text:
# Some prime factorization results for type II₁ factors

## 1. Introduction

Type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$ factors coming from non-amenable hyperbolic groups were shown to be prime in \[Oz\], while a uniqueness result, modulo unitary conjugacy, for certain Cartan subalgebras in type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$ factors was established in \[Po2\]. In this paper we will combine ideas and techniques from \[Oz\] and \[Po2\] to prove a variety of unique prime factorization results, modulo unitary conjugacy, for tensor products of type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$ factors coming from hyperbolic groups. To state the results we need some notations.

Thus, we denote by $`𝒞`$ the class of all countable non-amenable ICC groups which are either (subgroups of) hyperbolic groups or discrete subgroups of connected simple Lie groups of rank one. We denote by $``$ the hyperfinite type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$ factor.

If $``$ is a type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$factor and $`t>0`$ then we denote by $`^t`$ the amplification of $``$ by $`t`$, i.e., $`^t=p𝕄_{n\times n}()p`$ for some $`nt`$ and $`p𝕄_{n\times n}()`$ a projection of trace $`\tau (p)=t/n`$. Thus, $`^t`$ is defined up to isomorphism, in fact up to unitary conjugacy in some “large matrix” algebra over $``$.

Similarly, if a type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$ factor $``$ is decomposed as $`=_1\overline{}_2`$ for some type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$ factors $`_1,_2`$ and $`t>0`$ then, modulo unitary conjugacy, there exists a unique decomposition $`=_1^t\overline{}_2^{1/t}`$, such that $`p_1_1p_1p_2_2p_2`$ and $`q_1_1^tq_1q_2_2^{1/t}q_2`$ are unitary conjugate in $``$ for any projections $`p_i\mathrm{Proj}(_i)`$, $`i=1,2`$ and $`q_1\mathrm{Proj}(_1^t)`$, $`q_2\mathrm{Proj}(_2^{1/t})`$, with $`\tau (p_1)/\tau (q_1)=\tau (q_2)/\tau (p_2)=t.`$

With these notations in mind we have:

###### Theorem 1.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Gamma }_n𝒞`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$. Assume that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=𝒩_1\overline{}𝒩_2`$ for some type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$ factors $`𝒩_1`$ and $`𝒩_2`$. Then, there exist $`t>0`$ and a partition $`I_1I_2=\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ such that $`𝒩_1^t=\overline{}_{kI_1}\mathrm{\Gamma }_k`$ and $`𝒩_2^{1/t}=\overline{}_{kI_2}\mathrm{\Gamma }_k`$ modulo conjugacy by a unitary element in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

An analogous result holds true for McDuff factors:

###### Theorem 2.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Gamma }_n𝒞`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$. Assume that $`\overline{}\mathrm{\Gamma }=𝒩_1\overline{}𝒩_2`$ for some McDuff type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$ factors $`𝒩_1`$ and $`𝒩_2`$. Then, there exist a partition $`I_1I_2=\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ and a decomposition $`=_1\overline{}_2`$ such that $`𝒩_1=_1\overline{}\overline{}_{kI_1}\mathrm{\Gamma }_k`$ and $`𝒩_2=_2\overline{}\overline{}_{kI_1}\mathrm{\Gamma }_k`$ modulo unitary conjugacy. Moreover, $`I_1`$ (resp. $`I_2`$) is empty if and only if $`𝒩_1`$ (resp. $`𝒩_2`$) is injective.

The proofs of both theorems follow the same strategy: A careful use of the ideas and techniques in \[Oz\] shows that if $`𝒩=𝒩_1\overline{}𝒩_2`$ is a subfactor of the group von Neumann algebra $`=_1\overline{}_2`$, with $`_i=\mathrm{\Gamma }_i`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_i`$ hyperbolic groups, then either $`𝒩_1`$ or $`𝒩_2`$ must “avoid killing” the compacts $`K(L^2(_i))1`$. This provides a non-zero compact (relative to $`_i`$) element in the commutant of say $`N_1`$, thus a Hilbert $`𝒩_1_i`$ bimodule $`L^2()`$ with dim$`__i<\mathrm{}`$ (cf. \[Po2\]). Using techniques from \[Po2\] this is shown to imply that $`𝒩_1^t`$ is unitary conjugate to $`_i`$ for some $`t>0`$.

The following four corollaries are immediate consequences of the above theorems.

###### Corollary 3.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Gamma }_n𝒞`$. Assume

$$𝒩_1\overline{}\mathrm{}\overline{}𝒩_m=\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\overline{}\mathrm{}\overline{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_n,$$

for some $`mn`$ and type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$ factors $`𝒩_1,\mathrm{},𝒩_m`$. Then $`m=n`$ and there exist $`t_1,t_2,\mathrm{},t_n>0`$ with $`t_1t_2\mathrm{}t_n=1`$ such that after permutation of indices and unitary conjugacy we have $`𝒩_k^{t_k}=\mathrm{\Gamma }_k`$ for all $`k`$.

The assumption $`mn`$ in the above corollary is necessary, but if we require all $`𝒩_k`$ to be prime then it can be omitted:

###### Corollary 4.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Gamma }_n𝒞`$. Assume that $`m`$ and $`𝒩_1,\mathrm{},𝒩_m`$ are type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$ prime factors such that

$$𝒩_1\overline{}\mathrm{}\overline{}𝒩_m=\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\overline{}\mathrm{}\overline{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_n.$$

Then $`m=n`$ and there exist $`t_1,t_2,\mathrm{},t_n>0`$ with $`t_1t_2\mathrm{}t_n=1`$ such that after permutation of indices and unitary conjugacy we have $`𝒩_k^{t_k}=\mathrm{\Gamma }_k`$ for all $`k`$.

Note that the above corollary shows the uniqueness of prime factorization within a certain class of type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$ factors, thus answering a question in \[Ge\]. In particular, it shows that if $`𝔽_{r_1}\overline{}\mathrm{}\overline{}𝔽_{r_n}`$ is isomorphic to $`𝔽_{s_1}\overline{}\mathrm{}\overline{}𝔽_{s_m}`$, for some $`2r_i,s_j\mathrm{}`$, then $`m=n`$. This is in fact still true after tensoring by $``$, as the next corollary shows. Note in this respect the analogy with the similar results for orbit equivalence relations coming from actions of the groups $`𝔽_{r_1}\times \mathrm{}\times 𝔽_{r_n}`$ (resp. $`S_{\mathrm{}}\times 𝔽_{r_1}\times \mathrm{}\times 𝔽_{r_n}`$) of Gaboriau \[Ga\], and for type II1 factors associated with actions of such groups in \[Po2\].

###### Corollary 5.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Gamma }_n𝒞`$. Assume that $`mn`$ and $`𝒩_1,\mathrm{},𝒩_m`$ are McDuff type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$ factors such that

$$𝒩_1\overline{}\mathrm{}\overline{}𝒩_m=\overline{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\overline{}\mathrm{}\overline{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_n.$$

Then $`m=n`$ and there exists a decomposition $`=_1\overline{}\mathrm{}\overline{}_n`$ such that after permutation of indices and unitary conjugacy we have $`𝒩_k=_k\overline{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_k`$ for all $`k`$.

###### Corollary 6.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Gamma }_n𝒞`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$. Then the fundamental group of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is the product of the fundamental groups of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_k`$, i.e., $`(\mathrm{\Gamma })=(\mathrm{\Gamma }_1)\mathrm{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n).`$

Related to the above corollary, note also that the outer automorphism group $`Out(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is roughly given by the kernel of the map $`𝐌𝐨𝐝:Out(\mathrm{\Gamma }_1^{\mathrm{}})\times \mathrm{}\times Out(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n^{\mathrm{}})_+^{}`$ defined by $`𝐌𝐨𝐝(\theta _1,\mathrm{},\theta _n)=Mod(\theta _1)\mathrm{}Mod(\theta _n)`$ ($`Out(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ in fact also contains permutations due to possible isomorphisms between $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{t_k}`$, $`1kn`$).

By using the same arguments, we will in fact prove generalizations of Theorems 1 and 2 to the case of inclusions of factors, as follows:

###### Theorem 7.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Gamma }_n𝒞`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ and $`𝒩\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a subfactor. Assume $`𝒩=𝒩_1\overline{}\mathrm{}\overline{}𝒩_m`$ for some type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$ factors $`𝒩_1,\mathrm{},𝒩_m`$, at most one of which is injective. Then $`mn`$. If in addition $`m=n`$ and all $`𝒩_k`$ are non-injective, then $`𝒩^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is atomic and for each minimal projection $`p𝒩^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ there exist $`t_1,t_2,\mathrm{},t_n>0`$, with $`t_1t_2\mathrm{}t_n=\tau (p)`$, and a projection $`q\mathrm{\Gamma }_1`$ with $`\tau (q)=\tau (p)`$, such that after permutation of indices and unitary conjugacy we have $`𝒩_1^{t_1}q\mathrm{\Gamma }_1q`$ and $`𝒩_k^{t_k}\mathrm{\Gamma }_k`$ for all $`k2`$.

Related to the above theorem, note that if $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1𝒞`$ then for any $`n1`$ the diagonal embedding of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1`$ in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_1`$ gives rise to a subfactor $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with trivial relative commutant.

###### Theorem 8.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Gamma }_n𝒞`$ and $`𝒩\overline{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a subfactor. Assume that $`𝒩=𝒩_0\overline{}𝒩_1\overline{}\mathrm{}\overline{}𝒩_m`$ for a type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$ hyperfinite factor $`𝒩_0`$ and some non-injective McDuff type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$ factors $`𝒩_1,\mathrm{},𝒩_m`$. Then $`mn`$. Moreover, if $`m=n`$ and $`𝒩^{}(\overline{}\mathrm{\Gamma })=1`$ then there exist mutually commuting subfactors $`_0,_1,\mathrm{},_n`$ in $``$ such that after permutation of the indices $`\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ and unitary conjugacy we have $`𝒩_0_0`$ and $`𝒩_k_k\overline{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_k`$ for all $`k1`$.

One should note that while the result in \[Oz\] can be viewed as a von Neumann algebra analogue of a theorem of Adams \[Ad2\] on the primeness of free ergodic m.p. actions of non-amenable hyperbolic groups, the above results are somewhat analogue to the Monod-Shalom \[MS\] rigidity results for doubly ergodic actions of products of such hyperbolic groups. Although the strategies of proofs in the von Neumann context in \[Oz\] and in the present paper are completely different from their ergodic theory counterparts in \[Ad2\], \[MS\] (or for that matter \[Ga\] as well), it is worth mentioning the crucial importance for both the von Neumann algebra and the ergodic theory settings of the amenability of the boundary action \[Ad1\], \[AR\], \[MS\]. Note also the similarity between the class of groups that could be dealt with in this paper and in \[Oz\] (i.e, groups in the class $`𝒞`$ and their products), and the class of “manageable” groups in \[Po2\], where however the case of lattices in $`\mathrm{Sp}(1,n)`$ was left unsolved (yet seems feasible by using \[CZ\] “in lieu” of relative Haagerup property).

## 2. Some Results on Group Algebras

For a discrete group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, we denote by $`\lambda `$ (resp. $`\rho `$) the left (resp. right) regular representation on $`\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and let $`C_\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ (resp. $`C_\rho ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$) be the $`C^{}`$-algebra generated by $`\lambda (\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ (resp. $`\rho (\mathrm{\Gamma })`$) in $`𝔹(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=(C_\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma })^{\prime \prime }`$ be its weak closure. The $`C^{}`$-algebra $`C_\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ (resp. the von Neumann algebra $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$) is called the reduced group $`C^{}`$-algebra (resp. the group von Neumann algebra). Let $`\pi _\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be the quotient from $`𝔹(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ onto the Calkin algebra $`𝔹(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma })/𝕂(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. We denote by $`C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }=C^{}(\lambda (\mathrm{\Gamma }),\rho (\mathrm{\Gamma }))`$ the $`C^{}`$-subalgebra in $`𝔹(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ generated by $`C_\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`C_\rho ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

The following theorem follows from \[AO\], \[Sk\], \[HG\].

###### Theorem 9.

For $`\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒞`$, the $`C^{}`$-algebra $`C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is exact and the $``$-homomorphism

$$\nu _\mathrm{\Gamma }:C_\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }C_\rho ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}a_ix_i\pi _\mathrm{\Gamma }(\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}a_ix_i)(C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }+𝕂(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma }))/𝕂(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma })$$

is continuous w.r.t. the minimal tensor norm on $`C_\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }C_\rho ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

###### Proof.

The claims were already proved in Lemma 6.2.8 in \[HG\] except that $`C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is exact. So, we just sketch the proof of exactness (and continuity). Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-amenable boundary which is small at infinity (e.g. the Gromov boundary for a hyperbolic group \[Ad1\]\[AR\]). We identify $`C(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ with the $`C^{}`$-subalgebra in $`\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Gamma }/c_0\mathrm{\Gamma }𝔹(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma })/𝕂(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. As it was observed in \[HG\], $`C(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ commutes with $`C_\rho ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`𝔹(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma })/𝕂(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. Hence, the $``$-homomorphism $`\nu _\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ extends to a $``$-homomorphism $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ on $`(\mathrm{\Gamma }C(\mathrm{\Gamma }))(\mathrm{\Gamma }C(\mathrm{\Gamma }))^{\mathrm{op}}`$. Since $`\mathrm{\Gamma }C(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is nuclear, $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is continuous w.r.t. the minimal tensor norm. Moreover, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Gamma }(C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is contained in a nuclear $`C^{}`$-subalgebra of $`𝔹(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma })/𝕂(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. Thus, by the Choi-Effros lifting theorem \[CE\], $`\pi _\mathrm{\Gamma }|_{C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ has a unital completely positive lifting. This implies the exactness of $`C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. ∎

We note that since we assumed $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ to be non-amenable and ICC, the ideal $`𝕂(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is actually contained in $`C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ (otherwise $`C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }C_\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{min}}C_\rho ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and hence $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is amenable) and the $``$-homomorphism $`\nu _\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is injective.

From now on, let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$ be either the trivial group or an amenable ICC group. We note that $`C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_0C_\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_0_{\mathrm{min}}C_\rho ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Gamma }_n𝒞`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_0\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$. We note that $`C_\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is locally reflexive (and exact). For each $`k`$, let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{}`$ be the kernel of the projection of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ onto $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_k`$, i.e., $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_k`$. There is an obvious identification

$$C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }=C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_0_{\mathrm{min}}C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_1_{\mathrm{min}}\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{min}}C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_n𝔹(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma })=𝔹(\underset{k}{}\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma }_k).$$

Since each $`C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_k`$ is exact by Theorem 9, the kernel of the $``$-homomorphism

$`C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_0_{\mathrm{min}}C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_1_{\mathrm{min}}\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{min}}C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$
$`C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_0_{\mathrm{min}}(C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_1/𝕂(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma }_1))_{\mathrm{min}}\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{min}}(C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_n/𝕂(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma }_n))`$
is

$$J=C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_1^{}_{\mathrm{min}}𝕂(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma }_1)+\mathrm{}+C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_n^{}_{\mathrm{min}}𝕂(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }.$$

We denote by $`\pi _J:C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }/J`$ the quotient map. The following lemma summerizes the above arguments.

###### Lemma 10.

For $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_0\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ as above, the $``$-homomorphism

$$\nu _\mathrm{\Gamma }:C_\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }C_\rho ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}a_ix_i\pi _J(\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}a_ix_i)C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }/J$$

is continuous w.r.t. the minimal tensor norm on $`C_\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }C_\rho ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

Note that by Connes’ theorem \[Co\], we may find an amenable subgroup $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ in the unitary group $`𝒰()`$ of the injective factor $``$ which generates $``$ as a von Neumann algebra. Thus, whenever $``$ is represented as a von Neumann algebra on a Hilbert space, $`𝔹()`$, by averaging $`Adu`$ over $`u\mathrm{\Delta }`$ along some Følner sequence, we obtain a conditional expectation $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{^{}}`$ from $`𝔹()`$ onto $`^{}`$ such that

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{^{}}(a)\overline{\mathrm{co}}^w\{uau^{}:u𝒰()\}.$$

Such a conditional expectation is said to be proper.

###### Proposition 11.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_0\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ be as above and let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be an injective von Neumann subalgebra with a proper conditional expectation $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{^{}}`$ from $`𝔹(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ onto $`^{}`$ in $`𝔹(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. If the relative commutant $`^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is non-injective, then there exists $`k\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ such that

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{^{}}(1_{\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{}}𝕂(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma }_k))\{0\}.$$

###### Proof.

Let $`𝒩=^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and let $`\epsilon _𝒩`$ be the trace preserving conditional expectation from $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ onto $`𝒩`$. Then, we have $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{^{}}|_\mathrm{\Gamma }=\epsilon _𝒩`$ by uniqueness.

For a proof by contradiction, suppose that $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{^{}}(1_{\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{}}𝕂(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma }_k))=\{0\}`$ for all $`k`$. It follows that $`J\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Psi }_{^{}}`$ and hence $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{^{}}|_{C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }}=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{^{}}\pi _J`$ for some unital completely positive map $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{^{}}:C_{\lambda ,\rho }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }/J𝔹(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. It follows that the unital completely positive map $`\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒩=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{^{}}\nu _\mathrm{\Gamma }:C_\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{min}}C_\rho ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }𝔹(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is continuous and we have

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_𝒩(\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}a_ix_i)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}\epsilon _𝒩(a_i)x_i𝔹(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma }).$$

for $`_{i=1}^ma_ix_iC_\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }C_\rho ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. However, by Lemma 5 in \[Oz\], this implies the injectivity of $`𝒩`$ which contradicts the assumption. ∎

## 3. Some Results on Subfactors and Unitary Conjugacy

###### Proposition 12.

Let $`=_1\overline{}_2`$ and $`𝒩`$ be type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$ factors. Assume there exists $`x_1𝕂(L^2(_2))𝔹(L^2())`$ such that

$$𝒩^{}\overline{\mathrm{co}}^w\{uxu^{}:u𝒰(𝒩)\}\{0\}.$$

Then there exist a decomposition $`=_1^t\overline{}_2^{1/t}`$ for some $`t>0`$, and a non-zero partial isometry $`u`$ such that $`uu^{}\mathrm{Proj}(_2^{1/t})`$, $`u^{}u\mathrm{Proj}(𝒩^{})`$ and $`u𝒩u^{}_1^tuu^{}`$. Moreover, if $`𝒩^{}`$ is a factor, then $`u`$ can be taken a unitary element.

###### Proof.

By Proposition 1.3.2 in \[Po2\], $`𝒩^{}\overline{\mathrm{co}}^w\{uxu^{}:u𝒰(𝒩)\}`$ consists in just one element $`y`$, which is contained in $`𝕂(L^2(M_1))_{\mathrm{min}}_2`$. Thus, if $`y0`$ and we denote by $`e`$ the spectral projection of $`|y|`$ corresponding to the interval $`[y/2,y]`$ then $`e`$ is a finite non-zero projection in $`_1\overline{}𝔹(L^2(_2))`$, which commutes with $`𝒩`$.

Thus, the Hilbert space $`=eL^2()`$ is an $`𝒩_1`$ Hilbert bimodule and $`dim__1<\mathrm{}`$. Thus, if we take $`p\mathrm{Proj}(_1)`$, $`q_0\mathrm{Proj}(𝒩)`$ with $`\tau (p)=\mathrm{min}\{s,1\}`$, $`\tau (q_0)=\mathrm{min}\{1/s,1\}`$, where $`s=dim_{M_1}`$, then $`_0=q_0p`$ is a $`q_0𝒩q_0p_1p`$ Hilbert bimodule and $`dim(_0)_{p_1p}=1`$.

Thus, there exists a vector $`\xi _0q_0L^2()p`$ such that $`_0=L^2(\xi _0p_1p)=\overline{\xi _0p_1p}`$. Since $`q_0𝒩q_0_0p_1p=_0`$, this implies $`q_0𝒩q_0\xi _0L^2(\xi _0p_1p)`$.

By regarding $`\xi _0`$ as a square summable operator affiliated with $``$ and using the fact that $`xp_1p`$, $`\xi _0x=0`$ implies $`x=0`$, it follows that the summable operator $`\epsilon __1(\xi _0^{}\xi _0)L^1(_1)`$ affiliated with $`_1`$ has support $`p`$. Thus, $`\xi =\xi _0\epsilon __1((\xi _0^{}\xi _0)^{1/2})`$ is a square summable operator affiliated with $`_1`$ such that $`\epsilon __1(\xi ^{}\xi )=p`$. In other words, as an unbounded operator acting on $`L^2()`$, the restriction $`\xi |_{L^2(p_1p)}`$ is a partial isometry.

We then have $`L^2(\xi p_1p)=\xi L^2(p_1p)`$. Let $`qq_0𝒩q_0`$ be the minimal projection in $`q_0𝒩q_0`$ with the property that $`(q_0q)\xi =0`$. We denote $`\theta (x)=\epsilon __1(\xi ^{}x\xi )`$, $`xq𝒩q`$, and note that $`\theta `$ is a unital, normal, faithful, completely positive map from $`q𝒩q`$ into $`p_1p`$. Moreover, the same argument as in Lemma 5 of \[Po3\] shows that in fact $`\theta `$ is a unital $``$-isomorphism of $`q𝒩q`$ into $`p_1p`$.

Thus, since $`\xi `$ is an intertwiner between $`\mathrm{id}|_{qNq}`$ and the isomorphism $`\theta `$, if $`v`$ is the partial isometry in the polar decomposition of $`\xi `$, then $`v^{}v(q𝒩q)^{}qq`$, $`vv^{}\theta (q𝒩q)^{}pp`$ and $`vx=\theta (x)v`$ for all $`xq𝒩q`$.

Noticing that if $`p_1p`$ is a von Neumann subalgebra then $`^{}pp=(^{}p_1p)_2`$ and that

$$𝒵(^{}pp)=𝒵(^{}p_1p)=𝒵(𝒵(^{}p_1p)_2).$$

It follows that the projection $`vv^{}\theta (q𝒩q)^{}pp`$ is equivalent in $`\theta (q𝒩q)^{}pp`$ with a projection of same central trace in $`𝒵_2`$, where $`𝒵=𝒵(\theta (q𝒩q)^{}p_1p)p_1p`$. Thus, we may assume the partial isometry $`v`$ is so that $`vv^{}𝒵_2`$. Then there exist non-zero projections $`p_1𝒵p_1p`$, $`p_2_2`$ such that the central trace $`\tau (p_2)p_1`$ of $`p_1p_2`$ in $`𝒵_2`$ is less than or equal to the central trace of $`vv^{}`$, i.e., there exists $`w𝒵_2`$ such that $`ww^{}=p_1p_2`$, $`w^{}wvv^{}`$.

But then the partial isomtery $`v_0=wv`$ satisfies $`v_0v_0^{}=p_1p_2`$ and

$$v_0x=wvx=w\theta (x)v=\theta (x)wv=\theta (x)v_0,$$

in which we can now regard $`\theta `$ as a unital $``$-isomorphism of $`q𝒩q`$ into $`p_1_1p_1`$. Also, we still have $`v_0^{}v_0(q𝒩q)^{}qq`$, i.e., there exists a projection $`q^{}𝒩^{}`$ such that $`v_0^{}v_0=qq^{}`$. Moreover, by restricting $`\sigma `$ and $`v_0`$ to a projection of appropriate trace in $`\mathrm{Proj}(q𝒩q)`$, we may assume $`\tau (q)=1/n,`$ for some integer $`n1`$.

Let now $`t=\tau (p_1)/\tau (q)`$ and decompose $``$ as $`_1^t\overline{}_2^{1/t}`$. Since $`t\tau (p_1)`$, it follows that we may assume $`p_1_1p_1^t`$ and $`p^{}=p_2_2^{1/t}`$. Moreover, by the choice of $`t`$ the normalized traces on $`𝒩`$ and $`^t`$ satisfy $`\tau _𝒩(q)=\tau _{_1^t}(p_1)=1/n`$. Let then $`w_1,w_2,\mathrm{},w_n𝒩`$, $`u_1,u_2,\mathrm{},u_n_1^t`$ be partial isometries such that $`w_iw_i^{}=q`$, $`u_i^{}u_i=p_1`$, for any $`i`$, and $`_iw_i^{}w_i=1_N`$, $`_iu_iu_i^{}=1_{_1^t}`$.

Thus, if we let $`u=_iu_iv_0w_i`$ then $`u^{}u=q^{}𝒩^{}`$, $`uu^{}=p^{}_2^{1/t}`$ and $`u𝒩u^{}_1^tp^{}`$.

Similarly, if $`𝒩^{}`$ is a factor then there exist partial isometries $`w_1^{},w_2^{},\mathrm{},w_m^{}𝒩^{}`$, $`u_1^{},u_2^{},\mathrm{},u_m^{}_2^{1/t}`$ such that $`w_j^{}w_{j}^{}{}_{}{}^{}q^{}`$, $`u_{i}^{}{}_{}{}^{}u_i^{}p^{}`$ for any $`j`$ and $`_iw_{i}^{}{}_{}{}^{}w_i^{}=1_𝒩^{}`$, $`_iu_i^{}u_{i}^{}{}_{}{}^{}=1_{_2^{1/t}}`$. Then the unitary element $`u^{}=_ju_j^{}uw_j^{}`$ will satisfy $`u^{}𝒩u_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}^t`$. ∎

The following result is an easy consequence of A.1.1 and A.1.2 in \[Po1\], but we give full details for completeness.

###### Proposition 13.

Let $`𝒩`$ be type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$ factors with separable preduals. Then there exists a hyperfinite subfactor $`𝒩`$ such that $`^{}=𝒩^{}`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`\{x_n\}_n`$ be $`_2`$-dense in the unit ball of $``$. We construct recursively mutually commuting finite dimensional subfactors $`𝒩_k𝒩`$, $`k=1,2,\mathrm{},`$ such that if we put $`_n=_{1kn}𝒩_k`$ then

$$\epsilon __n^{}(x_j)\epsilon _𝒩^{}(x_j)_22^n,jn.$$

Assume we have constructed $`𝒩_1,𝒩_2,\mathrm{},𝒩_n`$. Let $`y_j=\epsilon _{𝒩_n^{}}(x_j)`$, $`jn+1`$. By A.1.1 in \[Po1\], given any $`\epsilon >0`$ there exists an abelian finite dimensional subalgebra $`𝒜_0_n^{}𝒩`$ such that if we denote $`𝒬=_n^{}𝒩`$, $`𝒫=_n^{}`$ and $`y_j^{}=y_j\epsilon _{𝒬𝒬^{}𝒫}(y_j)`$, then $`\epsilon _{𝒜_0^{}𝒫}(y_j^{})_2\epsilon `$ for all $`jn+1.`$ Moreover, $`𝒜_0`$ can be taken to have minimal projections of equal trace. Thus, if we let $`𝒩_0𝒬`$ be a finite dimensional factor such that $`𝒜_0𝒩_0`$ is its diagonal algebra then we still have $`\epsilon _{𝒩_0^{}𝒫}(y_j^{})_2\epsilon `$ for all $`jn+1.`$

Denote $`y_j^{\prime \prime }=\epsilon _{𝒬𝒬^{}𝒫}(y_j)`$ and let $`y_{j,k}𝒬`$, $`y_{j,k}^{}𝒬^{}𝒫`$, $`1kn_j,1jn+1`$ be such that $`y_j^{\prime \prime }_ky_{j,k}y_{j,k}^{}_2\epsilon `$, for all $`jn+1`$. By the first part of proof of A.1.2 in \[Po1\], there exists a finite dimensional factor $`_0𝒩_0^{}𝒬`$ such that $`\epsilon _{_0^{}𝒬}(y_{j,k})\tau (y_{j,k})1_2\delta `$, where $`\delta =\epsilon /(_jn_j)`$. It follows that

$`\epsilon _{_0^{}𝒫}(y_j^{\prime \prime })\epsilon _{𝒬^{}𝒫}(y_j^{\prime \prime })_2`$ $`\epsilon _{_0^{}𝒫}(y_j^{\prime \prime }){\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}\tau (y_{j,k})y_{j,k}^{}_2`$
$`\epsilon +n_j\delta 2\epsilon ,jn+1.`$
Altogether, if we denote $`𝒩_{n+1}=𝒩_0_0𝒬=_n^{}𝒩`$ and put $`_{n+1}=_n𝒩_{n+1}`$ then

$`\epsilon _{_{n+1}^{}}(x_j)`$ $`\epsilon _𝒩^{}(x_j)_2=\epsilon _{_{n+1}^{}}(y_j)\epsilon _𝒩^{}(y_j)_2`$
$`\epsilon _{_{n+1}^{}}(y_j^{})_2+\epsilon _{_{n+1}^{}}(y_j^{\prime \prime })\epsilon _𝒩^{}(y_j^{\prime \prime })_2`$
$`\epsilon _{𝒩_0^{}𝒫}(y_j^{})_2+\epsilon _{_0^{}𝒫}(y_j^{\prime \prime })\epsilon _{𝒬^{}𝒫}(y_j^{\prime \prime })_2`$
$`3\epsilon ,jn+1.`$
Thus, if we take $`\epsilon =2^{n1}/3`$ then $`_{n+1}`$ satisfies the required conditions.

Finally, if we put $`=\overline{_n_n}^w`$ then

$$\epsilon _{^{}}(x_j)=\underset{n}{lim}\epsilon __n^{}(x_j)=\epsilon _𝒩^{}(x_j),j1$$

and thus, by density, $`\epsilon _{^{}}(x)=\epsilon _𝒩^{}(x)`$, for all $`x`$. ∎

We end this section with a technical result on geometry of projections, needed in the proof of Theorem 6.

###### Lemma 14.

Let $`𝒩=𝒩_1\overline{}𝒩_2`$ be an inclusion of type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$ factors and denote $`=𝒩^{}`$. If $`p𝒩_2^{}`$ is a non-zero projection then there exist non-zero projections $`q𝒩_1,q_0,q_1𝒩_1`$ such that $`p`$ is equivalent to $`q`$ in $`𝒩_2^{}M`$ and $`p`$ majorises $`q_0q_1`$ in $`𝒩_2^{}M`$.

###### Proof.

We clearly have $`𝒵(𝒩_2^{})𝒵(𝒩_1)`$. Let $`z`$ be the central trace of $`p`$ in $`𝒩_2^{}`$. Since $`𝒩_1`$ is of type II1, $`0z1`$ and $`z𝒵(𝒩_1)`$, it follows that there exists a projection $`q𝒩_1`$ with central trace in $`𝒩_1`$ equal to $`z`$. Thus, $`p`$ and $`q`$ are equivalent in $`𝒩_2^{}`$.

Moreover, since there exists a non-zero projection $`q_0𝒵(B)=𝒵(B𝒩_1)`$ and $`c>0`$ such that $`cq_0z`$, it follows that if $`q_1𝒩_1`$ is a projection of trace $`c`$ then $`q_0q_1`$ has central trace $`cq_0z`$ in $`𝒵(B𝒩_1)`$, thus being majorised in $`B𝒩_1`$ by $`q`$ and in $`𝒩_2^{}`$ by $`p`$ as well. ∎

## 4. Proof of the Main Theorem

The following proposition is a combination of Propositions 11, 12 and 13.

###### Proposition 15.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$ be either a trivial group or an amenable ICC group, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Gamma }_n𝒞`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_0\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$. Assume that $`𝒩\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$ factor such that $`𝒩^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is non-injective. Then, there exist $`k\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$, $`t>0`$ and a non-zero partial isometry $`u\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with $`e=uu^{}\mathrm{Proj}((\mathrm{\Gamma }_k)^{1/t})`$, $`u^{}u\mathrm{Proj}(𝒩^{}\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ such that

$$u𝒩u^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{})^te(\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{})^t\overline{}e(\mathrm{\Gamma }_k)^{1/t}e=e(\mathrm{\Gamma })e.$$

Moreover, if $`𝒩^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a factor, then $`u`$ can be taken a unitary element.

###### Proof.

We denote $`=\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. By Proposition 13, there exists a hyperfinite subfactor $`𝒩`$ such that $`^{}=𝒩^{}`$. By Proposition 11, there exist $`k\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ and $`x1_{\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{}}𝕂(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Gamma }_k)`$ such that

$$^{}\overline{\mathrm{co}}^w\{uxu^{}:u𝒰()\}\{0\}.$$

We denote $`_1=\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{}`$ and $`_2=\mathrm{\Gamma }_k`$. Applying Proposition 12 to $``$, we obtain $`t>0`$ and and a partial isometry $`u\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with $`e=uu^{}\mathrm{Proj}((\mathrm{\Gamma }_k)^{1/t})`$, $`u^{}u\mathrm{Proj}(𝒩^{}\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ such that $`uu^{}_1^te`$. In case where $`𝒩^{}`$ is a factor, $`u`$ can be taken a unitary element. It follows that

$`u𝒩u^{}`$ $`(u(𝒩^{})u^{})^{}(uu^{})`$
$`=((uu^{})^{}(uu^{}))^{}(uu^{})`$
$`((_1^te)^{}(ee))^{}(ee)=_1^te.`$
This completes the proof. ∎

Now we are in a position to prove Theorems 1 and 2.

###### Proof of Theorems 1 and 2.

We proceed by induction over $`n`$. The case where $`n=0`$ is trivial. Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$ be the trivial group (resp. an amenable ICC group), $`n1`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Gamma }_n𝒞`$ and let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_0\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$. Since $`=\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is non-injective, we may assume, say, $`𝒩_2`$ is non-injective. It follows from Proposition 15 that there exist $`t>0`$, a unitary element $`u\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`k\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ such that if we denote $`_1=\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{}`$ and $`_2=\mathrm{\Gamma }_k`$ then $`u𝒩_1u^{}_1^t`$. Thus, with $`𝒩_{2,1}=𝒩_1^{}u^{}_1^tu`$, we have

$$𝒩_2=𝒩_1^{}=u^{}\left(𝒩_{2,1}\overline{}_2^{1/t}\right)uu^{}\left(_1^t\overline{}_2^{1/t}\right)u=$$

and $`𝒩_1𝒩_{2,1}=u^{}_1^tu`$. Therefore, by the induction hypothesis, there exist $`s>0`$, a partition $`I_1I_{2,1}=\{1,\mathrm{},n\}\{k\}`$ and $`_0=_1=1`$ (resp. a decomposition $`=_1\overline{}_2`$) such that $`𝒩_1=(_1\overline{}\overline{}_{kI_1}\mathrm{\Gamma }_k)^s`$ and $`𝒩_{2,1}=(_2\overline{}\overline{}_{kI_{2,1}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_k)^{t/s}`$ modulo conjugacy by a unitary element in $`(\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{})^t`$. We complete the proof by setting $`I_2=\{k\}I_{2,1}`$. ∎

An adaptation of the above proof shows that if $`\overline{}𝒩=\overline{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒞`$ and some non-McDuff type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$ factor $`𝒩`$, then there exists $`t>0`$ such that $`𝒩^t=\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`\overline{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ modulo unitary conjugacy.

###### Proposition 16.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$ be the trivial group (resp. an amenable ICC group), and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Gamma }_n𝒞`$. Let $`𝒩_1`$ be a diffuse (resp. non-injective) von Neumann algebra, $`𝒩_2,\mathrm{},𝒩_m`$ be non-injective type $`\mathrm{II}_1`$ factors. Assume that

$$𝒩_1\overline{}\mathrm{}\overline{}𝒩_m\mathrm{\Gamma }_0\overline{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\overline{}\mathrm{}\overline{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_n.$$

Then $`mn`$.

###### Proof.

We proceed by induction over $`n`$. The case where $`n=0`$ is trivial. We first deal with the case where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$ is non-trivial and $`𝒩_1`$ is non-injective. In this case, by Proposition 15 there exist $`k\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ and $`s>0`$ such that $`(𝒩_2\overline{}\mathrm{}\overline{}𝒩_m)^s`$ is unitary conjugate to a subfactor of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{}`$, and hence we obtain $`m1n1`$ by the induction hypothesis.

Now, let $`n1`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ and let $`𝒩_1,\mathrm{},𝒩_m`$ be as in the statement. For a proof by contradiction, suppose $`m>n`$ and let $`𝒫=𝒩_2\overline{}\mathrm{}\overline{}𝒩_{m1}`$ (or just $`1`$ if $`m=2`$). By Proposition 15, there exist $`k\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$, $`t>0`$ and a partial isometry $`u\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with $`e=uu^{}\mathrm{Proj}((\mathrm{\Gamma }_k)^{1/t})`$, $`u^{}u\mathrm{Proj}(𝒫^{}\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ such that

$$u𝒫u^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{})^te(\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{})^t\overline{}e(\mathrm{\Gamma }_k)^{1/t}e=e(\mathrm{\Gamma })e.$$

By Lemma 14, we may assume that $`uu^{}=q_0q_1`$ with $`q_0=(𝒩_2\overline{}\mathrm{}𝒩_m)^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`q_1𝒩_m`$. Since $`𝒫`$ is unitary conjugate to a subfactor in $`(\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{})^t`$, it follows from the induction hypothesis and the assumption $`m>n`$ that $`m2=n1`$. Thus, by the induction hypothesis again, $`𝒜=(u𝒫u^{})^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{})^t`$ cannot be diffuse. Hence for a minimal projection $`f𝒜`$, we have

$$fu(q_0q_0q_1𝒩_mq_1)u^{}ffe(\mathrm{\Gamma }_k)^{1/t}ef(\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{})^tf\overline{}e(\mathrm{\Gamma }_k)^{1/t}e.$$

But the first inclusion contradicts the solidity of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_k`$ proved in \[Oz\]. ∎

###### Proof of Theorems 7 and 8.

In each statement, the first part follows from Proposition 16.

Now we prove the second part by induction over $`m=n`$. The case where $`n=0`$ is trivial. Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$ be the trivial group (resp. an amenable ICC group) and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Gamma }_n𝒞`$. Assume that $`𝒩_0=1`$ (resp. $`𝒩_0`$ is a hyperfinite factor) and $`𝒩_1,\mathrm{},𝒩_n`$ are non-injective (resp. non-injective McDuff) factors such that

$$𝒩=𝒩_0\overline{}𝒩_1\overline{}\mathrm{}\overline{}𝒩_n\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_0\overline{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\overline{}\mathrm{}\overline{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_n.$$

Then, by Proposition 16, $`𝒩^{}`$ is atomic (resp. injective). To prove the rest, we may assume that $`𝒩^{}=1`$. Let $`𝒫=𝒩_0\overline{}𝒩_1\overline{}\mathrm{}\overline{}𝒩_{n1}`$ (or $`𝒫=𝒩_0`$ if $`n=1`$). By Proposition 15, there exist $`k\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$, $`t>0`$ and a unitary element $`u`$ in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ such that

$$u𝒫u^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{})^t1(\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{})^t\overline{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_k)^{1/t}=\mathrm{\Gamma }.$$

Since $`𝒩^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a factor, so is $`𝒬=(u𝒫u^{})^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{})^t`$, but then $`𝒬`$ has to be finite dimensional (resp. hyperfinite) by Proposition 16. We have

$$u𝒩_nu^{}(u𝒫u^{})^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }=𝒬\overline{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_k)^{1/t}.$$

Therefore, we have $`𝒩_n(\mathrm{\Gamma }_k)^{d/t}`$ with $`dim𝒬=d^2`$ (resp. $`𝒩_n𝒬^{1/t}\overline{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_k`$). By the induction hypothesis, this finishes the proof of Theorem 7. For Theorem 8, one has to apply the induction hypothesis to the subfactor

$$(𝒬^{1/t}𝒩_0)\overline{}𝒩_1\overline{}\mathrm{}\overline{}𝒩_{n1}\mathrm{\Gamma }_k^{}$$

and obtain $`𝒬^{1/t}\mathrm{\Gamma }_0=`$. ∎

Acknowledgment. This research was carried out while the first named author was visiting the University of California at Los Angeles under the support of the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science Postdoctoral Fellowships for Research Abroad. He gratefully acknowledges the kind hospitality of UCLA.