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# Hamiltonian Linearization of the Rest-Frame Instant Form of Tetrad Gravity in a Completely Fixed 3-Orthogonal Gauge: a Radiation Gauge for Background-Independent Gravitational Waves in a Post-Minkowskian Einstein Spacetime.

## I Introduction

In a series of papers  the rest-frame instant form of the Hamiltonian ADM formulation of both metric and tetrad gravity was given. The aim of these papers was to arrive at a formulation of general relativity with matter such that the switching off of the Newton constant $`G`$ would produce the description of the same matter in the rest-frame instant form of parametrized Minkowski theories , with the general relativistic covariance deparametrizing to the special relativistic one of these theories, and to study its Hamiltonian formulation consistently with Dirac-Bergmann theory of constraints.

To implement this program we must select the following family of non-compact space-times:

i) globally hyperbolic, so that the ADM Hamiltonian formulation  is well defined if we start from the ADM action;

ii) topologically trivial, so that they can be foliated with space-like hyper-surfaces $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$ diffeomorphic to $`R^3`$ (3+1 splitting of space-time with $`\tau `$, the scalar parameter labeling the leaves, as a mathematical time);

iii) asymptotically flat at spatial infinity and with boundary conditions at spatial infinity independent from the direction, so that the spi group of asymptotic symmetries is reduced to the Poincare’ group with the ADM Poincare’ charges as generators ***When we switch off the Newton constant $`G`$, the ADM Poincare’ charges, expressed in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$-adapted 4-coordinates, become the generators of the internal Poincare’ group of parametrized Minkowski theories .. In this way we can eliminate the super-translations, namely the obstruction to define angular momentum in general relativity, and we have the same type of boundary conditions which are needed to get well defined non-Abelian charges in Yang-Mills theory, opening the possibility of a unified description of the four interactions with all the fields belonging to same function space . All these requirements imply that the allowed foliations of space-time must have the space-like hyper-planes tending in a direction-independent way to Minkowski space-like hyper-planes at spatial infinity, which moreover must be orthogonal there to the ADM 4-momentum. But these are the conditions satisfied by the singularity-free Christodoulou-Klainermann space-times , in which, in presence of matter, the allowed hyper-surfaces define the rest frame of the universe and naturally become the Wigner hyper-planes of the rest-frame instant form of the parametrized Minkowski theories describing the same matter when $`G0`$. Therefore there are preferred asymptotic inertial observers, which can be identified with the fixed stars. These allowed hyper-surfaces are called Wigner-Sen-Witten (WSW) hyper-surfaces, because it can be shown that the Frauendiener re-formulation  of Sen-Witten equations  for triads allows (after the restriction to the solutions of Einstein’s equations) to transport the asymptotic tetrads of the asymptotic inertial observers in each point of the hyper-surface, generating a local compass of inertia to be used to define rotations with respect to the fixed stars Instead the standard Fermi-Walker transport of the tetrads of a time-like observer is a standard of non-rotation with respect to a local observer in free fall.. Besides the existence of a realization of the Poincare’ group, the only other needed property is that the admissible WSW hyper-surfaces must admit an involution  allowing the definition of a generalized Fourier transform with its associated concepts of positive and negative energy, so to avoid the claimed impossibility to define particles in curved space-times .

iv) All the fields have to belong to suitable weighted Sobolev spaces so that the allowed space-like hyper-surfaces are Riemannian 3-manifolds without Killing vectors: in this way we avoid the analogue of the Gribov ambiguity in general relativity and we can get a unification of the function spaces of gravity and particle physics.

After all these preliminaries it is possible to study the Hamiltonian formulation of both ADM metric  and tetrad  gravity More natural for the coupling to the fermions of the standard model of particles. Moreover tetrad gravity is naturally a theory of time-like accelerated observers, generalizing the ones of parametrized Minkowski theories.  with their (8 and 14 respectively) first class constraints as generators of the Hamiltonian gauge transformations. Then it is possible to look, at least at a heuristic level, for Shanmugadhasan canonical transformations  implementing the separation between the gauge variables and the Dirac observables (DO) for the gravitational field §§§See Refs. for the interpretation of the gauge variables as generalized inertial effects and of the DO’s (the non-local deterministically predictable physical degrees of freedom of the gravitational field) as generalized tidal effects. The non-locality of DO’s (all 3-space is needed for their determination) may be interpreted as a form of Mach principle, even if our boundary conditions are not compatible with the standard interpretation of such principle given by Einstein and Wheeler, who choose spatially compact space-times without boundary . . A complete exposition of these topics is in Refs., where it is shown that it is possible to define a rest frame instant form of gravity in which the effective Hamiltonian for the evolution is the weak ADM energy $`E_{ADM}`$ Therefore the formulations with a frozen reduced phase space are avoided. The super-hamiltonian constraint generates normal deformations of the space-like hyper-surfaces, which are not interpreted as a time evolution (like in the Wheeler-DeWitt approach) but as the Hamiltonian gauge transformations ensuring that the description of gravity is independent from the 3+1 splittings of space-time like it happens in parametrized Minkowski theories. .

Let us consider tetrad gravity. In Refs.  there is a new parametrization of tetrad gravity, still utilizing the ADM action, which allows to solve 13 of the 14 first class constraints. After an allowed 3+1 splitting of space-time with space-like hyper-surfaces $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$, we introduce adapted coordinates Instead of local coordinates $`x^\mu `$ for $`M^4`$, we use local coordinates $`\sigma ^A`$ on $`R\times \mathrm{\Sigma }M^4`$ with $`\mathrm{\Sigma }R^3`$ \[$`x^\mu =z^\mu (\sigma )`$ with inverse $`\sigma ^A=\sigma ^A(x)`$\], i.e. a $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$-adapted holonomic coordinate basis for vector fields $`_A=\frac{}{\sigma ^A}T(R\times \mathrm{\Sigma })b_A^\mu (\sigma )_\mu =\frac{z^\mu (\sigma )}{\sigma ^A}_\mu TM^4`$, and for differential one-forms $`dx^\mu T^{}M^4d\sigma ^A=b_\mu ^A(\sigma )dx^\mu =\frac{\sigma ^A(z)}{z^\mu }dx^\mu T^{}(R\times \mathrm{\Sigma })`$. The 4-metric has Lorentz signature $`ϵ(+,,,)`$ with $`ϵ=\pm 1`$ according to particle physics and general relativity conventions respectively. The induced 4-metric and inverse 4-metric become in the new basis    $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{AB}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`\{{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\tau \tau }^{}=ϵ(N^2{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}N^rN^s);{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\tau r}^{}=ϵ{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}N^s;{}_{}{}^{4}g_{rs}^{}=ϵ{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}\}=`$     $`=`$ $`ϵ[l_Al_B{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}(\delta _A^r+N^r\delta _A^\tau )(\delta _B^s+N^s\delta _B^\tau )],`$    $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{AB}`$ $`=`$ $`\{{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{\tau \tau }={\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{N^2}};{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{\tau r}={\displaystyle \frac{ϵN^r}{N^2}};{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{rs}=ϵ({}_{}{}^{3}g_{}^{rs}{\displaystyle \frac{N^rN^s}{N^2}})\}=ϵ[l^Al^B{}_{}{}^{3}g_{}^{rs}\delta _r^A\delta _s^B].`$   For the unit normals to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$ we have $`l^A=\frac{ϵ}{N}(1;N^r)`$ and $`l_A=N_A\tau =N\delta _A^\tau =(N;\stackrel{}{0})`$. We introduce the 3-metric of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$: $`{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}=ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}g_{rs}^{}`$ with signature (+++). If $`{}_{}{}^{4}\gamma _{}^{rs}`$ is the inverse of the spatial part of the 4-metric ($`{}_{}{}^{4}\gamma _{}^{ru}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{us}^{}=\delta _s^r`$), the inverse of the 3-metric is $`{}_{}{}^{3}g_{}^{rs}=ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}\gamma _{}^{rs}`$ ($`{}_{}{}^{3}g_{}^{ru}{}_{}{}^{3}g_{us}^{}=\delta _s^r`$). We have the following form for the line element in $`M^4`$:    $`ds^2`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ(N^2{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}N^rN^s)(d\tau )^22ϵ{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}N^sd\tau d\sigma ^rϵ{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}d\sigma ^rd\sigma ^s=`$     $`=`$ $`ϵ\left[N^2(d\tau )^2{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}(d\sigma ^r+N^rd\tau )(d\sigma ^s+N^sd\tau )\right].`$   . The arbitrary cotetrads $`{}_{}{}^{4}E_{\mu }^{(\alpha )}`$, appearing in the 4-metric of the ADM action principle, are rewritten in adapted coordinates, $`{}_{}{}^{4}E_{A}^{(\alpha )}`$, and replaced at the Hamiltonian level by the lapse $`N`$ and shift $`N_{(a)}={}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)r}^{}N^r`$ functions, cotriads $`{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)r}^{}`$ and boost parameters $`\phi ^{(a)}`$

$`\left(\begin{array}{c}{}_{}{}^{4}E_{A}^{(o)}\hfill \\ {}_{}{}^{4}E_{A}^{(a)}\hfill \end{array}\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}\sqrt{1+_{(c)}\phi ^{(c)2}}& ϵ\phi _{(b)}\\ \phi ^{(a)}& \delta _{(b)}^{(a)}ϵ\frac{\phi ^{(a)}\phi _{(b)}}{1+\sqrt{1+_{(c)}\phi ^{(c)2}}}\end{array}\right)\times `$ (8)
$`\left(\begin{array}{c}{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{A}^{(o)}=(N;\stackrel{}{0})\hfill \\ {}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{A}^{(b)}=(N^{(b)}={}_{}{}^{3}e_{r}^{(b)}N^r;{}_{}{}^{3}e_{r}^{(b)})\hfill \end{array}\right),`$
$`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{AB}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}E_{A}^{(\alpha )}{}_{}{}^{4}\eta _{(\alpha )(\beta )}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}E_{B}^{(\beta )}={}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{E}_{A}^{(\alpha )}{}_{}{}^{4}\eta _{(\alpha )(\beta )}^{}{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{E}_{B}^{(\beta )}=`$ (11)
$`=`$ $`ϵ\left(\begin{array}{cc}(N^2{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}N^rN^s)& {}_{}{}^{3}g_{st}^{}N^t\\ {}_{}{}^{3}g_{rt}^{}N^t& {}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}\end{array}\right),`$ (14)
$`\left(\begin{array}{c}{}_{}{}^{4}E_{(o)}^{\mu }\hfill \\ {}_{}{}^{4}E_{(a)}^{\mu }\hfill \end{array}\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}\sqrt{1+_{(c)}\phi ^{(c)2}}& \phi ^{(b)}\\ ϵ\phi _{(a)}& \delta _{(a)}^{(b)}ϵ\frac{\phi _{(a)}\phi ^{(b)}}{1+\sqrt{1+_{(c)}\phi ^{(c)2}}}\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}l^\mu \hfill \\ b_s^\mu {}_{}{}^{3}e_{(b)}^{s}\hfill \end{array}\right),`$ (23)
$`\left(\begin{array}{c}{}_{}{}^{4}E_{(o)}^{A}\hfill \\ {}_{}{}^{4}E_{(a)}^{A}\hfill \end{array}\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}\sqrt{1+_{(c)}\phi ^{(c)2}}& \phi ^{(b)}\\ ϵ\phi ^{(a)}& \delta _{(a)}^{(b)}ϵ\frac{\phi _{(a)}\phi ^{(b)}}{1+\sqrt{1+_{(c)}\phi ^{(c)2}}}\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{(o)}^{A}=(1/N;N^r/N)\hfill \\ {}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{(b)}^{A}=(0;{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(b)}^{r})\hfill \end{array}\right),`$ (32)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{AB}`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}E_{(\alpha )}^{A}{}_{}{}^{4}\eta _{}^{(\alpha )(\beta )}{}_{}{}^{4}E_{(\beta )}^{B}={}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{E}_{(\alpha )}^{A}{}_{}{}^{4}\eta _{(\alpha )(\beta )}^{}{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{E}_{(\beta )}^{B}=`$ (35)
$`=`$ $`ϵ\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{N^2}& \frac{N^s}{N^2}\\ \frac{N^r}{N^2}& ({}_{}{}^{3}g_{}^{rs}\frac{N^rN^s}{N^2})\end{array}\right).`$ (38)
The conjugate momenta are $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }^N(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{(a)}^\stackrel{}{N}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{(a)}^{r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{(a)}^\stackrel{}{\phi }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, respectively. There are ten primary constraints $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }^N(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{(a)}^\stackrel{}{N}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{(a)}^\stackrel{}{\phi }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$, $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{M}_{(a)}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=ϵ_{(a)(b)(c)}{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(b)r}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{(c)}^{r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$ and four secondary ones: the super-hamiltonian constraint $`(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$ and the super-momentum constraints $`^r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$. Therefore there are 14 arbitrary gauge variables, four of which are the lapse and shift functions. All the constraints are first class and the Dirac Hamiltonian depends on 10 Dirac multipliers.

As shown in Ref., a consistent treatment of the boundary conditions at spatial infinity requires the explicit separation of the asymptotic part of the lapse and shift functions from their bulk part: $`N(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=N_{(as)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`N_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=N_{(as)r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+n_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, with $`n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ and $`n_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ tending to zero at spatial infinity in a direction-independent way. On the contrary, $`N_{(as)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\lambda _\tau (\tau )\frac{1}{2}\lambda _{\tau u}(\tau )\sigma ^u`$ and $`N_{(as)r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\lambda _r(\tau )\frac{1}{2}\lambda _{ru}(\tau )\sigma ^u`$. The Christodoulou-Klainermann space-times , with their rest-frame condition of zero ADM 3-momentum and absence of super-translations, are singled out by these considerations. As already said the allowed foliations of these space-times tend asymptotically to Minkowski hyper-planes in a direction-independent way and are asymptotically orthogonal to the ADM four-momentum. The leaves $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$ are the WSW hyper-surfaces. They have $`N_{(as)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=ϵ`$, $`N_{(as)r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0`$. As in Refs., from now on the lapse and shift functions $`N`$ and $`N_r`$ will be replaced by $`ϵ+n`$ and $`n_r`$.

It is pointed out in the papers  that in order to have well defined asymptotic weak and strong ADM Poincare’ charges (generators of the asymptotic Poincare’ group) all fields must have a suitable direction-independent limit at spatial infinity. Recall that the strong ADM energy is the flux through the surface at spatial infinity of a function of the 3-metric only, and it is weakly equal to the weak ADM energy (volume form) which contains all the dependence on the ADM momenta. This implies  that the super-hamiltonian constraint must be interpreted as the equation (Lichnerowicz equation) that uniquely determines the conformal factor $`\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=(det{}_{}{}^{3}g(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))^{1/12}`$ of the 3-metric as a functional of the other variables. This means that the associated gauge variable is the canonical momentum $`\pi _\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ conjugate to the conformal factor: it carries information about the extrinsic curvature of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$. It is just this variable, and not York’s time, which parametrizes the normal deformation of the embeddable space-like hyper-surfaces $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$. Since different forms of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$ correspond to different 3+1 splittings of $`M^4`$, the gauge transformations generated by the super-hamiltonian constraint correspond to the transition from an allowed 3+1 splitting to another one: this is the gauge orbit in the phase space over super-space. The theory is therefore independent of the choice of the 3+1 splitting like in parametrized Minkowski theories. As a matter of fact, a gauge fixing for the super-hamiltonian constraint is a choice of a particular 3+1 splitting and this is done by fixing the momentum $`\pi _\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ conjugate to the conformal factor. This shows the dominant role of the conformal 3-geometries in the determination of the physical degrees of freedom, just as in the Lichnerowicz-York conformal approach .

As explained in Refs., following a suggestion of Dirac , we restrict our space-times to admit asymptotic Minkowski Cartesian coordinates, namely the admissible 4-coordinate systems $`x^\mu =z^\mu (\sigma ^A)`$ have the property $`x^\mu \delta _{(\mu )}^\mu z_{(\mathrm{})}^{(\mu )}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ at spatial infinity with $`z_{(\mathrm{})}^{(\mu )}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=x_{(\mathrm{})}^{(\mu )}(\tau )+b_{(\mathrm{})r}^{(\mu )}(\tau )\sigma ^r`$ \[$`(\mu )`$ are flat indices\]. Therefore the leaves of the admissible 3+1 splittings of our space-times tend to Minkowski space-like hyper-planes at spatial infinity in a direction-independent way. While $`x_{(\mathrm{})}^{(\mu )}(\tau )`$ denotes the world-line of a point (centroid) arbitrarily chosen as origin of the 3-coordinate systems on each $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$, the $`b_{(\mathrm{})A}^{(\mu )}(\tau )`$’s are flat asymptotic tetrads with $`b_{(\mathrm{})\tau }^{(\mu )}`$ equal to the normal $`l_{(\mathrm{})}^{(\mu )}`$ to the asymptotic Minkowski hyper-planes. To force the existence of these asymptotic coordinates, we must add to tetrad gravity ten extra configuration degrees of freedom, namely the centroid $`x_{(\mathrm{})}^{(\mu )}(\tau )`$ and the six independent components of the tetrads $`b_{(\mathrm{})A}^{(\mu )}(\tau )`$, and of the conjugate ten momenta, $`p_{(\mathrm{})}^{(\mu )}`$ and a spin tensor $`S_{(\mathrm{})}^{(\mu )(\nu )}`$. As shown in Refs., this increase of variables is balanced by adding ten extra first class constraints determining the ten extra momenta: $`\chi ^A=p_{(\mathrm{})}^A\widehat{P}_{ADM}^A0`$, $`\chi ^{AB}=J_{(\mathrm{})}^{AB}\widehat{J}_{ADM}^{AB}0`$, where the weak (volume form) ADM Poincare’ charges $`\widehat{P}_{ADM}^A`$, $`\widehat{J}_{ADM}^{AB}`$ and the quantities $`p_{(\mathrm{})}^A=b_{(\mathrm{})(\mu )}^Ap_{(\mathrm{})}^{(\mu )}`$, $`J_{(\mathrm{})}^{AB}=b_{(\mathrm{})(\mu )}^Ab_{(\mathrm{})(\nu )}^BS_{(\mathrm{})}^{(\mu )(\nu )}`$ are expressed in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$-adapted 4-coordinates.

In this way the ten extra configuration degrees of freedom become arbitrary gauge variables. After the splitting of the lapse and shift functions in the asymptotic and bulk parts, this approach  implies the replacement of the canonical Hamiltonian $`d^3\sigma \left[n+n_r^r\right](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+\lambda _A(\tau )\widehat{P}_{ADM}^A+\frac{1}{2}\lambda _{AB}(\tau )\widehat{J}_{ADM}^{AB}`$ with the Hamiltonian $`d^3\sigma \left[n+n_r^r+\lambda _n\pi _n+\lambda _{\stackrel{}{n}r}\pi _\stackrel{}{n}^r+\mu _{(a)}M_{(a)}+\rho _{(a)}\pi _{(a)}^\stackrel{}{\phi }\right](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+\lambda _A(\tau )[p_{(\mathrm{})}^A\widehat{P}_{ADM}^A]+\frac{1}{2}\lambda _{AB}(\tau )[J_{(\mathrm{})}^{AB}\widehat{J}_{ADM}^{AB}]`$.

The following boundary conditions (compatible with Christodoulou-Klainermann space-times) ensure that the Hamiltonian gauge transformations preserve these asymptotic properties defining our class of space-times

$`{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)r}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`_r\mathrm{}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{M}{2r}})\delta _{(a)r}+O(r^{3/2}),`$ (39)
$``$ $`{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=[{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)r}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)s}^{}](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })_r\mathrm{}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{M}{r}})\delta _{rs}+O(r^{3/2}),`$ (41)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{(a)}^{r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`_r\mathrm{}O(r^{5/2}),`$ (43)
$`n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`_r\mathrm{}O(r^{(2+ϵ)}),ϵ>0,`$ (44)
$`n_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`_r\mathrm{}O(r^ϵ),`$ (45)
$`\alpha _{(a)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`_r\mathrm{}O(r^{(1+ϵ)}),`$ (46)
$`\phi _{(a)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`_r\mathrm{}O(r^{(1+ϵ)}).`$ (47)
As shown in Refs., to get the rest-frame instant form of tetrad gravity, with its WSW hyper-surfaces as leaves of the admissible 3+1 splittings (when $`p_{(\mathrm{})}^{(\mu )}`$ is time-like) the gauge fixings must be added with the following procedure :

i) Add three gauge fixings on the boost parameters, namely $`\phi ^{(a)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$: in this way we choose cotetrads adapted to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$. The time constancy of this gauge fixing determines the 3 Dirac multipliers $`\rho _{(a)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$.

ii) Add three gauge fixings, $`\alpha _{(a)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$, to the rotation constraints $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{M}_{(a)}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$: in this way we fix a reference orientation of the cotriads. The time constancy of these gauge fixings determine the 3 Dirac multipliers $`\mu _{(a)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$.

iii) Add three gauge fixings $`\chi _r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$ to the secondary super-momentum constraints: this amounts to a choice of 3-coordinates on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$. The requirement of time constancy of the constraints $`\chi _r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$ will generate three gauge fixings $`\phi _r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$ for the primary constraints $`\pi _n^r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$, which determine the shift functions $`n_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (and therefore the coordinate-dependent gravito-magnetic aspects and the eventual anisotropy of light propagation). The time constancy of the $`\phi _r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$’s will determine the 3 Dirac multipliers $`\lambda _{\stackrel{}{n}r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$.

iv) Add a gauge fixing $`\chi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$ to the secondary super-hamiltonian constraint, which determines the form of the space-like hyper-surface $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$. Its time constancy produces the gauge fixing $`\phi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$ for the primary constraint $`\pi _n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$, which determines the lapse function $`n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, i.e. how the surfaces $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$ are packed in the foliation. Now the 3+1 splitting of space-time is completely determined and the time constancy of $`\phi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$ determines the last Dirac multiplier $`\lambda _n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$. A posteriori after having solved the Hamilton equations one could find the embedding $`z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ of the WSW hyper-surfaces into the space-time.

v) Add 6 suitable gauge fixings on the gauge variables $`b_{(\mathrm{})A}^{(\mu )}(\tau )`$, so that, after having gone to Dirac brackets, we get $`J_{(\mathrm{})}^{AB}\widehat{J}_{ADM}^{AB}`$ and $`\lambda _{AB}(\tau )=0`$. As a consequence of this gauge fixing, the gauge variables $`x_{(\mathrm{})}^{(\mu )}(\tau )`$ must be replaced by the canonical non-covariant 4-center of mass $`\stackrel{~}{x}_{(\mathrm{})}^{(\mu )}(\tau )`$ of the universe. All this implies that the asymptotic Minkowski space-like hyper-planes become orthogonal to the weak ADM 4-momentum $`\widehat{P}_{ADM}^A`$ and that the canonical Hamiltonian becomes $`d^3\sigma \left[n+n_r^r+\lambda _n\pi _n+\lambda _{\stackrel{}{n}r}\pi _\stackrel{}{n}^r+\mu _{(a)}M_{(a)}+\rho _{(a)}\pi _{(a)}^\stackrel{}{\phi }\right](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\lambda _\tau (\tau )[ϵ_{(\mathrm{})}\widehat{P}_{ADM}^\tau ]+\lambda _r(\tau )\widehat{P}_{ADM}^r`$ with $`ϵ_{(\mathrm{})}=ϵ\sqrt{ϵp_{(\mathrm{})}^2}`$. Namely only the four first class constraints $`ϵ_{(\mathrm{})}\widehat{P}_{ADM}^\tau 0`$ and $`\widehat{P}_{ADM}^r0`$ are left, With the constraints $`\widehat{P}_{ADM}^r0`$ being the rest frame condition for the universe.

vi) Add the gauge fixing $`\tau T_{(\mathrm{})}0`$, implying $`\lambda _\tau (\tau )=0`$ and identifying the mathematical time $`\tau `$ with the rest frame time $`T_{(\mathrm{})}=p_{(\mathrm{})(\mu )}\stackrel{~}{x}_{(\mathrm{})}^{(\mu )}/ϵ_{(\mathrm{})}=p_{(\mathrm{})(\mu )}x_{(\mathrm{})}^{(\mu )}/ϵ_{(\mathrm{})}`$ of the universe. The canonical 4-center of mass $`\stackrel{~}{x}_{(\mathrm{})}^{(\mu )}`$ becomes a decoupled point particle clock.

vii) Either add the natural gauge fixings $`\widehat{J}_{ADM}^{\tau r}0`$ to the constraints $`\widehat{P}_{ADM}^r0`$ or work by choosing $`\lambda _r(\tau )=0`$ as a pre-gauge-fixing (see the discussion at the beginning of Section V) .

At this stage the canonical reduction is completed by going to Dirac brackets and it can be shown  that the Dirac Hamiltonian for the rest-frame instant form of tetrad gravity is the weak (volume form) ADM energy: $`H_D=\widehat{E}_{ADM}=ϵ\widehat{P}_{ADM}^\tau `$. It becomes the effective Hamiltonian for the gauge invariant observables parametrizing the reduced phase space in the rest-frame instant form.

To find a canonical basis of Dirac observables for the gravitational field in absence of known solutions of the super-hamiltonian constraint, we can perform a quasi-Shanmugadhasan canonical transformation adapted to only 13 of the constraints and utilize the information that this constraint has to be interpreted as the Lichnerowicz equation for the conformal factor $`\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\gamma ^{1/12}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=(det{}_{}{}^{3}g(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))^{1/12}=e^{q(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })/2}`$ of the 3-metric. The result of this point canonical transformation is ($`\overline{a}=1,2`$)

$$\begin{array}{cccc}\phi ^{(a)}\hfill & n\hfill & n_r\hfill & ^3e_{(a)r}\hfill \\ 0\hfill & 0\hfill & 0\hfill & ^3\stackrel{~}{\pi }^r_{(a)}\hfill \end{array}\begin{array}{ccccccc}\phi ^{(a)}\hfill & n\hfill & n_r\hfill & \alpha _{(a)}\hfill & \xi ^r\hfill & \varphi \hfill & r_{\overline{a}}\hfill \\ 0\hfill & 0\hfill & 0\hfill & 0\hfill & 0\hfill & \pi _\varphi \hfill & \pi _{\overline{a}}\hfill \end{array}.$$
(48)
where $`\alpha _{(a)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ are angles and $`\xi ^r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ are a parametrization of the group manifold of the passive 3-diffeomorphisms of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$, describing its changes of 3-coordinates \**\**\**Since there is no canonical choice of an origin in the 3-diffeomorphism group manifold, the choice of a 3-coordinate system is done in two steps: i) by adding the gauge fixings $`\xi ^r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\sigma ^r0`$, declaring that this 3-coordinate system $`\{\sigma ^r\}`$ on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$ is conventionally chosen as origin of the 3-coordinate systems; ii) by choosing a parametrization of the reduced cotriads, and therefore of the 3-metric associated with the chosen 3-coordinate system, only in terms of the 3 functions $`\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$.. The entries $`0`$ are the new momenta corresponding to 13 Abelianized first class constraints: besides the lapse, shift and boost momenta, there are three Abelianized rotation constraints $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{(a)}^\stackrel{}{\alpha }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$ and three Abelianized super-momentum constraints $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_r^\stackrel{}{\xi }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$.

The Hamiltonian gauge variables are the 13 configuration variables $`\phi ^{(a)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`n_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`\alpha _{(a)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`\xi ^r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (they depend on the cotetrads and its space gradients) and the momentum $`\pi _\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ conjugate to the conformal factor (it depends also on the time derivative of the cotetrads). The variables $`\xi ^r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ and $`\pi _\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ can be thought as a possible 4-coordinate system with the Lorentz signature given by the pattern 3 configuration + 1 momentum variables.

Even if we do not know the expression of the final variables $`\alpha _{(a)}`$, $`\xi ^r`$, $`\pi _\varphi `$, $`r_{\overline{a}}`$, $`\pi _{\overline{a}}`$ in terms of the original variables, the point nature of the canonical transformation allows to write the following inverse relations (the form of the cotriad was determined by solving the multi-temporal equations for the gauge transformations generated by the first class constraints )

$`{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)r}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{3}R_{(a)(b)}^{}(\alpha _{(e)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })){\displaystyle \frac{\xi ^s(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{\sigma ^r}}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{e}_{(b)s}^{}(\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\xi }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })),r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\xi }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))),`$ (49)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{(a)}^{r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1𝒦_{(a)s}^r(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau |\alpha _{(e)},\xi ^u,\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}r_{\overline{a}}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}`$ (52)
$`\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\pi _\varphi }{6\varphi }}+\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}s}\pi _{\overline{b}}\right](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1F_{(a)(b)}^r(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau |\alpha _{(e)},\xi ^u,\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{(b)}^\stackrel{}{\alpha }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}+`$ (53)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1G_{(a)}^{ru}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau |\alpha _{(e)},\xi ^u,\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]\stackrel{~}{\pi }_u^\stackrel{}{\xi }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)},`$ (56)
$``$
$`{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{a}{}}{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)r}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)s}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (58)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\xi ^u(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{\sigma ^r}}{\displaystyle \frac{\xi ^v(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{\sigma ^s}}{\displaystyle \underset{a}{}}[{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)u}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)v}^{}](\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\xi }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })),r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\xi }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))).`$ (59)
Here $`{}_{}{}^{3}R`$ are arbitrary rotation matrices and $`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{e}_{(a)r}^{}`$ are reduced cotriads depending only on the three functions $`\varphi `$ and $`r_{\overline{a}}`$. The kernels $`𝒦_{(a)u}^r`$, $`F_{(a)(b)}^r`$ and $`G_{(a)}^{ru}`$ are not known explicitly: they are the solution of quasi-linear partial differential equations determined by the canonicity of the point transformation and by the fact that the rotation constraints do not have vanishing Poisson brackets with the super-momentum constraints . Once we have found the general solution of the quasi-linear equations for the kernels and we have done a definite choice of gauge, the six rotation and super-momentum constraints give further restrictions on the kernels, which amount to restrict the general solution to a particular one.

The family of 3-orthogonal gauges (all having a diagonal 3-metric, $`{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}={}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)r}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)s}^{}=0forrs`$), which is parametrized by the last gauge variable $`\pi _\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, is determined by the gauge fixings $`\xi ^r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\sigma ^r0`$ and by the following parametrization of the reduced cotriads

$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{e}_{(a)r}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{(a)r}\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}},`$ (62)
$``$
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{rs}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{a}{}}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{e}_{(a)r}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{e}_{(a)s}^{}=\delta _{rs}\varphi ^4e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}}.`$ (64)
The numerical constants $`\gamma _{\overline{a}r}`$, satisfying $`_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}=0`$, $`_u\gamma _{\overline{a}u}\gamma _{\overline{b}u}=\delta _{\overline{a}\overline{b}}`$, $`_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{u}}\gamma _{\overline{a}v}=\delta _{uv}\frac{1}{3}`$, define a one-parameter family of quasi-Shanmugadhasan canonical bases (48). In the gauge $`\alpha _{(a)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$, $`\xi ^r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\sigma ^r0`$, we have $`{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)r}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{e}_{(a)r}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$.

The physical deterministically predictable degrees of freedom of the gravitational field are the non-local DO’s (their expression in terms of the original variables is not known) $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`\overline{a}=1,2`$. In general they are not Bergmann observables, i.e. coordinate independent quantities, being non-tensorial and coordinate-dependent.

Even if we do not know the solution $`\varphi =\varphi [\xi ^r,\pi _\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}},\pi _{\overline{a}}]`$ of the Lichnerowicz equation, the class of Hamiltonian gauges defined by the gauge fixing $`\chi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\pi _\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$ has the special property that the DO’s $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ remain canonical also at the level of Dirac brackets, so that these gauges can be named radiation gauges. When in a radiation gauge there is no other residual gauge freedom, we can express every tensor over the space-time only in terms of the two pairs of canonically conjugate DO’s.

This allows for the first time to arrive at a completely fixed Hamiltonian gauge of the 3-orthogonal type ††††††Namely with $`{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ diagonal and with $`{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rr}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=f_r(r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))`$ after the solution of the Lichnerowicz equation. The 3-orthogonal class of gauges seems to be the nearest one to the physical laboratories on the Earth. Let us remember that the standards of length and time are coordinate units and not Bergmann observables . , which when restricted to the solutions of Einstein’s equations (i.e. on-shell) is equivalent to a well defined choice of 4-coordinates for space-time.

It is evident that the Hamiltonian gauge variables of canonical gravity carry an information about observers in space-time, so that they are not inessential variables like in electromagnetism and Yang-Mills theory but take into account the fact that in general relativity global inertial reference frames do not exist ‡‡‡‡‡‡The equivalence principle only allows the existence of local inertial frames along time-like geodesics describing the world-line of a scalar test particle in free fall. . The separation between gauge variables and DO’s is an extra piece of (non-local) information , which has to be added to the equivalence principle, asserting the local impossibility to distinguish gravitational from inertial effects, to visualize which of the local forces acting on test matter are generalized inertial (or fictitious) forces depending on the Hamiltonian gauge variables and which are genuine gravitational forces depending on the DO’s, which are absent in Newtonian gravity \**\**\**When dynamical matter will be introduced, this Hamiltonian procedure will lead to distinguish among action-at-a-distance, gravitational and inertial effects.. Both types of forces have a different appearance in different 4-coordinate systems.

In every 4-coordinate system (on-shell completely fixed Hamiltonian gauge)

i) the genuine tidal gravitational forces appearing in the geodesic deviation equation will be well defined gauge-dependent functionals only of the DO’s associated to that gauge, so that DO’s can be considered generalized non-local tidal degrees of freedom ;

ii) the geodesics will have a different geometrical form which again is functionally dependent on the DO’s in that gauge;

iii) the description of the relative 3-acceleration of a free particle in free fall given in the local rest frame of an observer will generated various terms identifiable with the general relativistic extension of the non-relativistic inertial accelerations and again these terms will depend on both the DO’s and the Hamiltonian gauge variables \*†\*†\*†Note that the coordinate-dependent definition of gravito-magnetism as the effects induced by $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\tau r}^{}`$ is a pure inertial effect, because it is determined by the shift gauge variables..

Therefore the Hamiltonian gauge variables, which change value from a gauge to another one, describe the change in the appearance of both the physical and apparent gravitational forces going (on-shell) from a coordinate system to another one.

In this paper we shall start from tetrad gravity in the preferred completely fixed 3-orthogonal gauge $`\pi _\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$ \*‡\*‡\*‡The other gauge fixings are $`\phi _{(a)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$, $`\alpha _{(a)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$, $`\xi ^r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\sigma ^r0`$ and Eqs.(64).  and we shall define a background-independent Hamiltonian linearization of the theory after this gauge fixation, which, on-shell, corresponds to a definite choice of a 4-coordinate system.

The standard linearization  of Einstein’s equations selects those space-times which admit nearly Lorentzian 4-coordinate systems and whose 4-metric is well approximated by the splitting $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\mu \nu }^{}={}_{}{}^{4}\eta _{\mu \nu }^{}+{}_{}{}^{4}h_{\mu \nu }^{}`$, $`|{}_{}{}^{4}h_{\mu \nu }^{}|<<1`$ (weak field approximation) with $`{}_{}{}^{4}\eta _{\mu \nu }^{}`$ the background Minkowski 4-metric in Cartesian coordinates. Then it is assumed that $`_\alpha {}_{}{}^{4}h_{\mu \nu }^{}=\frac{1}{L}O({}_{}{}^{4}h_{\mu \nu }^{})`$, where for the length $`L`$ one can take the reduced wavelength $`\lambda /2\pi `$ of the resulting gravitational waves With the flat Minkowski background, the background Riemann tensor vanishes and the background radius of curvature $``$ is infinite ($`^2`$ is of the order of the Riemann tensor). If $`𝒜`$ is the amplitude of the gravitational wave, the weak field approximation is valid if $`𝒜<<1`$. In the more general short-wave approximation  the background is a vacuum Einstein space-time with 4-metric $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\mu \nu }^{(B)}`$ and typical background radius of curvature $``$. The splitting $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\mu \nu }^{}={}_{}{}^{4}g_{\mu \nu }^{(B)}+{}_{}{}^{4}h_{\mu \nu }^{}`$ is done in steady 4-coordinates, where, if $`𝒜`$ is the amplitude of the perturbation, one has: 1) $`{}_{}{}^{4}h_{\mu \nu }^{}=O(𝒜)`$; 2) $`_\alpha {}_{}{}^{4}g_{\mu \nu }^{(B)}=O(^1)`$; 3) $`_\alpha {}_{}{}^{4}h_{\mu \nu }^{}=O((\frac{\lambda }{2\pi })^1)`$. The short-wave approximation is valid if $`𝒜<<1`$ and $`\frac{\lambda }{2\pi }<<`$. . Namely, one assumes the existence of solutions of Einstein’s equations admitting nearly Cartesian 4-coordinates and split them in a background and a perturbation, with a residual gauge freedom in the choice of 4-coordinates. Then, after the restriction to the family of harmonic gauges, one replaces the residual gauge freedom on the harmonic 4-coordinates with the gauge freedom of a manifestly covariant spin-2 theory over Minkowski space-time with Cartesian coordinates. Gravitational waves are usually analyzed in the special TT harmonic gauge, a special case of the Lorentz gauges of the spin-2 theory. Therefore, there is a discontinuity in the conceptual interpretation and one gets that a special relativistic theory with its associated absolute space-time chrono-geometric structure and theory of measurement replaces Einstein space-time with its problematic concerning the identification of point-events (general covariance and the Hole Argument) and with a theory of measurement in curved space-times still to be developed (we have only an axiomatic theory employing test non-dynamical objects) .

Instead, by working in the preferred completely fixed Hamiltonian gauge with well determined 3-coordinates on the WSW hyper-surfaces and well determined lapse and shift functions (so that the reconstruction of Einstein space-time and of its 4-coordinates can be done by using the embedding of WSW hyper-surfaces), we have the possibility of making the linearization of the theory on the WSW hyper-surfaces by approximating the Lichnerowicz equation and the Hamiltonian, namely the weak ADM energy, with their linear and quadratic parts in the DO’s respectively, without never introducing a background. In this way we may evaluate the linearized conformal factor of the 3-metric and the linearized lapse and shift functions and to obtain a linearized Einstein space-time with 3-orthogonal coordinates on the WSW hyper-surfaces (with a linearized embedding into the space-time), namely a post-Minkowskian Einstein space-time linearization of a Christodoulou-Klainermann space-time. It turns out that this gauge is not a harmonic gauge (and, as a consequence, not a TT harmonic gauge), but rather it is a radiation gauge for the gravitational field without any residual gauge freedom. The DO’s $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ replace the two polarizations $`e_+`$ and $`e_\times `$ of the TT harmonic gauge. Moreover, besides the absence of background, there is also no post-Newtonian expansion: our approximate solution of Einstein equations in the chosen 4-coordinate system describes a linearized Einstein manifold with Lorentz signature near to the Minkowski space-time. It can be called a post-Minkowskian space-time with a linearized gravitational field dynamically modifying special relativity.

In the special 3-orthogonal gauge with $`\pi _\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0`$, the canonical variables for the gravitational field are $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, and $`\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=e^{q(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })/2}=\varphi [r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })]`$ is the conformal factor solution of the Lichnerowicz equation in this gauge. Since the linearization consists in taking only the terms quadratic in the DO’s inside the weak ADM energy and only linear terms in the Lichnerowicz equation, we will do the following assumptions:

A) We assume $`|r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })|<<1`$ on each WSW hyper-surface and $`|_ur_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })|\frac{1}{L}O(r_{\overline{a}})`$, $`|_u_vr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })|\frac{1}{L^2}O(r_{\overline{a}})`$, where $`L`$ is a big enough characteristic length interpretable as the reduced wavelength $`\lambda /2\pi `$ of the resulting gravitational waves. Since the conjugate momenta $`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ have the dimensions of $`\frac{action}{L^3}`$, i.e. of $`\frac{k}{L}`$ with $`k=\frac{c^3}{16\pi G}`$, we assume $`|\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })|\frac{k}{L}O(r_{\overline{a}})`$, $`|_u\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })|\frac{k}{L^2}O(r_{\overline{a}})`$, $`|_u_v\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })|\frac{k}{L^3}O(r_{\overline{a}})`$. Therefore, $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ and $`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ are slowly varying over the length L (for $`r_{\overline{a}},\pi _{\overline{a}}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}`$ we get the void space-times of Ref.). From Eq.(D84) we get that the Riemann tensor of our space-time is of order $`\frac{1}{Lk}O(\pi _{\overline{a}})=\frac{1}{L^2}O(r_{\overline{a}})^2`$, where $``$ is the mean radius of curvature. Therefore we get that the requirements of the weak field approximation are satisfied: i) $`𝒜=O(r_{\overline{a}})`$, if $`𝒜`$ is the amplitude of the gravitational wave; ii) $`\frac{L}{}=O(r_{\overline{a}})`$, namely $`\frac{\lambda }{2\pi }<<`$.

B) We also assume $`q(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })O(r_{\overline{a}})`$, $`_uq(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\frac{1}{L}O(r_{\overline{a}})`$, $`_u_vq(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\frac{1}{L^2}O(r_{\overline{a}})`$, so that we get $`\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=e^{q(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })/2}1+\frac{1}{2}q(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$ for the conformal factor. The Lichnerowicz equation becomes a linear partial differential equation for $`q(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$. The linearization is done by systematically discarding terms of order $`O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$ in the Lichnerowicz equation and $`O(r_{\overline{a}}^3)`$ in the weak ADM energy.

With these positions we can, for the first time, solve all the constraints of tetrad gravity, Lichnerowicz equation included, and find explicitly the kernels in Eq.(59). We can check that our gauge is not a harmonic gauge. Notwithstanding this fact, the Hamilton equations imply the wave equation for the DO’s $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$. We can check explicitly that the linearized Einstein equations in this 4-coordinate system are satisfied. Therefore, for the first time we get a definition of gravitational wave in a linearized post-Minkoskian Einstein space-time without introducing any background and independently from the post-Newtonian approximation.

After a comparison with other approaches, in which it is emphasized the coordinate-dependent nature of effects like gravito-magnetism, we make a study of the time-like geodesics and of the geodesic deviation equation. The study of null geodesics allows to show the post-Minkowskian modification of the light-cone in each point of space-time. Then we analyze the embedding of the WSW hyper-surfaces of our gauge in the post-Minkowskian space-time and the associated congruence of time-like observers. Moreover, anticipating the introduction of matter to be done in a future paper, the comparison of our gauge with the post-Newtonian approach shows that it is the equation determining the bulk part $`n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ of the lapse function which tends to the Poisson equation for the Newton potential for $`c\mathrm{}`$.

In Section II we solve the linearized Lichnerowicz equation and the rotation and super-momentum constraints in our gauge. In Section III we determine the quadratic part of the weak ADM energy in terms of the DO’s and we evaluate the lapse and shift functions of our gauge. Then we find the linearized 4-metric and the tetrads of our gauge and we study the Landau-Lifschiz energy-momentum pseudo-tensor in our 4-coordinates. Section IV contains a comparison of our results with the Lichnerowicz-York conformal approach, with the standard harmonic gauges (and their associated gravito-electric-magnetic analogy) and with the post-Newtonian approximation. The Hamilton equations for the DO’s and their solution, included the verification that Einstein’s equations are satisfied, are presented in Section V. In Section VI we study the time-like geodesics and the geodesic deviation equation of our space-time. Section VII contains the determination of the embedding of the WSW hyper-surfaces of our gauge into the space-time and the study of the associated congruence of time-like observers and of the null geodesics. Final remarks and the future perspectives for the introduction of matter are drawn in the Conclusions.

In Appendix A we reproduce the results about tetrad gravity  needed for this paper. In Appendix B we give the determination of some kernels connected with the Shanmugadhasan transformation. Appendix C contains the material on the Fourier transform on the WSW hyper-surfaces of our gauge needed for the study of the Hamilton equations. Finally in Appendix D there is the linearized form of the relevant 3-tensors on the WSW hyper-surfaces of our gauge and of the relevant 4-tensors over our space-time. In this Appendix there is the explicit verification that Einstein’s equations are satisfied.

## II Linearization in the 3-Orthogonal Gauge with $`\pi _\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0`$ and solution of the constraints.

In this Section we study the linearization of tetrad gravity and the solution of its constraints in the completely fixed 3-orthogonal gauge with $`\pi _\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0`$ defined in the Introduction.

### A The Super-Hamiltonian Constraint.

Let us first consider the linearization of the Lichnerowicz equation, see Eq.(A9), which is the super-hamiltonian constraint of Eq.(A19), interpreted as an equation for the conformal factor of the 3-metric.

Since the super-hamiltonian constraint of Eq.(A19)becomes $`\stackrel{~}{}_R(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\frac{ϵc^3}{16\pi G}\left(8\mathrm{}\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}u}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}_u^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\right)+\frac{1}{L^2}O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)0`$, where $`\mathrm{}=\stackrel{}{}^2`$ is the flat Laplacian \[$`\mathrm{}\frac{1}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }|}=\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$\], only the term $`(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}+\frac{1}{8}{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{R})\varphi `$ in Eq.(A9) gives a contribution of order $`O(r_{\overline{a}})`$. As a consequence the linearized Lichnerowicz equation for $`\varphi =e^{q/2}=1+\frac{1}{2}q+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$ becomes

$$\mathrm{}q(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{3}}\underset{u\overline{a}}{}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}_u^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+\frac{1}{L^2}O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),$$
(65)
whose solution vanishing at spatial infinity is

$$q(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{3}}\underset{u\overline{a}}{}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}d^3\sigma _1\frac{_{1u}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).$$
(66)
### B The Rotation and Super-Momentum Constraints.

After having solved the super-hamiltonian constraint we have to solve the six rotation and super-momentum constraints. As said in the Introduction, this is equivalent  to find the kernels appearing in the linearization of Eqs.(59). After putting equal to zero the Abelianized rotation and super-momentum constraints in Eqs.(59), the old momenta $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(a)}^{r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\stackrel{def}{=}{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{(a)}^{r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })|_{3O,\pi _\varphi =0}`$ $`|_{30}`$ means in the family of 3-orthogonal gauges. are given by Eqs.(LABEL:a4), whose linearization is

$`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(a)}^{r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \underset{s\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\stackrel{~}{𝒦}_{(a)s}^r(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{b}}\gamma _{\overline{b}s}r_{\overline{b}}}\pi _{\overline{a}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}=`$ (67)
$`=`$ $`\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \underset{s\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1𝒦_{(a)s}^{(o)r}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}+{\displaystyle \frac{k}{L^2}}O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (68)
$`=`$ $`\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \underset{s\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\left[\delta _s^r\delta _{(a)s}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)+𝒯_{(a)s}^{(o)r}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)\right]\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}+`$ (69)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{k}{L^2}}O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (72)
$`with`$
$`𝒦_{(a)s}^{(o)r}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{𝒦}_{(a)s}^r(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau |1,0]=\delta _s^r\delta _{(a)s}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)+𝒯_{(a)s}^{(o)r}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=`$ (74)
$`=`$ $`\delta _s^r\delta _{(a)s}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1){\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)rs}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^s}}.`$ (75)
Therefore, the linearized kernels $`𝒦_{(a)s}^{(o)r}`$’s are determined by the linearized kernels $`G_{(a)}^{(o)ru}`$’s.

As a consequence, the linearization implies that the partial differential equations (A61) for the kernels $`G_{(a)}^{ru}`$’s have to be restricted to $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0`$ (zero curvature limit), namely the linearized kernels $`G_{(a)}^{(o)ru}`$’s are the same as for void space-times . Their general solutions $`G_{(a)}^{(o)ru}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$’s will determine the $`𝒦_{(a)u}^{(o)r}`$’s \[Eq.(75)\] and the $`F_{(a)(b)}^{(o)r}`$’s \[see Appendix B\]. Moreover, to satisfy simultaneously the rotation and super-momentum constraints , the $`𝒦_{(a)u}^{(o)r}`$’s must satisfy the linearized version of Eqs.(A72). These linearized equations, which restrict the general solution, will be given in Eqs.(99) and are equivalent to the statement that the old momenta $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{(a)}^{r}`$ satisfy the linearized form of the six rotation and super-momentum constraints if we have

$`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(a)}^{b}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })={}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(b)}^{a}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),ab,`$ (76)
(77)
$`_r{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(a)}^{r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0.`$ (78)
Eqs.(78) also correspond to the linearization of the three Einstein equations associated with the super-momentum constraints of ADM metric gravity.

The zero curvature limit of Eqs.(A61) implies that the $`G_{(a)}^{(o)ru}`$’s are determined by the following linear partial differential equations \*∥\*∥\*∥$`r_1,r_2b`$, $`r_1r_2`$; $`ϵ_{(a)(r_1)(b)}=\delta _{(a)r_2}ϵ_{(r_1)(r_2)(b)}`$, $`ϵ_{(a)(r_2)(b)}=\delta _{(a)r_1}ϵ_{(r_1)(r_2)(b)}`$, $`ϵ_{(u)(r_1)(b)}=\delta _{(u)r_2}ϵ_{(r_1)(r_2)(b)}`$, $`ϵ_{(u)(r_2)(b)}=\delta _{(u)r_1}ϵ_{(r_1)(r_2)(b)}`$.

$`1)`$ $`s=ahomogeneousequations:`$ (87)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)a2}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^1}}+{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)a1}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^2}}=`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)a3}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)a2}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^3}}=`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)a1}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^3}}+{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)a3}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^1}}=0,a=1,2,3;`$
$``$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2G_{(a)}^{(o)a1}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^2\sigma _1^3}}={\displaystyle \frac{^2G_{(a)}^{(o)a2}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^3\sigma _1^1}}={\displaystyle \frac{^2G_{(a)}^{(o)a3}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^1\sigma _1^3}}=0,`$
$`2)`$ $`sasr,rainhomogeneousequations:`$ (93)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)sr}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^s}}+{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)ss}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^r}}=`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)sa}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)sr}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^a}}=0,`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)ss}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^a}}+{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)sa}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^s}}=\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma };\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1).`$
Each set of homogeneous equations, considered as equations for functions of $`\stackrel{}{\sigma }`$, is of the form $`_2u_{(1)}(\stackrel{}{\sigma })+_1u_{(2)}(\stackrel{}{\sigma })=_3u_{(2)}(\stackrel{}{\sigma })+_2u_{(3)}(\stackrel{}{\sigma })=_1u_{(3)}(\stackrel{}{\sigma })+_3u_{(1)}(\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0`$. This is a system of three linear partial differential equations for the three unknown functions $`u_{(i)}(\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ of elliptic type, since the determinant of its characteristic matrix  is $`2\xi _1\xi _2\xi _30`$. Moreover it is integrable, since $`u_{(r)}(\stackrel{}{\sigma })=f_{(r)}(\sigma ^r)`$ with arbitrary $`f_{(r)}`$ are solutions of the system. We do not know whether they exhaust all the possible solutions. Therefore, $`G_{(a)}^{(o)ar}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=h_{(a)}^{(o)ar}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\sigma _1^r)`$, with $`h_{(a)}^{(o)ar}`$ arbitrary functions, are solutions of the homogeneous equations.

As a consequence, if $`\overline{G}_{(a)}^{(o)ru}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$, $`ra`$, is a particular solution of each set of inhomogeneous equations (93), then the general solution is $`G_{(a)}^{(o)ru}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=\overline{G}_{(a)}^{(o)ru}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)+g_{(a)}^{(o)ru}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$, $`ra`$, with the $`g_{(a)}^{(o)ru}`$’s arbitrary homogeneous solutions (again with $`g_{(a)}^{(o)ru}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\sigma _1^r)`$, if this is the most general solution of the associated homogeneous equations).

Therefore the general solution of Eqs.(93) for the kernels $`G_{(a)}^{(o)ru}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ can be written in the following form

$$G_{(a)}^{(o)ru}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=\delta _{(a)}^rh_{(a)}^{(o)au}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)+(1\delta _{(a)}^r)[\overline{G}_{(a)}^{(o)ru}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)+g_{(a)}^{(o)ru}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)],$$
(94)
with arbitrary $`h_{(a)}^{(o)au}`$’s and $`g_{(a)}^{(o)ru}`$’s. Then, Eq(75) gives the following expression for the kernels $`𝒦_{(a)u}^{(o)r}`$’s

$`𝒦_{(a)u}^{(o)r}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=\delta _{(a)}^r\delta _{(a)u}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ (95)
$``$ $`\left(\delta _{(a)}^r{\displaystyle \frac{h_{(a)}^{(o)au}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^u}}+(1\delta _{(a)}^r)[{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{G}_{(a)}^{(o)ru}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^u}}+{\displaystyle \frac{g_{(a)}^{(o)ru}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^u}}]\right).`$ (96)
The solutions of Eqs.(93) for the $`G_{(a)}^{(o)ru}`$’s are restricted by the requirement that the $`𝒦_{(a)u}^{(o)r}`$’s of Eqs.(96) satisfy the zero curvature limit of Eqs. (A72), which in the 3-orthogonal gauges become \***\***\***At zeroth order ($`\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=1`$) in the 3-orthogonal gauges the spin connection vanishes, $`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\omega }_{r(a)}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0+O(r_{\overline{a}})`$, see Eq.(A88).

$`{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}\left[\delta _{(a)r}𝒦_{(b)u}^{(o)r}\delta _{(b)r}𝒦_{(a)u}^{(o)r}\right](\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`\left[{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(b)}^{(o)au}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1;\tau )}{\sigma _1^u}}{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)bu}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1;\tau )}{\sigma _1^u}}\right]=0,ab,`$ (97)
$`_r𝒦_{(a)u}^{(o)r}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`_r\left[\delta _{(a)}^r\delta _{(a)u}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1){\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)ru}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1;\tau )}{\sigma _1^u}}\right]=0.`$ (99)
The first set of Eqs.(99) becomes the following set of three linear partial differential equations to get the $`g_{(a)}^{(o)ru}`$’s of Eq.(94) with $`ab`$ in terms of the $`\overline{G}_{(a)}^{(o)ru}`$’s

$`{\displaystyle \frac{f_{ab}^u(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma ^u}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma _1^u}}\left(g_{(b)}^{(o)au}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)g_{(a)}^{(o)bu}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)\right)=`$ (100)
$`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\overline{G}_{(b)}^{(o)au}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^u}}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{G}_{(a)}^{(o)bu}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^u}}\right)\stackrel{def}{=}m_{ab}^u(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma }).`$ (101)
For each pair $`ab`$, this is a system of three elliptic linear partial differential equations for the $`f_{ab}^u`$’s. Each choice of the $`g_{(b)}^{(o)au}`$’s, $`ab`$, which gives a solution of this system, implies that the associated kernels $`𝒦_{(a)u}^{(o)r}`$’s satisfy the rotation constraints.

Having found a solution for the $`g_{(b)}^{(o)au}`$’s, $`ab`$, the second set of Eqs.(99) becomes the following set of equations for the $`h_{(a)}^{(o)au}`$’s of Eq.(94) in terms of the $`\overline{G}_{(a)}^{(o)ru}`$’s and $`g_{(a)}^{(o)ru}`$’s

$`{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}_r\delta _{(a)}^r\left[{\displaystyle \frac{h_{(a)}^{(o)au}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^u}}\right]={\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}_r[\delta _{(a)}^r\delta _{(a)u}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ (102)
$`(1\delta _{(a)}^r)[{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{G}_{(a)}^{(o)ru}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^u}}+{\displaystyle \frac{g_{(a)}^{(o)ru}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^u}}])].`$ (103)
By using the linearization of the Green function of the covariant divergence given in Eqs.(A89) and (A92), we get ($`f_{(T)}^{su}`$ are solutions of the homogeneous equation)

$`{\displaystyle \frac{h_{(s)}^{(o)su}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^u}}=f_{(T)}^{su}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ (104)
$`{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _2{\displaystyle \underset{(a)}{}}\delta _{(s)(a)}c^s(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2){\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma _2^r}}[\delta _{(a)}^r\delta _{(a)u}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ (105)
$`(1\delta _{(a)}^r)[{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{G}_{(a)}^{(o)ru}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^u}}+{\displaystyle \frac{g_{(a)}^{(o)ru}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^u}}]].`$ (106)
Again this is a system of elliptic linear partial differential equations for the $`h_{(a)}^{(o)au}`$’s with fixed $`a`$.

After having found the solutions of Eqs. (93), (101) and (106) for the kernels $`G_{(a)}^{(o)ru}`$’s, $`𝒦_{(a)u}^{(o)r}`$’s and $`F_{(a)(b)}^{(o)r}`$’s, every remaining arbitrariness will be fixed by the boundary conditions at spatial infinity for the momenta $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{(a)}^{r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, given in Eqs.(47). The final solutions are equivalent not only to the solution of the rotation and diffeomorphisms constraints, but also to their Abelianization in the 3-orthogonal gauges with $`\alpha _{(a)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0`$.

### C A Solution of the Rotation and Super-Momentum Constraints.

We have found the following particular solution $`G_{(a)}^{(o)ru}=\overline{G}_{(a)}^{(o)ru}`$ of Eqs.(93) with $`g_{(b)}^{(o)au}=h_{(a)}^{(o)au}=0`$ and vanishing for $`|\stackrel{}{\sigma }|\mathrm{}`$ (we use $`\delta (\sigma ^r,\sigma _1^r\mathrm{})=0`$ for finite $`\sigma ^r`$),

$`G_{(a)}^{(o)ar}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`0,a=1,2,3,`$ (107)
$`G_{(1)}^{(o)21}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`G_{(2)}^{(o)11}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=G_{(2)}^{(o)33}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=G_{(3)}^{(o)23}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=`$ (109)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^2}}𝑑w_1^2\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\sigma _1^1w_1^2\sigma _1^3)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\delta (\sigma ^1,\sigma _1^1)\theta (\sigma _1^2,\sigma ^2)\delta (\sigma ^3,\sigma _1^3),`$ (110)
$`G_{(1)}^{(o)22}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`G_{(2)}^{(o)12}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=G_{(1)}^{(o)33}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=G_{(3)}^{(o)13}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=`$ (112)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^1}}𝑑w_1^1\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },w_1^1\sigma _1^2\sigma _1^3)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\theta (\sigma _1^1,\sigma ^1)\delta (\sigma ^2,\sigma _1^2)\delta (\sigma ^3,\sigma _1^3),`$ (113)
$`G_{(1)}^{(o)31}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`G_{(3)}^{(o)11}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=G_{(2)}^{(o)32}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=G_{(3)}^{(o)22}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=`$ (115)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^3}}𝑑w_1^3\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\sigma _1^1\sigma _1^2w_1^3)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\delta (\sigma ^1,\sigma _1^1)\delta (\sigma ^2,\sigma _1^2)\theta (\sigma _1^3,\sigma ^3),`$ (116)
$`G_{(1)}^{(o)23}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`G_{(2)}^{(o)13}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma _1^3}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^1}}𝑑w_1^1{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^2}}𝑑w_1^2\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },w_1^1w_1^2\sigma _1^3)=`$ (118)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\theta (\sigma _1^1,\sigma ^1)\theta (\sigma _1^2,\sigma ^2){\displaystyle \frac{\delta (\sigma ^3,\sigma _1^3)}{\sigma _1^3}},`$ (119)
$`G_{(1)}^{(o)32}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`G_{(3)}^{(o)12}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma _1^2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^1}}𝑑w_1^1{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^3}}𝑑w_1^3\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },w_1^1\sigma _1^2w_1^3)=`$ (121)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\theta (\sigma _1^1,\sigma ^1){\displaystyle \frac{\delta (\sigma ^2,\sigma _1^2)}{\sigma _1^2}}\theta (\sigma _1^3,\sigma ^3),`$ (122)
$`G_{(2)}^{(o)31}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`G_{(3)}^{(o)21}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma _1^1}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^2}}𝑑w_1^2{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^3}}𝑑w_1^3\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\sigma _1^1w_1^2w_1^3)=`$ (124)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta (\sigma ^1,\sigma _1^1)}{\sigma _1^1}}\theta (\sigma _1^2,\sigma ^2)\theta (\sigma _1^3,\sigma ^3),`$ (127)
$`or`$
$`G_{(a)}^{(o)ru}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[1\delta _{(a)}^r][12(\delta _{ru}+\delta _{au})]`$ (130)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma _1^u}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^r}}𝑑w_1^r{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^a}}𝑑w_1^a\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },w_1^rw_1^a\sigma _1^{k(r,a)})=`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[1\delta _{(a)}^r][12(\delta _{ru}+\delta _{au})]`$ (132)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma _1^u}}\left[\theta (\sigma _1^r,\sigma ^r)\theta (\sigma _1^a,\sigma ^a)\delta (\sigma ^{k(r,a)},\sigma _1^{k(r,a)})\right].`$
where $`\theta (x)`$ is the step function \[$`\frac{d}{dx}\theta (x)=\delta (x)`$\]. This implies the following expression for the kernels $`𝒦_{(a)u}^{(o)r}`$’s

$`𝒦_{(a)u}^{(o)r}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _u^r\delta _{(a)u}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)+𝒯_{(a)u}^{(o)r}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=\delta _{(a)}^r\delta _{(a)u}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1){\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)ru}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^u}},`$ (135)
$`with`$
$`𝒯_{(a)u}^{(o)a}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`0,a=1,2,3,`$ (137)
$`𝒯_{(1)1}^{(o)2}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`𝒯_{(2)1}^{(o)1}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma _1^1}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^2}}𝑑w_1^2\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\sigma _1^1w_1^2\sigma _1^3)=`$ (139)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta (\sigma ^1,\sigma _1^1)}{\sigma _1^1}}\theta (\sigma _1^2,\sigma ^2)\delta (\sigma ^3,\sigma _1^3)=`$ (140)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(\sigma _1^1)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^1}}𝑑w_1^1{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^2}}𝑑w_1^2\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },w_1^1w_1^2\sigma _1^3),`$ (141)
$`𝒯_{(1)2}^{(o)2}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`𝒯_{(2)2}^{(o)1}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma _1^2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^1}}𝑑w_1^1\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },w_1^1\sigma _1^2\sigma _1^3)=`$ (143)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\theta (\sigma _1^1,\sigma ^1){\displaystyle \frac{\delta (\sigma ^2,\sigma _1^2)}{\sigma _1^2}}\delta (\sigma ^3,\sigma _1^3)=`$ (144)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(\sigma _1^2)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^1}}𝑑w_1^1{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^2}}𝑑w_1^2\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },w_1^1w_1^2\sigma _1^3),`$ (145)
$`𝒯_{(1)3}^{(o)2}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`𝒯_{(2)3}^{(o)1}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(\sigma _1^3)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^1}}𝑑w_1^1{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^2}}𝑑w_1^2\delta ^3(w_1^1w_1^2\sigma _1^3)=`$ (147)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\theta (\sigma _1^1,\sigma ^1)\theta (\sigma _1^2,\sigma ^2){\displaystyle \frac{^2\delta (\sigma ^3,\sigma _1^3)}{(\sigma _1^3)^2}},`$ (148)
$`𝒯_{(1)1}^{(o)3}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`𝒯_{(3)1}^{(o)1}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma _1^1}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^3}}𝑑w_1^3\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\sigma _1^1\sigma _1^2w_1^3)=`$ (150)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta (\sigma ^1,\sigma _1^1)}{\sigma _1^1}}\delta (\sigma ^2,\sigma _1^2)\theta (\sigma _1^3,\sigma ^3)=`$ (151)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(\sigma _1^1)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^1}}𝑑w_1^1{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^3}}𝑑w_1^3\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },w_1^1\sigma _1^2w_1^3),`$ (152)
$`𝒯_{(1)2}^{(o)3}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`𝒯_{(3)2}^{(o)1}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(\sigma _1^2)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^1}}𝑑w_1^1{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^3}}𝑑w_1^3\delta ^3(w_1^1\sigma _1^2w_1^3)=`$ (154)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\theta (\sigma _1^1,\sigma ^1){\displaystyle \frac{^2\delta (\sigma ^2,\sigma _1^2)}{(\sigma _1^2)^2}}\theta (\sigma _1^3,\sigma ^3),`$ (155)
$`𝒯_{(1)3}^{(o)3}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`𝒯_{(3)3}^{(o)1}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma _1^3}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^1}}𝑑w_1^1\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },w_1^1\sigma _1^2\sigma _1^3)=`$ (157)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\theta (\sigma _1^1,\sigma ^1)\delta (\sigma ^2,\sigma _1^2){\displaystyle \frac{\delta (\sigma ^3,\sigma _1^3)}{\sigma _1^3}}=`$ (158)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(\sigma _1^3)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^1}}𝑑w_1^1{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^3}}𝑑w_1^3\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },w_1^1\sigma _1^2w_1^3),`$ (159)
$`𝒯_{(3)1}^{(o)2}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`𝒯_{(2)1}^{(o)3}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(\sigma _1^1)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^2}}𝑑w_1^2{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^3}}𝑑w_1^3\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\sigma _1^1w_1^2w_1^3)=`$ (161)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2\delta (\sigma ^1,\sigma _1^1)}{(\sigma _1^1)^2}}\theta (\sigma _1^2,\sigma ^2)\theta (\sigma _1^3,\sigma ^3),`$ (162)
$`𝒯_{(3)2}^{(o)2}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`𝒯_{(2)2}^{(o)3}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma _1^2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^3}}𝑑w_1^3\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\sigma _1^1\sigma _1^2w_1^3)=`$ (164)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\delta (\sigma ^1,\sigma _1^1){\displaystyle \frac{\delta (\sigma ^2,\sigma _1^2)}{\sigma _1^2}}\theta (\sigma _1^3,\sigma ^3)=`$ (165)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(\sigma _1^2)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^2}}𝑑w_1^2{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^3}}𝑑w_1^3\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\sigma _1^1w_1^2w_1^3),`$ (166)
$`𝒯_{(3)3}^{(o)2}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`𝒯_{(2)3}^{(o)3}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma _1^3}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^2}}𝑑w_1^2\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\sigma _1^1w_1^2\sigma _1^3)=`$ (168)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\delta (\sigma ^1,\sigma _1^1)\theta (\sigma _1^2,\sigma ^2){\displaystyle \frac{\delta (\sigma ^3,\sigma _1^3)}{\sigma _1^3}}=`$ (169)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(\sigma _1^3)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^2}}𝑑w_1^2{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^3}}𝑑w_1^2\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\sigma _1^1w_1^2w_1^3),`$ (172)
$`or`$
$`𝒯_{(a)u}^{(o)r}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[1\delta _{(a)}^r][12(\delta _{ru}+\delta _{au})]`$ (175)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(\sigma _1^u)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^r}}𝑑w_1^r{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^a}}𝑑w_1^a\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },w_1^rw_1^a\sigma _1^{k(r,a)})=`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[1\delta _{(a)}^r][12(\delta _{ru}+\delta _{au})]`$ (177)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(\sigma _1^u)^2}}\left[\theta (\sigma _1^r,\sigma ^r)\theta (\sigma _1^a,\sigma ^a)\delta (\sigma ^{k(r,a)},\sigma _1^{k(r,a)})\right].`$
The kernels $`F_{(a)(b)}^{(o)r}`$’s are given in Appendix B.

### D The Old Cotriad Momenta from the Solution of the Constraints.

Eqs.(75) imply that the cotriad momenta, solution of both the linearized rotation and super-momentum constraints, have the following expression in terms of the DO momenta $`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$

$`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(1)}^{1}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}1}\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),`$ (178)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(1)}^{2}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[\gamma _{\overline{a}1}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{\delta (\sigma ^1,\sigma _1^1)}{\sigma _1^1}}\theta (\sigma _1^2,\sigma ^2)\delta (\sigma ^3,\sigma _1^3)\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)+`$ (179)
$`+`$ $`\gamma _{\overline{a}2}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\theta (\sigma _1^1,\sigma ^1)\frac{\delta (\sigma ^2,\sigma _1^2)}{\sigma _1^2}\delta (\sigma ^3,\sigma _1^3)\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}`$ (180)
$``$ $`\gamma _{\overline{a}3}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1\theta (\sigma _1^1,\sigma ^1)\theta (\sigma _1^2,\sigma ^2){\displaystyle \frac{^2\delta (\sigma ^3,\sigma _1^3)}{(\sigma _1^3)^2}}\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)]=`$ (181)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[\gamma _{\overline{a}1}{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^2}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^2{\displaystyle \frac{\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma ^1\sigma _1^2\sigma ^3)}{\sigma ^1}}+`$ (182)
$`+`$ $`\gamma _{\overline{a}2}{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^1}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _1^1{\displaystyle \frac{\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _1^1\sigma ^2\sigma ^3)}{\sigma ^2}}+`$ (183)
$``$ $`\gamma _{\overline{a}3}{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^1}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^1{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^2}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^2{\displaystyle \frac{^2\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _1^1\sigma _1^2\sigma ^3)}{(\sigma ^3)^2}}],`$ (184)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(1)}^{3}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[\gamma _{\overline{a}1}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{\delta (\sigma ^1,\sigma _1^1)}{\sigma _1^1}}\delta (\sigma ^2,\sigma _1^2)\theta (\sigma _1^3,\sigma ^3)\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ (185)
$``$ $`\gamma _{\overline{a}2}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1\theta (\sigma _1^1,\sigma ^1)\delta (\sigma ^2,\sigma _1^2){\displaystyle \frac{\delta (\sigma ^3,\sigma _1^3)}{\sigma _1^3}}\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)]=`$ (186)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[\gamma _{\overline{a}1}{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^3}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^3{\displaystyle \frac{\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma ^1\sigma ^2\sigma _1^3)}{\sigma ^1}}+`$ (187)
$`+`$ $`\gamma _{\overline{a}2}{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^1}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _1^1{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^3}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _1^3{\displaystyle \frac{^2\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _1^1\sigma ^2\sigma _1^3)}{(\sigma ^2)^2}}+`$ (188)
$`+`$ $`\gamma _{\overline{a}3}{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^1}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^1{\displaystyle \frac{\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _1^1\sigma ^2\sigma ^3)}{\sigma ^3}}],`$ (189)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(2)}^{1}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(1)}^{2}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),`$ (191)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(2)}^{2}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}2}\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),`$ (192)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(2)}^{3}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[\gamma _{\overline{a}1}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{^2\delta (\sigma ^1,\sigma _1^1)}{(\sigma _1^1)^2}}\theta (\sigma _1^2,\sigma ^2)\theta (\sigma _1^3,\sigma ^3)\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)+`$ (193)
$`+`$ $`\gamma _{\overline{a}2}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\delta (\sigma ^1,\sigma _1^1)\frac{\delta (\sigma ^2,\sigma _1^2)}{\sigma _1^2}\theta (\sigma _1^3,\sigma ^3)\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}+`$ (194)
$`+`$ $`\gamma _{\overline{a}3}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1\theta (\sigma _1^1,\sigma ^1)\delta (\sigma ^2,\sigma _1^2){\displaystyle \frac{\delta (\sigma ^3,\sigma _1^3)}{\sigma _1^3}}\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)]=`$ (195)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[\gamma _{\overline{a}1}{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^2}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^2{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^3}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^3{\displaystyle \frac{^2\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma ^1\sigma _1^2\sigma _1^3)}{(\sigma ^1)^2}}+`$ (196)
$`+`$ $`\gamma _{\overline{a}2}{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^3}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _1^3{\displaystyle \frac{\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma ^1\sigma ^2\sigma _1^3)}{\sigma ^2}}+`$ (197)
$`+`$ $`\gamma _{\overline{a}3}{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^2}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^2{\displaystyle \frac{\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma ^1\sigma _1^2\sigma ^3)}{\sigma ^3}}],`$ (198)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(3)}^{1}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(1)}^{3}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),`$ (199)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(3)}^{2}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(2)}^{3}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),`$ (200)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(3)}^{3}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}3}\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),`$ (203)
$`or`$
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(a)}^{r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\delta _{(a)}^r\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}[1\delta _{(a)}^r]{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}u}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}[12(\delta _{ru}+\delta _{au})]`$ (206)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(\sigma ^u)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^r}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _1^r{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^a}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _1^a\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _1^r\sigma _1^a\sigma ^{kr,a}).`$
Clearly Eqs.(78) are satisfied.

The solution (132) for the $`G_{(a)}^{(o)ru}`$’s is such that the momenta $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(a)}^{r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ of Eq.(206) tend to zero for $`|\stackrel{}{\sigma }|\mathrm{}`$, as required by Eqs.(47), if the momenta $`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ satisfy the restrictions

$$_{\mathrm{}}^+\mathrm{}𝑑\sigma ^r\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0.$$
(207)
For instance these restrictions are satisfied if $`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\frac{^3\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{\sigma ^1\sigma ^2\sigma ^3}`$ with $`\frac{^2\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{\sigma ^i\sigma ^j}_{\sigma ^k\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}`$ \[$`i,j,k`$ cyclic\] in a direction-independent way.

We have not succeeded in finding a solution without these restrictions. Eqs.(207) can be thought of as 6 additional constraints defined on 2-dimensional surfaces. As we shall see, the consistency of these restrictions with the final Hamilton equations will impose the following restrictions on the DO’s $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$

$$_{\mathrm{}}^+\mathrm{}𝑑\sigma ^rr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0.$$
(208)
Therefore Eqs.(207) and (208) are 6 pairs of second class constraints and we could think to find a Shanmugadhasan canonical transformation from the DO’s $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ to a new basis in which 6 pairs of conjugate variables vanish due to Eqs.(207),(208) and the physics is concentrated in the remaining pairs. However, we shall not look for such a transformation, because it is highly non-trivial due to the fact that these constraints are defined only on 2-dimensional surfaces. We shall go on to work with the DO’s $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ even if this will imply formal complications.

In conclusion, we have been able to solve all the Hamiltonian constraints of tetrad gravity on the linearized WSW hyper-surfaces of our gauge.

## III The weak ADM Energy, the Lapse and Shift Functions and the 4-metric.

After the solution of all the constraints, in this Section we determine the weak ADM energy, the lapse and shift functions and the 4-metric of our linearized theory. Since we need the weak ADM energy, namely the Hamiltonian in the rest-frame instant form of tetrad gravity, see Eq.(A105), we need the following results of Appendix A: Eqs.(A104), where there is the expression of the weak and strong ADM Poincare’ generators, and Eqs.(A161), where there is the expression of the weak ADM Poincare’ generators in our gauge in the canonical basis (48).

In Eqs.(A105) we put: i) $`\varphi =1+\frac{1}{2}q+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$ with $`q(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ given by the solution (66) of the linearized Lichnerowicz equation; ii) the expression (206) for the cotriad momenta. In this way we get the form $`\widehat{E}_{ADM}[r_{\overline{a}},\pi _{\overline{a}}]`$ of the weak ADM energy only in terms of the DO’s of our completely fixed gauge.

### A The ADM Energy and the Lapse and Shift Funcions.

The Hamiltonian linearization of tetrad gravity in our completely fixed gauge is defined by approximating the weak ADM energy $`\widehat{E}_{ADM}[r_{\overline{a}},\pi _{\overline{a}}]`$ with the quadratic functional of $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ and of $`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ contained in it

$`\widehat{E}_{ADM}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ\widehat{P}_{ADM,R}^\tau ={\displaystyle \frac{12\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma \underset{\overline{a}}{}\pi _{\overline{a}}^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}+`$ (209)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{24\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}\overline{b}}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{uv}{}}\delta _{(a)}^u\gamma _{\overline{a}u}\gamma _{\overline{b}v}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1d^3\sigma _2𝒯_{(a)v}^{(o)u}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)\pi _{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)}+`$ (210)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{6\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}\overline{b}}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{rs}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\gamma _{\overline{b}s}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma d^3\sigma _1d^3\sigma _2[{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}𝒯_{(a)r}^{(o)u}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)𝒯_{(a)s}^{(o)u}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)+`$ (211)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{uv}{}}(\delta _{(b)}^u\delta _{(a)}^v\delta _{(a)}^u\delta _{(b)}^v)𝒯_{(a)r}^{(o)u}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)𝒯_{(b)s}^{(o)v}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)]\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)\pi _{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)`$ (212)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{16\pi G}}{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma [{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}u}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma ^r}}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1u}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}\right)^2`$ (213)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\left(_rr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\right)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}_rr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\right)^2`$ (214)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}\overline{b}}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}_rr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\gamma _{\overline{b}u}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma ^r}}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1u}^2r_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}]=`$ (215)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{12\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma \underset{\overline{a}}{}\pi _{\overline{a}}^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}+{\displaystyle \frac{12\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}\overline{b}}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{rs}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\gamma _{\overline{b}s}`$ (218)
$`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma d^3\sigma _1d^3\sigma _2\underset{u}{}𝒯_{(a)r}^{(o)u}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)𝒯_{(a)s}^{(o)u}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)\pi _{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{16\pi G}}{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma [{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}u}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma ^r}}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1u}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}\right)^2`$ (219)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\left(_rr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\right)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}_rr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\right)^2`$ (220)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}\overline{b}}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}_rr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\gamma _{\overline{b}u}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma ^r}}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1u}^2r_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}]+O(r_{\overline{a}}^3).`$ (221)
See Eq.(C62) of Appendix C for the Fourier transform of the ADM energy.

The determination of the bulk lapse function $`n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ is done by solving the integral equation (A176) written in our completely fixed gauge. Therefore we must evaluate $`\frac{\delta \widehat{}_R(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\delta \varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}`$ and $`\frac{\delta \widehat{E}_{ADM}}{\delta \varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}`$. From the linearized version of the super-hamiltonian constraint given before Eq.(65) we get

$$\frac{\delta \widehat{}_R(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\delta \varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}=ϵ\frac{c^3}{2\pi G}\mathrm{}_1\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),$$
(222)
while from Eqs.(A161) and (65) we get

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\delta \widehat{E}_{ADM}}{\delta \varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{4\pi G}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\underset{r}{}\left[2_{1r}q(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\underset{\overline{a}}{}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}_{1r}r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)\right]_{1r}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (223)
$`=`$ $`ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{2\pi G}}\left[\mathrm{}q(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}r}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}_r^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\right]+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (224)
$`=`$ $`0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (225)
Then the integral equation (A176) for the lapse function becomes the following partial differential equation

$`ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{2\pi G}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)\mathrm{}_1\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{2\pi G}}\mathrm{}n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (228)
$``$
$`n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (229)
The determination of the bulk shift functions uses this result and the linearized form of Eq.(A180) (see Eq.(C63) of Appendix C for the Fourier transform),

$`n_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\underset{wu}{}(\delta _{wu}\delta _{(a)(b)}+\delta _{(a)u}\delta _{(b)w}\delta _{(a)w}\delta _{(b)u})}`$ (232)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{v}{}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _2\left[\delta _v^w\delta _{(a)v}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)+𝒯_{(a)v}^{(o)w}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)\right]}`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}v}\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)G_{(b)}^{(o)ur}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma ^r}}(\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}v}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}v}`$ (235)
$`[{\displaystyle \underset{ua,ua}{}}[12(\delta _{uv}+\delta _{av})]{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma ^u}}d\sigma _1^u{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma ^a}}d\sigma _1^a{\displaystyle _{\sigma _1^u}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _2^u{\displaystyle _{\sigma _1^a}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _2^a`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _2^u\sigma _2^a\sigma _2^{ku,a})}{(\sigma _2^v)^2}}|_{\sigma _2^k=\sigma ^k}`$
$``$ $`2{\displaystyle \underset{ur}{}}[12(\delta _{uv}+\delta _{rv})]{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma ^r}}𝑑\sigma _1^r{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma ^u}}𝑑\sigma _1^u{\displaystyle _{\sigma _1^r}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _2^r{\displaystyle _{\sigma _1^u}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _2^u`$ (237)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _2^r\sigma _2^u\sigma _2^{kr,u})}{(\sigma _2^v)^2}}|_{\sigma _2^k=\sigma ^k}])+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$
In conclusion in our completely fixed gauge the lapse and shift functions are

$`N(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ+n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=ϵ+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (238)
$`N_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`n_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{\tau r}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }).`$ (239)
Since the shift functions are of order $`O(r_{\overline{a}})`$, we get the following results :

i) the 4-coordinates associated to our Hamiltonian gauge are not synchronous, so that we are using non-time-orthogonal reference frames and we cannot use Einstein’s convention for the synchronization of clocks ; a non-standard definition of simultaneity of distant time-like observers is needed, consistent with the Hamiltonian description based on the Cauchy simultaneity WSW space-like hyper-surfaces $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$;

ii) there may be coordinate-dependent gravito-magnetic effects;

iii) the velocity of light becomes direction-dependent (see Ref.) : if $`u^i`$ is a unit 3-vector with respect to the 3-metric $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_{rs}^{}=ϵ({}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}+\frac{n_rn_s}{ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\tau \tau }^{}})`$, i.e. $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_{rs}^{}u^ru^s=1`$, \[see Appendix A of Ref., after Eq.(A5)\], the light velocity in direction $`u^i`$ is $`w(u^i)=\frac{\sqrt{{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\tau \tau }^{}}}{\frac{u^rn_r}{\sqrt{{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\tau \tau }^{}}}+1}=1u^rn_r+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$ with $`\left(\frac{u^rn_r}{\sqrt{{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\tau \tau }^{}}}\right)^2=(u^rn_r)^2+O(r_{\overline{a}}^3)<1`$.

### B The Linearized 4-Metric.

After the solution of all the constraints and the determination of the lapse and shift functions, the 4-metric of our linearized space-time with $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau ^{(WSW)}`$-adapted coordinates in the 3-orthogonal gauge with $`\pi _\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0`$ becomes (we write it in the form of a perturbation of the Minkowski metric in Cartesian coordinates only to visualize the deviations from special relativity of this background-independent post-Minkowskian space-time in the 4-coordinates associated with our preferred 3-orthogonal gauge)

$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{AB}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}\eta _{AB}^{}+{}_{}{}^{4}h_{AB}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),`$ (240)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}h_{\tau \tau }^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (242)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}h_{\tau r}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`ϵn_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\stackrel{def}{=}ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{2}{c^2}}A_{GEM,30,r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })={\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma ^r}}(ϵ\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}v}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}v}`$ (245)
$`[{\displaystyle \underset{ua,ua}{}}[12(\delta _{uv}+\delta _{av})]`$
$`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma ^u}}𝑑\sigma _1^u{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma ^a}}𝑑\sigma _1^a{\displaystyle _{\sigma _1^u}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _2^u{\displaystyle _{\sigma _1^a}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _2^a{\displaystyle \frac{^2\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _2^u\sigma _2^a\sigma _2^{ku,a})}{(\sigma _2^v)^2}}|_{\sigma _2^k=\sigma ^k}`$
$``$ $`2{\displaystyle \underset{ur}{}}[12(\delta _{uv}+\delta _{rv})]`$ (247)
$`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma ^r}}d\sigma _1^r{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma ^u}}d\sigma _1^u{\displaystyle _{\sigma _1^r}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _2^r{\displaystyle _{\sigma _1^u}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _2^u{\displaystyle \frac{^2\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _2^r\sigma _2^u\sigma ^{kr,u})}{(\sigma _2^v)^2}}|_{\sigma _2^k=\sigma ^k}])+`$
$`+`$ $`O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (248)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}h_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ[{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\delta _{rs}]\stackrel{def}{=}\delta _{rs}k_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (249)
$`=`$ $`2ϵ\left[q(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\right]\delta _{rs}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (250)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2ϵ}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\left[\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{_{1u}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}\right]\delta _{rs}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (251)
$`\sqrt{{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ\sqrt{\widehat{\gamma }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=ϵ\varphi ^6(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=ϵ[1+3q(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })]+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (254)
$`=`$ $`ϵ\left[1{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{u\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{_{1u}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}\right]+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (255)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\tau \tau }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (257)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\tau r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ\delta ^{rs}n_s(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (258)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{rs}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ\left({}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{}^{rs}n^rn^s\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (259)
$`=`$ $`ϵ\left[1{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\left(\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{_{1u}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}\right)\right]\delta ^{rs}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (260)
Therefore, the 3-metric on the linearized WSW hyper-surfaces of our gauge is only conformal to the Euclidean 3-metric, namely the linearized $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau ^{(WSW)}`$ of our gauge are conformally flat.

The linearized cotriads, triads and adapted cotetrads and tetrads become \[see Eqs.(A88) and (A214)\]

$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{e}_{(a)r}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{(a)r}[1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}(\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (262)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1u}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}})]+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (263)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{e}_{(a)}^{r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{(a)}^r[1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}(\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (264)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1u}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}})]+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (265)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{e}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{\widehat{\gamma }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}=1+3q(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (266)
$`=`$ $`1{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}u}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1u}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}})+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (267)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })={}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{e}_{(a)r}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{e}_{(a)s}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (269)
$`=`$ $`[1+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}(\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (270)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1u}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}})]\delta ^{rs}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (271)
$`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{(o)}^{A}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`l^A(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=ϵ(1;\delta ^{rs}n_s(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (272)
$`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{(a)}^{A}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`(0;{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{e}_{(a)}^{r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))=`$ (273)
$`=`$ $`(0;\delta _{(a)}^r[1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}(\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (274)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{u\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1u}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}})])+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (275)
$`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{A}^{(o)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`l_A(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=ϵ(1;0)+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (277)
$`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{A}^{(a)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`(\delta _{(a)}^rn_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma });{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{e}_{(a)r}^{})=`$ (278)
$`=`$ $`(\delta _{(a)}^rn_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma });\delta _{(a)r}[1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}(\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (279)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{u\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1u}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}})])+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (280)
Since in our gauge we have $`\phi _{(a)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0`$, the tetrads and cotetrads $`{}_{}{}^{4}E_{(\alpha )}^{A}`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{4}E_{A}^{(\alpha )}`$ of Eqs.(38) coincide with those of Eqs.(280).

See Appendix D for the associated Christoffel symbols, spin connection, field strength and Riemann tensor of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$ and for the 4-tensors of $`M^4`$.

### C The Energy-Momentum Landau-Lifschitz Pseudo-Tensor.

Usually the energy of a gravitational wave on the Minkowski background is evaluated  as a mean value over various wave-lengths of the coordinate-dependent Landau-Lifschitz energy obtained from the Landau-Lifschitz symmetric pseudo-tensor .

The Landau-Lifschitz pseudo-tensor $`{}_{(L)}{}^{}t_{}^{\mu \nu }={}_{(L)}{}^{}t_{}^{\nu \mu }`$, which contains no second derivatives of the metric and gives meaningful results only in an asymptotically flat Cartesian coordinate system, was found trying to rewrite the consequence $`{}_{}{}^{4}_{\mu }^{}{}_{}{}^{4}T_{}^{\mu \nu }\stackrel{}{=}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}`$ of the Bianchi identities applied to Einstein’s equations in the form $`_\mu [{}_{(L)}{}^{}t_{}^{\mu \nu }+\sqrt{{}_{}{}^{4}g}{}_{}{}^{4}T_{}^{\mu \nu }]\stackrel{}{=}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}`$. Starting from Einstein’s equations $`{}_{}{}^{4}T_{}^{\mu \nu }\stackrel{}{=}\frac{c^3}{8\pi G}({}_{}{}^{4}R_{}^{\mu \nu }\frac{1}{2}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{\mu \nu }{}_{}{}^{4}R)`$, one rewrites them as

$`{}_{(L)}{}^{}t_{}^{\mu \nu }`$ $`+`$ $`\sqrt{{}_{}{}^{4}g}{}_{}{}^{4}T_{}^{\mu \nu }\stackrel{}{=}_\rho h^{\mu [\nu \rho ]},with`$ (281)
$`h^{\mu [\nu \rho ]}`$ $`=`$ $`h^{\mu [\rho \nu ]}={\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{16\pi G}}_\sigma [{}_{}{}^{4}g({}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{\mu \nu }{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{\rho \sigma }{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{\mu \rho }{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{\nu \sigma })]={\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{16\pi G}}_\sigma 𝒯^{\rho \nu \sigma \mu },`$ (286)
$`_\nu _\rho h^{\mu [\nu \rho ]}=_\nu _\rho _\sigma 𝒯^{\rho \nu \sigma \mu }=0,`$
$`𝒯^{\alpha \nu \beta \mu }`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\alpha \beta }{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\mu \nu }{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\alpha \mu }{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\beta \nu }=𝒯^{\nu \alpha \beta \mu }=𝒯^{\alpha \nu \mu \beta }=𝒯^{\beta \mu \alpha \nu },`$ (289)
$`[𝒯^{\alpha \nu \beta \mu }+𝒯^{\alpha \beta \mu \nu }+𝒯^{\alpha \mu \nu \beta }=0],{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\mu \nu }=\sqrt{{}_{}{}^{4}g}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{\mu \nu }.`$
Then one gets

$`{}_{(L)}{}^{}t_{}^{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{16\pi G}}[_\rho {}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\mu \nu }_\gamma {}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\gamma \rho }_\rho {}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\mu \rho }_\gamma {}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\nu \gamma }+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{\mu \nu }{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\rho \sigma }^{}_\gamma {}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\rho \delta }_\delta {}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\sigma \gamma }`$ (290)
$``$ $`({}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{\mu \rho }{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\gamma \delta }^{}_\sigma {}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\nu \delta }_\rho {}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\gamma \sigma }+{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{\nu \rho }{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\gamma \delta }^{}_\sigma {}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\mu \delta }_\rho {}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\gamma \sigma })+{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\rho \sigma }^{}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{\gamma \delta }_\gamma {}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\mu \rho }_\delta {}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\nu \sigma }+`$ (291)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}(2{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{\mu \rho }{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{\nu \sigma }{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{\mu \nu }{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{\rho \sigma })(2{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\gamma \delta }^{}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\alpha \beta }^{}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\delta \alpha }^{}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\gamma \beta }^{})_\rho {}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\gamma \beta }_\sigma {}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\delta \alpha }].`$ (292)
However, as noted in Ref. and emphasized in Ref., if the energy flux carried away to infinity by gravitational radiation in a given asymptotically flat space-time is deduced from the Landau-Lifschitz pseudo-tensor, then the result is reliable only on an appropriately chosen flat background metric and then a connection between Bondi energy at null infinity and ADM energy at spatial infinity can be established . Since in our approach to Hamiltonian linearization of Einstein’s equation we have no background metric, the Landau-Lifschitz pseudo-tensor is not a useful quantity.

If we write the Landau-Lifschitz in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau ^{(WSW)}`$-adapted coordinates, $`{}_{(L)}{}^{}t_{}^{AB}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ and then we choose our special 3-orthogonal coordinates, then the Landau-Lifschitz 4-momentum $`P_{LL}^A=d^3\sigma {}_{(L)}{}^{}t_{}^{A\tau }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ has to be contrasted with the weak ADM energy $`\widehat{E}_{ADM}`$, namely the Hamiltonian in the rest-frame instant form of gravity, and with the vanishing weak ADM momentum $`\widehat{P}_{ADM}^r0`$ evaluated in those coordinates.

¿From an explicit calculation done by using Eqs.(LABEL:III7) it turns out that $`P_{LL}^A`$ does not agree with $`E_{ADM}`$ and $`\widehat{P}_{ADM}^r`$ \[for its expression see Eq.(436)\]

$`E_{LL}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma {}_{(LL)}{}^{}t_{}^{\tau \tau }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}=`$ (293)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{16\pi G}}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma ({\displaystyle \frac{25}{24}}(_\tau A)^2{\displaystyle \frac{175}{72}}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}(_iA)^2{\displaystyle \frac{5}{12}}_\tau A{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}_\tau f_i+`$ (295)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}(_\tau f_i)^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}_\tau f_i\right)^2{\displaystyle \frac{5}{3}}_\tau A{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}_in_i+`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{5}{12}}{\displaystyle \underset{i,j}{}}_jA_jf_i{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}_\tau f_i_in_i{\displaystyle \frac{5}{3}}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}_iA_if_i+`$ (296)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{r,s}{}}(_sn_r)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{r,s}{}}_sn_r_rn_s{\displaystyle \underset{r,s}{}}_sn_s_rn_r+`$ (297)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}(_if_i)^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}{\displaystyle \underset{i,j,r}{}}_if_j_if_r+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \underset{i,j}{}}(_jf_i)^2)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (298)
$`+`$ $`O(r_{\overline{a}}^3)\widehat{E}_{ADM},`$ (299)
$`P_{LL}^r`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma {}_{(LL)}{}^{}t_{}^{r\tau }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}=`$ (302)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{16\pi G}}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma ({\displaystyle \frac{115}{36}}_\tau A_rA+{\displaystyle \frac{5}{12}}_rA{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}_\tau f_i+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}_rA_\tau f_r+`$ (303)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{5}{3}}_\tau A_rf_r+{\displaystyle \frac{5}{12}}_\tau A{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}_rf_i+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \underset{i,j}{}}_\tau f_i_rf_j`$ (304)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}_\tau f_i_rf_i+_\tau f_r_rf_r{\displaystyle \frac{7}{3}}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}_iA_in_r+`$ (305)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}_rA_in_i+{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}_iA_rn_i{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}_if_r_in_r`$ (306)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}_if_i_in_r+{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}_rf_i_in_i+_rf_r{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}_in_i)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (307)
$`+`$ $`O(r_{\overline{a}}^3)\widehat{P}_{ADM}^r,`$ (310)
$`where`$
$`A(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \underset{u\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{_{1u}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}`$ (312)
$`f_i(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}i}r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }).`$ (314)
Therefore, when in a future paper we will add matter to tetrad gravity, we will have to devise a method independent from the Landau-Lifschitz pseudo-tensor to identify the energy of the matter and its variation due to the emission of gravitational waves.

## IV Comparison with the Lichnerowicz-York Conformal Approach, with the Standard Linearized Theory in Harmonic Gauges and with the Post-Newtonian Approximation.

Since in the literature there are many coordinate-dependent definitions of gravito-magnetism, which are a source of ambiguities, in this Section we shall review same of them and we will rephrase them in the language of our linearized post-Minkowskian space-time. Moreover we will show that our completely fixed Hamiltonian gauge does not belong to the family of the harmonic gauges used in the standard background-dependent linearization of Einstein’s equations. Finally we will make some comments on the post-Newtonian approximation of our space-time.

### A Comparison with the Lichnerowicz-York Conformal Approach.

To establish the connection with the Lichnerowicz-York conformal approach  we need the extrinsic curvature of the WSW hyper-surfaces of our gauge. From Eq.(A199), we get that the extrinsic curvature and the ADM momentum of the WSW hyper-surfaces of our gauge in the linearized theory are (see Eq.(C64) of Appendix C for the Fourier transform)

$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}(\delta _{ru}\delta _{(a)s}+\delta _{su}\delta _{(a)r}\delta _{rs}\delta _{(a)u}){}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(a)}^{u}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (315)
$`=`$ $`ϵ\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[2\delta _{rs}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (316)
$`+`$ $`[1\delta _{rs}]{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}[12(\delta _{rw}+\delta _{sw})]`$ (318)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(\sigma ^w)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^r}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^r{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^s}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^s\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _1^r\sigma _1^s\sigma ^{kr,s})]+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$
$`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{}^{rs}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (320)
$`_s{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{}^{rs}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (322)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Pi }}}_{}^{rs}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left[{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{e}_{(a)}^{s}{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(a)}^{r}+{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{e}_{(a)}^{r}{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(a)}^{s}\right](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left[{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(s)}^{r}+{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(r)}^{s}\right](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (324)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}[\delta _{rs}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (325)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(1\delta _{rs}){\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}[12(\delta _{rw}+\delta _{sw})]_w^2{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^r}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^r{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^s}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^s\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _1^r\sigma _1^s\sigma ^{kr,s})]+`$ (326)
$`+`$ $`O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (327)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ϵc^3}{16\pi G}}({}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{}^{ra}\delta ^{rs}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K})+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)={\displaystyle \frac{ϵc^3}{16\pi G}}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{}^{rs}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (330)
$``$
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Pi }}}_{}^{rs}_{|r}`$ $`=`$ $`_r{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Pi }}}_{}^{rs}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (332)
since the trace, proportional to York’s time $`𝒯=ϵ\frac{64\pi G}{3c^3}{}_{}{}^{3}K`$, turns out to be

$${}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\delta ^{rs}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).$$
(333)
This means that the linearized WSW hyper-surfaces are constant mean extrinsic curvature (CMC) surfaces and satisfy the maximal slicing condition. Moreover, the ADM super-momentum constraints are satisfied.

Therefore, York’s traceless distorsion tensor $`{}_{}{}^{3}A_{rs}^{}={}_{}{}^{3}K_{rs}^{}\frac{1}{3}{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}K={}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{rs}^{}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$, see Ref., Chapter 4.10 and Appendix C of Ref., coincides with the extrinsic curvature in the linearized theory. After a conformal rescaling $`{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}=\varphi ^4{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{g}_{rs}^{}`$ \*††\*††\*††All the quantities evaluated with the rescaled metric having $`det|{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{g}|=1`$ will be denoted with a $`\stackrel{ˇ}{}`$. we get $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{A}_{}^{rs}={}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{A}_{TT}^{rs}+{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{A}_{L}^{rs}=\varphi ^{10}{}_{}{}^{3}A_{}^{rs}={}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{}^{rs}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$, where $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{A}_{TT}^{rs}`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{A}_{L}^{rs}`$ are the transverse traceless (TT) and longitudinal (L) components respectively. The longitudinal component satisfies $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{A}_{L}^{rs}{}_{|s}{}^{}={}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{A}_{}^{rs}{}_{|s}{}^{}\stackrel{def}{=}(\stackrel{ˇ}{\mathrm{}}_LW)^r=\stackrel{ˇ}{\mathrm{}}W^r+\frac{1}{3}(W^s{}_{|s}{}^{})^{|r}+{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{R}_{}^{r}{}_{s}{}^{}W_{}^{s}`$, where $`W^r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ is York’s gravito-magnetic vector potential. In the linearized theory it satisfies $`\mathrm{}\left(\delta _s^r+\frac{^r_s}{3\mathrm{}}\right)W^s=_s{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{}^{rs}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$, whose solution is

$`W^r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (336)
$``$
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{A}_{L}^{rs}`$ $`=`$ $`(LW)^{rs}\stackrel{def}{=}W^{s|r}+W^{r|s}{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{}^{rs}W^u{}_{|u}{}^{}=[\delta _u^r^s+\delta _u^s^r{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\delta ^{rs}_u]W^u+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (338)
$`=`$ $`0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (339)
Therefore, York’s transverse traceless physical degrees of freedom of momentum type, namely $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{A}_{TT}^{rs}={}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{A}_{}^{rs}{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{A}_{L}^{rs}={}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{}^{rs}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$, are linear functionals of the $`\pi _{\overline{a}}`$’s of our linearized theory. The coordinate-type physical degrees of freedom in $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{g}_{rs}^{}`$ depend upon the $`r_{\overline{a}}`$’s \*‡‡\*‡‡\*‡‡In the 3-orthogonal gauge we have $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{g}_{rs}^{}={}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{rs}^{diag}`$, see Eq.(A226)..

### B Comparison with the Standard Linearized Theory in Harmonic Gauges and its Associated Gravito-Electro-Magnetic Analogy.

Let us remark that our special 3-orthogonal gauge is not a member of the family of harmonic gauges, because, in coordinates adapted to our gauge, the condition $`_A\left(\sqrt{{}_{}{}^{4}g}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{AB}\right)=0`$ becomes

$`\left[_A\left(\sqrt{\widehat{\gamma }}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{\tau A}\right)\right](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\left[_\tau \left(\sqrt{\widehat{\gamma }}1\right){\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}_sn_s\right](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (342)
$`\left[_A\left(\sqrt{\widehat{\gamma }}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}_{}^{rA}\right)\right](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=[_\tau n_r_r({\displaystyle \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}})(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1u}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}})](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (343)
Therefore, on the solutions of Einstein’s equations  our radiation gauge identifies a 4-coordinate system different from those compatible with the standard linearized theory coupled to matter.

This theory, in the post-Newtonian approximation, allows to make the gravito-electro-magnetic (GEM) re-formulation of Einstein’s theory (see Refs.), emphasizing the spin 1 aspects of this spin 2 theory over the Minkowski background in Cartesian coordinates.

By putting $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\mu \nu }^{}={}_{}{}^{4}\eta _{\mu \nu }^{}+h_{\mu \nu }`$ with $`h_{\mu \nu }=\overline{h}_{\mu \nu }+\frac{1}{2}{}_{}{}^{4}\eta _{\mu \nu }^{}h`$ ($`h={}_{}{}^{4}\eta _{}^{\mu \nu }h_{\mu \nu }`$, $`\sqrt{{}_{}{}^{4}g}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{\mu \nu }={}_{}{}^{4}\eta _{}^{\mu \nu }\overline{h}^{\mu \nu }`$, $`\overline{h}^{\mu \nu }={}_{}{}^{4}\eta _{}^{\mu \alpha }{}_{}{}^{4}\eta _{}^{\nu \beta }h_{\alpha \beta }`$) Einstein’s equations in presence of matter become $`\mathrm{}\overline{h}_{\mu \nu }={}_{}{}^{4}\eta _{}^{\alpha \beta }_\alpha _\beta \overline{h}_{\mu \nu }\stackrel{}{=}\frac{1}{kc}T_{\mu \nu }`$ when the Lorentz gauge condition $`_\nu \overline{h}^{\mu \nu }=_\nu \left(\sqrt{{}_{}{}^{4}g}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{\mu \nu }\right)=0`$, viz. the conditions for harmonic coordinates (which include the post-Newtonian ones), are imposed. Even if in this approximation there is no back-reaction of the gravitational force on the sources, it allows to make an analogy with electromagnetism . $`\overline{h}_{\mu \nu }`$ replaces the 4-potential $`A_\mu `$ with the coordinate transformation (changing the Christoffel symbols but not the curvature tensor) $`\overline{h}_{\mu \nu }^{^{}}=\overline{h}_{\mu \nu }_\mu b_\nu _\nu b_\mu +{}_{}{}^{4}\eta _{\mu \nu }^{}_\alpha b^\alpha `$ corresponding to the gauge transformation $`A_\mu ^{^{}}=A_\mu +_\mu \mathrm{\Lambda }`$. Maxwell equations $`\mathrm{}A_\mu _\mu _\alpha A^\alpha \stackrel{}{=}\frac{1}{c}j_\mu `$ correspond to the linearized Einstein equations $`\mathrm{}\overline{h}_{\mu \nu }+{}_{}{}^{4}\eta _{\mu \nu }^{}_\alpha _\beta \overline{h}^{\alpha \beta }_\mu _\alpha \overline{h}^\alpha {}_{\nu }{}^{}_\nu _\alpha \overline{h}^\alpha {}_{\mu }{}^{}\stackrel{}{=}\frac{2}{k}T_{\mu \nu }`$. The Lorentz gauge $`_\mu A^\mu =0`$ (with residual gauge freedom given by functions $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$’s satisfying $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Lambda }=0`$) with equations $`\mathrm{}A_\mu \stackrel{}{=}\frac{1}{c}j_\mu `$ corresponds to the harmonic gauge (harmonic coordinates) $`_\nu \overline{h}^{\mu \nu }=0`$ with $`\mathrm{}\overline{h}_{\mu \nu }=\frac{2}{k}T_{\mu \nu }`$ (with residual freedom in the choice of coordinates having the $`b_\mu `$’s satisfying $`\mathrm{}b^\mu =0`$; in Cartesian coordinates the equations of motion are decoupled one from the other).

The retarded solution $`\overline{h}_{\mu \nu }(x^o,\stackrel{}{x})\stackrel{}{=}\frac{4G}{c^4}d^3x^{^{}}\frac{T_{\mu \nu }(x^o|\stackrel{}{x}\stackrel{}{x}^{^{}}|,\stackrel{}{x}^{^{}})}{|\stackrel{}{x}\stackrel{}{x}^{^{}}|}`$ allows to define:

i) the gravito-electric or Newton potential $`\overline{h}_{oo}=ϵ\frac{4}{c^2}\mathrm{\Phi }_{GEM}`$ determined by $`\rho =T^{oo}/c^2`$ as the effective gravitational charge density;

ii) the gravito-magnetic vector potential (the shift functions) of Ref. $`\overline{h}_{oi}=ϵ\frac{2}{c^2}A_{GEMi}`$ determined by $`j^i=T^{oi}/c`$ as the effective gravitational current density;

iii) to disregard at the lowest order the 3-metric $`\overline{h}_{ij}=O(c^4)`$.

As shown in Ref., in the harmonic gauge the gravito-electro-magnetic 4-potential $`(\mathrm{\Phi }_{GEM},\stackrel{}{A}_{GEM})`$ satisfies the Lorentz gauge condition

$$_o\mathrm{\Phi }_{GEM}+\stackrel{}{}(\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{}{A}_{GEM})=0.$$
(344)
The factor $`\frac{1}{2}`$ derives from the fact that the effective gravito-magnetic charge ($`Q_B=2M_{source}`$) is twice the gravito-electric charge ($`Q_E=M_{source}`$). The gravito-electro-magnetic fields are $`\stackrel{}{E}_{GEM}=\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{GEM}_o(\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{}{A}_{GEM})`$, $`\stackrel{}{B}_{GEM}=\stackrel{}{}\times \stackrel{}{A}_{GEM}\stackrel{def}{=}c\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_{GEM}`$: in the harmonic gauge (harmonic coordinates) they satisfy Maxwell equations

$`\stackrel{}{}\stackrel{}{E}_{GEM}=4\pi G\rho ,\stackrel{}{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{}{B}_{GEM})=0,`$ (345)
$`\stackrel{}{}\times \stackrel{}{E}_{GEM}=_o({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{}{B}_{GEM}),\stackrel{}{}\times ({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{}{B}_{GEM})=_o\stackrel{}{E}_{GEM}+{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi G}{c}}\stackrel{}{j},`$ (346)
and one can consider as electro-magnetic-like gauge transformations the residual coordinate freedom.

In this approximation the GEM fields are determined only by the matter and vanish in absence of matter, viz. they are independent from the physical degrees of freedom (like $`r_{\overline{a}}`$, $`\pi _{\overline{a}}`$) of the gravitational field.

If we consider solutions of the homogeneous equations $`\mathrm{}\overline{h}_{\mu \nu }\stackrel{}{=}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}`$, $`_\nu \overline{h}^{\mu \nu }=0`$, they are used to describe gravitational waves $`\overline{h}_{\mu \nu }=a_{\mu \nu }e^{ik_\alpha x^\alpha }`$ ($`a_{\mu \nu }=const.`$, $`k_\mu k^\mu =0`$, $`a_{\mu \nu }k^\nu =0`$) as the only independent degrees of freedom of the gravitational field. The residual freedom of coordinate transformations in the harmonic gauge may be used to get $`a_{\mu \nu }^{^{}}=a_{\mu \nu }c_\mu k_\nu c_\nu k_\mu +{}_{}{}^{4}\eta _{\mu \nu }^{}c_\alpha c^\alpha `$ with $`a_{o\nu }^{^{}}=a_{\mu o}^{^{}}=0`$ and $`a_\mu ^{^{}}{}_{}{}^{\mu }=a_i^{^{}}{}_{}{}^{i}=0`$ through the choice $`b^\mu =ic^\mu e^{ik_\alpha x^\alpha }`$ (solution of $`\mathrm{}b^\mu =0`$). In this completely fixed harmonic gauge (with non-diagonal 3-metric), named TT gauge, only two independent degrees of freedom (polarization states) survive: they are the counterpart of $`r_{\overline{a}}`$, $`\pi _{\overline{a}}`$ of our completely fixed 3-orthogonal radiation gauge with $`\pi _\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0`$. If $`k^\mu =(0;0,\frac{\omega }{c},\frac{\omega }{c})`$, the only non-zero $`a_{\mu \nu }^{^{}}`$ of the transverse gravitational wave are $`a_{xx}^{^{}}`$, $`a_{yy}^{^{}}=a_{xx}^{^{}}`$, $`a_{xy}^{^{}}=a_{yx}^{^{}}`$, and we get $`ds^2=ϵ\left[(dx^o)^2(1+f_{xx})dx^22f_{xy}dxdy(1f_{xx})dy^2dz^2\right]`$ with $`e_+=f_{xx}=a_{xx}^{^{}}cos(\frac{\omega }{c}(zx^o)+\phi )`$, $`e_\times =f_{xy}=a_{xy}^{^{}}cos(\frac{\omega }{c}(zx^o)+\psi )`$. In this gauge the lapse and shift functions $`n`$, $`n_i`$ are all zero and there is no GEM potential $`(\mathrm{\Phi }_{GEM},\stackrel{}{A}_{GEM})`$ coming from the transverse gravitational wave.

Let us remark that in the electro-magnetic case on Minkowski space-time with Cartesian coordinates the radiation gauge $`A_o=\stackrel{}{}\stackrel{}{A}=0`$, with the transverse fields $`\stackrel{}{A}_{}`$, $`\stackrel{}{E}_{}`$ as the only physical degrees of freedom (DO’s), is a particular case (name it gauge T) of the Lorentz gauge $`^\mu A_\mu =0`$, obtainable with a $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=ice^{ikx}`$ with $`k^2=0`$ from $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Lambda }=0`$. Instead, the 4-coordinate system on the post-Minkowskian space-times connected with our radiation gauge for the gravitational waves is different from the 4-coordinate system which is reinterpreted as the TT harmonic gauge of the spin-2 theory on the background Minkowski space-time with Cartesian coordinates.

Instead in our non-harmonic radiation 3-orthogonal gauge with $`\pi _\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0`$, even in absence of matter the shift functions do not vanish and we can define

i) a vanishing gravito-electric potential $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{GEM}^{(rad)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$;

ii) a gravito-magnetic vector potential $`\stackrel{}{A}_{GEM}^{(rad)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\{ϵ\frac{c^2}{2}n_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\}`$ determined by the shift functions;

iii) a gravito-electric field $`\stackrel{}{E}_{GEM}^{(rad)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=_\tau [\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{}{A}_{GEM}^{(rad)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })]=ϵ\frac{c^2}{4}_\tau n_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ also determined by the shift functions.

iv) a gravito-magnetic field $`\stackrel{}{B}_{GEM}^{(rad)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\stackrel{}{}\times \stackrel{}{A}_{GEM}^{(rad)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\stackrel{def}{=}c\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_{GEM}^{(rad)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, with $`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_{GEM}^{(rad)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\{\mathrm{\Omega }_{GEM,r}^{(rad)}=c^1ϵ_{ruv}\frac{n_v}{\sigma ^u}\}`$ the gravito-magnetic precession angular velocity (connected with the precessional effects of Lense-Thirring or dragging of the inertial systems) again determined by the shift functions.

Since we are not in a harmonic gauge the Lorentz condition is not satisfied $`\stackrel{}{}(\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{}{A}_{GEM}^{(rad)})0`$. The analogy with Maxwell equations is partially lost in our completely fixed (radiation) gauge: while the equations deriving from the existence of the potential $`\stackrel{}{}(\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{}{B}_{GEM}^{(rad)})=0`$ and $`\stackrel{}{}\times \stackrel{}{E}_{GEM}^{(rad)}=_\tau (\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{}{B}_{GEM}^{(rad)})`$ hold, the other two are not satisfied: $`\stackrel{}{}\stackrel{}{E}_{GEM}^{(rad)}0`$, $`\stackrel{}{}\times (\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{}{B}_{GEM}^{(rad)})_\tau \stackrel{}{E}_{GEM}^{(rad)}`$. This shows how the gravito-electric-magnetic analogy is coordinate dependent.

Finally, the coordinate transformation (a passive 4-diffeomorphism) from the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau ^{(WSW)}`$-adapted 4-coordinates $`\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }`$ of our completely fixed gauge to the 4-coordinates $`x^\mu =x^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ of the standard harmonic TT gauge and the relation between the DO’s $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ and the TT polarizations $`e_+`$, $`e_\times `$ can be obtained as solution of the following system of partial differential equations:

$${}_{}{}^{4}g_{\mu \nu }^{}(x)=\frac{x_\mu }{\sigma _A}\frac{x_\nu }{\sigma _B}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{AB}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\mu \nu }^{}=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}ϵ& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& ϵe_+& ϵe_\times & 0\\ 0& ϵe_\times & +ϵe_+& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& ϵ\end{array}\right),$$
(347)
with $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{AB}^{}`$ given by Eqs.(LABEL:III7).

If we write $`x_\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=f_\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+g_\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ with $`f_\mu =O(1)`$ and $`g_\mu =O(r_{\overline{a}})`$ and if we require the asymptotic behaviour $`f_\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })_{|\stackrel{}{\sigma }|\mathrm{}}x_{(\mathrm{})\mu }(0)+u_\mu (P_{ADM})\tau +ϵ_{r\mu }(u(P_{ADM}))\sigma ^r`$ with $`u^\mu (p)=p^\mu /\sqrt{ϵp^2}`$, then we get that

i) the four equations with $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{oo}^{}=ϵ`$, $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{oi}^{}=0`$ can be solved to give $`\frac{x_\mu }{\tau }`$ in terms of $`\frac{x_\mu }{\sigma ^r}`$;

ii) the system of partial differential equations$`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{13}^{}={}_{}{}^{4}g_{23}^{}=0`$, $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{33}^{}=ϵ`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{11}^{}={}_{}{}^{4}g_{22}^{}`$ have to be used for the determination of the $`\stackrel{}{\sigma }`$-dependence of the four functions $`x_\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$;

iii) the use of the solution of point ii) inside point i) allows to find $`\frac{x_\mu }{\tau }`$ and then, by integration, the functions $`x_\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$;

iv) finally the equations $`e_+=ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}g_{11}^{}`$ and $`e_\times =ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}g_{12}^{}`$ give the two polarizations $`e_+`$, $`e_\times `$ in terms of the Dirac observables $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$.

### C Connection with the Post-Newtonian Approximation.

The standard post-Newtonian approximation  is applied to the gravitational field created by an isolated compact object, like the Earth, described by an energy-momentum tensor $`T^{\mu \nu }`$ \[$`T^{oo}=O(c^2)`$, $`T^{oi}=O(c)`$, $`T^{ij}=O(c^o)`$\]. It is a weak field ($`{}_{}{}^{4}g={}_{}{}^{4}\eta +{}_{}{}^{4}h`$) near zone approximation giving corrections to Newton gravity.

Following Ref., if $`V=\frac{GM}{R}`$ is the Newton potential of the compact object (of mass $`M`$ and radial dimensions $`R_oR`$), the post-Newtonian (PN) expansion of the 4-metric $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\mu \nu }^{}`$ is a series in the dimensionless parameter $`\zeta \frac{\sqrt{V}}{c^2}\frac{R}{cT}`$ ($`T`$ is a characteristic time of variation of the source). The 1PN approximation keeps the following terms in $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\mu \nu }^{}`$: $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{oo}^{}=ϵ+\frac{a_{oo}}{c^2}+\frac{b_{oo}}{c^4}`$, $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{oi}^{}=\frac{a_{oi}}{c^3}`$, $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{ij}^{}=ϵ\delta _{ij}+\frac{a_{ij}}{c^2}`$.

In Ref. the PN approximation was given in a PN 4-coordinate system (adiabatic approximation of a Robertson-Walker line element appropriate to a homogeneous isotropic cosmological model containing the compact object), defined as a local, quasi-Cartesian 4-coordinate system at rest respect to the universe rest frame and in a standard PN gauge where the 4-metric has the form (we use the notation of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau ^{(WSW)}`$ -adapted coordinates) †\*†\*†\*In Refs. there are various definitions of 4-coordinate systems. The standard PN gauge is said to correspond to the conditions $`_s{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\tau s}^{}\frac{1}{2}_\tau {}_{}{}^{4}g_{ss}^{}=O(c^5)`$, $`_s{}_{}{}^{4}g_{rs}^{}\frac{1}{2}({}_{}{}^{4}g_{ss}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\tau \tau }^{})=O(c^4)`$. Instead the algebraic spatial isotropy condition of Ref., $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\overline{\tau }\overline{\tau }}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\stackrel{~}{g}_{rs}^{}=\delta _{rs}+O(c^4)`$, contains both the harmonic and the standard post-Newtonian gauges. Finally a ADM Hamiltonian gauge, needed to include 2.5PN gravitational radiation reaction, is $`{}_{}{}^{3}K=0`$, $`_s{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}\frac{1}{3}_r{}_{}{}^{3}g_{ss}^{}=0`$.

$`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\tau \tau }^{}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵe^{\frac{2ϵ}{c^2}V}=ϵ[1{\displaystyle \frac{2ϵ}{c^2}}V+O(c^4)],`$ (348)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\tau r}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4ϵ}{c^2}}V_r+O(c^4),`$ (350)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{rs}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}=ϵ\delta _{rs}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{U}{c^2}})+O(c^4),`$ (352)
with $`U=V`$ in the standard PN gauge. Here $`V`$ is the Newton potential generated by the compact object.

Now our 4-coordinate system, in our completely fixed Hamiltonian gauge, is by definition in the rest frame of the universe (rest-frame instant form). In presence of matter, the linearization condition (as we will show in a future paper on tetrad gravity plus a perfect fluid, where it will be shown that both the lapse and shift functions depend on matter so that $`n0`$)) requires $`T^{AB}=O(r_{\overline{a}})`$ and we have

$`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\tau \tau }^{}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ[(ϵ+n)^2{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}n^rn^s]=ϵ(12ϵn[matter])+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (353)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\tau r}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}n^s=ϵn_r[r_{\overline{a}},matter]+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (355)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{rs}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}=ϵ\delta _{rs}(1+k_r[r_{\overline{a}},matter])+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (357)
$`\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`[det{}_{}{}^{3}g]^{1/12}=(1+{\displaystyle \frac{U}{4c^2}})+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (359)
Therefore, in our gauge the Newton potential is the lapse function, $`V=c^2n[matter]`$ (and the equation determining the lapse tends to the Poisson equation), the gravito-magnetic potentials are the shift functions, $`V_r=4c^2n_r[r_{\overline{a}},matter]`$, and the Lichnerowicz equation for the conformal factor $`\varphi `$ amounts to a determination of $`U`$, which may not coincide with the Newton potential like it happens in the standard PN gauge. By solving the linearized equations for the DO’s (see next Section), $`\mathrm{}r_{\overline{a}}=Z_{\overline{a}}[matter]`$, i.e. by considering their Lienard-Wiechert retarded solution without incoming free radiation, we can recover a form like the one of Eqs.(352), which does not depend explicitly on the DO’s $`r_{\overline{a}}`$ ††††††Let us also remark that strictly speaking to reach Newton gravity one usually performs a double limit: i) the zero-curvature limit $`r_{\overline{a}},\pi _{\overline{a}}0`$, eliminating the genuine degrees of freedom of the gravitational field, which do not exist in Newtonian gravity; ii) the $`1/c`$ expansion. However the zero curvature limit is not consistent with Einstein’s equations with matter and must be replaced (in a linearized theory) with the restriction of the DO’s $`r_{\overline{a}}`$, $`\pi _{\overline{a}}`$ to the Lienard-Wiechert solution. Then the $`1/c`$ expansion will kill the curvature for $`c\mathrm{}`$..

Let us now consider the relation of our linearized radiation gauge with Ref., where the Galileo generally covariant formulation of Newtonian gravity, depending on 27 fields, was obtained as a limit $`c\mathrm{}`$ on the ADM action of metric gravity.

The final action of Ref. with general Galileo covariance depends on the 26 fields $`A_o`$, $`\alpha _o`$, $`A_r`$, $`\alpha _r`$, $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{g}_{rs}^{}`$, $`\stackrel{ˇ}{\gamma }_{rs}`$, $`\stackrel{ˇ}{\beta }_{rs}`$ (after having put the field $`\mathrm{\Theta }=1`$ by rescaling the absolute time) . There are 18 first class constraints and 8 pairs of second class ones. It turns out that $`\alpha _o`$, $`A_r`$, $`\alpha _r`$, three components of $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{g}_{rs}^{}`$, one component of the momentum conjugate to $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{g}_{rs}^{}`$, the trace $`\stackrel{ˇ}{\beta }^T`$ and the longitudinal $`\stackrel{ˇ}{\beta }_r^L`$ parts of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{\beta }_{rs}`$ in its TT decomposition, and the longitudinal $`\stackrel{ˇ}{\gamma }_r^L`$ part of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{\gamma }_{rs}`$ are Hamiltonian gauge variables, while $`A_o`$ (the Newton potential) and the remaining components of $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{g}_{rs}^{}`$, $`\stackrel{ˇ}{\gamma }_{rs}`$, $`\stackrel{ˇ}{\beta }_{rs}`$ are determined, together with their conjugate momenta, by the second class constraints. There are no propagating dynamical degrees of freedom. The gauge variables describe the inertial forces in arbitrary accelerated non-Galilean reference frames.

To make a comparison with the results of Sections 6 and 7 of Ref. the starting point is the following parametrization of the 4-metric of Eq.(LABEL:III7) (we show only the 26 terms which appear in the Newtonian action)

$`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\tau \tau }^{}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ[1{\displaystyle \frac{2A_o}{c^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2\alpha _o}{c^4}}+O(c^6)]=`$ (360)
$`=`$ $`ϵ(12ϵn)+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (361)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\tau r}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ[A_r+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _r}{c^2}}+O(c^4)]=ϵn_r+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (363)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{rs}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}=ϵ[{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{g}_{rs}^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{ˇ}{\gamma }_{rs}}{c^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{ˇ}{\beta }_{rs}}{c^4}}+O(c^6)]=`$ (365)
$`=`$ $`ϵ\delta _{rs}(1+k_r)+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (368)
$``$
$`n[matter]`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ[{\displaystyle \frac{A_o}{c^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _o}{c^4}}+O(c^6,r_{\overline{a}}^2)],`$ (370)
$`n_r[r_{\overline{a}},matter]`$ $`=`$ $`A_r{\displaystyle \frac{1}{c^2}}\alpha _r+O(c^4,r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (371)
$`\delta _{rs}(1+k_r[r_{\overline{a}},matter])`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{g}_{rs}^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{ˇ}{\gamma }_{rs}}{c^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{ˇ}{\beta }_{rs}}{c^4}}+O(c^6,r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (372)
Instead the PN approximation (352) implies

$$A_o=ϵV,A_r=0,\alpha _r=4V_r,{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{g}_{rs}^{}=\delta _{rs},\stackrel{ˇ}{\gamma }_{rs}=U\delta _{rs},$$
(373)
which are consistent with the gauge freedom of Ref.  (it is a possible gauge of the general Galileo covariant description of Newtonian gravity).

## V The Hamilton Equations and their Solution.

In this Section we shall study the Hamilton equations in the preferred 3-orthogonal gauge and we will verify that their solution produces a linearized solution of Einstein’s equations. Since, as said in the Introduction, the admissible WSW hyper-surfaces must admit a generalized Fourier transform, we shall use it on our linearized WSW hyper-surfaces (where it coincides with the ordinary Fourier transform on $`R^3`$ at the lowest order) to study the Hamilton equations.

As said in the Introduction, in the rest frame instant form of dynamics on WSW hyper-surfaces the Dirac Hamiltonian is $`H_D=\widehat{E}_{ADM}+\stackrel{}{\lambda }(\tau )\widehat{\stackrel{}{P}}_{ADM}`$. However we can add the gauge fixings $`\widehat{J}_{ADM}^{\tau r}0`$ \[i.e. the vanishing of the weak ADM boost generators of Eq.(A161)\] to the three first class constraints $`\widehat{P}_{ADM}^r0`$ with the consequence $`\stackrel{}{\lambda }(\tau )=0`$. This means that we have to eliminate the internal 3-center of mass of the universe (it is put in the centroid $`x_{(\mathrm{})}^\mu (\tau )`$ near spatial infinity used as origin of the 3-coordinates on WSW hyper-surfaces), i.e. 3 pairs of global degrees of freedom among the DO’s $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, reducing them to canonical variables relative to the internal 3-center of mass.

Like in the case of Klein-Gordon and electro-magnetic fields and like for every isolated system treated in the rest frame instant form , we should find the canonical transformation from the canonical variables $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ to a canonical basis containing the canonical internal 3-center of mass $`Q_{ADM}^r`$, weakly equal to the M$`ø`$ller internal 3-center of energy $`R_{ADM}^r=\widehat{J}_{ADM}^{\tau r}/\widehat{E}_{ADM}`$, $`\widehat{P}_{ADM}^r(0)`$ as the conjugate momentum, and the internal relative variables $`R_{\overline{a}}`$, $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{\overline{a}}`$. Usually , like in the Klein-Gordon case, we should start with a naive 3-center of mass $`X_{ADM}^r`$, conjugate to $`\widehat{P}_{ADM}^r`$, we should find the canonical variables $`R_{\overline{a}}^{^{}}`$, $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{\overline{a}}^{^{}}`$ relative to it and then we should use the Gartenhaus-Schwartz transformation to find  the canonical variables with respect to $`Q_{ADM}^r`$. Then we should add the gauge fixings $`Q_{ADM}^rR_{ADM}^r=\widehat{J}_{ADM}^{\tau r}/\widehat{E}_{ADM}0`$, which put the internal 3-centers in the centroid $`x_{(\mathrm{})}^\mu `$ origin of the 3-coordinates on the WSW hyper-surfaces and implies $`H_D=\widehat{E}_{ADM}`$, to the rest-frame condition $`\widehat{P}_{ADM}^r0`$ and we should go to Dirac brackets with the result $`R_{\overline{a}}R_{\overline{a}}^{^{}}`$, $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{\overline{a}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{\overline{a}}^{^{}}`$. Presumably also the final relative variables have to satisfy Eqs.(C11).

However, since also the determination of the naive 3-center of mass $`X_{ADM}^r`$ of gravity is not trivial, we will fix this final gauge freedom simply by putting equal to zero the Dirac multipliers, $`\stackrel{}{\lambda }(\tau )=0`$ as a pre-gauge fixing condition compatible with $`\widehat{J}_{ADM}^{\tau r}0`$.

We can now study the Hamilton equations for the independent canonical degrees of freedom $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ of the gravitational field, only restricted by Eqs.(207), in our completely fixed 3-orthogonal gauge generated by the Hamiltonian $`\widehat{E}_{ADM}`$ of Eq.(221). These Hamilton equations replace the equations $`\mathrm{}\overline{h}_{\mu \nu }=0`$, $`_\nu \overline{h}^{\mu \nu }=0`$ of the standard linearized theory in the harmonic gauge coordinates.

### A The First Half of Hamilton Equations.

The first half of the Hamilton equations associated with the Hamiltonian (221) yield the following expression for the velocities $`_\tau r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$

$`_\tau r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`\stackrel{}{=}`$ $`\{r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),\widehat{E}_{ADM}\}={\displaystyle \frac{24\pi G}{c^3}}\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (374)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{24\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{u,r,\overline{b},(a)}{}}\delta _{(a)u}[\gamma _{\overline{a}u}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1𝒯_{(a)r}^{(o)u}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)\pi _{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)+`$ (375)
$`+`$ $`\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\gamma _{\overline{b}u}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1\pi _{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)𝒯_{(a)r}^{(o)u}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma })]+`$ (376)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{12\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{u,r,s,\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\gamma _{\overline{b}s}[{\displaystyle \underset{(a)}{}}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1𝒯_{(a)r}^{(o)u}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1){\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _2𝒯_{(a)s}^{(o)u}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)+`$ (377)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{v(a)(b)}{}}(\delta _{(a)v}\delta _{(b)u}\delta _{(a)u}\delta _{(b)v}){\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1𝒯_{(a)r}^{(o)u}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1){\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _2𝒯_{(b)s}^{(o)v}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)]\pi _{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)+`$ (378)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{L}}O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (379)
By using the expression of $`𝒯_{(a)r}^{(o)u}`$ given in the last two lines of Eqs.(177) it can be checked that the two terms linear in the $`𝒯`$’s vanish due to a factor $`\delta _{(a)u}(1\delta _{(a)u})`$. After some calculations it turns out that the two terms bilinear in the $`𝒯`$’s give the same result, so that the final expression for the velocities is

$`_\tau r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`\stackrel{}{=}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{24\pi G}{c^3}}\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+{\displaystyle \frac{6\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}rs}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\gamma _{\overline{b}s}{\displaystyle \underset{uv,uv}{}}[12(\delta _{ur}+\delta _{vr})][12(\delta _{us}+\delta _{vs})]`$ (381)
$`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma ^u}}𝑑\sigma _1^u{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^u}}𝑑\sigma _2^u{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^v}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _1^v{\displaystyle _{\sigma _1^v}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _2^v{\displaystyle \frac{^4\pi _{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\sigma _2^u\sigma _2^v\sigma ^{ku,v})}{(\sigma _2^r)^2(\sigma _2^s)^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{L}}O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$
In obtaining this result we have made integrations by parts justified by the asymptotic vanishing of $`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ and we have used $`_x\theta (x,y)=_y\theta (x,y)`$, $`_x\delta (x,y)=_y\delta (x,y)`$ assumed valid on linearized conformally flat WSW hyper-surfaces.

To invert these equations, to get the momenta in terms of the velocities, we shall assume the validity of the Fourier transform on the linearized WSW CMC-hyper-surfaces. They are conformal to $`R^3`$, i.e. they are Euclidean plus corrections of order $`O(r_{\overline{a}})`$, irrelevant when acting on the functions $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$; for the scalar product we have $`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{rs}^{}k^rh^s=\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{h}+O(r_{\overline{a}})`$. As a consequence functions of order $`O(r_{\overline{a}})`$ are considered as functions over $`R^3`$ at the lowest order of approximation.

By using the Fourier transform defined in Appendix C, Eqs.(381) become Eqs.(C30)

$$_\tau \stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})=\underset{\overline{b}}{}A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k}),$$
(382)
with the matrix $`A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{k})`$ and its inverse given in Eqs.(C34) and (C37), respectively. Let us remark that, notwithstanding $`A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{k})`$ diverges for $`k^r0`$, Eqs.(382) are well defined if $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})_{\stackrel{}{k}0}(k^1k^2k^3)^{2+ϵ}\stackrel{~}{f}_{\overline{a}}(\stackrel{}{k})`$, $`ϵ>0`$. This condition is stronger of the requirement (C11), i.e. of the Fourier transform of Eqs.(207).

As a consequence we get \[$`ϵ_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}=ϵ_{\overline{b}\overline{a}}`$, $`ϵ_{\overline{1}\overline{2}}=1`$\]

$`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}^1(\stackrel{}{k})_\tau \stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k}),`$ (383)
$`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1G_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)_\tau r_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)},`$ (385)
$`G_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}^1(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i\stackrel{}{k}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}}=`$ (387)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{8\pi G}}{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{d^3w_1d^3w_2d^3w_3}{(4\pi )^3|\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{w}_1||\stackrel{}{w}_1\stackrel{}{w}_2||\stackrel{}{w}_2\stackrel{}{w}_3|}}[\delta _{\overline{a}\overline{b}}{\displaystyle \frac{^6\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{w}_3\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{(w_3^1)^2(w_3^2)^2(w_3^3)^2}}+`$ (388)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{r,s,t,\overline{c},\overline{d}}{}}ϵ_{\overline{a}\overline{c}}\gamma _{\overline{c}r}ϵ_{\overline{b}\overline{d}}\gamma _{\overline{d}s}(2\delta _{tr}1)(2\delta _{ts}1){\displaystyle \frac{^6\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{w}_3\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{(w_3^r)^2(w_3^s)^2(w_3^t)^2}}].`$ (389)
The final result of the inversion is

$`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{8\pi G}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^3\sigma _1d^3\sigma _2d^3\sigma _3}{(4\pi )^3|\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1||\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2||\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2\stackrel{}{\sigma }_3|}}`$ (391)
$`[{\displaystyle \frac{^6_\tau r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_3)}{(\sigma _3^1)^2(\sigma _3^2)^2(\sigma _3^3)^2}}+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{r,s,t,\overline{b},\overline{c},\overline{d}}{}}ϵ_{\overline{a}\overline{c}}\gamma _{\overline{c}r}ϵ_{\overline{b}\overline{d}}\gamma _{\overline{d}s}(2\delta _{tr}1)(2\delta _{ts}1){\displaystyle \frac{^6_\tau r_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_3)}{(\sigma _3^r)^2(\sigma _3^s)^2(\sigma _3^t)^2}}].`$ (392)
Eqs.(392) satisfies the condition (207) automatically.

### B The Second Half of Hamilton Equations.

Let us now study the second half of Hamilton equations associated with the Hamiltonian (221). After some calculations we get

$`_\tau \pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`\stackrel{}{=}`$ $`\{\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),\widehat{E}_{ADM}\}=`$ (393)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{24\pi G}}{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{(\sigma ^r)^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{12\pi G}}{\displaystyle \underset{r,\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}{\displaystyle \frac{^2r_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{(\sigma ^r)^2}}`$ (394)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{48\pi G}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}rs}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\gamma _{\overline{b}s}{\displaystyle \frac{d^3\sigma _1}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}\frac{^4r_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{(\sigma _1^r)^2(\sigma _1^s)^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{GL^2}}O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (395)
The Fourier transform of Eqs.(395) is given in Eqs. (C38) and (C41), with the remarkable result $`_\tau \stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{}{=}|\stackrel{}{k}|^2_{\overline{b}}A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}^1(\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})`$.

This implies $`_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\sigma ^rr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0`$, i.e. Eq.(208), as the simplest way to get consistency between Eqs. (395) and (207).

Let us remark that, as shown in Eqs. (D101) of Appendix D, our Hamilton equations imply the satisfaction of the remaining Einstein equations $`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\stackrel{}{=}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}`$.

Eqs. (389) and (395) imply

$`_\tau ^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`\stackrel{}{=}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{24\pi G}{c^3}}_\tau \pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (396)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{6\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}rs}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\gamma _{\overline{b}s}{\displaystyle \underset{uv,uv}{}}[12(\delta _{ur}+\delta _{vr})][12(\delta _{us}+\delta _{vs})]`$ (398)
$`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma ^u}}𝑑\sigma _1^u{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma ^v}}𝑑\sigma _1^v{\displaystyle _{\sigma _1^u}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _2^u{\displaystyle _{\sigma _1^v}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _2^v(_r^2_s^2_\tau \pi _{\overline{b}})(\tau ,\sigma _2^u,\sigma _2^v,\sigma ^{ku,v})+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{L}}O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (401)
$``$
$`\mathrm{}r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`[_\tau ^2{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}_r^2]r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\stackrel{}{=}`$ (403)
$`\stackrel{}{=}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}ru}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}(4\gamma _{\overline{b}r}\gamma _{\overline{b}u}){\displaystyle \frac{d^3\sigma _1}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}\frac{^4r_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{(\sigma _1^r)^2(\sigma _1^u)^2}}+`$ (404)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}rs}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{c}tw}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{uv}{}}(2\delta _{\overline{b}\overline{c}}+4\gamma _{\overline{b}t}\gamma _{\overline{c}t}\gamma _{\overline{b}t}\gamma _{\overline{c}w})\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\gamma _{\overline{b}s}(1\delta _{uv})[12(\delta _{ur}+\delta _{vr})]`$ (407)
$`[12(\delta _{us}+\delta _{vs})]{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma ^u}}𝑑\sigma _1^u{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma ^v}}𝑑\sigma _1^v{\displaystyle _{\sigma _1^u}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _2^u{\displaystyle _{\sigma _1^v}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _2^v`$
$`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _3\frac{[(_{3r})^2(_{3s})^2(_{3w})^2(_{3t})^2r_{\overline{c}}](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_3)}{4\pi \sqrt{(\sigma _3^u\sigma _2^u)^2+(\sigma _3^v\sigma _2^v)^2+(\sigma _3^{ku,v}\sigma ^{ku,v})^2}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{L^2}}O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$
As shown in Appendix C, Eq.(C48), all the terms in the second member of Eq.(407) cancel, so that we find that the DO’s $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ satisfy the wave equation. Actually, as shown in Eq.(C48), the Fourier transform of the equation of motion is

$`\ddot{\stackrel{~}{r}}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})+|\stackrel{}{k}|^2\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})=0,`$ (408)
(409)
$``$ (410)
(411)
$`\mathrm{}r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\stackrel{}{=}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}.`$ (412)
Therefore, in our radiation gauge we get the wave equation $`\mathrm{}r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\stackrel{}{=}0`$ for the DO’s. Notwithstanding the presence of gravito-magnetism, which, as said, should imply the anisotropy of light propagation, we get an isotropic propagation of gravitational waves in the radiation gauge.

The complicated form (221), (C62), of the weak ADM energy shows that in our gauge we do not have the conventional description of a massless spin two particle over Minkowski space-time like in the TT harmonic gauge. This fact is connected with the lack of a coordinate-independent notion of gravitational energy density, which has no counterpart in the theory of massless spin two particles in Minkowski space-time. Instead we will see in Eqs.(436) and (438) that the weak ADM 3-momentum and angular momentum do admit a standard particle interpretation.

The solutions of the Hamilton equations for the DO’s $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ and $`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ are given in Eq.(C51), (C55)

$`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\left(C_{\overline{a}}(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i|\stackrel{}{k}|\tau }+C_{\overline{a}}^{}(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i|\stackrel{}{k}|\tau }\right)e^{+i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma }}},`$ (413)
$`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma }}}={\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\underset{\overline{b}}{}A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}^1_\tau \stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma }}},`$ (415)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\underset{\overline{b}}{}A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}^1(\stackrel{}{k})\left[i|\stackrel{}{k}|C_{\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i|\stackrel{}{k}|\tau }+i|\stackrel{}{k}|C_{\overline{b}}^{}(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i|\stackrel{}{k}|\tau }\right]e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma }}},`$ (416)
with the functions $`C_{\overline{a}}(\stackrel{}{k})`$ vanishing as $`(k^1k^2k^3)^ϵ`$ for $`k^r0`$.

### C Special Solutions for the Background-Independent Gravitational Waves.

Special solutions are the following plane waves whose 3-momentum $`\stackrel{}{h}`$ cannot lie in any coordinate plane \[$`\stackrel{}{h}\stackrel{}{0};(1,0,0);(0,1,0);(0,0,1);(1,1,0);(1,0,1);(0,1,1)`$\]

$`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`C_{\overline{a}}e^{i(\stackrel{}{h}\stackrel{}{\sigma }|\stackrel{}{h}|\tau )},C_{\overline{a}}=const.,`$ (420)
$`\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})=(2\pi )^3C_{\overline{a}}e^{i|\stackrel{}{h}|\tau }\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{h}),`$
$`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`i|\stackrel{}{h}|{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}^1(\stackrel{}{h})C_{\overline{b}}e^{i(\stackrel{}{h}\stackrel{}{\sigma }|\stackrel{}{h}|\tau )},`$ (424)
$`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})=i(2\pi )^3|\stackrel{}{h}|{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}^1(\stackrel{}{h})C_{\overline{b}}e^{i|\stackrel{}{h}|\tau }\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{h}),\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{0})=0,`$
which verify Eqs. (207) and (208). Here $`\pi _{\overline{a}}`$ has been evaluated with Eq.(392) and Eqs.(C30) and (C38) are valid also at $`\stackrel{}{k}=0`$.

Hoever these solutions do not satisfy the rest frame conditions $`\widehat{P}_{ADM}^r0`$, which restrict the solutions to globally outgoing or ingoing wave packets.

Before looking for these solutions, we shall give the form of the weak ADM charges (A161) in the radiation gauge with our solution of the constraints (see Eqs.(221) and (C62) for $`\widehat{E}_{ADM}`$). The weak ADM 3-momentum and spin of Eqs.(A161) assume the same simple form in terms of Fourier transformed quantities as for free massless fields due to the fact that we are in an instant form of dynamics. This is not true for the ADM boosts, which have a complicated form like the ADM energy.

For the 3-momentum, due to exact cancellations, we get

$`\widehat{P}_{ADM}^r`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma {\displaystyle \underset{\overline{c}}{}}[_rr_{\overline{c}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (426)
$``$ $`\gamma _{\overline{c}r}({\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}u}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1u}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}2{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}_rr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))]\pi _{\overline{c}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (427)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{c}s}{}}(\gamma _{\overline{c}s}`$ (430)
$`[{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}m}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}m}_r{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _2{\displaystyle \frac{_{2m}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}+{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}_rr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))`$
$`\delta _{(a)}^u𝒯_{(a)s}^{(o)u}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{uv}{}}(\delta _u^r{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}m}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}m}_v{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _2{\displaystyle \frac{_{2m}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}+{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}_vr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))+`$ (431)
$`+`$ $`\delta _v^r{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}m}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}m}_u{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _2{\displaystyle \frac{_{2m}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}+{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}v}_ur_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })))`$ (433)
$`\delta _{(a)}^u𝒯_{(a)s}^{(o)v}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)])\pi _{\overline{c}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma \underset{\overline{c}}{}\pi _{\overline{c}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })_rr_{\overline{c}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}=`$ (435)
$`=`$ $`i{\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\underset{\overline{c}}{}\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{c}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})k^r\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{c}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})},`$ (436)
where we used $`𝒯_{(u)s}^{(o)u}=0`$, see Eq.(177).

For the angular momentum, due to similar cancellations, we get

$`\widehat{J}_{ADM}^{rs}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma \underset{\overline{c}}{}\pi _{\overline{c}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })(\sigma ^r_s\sigma ^s_r)r_{\overline{c}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}=`$ (437)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\underset{\overline{c}}{}\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{c}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})\left(k^r\frac{}{k^s}k^s\frac{}{k^r}\right)\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{c}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})}.`$ (438)
Eqs. (436) and (438) reflect the fact that we are in an instant form of the dynamics. Instead for the boosts we get a complicated expression like for the energy (see Eqs.(177) for the kernels)

$`\widehat{J}_{ADM}^{\tau r}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma \sigma ^r({\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{16\pi G}}[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}m}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}m}_r{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _2{\displaystyle \frac{_{2m}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}\right)^2`$ (439)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\left(_rr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\right)^2+{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}m}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}m}_r{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _2\frac{_{2m}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}\underset{\overline{b}}{}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}_rr_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}+`$ (440)
$`+`$ $`2\left({\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}_rr_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\right)^2)]{\displaystyle \frac{6\pi G}{c^3}}[2{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\pi _{\overline{a}}^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (441)
$`+`$ $`4{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}u}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}u}\pi _{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\underset{m}{}\delta _{(a)}^u𝒯_{(a)m}^{(o)u}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)\underset{\overline{a}}{}\gamma _{\overline{a}m}\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}+`$ (442)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1d^3\sigma _2({\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m}{}}𝒯_{(a)m}^{(o)u}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1){\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}m}\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ (444)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}𝒯_{(a)s}^{(o)u}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2){\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}s}\pi _{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{uv}{}}(\delta _{(b)}^u\delta _{(a)}^v\delta _{(a)}^u\delta _{(b)}^v){\displaystyle \underset{m}{}}𝒯_{(a)m}^{(o)u}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1){\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}m}\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ (446)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}𝒯_{(b)s}^{(o)v}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2){\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}s}\pi _{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2))])`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ϵc^3}{8\pi G}}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma {\displaystyle \underset{uv}{}}\delta _u^r(\delta _{uv}1){\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}m}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}m}_u{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _2{\displaystyle \frac{_{2m}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}+`$ (447)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}(\gamma _{\overline{a}v}\gamma _{\overline{a}u})_ur_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))`$ (449)
$`\left({\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}n}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}n}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _2\frac{_{2n}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}+2{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}u}r_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\right)=`$
$`=`$ $`ϵ{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma \sigma ^r({\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{16\pi G}}{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}[2(_sq(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}(_sr_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))^2+`$ (450)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}}_sq(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}s}_sr_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}({\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}s}_sr_{\overline{b}})^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })]{\displaystyle \frac{12\pi G}{c^3}}[{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\pi _{\overline{a}}^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (451)
$`+`$ $`4{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _2{\displaystyle \underset{u,m,s,(a)}{}}𝒯_{(a)m}^{(o)u}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1){\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}m}\pi _{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)𝒯_{(a)s}^{(o)u}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2){\displaystyle \underset{\overline{c}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{c}s}\pi _{\overline{c}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)])+`$ (452)
$``$ $`ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{8\pi G}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma \underset{v}{}(\delta _{rv}1)\left(2q+\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\underset{\overline{a}}{}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}\right)\left(\frac{1}{2}_rq+\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\underset{\overline{b}}{}(\gamma _{\overline{b}v}\gamma _{\overline{b}r})_rr_{\overline{b}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}+`$ (453)
$`+`$ $`O(r_{\overline{a}}^3).`$ (454)
The weak ADM 3-momentum of the solutions (LABEL:V9), (C51), has the form

$$\widehat{P}_{ADM}^r=2\underset{\overline{b}\overline{c}}{}\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}A_{\overline{c}\overline{b}}^1(\stackrel{}{k})|\stackrel{}{k}|k_rC_{\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{k})C_{\overline{c}}^{}(\stackrel{}{k})0,$$
(455)
so that its vanishing is a condition on the Fourier coefficients $`C_{\overline{a}}(\stackrel{}{k})`$, which, for instance, cannot be satisfied by the plane waves (LABEL:V10).

A class of solutions of the Hamilton equations with the correct vanishing behaviour at spatial infinity, which, besides Eqs.(C11), also satisfies the rest frame condition $`\widehat{P}_{ADM}^r=0`$ is obtained by taking coefficients $`C_{\overline{a}}(\stackrel{}{k})=C_{\overline{a}}\frac{(k_1k_2k_3)^2}{|\stackrel{}{k}|}e^{\stackrel{}{k}^2}`$ ($`C_{\overline{a}}=const.`$) in Eq.(LABEL:V9)

$`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`C_{\overline{a}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\frac{(k_1k_2k_3)^2}{|\stackrel{}{k}|}e^{\stackrel{}{k}^2}\left[e^{i(|\stackrel{}{k}|\tau \stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma })}+e^{i(|\stackrel{}{k}|\tau \stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma })}\right]}=`$ (456)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4C_{\overline{a}}}{(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{^2\sigma _1}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{^2\sigma _2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{^2\sigma _3}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1+|\stackrel{}{\sigma }|^2\tau ^2)}{[1+(|\stackrel{}{\sigma }|+\tau )^2][1+(|\stackrel{}{\sigma }|\tau )^2]}},`$ (457)
$`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`i{\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\frac{(k_1k_2k_3)^2}{|\stackrel{}{k}|}e^{\stackrel{}{k}^2}}`$ (460)
$`|\stackrel{}{k}|{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}^1(\stackrel{}{k})C_{\overline{b}}\left[e^{i(|\stackrel{}{k}|\tau \stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma })}e^{i(|\stackrel{}{k}|\tau \stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma })}\right],`$
$`n_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`i\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}vuc}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}v}(1\delta _{uc})[12(\delta _{uv}+\delta _{cv})][12(\delta _{ur}+\delta _{cr})]`$ (464)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi ^3)}(k_1k_2k_3)^2e^{\stackrel{}{k}^2}\frac{k_rk_v^2}{k_u^2k_c^2}\underset{\overline{b}}{}A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}^1(\stackrel{}{k})C_{\overline{b}}sin(|\stackrel{}{k}|\tau )e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma }}},`$
$`\widehat{E}_{ADM}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}\overline{b}}{}}\alpha _{\overline{a}\overline{b}}C_{\overline{a}}C_{\overline{b}},`$ (466)
$`\widehat{P}_{ADM}^r`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (467)
$`\widehat{J}_{ADM}^r`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}ϵ^{ruv}\widehat{J}_{ADM}^{uv}={\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}\overline{b}}{}}\beta _{\overline{a}\overline{b}}^rC_{\overline{a}}C_{\overline{b}}.`$ (468)
The two constants $`C_{\overline{1}}`$, $`C_{\overline{2}}`$ have to be expressed in terms of the two boundary constants $`M=\widehat{E}_{ADM}`$, $`S=|\widehat{\stackrel{}{J}}_{ADM}|`$ defining the mass and spin of the post-Minkowskian Einstein space-time. The solution (468) goes like $`|\stackrel{}{\sigma }|^8`$ for $`|\stackrel{}{\sigma }|\mathrm{}`$, i.e. much faster than the behaviour (47). It should be possible to find solutions saturating Eqs.(47), namely such that by using Eqs.(LABEL:III7) we should get $`{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}_r\mathrm{}(1+\frac{\widehat{E}_{ADM}}{2r})\delta _{rs}`$, $`n_r=ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\tau r}^{}_r\mathrm{}O(r^ϵ)`$. By comparison, in presence of compact matter the expected solution should have a post-Newtonian behaviour $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\tau \tau }^{}_r\mathrm{}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}\frac{2M}{r}`$, $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\tau r}^{}_r\mathrm{}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4}ϵ_{ruv}S^u\frac{\sigma ^v}{r^3}`$, $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{rs}^{}_r\mathrm{}(1+\frac{2M}{r})\delta _{rs}`$ (see Eq.(19.5) of Ref.).

Therefore, in absence of matter, the rest-frame condition destroys the transversality property of the TT harmonic gauge plane waves.

## VI The Time-like Geodesics, the Geodesic Deviation Equation and the Polarization of Gravitational Waves in the Radiation Gauge.

### A The Geodesic Equation.

Let us consider a time-like geodesic with affine parameter $`s`$, $`\sigma ^A(s)=(\tau (s);\sigma ^u(s))`$. After the linearization in the radiation gauge the geodesic equation becomes (see Eqs.(C67) of Appendix C for Fourier transforms)

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d^2\tau (s)}{ds^2}}`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{rs}^{\tau }(\sigma (s)){\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma ^r(s)}{ds}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma ^s(s)}{ds}}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (469)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{d^2\sigma ^u(s)}{ds^2}}`$ $`=`$ $`_\tau n_u(\sigma (s))({\displaystyle \frac{d\tau (a)}{ds}})^22{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\tau r}^{u}(\sigma (s)){\displaystyle \frac{d\tau (s)}{ds}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma ^r(s)}{ds}}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{rs}^{u}(\sigma (s)){\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma ^r(s)}{ds}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma ^s(s)}{ds}}+`$ (471)
$`+`$ $`O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (472)
where Eq.(D61) has to be used for the Christoffel symbols.

If we parametrize the geodesic as $`\sigma ^A(s)=a^A+b^As+f^A(s|r_{\overline{a}},\pi _{\overline{a}}]`$, where $`a^A+b^As`$ is the flat geodesic, we get at the lowest order $`\frac{d^2f^\tau (s)}{ds^2}b^rb^s{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{rs}^{\tau }(\sigma (s))+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)b^rb^s{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{rs}^{\tau }(a+bs)+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$. Therefore the solution to the first of Eqs.(472) is

$`\tau (s)`$ $`=`$ $`a^\tau +b^\tau s{\displaystyle _0^s}𝑑s_1{\displaystyle _0^{s_1}}𝑑s_2{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{ru}^{\tau }(a+bs_2)b^rb^u`$ (473)
$`p^\tau (s)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d\tau (s)}{ds}}=b^\tau {\displaystyle _0^s}𝑑s_2{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{ru}^{\tau }(a+bs_2)b^rb^u\text{with}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{ru}^{\tau }(a+bs_2)O(r_{\overline{a}}).`$ (474)
Since the tangent $`p^A(s)=\frac{d\sigma ^A(s)}{ds}`$ to the geodesic must satisfy either $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{AB}p_Ap_B=ϵ`$ (time-like geodesic with $`s`$ as proper time) or $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{AB}p_Ap_B=0`$ (null geodesic) at the initial time, the constant $`b^\tau `$ is determined in terms of the $`b^r`$’s and of the initial data. Therefore we will have $`b^\tau =b_{(o)}^\tau +b_{(1)}^\tau `$ with $`b_{(1)}^\tau =O(r_{\overline{a}})`$. Therefore Eq.(474) may be rewritten in the form

$`\tau (s)`$ $`=`$ $`a^\tau +[b_{(o)}^\tau +b_{(1)}^\tau ]s{\displaystyle _0^s}𝑑s_1{\displaystyle _0^{s_1}}𝑑s_2{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{ru}^{\tau }(a+b_{(o)}s_2)b^rb^u`$ (475)
$`p^\tau (s)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d\tau (s)}{ds}}=b_{(o)}^\tau +b_{(1)}^\tau {\displaystyle _0^s}𝑑s_2{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{ru}^{\tau }(a+b_{(o)}s_2)b^rb^u.`$ (477)
The spatial part of Eqs.(472) becomes

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d^2f^u(s)}{ds^2}}`$ $`=`$ $`_\tau n_u(a+b_{(o)}s)(b_{(o)}^\tau )^22{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\tau r}^{u}(a+b_{(o)}s)b_{(o)}^\tau b^r{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{rt}^{u}(a+b_{(o)}s)b^rb^t+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$ (478)
$`\sigma ^u(s)`$ $`=`$ $`a^u+b^u{\displaystyle _0^s}𝑑s_1{\displaystyle _0^{s_1}}𝑑s_2\left[(b_{(o)}^\tau )^22{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\tau r}^{u}(a+b_{(o)}s_2)b_{(o)}^\tau b^r{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{rt}^{u}(a+b_{(o)}s_2)b^rb^t\right]`$ (480)
$`p^u(s)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma ^u(s)}{ds}}=b^u{\displaystyle _0^s}𝑑s_2\left[(b_{(o)}^\tau )^22{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\tau r}^{u}(a+b_{(o)}s_2)b_{(o)}^\tau b^r{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{rt}^{u}(a+b_{(o)}s_2)b^rb^t\right].`$ (482)
In the time-like case at $`s=0`$, where $`\tau (0)=a^\tau `$, we have the condition

$`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{AB}^{}p^Ap^B|_{s=0}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ\left[(p^\tau (s))^22n_r(s,r_{\overline{a}}(s))p^r(s)p^\tau (s)[\delta _{rt}ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}h_{rt}^{}(s,r_{\overline{a}}(s))p^r(s)p^t(s)]\right]|_{s=0}=`$ (484)
$`=`$ $`ϵ,`$ (485)
$`1`$ $`=`$ $`(b^\tau )^22b^\tau b^rn_r(a^\tau ,r_{\overline{a}}(a^\tau ))[\delta _{rt}ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}h_{rt}^{}(a^\tau ,r_{\overline{a}}(a^\tau ))b^rb^t],ats=0,`$ (487)
whose solution is

$`b^\tau `$ $`=`$ $`b_{(o)}^\tau +b_{(1)}^\tau =b^rn_r(a,r_{\overline{a}}(a))\pm \sqrt{(b^rn_r(a^\tau ,r_{\overline{a}}(a^\tau )))^2+1+[\delta _{rt}ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}h_{rt}^{}(a^\tau ,r_{\overline{a}}(a^\tau ))]b^rb^t},`$ (488)
$`b_{(o)}^\tau `$ $`=`$ $`\pm \sqrt{1+\delta _{rs}b^rb^s},`$ (490)
$`b_{(1)}^\tau `$ $`=`$ $`n_r(a^\tau ,r_{\overline{a}}(a^\tau ))b^r{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{{}_{}{}^{4}h_{rt}^{}(a^\tau ,r_{\overline{a}}(a^\tau ))b^rb^t}{\sqrt{1+\delta _{rs}b^rb^s}}}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (491)
If we choose $`b^r=0`$, we can take the solution $`f^\tau (s)=0`$ so that we get $`\tau (s)=a^\tau +b^\tau s_{b^\tau =1}s+a^\tau `$.

With the choice $`b^\tau =1`$, $`b^r=0`$, $`a^\tau =0`$, we get $`\tau (s)=s`$ and $`\frac{d^2f^u(s)}{ds^2}=_\tau n_u(\tau (s),\stackrel{}{\sigma }(s)=\stackrel{}{a}+\stackrel{}{f}(s))=0`$ at the lowest order, with the solution $`f^u(s)=^s𝑑s^{^{}}n_u(s^{^{}},a^r)+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$. Therefore, with $`b^\tau =1`$, $`b^r=0`$, $`a^\tau =0`$ we get the following expression for the geodesics

$`\sigma ^A(s)`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\tau (s)=s;\sigma ^u(s)=a^u{\displaystyle _0^s}𝑑wn_u(w,a^v)\right)+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (492)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma ^A(s)}{ds}}`$ $`=`$ $`(1;n_u(s,a^v))+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (494)
This is the trajectory of a massive test particle in our coordinates.

### B The Geodesic Deviation Equation.

If we consider two nearby freely falling particles following two nearby geodesics (494) such that $`\sigma _1^A(0)=(0;\stackrel{}{0})`$ and $`\sigma _2^A(0)=(0;a^u)`$ with an infinitesimal $`a^u`$, we get for $`\mathrm{}x^A(s)=\sigma _2^A(s)\sigma _1^A(s)`$: $`\mathrm{}x^\tau (s)=0`$, $`\mathrm{}x^r(s)[\delta ^{ru}_0^s𝑑w\frac{n^r(w,a^v)}{a^u}]a^u`$. If $`a^u=\delta ^{ur}a`$ is their coordinate distance, then their proper distance is $`\mathrm{}l=\sqrt{ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}g_{AB}^{}\mathrm{}x^A\mathrm{}x^B}=\mathrm{}x^r\sqrt{{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rr}^{}}=(1+\frac{1}{2}k_r)\mathrm{}x^r+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)[1+\frac{1}{2}k_r_0^s𝑑w\frac{n^r(w,a^v)}{a^r}]a+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$ by using Eqs.(LABEL:III7) \[in a TT harmonic gauge one gets $`\mathrm{}l[1+h_{rr}^{TT}]a`$ if $`r`$ is one of the two polarization directions\].

As a consequence the connecting vector $`\mathrm{}x^A(s)`$ satisfies

$$\mathrm{}x^\tau (s)=0,\frac{d^2\mathrm{}x^r(s)}{ds^2}=\frac{d}{ds}\left(\frac{n^r(s,a^v)}{a^u}\right)a^u.$$
(495)
This is the geodesic deviation equation along the geodesic $`\sigma _1^A(s)`$ of the form (494): it shows explicitly the action of the tidal forces in our 4-coordinate system. More in general, by using the equation

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma ^C(s)}{ds}}{}_{}{}^{4}_{C}^{}\mathrm{}x^A(s)={\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{}x^A(s)}{ds}}+{\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma ^C(s)}{ds}}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{CE}^{A}(s,a^u)\mathrm{}x^E(s)+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (496)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{}x^A(s)}{ds}}+{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\tau E}^{A}(s,a^u)\mathrm{}x^E(s)+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (497)
the geodesic deviation equation  takes the form

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma ^B(s)}{ds}}{}_{}{}^{4}_{B}^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma ^C(s)}{ds}}{}_{}{}^{4}_{C}^{}\mathrm{}x^A(s)\right)={}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{A}{}_{BCD}{}^{}(\sigma (s))\mathrm{}x^C(s){\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma ^B(s)}{ds}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma ^D(s)}{ds}},`$ (498)
(499)
(500)
$``$ (501)
(502)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{d^2\mathrm{}x^A(s)}{ds^2}}+2{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\tau E}^{A}(s,a^u){\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{}x^E(s)}{ds}}+{\displaystyle \frac{d{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\tau E}^{A}(s,a^u)}{ds}}\mathrm{}x^E(s)={}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{A}{}_{\tau C\tau }{}^{}(s,a^u)\mathrm{}x^C(s),`$ (503)
(504)
$``$ (505)
(506)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{d^2\mathrm{}x^\tau (s)}{ds^2}}=0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),\mathrm{}x^\tau (s)=cs+d,`$ (507)
(508)
(509)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{d^2\mathrm{}x^r(s)}{ds^2}}+2[{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\tau \tau }^{r}(s,a^u)c+{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\tau s}^{r}(s,a^u){\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{}x^s(s)}{ds}}+{\displaystyle \frac{d{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\tau \tau }^{r}(s,a^u)}{ds}}(cs+d)+`$ (510)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{d{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\tau s}^{r}(s,a^u)}{ds}}\mathrm{}x^s(s)={}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{r}{}_{\tau s\tau }{}^{}(s,a^u)\mathrm{}x^s(s)+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (511)
If we take $`\mathrm{}x^\tau (s)=0`$ as it happens for the geodesic (494), i.e. $`c=d=0`$, the geodesic deviation equation becomes

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d^2\mathrm{}x^r(s)}{ds^2}}`$ $`+`$ $`2{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\tau s}^{r}(s,a^u){\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{}x^s(s)}{ds}}+{\displaystyle \frac{d{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\tau s}^{r}(s,a^u)}{ds}}\mathrm{}x^s(s)=`$ (512)
$`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{r}{}_{\tau s\tau }{}^{}(s,a^u)\mathrm{}x^s(s)+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (513)
If we write $`\mathrm{}x^r(s)=\mathrm{}_{(o)}x^r(s)+\mathrm{}_{(1)}x^r(s)`$, with $`\mathrm{}_{(o)}x^r(s)=(o;a^u)`$ the flat deviation and $`\mathrm{}_{(1)}x^r(s)=(0;_0^s𝑑w[n^u(w,a^v)n^u(w,\stackrel{}{0})])(0;_0^s𝑑w\frac{n^u(w,a^v)}{a^v}|_{a^v=0}a^v)=O(r_{\overline{a}})`$, Eq.(513) becomes

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d^2}{ds^2}}\left(\mathrm{}_{(o)}x^r(s)+\mathrm{}_{(1)}x^r(s)\right)={\displaystyle \frac{d^2\mathrm{}_{(1)}x^r(s)}{ds^2}}=`$ (514)
$`=2{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\tau s}^{r}(s,a^u){\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{}_{(o)}x^s(s)}{ds}}{\displaystyle \frac{d{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\tau s}^{r}(s,a^u)}{ds}}\mathrm{}_{(o)}x^s(s)`$ (515)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{r}{}_{\tau s\tau }{}^{}(s,a^u)\mathrm{}_{(o)}x^s(s)+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (516)
The use of Eqs.(D61) and (D84) allows to check that Eq.(516) coincides with Eq.(495).

### C The Tidal Forces Generated by the DO’s on Test Particles.

Eq.(495) can be used to see the effect of the tidal forces generated by the two DO’s $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ of our radiation gauge, replacing the two polarizations of the TT harmonic gauge, on a sphere of test particles surrounding a test particle sitting in the origin $`(\tau =0;\stackrel{}{\sigma }=\stackrel{}{0})`$ at $`s=0`$ and described by the geodesic $`\sigma _o^A(s)=(s;\sigma _o^u(s)=_0^s𝑑wn^u(w,\stackrel{}{0}))`$. If we define $`a^u=a\eta ^u`$ with $`{}_{}{}^{3}g_{uv}^{}\eta ^u\eta ^v=1+O(r_{\overline{a}})`$ and $`a<<1`$ (the radius of the sphere), the test particles on the sphere at $`s=0`$ will follow the geodesics $`\sigma ^A(s)=(s;\sigma ^u(s)=a\eta ^u_0^s𝑑wn^u(s,a\eta ^v))`$. The connecting vectors $`\mathrm{}x^A(s)=\mathrm{}_{(o)}x^A(s)+\mathrm{}_{(1)}x^A(s)=\sigma ^A(s)\sigma _o^A(s)`$ satisfy Eq.(495), namely

$$\mathrm{}x^\tau (s)=0,\frac{d^2\mathrm{}_{(1)}x^r(s)}{ds^2}=\frac{d}{ds}\left(\frac{n^r(s,a^v)}{a^v}|_{a^v=0}\right)a\eta ^v+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).$$
(517)
We have to solve these equations with the shift functions (237) evaluated on the solutions (468), which are not transverse plane waves due to the rest frame conditions (this forces us to consider a sphere of test particles).

The quasi-Shanmugadhasan canonical basis (47) adapted to our gauge is not unique, because there is still the freedom associated with the numerical constants $`\gamma _{\overline{a}r}`$ (their variation amounts to a redefinition of the DO’s). As a consequence of the conditions stated after Eqs.(64), the $`\gamma _{\overline{a}r}`$’s may be written in term of an angle $`\psi `$ with $`0\psi 2\pi `$

$`\gamma _{\overline{1}r}`$ $`=`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{cos\psi }{\sqrt{6}}}{\displaystyle \frac{sin\psi }{\sqrt{2}}},{\displaystyle \frac{cos\psi }{\sqrt{6}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{sin\psi }{\sqrt{2}}},\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}}cos\psi ),`$ (518)
$`\gamma _{\overline{2}r}`$ $`=`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{cos\psi }{\sqrt{2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{sin\psi }{\sqrt{6}}},{\displaystyle \frac{cos\psi }{\sqrt{2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{sin\psi }{\sqrt{6}}},\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}}cos\psi ).`$ (519)
By defining the DO’s, i.e.our polarizations, with the convention $`\psi =0`$, we get $`\gamma _{\overline{1}r}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}(1,1,2)`$, $`\gamma _{\overline{2}r}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(1,1,0)`$. Then Eqs.(LABEL:III7) imply

$`ϵ`$ $`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{rs}^{(\overline{1})}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\delta _{rs}+{}_{}{}^{4}h_{rs}^{(\overline{1})}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\stackrel{def}{=}\delta _{rs}[1+k_r^{(\overline{1})}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })]+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (523)
$`k_1^{\overline{1}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=k_2^{\overline{1}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{2}}{3}}[r_{\overline{1}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{(_{1,1}^2+_{1,2}^2+_{1,3}^2)r_{\overline{1}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}],`$
$`k_3^{\overline{1}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{2}}{3}}[2r_{\overline{1}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{(_{1,1}^2+_{1,2}^2+_{1,3}^2)r_{\overline{1}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}],`$
$`ϵ`$ $`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{rs}^{(\overline{2})}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\delta _{rs}+{}_{}{}^{4}h_{rs}^{(\overline{2})}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\stackrel{def}{=}\delta _{rs}[1+k_r^{(\overline{2})}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })]+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (530)
$`k_1^{\overline{2}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=ϵ\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}}[r_{\overline{2}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{(_{1,1}^2_{1,2}^2)r_{\overline{1}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}],`$
$`k_2^{\overline{2}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=ϵ\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}}[r_{\overline{2}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{(_{1,1}^2_{1,2}^2)r_{\overline{1}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}],`$
$`k_3^{\overline{2}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=ϵ\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}}[0+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{(_{1,1}^2_{1,2}^2)r_{\overline{1}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}].`$
If we consider our (non transverse) solution given by the wave packet (468) and we solve Eqs.(517) numerically for a sphere of particle at rest around the origin of the 3-coordinates on a WSW hyper-surface, we obtain the two 3-dimensional deformation patterns replacing the usual 2-dimensional ones for the polarization in the TT harmonic gauge:

i) in figure 1 there is the deformation pattern for the case $`C_{\overline{1}}0`$, $`C_{\overline{2}}=0`$, namely for $`r_{\overline{1}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$, $`r_{\overline{2}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0`$;

ii) in figure 2 there is the deformation pattern for the case $`C_{\overline{1}}=0`$, $`C_{\overline{2}}0`$, namely for $`r_{\overline{1}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0`$, $`r_{\overline{2}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$.

In the two figures are reported the snapshots at three different times ($`t=1,0.5,0`$) of the sphere of particles originally at rest (bottom) and the time evolution (from $`t=3`$ to $`t=3`$) of the six particles at the intersection of the three axes and the sphere of particle (top), whose initial 3-coordinates are $`(1,0,0)`$ and $`(1,0,0)`$ on the $`x`$-axis, $`(0,1,0)`$ and $`(0,1,0)`$ on the $`y`$-axis, $`(0,0,1)`$ and $`(0,0,1)`$ on the $`z`$-axis, respectively. Since a particle on a $`x`$ axis will remain on the same axes during the evolution, only the $`x`$ coordinates are reported for the two particles on $`x`$ axes. The same representation rule has been applied for the particles lying on the other axes.

### D A Relativistic Harmonic Oscillator as a Resonant Detector.

Let us remark that in a TT harmonic gauge the basic idealization of a test resonant detector on the Earth for gravitational waves is a non-relativistic damped harmonic oscillator . Given two equal masses $`m`$ located along the $`r`$ axis at the positions $`r_1(t)`$ and $`r_2(t)`$, connected by a massless spring with spring constant $`k`$, damping constant $`\nu `$ and unstretched length $`l_o`$, one considers the proper extension $`l(t)=_{r_1(t)}^{r_2(t)}𝑑t\sqrt{1+h_{rr}^{TT}(t)}[1+\frac{1}{2}h_{rr}^{TT}(t)]l_o`$ in the metric of the gravitational wave and defines $`\xi =ll_or_2r_1l_o+\frac{1}{2}h_{rr}^{TT}(r_2r_1)`$. This leads to modify the equation of motion $`\frac{d^2\xi }{dt^2}+2\gamma \frac{d\xi }{dt}+\omega _o^2\xi =0`$ ($`\omega _o^2=2k/m`$, $`\gamma =\nu /m`$), valid in absence of gravitational radiation, to

$$\frac{d^2\xi }{dt^2}+2\gamma \frac{d\xi }{dt}+\omega _o^2\xi =\frac{1}{2}l_o\frac{d^2h_{rr}^{TT}}{dt^2}.$$
(531)
This same equation can be obtained as a consequence of the tidal force at the lowest order from the geodesic deviation equation , by considering the center of mass of the detector as moving along a geodesic and by identifying $`\xi `$ with the spatial part of the connecting vector $`\mathrm{}x^A(s)`$ with $`\mathrm{}x^\tau (s)=0`$ ($`\xi `$ is twice the connecting vector from the center of mass to one of the masses). Note that due to the additional force terms the nearby world-line is no more a geodesic.

Let us try to generalize this resonant detector to special relativity and to see the effect on it of our post-Minkowskian gravitational wave. As shown in Ref., there is a description of the relativistic 2-body problem on arbitrary space-like hyper-surfaces $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$, leaves of a 3+1 splitting of Minkowski space-time. If $`z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ is the embedding of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$ into Minkowski space-time, the two positive energy scalar particles are described by 3-coordinates $`\eta _i^r(\tau )`$, $`i=1,2`$, on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$, such that $`x_i^\mu (\tau )=z^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\eta }_i(\tau ))`$ and by the conjugate momenta $`\kappa _{ir}(\tau )`$. When the hyper-surfaces are the Wigner hyper-planes, orthogonal to the total 4-momentum of the 2-body system, we know how to replace the canonical coordinates $`\stackrel{}{\eta }_i`$, $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i`$ with: i) the canonical internal relativistic center of mass $`\stackrel{}{q}_+`$ and its conjugate momentum $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_+0`$ (it is vanishing since we are in the rest-frame instant form of dynamics); ii) relative coordinates $`\stackrel{}{\rho }`$ and $`\stackrel{}{\pi }`$. Even if we do not know explicitly how to express the old basis $`\stackrel{}{\eta }_i`$, $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }_i`$ in terms of the new basis due to the non-linearity of the canonical transformation, we are able to evaluate the Hamiltonian for the relative motion in the rest frame. In the free case it is $`H=\sqrt{m_1^2+2\stackrel{}{\pi }^2}+\sqrt{m_2^2+2\stackrel{}{\pi }^2}`$. We can add action-at-a-distance interactions either inside the square roots (DrozVincent - Komar - Todorov (DVKT) models ), $`H=\sqrt{m_1^2+V(\stackrel{}{\rho }^2)+2\stackrel{}{\pi }^2}+\sqrt{m_2^2+V(\stackrel{}{\rho }^2)+2\stackrel{}{\pi }^2}`$, or outside them (like the Coulomb potential for charged particles ), $`H=\sqrt{m_1^2+2\stackrel{}{\pi }^2}+\sqrt{m_2^2+2\stackrel{}{\pi }^2}+U(\stackrel{}{\rho }^2)`$. Due to the square roots we cannot find explicitly the Lagrangian and the Euler-Lagrange equations for the relative motion in the rest frame, except in the special equal mass case. For $`m_1=m_2=m`$ we get  $`L=m\sqrt{4\dot{\stackrel{}{\rho }}^2}`$ and an interaction of the DVKT type is introduced by the replacement $`mM=\sqrt{m^2+V(\stackrel{}{\rho }^2)}`$. The Euler-Lagrange equations are

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\tau }}{\displaystyle \frac{M\dot{\stackrel{}{\rho }}}{\sqrt{4\dot{\stackrel{}{\rho }}^2}}}\stackrel{}{=}{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\dot{\stackrel{}{\rho }}^2}}{M}}V^{^{}}(\stackrel{}{\rho }^2)\stackrel{}{\rho },V^{^{}}(\stackrel{}{\rho }^2)={\displaystyle \frac{dV(\stackrel{}{\rho }^2)}{d\stackrel{}{\rho }^2}},`$ (532)
(533)
$`or`$ (534)
(535)
$`\ddot{\stackrel{}{\rho }}\stackrel{}{=}{\displaystyle \frac{4\dot{\stackrel{}{\rho }}^2}{m^2+V(\stackrel{}{\rho }^2)}}V^{^{}}(\stackrel{}{\rho }^2)[\stackrel{}{\rho }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{}{\rho }\dot{\stackrel{}{\rho }}\dot{\stackrel{}{\rho }}].`$ (536)
For $`V=\frac{m}{2}k\stackrel{}{\rho }^2`$ (relativistic harmonic oscillator), the non-relativistic limit of these equations becomes $`\ddot{\stackrel{}{\rho }}+\omega _o^2\stackrel{}{\rho }=0`$. A damping term $`\nu \dot{\stackrel{}{\rho }}`$ may be added by hand.

Like in the non-relativistic case, we can adapt this relativistic model, in the case of a test 2-body system, to curved space-time: i) the relativistic center of mass moves along a geodesic $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, with 4-coordinates $`\sigma ^A(s)`$; ii) the relative variable $`\stackrel{}{\rho }`$ is the connecting vector in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$ to a nearby (non-geodesic) world-line $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1`$. However, since $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$ is a Riemannian 3-manifold, the flat vector $`\stackrel{}{\rho }`$ has to be reinterpreted as the field of tangent vectors to the 3-geodesic joining $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1`$ on each $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$ : if $`\theta ^r(s,\zeta )`$ is a 3-geodesic with affine parameter $`\zeta `$ †‡†‡†‡ $`\frac{^2\theta ^r(s,\zeta )}{\zeta ^2}+{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{uv}^{r}(\theta (s,\zeta ))\frac{\theta ^u(s,\zeta )}{\zeta }\frac{\theta ^v(s,\zeta )}{\zeta }=0`$ with the 3-Christoffel symbol of Eqs.(D13). such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is $`\theta ^r(s,0)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1`$ is $`\theta ^r(s,1)`$, then we replace $`V(\stackrel{}{\rho }^2(\tau ))`$ with $`V(^2(s))`$, where $`^2(s)=_0^1𝑑\zeta \frac{\theta ^r(s,\zeta )}{\zeta }{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\theta (s,\zeta ))\frac{\theta ^s(s,\zeta )}{\zeta }`$ (it is independent from $`\zeta `$ because the tangent vector $`\frac{\theta ^r(s,\zeta )}{\zeta }`$ is parallel transported along the 3-geodesic). Analogously we make the replacements $`\stackrel{}{\rho }\dot{\stackrel{}{\rho }}_1(s)=_0^1𝑑\zeta \frac{\theta ^r(s,\zeta )}{\zeta }{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\theta (s,\zeta ))\frac{^2\theta ^s(s,\zeta )}{s\zeta }`$ and $`\dot{\stackrel{}{\rho }}^2_2(s)=_0^1𝑑\zeta \frac{^2\theta ^r(s,\zeta )}{s\zeta }{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\theta (s,\zeta ))\frac{^2\theta ^s(s,\zeta )}{s\zeta }`$.

By identifying $`\rho ^r(\tau )\mathrm{}\sigma ^r(s)`$, $`\dot{\rho }^r(\tau )\frac{d\mathrm{}\sigma ^r(s)}{ds}`$, $`\ddot{\stackrel{}{\rho }}^r\frac{d^2\mathrm{}\sigma ^r(s)}{ds^2}`$, and by adding the force terms (damping included) of Eqs.(536) in the geodesic deviation equation (497) we get

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d^2\mathrm{}x^r(s)}{ds^2}}`$ $`+`$ $`\left[2{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\tau s}^{r}(s)+{\displaystyle \frac{4_2(s)}{m^2+V(^2(s))}}V^{^{}}(^2(s))(\nu +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}_1(s))\right]{\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{}x^s(s)}{ds}}+`$ (537)
$`+`$ $`[{\displaystyle \frac{d{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\tau s}^{r}(s)}{ds}}+{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{r}{}_{\tau s\tau }{}^{}(s){\displaystyle \frac{4_2(s)}{m^2+V(^2(s))}}V^{^{}}(^2(s))]\mathrm{}x^s(s)=0.`$ (538)
This is the post-Minkowskian counterpart in our coordinates of the non-relativistic equation (531) of the TT harmonic gauge.

For very small $`|\stackrel{}{\rho }|`$ we can make the approximations $`^2\frac{\theta ^r(s,\zeta )}{\zeta }|_{\zeta =0}{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}(\sigma ^A(s))\frac{\theta ^s(s,\zeta )}{\zeta }|_{\zeta =0}`$, $`_1\frac{\theta ^r(s,\zeta )}{\zeta }|_{\zeta =0}{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}(\sigma ^A(s))\frac{^2\theta ^s(s,\zeta )}{s\zeta }|_{\zeta =0}`$, $`_2\frac{^2\theta ^r(s,\zeta )}{s\zeta }|_{\zeta =0}{}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}(\sigma ^A(s))\frac{^2\theta ^s(s,\zeta )}{s\zeta }|_{\zeta =0}`$: this is a pole-dipole approximation of the test 2-body problem.

## VII The Embedding of the WSW Hyper-surfaces, the Associated Congruence of Time-Like Observers and the Null Geodesics.

### A The Post-Minkowskian WSW Hyper-surfaces.

The WSW triads $`{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)}^{(WSW)r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })_{|\stackrel{}{\sigma }|\mathrm{}}\delta _{(a)}^r`$, parallel transported from spatial infinity on the linearized WSW CMC hyper-surface, and the associated cotriads $`{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)r}^{(WSW)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ †§†§†§$`{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)}^{(WSW)r}={}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{}^{rs}{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)s}^{(WSW)}=ϵ\delta ^{rs}{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)s}^{(WSW)}+2ϵ\delta _{(a)}^r[q+\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}]+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$. are the solution of Eqs.(A230), whose linearized form is

$`_r\left(\sqrt{\widehat{\gamma }}{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)}^{(WSW)r}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=_r{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)}^{(WSW)r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+3\delta _{(a)}^r_rq(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=0,`$ (539)
(540)
$`_1{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(2)3}^{(WSW)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+_3{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(1)2}^{(WSW)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+_2{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(3)1}^{(WSW)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (541)
$`=\left[{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{13}^{2}+{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{32}^{1}+{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{21}^{3}\right](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (542)
where Eqs.(D13) have been used.

These equations imply

$`{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)}^{(WSW)r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`f_{(a)}^r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}\delta _{(a)}^r{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}u}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{_{1u}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}},`$ (549)
$`_rf_{(a)}^r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0,f_{(a)}^r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })_{|\stackrel{}{\sigma }|\mathrm{}}\delta _{(a)}^r,`$
$`_1f_{(2)}^3+_3f_{(1)}^2+_2f_{(3)}^1=0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$
$`f_{(a)}^r=\delta _{(a)}^r+(\delta ^{rs}+{\displaystyle \frac{^r^s}{\mathrm{}}})g_{(a)s},`$
with $`g_{(a)s}`$ arbitrary. The simplest solution is to take $`g_{(a)s}=0`$, so that the WSW triads are

$${}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)}^{(WSW)r}=\delta _{(a)}^r\left[1+\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\underset{\overline{a}u}{}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}d^3\sigma _1\frac{_{1u}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}\right].$$
(550)
Eqs.(A235), allow to find the associated WSW adapted tetrads (preferred ADM Eulerian observers or asymptotic fixed stars giving a local compass of inertia to be compared with local (Fermi-Walker transported or not) gyroscopes)

$`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{(o)}^{(WSW)A}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=ϵ(1;n_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })),`$ (551)
$`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{(a)}^{(WSW)A}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=(0;{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)}^{(WSW)r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })).`$ (552)
Once the WSW triads are known, Eqs.(A241) and (A247) give the embedding of the linearized WSW CMC hyper-surfaces into the linearized space-time

$`z_{(WSW)}^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`x_{(\mathrm{})}^\mu (0)+b_A^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })F^A(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),`$ (556)
$`F^\tau (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=ϵ\tau ,`$
$`F^s(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })={}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)}^{(WSW)s}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\delta _{(a)r}\sigma ^r+ϵ\tau n_s(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),`$
with the transition coefficients $`b_A^\mu =\frac{z_{(WSW)}^\mu }{\sigma ^A}`$ solution of the linear partial differential equations

$$F^B(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\frac{b_B^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{\sigma ^A}=\left(\delta _A^B\frac{F^B(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{\sigma ^A}\right)b_B^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }).$$
(557)
In adapted coordinates Eqs.(556) of the embedding of linearized WSW CMC hyper-surfaces $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$ become

$$z_{(WSW)}^A(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=x_{(\mathrm{})}^A(0)+F^A(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),$$
(558)
with $`z_{(WSW)}^\tau (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=x_{(\mathrm{})}^\tau (0)ϵ\tau `$. The time-like evolution vector is $`z_{(WSW)\tau }^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=(ϵ;[ϵn_r+ϵ\tau _\tau n_r+_\tau {}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)}^{(WSW)r}\sigma ^a](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))`$.

### B Congruences of Timelike Observers.

In Eqs.(280) we have the expression of the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau ^{(WSW)}`$-adapted tetrads and cotetrads. In particular there is the expression for the contra- and co-variant normals, $`l^A(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ and $`l_A(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau ^{(WSW)}`$. The associated 4-velocity field defines a (non-rotating, surface forming) congruence of time-like observers orthogonal to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau ^{(WSW)}`$, using the parameter $`\tau `$, labeling the leaves of the foliation, as evolution parameter †¶†¶†¶This is the hyper-surface point of view according to Ref.. Instead, the threading point of view is a description involving only a rotating congruence of observers (like the one which can be built with the 4-velocity field associated to $`z_{(WSW)\tau }^A(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$) : since this congruence, being rotating, is not surface-forming (non-zero vorticity), in each point we can only divide the tangent space in the direction parallel to the 4-velocity and the orthogonal complement (the local rest frame). On the other hand, the slicing point of view, originally adopted in ADM canonical gravity, uses two congruences: the non-rotating one with the normals to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$ as 4-velocity fields and a second (rotating, non-surface-forming) congruence of observers, whose 4-velocity field is the field of time-like unit vectors determined by the $`\tau `$ derivative of the embeddings identifying the leaves $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$ (the so-called evolution vector field). Furthermore, it uses the affine parameter describing the world-lines of this second family of observers as Hamiltonian evolution parameter.. Let us remark that $`\tau `$ is not in general the proper time of any observer of the congruence.

As for any congruence, we have the decomposition ($`P_{AB}={}_{}{}^{4}g_{AB}^{}l_Al_B`$)

$`{}_{}{}^{4}_{A}^{}l_B`$ $`=`$ $`l_Aa_B+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\mathrm{\Theta }P_{AB}+\sigma _{AB}+\omega _{AB},`$ (565)
$`a^A=l^B{}_{}{}^{4}_{B}^{}l^A,4acceleration,`$
$`\mathrm{\Theta }={}_{}{}^{4}_{A}^{}l^A,scalar(volume)rateofexpansion,`$
$`\sigma _{AB}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(a_Al_B+a_Bl_A)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}({}_{}{}^{4}_{A}^{}l_B+{}_{}{}^{4}_{B}^{}l_A){\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\mathrm{\Theta }P_{AB},`$
$`rateofsheartensor(withmagnitude\sigma ^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\sigma _{AB}\sigma ^{AB}),`$
$`\omega _{AB}=\omega _{BA}=ϵ_{ABCD}\omega ^Cl^D={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(a_Al_Ba_Bl_A)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}({}_{}{}^{4}_{A}^{}l_B{}_{}{}^{4}_{B}^{}l_A)=0,`$
$`twistorvorticitytensor,\omega ^A={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}ϵ^{ABCD}\omega _{BC}l_D=0,vorticityvector.`$
$`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is the expansion (it measures the average expansion of the infinitesimally nearby world-lines surrounding a given world-line in the congruence), $`\sigma _{AB}`$ the shear (it measures how an initial sphere in the tangent space to the given world-line, which is Lie transported along $`l^A`$, will distort toward an ellipsoid with principal axes given by the eigenvectors of $`\sigma ^A_B`$ with rate given by the eigenvalues of $`\sigma ^A_B`$) and $`\omega _{AB}`$ the twist or vorticity (it measures the rotation of the infinitesimally nearby world-lines surrounding the given one); $`\sigma _{AB}`$ and $`\omega _{AB}`$ are purely spatial ($`\sigma _{AB}l^B=\omega _{AB}l^B=0`$). Due to the Frobenius theorem, the congruence is (locally) hyper-surface orthogonal if and only if $`\omega _{AB}=0`$. The equation $`\frac{1}{l}l^A_Al=\frac{1}{3}\mathrm{\Theta }`$ defines a representative length $`l`$ along the world-line of $`l^A`$, describing the volume expansion (contraction) behaviour of the congruence completely.

The linearized acceleration of the observers vanishes (i.e. at the lowest level we get inertial observers) so that there is no gravito-electric force on test particles in the sense of Ref. (geodesic in local rest frame)

$$a^A=l^B_Bl^A+{}_{}{}^{4}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{BC}^{A}l^Bl^C=(0;_\tau n_r+{}_{}{}^{4}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\tau \tau }^{r})+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).$$
(566)
By using Eqs.(D61) we get $`{}_{}{}^{4}_{A}^{}l_B={}_{}{}^{4}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{AB}^{C}l_C=ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{AB}^{\tau }+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$. The expansion of the congruence is

$$\mathrm{\Theta }={}_{}{}^{4}_{A}^{}l^A=_Al^A+{}_{}{}^{4}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{AB}^{A}l^B=ϵ\stackrel{}{}\stackrel{}{n}ϵ\stackrel{}{}\stackrel{}{n}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).$$
(567)
The shear is not zero so that there is gravito-magnetism on test particles in the sense of Ref. (geodesic in local rest frame)

$$\sigma _{AB}=\frac{1}{2}(a_Al_B+a_Bl_A)+\frac{1}{2}({}_{}{}^{4}_{A}^{}l_B+{}_{}{}^{4}_{B}^{}l_A)=ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{AB}^{\tau }+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),$$
(568)
while the vorticity vanishes (the congruence is surface forming)

$$\omega _{AB}=\frac{1}{2}(a_Al_Ba_Bl_A)+\frac{1}{2}({}_{}{}^{4}_{A}^{}l_B{}_{}{}^{4}_{B}^{}l_A)=0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).$$
(569)
If $`x_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )`$ is the time-like world-line, in adapted coordinates, of the observer crossing the leave $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\tau _o}`$ at $`\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o`$, we have

$`x_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`(\tau ;\stackrel{}{\rho }_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}(\tau ))=`$ (570)
$`=`$ $`(\tau _oϵ[z_{(WSW)}^\tau (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\rho }_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}(\tau ))z_{(WSW)}^\tau (\tau _o,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o)];`$ (572)
$`\sigma _o^r+z_{(WSW)}^r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\rho }_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}(\tau ))z_{(WSW)}^r(\tau _o,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o)),`$
$`x_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau _o)`$ $`=`$ $`(\tau _o;\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o),\stackrel{}{\rho }_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}(\tau _o)=\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o.`$ (574)
The effective trajectory $`\stackrel{}{\rho }_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}(\tau )`$ is determined by solving the equations $`\stackrel{}{\rho }_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}(\tau )=\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o+\stackrel{}{z}_{(WSW)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\rho }_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}(\tau ))\stackrel{}{z}_{(WSW)}(\tau _o,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o)`$ with $`\stackrel{}{z}_{(WSW)}`$ given by Eq.(558). The 4-velocity $`\dot{x}_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )=\frac{dx_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )}{d\tau }`$ satisfies

$$l_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )=l^A(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\rho }_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}(\tau ))=\frac{\dot{x}_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )}{\sqrt{{}_{}{}^{4}g_{BC}^{}(x_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}(\tau ))\dot{x}_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^B(\tau )\dot{x}_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^C(\tau )}},$$
(575)
with the observer acceleration given by $`a_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )=\frac{dl_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )}{d\tau }=0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$, $`a_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )l_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_oA}(\tau )=0`$.

Since $`\dot{x}_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^\tau (\tau )=\tau `$, $`\dot{x}_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^r(\tau )=O(r_{\overline{a}})`$, we get $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{AB}^{}\dot{x}_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A\dot{x}_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^B=ϵ+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$, namely that to this order $`\tau `$ is the proper time of any observer of the congruence.

Yet, the ADM canonical formalism gives us an additional information. Actually, on each space-like hyper-surface $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau ^{(WSW)}`$ of the foliation, there is a privileged contravariant space-like direction identified by the lapse and shift gauge variables

$`𝒩^A(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{|\stackrel{}{N}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })|}}(0;n^r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))=(0;n_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (576)
$`𝒩_A(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`|\stackrel{}{N}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })|(1;{\displaystyle \frac{N_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{|\stackrel{}{N}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })|^2}})=(|\stackrel{}{n}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })|;n_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (580)
$`𝒩^A(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })l_A(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0,𝒩^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })𝒩_\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=ϵ,`$
$`|\stackrel{}{N}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })|=\sqrt{({}_{}{}^{3}g_{rs}^{}N^rN^s)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}=|\stackrel{}{n}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })|+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$
If 4-coordinates exist, corresponding to an on-shell complete Hamiltonian gauge fixing, such that the vector field identified by $`𝒩^A(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ on each $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau ^{(WSW)}`$ is surface-forming (zero vorticity †∥†∥†∥This requires that $`𝒩_Ad\sigma ^A`$ is a closed 1-form, namely that we have $`_\tau n_r=_r|\stackrel{}{n}|+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$ and $`_rn_s=_sn_r+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$. In turn, this requires $`n_r=_rf+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$ with $`_\tau f=|\stackrel{}{n}|+const.`$ Our gauge has a non-surface forming $`𝒩^A`$.), then each $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$ can be foliated with 2-surfaces, and the 3+1 splitting of space-time becomes a (2+1)+1 splitting corresponding to the 2+2 splittings studied by Stachel and d’Inverno .

We have therefore a natural candidate for one of the three spatial triads of each observer: $`E_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o(𝒩)}^A(\tau )=𝒩_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )=𝒩^A(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\rho }_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}(\tau ))`$. By means of $`l_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )=l^A(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\rho }_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}(\tau ))`$ and $`𝒩_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )`$, we can construct two null vectors at each space-time point

$`𝒦_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{|\stackrel{}{n}|}{2}}}\left(l_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )+𝒩_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )\right)=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}}\left(l_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )+𝒩_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )\right)+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (581)
$`_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2|\stackrel{}{n}|}}}\left(l_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )𝒩_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )\right)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}\left(l_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )𝒩_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )\right)+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (582)
and then we can arrive at a null tetrad of the type used in the Newman-Penrose formalism . The last two axes of the spatial triad can be chosen as two space-like circular complex polarization vectors $`E_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o(\pm )}^\mu (\tau )`$, like in electromagnetism. They are built starting from the transverse helicity polarization vectors $`E_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o(1,2)}^\mu (\tau )`$, which are the first and second columns of the standard Wigner helicity boost generating $`𝒦_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^\mu (\tau )`$ from the reference vector $`\stackrel{}{𝒦}{}_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}{}^{\mu }(\tau )=|\stackrel{}{N}|(1;001)`$.

Let us call $`E_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o(\alpha )}^{(ADM)\mu }(\tau )`$ the ADM tetrad formed by $`l_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^\mu (\tau )`$, $`𝒩_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^\mu (\tau )`$, $`E_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o(1,2)}^\mu (\tau )`$. This tetrad will not be in general Fermi-Walker transported along the world-line $`x_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^\mu (\tau )`$ of the observer.

Another possible (but only on-shell) choice of the spatial triad together with the unit normal to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau ^{(WSW)}`$ is the local WSW (on-shell) compass of inertia defined in Eqs.(552). This local compass corresponds to the standard of non rotation with respect to the fixed stars and its $`\tau `$-evolution, dictated by Einstein’s equations, does not correspond to the FW transport, which is defined independently from them using only local geometrical and group-theoretical concepts. The WSW local compass of inertia corresponds to pointing to the fixed stars with a telescope and is needed in a satellite like Gravity Probe B to detect the frame dragging (or gravito-magnetic Lense-Thirring effect) of the inertial frames by means of the rotation with respect to it of a FW transported gyroscope.

Given the 4-velocity $`l_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )=E_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )`$ of the observer, the observer spatial triads $`E_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o(a)}^A(\tau )`$, $`a=1,2,3`$, have to be chosen in a conventional way, namely by means of a conventional assignment of an origin for the local measurements of rotations. Usually, the choice corresponds to Fermi-Walker (FW) transported (gyroscope-type transport, non-rotating observer) tetrads $`E_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o(\alpha )}^{(FW)A}(\tau )`$, such that (we show also the implication of the linearization)

$`{\displaystyle \frac{D}{D\tau }}E_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o(a)}^{(FW)A}(\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^{(FW)}{}_{}{}^{A}{}_{B}{}^{}(\tau )E_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o(a)}^{(FW)B}(\tau )=l_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )a_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_oB}(\tau )E_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o(a)}^{(FW)B}(\tau )=0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (584)
$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^{(FW)}{}_{}{}^{AB}(\tau )=a_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau )l_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^B(\tau )a_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^B(\tau )l_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A(\tau ).`$
The triad $`E_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o(a)}^{(FW)A}(\tau )`$ is the correct relativistic generalization of global Galilean non-rotating frames. Naturally any other choice of the triads (Lie transport, co-rotating-FW transport,…) is possible. A generic triad $`E_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o(a)}^A(\tau )`$ will satisfy $`\frac{D}{D\tau }E_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o(a)}^A(\tau )=\mathrm{\Omega }_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}{}_{}{}^{A}{}_{B}{}^{}(\tau )E_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o(a)}^B(\tau )`$ with $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^{AB}=\mathrm{\Omega }_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^{(FW)AB}+\mathrm{\Omega }_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^{(SR)AB}`$ with the spatial rotation part $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^{(SR)AB}=ϵ^{ABCD}l_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_oC}J_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_oD}`$, $`J_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^Al_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_oA}=0`$, producing a rotation of the gyroscope in the local space-like 2-plane orthogonal to $`l_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A`$ and $`J_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o}^A`$.

In the linearized theory on the WSW hyper-surfaces of our gauge FW transport implies no $`\tau `$-dependence for the triads $`E_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o(a)}^{(FW)A}(\tau )`$. Neither the ADM tetrads nor the WSW tetrads (552) are FW transported.

See Ref. for the description of a geodesics $`y^\mu (\tau )`$, the world-line of a scalar test particle, from the point of view of those observers $`\gamma _{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o,y(\tau )}`$ in the congruence which intersect it, namely such that at $`\tau `$ it holds $`x_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_o,y(\tau )}^\mu (\tau )=y^\mu (\tau )`$. The family of these observers is called a relative observer world 2-sheet in Ref..

### C The Null Geodesics, the Deformed Light-Cone and the Eikonal.

The solution of Eqs.(472) for null geodesics has still the form

$`\tau (s)`$ $`=`$ $`a^\tau +[b_{(o)}^\tau +b_{(1)}^\tau ]s{\displaystyle _0^s}𝑑s_1{\displaystyle _0^{s_1}}𝑑s_2{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{ru}^{\tau }(a+b_{(o)}s_2)b^rb^u`$ (585)
$`\sigma ^u(s)`$ $`=`$ $`a^u+b^u{\displaystyle _0^s}𝑑s_1{\displaystyle _0^{s_1}}𝑑s_2\left[(b_{(o)}^\tau )^22{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\tau r}^{u}(a+b_{(o)}s_2)b_{(o)}^\tau b^r{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{rt}^{u}(a+b_{(o)}s_2)b^rb^t\right]`$ (589)
$`with`$
$`p^\tau (s)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d\tau (s)}{ds}}=b_{(o)}^\tau +b_{(1)}^\tau {\displaystyle _0^s}𝑑s_2{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{ru}^{\tau }(a+b_{(o)}s_2)b^rb^u,`$ (591)
$`p^u(s)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma ^u(s)}{ds}}=b^u{\displaystyle _0^s}𝑑s_2\left[(b_{(o)}^\tau )^22{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\tau r}^{u}(a+b_{(o)}s_2)b_{(o)}^\tau b^r{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{rt}^{u}(a+b_{(o)}s_2)b^rb^t\right],`$ (593)
but now at $`s=0`$ we have

$`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{AB}^{}p^Ap^B|_{s=0}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ\left[(p^\tau (s))^22n_r(s,r_{\overline{a}}(s))p^r(s)p^\tau (s)[\delta _{rt}ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}h_{rt}^{}(s,r_{\overline{a}}(s))p^r(s)p^t(s)]\right]|_{s=0}=`$ (594)
$`=`$ $`0,`$ (595)
$`0`$ $`=`$ $`(b^\tau )^22b^\tau b^rn_r(a^\tau ,r_{\overline{a}}(a^\tau ))[\delta _{rt}ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}h_{rt}^{}(a^\tau ,r_{\overline{a}}(a^\tau ))]b^rb^t,ats=0,`$ (597)
whose solution is

$`b^\tau `$ $`=`$ $`b_{(o)}^\tau +b_{(1)}^\tau ==b^rn_r(a^\tau ,r_{\overline{a}}(a^\tau ))\pm \sqrt{(b^rn_r(a^\tau ,r_{\overline{a}}(a^\tau )))^2+[\delta _{rt}ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}h_{rt}^{}(a^\tau ,r_{\overline{a}}(a^\tau ))]b^rb^t},`$ (598)
$`b_{(o)}^\tau `$ $`=`$ $`\pm \sqrt{\delta _{rs}b^rb^s},`$ (600)
$`b_{(1)}^\tau `$ $`=`$ $`n_r(a^\tau ,r_{\overline{a}}(a^\tau ))b^r{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{{}_{}{}^{4}h_{rt}^{}(a^\tau ,r_{\overline{a}}(a^\tau ))b^rb^t}{\sqrt{\delta _{rs}b^rb^s}}}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (601)
Therefore, if we consider the family of null geodesics emanating from a fixed point of space-time and parametrized by $`\{b^r\}`$, we obtain the null surface describing the deformed light-cone through that point in our post-Minkowskian Einstein space-time.

Let us now consider the eikonal equation  $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{AB}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })_AU(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })_BU(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0`$, whose solution, the so-called optical function $`U`$, is used to find the null hyper-surfaces $`U(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0`$ tangent to the deformed light-cones, generalizing the planes $`x^\pm =\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(x^o\pm x^3)=0`$ tangent to the light-cone in special relativity, where they are used for the front (or null) form of dynamics in light-cone coordinates.

In Minkowski space-time with Cartesian coordinates the eikonal equation is $`(_\tau U_M(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))^2(\stackrel{}{}U_M(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))^2=0`$, namely $`_\tau U_M=\alpha |\stackrel{}{}U_M|`$ with $`\alpha =\pm `$. The solutions are $`U_M(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=f(\tau \pm _rA_r\sigma ^r)`$ with $`_rA_r^2=1`$.

After the linearization in our gauge the eikonal equation becomes ($`\widehat{\gamma }^{rs}=\gamma _r\delta ^{rs}`$)

$$(_\tau U(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))^22_\tau U(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\underset{r}{}n_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })_rU(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\underset{r}{}\gamma _r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })(_rU(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))^2=0.$$
(602)
Let us put $`U=U_M+V`$ with $`V=O(r_{\overline{a}})`$. By disregarding terms of order $`V^2`$ the eikonal equation becomes the following quasi-linear partial differential equation for $`V`$

$`2\left[\alpha |\stackrel{}{}U_M|{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}n_r_rU_M\right]_\tau V2{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}\left[\alpha |\stackrel{}{}U_M|n_r+\gamma _r_rU_m\right]_rV=`$ (603)
$`={\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}(\gamma _r1)(_rU_M)^2+2\alpha |\stackrel{}{}U_M|{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}n_r_rU_M.`$ (604)
If we write this equation in the form $`a_\tau V+_ra_r_rV=F`$, then a solution $`U=U_M+V`$ of the linearized eikonal equation can be obtained with the method of characteristics  if it is possible to find an explicit solution of the system

$$\frac{dV}{F}=\frac{d\tau }{a}=\frac{d\sigma ^r}{a_r}.$$
(605)
## VIII Conclusions.

We have defined a background-independent Hamiltonian linearization of vacuum canonical tetrad gravity in a completely fixed 3-orthogonal gauge in the framework of its rest-frame instant form, where the evolution is governed by the weak ADM energy. In this non-harmonic gauge every quantity is expressed in terms of the DO’s $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`\overline{a}=1,2`$, parametrizing the independent degrees of freedom of the gravitational field. The method is based on the linearization of the Lichnerowicz equation for the conformal factor of the 3-metric and on the restriction of the weak ADM energy to its part quadratic in the DO’s.

As a consequence we succeed for the first time in solving all the constraints of tetrad gravity (super-hamiltonian constraint included) and to find a solution of the linearized Einstein equations in the uniquely defined 4-coordinate system induced by the chosen gauge, which corresponds to a post-Minkowskian Einstein space-time of the Christodoulou-Klainermann type. The DO’s $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ turn out to satisfy the massless wave equation even if we are not in a harmonic gauge and we get non-zero shift functions (namely our 4-coordinates are non-synchronous). Besides re-opening the Hamiltonian approach to gravity, we can show explicitly the role played by the deterministically predictable DO’s of the gravitational field in deforming the structures of the flat Minkowski space-time without having used it as a background for the propagation of a massless spin 2 field as it happens in the standard treatment of gravitational waves in the harmonic gauges. In particular the two configuration DO’s $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`\overline{a}=1,2`$, of our gauge, where the 3-metric is diagonal, replace the two polarizations of the TT harmonic gauge (with its non-diagonal 3-metric) and, through the geodesic deviation equation, they induce two well defined patterns of deformation on a sphere of test particles. Even if we were able to eliminate the background with our Hamiltonian linearization, our results are still coordinate (i.e. gauge)-dependent like in all existing treatments of gravitational waves: indeed our DO’s $`r_{\overline{a}}`$, $`\pi _{\overline{a}}`$ are coordinate-dependent non-tensorial quantities. To get a coordinate-independent description of them, we have to verify the main conjecture of Ref.. It states that by means of a Hamiltonian re-formulation of the Newman-Penrose formalism  it should be possible to find a Shanmugadhsan canonical basis in which the DO’s are also (coordinate-independent) Bergmann observables and also the gauge variables are coordinate-independent.

We have also made some comments on the coordinate dependence of the gravito-magnetic effects: for instance in our non-harmonic gauge the gravito-electric-magnetic analogy does not hold. Again the verification of the main conjecture of Ref. would allow a coordinate-independent description of gravito-magnetism.

These results about background-independent gravitational waves in post-Minkowskian space-times are welcome because they open the possibility, after the introduction of matter, to study the emission of gravitational waves from relativistic sources without any kind of post-Newtonian approximation. For instance this is the case for the relativistic motion (but still in the weak field regime) of the binaries before the beginning of the final inspiral phase: it is known that in this phase the post-Newtonian approximation does not work and that , till now, only numerical gravity may help. In a future paper  we will add a relativistic perfect fluid, described by suitable Lagrangian  or Eulerian  variables, to tetrad gravity, we will define a Hamiltonian linearization of the system in the completely fixed 3-orthogonal gauge, we will find the Hamilton equations for the DO’s both of the gravitational field and of the fluid, we will find the relativistic version of the Newton and gravito-magnetic action-at-a-distance potentials acting inside the fluid present in the weak ADM energy and finally, by using a multipolar expansion, we will find the relativistic counterpart of the post-Newtonian quadrupole emission formula.

Let us remark that till now we have a treatment of the generation of gravitational waves from a compact localized source of size $`R`$ and mean internal velocity $`v`$ only  for nearly Newtonian slow motion sources for which $`v<<c`$, $`\frac{\lambda }{2\pi }>>R`$: outgoing gravitational waves are observed in the radiation zone (far field, $`r>>\frac{\lambda }{2\pi }`$), while deep in the near zone ($`R<r<<\frac{\lambda }{2\pi }`$), for example $`r1000\frac{\lambda }{2\pi }`$, vacuum Newtonian gravitation theory is valid. On the contrary with our approach in suitable 4-coordinates we are going to obtain a weak field approximation but with fast relativistic motion in the source subject to the restriction that the total invariant mass and the mass currents are compatible with the weak field requirement. This is enough to get relativistic results conceptually equivalent to the re-summation of the post-Newtonian expansion.

Moreover we will have to explore whether our Hamiltonian approach is suitable for doing Hamiltonian numerical gravity on the full non-linearized theory.

## A Results on tetrad gravity.

In this Appendix we reproduce those results of Ref., which are needed in this paper.

The Lichnerowicz equation in the 3-orthogonal gauge $`\pi _\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$ given in Eq.(193) of Ref. is (see Eq.(LABEL:a4) for the definition of the $`𝒯_{(a)r}^u`$’s)

$`(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}[r_{\overline{a}}]`$ $`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{R}[r_{\overline{a}}])(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })={\displaystyle \frac{12\pi ^2G^2}{c^6}}[2(\varphi ^7{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\pi _{\overline{a}}^2)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (A1)
$`+`$ $`4\left(\varphi ^5{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}u}\pi _{\overline{b}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\times `$ (A3)
$`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\underset{r}{}\delta _{(a)}^u𝒯_{(a)r}^u(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau )\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}}\underset{\overline{b}}{}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}\pi _{\overline{b}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}+`$
$`+`$ $`\varphi ^3(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1d^3\sigma _2({\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}\times `$ (A6)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}𝒯_{(a)r}^u(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau )\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}\pi _{\overline{b}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)\times `$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}𝒯_{(a)s}^u(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2,\tau )\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{c}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{c}s}\pi _{\overline{c}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{uv}{}}e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}(\gamma _{\overline{a}u}+\gamma _{\overline{a}v})r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}(\delta _{(b)}^u\delta _{(a)}^v\delta _{(a)}^u\delta _{(b)}^v)\times `$ (A9)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}𝒯_{(a)r}^u(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau )\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}\pi _{\overline{b}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}𝒯_{(b)s}^v(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2,\tau )\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{c}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{c}s}\pi _{\overline{c}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2))].`$
This equation for the conformal factor $`\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ of the 3-metric is implied by the super-hamiltonian constraint, Eq.(191) of Ref., which is

$`\stackrel{~}{}_R(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })|_{\pi _\varphi =0}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })[{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{16\pi G}}(8\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}[r_{\overline{a}}]+{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{R}[r_{\overline{a}}])\varphi `$ (A10)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{6\pi G}{c^3}}[\left(2\varphi ^7{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\pi _{\overline{a}}^2\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (A11)
$`+`$ $`4\left(\varphi ^5{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}u}\pi _{\overline{b}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\times `$ (A13)
$`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\underset{r}{}\delta _{(a)}^u𝒯_{(a)r}^u(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau )\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}}\underset{\overline{b}}{}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}\pi _{\overline{b}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}+`$
$`+`$ $`\varphi ^3(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1d^3\sigma _2({\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}\times `$ (A16)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}𝒯_{(a)r}^u(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau )\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}\pi _{\overline{b}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)\times `$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}𝒯_{(a)s}^u(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2,\tau )\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{c}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{c}s}\pi _{\overline{c}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{uv}{}}e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}(\gamma _{\overline{a}u}+\gamma _{\overline{a}v})r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}(\delta _{(b)}^u\delta _{(a)}^v\delta _{(a)}^u\delta _{(b)}^v)\times `$ (A19)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}𝒯_{(a)r}^u(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau )\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}\pi _{\overline{b}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}𝒯_{(b)s}^v(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2,\tau )\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{c}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{c}s}\pi _{\overline{c}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2))]]0.`$
The scalar curvature and the Laplace-Beltrami operator appearing in these equations, Eq.(190) of Ref., are

$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{R}[\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{uv}{}}\{(2_vln\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}_vr_{\overline{a}})(4_vln\varphi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}u}_vr_{\overline{b}})+`$ (A25)
$`+\varphi ^4e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{c}}\gamma _{\overline{c}v}r_{\overline{c}}}[2_v^2ln\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}_v^2r_{\overline{a}}+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}}(2_vln\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}_vr_{\overline{a}}){\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}(\gamma _{\overline{b}u}\gamma _{\overline{b}v})_vr_{\overline{b}}`$
$`(2_vln\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}v}_vr_{\overline{a}})(2_vln\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}u}_vr_{\overline{b}}]\}+`$
$`+\varphi ^4{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{c}}\gamma _{\overline{c}u}r_{\overline{c}}}[2_u^2ln\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}_u^2r_{\overline{a}}+`$
$`+(2_uln\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}_ur_{\overline{a}})(2_uln\varphi {\displaystyle \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}u}_ur_{\overline{b}})],`$
$`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}[r_{\overline{a}}]`$ $`=`$ $`_r[{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{g}_{}^{rs}_s]={}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{g}_{}^{rs}{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{}_{r}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{}_{s}^{}={\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}}[_r^2{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}_rr_{\overline{b}}_r].`$ (A27)
If $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{(a)}^\stackrel{}{\alpha }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_r^\stackrel{}{\xi }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })0`$ are the Abelianized momenta corresponding to the rotation and super-momentum constraints, the connection of the old cotriad momenta to the final ones, see Eq.(59), after the quasi-Shanmugadhasan canonical transformation (48), i.e. Eq.(185) of Ref., is

$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(a)}^{r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{(a)}^{r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })|_{\alpha _{(a)}=0,\xi ^r=\sigma ^r,\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{(a)}^\stackrel{}{\alpha }=\stackrel{~}{\pi }_r^\stackrel{}{\xi }=0}=`$ (A28)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1𝒦_{(a)s}^r(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1;\tau )\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Pi }}^s(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}=`$ (A29)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1𝒦_{(a)s}^r(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1;\tau )(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}r_{\overline{a}}})(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}`$ (A31)
$`\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\pi _\varphi }{6\varphi }}+\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}s}\pi _{\overline{b}}\right](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1),`$
$`_{\pi _\varphi 0}`$ $`\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \underset{s,\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}s}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1𝒦_{(a)s}^r(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1;\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}](\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}r_{\overline{a}}}\pi _{\overline{b}})(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)},`$ (A34)
with the kernel
$`𝒦_{(a)s}^r(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{𝒦}_{(a)s}^r(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]\stackrel{def}{=}\delta _{(a)}^r\delta _s^r\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)+𝒯_{(a)s}^r(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau ),`$ (A36)
$`𝒯_{(a)s}^r(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{𝒯}_{(a)s}^r(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]=`$ (A38)
$`=`$ $`Q_s(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1){\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{rs}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1;\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]}{\sigma _1^s}}{\displaystyle \underset{v}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{Q_s(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^v}}G_{(a)}^{rv}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1;\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}],`$ (A39)
The canonicity of the transformation (48) implies that the kernels $`𝒯_{(o)s}^r`$’s are determined by the kernels $`G_{(a)}^{rs}`$’s.

Eqs.(156) of Ref., giving the partial differential equations for the kernels $`G_{(a)}^{ru}`$’s, are

$`ϵ_{(a)(r_1)(b)}\delta _{r_1}^s{\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{Q_{r_1}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}ϵ_{(u)(r_1)(b)}{\displaystyle \frac{Q_u(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{Q_{r_1}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{su}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma ^{r_1}}}=`$ (A41)
$`=`$ $`ϵ_{(a)(r_2)(b)}\delta _{r_2}^s{\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{Q_{r_2}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}ϵ_{(u)(r_2)(b)}{\displaystyle \frac{Q_u(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{Q_{r_2}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{su}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma ^{r_2}}},`$ (A46)
$``$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{Q_{r_1}^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{sr_2}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma ^{r_1}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{Q_{r_2}^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{sr_1}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma ^{r_2}}}=`$
$`=`$ $`\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\delta _{(a)r_1}\delta _{r_2}^s}{Q_{r_1}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })Q_{r_2}^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\delta _{(a)r_2}\delta _{r_1}^s}{Q_{r_1}^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })Q_{r_2}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}\right]\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),`$ (A49)
$``$
$`1)`$ $`s=a\text{ homogeneous equations}:`$ (A55)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{Q_1^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{a2}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma ^1}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{Q_2^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{a1}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma ^2}}=`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{Q_2^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{a3}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{Q_3^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{a2}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma ^3}}=`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{Q_3^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{a1}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma ^3}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{Q_1^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{a3}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma ^1}}=0,a=1,2,3;`$
$`2)`$ $`sa[sr,ra]\text{in-homogeneous equations}:`$ (A61)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{Q_s^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{sr}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma ^s}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{Q_r^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{ss}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma ^r}}=`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{Q_r^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{sa}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma ^r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{Q_a^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{sr}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma ^a}}=0,`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{Q_a^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{ss}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma ^a}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{Q_s^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{sa}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma ^s}}={\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1;\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{Q_a(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })Q_s^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}.`$
Eqs.(159) of Ref. for the kernels $`𝒦_{(a)u}^r`$’s, which ensure the simultaneous satisfaction of the rotation and super-momentum constraints, are \[$`Q_u=\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}r_{\overline{a}}}`$\]

$`{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}Q_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\left[\delta _{(a)r}𝒦_{(b)u}^r\delta _{(b)r}𝒦_{(a)u}^r\right](\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1;\tau )=`$ (A69)
$`=Q_u(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)\left[Q_a(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \frac{G_{(b)}^{au}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1;\tau )}{\sigma _1^u}}Q_b(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{bu}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1;\tau )}{\sigma _1^u}}\right]+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{v}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{Q_u(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^v}}\left[Q_a(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })G_{(b)}^{av}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1;\tau )Q_b(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })G_{(a)}^{bv}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1;\tau )\right]=`$
$`=0,ab,`$
$`\widehat{D}_{(a)(b)r}^{(\widehat{\omega })}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })𝒦_{(b)u}^r(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1;\tau )=`$
$`=\left(\delta _{(a)(b)}_r+ϵ_{(a)(b)(c)}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\omega }_{r(c)}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\right)𝒦_{(b)u}^r(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1;\tau )=`$
$`=(\delta _{(a)(b)}_r+{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}(\delta _{(a)r}\delta _{(b)u}\delta _{(a)u}\delta _{(b)r}){\displaystyle \frac{_uQ_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{Q_u(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}})[\delta _{(b)}^r\delta _{(b)u}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$
$``$ $`Q_u(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1){\displaystyle \frac{G_{(b)}^{ru}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1;\tau )}{\sigma _1^u}}{\displaystyle \underset{v}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{Q_u(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^v}}G_{(b)}^{rv}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1;\tau )]=0,`$ (A72)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\omega }_{r(a)}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })={\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}ϵ_{(a)(m)(n)}\delta _{(m)r}\delta _{(n)u}{\displaystyle \frac{_uQ_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{Q_u(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}`$
The cotriads, the triads, the 3-metric, the Christoffel symbols and the spin connection on the WSW hyper-surfaces of our gauge, given in Eq.(184) of Ref., have the following expressions in the canonical basis (48)

$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{e}_{(a)r}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{(a)r}\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}},`$ (A73)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{e}_{(a)}^{r}`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{(a)}^r\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}},`$ (A75)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{rs}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{rs}\varphi ^4e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}},`$ (A77)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{}^{rs}`$ $`=`$ $`\delta ^{rs}\varphi ^4e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}},`$ (A78)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{e}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{\widehat{\gamma }}=\varphi ^6,`$ (A80)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{uv}^{r}`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{uv}{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}\delta _s^re^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}(\gamma _{\overline{a}u}\gamma _{\overline{a}s})r_{\overline{a}}}\left[2_sln\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}u}_sr_{\overline{b}}\right]+`$ (A85)
$`+\delta _u^r\left[2_vln\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}_vr_{\overline{a}}\right]+\delta _v^r\left[2_uln\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}v}_ur_{\overline{a}}\right],`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{uv}^{u}=6_vln\varphi ,`$
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\omega }_{r(a)}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_{(a)(b)(c)}\delta _{(b)r}\delta _{(c)u}e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}(\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\gamma _{\overline{a}u})r_{\overline{a}}}\left[2_uln\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}_ur_{\overline{b}}\right]`$ (A88)
$`_{r_{\overline{a}}0}ϵ_{(a)(b)(c)}\delta _{(b)r}\delta _{(c)u}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}_uln\varphi .`$
Eqs.(102) and (105) of Ref. define the Green function of the covariant divergence

$$\widehat{D}_{(a)(b)r}^{(\omega )}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\zeta _{(b)(c)}^{(\omega )r}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }^{^{}};\tau )=\delta _{(a)(c)}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }^{^{}}).$$
(A89)
$`\zeta _{(a)(b)}^{(\omega )r}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }^{^{}};\tau )=d_{\gamma _{pp^{^{}}}}^r(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }^{^{}})\left(P_{\gamma _{pp^{^{}}}}e^{_\stackrel{}{\sigma }^{^{}}^\stackrel{}{\sigma }𝑑\sigma _1^s\widehat{R}^{(c)}{}_{}{}^{3}\omega _{s(c)}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}\right)_{(a)(b)}`$ (A90)
$`_{\varphi 1,r_{\overline{a}}0}`$ $`\zeta _{(a)(b)}^{(o)r}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)={\displaystyle \frac{\sigma ^r\sigma _1^r}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|^3}}\delta _{(a)(b)}=\delta _{(a)(b)}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma _1^r}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}=`$ (A91)
$`=`$ $`\delta _{(a)(b)}c^r(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1),`$ (A92)
since the linearization reduces $`d_\gamma ^r(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ to the Green function of the ordinary divergence $`c^r(\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$.

The weak and strong ADM Poincare’ generators of Eqs.(25) of Ref. are

$`\widehat{P}_{ADM}^\tau `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma ϵ[{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{16\pi G}}\sqrt{\gamma }{}_{}{}^{3}g_{}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}({}_{}{}^{3}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}\stackrel{ˇ}{v}}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{u}}{}_{}{}^{3}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\stackrel{ˇ}{s}\stackrel{ˇ}{u}}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{v}}{}_{}{}^{3}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{u}}{}_{}{}^{3}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\stackrel{ˇ}{v}\stackrel{ˇ}{u}}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{v}})`$ (A93)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi G}{c^3\sqrt{\gamma }}}{}_{}{}^{3}G_{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}\stackrel{ˇ}{u}\stackrel{ˇ}{v}}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Pi }}_{}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Pi }}_{}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{u}\stackrel{ˇ}{v}}](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),`$ (A94)
$`\widehat{P}_{ADM}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle d^3\sigma {}_{}{}^{3}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\stackrel{ˇ}{s}\stackrel{ˇ}{u}}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Pi }}_{}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{s}\stackrel{ˇ}{u}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })},`$ (A95)
$`\widehat{J}_{ADM}^{\tau \stackrel{ˇ}{r}}`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{J}_{ADM}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}\tau }={\displaystyle }d^3\sigma ϵ\{\sigma ^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}`$ (A97)
$`[{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{16\pi G}}\sqrt{\gamma }{}_{}{}^{3}g_{}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{n}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}({}_{}{}^{3}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\stackrel{ˇ}{n}\stackrel{ˇ}{v}}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{u}}{}_{}{}^{3}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\stackrel{ˇ}{s}\stackrel{ˇ}{u}}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{v}}{}_{}{}^{3}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\stackrel{ˇ}{n}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{u}}{}_{}{}^{3}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\stackrel{ˇ}{v}\stackrel{ˇ}{u}}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{v}}){\displaystyle \frac{8\pi G}{c^3\sqrt{\gamma }}}{}_{}{}^{3}G_{\stackrel{ˇ}{n}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}\stackrel{ˇ}{u}\stackrel{ˇ}{v}}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Pi }}_{}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{n}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Pi }}_{}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{u}\stackrel{ˇ}{v}}]+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{16\pi G}}\delta _{\stackrel{ˇ}{u}}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}({}_{}{}^{3}g_{\stackrel{ˇ}{v}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}^{}\delta _{\stackrel{ˇ}{v}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}})_{\stackrel{ˇ}{n}}[\sqrt{\gamma }({}_{}{}^{3}g_{}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{n}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}{}_{}{}^{3}g_{}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{u}\stackrel{ˇ}{v}}{}_{}{}^{3}g_{}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{n}\stackrel{ˇ}{u}}{}_{}{}^{3}g_{}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{s}\stackrel{ˇ}{v}})]\}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),`$ (A98)
$`\widehat{J}_{ADM}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma [(\sigma ^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}{}_{}{}^{3}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\stackrel{ˇ}{u}\stackrel{ˇ}{v}}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}\sigma ^{\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}{}_{}{}^{3}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\stackrel{ˇ}{u}\stackrel{ˇ}{v}}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}){}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Pi }}_{}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{u}\stackrel{ˇ}{v}}](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })},`$ (A99)
$`P_{ADM}^\tau `$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{P}_{ADM}^\tau +{\displaystyle d^3\sigma \stackrel{~}{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}\widehat{P}_{ADM}^\tau ,`$ (A101)
$`P_{ADM}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{P}_{ADM}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}+{\displaystyle d^3\sigma {}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{}_{}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}\widehat{P}_{ADM}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}},`$ (A102)
$`J_{ADM}^{\tau \stackrel{ˇ}{r}}`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{J}_{ADM}^{\tau \stackrel{ˇ}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma \sigma ^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}\stackrel{~}{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}\widehat{J}_{ADM}^{\tau \stackrel{ˇ}{r}},`$ (A103)
$`J_{ADM}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{J}_{ADM}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}+{\displaystyle d^3\sigma [\sigma ^{\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{}_{}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\sigma ^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}}{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{}_{}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })]}\widehat{J}_{ADM}^{\stackrel{ˇ}{r}\stackrel{ˇ}{s}}.`$ (A104)
Eq.(197) of Ref. identifies the Hamiltonian of the rest-frame instant form of tetrad gravity with the weak ADM energy

$$\widehat{H}_{(D)ADM}^{(WSW)^{}}=ϵ\widehat{P}_{ADM,R}^\tau =\widehat{E}_{ADM}.$$
(A105)
The expression of the weak ADM Poincare’ generators after the quasi-Shanmugadhasan transformation (48) and the restriction to the $`\pi _\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0`$ 3-orthogonal gauge, given in Eqs.(227) of Appendix B of Ref., is

$`\widehat{P}_{ADM,R}^\tau `$ $`=`$ $`ϵ{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma ({\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{16\pi G}}[\varphi ^2{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}}\times `$ (A107)
$`(8(_rln\varphi )^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}(_rr_{\overline{b}})^2`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4}{\sqrt{3}}}_rln\varphi {\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}_rr_{\overline{b}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}({\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}_rr_{\overline{b}})^2)](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (A108)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{6\pi G}{c^3}}\varphi ^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })[2(\varphi ^4{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\pi _{\overline{a}}^2)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (A110)
$`+`$ $`4(\varphi ^2{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}u}\pi _{\overline{b}})(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\times `$ (A112)
$`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\underset{r}{}\delta _{(a)}^u\stackrel{~}{𝒯}_{(a)r}^u(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}}\underset{\overline{b}}{}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}\pi _{\overline{b}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1d^3\sigma _2({\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}\times `$ (A116)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}\stackrel{~}{𝒯}_{(a)r}^u(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}\pi _{\overline{b}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)\times `$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}\stackrel{~}{𝒯}_{(a)s}^u(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2,\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{c}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{c}s}\pi _{\overline{c}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{uv}{}}e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}(\gamma _{\overline{a}u}+\gamma _{\overline{a}v})r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}(\delta _{(b)}^u\delta _{(a)}^v\delta _{(a)}^u\delta _{(b)}^v)\times `$ (A119)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}\stackrel{~}{𝒯}_{(a)r}^u(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}\pi _{\overline{b}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}\stackrel{~}{𝒯}_{(b)s}^v(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2,\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{c}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{c}s}\pi _{\overline{c}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2))]),`$
$`\widehat{P}_{ADM,R}^r`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma \varphi ^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })(\varphi ^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (A122)
$`[e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}_rr_{\overline{b}}\pi _{\overline{b}}+`$
$`+`$ $`2\sqrt{3}e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}}(2_rln\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}_rr_{\overline{b}})`$ (A124)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{c}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{c}r}\pi _{\overline{c}}](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$
$`+`$ $`\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}[{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}\left(e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}(\gamma _{\overline{a}u}2\gamma _{\overline{a}r})r_{\overline{a}}}(2_rln\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}u}_rr_{\overline{b}})\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (A127)
$`\delta _{(a)}^u\stackrel{~}{𝒯}_{(a)s}^u(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{uv}{}}(e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}r_{\overline{a}}}(\delta _u^r(2_vln\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}u}_vr_{\overline{b}})+`$ (A128)
$`+`$ $`\delta _v^r(2_uln\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}v}_ur_{\overline{b}})))(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (A131)
$`\delta _{(a)}^u\stackrel{~}{𝒯}_{(a)s}^v(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]]`$
$`\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{c}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{c}s}\pi _{\overline{c}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)),`$
$`\widehat{J}_{ADM,R}^{rs}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma \varphi ^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })(\varphi ^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (A134)
$`[e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}(\sigma ^r_s\sigma ^s_r)r_{\overline{b}}\pi _{\overline{b}})+`$
$`+`$ $`2\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}r_{\overline{a}}}(\sigma ^r\delta _u^s\sigma ^s\delta _u^r)(2_uln\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}u}_ur_{\overline{b}}){\displaystyle \underset{\overline{c}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{c}u}\pi _{\overline{c}}](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (A135)
$`+`$ $`\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}[(\sigma ^r{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}\left(e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}(\gamma _{\overline{a}u}2\gamma _{\overline{a}s})r_{\overline{a}}}(2_sln\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}u}_sr_{\overline{b}})\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (A137)
$``$ $`\sigma ^s{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}\left(e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}(\gamma _{\overline{a}u}2\gamma _{\overline{a}r})r_{\overline{a}}}(2_rln\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}u}_rr_{\overline{b}})\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))`$ (A139)
$`\delta _{(a)}^u\stackrel{~}{𝒯}_{(a)w}^u(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{uv}{}}(e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}r_{\overline{a}}}((\sigma ^r\delta _u^s\sigma ^s\delta _u^r)(2_vln\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}u}_vr_{\overline{b}})+`$ (A140)
$`+`$ $`(\sigma ^r\delta _v^s\sigma ^s\delta _v^r)(2_uln\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}v}_ur_{\overline{b}})))(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (A143)
$`\delta _{(a)}^u\stackrel{~}{𝒯}_{(a)w}^v(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]]`$
$`\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{c}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{c}s}\pi _{\overline{c}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)),`$
$`\widehat{J}_{ADM,R}^{\tau r}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma \sigma ^r({\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{16\pi G}}[\varphi ^2{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}}\times `$ (A146)
$`(8(_rln\varphi )^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}(_rr_{\overline{b}})^2`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4}{\sqrt{3}}}_r\varphi {\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}_rr_{\overline{b}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}({\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}_rr_{\overline{b}})^2)](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (A147)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{6\pi G}{c^3}}\varphi ^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\{2(\varphi ^4{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}\pi _{\overline{a}}^2)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (A158)
$`+4[\varphi ^2{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}u}\pi _{\overline{b}})(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\times `$
$`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\underset{m}{}\delta _{(a)}^u\stackrel{~}{𝒯}_{(a)m}^u(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}m}r_{\overline{a}}}\underset{\overline{b}}{}\gamma _{\overline{b}m}\pi _{\overline{b}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}+`$
$`+{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1d^3\sigma _2({\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}\times `$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{m}{}}\stackrel{~}{𝒯}_{(a)m}^u(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}m}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}m}\pi _{\overline{b}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)\times `$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}\stackrel{~}{𝒯}_{(a)s}^u(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2,\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{c}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{c}s}\pi _{\overline{c}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{uv}{}}e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}(\gamma _{\overline{a}u}+\gamma _{\overline{a}v})r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}(\delta _{(b)}^u\delta _{(a)}^v\delta _{(a)}^u\delta _{(b)}^v)\times `$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{m}{}}\stackrel{~}{𝒯}_{(a)m}^u(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}m}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}m}\pi _{\overline{b}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}\stackrel{~}{𝒯}_{(b)s}^v(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2,\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}]\left(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}r_{\overline{a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{c}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{c}s}\pi _{\overline{c}}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2))]\}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ϵc^3}{8\pi G}}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma [\varphi ^2{\displaystyle \underset{uv}{}}\delta _u^r(\delta _{uv}1)(\varphi ^4e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}r_{\overline{a}}}1)`$ (A161)
$`e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}(\gamma _{\overline{a}v}\gamma _{\overline{a}u})r_{\overline{a}}}(_uln\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}(\gamma _{\overline{b}v}\gamma _{\overline{b}u})_ur_{\overline{b}})](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }).`$
Eqs.(194) of Ref. give the equation for the determination of the lapse function $`n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ as a consequence of the time constancy of the gauge fixing $`\rho (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=\frac{\pi _\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{2\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}0`$

$`_\tau \rho (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`\stackrel{}{=}`$ $`\{\rho (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),\widehat{H}_{(D)ADM,R}\}={\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)\{\rho (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),\widehat{}_R(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)\}}+`$ (A162)
$`+`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_\tau (\tau )\{\rho (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),\widehat{P}_{ADM,R}^\tau \}+\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_r(\tau )\{\rho (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),\widehat{P}_{ADM,R}^r\}`$ (A163)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })[{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1){\displaystyle \frac{\delta \widehat{}_R(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\delta \varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}+`$ (A164)
$`+`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_\tau {\displaystyle \frac{\delta \widehat{P}_{ADM,R}^\tau }{\delta \varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}+\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_r(\tau ){\displaystyle \frac{\delta \widehat{P}_{ADM,R}^r}{\delta \varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}]0,`$ (A165)
$``$ $`n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\widehat{n}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }|r_{\overline{a}},\pi _{\overline{a}},\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_A]0,`$ (A167)
$`_\tau `$ $`\left[n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\widehat{n}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }|r_{\overline{a}},\pi _{\overline{a}},\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_A]\right]=`$ (A169)
$`=`$ $`\lambda _n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\{\widehat{n}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }|r_{\overline{a}},\pi _{\overline{a}},\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_A],\widehat{H}_{(D)ADM,R}^{(WSW)}\}0,`$ (A170)
$``$ $`\lambda _n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\text{determined};`$ (A174)
the rest-frame instant form expression of this equation is
$`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1}`$ $`n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1){\displaystyle \frac{\delta \widehat{}_R(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\delta \varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}=ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{\delta \widehat{P}_{ADM,R}^\tau }{\delta \varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}.`$ (A176)
For $`\pi _\varphi (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0`$ the shift functions $`n_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ of our gauge, as functions of the lapse function $`n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, have the form given in Eq.(187) of Ref., i.e.

$`n_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4}\sqrt{3}\pi G}{c^3}}\left[\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}}\right](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1[ϵn(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)]\varphi ^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}`$ (A180)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{wu}{}}e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}(\gamma _{\overline{a}w}+\gamma _{\overline{a}u})r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}\left(\delta _{wu}\delta _{(b)(d)}+\delta _{(b)u}\delta _{(d)w}\delta _{(b)w}\delta _{(d)u}\right)`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{v}{}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _2𝒦_{(b)v}^w(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2;\tau )\left[\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}r_{\overline{a}}}\right](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)}`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}v}\pi _{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2)G_{(d)}^{ur}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau ).`$
For $`\pi _\varphi =0`$ the extrinsic curvature of our WSW hyper-surfaces, the ADM metric momentum and the DeWitt supermetric, given by Eqs.(186) of Ref., are

$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4}\pi G}{c^3}}[e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{c}}(\gamma _{\overline{c}r}+\gamma _{\overline{c}s})r_{\overline{c}}}{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}(\delta _{ru}\delta _{(a)s}+\delta _{su}\delta _{(a)r}\delta _{rs}\delta _{(a)u})`$ (A182)
$`e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{c}}\gamma _{\overline{c}u}r_{\overline{c}}}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(a)}^{u}](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),`$
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4}\pi G}{c^3}}[\varphi ^4{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}\delta _{(a)u}e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{c}}\gamma _{\overline{c}u}r_{\overline{c}}}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(a)}^{u}](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (A184)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4}\sqrt{3}\pi G}{c^3}}\varphi ^4(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}\delta _{(a)u}e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{c}}\gamma _{\overline{c}u}r_{\overline{c}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}`$ (A186)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}s}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1𝒦_{(a)s}^r(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1;\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}}](\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}r_{\overline{a}}}\pi _{\overline{b}})(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)},`$
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Pi }}}_{}^{rs}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}[{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{e}_{(a)}^{r}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(a)}^{s}+{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{e}_{(a)}^{s}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(a)}^{r}](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (A189)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\varphi ^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })[e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}}\delta _{(a)}^r{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(a)}^{s}+`$ (A190)
$`+`$ $`e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}r_{\overline{a}}}\delta _{(a)}^s{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(a)}^{r}](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (A191)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}}\varphi ^2(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })[e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}r_{\overline{a}}}\delta _{(a)}^r`$ (A193)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1𝒦_{(a)u}^r(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Pi }}]}+`$
$`+`$ $`e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}r_{\overline{a}}}\delta _{(a)}^s{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1𝒦_{(a)u}^s(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\tau |\varphi ,r_{\overline{a}},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Pi }}]]`$ (A195)
$`(\varphi ^2e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}r_{\overline{a}}})(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1){\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\gamma _{\overline{b}u}\pi _{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1),`$
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{G}_{rsuv}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`[{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{ru}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{sv}^{}+{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{rv}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{su}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{rs}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{uv}^{}](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (A197)
$`=`$ $`\varphi ^8(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })[e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}(\gamma _{\overline{a}r}+\gamma _{\overline{a}s})r_{\overline{a}}}(\delta _{ru}\delta _{sv}+\delta _{rv}\delta _{su})`$ (A198)
$``$ $`e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}(\gamma _{\overline{a}r}+\gamma _{\overline{a}u})r_{\overline{a}}}\delta _{rs}\delta _{uv}](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }).`$ (A199)
The tetrads and cotetrads adapted to the WSW hyper-surfaces of our gauge, given in Eq.(1) of Ref., are

$`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{E}_{(\alpha )}^{\mu }`$ $`=`$ $`\{{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{E}_{(o)}^{\mu }=l^\mu =\widehat{b}_l^\mu ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}(b_\tau ^\mu N^rb_r^\mu );{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{E}_{(a)}^{\mu }={}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)}^{s}b_s^\mu \},`$ (A200)
$`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{E}_{\mu }^{(\alpha )}`$ $`=`$ $`\{{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{E}_{\mu }^{(o)}=ϵl_\mu =\widehat{b}_\mu ^l=Nb_\mu ^\tau ;{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{E}_{\mu }^{(a)}={}_{}{}^{3}e_{s}^{(a)}\widehat{b}_\mu ^s\},`$ (A201)
$`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{E}_{(\alpha )}^{\mu }`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{\mu \nu }^{}{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{E}_{(\beta )}^{\nu }={}_{}{}^{4}\eta _{(\alpha )(\beta )}^{},`$ (A203)
$`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{(\alpha )}^{A}`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{E}_{(\alpha )}^{\mu }b_\mu ^A,{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{(o)}^{A}=ϵl^A,`$ (A208)
$`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{(o)}^{\tau }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}},{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{(a)}^{\tau }=0,`$
$`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{(o)}^{r}={\displaystyle \frac{N^r}{N}},{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{(a)}^{r}={}_{}{}^{3}e_{(a)}^{r};`$
$`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{A}^{(\alpha )}`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{E}_{\mu }^{(\alpha )}b_A^\mu ,{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{A}^{(o)}=l_A,`$ (A214)
$`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{\tau }^{(o)}=N,{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{\tau }^{(a)}=N^r{}_{}{}^{3}e_{r}^{(a)}=N^{(a)},`$
$`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{r}^{(o)}=0,{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{r}^{(a)}={}_{}{}^{3}e_{r}^{(a)},`$
$`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{E}_{(\alpha )}^{A}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{AB}^{}{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{E}_{(\beta )}^{B}={}_{}{}^{4}\eta _{(\alpha )(\beta )}^{}.`$
The 3-metric on our WSW hyper-surfaces and the line element of our space-time, given by Eqs.(183) of Ref., are

$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{rs}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2q}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}1}r_{\overline{a}}}& 0& 0\\ 0& e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}2}r_{\overline{a}}}& 0\\ 0& 0& e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}3}r_{\overline{a}}}\end{array}\right)=\varphi ^4{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{rs}^{diag},`$ (A218)
$`\widehat{\gamma }`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}={}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{e}_{}^{2}=e^{6q}=\varphi ^{12},det|\widehat{g}_{rs}^{diag}|=1,`$ (A220)
$`d\widehat{s}^2`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ([ϵ+n]^2(d\tau )^2`$ (A224)
$`\delta _{uv}[\varphi ^2e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}r_{\overline{a}}}d\sigma ^u+\varphi ^2e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}r_{\overline{a}}}n_ud\tau ]`$
$`[\varphi ^2e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}v}r_{\overline{a}}}d\sigma ^v+\varphi ^2e^{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}_{\overline{a}}\gamma _{\overline{a}v}r_{\overline{a}}}n_vd\tau ]),`$
$`q`$ $`=`$ $`2ln\varphi ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}ln{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g},r_{\overline{a}}={\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}ln{\displaystyle \frac{{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{rr}^{}}{{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}}}.`$ (A226)
The Frauendiener equations for the WSW triads, given in Eq.(200) of Ref., are

$`{}_{}{}^{3}_{r}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(1)}^{(WSW)r}={}_{}{}^{3}_{r}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(2)}^{(WSW)r}=0,`$ (A229)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}_{r}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(3)}^{(WSW)r}=\alpha {}_{}{}^{3}K,`$
$`{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(1)}^{(WSW)r}{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(3)}^{(WSW)s}{}_{}{}^{3}_{r}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(2)s}^{(WSW)}+{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(3)}^{(WSW)r}{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(2)}^{(WSW)s}{}_{}{}^{3}_{r}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(1)s}^{(WSW)}+`$
$`+`$ $`{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(2)}^{(WSW)r}{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(1)}^{(WSW)s}{}_{}{}^{3}_{r}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}e_{(3)s}^{(WSW)}=0.`$ (A230)
The WSW tetrads of Eq.(201) of Ref. are

$`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{}^{(WSW)}_{(o)}^A`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{ϵ+n}}(1;n^r),`$ (A231)
$`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{}^{(WSW)}_{(a)}^A`$ $`=`$ $`(0;{}_{}{}^{3}e_{}^{(WSW)}{}_{(a)}{}^{r}),`$ (A232)
$`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{E}_{}^{(WSW)}_{(o)}^\mu `$ $`=`$ $`l^\mu ,`$ (A234)
$`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{E}_{(a)}^{\mu }`$ $`=`$ $`b_s^\mu {}_{}{}^{3}e_{}^{(WSW)}{}_{(a)}{}^{s}.`$ (A235)
The embedding of the WSW hyper-surfaces of oue gauge into the space-time, given in Eq.(208) of Ref., are

$`z_{(WSW)}^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{(\mu )}^\mu x_{(\mathrm{})}^{(\mu )}(0)+l^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\tau +ϵ_r^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\sigma ^r=`$ (A236)
$`=`$ $`x_{(\mathrm{})}^\mu (0)+l^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\tau +b_s^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){}_{}{}^{3}e_{}^{(WSW)}{}_{(a)}{}^{s}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\delta _{(a)r}\sigma ^r=`$ (A237)
$`=`$ $`x_{(\mathrm{})}^\mu (0)+b_A^\mu (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })F^A(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),`$ (A241)
$`F^\tau (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })={\displaystyle \frac{\tau }{ϵ+n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}},`$
$`F^s(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })={}_{}{}^{3}e_{}^{(WSW)}{}_{(a)}{}^{s}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })\delta _{(a)r}\sigma ^r{\displaystyle \frac{n^s(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{ϵ+n(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}}\tau ,`$
with the transition coefficients $`b_A^\mu `$ determined by Eqs.(209) of Ref.

$`b_A^\mu `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{z_{(WSW)}^\mu }{\sigma ^A}}=b_B^\mu {\displaystyle \frac{F^B}{\sigma ^A}}+{\displaystyle \frac{b_B^\mu }{\sigma ^A}}F^B,`$ (A244)
$`A_A{}_{}{}^{B}=\delta _A^B{\displaystyle \frac{F^B}{\sigma ^A}},`$
$`F^B{\displaystyle \frac{b_B^\mu }{\sigma ^A}}`$ $`=`$ $`A_A{}_{}{}^{B}b_{B}^{\mu },`$ (A247)
$`orb_b^\mu =(A^1)_B{}_{}{}^{a}F_{}^{C}{\displaystyle \frac{b_C^\mu }{\sigma ^A}}.`$
## B The Kernels $`F_{(a)(b)}^{(o)r}`$.

As shown in Ref. the kernels $`F_{(a)(b)}^{(o)r}`$’s, zero curvature limit of the kernels $`F_{(a)(b)}^r`$’s of Eq.(59), are given by the equations

$`F_{(a)(b)}^{(o)s}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[ϵ_{(a)(s)(b)}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1){\displaystyle \underset{u,r}{}}ϵ_{(u)(r)(b)}{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)su}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{\sigma _1^r}}\right],`$ (B1)
$`F_{(a)(1)}^{(o)r}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)r3}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma _1^2}}\delta _{(a)3}\delta _2^r\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=`$ (B3)
$`=`$ $`\delta _{(a)2}\delta _3^r\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1){\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)r2}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma _1^3}},`$ (B4)
$`F_{(a)(2)}^{(o)r}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)r1}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma _1^3}}\delta _{(a)1}\delta _3^r\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=`$ (B5)
$`=`$ $`\delta _{(a)3}\delta _1^r\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1){\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)r3}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma _1^1}},`$ (B6)
$`F_{(a)(3)}^{(o)r}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)r2}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma _1^1}}\delta _{(a)2}\delta _1^r\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=`$ (B7)
$`=`$ $`\delta _{(a)1}\delta _2^r\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1){\displaystyle \frac{G_{(a)}^{(o)r1}(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1,\stackrel{}{\sigma };\tau )}{\sigma _1^2}},`$ (B8)
so that from Eqs.(132) we get

$`F_{(a)(b)}^{(o)a}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`0,a,b=1,2,3,`$ (B9)
$`F_{(2)(1)}^{(o)3}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`F_{(3)(1)}^{(o)2}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=F_{(3)(2)}^{(o)1}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=F_{(1)(2)}^{(o)3}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=`$ (B11)
$`=`$ $`F_{(1)(3)}^{(o)2}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=F_{(2)(3)}^{(o)1}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1),`$ (B12)
$`F_{(1)(1)}^{(o)2}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`F_{(2)(1)}^{(o)1}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=`$ (B14)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma _1^3}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^1}}𝑑w_1^1\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },w_1^1\sigma _1^2\sigma _1^3)=`$ (B15)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\theta (\sigma _1^1,\sigma ^1)\delta (\sigma ^2,\sigma _1^2){\displaystyle \frac{\delta (\sigma ^3,\sigma _1^3)}{\sigma _1^3}},`$ (B16)
$`F_{(2)(3)}^{(o)3}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`F_{(3)(3)}^{(o)2}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=`$ (B17)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma _1^1}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^3}}𝑑w_1^3\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\sigma _1^1\sigma _1^2w_1^3)=`$ (B18)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta (\sigma ^1,\sigma _1^1)}{\sigma _1^1}}\delta (\sigma ^2,\sigma _1^2)\theta (\sigma _1^3,\sigma ^3),`$ (B19)
$`F_{(1)(1)}^{(o)3}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`F_{(3)(1)}^{(o)1}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=`$ (B20)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma _1^2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^1}}𝑑w_1^1\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },w_1^1\sigma _1^2\sigma _1^3)=`$ (B21)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\theta (\sigma _1^1,\sigma ^1){\displaystyle \frac{\delta (\sigma ^2,\sigma _1^2)}{\sigma _1^2}}\delta (\sigma ^3,\sigma _1^3),`$ (B22)
$`F_{(2)(2)}^{(o)3}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`F_{(3)(2)}^{(o)2}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=`$ (B23)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma _1^1}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^2}}𝑑w_1^2\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\sigma _1^1w_1^2\sigma _1^3)=`$ (B24)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta (\sigma ^1,\sigma _1^1)}{\sigma _1^1}}\theta (\sigma _1^2,\sigma ^2)\delta (\sigma ^3,\sigma _1^3),`$ (B25)
$`F_{(1)(2)}^{(o)2}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`F_{(2)(2)}^{(o)1}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=`$ (B26)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma _1^3}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^2}}𝑑w_1^2\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\sigma _1^1w_1^2\sigma _1^3)=`$ (B27)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\delta (\sigma ^1,\sigma _1^1)\theta (\sigma _1^2,\sigma ^2){\displaystyle \frac{\delta (\sigma ^3,\sigma _1^3)}{\sigma _1^3}},`$ (B28)
$`F_{(1)(3)}^{(o)3}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)`$ $`=`$ $`F_{(3)(3)}^{(o)1}(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)=`$ (B29)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma _1^2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^3}}𝑑w_1^3\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{\sigma },\sigma _1^1\sigma _1^2w_1^3)=`$ (B30)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\delta (\sigma ^1,\sigma _1^1){\displaystyle \frac{\delta (\sigma ^2,\sigma _1^2)}{\sigma _1^2}}\theta (\sigma _1^3,\sigma ^3).`$ (B31)
## C Fourier Transforms.

By assuming the validity of the Fourier transform on the linearized WSW CMC-hyper-surfaces, which are assimilated to flat $`R^3`$ surfaces at the lowest level, for the real functions $`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, $`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ we have

$`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma }}},\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})=\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k}),`$ (C1)
$`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma }}},\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})=\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k}),`$ (C4)
$`\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})={\displaystyle d^3\sigma r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma }}},\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})={\displaystyle d^3\sigma \pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma }}},`$
$`\{\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k}),\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k}_1)\}`$ $`=`$ $`\{{\displaystyle d^3\sigma r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma }}},{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\pi _{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)e^{i\stackrel{}{k}_1\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1}}\}`$ (C8)
$`=\delta _{\overline{a}\overline{b}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1d^3\sigma e^{i\stackrel{}{k}_1\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1}e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma }}\delta (\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}`$
$`=\delta _{\overline{a}\overline{b}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma e^{i(\stackrel{}{k}+\stackrel{}{k}_1)\stackrel{}{\sigma }}}=(2\pi )^3\delta _{\overline{a}\overline{b}}\delta (\stackrel{}{k}+\stackrel{}{k}_1).`$
The conditions (207) and (208) become

$`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,0k^2k^3)=\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,k^10k^3)=\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,k^1k^20)=0,`$ (C9)
(C10)
$`\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,0k^2k^3)=\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,k^10k^3)=\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,k^1k^20)=0.`$ (C11)
Some useful relations are

$`\theta (x)=lim_{ϵ0}{\displaystyle \frac{dk}{2\pi i}\frac{e^{ikx}}{kiϵ}},{\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\frac{e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma }}}{|\stackrel{}{k}|^2}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }|}},`$ (C12)
$`\psi (x)={\displaystyle 𝑑y\theta (xy)f(y)}\stackrel{~}{f}(k)=ik\stackrel{~}{\psi }(k),`$ (C13)
(C14)
$`\mathrm{}r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })={\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}[_\tau ^2+|\stackrel{}{k}|^2]\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma }}},`$ (C15)
(C16)
$`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma }}d^3\sigma _1\frac{f(\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}={\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{f}(\stackrel{}{k})}{|\stackrel{}{k}|^2}},`$ (C17)
(C18)
$`{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}={\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\frac{\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})}{|\stackrel{}{k}|^2}e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma }}},`$ (C19)
(C20)
$`{\displaystyle 𝑑\sigma _1^u\theta (\sigma ^u,\sigma _1^u)𝑑\sigma _2^u\theta (\sigma _2^u,\sigma _1^u)e^{ik^u\sigma _2^u}}={\displaystyle \frac{e^{ik^u\sigma ^u}}{k_u^2}},{\displaystyle 𝑑\sigma _1^r\theta (\sigma _1^r,\sigma ^u)e^{ik^r\sigma _1^r}}={\displaystyle \frac{e^{ik^r\sigma ^r}}{ik_r}},`$ (C21)
(C22)
$`since`$ (C23)
(C24)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(\sigma ^u)^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{e^{ik^u\sigma ^u}}{k_u^2}}\right)=e^{ik^u\sigma ^u}={\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(\sigma ^u)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma ^u}}𝑑\sigma _1^u{\displaystyle _{\sigma _1^u}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _2^ue^{ik^u\sigma _2^u},`$ (C25)
(C26)
(C27)
$`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma ^u}}𝑑\sigma _1^u{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma _1^u}}𝑑\sigma _2^u{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^v}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _1^v{\displaystyle _{\sigma _1^v}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _2^v{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _3\frac{_{3r}^2_{3s}^2_{3w}^2_{3t}^2r_{\overline{c}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_3)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2\stackrel{}{\sigma }_3|}}|_{\stackrel{}{\sigma }_2=(\sigma _2^u\sigma _2^v\sigma ^{ku,v})}=`$ (C28)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\frac{k_r^2k_s^2k_w^2k_t^2}{k_u^2k_v^2|\stackrel{}{k}|^2}\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{c}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})e^{i\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma }}}.`$ (C29)
Let us consider Eqs.(381). Their Fourier transform is

$$_\tau \stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})=\underset{\overline{b}}{}A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k}),$$
(C30)
where the matrix $`A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{k})`$ is

$`A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{k})`$ $`=`$ $`A_{\overline{b}\overline{a}}(\stackrel{}{k})=A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{k})={\displaystyle \frac{24\pi G}{c^3}}[\delta _{\overline{a}\overline{b}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \underset{r,s,u,v}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\gamma _{\overline{b}s}`$ (C34)
$`(1\delta _{uv})[12(\delta _{ur}+\delta _{vr})][12(\delta _{us}+\delta _{vs})]\left({\displaystyle \frac{k^rk^s}{k^uk^v}}\right)^2],`$
$`det\left(A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{k})\right)={\displaystyle \frac{192\pi ^2G^2}{c^6}}{\displaystyle \frac{|\stackrel{}{k}|^6}{(k^1k^2k^3)^2}}.`$
Eq.(C11) implies that Eq.(C30) is well defined, even if the matrix $`A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{k})`$ diverges for $`k^r0`$, if $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})`$ vanishes for $`\stackrel{}{k}0`$ at least as $`(k^1k^2k^3)^{2+ϵ}`$, $`ϵ>0`$.

For $`\stackrel{}{k}0`$ its inverse is

$`A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}^1(\stackrel{}{k})`$ $`=`$ $`A_{\overline{b}\overline{a}}^1(\stackrel{}{k})=A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}^1(\stackrel{}{k})=`$ (C35)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{detA(\stackrel{}{k})}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{c}\overline{d}}{}}ϵ_{\overline{a}\overline{c}}ϵ_{\overline{b}\overline{d}}A_{\overline{c}\overline{d}}(\stackrel{}{k})={\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{8\pi G}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{|\stackrel{}{k}|^6}}[(k^1k^2k^3)^2\delta _{\overline{a}\overline{b}}+`$ (C36)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{r,s,t,\overline{c},\overline{d}}{}}ϵ_{\overline{a}\overline{c}}\gamma _{\overline{c}r}ϵ_{\overline{b}\overline{d}}\gamma _{\overline{d}s}(2\delta _{tr}1)(2\delta _{ts}1)(k^rk^sk^t)^2].`$ (C37)
The Fourier transform of Eq.(392) is

$$_\tau \stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})=\underset{\overline{b}}{}B_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k}),$$
(C38)
where $`B_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{k})`$ is the matrix

$`B_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{k})`$ $`=`$ $`B_{\overline{b}\overline{a}}(\stackrel{}{k})=B_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{k})=`$ (C39)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{24\pi G}}\left[\delta _{\overline{a}\overline{b}}{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}k_r^2+{\displaystyle \underset{rs}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\gamma _{\overline{b}s}\left(2\delta _{rs}k_r^2{\displaystyle \frac{k_r^2k_s^2}{2|\stackrel{}{k}|^2}}\right)\right],`$ (C41)
$`det\left(B_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{k})\right)={\displaystyle \frac{c^6(k^1k^2k^3)^2}{192\pi ^2G^2|\stackrel{}{k}|^2}},`$
satisfying

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{k})B_{\overline{b}\overline{c}}(\stackrel{}{k})`$ $`=`$ $`|\stackrel{}{k}|^2\delta _{\overline{a}\overline{c}}={\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}B_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{k})A_{\overline{b}\overline{c}}(\stackrel{}{k}),`$ (C42)
$``$ $`A^1(\stackrel{}{k})=|\stackrel{}{k}|^2B(\stackrel{}{k}).`$ (C44)
But this implies that the Fourier transform of Eq.(407) reduces to the wave equation

$`\ddot{\stackrel{~}{r}}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})`$ $`\stackrel{}{=}`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}\left(|\stackrel{}{k}|^2\delta _{\overline{a}\overline{b}}+2{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}k_r^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{rs}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}{\displaystyle \frac{k_r^2k_s^2}{|\stackrel{}{k}|^2}}\right)\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})+`$ (C45)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{c}}{}}({\displaystyle \underset{rs}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{tw}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{uv}{}}[2\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\gamma _{\overline{c}s}+4\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\gamma _{\overline{c}t}(\delta _{ts}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}})\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\gamma _{\overline{c}w}(\delta _{ts}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}})](1\delta _{uv})`$ (C47)
$`[12(\delta _{ur}+\delta _{vr})][12(\delta _{us}+\delta _{vs})]{\displaystyle \frac{k_t^2k_w^2k_r^2k_s^2}{k_u^2k_v^2|\stackrel{}{k}|^2}})\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{c}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})=`$
$`=`$ $`|\stackrel{}{k}|^2\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k}),`$ (C48)
whose solutions

$`r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\left(C_{\overline{a}}(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i(|\stackrel{}{k}|\tau \stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma })}+C_{\overline{a}}^{}(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i(|\stackrel{}{k}|\tau \stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma })}\right)},`$ (C51)
$`\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})=C_{\overline{a}}(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i|\stackrel{}{k}|\tau }+C_{\overline{a}}^{}(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i|\stackrel{}{k}|\tau },`$
have the arbitrary functions $`C_{\overline{a}}(\stackrel{}{k})`$ satisfying Eq.(C11). Then Eqs.(389) imply the following form of the momenta restricted to the solutions

$`\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`i{\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\underset{\overline{b}}{}A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}^1(\stackrel{}{k})|\stackrel{}{k}|\left[C_{\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i(|\stackrel{}{k}|\tau \stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma })}C_{\overline{a}}^{}(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i(|\stackrel{}{k}|\tau \stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\sigma })}\right]},`$ (C52)
$`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}^1(\stackrel{}{k})_\tau \stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})=`$ (C54)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{b}}{}}A_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}^1(\stackrel{}{k})\left[i|\stackrel{}{k}|C_{\overline{b}}(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i|\stackrel{}{k}|\tau }+i|\stackrel{}{k}|C_{\overline{b}}^{}(\stackrel{}{k})e^{i|\stackrel{}{k}|\tau }\right].`$ (C55)
To have $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})`$ vanishing for $`\stackrel{}{k}0`$ at least as $`(k^1k^2k^3)^{2+ϵ}`$, $`ϵ>0`$, we must require that the functions $`C_{\overline{a}}(\stackrel{}{k})`$ vanish at least as $`(k^1k^2k^3)^ϵ`$ for $`k^r0`$.

The Fourier transform of the ADM energy (221) is

$`\widehat{E}_{ADM}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{12\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\underset{\overline{a}}{}\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})}+`$ (C56)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{48\pi G}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\underset{\overline{a}r}{}k_r^2\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})}+`$ (C57)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}\overline{b}}{}}[{\displaystyle \underset{r,s,u,v}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\gamma _{\overline{b}s}(1\delta _{uv})[12(\delta _{ur}+\delta _{vr})]`$ (C60)
$`[12(\delta _{us}+\delta _{vs})]\left({\displaystyle \frac{k^rk^s}{k^uk^v}}\right)^2\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})]`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{24\pi G}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\underset{\overline{a}\overline{b}r}{}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\gamma _{\overline{b}r}k_r^2\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})}+`$ (C61)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{c^3}{96\pi G}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\underset{\overline{a}\overline{b}ru}{}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\gamma _{\overline{b}u}\frac{k_r^2k_u^2}{|\stackrel{}{k}|^2}\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})}.`$ (C62)
As a check we can recover the Fourier transforms (C30) and (C38) of the Hamilton equations by using this form of the weak ADM energy and the Poisson brackets (C8).

The Fourier transform of the shift functions (237) is

$$\stackrel{~}{n}_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})=i\sqrt{3}\frac{2\pi G}{c^3}\underset{\overline{b}vuc}{}\gamma _{\overline{b}v}(1\delta _{uc})[12(\delta _{uv}+\delta _{cv})][12(\delta _{ur}+\delta _{cr})]\frac{k_rk_v^2}{k_u^2k_c^2}\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{b}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k}),$$
(C63)
while the Fourier transform of the extrinsic curvature is

$${}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{\widehat{K}}_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})=ϵ\sqrt{3}\frac{4\pi G}{c^3}\underset{\overline{a}}{}\left[2\delta _{rs}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}(1\delta _{rs})\underset{w}{}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}[12(\delta _{rw}+\delta _{sw})]\frac{k_w^2}{k_rk_s}\right]\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k}),$$
(C64)
The following Fourier transforms are used in the study of the geodesic deviation equation

$`{}_{}{}^{4}\stackrel{~}{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}}_{\tau s}^{r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})`$ $`=`$ $`ik_s\stackrel{~}{n}_r(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})+ϵ{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{\widehat{K}}_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k}),`$ (C65)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\stackrel{~}{\widehat{R}}_{\tau s\tau }^{r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_\tau {}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{\widehat{K}}_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k}).`$ (C67)
The Fourier transforms of the exponent $`q(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ ($`\sqrt{{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{g}}ϵ(1+3q)`$) of the conformal factor of the 3-metric, given in Eq.(66), and of the inverse 3-metric (LABEL:III7) are

$$\stackrel{~}{q}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{3}}\underset{\overline{a}u}{}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}\frac{k_u^2}{|\stackrel{}{k}|^2}\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k}),$$
(C68)
and

$${}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{~}{\widehat{\gamma }}_{}^{rs}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})=\delta ^{rs}\left(1\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\underset{\overline{a}}{}\left[\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{d}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})+\frac{1}{2}\underset{u}{}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}\frac{k_u^2}{|\stackrel{}{k}|^2}\stackrel{~}{r}_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{k})\right]\right).$$
(C69)
## D Linearized 3- and 4-Tensors.

### 1 Linearized 3-Tensors on the WSW Hyper-Surfaces $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau `$

¿From Eqs.(271) and (A88) we get the following results for the linearized Riemannian structure of the WSW hyper-surfaces $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau ^{(WSW)}`$.

The Christoffel symbols are

$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{uv}^{r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}(\delta _{uv}[\gamma _{\overline{a}u}_rr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (D1)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_r{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}]+`$ (D2)
$`+`$ $`\delta _{ru}[\gamma _{\overline{a}u}_vr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (D3)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_v{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}]+`$ (D4)
$`+`$ $`\delta _{rv}[\gamma _{\overline{a}v}_ur_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (D5)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_u{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}])+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D6)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{v}{}}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{uv}^{v}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_u{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D9)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}_{(s}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{r)u}^{u}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_r_s{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D10)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}_r{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{uv}^{r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}([\delta _{uv}(\gamma _{\overline{a}u}\mathrm{}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_w^2)+(\gamma _{\overline{a}u}+\gamma _{\overline{a}v})_u_v]r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (D11)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_u_v{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}})+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D12)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{ur}{}}_r{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{ru}^{u}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{ru}{}}_r{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{uu}^{r}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })={\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_w^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D13)
while the spin connection and the field strength are

$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\omega }_{r(a)}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}ϵ_{(a)(r)(u)}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[\gamma _{\overline{a}r}_ur_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (D14)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{v}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}v}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma ^u}}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1u}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}]+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D15)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}_{rs(a)}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`_r{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\omega }_{s(a)}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })_s{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\omega }_{r(a)}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (D16)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}u}{}}(ϵ_{(a)(s)(u)}[\gamma _{\overline{a}s}_u_rr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (D17)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{v}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}v}_u_r{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1v}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}]`$ (D18)
$``$ $`ϵ_{(a)(r)(u)}[\gamma _{\overline{a}r}_u_sr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (D19)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{v}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}v}_u_s{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1v}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}])+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (D20)
Finally the Riemann and Ricci tensors and the curvature scalars are

$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{R}_{rsuv}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_{(r)(s)(a)}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}_{uv(a)}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (D21)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}([\gamma _{\overline{a}r}(\delta _{rv}_s_u\delta _{ru}_s_v)\gamma _{\overline{a}s}(\delta _{sv}_r_u\delta _{su}_r_v)]r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (D22)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}t}\left[\delta _{rv}_s_u\delta _{ru}_s_v(\delta _{sv}_r_u\delta _{su}_r_v)\right]`$ (D24)
$`{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1t}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}})+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{R}_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{R}_{urus}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (D26)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}([(\gamma _{\overline{a}r}+\gamma _{\overline{a}s})_r_s\delta _{rs}(\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\mathrm{}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}t}_t^2)]r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (D27)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}t}_r_sd^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1t}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}})+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D28)
$`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{R}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{R}_{rr}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}v}{}}_v^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (D30)
### 2 The 4-Christoffel Symbols, the 4-Riemann Tensor and Einstein Equations.

In this Subsection we will give the linearized form of the main 4-tensors of our space-time.

By using the parametrization of the 4-metric $`{}_{}{}^{4}g_{AB}^{}`$ given in footnote 6 and Eqs.(332), with the $`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{rs}^{u}`$’s of Eq.(D13), we get the following 4-Christoffel symbols \[$`N=ϵ+n`$, $`N^r=n_r+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$\]

$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\tau \tau }^{\tau }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}[_\tau N+N^r_rNN^rN^s{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{rs}^{}]\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (D31)
$`=`$ $`0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D32)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{r\tau }^{\tau }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}[_rN{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{rs}^{}N^s]\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D34)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{rs}^{\tau }(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{rs}^{}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (D36)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi G}{c^3}}{}_{}{}^{3}G_{o(a)(b)(c)(d)}^{}\delta _{(a)r}\delta _{(b)s}{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}\delta _{(c)u}{}_{}{}^{3}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}_{(d)}^{u}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (D37)
$`=`$ $`\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[2\delta _{rs}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (D38)
$`+`$ $`[1\delta _{rs}]{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}[12(\delta _{rw}+\delta _{sw})]`$ (D40)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(\sigma ^w)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^r}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^r{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^s}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^s\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _1^r\sigma _1^s\sigma ^{kr,s})]+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\tau \tau }^{u}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`(_\tau N^u{\displaystyle \frac{N^u}{N}}_\tau N+({}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{}^{uv}{\displaystyle \frac{N^uN^v}{N^2}})N_vN+`$ (D42)
$`+`$ $`N^u{}_{|v}{}^{}N_{}^{v}2N({}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{}^{uv}{\displaystyle \frac{N^uN^v}{N^2}}){}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{vr}^{}N^r)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (D43)
$`=`$ $`_\tau n_u(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (D44)
$`=`$ $`\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}t}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}t}{\displaystyle \underset{mn}{}}(1\delta _{mn})[12(\delta _m^u+\delta _n^u)][12(\delta _{tm}+\delta _{tn})]`$ (D46)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma ^u}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma ^m}}𝑑\sigma _1^m{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma ^n}}𝑑\sigma _1^n{\displaystyle _{\sigma _1^m}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _2^m{\displaystyle _{\sigma _1^n}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _2^n{\displaystyle \frac{^2_\tau \pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _2^m\sigma _2^n\sigma _2^{km,n})}{(\sigma _2^t)^2}}|_{\sigma _2^k=\sigma ^k}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{r\tau }^{u}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`(N^u{}_{|r}{}^{}{\displaystyle \frac{N^u}{N}}_rNN({}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{g}_{}^{uv}{\displaystyle \frac{N^uN^v}{N^2}}){}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{vr}^{})(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (D48)
$`=`$ $`_rn_u(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+ϵ{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{ur}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (D49)
$`=`$ $`_rn_u(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi G}{c^3}}{}_{}{}^{3}G_{o(a)(b)(c)(d)}^{}\delta _(^ua)\delta _{(b)r}{\displaystyle }_w\delta _{(c)w}^3\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{\pi }}^w_{(d)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (D50)
$`=`$ $`\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[2\delta _r^u\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+[1\delta _r^u]{\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}t}[12(\delta _t^u+\delta _{rt})]`$ (D52)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(\sigma ^t)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^u}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _1^u{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^r}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\sigma _1^r\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _1^u\sigma _1^r\sigma ^{ku,r})+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}t}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}t}{\displaystyle \underset{mn}{}}(1\delta _{mn})[12(\delta _m^u+\delta _n^u)][12(\delta _{tm}+\delta _{tn})]`$ (D54)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{\sigma ^r\sigma ^u}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma ^m}}d\sigma _1^m{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\sigma ^n}}d\sigma _1^n{\displaystyle _{\sigma _1^m}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _2^m{\displaystyle _{\sigma _1^n}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _2^n{\displaystyle \frac{^2\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _2^m\sigma _2^n\sigma _2^{km,n})}{(\sigma _2^t)^2}}|_{\sigma _2^k=\sigma ^k}]+`$
$`+`$ $`O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D55)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{rs}^{u}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`\left({}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{rs}^{u}+{\displaystyle \frac{N^u}{N}}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{rs}^{}\right)(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (D57)
$`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{rs}^{u}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (D58)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}(\delta _{uv}[\gamma _{\overline{a}u}_rr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_r{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}]+`$ (D59)
$`+`$ $`\delta _{ru}\left[\gamma _{\overline{a}u}_vr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_v{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}\right]+`$ (D60)
$`+`$ $`\delta _{rv}[\gamma _{\overline{a}v}_ur_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_u{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}])+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (D61)
Since $`\phi _{(a)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0`$ in our gauge, the space-time spin connection $`{}_{}{}^{4}\omega _{A}^{}{}_{}{}^{(\alpha )}{}_{(\beta )}{}^{}={}_{}{}^{4}E_{B}^{(\alpha )}[_A{}_{}{}^{4}E_{(\beta )}^{B}+{}_{}{}^{4}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{AC}^{B}{}_{}{}^{4}E_{(\beta )}^{C}]`$ can be evaluated with the formula

$${}_{}{}^{4}\stackrel{}{\omega }_{A}^{}{}_{}{}^{(\alpha )}{}_{(\beta )}{}^{}={}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{B}^{(\alpha )}[_A{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{(\beta )}^{B}+{}_{}{}^{4}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{AC}^{B}{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{(\beta )}^{C}],$$
(D62)
by using Eqs.(280) and (D61).

For the 4-Riemann tensor $`{}_{}{}^{4}R_{}^{A}{}_{BCD}{}^{}=\frac{1}{2}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{AE}(_B_D{}_{}{}^{4}g_{EC}^{}+_E_C{}_{}{}^{4}g_{BD}^{}_E_D{}_{}{}^{4}g_{BC}^{}_B_C{}_{}{}^{4}g_{ED}^{})+{}_{}{}^{4}g_{}^{AL}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{EF}^{}({}_{}{}^{4}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{LC}^{E}{}_{}{}^{4}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{BD}^{F}{}_{}{}^{4}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{LD}^{E}{}_{}{}^{4}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{BC}^{F})`$ we get

$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{A}_{BCD}`$ $`=`$ $`_C{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{BD}^{A}_D{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{CB}^{A}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D63)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{\tau }{}_{\tau CD}{}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D65)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{\tau }{}_{r\tau s}{}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`_\tau {}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{rs}^{\tau }+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=ϵ_\tau {}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{rs}^{}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (D66)
$`=`$ $`\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[2\delta _{rs}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (D67)
$`+`$ $`[1\delta _{rs}]{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}[12(\delta _{rw}+\delta _{sw})]`$ (D69)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(\sigma ^w)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^r}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^r{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^s}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^s_\tau \pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _1^r\sigma _1^s\sigma ^{kr,s})]+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{\tau }{}_{ruv}{}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`_u{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{rv}^{\tau }_v{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{ur}^{\tau }=+ϵ(_u{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{rv}^{}_v{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{ru}^{})=`$ (D70)
$`=`$ $`\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[2\gamma _{\overline{a}r}(\delta _{rv}_u\delta _{ru}_v)\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+{\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}t}`$ (D72)
$`((1\delta _{rv})[12(\delta _{rt}+\delta _{vt})]{\displaystyle \frac{^3}{\sigma ^u(\sigma ^t)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^r}^{\mathrm{}}}dw^r{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^v}^{\mathrm{}}}dw^v\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,w^rw^v\sigma ^{kr,v})`$
$``$ $`(1\delta _{ru})[12(\delta _{rt}+\delta _{ut})]{\displaystyle \frac{^3}{\sigma ^v(\sigma ^t)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^r}^{\mathrm{}}}dw^r{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^u}^{\mathrm{}}}dw^u\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,w^rw^u\sigma ^{kr,u}))]+`$ (D73)
$`+`$ $`O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D74)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{r}{}_{\tau s\tau }{}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_\tau {}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (D75)
$`=`$ $`\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[2\delta _{rs}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}_\tau \pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (D76)
$`+`$ $`[1\delta _{rs}]{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}[12(\delta _{rw}+\delta _{sw})]`$ (D78)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(\sigma ^w)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^r}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^r{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^s}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^s_\tau \pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _1^r\sigma _1^s\sigma ^{kr,s})]+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{r}{}_{\tau uv}{}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{\tau }{}_{ruv}{}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),`$ (D79)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{r}{}_{suv}{}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`_u{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{sv}^{r}_v{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{us}^{r}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (D80)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}(\delta _{su}[\gamma _{\overline{a}r}_v_rr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{\sigma ^v\sigma ^r}}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{(_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}})(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}]`$ (D81)
$``$ $`\delta _{sv}\left[\gamma _{\overline{a}s}_u_rr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{\sigma ^u\sigma ^r}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{(_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}})(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}\right]+`$ (D82)
$`+`$ $`\delta _{rv}\left[\gamma _{\overline{a}v}_u_sr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{\sigma ^u\sigma ^s}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{(_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}})(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}\right]`$ (D83)
$``$ $`\delta _{ru}[\gamma _{\overline{a}u}_v_sr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{\sigma ^v\sigma ^s}}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{(_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}})(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}])+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (D84)
Then we get the following linearization of the Ricci tensor and of the curvature scalar

$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{AB}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{E}{}_{AEB}{}^{}={}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{\tau }{}_{A\tau B}{}^{}+{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{r}{}_{ArB}{}^{},`$ (D85)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{\tau \tau }^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{r}{}_{\tau r\tau }{}^{}=ϵ{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}_\tau {}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{rr}^{}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)\stackrel{}{=}0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D87)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{\tau u}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{r}{}_{\tau ru}{}^{}=ϵ{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}(_r{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{ru}^{}_u{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{rr}^{})+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (D88)
$`=`$ $`ϵ{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}_r{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{ru}^{}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)\stackrel{}{=}0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D89)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{rs}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{\tau }{}_{r\tau s}{}^{}+{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{u}{}_{rus}{}^{}=`$ (D90)
$`=`$ $`ϵ_\tau {}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{rs}^{}+{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}(_u{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{rs}^{u}_{(s}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{r)u}^{u})+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D91)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}\eta _{}^{AB}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{AB}^{}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=ϵ({}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{\tau \tau }^{}{\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{rr}^{})+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (D93)
$`=`$ $`ϵ{\displaystyle \underset{ur}{}}(_u{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{rr}^{u}_r{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{ru}^{u})+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (D94)
We see that the Einstein’s equations $`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{\tau A}^{}\stackrel{}{=}0`$ (corresponding to the super-hamiltonian and super-momentum constraints) are satisfied as a consequence of the results of Section II.

The spatial Einstein equations $`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{rs}^{}\stackrel{}{=}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}`$ are independent from the shift functions $`n_r`$ and, after having used the Hamilton equations (395) to eliminate $`_\tau \pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$, it can be checked with a long but straightforward calculation that they are satisfied

$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_\tau {}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{K}_{rs}^{}+{\displaystyle \underset{u}{}}(_u{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{rs}^{u}_{(s}{}_{}{}^{3}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{r)u}^{u})(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (D95)
$`=`$ $`\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[2\delta _{rs}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}_\tau \pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (D96)
$`+`$ $`(1\delta _{rs}){\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}[12(\delta _{rw}+\delta _{sw})]`$ (D98)
$`_w^2{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^r}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^r{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^s}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^s_\tau \pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _1^r\sigma _1^s\sigma ^{kr,s})]+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}([\delta _{rs}(\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\mathrm{}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_w^2)+(\gamma _{\overline{a}r}+\gamma _{\overline{a}s})_r_s]r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (D99)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_r_s{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}})+`$ (D100)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_r_s{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}\stackrel{}{=}0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (D101)
Then we can obtain the field strength in our gauge by using the equation $`{}_{}{}^{4}\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_{AB(\alpha )(\beta )}^{}={}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{(\alpha )}^{C}{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{(\beta )}^{D}{}_{}{}^{4}R_{CDAB}^{}=_A{}_{}{}^{4}\stackrel{}{\omega }_{B(\alpha )(\beta )}^{}_B{}_{}{}^{4}\stackrel{}{\omega }_{A(\alpha )(\beta )}^{}+{}_{}{}^{4}\stackrel{}{\omega }_{A(\alpha )(\gamma )}^{}`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}\stackrel{}{\omega }_{B(\beta )}^{(\gamma )}{}_{}{}^{4}\stackrel{}{\omega }_{B(\alpha )(\gamma )}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\stackrel{}{\omega }_{A(\beta )}^{(\gamma )}`$.

### 3 The 4-Weyl and 4-Bel-Robinson Tensors and the Kretschmann Invariant.

In this Section we will study the radiation gauge form of others 4-tensors.

Let us evaluate the 4-Weyl tensor $`{}_{}{}^{4}C_{ABCD}^{}={}_{}{}^{4}R_{ABCD}^{}+\frac{1}{2}({}_{}{}^{4}R_{AC}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{BD}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}R_{BC}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{AD}^{}+{}_{}{}^{4}R_{BD}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{AC}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}R_{AD}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{BC}^{})+\frac{1}{6}({}_{}{}^{4}g_{AC}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{BD}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{AD}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{BC}^{}){}_{}{}^{4}R\stackrel{}{=}{}_{}{}^{4}R_{ABCD}^{}`$. We get

$`{}_{}{}^{4}C_{rstu}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}R_{rstu}^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}R_{rt}^{}\delta _{su}+ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}R_{st}^{}\delta _{ru}ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}R_{su}^{}\delta _{rt}+ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}R_{ru}^{}\delta _{st})=`$
$`=`$ $`ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}(\delta _{st}[\gamma _{\overline{a}r}_u_rr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{\sigma ^u\sigma ^r}}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{(_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}})(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}]`$
$``$ $`\delta _{su}\left[\gamma _{\overline{a}s}_t_rr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{\sigma ^t\sigma ^r}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{(_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}})(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}\right]+`$
$`+`$ $`\delta _{ru}\left[\gamma _{\overline{a}u}_t_sr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{\sigma ^t\sigma ^s}}{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{(_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}})(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}\right]`$
$``$ $`\delta _{rt}[\gamma _{\overline{a}t}_u_sr_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{\sigma ^u\sigma ^s}}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{(_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}})(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}])+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(ϵ\delta _{su}\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[2\delta _{rt}\gamma _{\overline{a}t}_\tau \pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$
$`+`$ $`(1\delta _{rt}){\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}[12(\delta _{rw}+\delta _{tw})]`$
$`_w^2{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^r}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^r{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^t}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^t_\tau \pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _1^r\sigma _1^s\sigma ^{kr,t})]+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}([\delta _{rt}(\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\mathrm{}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_w^2)+(\gamma _{\overline{a}r}+\gamma _{\overline{a}t})_r_t]r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_r_t{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}})+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_r_t{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}+`$
$`+`$ $`ϵ\delta _{ru}\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[2\delta _{st}\gamma _{\overline{a}t}_\tau \pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$
$`+`$ $`(1\delta _{st}){\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}[12(\delta _{sw}+\delta _{tw})]\times `$
$`_w^2{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^s}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^s{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^t}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^t_\tau \pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _1^s\sigma _1^t\sigma ^{ks,t})]+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}([\delta _{st}(\gamma _{\overline{a}s}\mathrm{}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_w^2)+(\gamma _{\overline{a}s}+\gamma _{\overline{a}s})_s_t]r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_s_t{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}})+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_s_t{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}`$
$``$ $`ϵ\delta _{rt}\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[2\delta _{su}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}_\tau \pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$
$`+`$ $`(1\delta _{su}){\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}[12(\delta _{sw}+\delta _{uw})]`$
$`_w^2{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^s}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^s{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^u}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^u_\tau \pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _1^s\sigma _1^u\sigma ^{ks,u})]+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}([\delta _{su}(\gamma _{\overline{a}s}\mathrm{}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_w^2)+(\gamma _{\overline{a}s}+\gamma _{\overline{a}u})_s_u]r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_s_u{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}})+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_s_u{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}+`$
$`+`$ $`ϵ\delta _{st}\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[2\delta _{rs}\gamma _{\overline{a}u}_\tau \pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$
$`+`$ $`(1\delta _{ru}){\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}[12(\delta _{rw}+\delta _{uw})]`$
$`_w^2{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^r}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^r{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^u}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^u_\tau \pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _1^r\sigma _1^u\sigma ^{kr,u})]+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}([\delta _{ru}(\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\mathrm{}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_w^2)+(\gamma _{\overline{a}r}+\gamma _{\overline{a}s})_r_u]r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_r_u{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}})+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_r_u{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}})+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$
$`{}_{}{}^{4}C_{\tau ruv}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}R_{\tau ruv}^{}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)=`$ (D102)
$`=`$ $`ϵ\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[2\gamma _{\overline{a}r}(\delta _{rv}_u\delta _{ru}_v)\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+{\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}t}`$ (D104)
$`((1\delta _{rv})[12(\delta _{rt}+\delta _{vt})]{\displaystyle \frac{^3}{\sigma ^u(\sigma ^t)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^r}^{\mathrm{}}}dw^r{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^v}^{\mathrm{}}}dw^v\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,w^rw^v\sigma ^{kr,v})`$
$``$ $`(1\delta _{ru})[12(\delta _{rt}+\delta _{ut})]{\displaystyle \frac{^3}{\sigma ^v(\sigma ^t)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^r}^{\mathrm{}}}dw^r{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^u}^{\mathrm{}}}dw^u\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,w^rw^u\sigma ^{kr,u}))]+`$ (D105)
$`+`$ $`O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D106)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}C_{\tau r\tau s}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}R_{\tau r\tau s}^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}ϵ{}_{}{}^{4}R_{rs}^{}=`$ (D108)
$`=`$ $`ϵ\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[2\delta _{rs}\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (D109)
$`+`$ $`[1\delta _{rs}]{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}[12(\delta _{rw}+\delta _{sw})]`$ (D111)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{(\sigma ^w)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^r}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^r{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^s}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^s_\tau \pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _1^r\sigma _1^s\sigma ^{kr,s})]+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{2}}\sqrt{3}{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi G}{c^3}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}[2\delta _{rs}\gamma _{\overline{a}s}_\tau \pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })+`$ (D112)
$`+`$ $`(1\delta _{rs}){\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}[12(\delta _{rw}+\delta _{sw})]`$ (D114)
$`_w^2{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^r}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^r{\displaystyle _{\sigma ^s}^{\mathrm{}}}d\sigma _1^s_\tau \pi _{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\sigma _1^r\sigma _1^s\sigma ^{kr,s})]+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}}{}}([\delta _{rs}(\gamma _{\overline{a}r}\mathrm{}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_w^2)+(\gamma _{\overline{a}r}+\gamma _{\overline{a}s})_r_s]r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ (D115)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_r_s{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}})+`$ (D116)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{a}w}{}}\gamma _{\overline{a}w}_r_s{\displaystyle d^3\sigma _1\frac{_{1w}^2r_{\overline{a}}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1)}{4\pi |\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{\sigma }_1|}}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D117)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}C_{\tau s\tau \tau }^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}R_{\tau s\tau \tau }^{}=0,`$ (D119)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}C_{\tau \tau \tau \tau }^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}R_{\tau \tau \tau \tau }^{}=0.`$ (D120)
On the solutions of the Hamilton equations the Weyl tensor $`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{}^{A}{}_{BCD}{}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ coincides with the Riemann tensor.

Let us consider the congruence of time-like observers whose 4-velocities are given by the unit normals to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\tau ^{(WSW)}`$, viz. $`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{(o)}^{A}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=ϵl^A(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=(1;\delta ^{rs}n_s(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }))`$, $`{}_{(\mathrm{\Sigma })}{}^{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{\stackrel{~}{E}}_{A}^{(o)}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=l_A(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=ϵ(1;0)`$ \[see Eqs.(66)\]. The electric and magnetic parts of the Weyl tensor with respect to these time-like observers are †\**†\**†\**$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{ABCD}^{}=\frac{1}{2}ϵ_{AB}{}_{}{}^{EF}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{EFCD}^{}=\frac{1}{2}ϵ_{CD}{}_{}{}^{EF}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{ABEF}^{}`$ is, due to the Lanczos identity, the unique Hodge dual of the Weyl tensor  (the Riemann tensor has different left and right duals).

$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{E}_{AB}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{E}_{BA}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=[{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{ACBD}^{}l^Cl^D](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),`$ (D123)
$`[{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{E}_{AB}^{}l^B](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=[{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{E}_{A\tau }^{}+{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{E}_{Ar}^{}n_r](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0,{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{E}_{}^{A}{}_{A}{}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0,`$
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{E}_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`[{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{r\tau s\tau }^{}+({}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{r\tau su}^{}+{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{s\tau ru}^{})n_u+{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{rusv}^{}n_un_v](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (D124)
$`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{r\tau s\tau }^{}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D125)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{E}_{r\tau }^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`[{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{r\tau \tau u}^{}n_u+{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{ru\tau v}^{}n_un_v](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=[{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{E}_{rs}^{}n_s](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (D126)
$`=`$ $`0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D127)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{E}_{\tau \tau }^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`[{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{\tau r\tau s}^{}n_rn_s](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=[{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{E}_{\tau s}^{}n_s](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (D128)
$`=`$ $`0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D129)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{H}_{AB}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{H}_{BA}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}ϵ_{BE}{}_{}{}^{CD}[{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{AFCD}^{}l^El^F](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=[{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{ABCD}^{}l^Cl^D](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }),`$ (D133)
$`[{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{H}_{AB}^{}l^B](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=[{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{H}_{A\tau }^{}+{}_{}{}^{4}H_{Ar}^{}n_r](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0,{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{H}_{}^{A}{}_{A}{}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=0,`$
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{H}_{rs}^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`[{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{r\tau s\tau }^{}+({}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{r\tau su}^{}+{}_{}{}^{4}C_{s\tau ru}^{})n_u+{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{rusv}^{}n_un_v](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (D134)
$`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{r\tau s\tau }^{}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D135)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{H}_{r\tau }^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`[{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{r\tau \tau u}^{}n_u+{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{ru\tau v}^{}n_un_v](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=[{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{H}_{rs}^{}n_s](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (D136)
$`=`$ $`0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D137)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{H}_{\tau \tau }^{}(\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })`$ $`=`$ $`[{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{\tau r\tau s}^{}n_rn_s](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=[{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{H}_{\tau s}^{}n_s](\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })=`$ (D138)
$`=`$ $`0+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (D139)
Both $`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{E}_{AB}^{}`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{H}_{AB}^{}`$ have five independent components. See Ref. for an analogous decomposition of the Riemann tensor.

The four eigenvalues $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\alpha `$, $`\alpha =1,..,4`$, of the Weyl tensor are

$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{ABCD}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{}^{ABCD}=O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D140)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{AB}^{}{}_{}{}^{CD}ϵ_{CDEF}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{}^{ABEF}=O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D141)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{}^{AB}{}_{CD}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{}^{CD}{}_{EF}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{}^{EF}{}_{AB}{}^{}=O(r_{\overline{a}}^3),`$ (D142)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{}^{ABCD}ϵ_{CDEF}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{}^{EF}{}_{UV}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{}^{UV}{}_{AB}{}^{}=O(r_{\overline{a}}^3).`$ (D143)
As shown in Ref., the 4-coordinate system $`\sigma ^A=\{\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma }\}`$, corresponding to our completely fixed 3-orthogonal gauge, is identifiable by means of 4 gauge-fixing constraints $`\sigma ^AF^{\overline{A}}[\mathrm{\Lambda }_\alpha (\tau ,\stackrel{}{\sigma })]0`$, where the $`F^{\overline{A}}`$ are 4 suitable scalar functions of the 4 eigenvalues of the Weyl tensor such that in the linearized theory we have $`F^{\overline{A}}=F_{(L)}^{\overline{A}}+O(r_{\overline{a}}^2)`$ with $`F_{(L)}^{\overline{A}}=O(r_{\overline{a}})`$.

The Kretschmann invariant and pseudo-invariant are respectively \[$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{ABCD}=\frac{1}{2}ϵ^{ABEF}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{EF}^{}^{CD}`$\]

$`\widehat{𝐑}\widehat{𝐑}={}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{ABCD}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{ABCD}=O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D144)
$`\widehat{𝐑}\widehat{𝐑}={}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{ABCD}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{ABCD}^{}=O(r_{\overline{a}}^2).`$ (D145)
In Ref. it is suggested that in presence of matter a coordinate-independent characterization of gravito-magnetism is $`\widehat{𝐑}\widehat{𝐑}0`$.

The Bel-Robinson and Bel tensors are respectively

$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{𝒯}_{ABCD}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{AECF}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{B}^{}{}_{D}{}^{E}{}_{}{}^{F}+{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{AEDF}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{B}^{}{}_{C}{}^{E}{}_{}{}^{F}`$ (D146)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{AB}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{EFCG}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{}^{EF}{}_{D}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{G}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{CD}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{AEFG}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{B}^{}{}_{}{}^{EFG}+`$ (D147)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{AB}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{CD}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{EFGH}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{}^{EFGH}=O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D148)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{}`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{AECF}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{B}^{}{}_{D}{}^{E}{}_{}{}^{F}+{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{AEDF}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{B}^{}{}_{C}{}^{E}{}_{}{}^{F}`$ (D149)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{AB}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{EFCG}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{EF}{}_{D}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{G}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{CD}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{AEFG}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{B}^{}{}_{}{}^{EFG}+`$ (D150)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{AB}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}g_{CD}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{EFGH}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}_{}^{EFGH}=O(r_{\overline{a}}^2),`$ (D153)
$`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{}_{ABCD}^{}={}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{𝒯}_{ABCD}^{}+{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{}_{ABCD}^{}+{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{𝒬}_{ABCD}^{},`$
where $`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{𝒬}_{ABCD}^{}=\frac{1}{6}{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{R}[{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{ACBD}^{}+{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{C}_{ADBC}^{}]`$ is the matter-gravity coupling tensor and $`{}_{}{}^{4}\widehat{}_{ABCD}^{}`$ is the pure matter gravitational super-energy tensor (see Ref. for its expression).