ of $`𝕏/p𝕏\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}(X_{})/p\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐯}_Y_{}(X_{})`$ is a subgroup of $`\mathrm{NS}(X_{})`$ (as well as $`^{}`$ injects in $`\mathrm{NS}(X_{}^{})`$). By Corollary A.2.7 the map $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^{0,\mathrm{red}}(X_{})\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}^{0,\mathrm{red}}(X_{}^{})`$ is an isomorphism. The $`p`$-power torsion of $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}(X_{})`$ injects into $`\mathrm{Pic}(X_0)`$, as $`\mu _p(X_i)=0`$ (as well as for $`X_{}^{}`$). Then, by Lemma A.2.6, the map $`\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}(X_{})\mathrm{𝐏𝐢𝐜}(X_{}^{})`$ is injective on the $`p`$-power torsion. Thus, the map $`\mathrm{NS}(X_{})\mathrm{NS}(X_{}^{})`$ is injective on $`p`$-power torsion: in particular, $``$ injects into $`^{}`$. Therefore, the kernel of $`𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(𝕄)𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(𝒞)`$ is contained in the kernel of $`𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(𝕄^{})𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(𝒞^{})`$. By (30) we then get that the map $`𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(𝕄)𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(𝕄^{})`$ is injective. Since by Corollary A.2.7 the map $`𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(𝔾)𝐓_{𝐙/p𝐙}(𝔾^{})`$ is an isomorphism, we conclude that the map $`𝕏/p𝕏𝕏^{}/p𝕏^{}`$ is injective as claimed. $``$

F. Andreatta
Dipartimento di Matematica Pura ed Applicata
Università degli Studi di Padova
Via G. Belzoni, 7
35131 - Padova
E-Mail: fandreat@math.unipd.it
L. Barbieri Viale
Dipartimento di Metodi e Modelli Matematici
Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza
Via A. Scarpa, 16
00161 - Roma
E-Mail: Luca.Barbieri-Viale@uniroma1.it