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# Plancherel measure for GL(𝑛,𝐹) and GL(𝑚,𝐷): explicit formulas and Bernstein decomposition

## 1. Introduction

In this article we provide an explicit Plancherel formula for the $`p`$-adic group $`\mathrm{GL}(n)`$. Moreover, we determine explicitly the Bernstein decomposition of Plancherel measure, including all numerical constants.

Let $`F`$ be a nonarchimedean local field with ring of integers $`𝔬_F`$, let $`G=\mathrm{GL}(n)=\mathrm{GL}(n,F)`$. We will use the standard normalization of Haar measure on $`\mathrm{GL}(n)`$ for which the volume of $`\mathrm{GL}(n,𝔬_F)`$ is $`1`$. Plancherel measure $`\nu `$ is then uniquely determined by the equation

$$f(g)=\mathrm{trace}\pi (\lambda (g)f^{})𝑑\nu (\pi )$$

for all $`gG,f𝒞(G)`$, where $`f^{}(g)=f(g^1)`$.

The Harish-Chandra Plancherel Theorem expresses the Plancherel measure in the following form:

$$d\nu (\omega )=c(G|M)^2\gamma (G|M)^1\mu _{G|M}(\omega )d(\omega )d\omega $$

where $`M`$ is a Levi subgroup of $`G`$, $`\omega \mathrm{E}_2(M)`$ the discrete series of $`M`$, $`c(G|M)`$ and $`\gamma (G|M)`$ are certain constants, $`\mu _{G|M}`$ is a certain rational function, $`d(\omega )`$ is the formal degree of $`\omega `$, and $`d\omega `$ is the Harish-Chandra canonical measure.

In this article we determine explicitly

$$c(G|M)^2\gamma (G|M)^1\mu _{G|M}(\omega )d(\omega )d\omega $$

for $`\mathrm{GL}(n)`$.

The support of Plancherel measure $`\nu `$ admits a Bernstein decomposition  and therefore $`\nu `$ admits a canonical decomposition

$$\nu =\nu _\mathrm{\Omega }$$

where $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is a component in the Bernstein variety $`\mathrm{\Omega }(G)`$. We determine explicitly the Bernstein component $`\nu _\mathrm{\Omega }`$ for $`\mathrm{GL}(n)`$.

We can think of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ as a vector of irreducible supercuspidal representations of smaller general linear groups. If the vector is

$$(\sigma _1,\mathrm{},\sigma _1,\mathrm{},\sigma _t,\mathrm{},\sigma _t)$$

with $`\sigma _i`$ repeated $`e_i`$ times, $`1it`$, and $`\sigma _1`$, $`\mathrm{}`$, $`\sigma _t`$ pairwise distinct (after unramified twist) then we say that $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ has exponents $`e_1`$, $`\mathrm{}`$, $`e_t`$.

Each representation $`\sigma _i`$ of $`\mathrm{GL}(m_i)`$ has a torsion number: the order of the cyclic group of all those unramified characters $`\eta `$ for which $`\sigma _i\eta \sigma _i`$. The torsion number of $`\sigma _i`$ will be denoted $`r_i`$.

We may choose each representation $`\sigma _i`$ of $`\mathrm{GL}(m_i)`$ to be unitary: in that case $`\sigma _i`$ has a formal degree $`d_i=d(\sigma _i)`$. We have $`0<d_i<\mathrm{}`$.

We will denote by $`f_{ij}=f(\sigma _i^{}\times \sigma _j)`$ the conductor of the pair $`\sigma _i^{}\times \sigma _j`$. An explicit conductor formula is obtained in the article by Bushnell, Henniart and Kutzko .

In this way, the Bernstein component $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ yields up the following fundamental invariants:

* the cardinality $`q`$ of the residue field of $`F`$
* the sizes $`m_1,m_2,\mathrm{},m_t`$ of the smaller general linear groups
* the exponents $`e_1,e_2,\mathrm{},e_t`$
* the torsion numbers $`r_1,r_2,\mathrm{},r_t`$
* the formal degrees $`d_1,d_2,\mathrm{},d_t`$
* the conductors for pairs $`f_{11},f_{12},\mathrm{},f_{tt}`$.

Our Plancherel formulas are built from precisely these numerical invariants.

If $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ has the single exponent $`e`$, then the fundamental invariants yielded up by $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ are $`q,m,e,r,d,f`$. The component $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ determines a representation in the discrete series of $`\mathrm{GL}(n)`$, namely the generalized Steinberg representation $`\mathrm{St}(\sigma ,e)`$. The formal degree of $`\pi =\mathrm{St}(\sigma ,e)`$ is given by the following new formula, which is intricate, but depends only on the fundamental invariants of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, in line with our general philosophy:

$$\frac{d(\pi )}{d(\sigma )^e}=\frac{m^{e1}}{r^{e1}e}q^{(e^2e)(f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )+r2m^2)/2}\frac{(q^r1)^e}{q^{er}1}\frac{|\mathrm{GL}(em,q)|}{|\mathrm{GL}(m,q)|^e}.$$

In section 2, we give a précis of the background material which we need, following the recent article of Waldspurger .

The Langlands-Shahidi formula gives the rational function $`\mu _{G|M}`$ as a ratio of certain $`L`$-factors and $`ϵ`$-factors . In sections 3–4 we compute explicitly the expression

$$c(G|M)^2\gamma (G|M)^1\mu _{G|M}(\omega )d\omega $$

when $`M`$ is a maximal parabolic. The resulting formula is stated in Theorem 4.4: in this formula we correct certain misprints in \[26, p. 292 – 293\].

In section 5, we compute the Plancherel density $`\mu _{G|M}`$ in the general case by using the Harish-Chandra product formula and we give the explicit Bernstein decomposition of Plancherel measure.

As a special case, we derive the explicit Plancherel formula for the (extended) affine Hecke algebra $`(n,q)`$.

We have, in effect, extended the classical formula of Macdonald , \[20, Theorem 5.1.2\] from the spherical component of $`\mathrm{GL}(n)`$ to the whole of the tempered dual.

The Plancherel formulas for $`\mathrm{GL}(n,F)`$ and $`\mathrm{GL}(m,D)`$ are dominated by *repeating patterns*, which we now attempt to explain. The repeating patterns are expressed by transfer-of-measure theorems, of which the first is as follows. With $`j=1,2`$, let $`F_j`$ be a nonarchimedean local field and let $`\mathrm{\Omega }_j`$ be a component in the Bernstein variety of $`\mathrm{GL}(n_j,F_j)`$. Let $`\nu ^{(j)}`$ denote the Plancherel measure of $`\mathrm{GL}(n_j,F_j)`$. If $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1,\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ share the same fundamental invariants, then

$$\nu _{\mathrm{\Omega }_1}^{(1)}=\nu _{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}^{(2)}.$$

The next transfer-of-measure theorem is more surprising. Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ be a component in the Bernstein variety of $`\mathrm{GL}(n,F)`$, and let $`\nu `$ be Plancherel measure. Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ have the fundamental invariants $`(q,m,e,r,d,f)`$. Let $`K/F`$ be an extension field with $`q_K=q^r`$. Let $`G_0:=\mathrm{GL}(e,K)`$, let $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0`$ be a component in the Bernstein variety of $`G_0`$, and let $`\nu ^{(0)}`$ be Plancherel measure. If $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0`$ has fundamental invariants $`(q^r,1,e,1,1,1)`$ then $`\nu _\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`\nu _{\mathrm{\Omega }_0}^{(0)}`$ are *proportional*, i.e.,

$$\nu _\mathrm{\Omega }=\kappa \nu _{\mathrm{\Omega }_0}^{(0)}$$

where $`\kappa =\kappa (q,m,e,r,d,f)`$. This phenomenon was first noted by Bushnell, Henniart, Kutzko \[10, Theorem 4.1\], working in the context of types and Hilbert algebras. We reconcile our result for $`\mathrm{GL}(n)`$ with (a special case of) their result by proving that

$$\kappa (q,m,e,r,d,f)=vol(J)^1vol(I_0)dim(\lambda )$$

where $`(J,\lambda )`$ is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$-type, $`I_0`$ is an Iwahori subgroup of $`G_0`$: for this result, see Theorem 6.12. Theorem 5.7, which in essence is the Harish-Chandra product formula, then allows one to compute the Plancherel measure $`\nu _\mathrm{\Omega }`$ for any component $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$.

Using the explicit value for the formal degree of any representation in the discrete series of $`G`$ previously obtained by Silberger and Zink, we show that the comparison formula between formal degrees, proved by Corwin, Moy, Sally in the tame case , is valid in general.

In the last section of the paper we consider the case of a group $`\mathrm{GL}(n^{},D)`$, where $`D`$ is a central division algebra of index $`d`$ over over $`F`$. We extend the transfer-of-measure result of Arthur and Clozel \[1, pp. 88-90\] to the case when $`F`$ is of positive characteristic, by using results of Badulescu.

Let $`G^{}=\mathrm{GL}(n^{},D)`$, $`G=\mathrm{GL}(n,F)`$ with $`n=dn^{}`$. Let $`\nu ^{},\nu `$ denote the Plancherel measure for $`G^{},G`$, each with the standard normalization of Haar measure on $`G^{},G`$. Let $`\mathrm{JL}:\mathrm{E}_2(G^{})\mathrm{E}_2(G)`$ denote the Jacquet-Langlands correspondence. Then we have

$$d\nu ^{}(\omega ^{})=\lambda (D/F)d\nu (\mathrm{JL}(\omega ^{}))$$

where

$$\lambda (D/F)=(q^m1)^1$$

the product taken over all $`m`$ such that $`1mn1,m0modd`$.

For example, let $`G^{}=\mathrm{GL}(3,D),G=\mathrm{GL}(6,F)`$ with $`D`$ of index $`2`$. Then we have

$$d\nu ^{}(\omega ^{})=(q1)^1(q^31)^1(q^51)^1d\nu (\mathrm{JL}(\omega ^{}))$$

Our proof of this is in local harmonic analysis, cf \[1, p. 88 - 90\].

*Historical Note.* The Harish-Chandra Plancherel Theorem, and the Product Theorem for Plancherel Measure, were published posthumously in his collected papers in 1984, see . The theorems were stated without proof (although Harish-Chandra had apparently written out the proofs). At this point, we quote from Silberger’s article , published in 1996:

> In  Harish-Chandra has summarized the theory underlying the Plancherel formula for G and sketched a proof of the Plancherel theorem. To complete this sketch it seems to this writer that details need to be supplied justifying only one assertion of , namely Theorem 11. Every other assertion in this paper can be readily proved either by using prior published work of Harish-Chandra or the present author’s notes on Harish-Chandra’s lectures.

For Silberger’s Notes, published in 1979, see . Complete and detailed proofs were finally published by Waldspurger in 2003, see \[34, V.2.1, VIII.1.1\]. None of these sources contains any explicit computations for $`\mathrm{GL}(n)`$.

We thank the referee for several valuable comments, and especially for supplying an idea which led to a short proof of Theorem 3.1. We thank Ioan Badulescu, Volker Heiermann, and Wilhelm Zink for valuable conversations on the central simple algebras case. Some of the results in this article have been announced in .

## 2. The Plancherel Formula after Harish-Chandra

We shall follow very closely the notation and terminology in Waldspurger .

Let $`𝒦=\mathrm{GL}(n,𝔬_F)`$. Let $`H`$ be a closed subgroup of $`G=\mathrm{GL}(n,F)`$. We use the standard normalization of Haar measures, following \[34, I.1, p.240\]. Then Haar measure $`\mu _H`$ on $`H`$ is chosen so that $`\mu _H(H𝒦)=1`$. If $`Z=A_G`$ is the centre of $`G`$ then we have $`\mu _Z(Z𝒦)=1`$. If $`H=G`$ then Haar measure $`\mu =\mu _G`$ is normalized so that the volume of $`𝒦`$ is $`1`$.

Denote by $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ the set of pairs $`(𝒪,P=MU)`$ where $`P`$ is a semi-standard parabolic subgroup of $`G`$ and $`𝒪\mathrm{E}_2(M)`$ is an orbit under the action of $`\mathrm{Im}X(M)`$. (Here $`\mathrm{E}_2(M)`$ is the set of equivalence classes of the discrete series of the Levi subgroup $`M`$, and $`\mathrm{Im}X(M)`$ is the group of the unitary unramified characters of $`M`$.)

Two elements $`(𝒪,P=MU)`$ and $`(𝒪^{},P^{}=M^{}U^{})`$ are associated if there exists $`sW^G`$ such that $`sM=M^{},s𝒪=𝒪^{}`$. We fix a set $`\mathrm{\Theta }/assoc`$ of representatives in $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ for the classes of association. For $`(𝒪,P=MU)\mathrm{\Theta }`$, we set $`W(G|M)=\{sW^G:sM=M\}/W^M`$, and

$$\mathrm{Stab}(𝒪,M)=\{sW(G|M):s𝒪=𝒪\}.$$

Let $`𝒞(G)`$ denote the Harish-Chandra Schwartz space of $`G`$ and let $`I_P^G\omega `$ denote the normalized induced representation from $`\omega `$. Let $`f𝒞(G)`$, $`\omega \mathrm{E}_2(M)`$. We will write

$$\pi =I_P^G\omega ,\pi (f)=f(g)\pi (g)𝑑g,\theta _\omega ^G(f)=\mathrm{trace}\pi (f).$$

###### Theorem 2.1.

The Plancherel Formula \[34, VIII.1.1\]. For each $`f𝒞(G)`$ and each $`gG`$ we have

$$f(g)=c(G|M)^2\gamma (G|M)^1|\mathrm{Stab}(𝒪,M)|^1_𝒪\mu _{G|M}(\omega )d(\omega )\theta _\omega ^G(\lambda (g)f^{})𝑑\omega $$

where the sum is over all the pairs $`(𝒪,P=MU)\mathrm{\Theta }/assoc`$.

Note that

(1)
$$\mu _{G|M}(\omega )c(G|M)^2\gamma (G|M)^1=\gamma (G|M)j(\omega )^1,$$

where $`j`$ denotes the composition of intertwining operators defined in \[34, IV.3 (2)\].

The map

$$(𝒪,P=MU)\mathrm{Irr}^\mathrm{t}(G),\omega I_P^G\omega $$

determines a bijection

$$(𝒪,P=MU)/\mathrm{Stab}(𝒪,M)\mathrm{Irr}^\mathrm{t}(G).$$

The tempered dual $`\mathrm{Irr}^\mathrm{t}(G)`$ acquires, by transport of structure, the structure of disjoint union of countably many compact orbifolds.

According to \[34, V.2.1\], the function $`\mu _{G|M}`$ is a rational function on $`𝒪`$. We have $`\mu _{G|M}(\omega )0`$ and $`\mu _{G|M}(s\omega )=\mu (\omega )`$ for each $`sW^G,\omega 𝒪`$. This invariance property implies that $`\mu `$ descends to a function on the orbifold $`𝒪/\mathrm{Stab}(𝒪,M)`$. We can view $`\mu `$ either as an invariant function on the orbit $`𝒪`$ or as a function on the orbifold $`𝒪/\mathrm{Stab}(𝒪,M)`$.

We now define the *canonical measure* $`\text{d}\omega `$. The map $`\mathrm{Im}X(M)𝒪`$ sends $`\chi \omega \chi `$; the map $`\mathrm{Im}X(M)\mathrm{Im}X(A_M)`$ is determined by restriction. Let $`(Y_i,_i,\mu _i)`$ be finite measure spaces with $`i=1,2`$ and let $`f:Y_1Y_2`$ be a measurable map. Then $`\mu _1`$ is the *pull-back* of $`\mu _2`$ if $`\mu _1(f^1E)=\mu _2(E)`$ for all $`E_2`$. This surely is the meaning of *préserve localement les mesures* in \[34, p.239, 302\].

The compact group $`\mathrm{Im}X(A_M)`$ is assigned the Haar measure of total mass $`1`$. Choose Haar measure on the compact orbit $`𝒪`$. Now $`\mathrm{Im}X(M)`$ admits two pull-back measures:

$$\mathrm{Im}X(A_M)\mathrm{Im}X(M)𝒪.$$

These must coincide: this fixes the Haar measure $`\text{d}\omega `$ on $`𝒪`$, see \[34, p. 239, 302\].

Let $`E`$ be a Borel set in $`𝒪`$ which is also a fundamental domain for the action of $`\mathrm{Stab}(𝒪,M)`$ on $`𝒪`$. Since $`F(\omega ):=\mu _{G|M}(\omega )d(\omega )\theta _\omega ^G(\lambda (g)f^{})`$ is $`\mathrm{Stab}(𝒪,M)`$-invariant, we have

$$|\mathrm{Stab}(𝒪,M)|^1_𝒪F(\omega )\text{d}\omega =_EF(\omega )\text{d}\omega .$$

The *Plancherel density*, with respect to the canonical measure $`\text{d}\omega `$, is therefore

$$c(G|M)^2\gamma (G|M)^1\mu _{G|M}(\omega )d(\omega )$$

where $`d(\omega )`$ is the formal degree of $`\omega `$. It is precisely this expression which we will compute explicitly for $`\mathrm{GL}(n)`$. To this end, we will use the following result.

###### Theorem 2.2.

The Product Formula \[34, V.2.1\]. With $`M=\mathrm{GL}(n_1)\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{GL}(n_k)\mathrm{GL}(n)`$ and $`\omega =\omega _1\mathrm{}\omega _k`$ we have

$$\mu _{G|M}(\omega )=\underset{1j<ik}{}\mu _{\mathrm{GL}(n_i+n_j)|\mathrm{GL}(n_i)\times \mathrm{GL}(n_j)}(\omega _i\omega _j).$$

The Plancherel measure $`\nu `$ is determined by the equation

$$f(g)=\mathrm{trace}\pi (\lambda (g)f^{})𝑑\nu (\pi )$$

for all $`f𝒞(G)`$.

###### Theorem 2.3.

The Bernstein Decomposition . The Plancherel measure $`\nu `$ admits a canonical Bernstein decomposition

$$\nu =\nu _\mathrm{\Omega }$$

where $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is a component in the Bernstein variety $`\mathrm{\Omega }(G)`$. The domain of each $`\nu _\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is a finite union of orbifolds of the form $`𝒪/\mathrm{Stab}(𝒪,M)`$ and is precisely a single extended quotient.

We will use Theorem 2.3 to compute the Plancherel measure of the (extended) affine Hecke algebra $`(n,q)`$ (see Remark 5.6).

## 3. Calculation of the $`\gamma `$ factors

###### Theorem 3.1.

We have

$$\gamma (G|M)=q^{2_{1i<jk}n_in_j}\frac{|\mathrm{GL}(n,q)|}{|\mathrm{GL}(n_1,q)|\times \mathrm{}\times |\mathrm{GL}(n_k,q)|}.$$

###### Proof.

By applying the formula given in \[34, p.241, l.7\] to the group $`H=\mathrm{I}_n+\varpi \mathrm{M}(n,𝔬_F)`$, we obtain

$$\gamma (G|M)=q^{2R}\frac{\mu (MH)}{\mu (H)},$$

with $`R=\mathrm{\Sigma }(G)^+\mathrm{\Sigma }(M)^+`$, where $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(G)^+`$ (resp. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(M)^+`$) denotes the set of positive roots in $`G`$ (resp. $`M`$). We have

$$R=\underset{1i<jk}{}n_in_j.$$

On the other hand, since the Haar measure on $`G`$ is normalized so that the volume of $`𝒦`$ is $`1`$, it follows from the exact sequence

$$1H𝒦\mathrm{GL}(n,q),$$

that

$$\mu (H)=|\mathrm{GL}(n,q)|^1\text{ and }\mu (HM)=|\mathrm{GL}(n_1,q)|^1\times \mathrm{}\times |\mathrm{GL}(n_k,q)|^1.$$

###### Remark 3.2.

Observe that $`2_{1i<jk}n_in_j`$ equals the length of the element $`w=w_Mw_{\mathrm{GL}(n)}`$, where $`w_M`$ (resp. $`w_{\mathrm{GL}(n)}`$) denotes the longest element in the Weyl group of $`M`$ (resp. $`\mathrm{GL}(n)`$). Let $`P_{S_n}(X)`$ denote the Poincaré polynomial of the Coxeter group $`S_n`$. Then, using the fact that (see for instance \[21, (2.6)\])

(2)
$$P_{S_n}(q^1)=\frac{|\mathrm{GL}(n,q)|}{q^{n^2n}(q1)^n},$$

we obtain from Theorem 3.1

(3)
$$\gamma (G|M)=\frac{P_{S_n}(q^1)}{P_{S_{n_1}}(q^1)\times \mathrm{}\times P_{S_{n_k}}(q^1)}.$$

This gives the following expression for the $`c`$-function defined in \[34, I.1\]:

(4)
$$c(G|M)=\frac{{\displaystyle \underset{1i<jk}{}}P_{S_{n_i+n_j}}(q^1)}{P_{S_n}(q^1){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}(P_{S_{n_i}}(q^1))^{k2}}.$$

## 4. The Langlands-Shahidi formula

Let $`\varpi `$ denote a fixed uniformizer. We will choose a continuous additive character $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ such that the conductor of $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ is $`𝔬_F`$. Note that Shahidi uses precisely this normalization in . We shall need the $`L`$-factor $`L(s,\pi _1\times \pi _2)`$ and the $`ϵ`$-factor $`ϵ(s,\pi _1\times \pi _2,\mathrm{\Psi })`$ for pairs, where $`s`$ denotes a complex variable (see  and ). We define the conductor $`f(\pi _1\times \pi _2)`$ (see ) and the $`\gamma `$-factor $`\gamma (s,\pi _1\times \pi _2,\mathrm{\Psi })`$ (see \[18, p. 374\]) for pairs as

(5)
$$ϵ(0,\pi _1\times \pi _2,\mathrm{\Psi })=q^{f(\pi _1\times \pi _2)}ϵ(1,\pi _1\times \pi _2,\mathrm{\Psi }),$$

(6)
$$\gamma (s,\pi _1\times \pi _2,\mathrm{\Psi })=ϵ(s,\pi _1\times \pi _2,\mathrm{\Psi })L(1s,\pi _1^{}\times \pi _2^{})/L(s,\pi _1\times \pi _2).$$

We assume in this section that $`P`$ is the upper block triangular maximal parabolic subgroup of $`G`$ with Levi subgroup $`M=\mathrm{GL}(n_1)\times \mathrm{GL}(n_2)`$. We have the Langlands-Shahidi formula for the Harish-Chandra $`\mu `$-function, see \[26, §7\] or \[27, §6\]:

(7)
$$\mu _{G|M}(\omega _1\omega _2)=\gamma (G|M)^2\frac{\gamma (0,\omega _1^{}\times \omega _2,\mathrm{\Psi })}{\gamma (1,\omega _1^{}\times \omega _2,\mathrm{\Psi })}.$$

It is useful to note that

(8)
$$\frac{\gamma (0,\omega _1^{}\times \omega _2,\mathrm{\Psi })}{\gamma (1,\omega _1^{}\times \omega _2,\mathrm{\Psi })}=q^{f(\omega _1^{}\times \omega _2)}L^{\prime \prime }$$

where

(9)
$$L^{\prime \prime }=\frac{L(1,\omega _1\times \omega _2^{})L(1,\omega _1^{}\times \omega _2)}{L(0,\omega _1\times \omega _2^{})L(0,\omega _1^{}\times \omega _2)}.$$

For any smooth representation $`\pi `$ of $`G`$ and any quasicharacter $`\chi `$, we denote by $`\chi \pi `$ the twist of $`\pi `$ by $`\chi `$:

$$\chi \pi :=(\chi det)\pi .$$

If $`\sigma _1`$ (resp. $`\sigma _2`$) is an irreducible supercuspidal representation of $`\mathrm{GL}(m_1)`$ (resp. $`\mathrm{GL}(m_2)`$), then we have $`L(s,\sigma _1\times \sigma _2^{})=1`$ unless $`\sigma _1\chi \sigma _2`$ with $`\chi `$ an unramified quasicharacter of $`F^\times `$.

The next formula is from \[26, p. 292\] or \[18, Prop. 8.1\].

###### Lemma 4.1.

Let $`\sigma _2`$ have torsion number $`r`$ and let $`\sigma _1\chi \sigma _2`$ with $`\chi `$ an unramified quasicharacter such that $`\chi (\varpi )=\zeta `$. Then we have

$$L(s,\sigma _1\times \sigma _2^{})=(1\zeta ^rq^{rs})^1.$$

Let $`\chi _1,\chi _2`$ be unramified (unitary) characters of $`F^\times `$. The group of unramified (unitary) characters $`\mathrm{Im}X(M)`$ of $`M`$ has, via the map

$$(\chi _1det)(\chi _2det)(\chi _1(\varpi ),\chi _2(\varpi ))$$

the structure of the compact torus $`𝕋^2`$.

Let $`\pi _i`$ be in the discrete series of $`\mathrm{GL}(n_i)`$ with $`i=1,2`$, and let $`\pi _i`$ have torsion number $`r`$. Consider now the orbit $`\mathrm{Im}X(M)(\pi _1\pi _2)`$ in the Harish-Chandra parameter space $`\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G)`$. The action of $`\mathrm{Im}X(M)`$ creates a short exact sequence

$$1𝒢𝕋^2𝕋^21$$

with

$$𝕋^2𝕋^2,(\zeta _1,\zeta _2)(\zeta _1^r,\zeta _2^r).$$

The finite group $`𝒢`$ is precisely the finite group in \[5, Lemma 25\] and is the product of cyclic groups:

$$𝒢=/r\times /r.$$

We will write $`z_1=\zeta _1^r,z_2=\zeta _2^r`$ so that $`z_1,z_2`$ are precisely the coordinates of a point in the orbit.

###### Remark 4.2.

We recall the following facts about the discrete series of $`\mathrm{GL}(n)`$. Let $`\pi _1`$ and $`\pi _2`$ be two discrete series representations of $`\mathrm{GL}(n_1)`$ and $`\mathrm{GL}(n_2)`$, respectively. By , there exist two pairs of integers $`(m_1,l_1)`$ and $`(m_2,l_2)`$ and two irreducible unitary supercuspidal representations $`\sigma _1`$ and $`\sigma _2`$ of $`\mathrm{GL}(m_1)`$ and $`\mathrm{GL}(m_2)`$ respectively such that, for $`i=1`$, $`2`$, we have $`l_im_i=n_i`$ and the representation $`\pi _i`$ is the unique irreducible quotient associated to the Zelevinsky segment

$$\{|det|^{g_i}\sigma _i,|det|^{g_i+1}\sigma _i,\mathrm{},|det|^{g_i1}\sigma _i,|det|^{g_i}\sigma _i\},$$

where $`2g_i+1=l_i`$. We will follow the notation in Arthur-Clozel \[1, p. 61\] and write

$$\pi _i=\mathrm{St}(\sigma _i,l_i).$$

So $`\pi _i`$ is a *generalized Steinberg representation*. We observe that

$$\chi \pi _i=\mathrm{St}(\chi \sigma _i,l_i).$$

It follows that the torsion numbers of $`\pi _i`$ and $`\sigma _i`$ are equal.

###### Theorem 4.3.

Let $`\sigma _1`$, $`\sigma _2`$ be irreducible unitary supercuspidal representations of $`\mathrm{GL}(m_1),\mathrm{GL}(m_2)`$. Let $`\pi _1`$, $`\pi _2`$ be discrete series representations of $`\mathrm{GL}(n_1)`$, $`\mathrm{GL}(n_2)`$ such that $`\pi _i=\mathrm{St}(\sigma _i,l_i)`$. Let $`\chi _1`$, $`\chi _2`$ be unramified characters. If $`\sigma _1\chi \sigma _2`$ for any unramified quasicharacter $`\chi `$ of $`F^\times `$ then, as a function on the compact torus $`𝕋^2`$, $`\mu _{G|M}(\chi _1\pi _1\chi _2\pi _2)`$ is constant: we have

$$\mu _{G|M}(\chi _1\pi _1\chi _2\pi _2)=\gamma (G|M)^2q^{l_1l_2f(\sigma _1^{}\times \sigma _2)}$$

We also have

$$f(\pi _1^{}\times \pi _2)=l_1l_2f(\sigma _1^{}\times \sigma _2).$$

###### Proof.

Let $`\omega _i=\chi _i\pi _i`$ and $`\tau _i=\chi _i\sigma _i`$ for $`i=1,2`$. We will use the multiplicative property of the $`\gamma `$-factors. From \[18, Th. 3.1\] or \[17, p. 254\], we have, with $`b=g_1+g_2`$,

$$\gamma (s,\omega _1^{}\times \omega _2,\mathrm{\Psi })=\underset{i=0}{\overset{l_11}{}}\underset{j=0}{\overset{l_21}{}}\gamma (s,||^{i+jb}\tau _1^{}\times \tau _2,\mathrm{\Psi }).$$

On the other hand $`\gamma (s,||^{i+jb}\tau _1^{}\times \tau _2,\mathrm{\Psi })`$ equals

$$ϵ(s,||^{i+jb}\tau _1^{}\times \tau _2,\mathrm{\Psi })\frac{L(1s,||^{ij+b}\tau _1\times \tau _2^{})}{L(s,||^{i+jb}\tau _1^{}\times \tau _2)}.$$

Since

$$\frac{ϵ(0,||^{i+jb}\tau _1^{}\times \tau _2,\mathrm{\Psi })}{ϵ(1,||^{i+jb}\tau _1^{}\times \tau _2,\mathrm{\Psi })}=q^{f(||^{i+jb}\tau _1^{}\times \tau _2)}=q^{f(\tau _1^{}\times \tau _2)}=q^{f(\sigma _1^{}\times \sigma _2)},$$

it follows that

(10)
$$\frac{\gamma (0,\omega _1^{}\times \omega _2,\mathrm{\Psi })}{\gamma (1,\omega _1^{}\times \omega _2,\mathrm{\Psi })}=q^{l_1l_2f(\sigma _1^{}\times \sigma _2)}L^{},$$

with

(11)
$$L^{}=\underset{i=0}{\overset{l_11}{}}\underset{j=0}{\overset{l_21}{}}\frac{L(1,||^{ij+b}\tau _1\times \tau _2^{})}{L(0,||^{i+jb}\tau _1^{}\times \tau _2)}\frac{L(1,||^{i+jb}\tau _1^{}\times \tau _2)}{L(0,||^{ij+b}\tau _1\times \tau _2^{})}.$$

Since $`\sigma _1\chi \sigma _2`$, then $`\tau _1\chi \tau _2`$ for any unramified quasicharacter $`\chi `$, and $`L^{}=1`$.

The multiplicative property of the $`L`$-factors \[18, Theorem 8.2\] implies that $`L^{\prime \prime }=1`$. Therefore, by (8) we have

(12)
$$\frac{\gamma (0,\omega _1^{}\times \omega _2,\mathrm{\Psi })}{\gamma (1,\omega _1^{}\times \omega _2,\mathrm{\Psi })}=q^{f(\omega _1^{}\times \omega _2)}$$

Then the results follow from the Langlands-Shahidi formula (7), and from (10) and (12). ∎

###### Theorem 4.4.

Let $`\sigma `$ be an irreducible unitary supercuspidal representations of $`\mathrm{GL}(m)`$ with torsion number $`r`$. Let $`\pi _1`$, $`\pi _2`$ be discrete series representations of $`\mathrm{GL}(n_1)`$, $`\mathrm{GL}(n_2)`$, with $`n_i=l_im`$, such that $`\pi _i=\mathrm{St}(\sigma ,l_i)`$. Let $`\chi _1`$, $`\chi _2`$ be unramified characters. Let $`\chi _i(\varpi )=\zeta _i`$, $`z_i=\zeta _i^r`$, $`i=1,2`$. Then, as a function on the compact torus $`𝕋^2`$ with co-ordinates $`(z_1,z_2)`$, we have

$$\mu _{G|M}(\chi _1\pi _1\chi _2\pi _2)=\gamma (G|M)^2q^{l_1l_2f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )}\left|\frac{1z_2z_1^1q^{gr}}{1z_2z_1^1q^{(g+1)r}}\right|^2$$

where the product is over those $`g`$ for which $`|g_1g_2|gg_1+g_2`$. Note that $`g_1g_2`$ and $`g_1+g_2`$ can both be half integers.

We also have

$$f(\pi _1^{}\times \pi _2)=l_1l_2f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )+r(l_1l_2\mathrm{min}(l_1,l_2)).$$

###### Proof.

Let $`\tau _i=\chi _i\sigma `$. We have

$$L^{}=\underset{i=0}{\overset{l_11}{}}\underset{j=0}{\overset{l_21}{}}\frac{L(1ij+b,\tau _1\times \tau _2^{})}{L(i+jb,\tau _1^{}\times \tau _2)}\frac{L(i+j+1b,\tau _1^{}\times \tau _2)}{L(ij+b,\tau _1\times \tau _2^{})},$$

where $`L^{}`$ is defined by (11).

Now we delve into the combinatorics. To this end, we make a change of variable, and a change of notation.

Let $`\lambda (s)=L(s,\tau _1^{}\times \tau _2)`$, $`\lambda ^{}(s)=L(s,\tau _1\times \tau _2^{})`$. Note that, for all $`s`$, $`\lambda ^{}(s)`$ is the complex conjugate of $`\lambda (s)`$. Let now $`k=i+jb`$. We have

$$L^{}=\underset{i=0}{\overset{l_11}{}}\underset{j=0}{\overset{l_21}{}}\frac{\lambda ^{}(1k)}{\lambda (k)}\frac{\lambda (1+k)}{\lambda ^{}(k)}.$$

We now define the function

$$a:\{b,b+1,\mathrm{},b1,b\}\{1,2,3,\mathrm{},\mathrm{min}(l_1,l_2)\}$$

as follows:

$$a(k)=\mathrm{}\{(i,j):k=i+jb,0il_11,0jl_21\}.$$

Note that the function $`a`$ is even: $`a(k)=a(k)`$. It first increases, then is constant with its maximum value $`\mathrm{min}(l_1,l_2)`$, then decreases. Quite specifically, we have

* $`a(b)=1`$
* $`bk<|g_1g_2|a(k+1)a(k)=1`$
* $`a(|g_1g_2|)=\mathrm{min}(l_1,l_2)`$
* $`|g_1g_2|k<|g_1g_2|a(k+1)=a(k)`$
* $`a(|g_1g_2|)=\mathrm{min}(l_1,l_2)`$
* $`|g_1g_2|k<ba(k+1)a(k)=1`$
* $`a(b)=1`$.

We have

(13) $`L^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k=b}{\overset{b}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^{}(1k)^{a(k)}}{\lambda (k)^{a(k)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (1+k)^{a(k)}}{\lambda ^{}(k)^{a(k)}}}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k=b}{\overset{b}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^{}(1+k)^{a(k)}}{\lambda (k)^{a(k)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (1+k)^{a(k)}}{\lambda ^{}(k)^{a(k)}}}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k=b}{\overset{b}{}}}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (1+k)^{a(k)}}{\lambda (k)^{a(k)}}}\right|^2.`$
We also have, setting $`a(1+b)=0`$,

(14) $`{\displaystyle \underset{k=b}{\overset{b}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (1+k)^{a(k)}}{\lambda (k)^{a(k)}}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda (b)}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=b}{\overset{b}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (1+k)^{a(k)}}{\lambda (1+k)^{a(1+k)}}}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda (b)}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=b}{\overset{|g_1g_2|1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda (k+1)}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=|g_1g_2|}{\overset{b}{}}}\lambda (1+k)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (1+b)}{\lambda (b)}}\mathrm{}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (1+|g_1g_2|)}{\lambda (|g_1g_2|)}}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{g=|g_1g_2|}{\overset{g_1+g_2}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (1+g)}{\lambda (g)}}.`$
Note that $`\tau _2=\chi \tau _1`$ where $`\chi (\varpi )=\zeta _2\zeta _1^1`$. Therefore $`\chi (\varpi )^r=z_1z_2^1`$. The first result now follows immediately from Lemma 4.1, since

$$\lambda (g)=L(g,\tau _1^{}\times \tau _2)=L(g,\tau _2\times \tau _1^{})=(1z_1z_2^1q^{gr})^1.$$

Note also that $`|1z_2z_1^1q^{gr}|=|1z_1z_2^1q^{gr}|`$ since $`z_2z_1^1,z_1z_2^1`$ are complex conjugates.

In addition we have

$$|1z_2z_1^1q^{gr}|^2=|q^{gr}z_2z_1^1|^2=q^{2gr}|1z_2z_1^1q^{gr}|^2$$

and so we have

$$\left|\frac{\lambda (g)}{\lambda (g)}\right|^2=q^{2gr}.$$

The multiplicative property of the $`L`$-factors \[18, Theorem 8.2\] leads to the equation

$$L^{\prime \prime }=\underset{g=|g_1g_2|}{\overset{g_1+g_2}{}}\left|\frac{\lambda (1+g)}{\lambda (g)}\right|^2$$

Therefore we have

(15) $`L^{}/L^{\prime \prime }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{g=|g_1g_2|}{\overset{g_1+g_2}{}}}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (g)}{\lambda (g)}}\right|^2`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{g=|g_1g_2|}{\overset{g_1+g_2}{}}}q^{2rg}`$
$`=`$ $`q^{r(l_1l_2\mathrm{min}(l_1,l_2))}`$
thanks to the identity

$$2|g_1g_2|+\mathrm{}+2(g_1+g_2)=l_1l_2\mathrm{min}(l_1,l_2)$$

which follows from the classic identity

$$2|g_1g_2|+1+\mathrm{}+2(g_1+g_2)+1=l_1l_2.$$

Since

$$\frac{\gamma (1,\omega _1^{}\times \omega _2,\psi _F)}{\gamma (0,\omega _1^{}\times \omega _2,\psi _F)}=q^{f(\omega _1^{}\times \omega _2)}L^{\prime \prime }=q^{l_1l_2f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )}L^{}$$

we have

$$q^{f(\omega _1^{}\times \omega _2)}=q^{l_1l_2f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )}L^{}/L^{\prime \prime }=q^{l_1l_2f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )}q^{r(l_1l_2\mathrm{min}(l_1,l_2))}$$

and we conclude that

$$f(\pi _1^{}\times \pi _2)=l_1l_2f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )+r(l_1l_2\mathrm{min}(l_1,l_2)).$$

The above formulas are invariant under the map $`(z_1,z_2)(\lambda z_1,\lambda z_2)`$ with $`\lambda `$ a complex number of modulus $`1`$, and under the map $`(z_1,z_2)(z_2,z_1)`$. In section 6 of the paper we shall interpret $`q^r`$ as the cardinality $`q_K`$ of the residue field of a canonical extension field $`K/F`$.

For example, let $`M=\mathrm{GL}(1)\times \mathrm{GL}(2)\mathrm{GL}(3)`$, $`\omega _1=1`$, $`\omega _2=\mathrm{St}(2)=\mathrm{St}(1,2)`$. We have $`l_1=1`$, $`l_2=2`$, $`g_1=0`$, $`g_2=1/2`$, $`r=1`$. This gives the following (rational) function on the $`2`$-torus:

$$\mu (\chi _1\chi _2\mathrm{St}(2))=\gamma (\mathrm{GL}(3)|M)^2q\left|\frac{1z_2z_1^1q^{1/2}}{1z_2z_1^1q^{3/2}}\right|^2.$$

###### Theorem 4.5.

Let $`G=\mathrm{GL}(2m),M=\mathrm{GL}(m)\times \mathrm{GL}(m)`$ and let $`\sigma `$ be an irreducible unitary supercuspidal representation of $`\mathrm{GL}(m)`$ with torsion number $`r`$. Then we have

$$\mu _{G|M}(\chi _1\sigma \chi _2\sigma )=\gamma (G|M)^2q^{f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )}\left|\frac{1z_2z_1^1}{1z_2z_1^1q^r}\right|^2$$

###### Proof.

This follows from Theorem 4.4 by taking $`l_1=l_2=1`$, so that $`g_1=g_2=g=0`$. ∎

## 5. The Bernstein decomposition of Plancherel measure

### 5.1. The one exponent case

Let $`X`$ be a space on which the finite group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ acts. The extended quotient associated to this action is the quotient space $`\stackrel{~}{X}/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ where

$$\stackrel{~}{X}=\{(\gamma ,x)\mathrm{\Gamma }\times X:\gamma x=x\}.$$

The group action on $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ is $`g.(\gamma ,x)=(g\gamma g^1,gx)`$. Let $`X^\gamma =\{xX:\gamma x=x\}`$ and let $`Z(\gamma )`$ be the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-centralizer of $`\gamma `$. Then the extended quotient is given by:

$$\stackrel{~}{X}/\mathrm{\Gamma }=\underset{\gamma }{}X^\gamma /Z(\gamma )$$

where one $`\gamma `$ is chosen in each $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-conjugacy class. If $`\gamma =1`$ then $`X^\gamma /Z(\gamma )=X/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ so the extended quotient always contains the ordinary quotient:

$$\stackrel{~}{X}/\mathrm{\Gamma }=X/\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{}$$

We shall need only the special case in which $`X`$ is the compact torus $`𝕋^n`$ of dimension $`n`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is the symmetric group $`S_n`$ acting on $`𝕋^n`$ by permuting co-ordinates.

Let $`\beta `$ be a partition of $`n`$, and let $`\gamma `$ have cycle type $`\beta `$. Each cycle provides us with one circle, and cycles of equal length provide us with a symmetric product of circles. For example, the extended quotient $`\stackrel{~}{𝕋^5}/S_5`$ is the following disjoint union of compact orbifolds (one for each partition of $`5`$):

$$𝕋𝕋^2𝕋^2(𝕋\times \mathrm{Sym}^2𝕋)(𝕋\times \mathrm{Sym}^2𝕋)(𝕋\times \mathrm{Sym}^3𝕋)\mathrm{Sym}^5𝕋$$

where $`\mathrm{Sym}^n𝕋`$ is the $`n`$-fold symmetric product of the circle $`𝕋`$. This extended quotient is a model of the arithmetically unramified tempered dual of $`\mathrm{GL}(5)`$.

Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega }(\mathrm{GL}(n))`$ have one exponent $`e`$. Then we have $`e|n`$ and so $`em=n`$.

There exists an irreducible unitary supercuspidal representation $`\sigma `$ of $`\mathrm{GL}(m)`$ such that the conjugacy class of the cuspidal pair $`(\mathrm{GL}(m)\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{GL}(m),\sigma \mathrm{}\sigma )`$ is an element in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. We have $`\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{Sym}^e^\times `$ as complex affine algebraic varieties. Consider now a partition $`p=(l_1,\mathrm{},l_k)`$ of $`e`$ into $`k`$ parts, and write $`2g_1+1=l_1`$, $`\mathrm{}`$, $`2g_k+1=l_k`$. Let

$$\pi _i=\mathrm{St}(\sigma ,l_i)$$

as in Remark 3.2. Then $`\pi _1\mathrm{E}_2(\mathrm{GL}(ml_1))`$, $`\mathrm{}`$, $`\pi _k\mathrm{E}_2(\mathrm{GL}(ml_k))`$. Note that $`ml_1+\mathrm{}+ml_k=n`$ so that $`\mathrm{GL}(ml_1)\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{GL}(ml_k)`$ is a standard Levi subgroup $`M`$ of $`\mathrm{GL}(n)`$. Now consider

$$\pi =\chi _1\pi _1\mathrm{}\chi _k\pi _k$$

with $`\chi _1,\mathrm{},\chi _k`$ unramified (unitary) characters. Then $`\pi \mathrm{E}_2(M)`$. We have

$$\omega =\mathrm{I}_{MN}^{\mathrm{GL}(n)}(\pi 1)\mathrm{Irr}^\mathrm{t}\mathrm{GL}(n)$$

and each element $`\omega \mathrm{Irr}^\mathrm{t}\mathrm{GL}(n)`$ for which $`inf.ch.\omega \mathrm{\Omega }`$ is accounted for on this way. As explained in detail in , we have

(16)
$$\stackrel{~}{X}/\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{Irr}^\mathrm{t}\mathrm{GL}(n)_\mathrm{\Omega }$$

where $`X=𝕋^e`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=S_e`$, i.e.,

$$\underset{\gamma }{}X^\gamma /Z(\gamma )\mathrm{Irr}^\mathrm{t}\mathrm{GL}(n)_\mathrm{\Omega }.$$

The partition $`p=(l_1,\mathrm{},l_k)`$ of $`e`$ determines a permutation $`\gamma `$ of the set $`\{1,2,\mathrm{},e\}`$: $`\gamma `$ is the product of the cycles $`(1,\mathrm{},l_1)\mathrm{}(1,\mathrm{},l_k)`$. Then the fixed set $`X^\gamma `$ is

$$\{(z_1,\mathrm{},z_1,\mathrm{},z_k,\mathrm{},z_k)𝕋^e:z_1,\mathrm{},z_k𝕋\}$$

and so $`X^\gamma 𝕋^k`$.

Explicitly, we have

$$X^\gamma \mathrm{Irr}^\mathrm{t}\mathrm{GL}(n)_\mathrm{\Omega }$$

$$(z_1,\mathrm{},z_k)\mathrm{I}_{MN}^{\mathrm{GL}(n)}(\chi _1\pi _1\mathrm{}\chi _k\pi _k)$$

with $`\chi _1(\varpi )=\zeta _1,\mathrm{},\chi _k(\varpi )=\zeta _k,z_1=\zeta _1^r,\mathrm{},z_k=\zeta _k^r`$ exactly as in Theorem 3.2. This map is constant on each $`Z(\gamma )`$-orbit and descends to an injective map

$$X^\gamma /Z(\gamma )\mathrm{Irr}^\mathrm{t}\mathrm{GL}(n)_\mathrm{\Omega }.$$

Taking one $`\gamma `$ in each $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-conjugacy class we have the bijective map

$$\underset{\gamma }{}X^\gamma /Z(\gamma )\mathrm{Irr}\mathrm{GL}(n)_\mathrm{\Omega }.$$

This bijection, by transport of structure, equips $`\mathrm{Irr}^\mathrm{t}\mathrm{GL}(n)_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ with the structure of disjoint union of finitely many compact orbifolds.

We now describe the restriction $`\mu _\mathrm{\Omega }`$ of Plancherel density to the compact orbifold $`X^\gamma /Z(\gamma )`$.

###### Theorem 5.1.

Let $`\sigma `$ be an irreducible unitary supercuspidal representation of $`\mathrm{GL}(m)`$ with torsion number $`r`$. For $`i=1`$, $`\mathrm{}`$, $`k`$, let

$$\pi _i=\mathrm{St}(\sigma ,l_i),$$

let $`\chi _i`$ be an unramified character with $`\chi _i(\varpi )=\zeta _i`$, and let $`z_i=\zeta _i^r`$.

Then, as a function on the compact torus $`𝕋^k`$ with co-ordinates $`(z_1`$, $`\mathrm{}`$, $`z_k)`$ we have

$$\mu (\chi _1\pi _1\mathrm{}\chi _k\pi _k)=const.\left|\frac{1z_jz_i^1q^{gr}}{1z_jz_i^1q^{(g+1)r}}\right|^2$$

where the product is taken over those $`i`$, $`j`$, $`g`$ for which the following inequalities hold: $`1i<jk`$, $`|g_ig_j|gg_i+g_j`$, $`2g_i+1=l_i`$.

###### Proof.

Apply Theorem 4.4 and the Harish-Chandra product formula, Theorem 2.2. Note that the function

$$(z_1,\mathrm{},z_k)const.\left|\frac{1z_jz_i^1q^{gr}}{1z_jz_i^1q^{(g+1)r}}\right|^2$$

is a $`Z(\gamma )`$-invariant function on the $`\gamma `$-fixed set $`X^\gamma =𝕋^k`$, and descends to a non-negative function on the orbifold $`X^\gamma /Z(\gamma )`$:

$$X^\gamma /Z(\gamma )_+.$$

In the above theorem, the co-ordinates $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_k`$ should be thought of as *generalized Satake parameters*. The $`k`$-tuple $`t=(z_1,\mathrm{},z_k)`$ is a point in the standard maximal torus $`T`$ of the unitary group $`U(k,)`$. In that case, the roots of the unitary group are given by

$$\alpha _{ij}(t)=z_i/z_j.$$

The $`\mu `$-function may now be written in the more invariant form

$$\mu (\chi _1\pi _1\mathrm{}\chi _k\pi _k)=const.(1\alpha (t)q^{gr})(1\alpha (t)q^{(g+1)r})^1$$

where the product is taken over all roots $`\alpha =\alpha _{ij}`$ of $`U(k,)`$ and all $`g`$ for which the following inequalities hold: $`1ik,1jk,ij`$, $`|g_ig_j|gg_i+g_j`$, $`2g_i+1=l_i`$.

###### Theorem 5.2.

We have the following numerical formula for const.

$$const.=q^{\mathrm{}(\gamma )f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )}\gamma (G|M)^2c(G|M)^2,$$

where $`\mathrm{}(\gamma )=_{1i<jk}l_il_j`$.

###### Proof.

The numerical constant is determined by Theorem 4.4 and Theorem 2.2. Explicitly, for $`i,j\{1,\mathrm{},k\}`$, setting

$$\gamma _{i,j}:=\gamma (\mathrm{GL}(n_i+n_j)|\mathrm{GL}(n_i)\times \mathrm{GL}(n_j)),$$

for the $`\gamma `$-factor of the Levi subgroup $`GL(n_i)\times \mathrm{GL}(n_j)`$ of the maximal standard parabolic subgroup in $`\mathrm{GL}(n_i+n_j)`$,

$`const.=`$ $`q^{_{1i<jk}l_il_jf(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )}{\displaystyle \underset{1i<jk}{}}\gamma _{i,j}^2`$
$`=`$ $`q^{\mathrm{}(\gamma )f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )}\gamma (G|M)^2c(G|M)^2.`$
###### Corollary 5.3.

We have

$$j(\omega )=q^{\mathrm{}(\gamma )f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )}\left|\frac{1z_jz_i^1q^{(g+1)r}}{1z_jz_i^1q^{gr}}\right|^2$$

###### Proof.

This follows immediately from Theorems 5.1, 5.2 and the fact that

$$c(G|M)^2\gamma (G|M)^1\mu _{G|M}(\omega )=\gamma (G|M)j(\omega )^1.$$

Given $`G=\mathrm{GL}(n)=\mathrm{GL}(n,F)`$ choose $`e|n`$ and let $`m=n/e`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ be a Bernstein component in $`\mathrm{\Omega }(\mathrm{GL}(n))`$ with one exponent $`e`$. The compact extended quotient attached to $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ has finitely many components, each component is a compact orbifold. We now have enough results to write down explicitly the component $`\mu _\mathrm{\Omega }`$. Let $`l_1+\mathrm{}+l_k=e`$ be a partition of $`e`$, let $`\gamma =(1,\mathrm{},l_1)\mathrm{}(1,\mathrm{},l_k)S_e=\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`g_1=(l_11)/2`$, $`\mathrm{}`$, $`g_k=(l_k1)/2`$. Then we have the fixed set $`X^\gamma =𝕋^k`$. Let $`\sigma `$ be an irreducible unitary supercuspidal representation of the group $`\mathrm{GL}(m)`$ and let the conjugacy class of the cuspidal pair $`(\mathrm{GL}(m)^e,\sigma ^e)`$ be a point in the Bernstein component $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. Let $`r`$ be the torsion number of $`\sigma `$ and choose a field $`K`$ such that $`q_K=q_F^r`$.

We have (16):

$$\mathrm{Irr}^\mathrm{t}\mathrm{GL}(n,F)_\mathrm{\Omega }\stackrel{~}{X}/\mathrm{\Gamma }.$$

This compact Hausdorff space admits the Harish-Chandra canonical measure $`d\omega `$: on each connected component in the extended quotient $`\stackrel{~}{X}/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`d\omega `$ restricts to the quotient by the centralizer $`Z(\gamma )`$ of the normalized Haar measure on the compact torus $`X^\gamma `$.

Let $`d\nu `$ denote Plancherel measure on the tempered dual of $`\mathrm{GL}(n,F)`$.

###### Theorem 5.4.

On the component $`X^\gamma /Z(\gamma )`$ of the extended quotient $`\stackrel{~}{X}/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ we have:

$$d\nu (\omega )=q^{\mathrm{}(\gamma )f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )}\gamma (G|M)d(\omega )\left|\frac{1z_jz_i^1q^{gr}}{1z_jz_i^1q^{(g+1)r}}\right|^2d\omega .$$

###### Proof.

By (2.1), the Plancherel measure on $`\mathrm{Irr}^\mathrm{t}\mathrm{GL}(n,F)_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is given by

$$d\nu (\omega )=c(G|M)^2\gamma (G|M)^1\mu (\omega )d(\omega )d\omega $$

Then, the result follows from Theorem 5.1 and Theorem 5.2. ∎

Let $`T`$ be the diagonal subgroup of $`G`$ and take for $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ the Bernstein component in $`\mathrm{\Omega }(G)`$ which contains the cuspidal pair $`(T,1)`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ has the single exponent $`n`$ and parametrizes those irreducible smooth representations of $`\mathrm{GL}(n,F)`$ which admit nonzero Iwahori fixed vectors.

Now let $`l_1+\mathrm{}+l_k`$ be a partition of $`n`$, and let

$$M=\mathrm{GL}(l_1,F)\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{GL}(l_k,F)\mathrm{GL}(n,F).$$

The formal degree of the Steinberg representation $`\mathrm{St}(l_i)`$ is given by

(17)
$$d(\mathrm{St}(l_i))=\frac{q^{(l_il_i^2)/2}}{l_i}\frac{|\mathrm{GL}(l_i,q)|}{q^{l_i}1}=\frac{1}{l_i}\underset{j=1}{\overset{l_i1}{}}(q^j1)$$

We also have the inner product identity in pre-Hilbert space:

$$(\sigma _1\mathrm{}\sigma _k)(g)\xi _1\mathrm{}\xi _k,\xi _1\mathrm{}\xi _k=\sigma _j(g)\xi _j,\xi _j.$$

Let each $`\xi _jV_j`$ be a unit vector. With respect to the standard normalization of all Haar measures we then have (cf. \[11, (7.7.9)\])

$$1/d_{\sigma _1\mathrm{}\sigma _k}=|<\sigma _j(g)\xi _j,\xi _j>|^2d\dot{\mu }_j=1/d_{\sigma _j}$$

and so

(18)
$$d_{\sigma _1\mathrm{}\sigma _k}=d_{\sigma _j}.$$

Using (18) and Theorem 3, we obtain the following result.

###### Corollary 5.5.

On the orbifold $`X^\gamma /Z(\gamma )`$ we have

$$d\nu (\omega )=\gamma (G|M)d(\omega )\left|\frac{1z_jz_i^1q^g}{1z_jz_i^1q^{(g+1)}}\right|^2d\omega $$

where

$$d(\omega )=d(\mathrm{St}(l_i)).$$

So we have

(19) $`d\nu (\omega )`$ $`=\gamma (G|M){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l_i}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{l_i1}{}}}(q^j1){\displaystyle \left|\frac{1z_jz_i^1q^g}{1z_jz_i^1q^{(g+1)}}\right|^2d\omega }`$
(20) $`={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{l_i^2l_i}{2}}(q1)^{l_i}}{l_i(q^{l_i}1)}}P_{S_n}(q^1){\displaystyle \left|\frac{1z_jz_i^1q^g}{1z_jz_i^1q^{(g+1)}}\right|^2d\omega }.`$
###### Remark 5.6.

Using \[10, Theorem 3.3\], we obtain that the Plancherel measure of the (extended) affine Hecke algebra $`(n,q)`$ is given on $`X^\gamma /Z(\gamma )`$ by

$$\mu (I)\gamma (G|M)d(\omega )\left|\frac{1z_jz_i^1q^g}{1z_jz_i^1q^{(g+1)}}\right|^2d\omega .$$

Concerning the volume $`\mu (I)`$: by \[11, 5.4.3\] we have

$$\mu (\mathrm{GL}(n,𝔬_F))=\underset{wW_0}{}\mu (IwI)=\underset{wW_0}{}\mu (I)q^{\mathrm{}(w)}=P_{S_n}(q)\mu (I).$$

The explicit formula is then (using (2)):

$$d\nu _{(n,q)}(\omega )=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}\frac{q^{\frac{l_i^2l_i}{2}}(q1)^{l_i}}{l_i(q^{l_i}1)}q^{\frac{nn^2}{2}}\left|\frac{1z_jz_i^1q^g}{1z_jz_i^1q^{(g+1)}}\right|^2d\omega ,$$

where the second product is taken over those $`i`$, $`j`$, $`g`$ for which the following inequalities hold: $`1i<jk`$, $`|g_ig_j|gg_i+g_j`$, $`2g_i+1=l_i`$. Note that Plancherel measure for Iwahori Hecke algebras has been already calculated by Opdam (see \[22, 2.8.3\]).

We will now consider a special case. The $`p`$-adic gamma function attached to the local field $`K`$ (see \[32, p. 51\]) is the following meromorphic function of a single complex variable:

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_1(\zeta )=\frac{1q_K^\zeta /q_K}{1q_K^\zeta }.$$

We will change the variable via $`s=q_K^\zeta `$ and write

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_K(s)=\frac{1s/q_K}{1s^1},$$

a rational function of $`s`$. Let $`si`$ so that $`s`$ has modulus $`1`$. Then we have

$$1/|\mathrm{\Gamma }_K(s)|^2=\left|\frac{1s}{1q_K^1s}\right|^2.$$

Let $`T`$ be the standard maximal torus in $`\mathrm{GL}(n)`$ and let $`\widehat{T}`$ denote the unitary dual of $`T`$. Then $`\widehat{T}`$ has the structure of a compact torus $`𝕋^n`$ (the space of Satake parameters) and the unramified unitary principal series of $`\mathrm{GL}(n)`$ is parametrized by the quotient $`𝕋^n/S_n`$. Let now $`t=(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)𝕋^n`$. Applying the above formulas the Plancherel density $`\mu _{G|T}`$ is given by

(21) $`\mu _{G|T}`$ $`=`$ $`const{\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{}}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{1z_jz_i^1}{1z_jz_i^1/q}}\right|^2`$
(22) $`=`$ $`const{\displaystyle \underset{0<\alpha }{}}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{1\alpha (t)}{1\alpha (t)/q}}\right|^2`$
(23) $`=`$ $`const{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha }{}}1/\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha (t))`$
where $`\alpha `$ is a root of the Langlands dual group $`\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$ so that $`\alpha _{ij}(t)=z_i/z_j`$.

For $`\mathrm{GL}(n)`$, one connected component in the tempered dual is the compact orbifold $`𝕋^n/S_n`$, the symmetric product of $`n`$ circles. On this component we have the Macdonald formula :

$$d\mu (\omega _\lambda )=const.d\lambda /\underset{\alpha }{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(i\lambda (\alpha ^{}))$$

the product over all roots $`\alpha `$ where $`\alpha ^{}`$ is the coroot. This formula is a very special case of our formula for $`\mathrm{GL}(n)`$.

### 5.2. General case

We now pass to the general case of a component $`\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega }(\mathrm{GL}(n))`$ with exponents $`e_1`$, $`\mathrm{}`$, $`e_t`$. We first note that each component $`\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega }(\mathrm{GL}(n))`$ yields up its fundamental invariants:

* the cardinality $`q`$ of the residue field of $`F`$
* the sizes $`m_i`$ of the small general linear groups
* the exponents $`e_i`$
* the torsion numbers $`r_i`$
* the formal degrees $`d_i`$
* the conductors $`f_{ij}=f(\sigma _i^{}\times \sigma _j)`$

with $`1it`$.

We now construct the disjoint union

$$E=\mathrm{\Omega }(\mathrm{GL}(\mathrm{}))=\{\mathrm{\Omega }(\mathrm{GL}(n)):n=0,1,2,3,\mathrm{}\}$$

with the convention that $`\mathrm{\Omega }(\mathrm{GL}(0))=`$.

We will say that two components $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1,\mathrm{\Omega }_2E`$ are disjoint if none of the irreducible supercuspidals which occur in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ is equivalent (after unramified twist) to any of the supercuspidals which occur in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$. We now define a law of composition on disjoint components in $`E`$. With the cuspidal pair $`(M_1,\sigma _1)\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and the cuspidal pair $`(M_2,\sigma _2)\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ we define $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1\times \mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ as the unique component determined by

$$(M_1\times M_2,\sigma _1\sigma _2).$$

The set $`E`$ admits a law of composition not everywhere defined such that $`E`$ is unital, commutative and associative. Rather surprisingly, $`E`$ admits prime elements: the prime elements are precisely the components with a single exponent. Each element in $`E`$ admits a unique factorization into prime elements:

$$\mathrm{\Omega }=\mathrm{\Omega }_1\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Omega }_t.$$

Plancherel measure respects the unique factorization into prime elements, modulo constants. Quite specifically, we have

###### Theorem 5.7.

Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ have the unique factorization

$$\mathrm{\Omega }=\mathrm{\Omega }_1\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Omega }_t$$

so that $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ has exponents $`e_1`$, $`\mathrm{}`$, $`e_t`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$, $`\mathrm{}`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_t`$ are pairwise disjoint prime elements with the individual exponents $`e_1`$, $`\mathrm{}`$, $`e_t`$. Let

$$\nu =\nu _\mathrm{\Omega }$$

denote the Bernstein decomposition of Plancherel measure. Then we have

$$\nu _\mathrm{\Omega }=const.\nu _{\mathrm{\Omega }_1}\mathrm{}\nu _{\mathrm{\Omega }_t}$$

where $`\nu _{\mathrm{\Omega }_1}`$, $`\mathrm{}`$, $`\nu _{\mathrm{\Omega }_t}`$ are given by Theorem 5.1 and the constant is given, in terms of the fundamental invariants, by Theorem 5.2.

###### Proof.

In the Harish-Chandra product formula, all the cross-terms are constant, by Theorem 4.3. ∎

## 6. Transfer-of-measure, conductor, and the formal degree formulas

### 6.1. Torsion number

The theory of types of  produces a canonical extension $`K`$ of $`F`$ such that $`q_K=q^r`$. Indeed, let $`\sigma `$ be an irreducible supercuspidal representation of $`\mathrm{GL}(m)`$, and let $`(J,\lambda )`$ be a maximal simple type occurring in it. Let $`𝔄`$ be the hereditary $`𝔬_F`$-order in $`A=M(m,F)`$ and let $`E=F[\beta ]`$ be the field extension of $`F`$ attached to the stratum (see \[11, Definition 5.5.10 (iii)\]). It is proved in \[11, Lemma 6.2.5\] that

(24)
$$r=\frac{m}{e(E|F)},$$

where $`e(E|F)`$ denotes the ramification index of $`E`$ with respect to $`F`$. Let $`B`$ denote the centraliser of $`E`$ in $`A`$. We set $`𝔅:=𝔄B`$. Then $`𝔅`$ is a maximal hereditary order in $`B`$, see \[11, Theorem 6.2.1\]. Let $`K`$ be an unramified extension of $`E`$ which normalises $`𝔅`$ and is maximal with respect to that property, as in \[11, Proposition 5.5.14\]. Then $`[K:F]=m`$, and (24) gives that $`r`$ is equal to the residue index $`f(K|F)`$ of $`K`$ with respect to $`F`$. Thus $`Q=q^r`$ is equal to the order $`q_K`$ of the residue field of $`K`$.

Also the number $`Q`$ is the one which occurs for the Hecke algebra $`(\mathrm{GL}(m),\lambda )`$ associated to $`(J,\lambda )`$, see \[11, Theorem 5.6.6\]. Indeed, since the order of the residue field of $`E`$ is equal to $`q^{f(E|F)}`$, that number is $`(q^{f(E|F)})^f`$, with

$$f=\frac{m}{[E:F]e(𝔅)},$$

where $`e(𝔅)`$ denotes the period of a lattice chain attached to $`𝔅`$ as in \[11, (1.1)\]. Since $`\sigma `$ is supercuspidal, $`e(𝔅)=1`$ (see \[11, Corollary 6.2.3\]). It follows that

(25)
$$ff(E|F)=\frac{mf(E|F)}{[E:F]}=\frac{m}{e(E|F)}=r.$$

### 6.2. Normalization of measures

We will relate our normalization of measures to the measures used in \[11, (7.7)\]. Bushnell and Kutzko work with a quotient measure $`\dot{\mu }`$, the quotient of $`\mu _G`$ by $`\mu _Z`$.

Let $`Z`$ denote the centre of $`\mathrm{GL}(n)`$. The second isomorphism theorem in group theory gives:

$$JZ/ZJ/JZ.$$

We have

$$JZ=𝔬_F^\times .$$

One way to see this would be: $`J`$ contains $`𝔄^\times B`$, where $`B`$ is the centralizer in $`M(n,F)`$ of the extension $`E`$. Now certainly $`Z`$ is contained in $`B`$. On the other hand, $`𝔄`$ is an $`𝔬_F`$-order so $`𝔄`$ certainly contains $`𝔬_F`$. Thanks to Shaun Stevens for this remark.

Then we have

$$JZ/ZJ/𝔬_F^\times .$$

Now $`J`$ is a principal $`𝔬_F^\times `$-bundle over $`J/𝔬_F^\times `$. Each fibre over the base $`J/𝔬_F^\times `$ has volume $`1`$. The quotient measure of the base space is then given by

(26)
$$\dot{\mu }(JZ/Z)=\mu (J).$$

Similar normalizations are done with $`G_0=\mathrm{GL}(e,K)`$. We also need the corresponding quotient measure $`\ddot{\mu }`$ (see \[11, (7.7.8)\]). We have

$$\ddot{\mu }(IK^\times /K^\times )=\mu _{G_0}(I).$$

Let $`M=\mathrm{GL}(n_j)`$. We have $`Z_M=Z_j`$, $`𝒦=𝒦_j`$, with $`Z_j=Z_{\mathrm{GL}(n_j,F)}`$ and $`𝒦_j=\mathrm{GL}(n_j,𝔬_F)`$. With respect to the standard normalization of all Haar measures, we have $`\mu _M=\mu _j`$ (where $`\mu _j`$ denotes $`\mu _{\mathrm{GL}(n_i,F)}`$) and $`\mu _{Z_M}=\mu _{Z_j}`$. This then guarantees that

(27)
$$\dot{\mu }_M=\dot{\mu }_j.$$

### 6.3. Conductor formulas (the supercuspidal case)

We will first recall results from  in a suitable way for our purpose.

Let $`(J^\mathrm{s},\lambda ^\mathrm{s})`$ be a simple type in $`\mathrm{GL}(2m)`$ with associated maximal simple type $`(J,\lambda )`$ (in the terminology of \[11, (7.2.18) (iii)\]). When $`(J,\lambda )`$ is of positive level, we set $`J_P=(J^\mathrm{s}P)H^1(\beta ,𝔄)J^\mathrm{s}`$ (in notation \[11, (3.1.4)\]), where $`P`$ denotes the upper-triangular parabolic subgroup of $`\mathrm{GL}(2m)`$ with Levi component $`M=\mathrm{GL}(m)\times \mathrm{GL}(m)`$, and unipotent radical denoted by $`N`$. Following \[11, Theorem 7.2.17\], we define $`\lambda _P`$ as the natural representation of $`J_P`$ on the space of $`(JN)`$-fixed vectors in $`\lambda ^\mathrm{s}`$. The representation $`\lambda _P`$ is irreducible and $`\lambda _P\mathrm{c}\mathrm{Ind}_{J_P}^{J^\mathrm{s}}(\lambda ^\mathrm{s})`$.

The pair $`(J\times J,\lambda \lambda )`$ is a type in $`M`$ which occurs in $`\sigma \sigma `$, and, as shown in \[13, prop. 1.4\], $`(J_P,\lambda _P)`$ is a $`\mathrm{GL}(2m)`$-cover of $`(J\times J,\lambda \lambda )`$.

###### Theorem 6.1.

Conductor formulas, . Let $`G_0=\mathrm{GL}(2,K)`$, let $`N_0`$ denote the unipotent radical of the standard Borel subgroup of $`G_0`$ and let $`I`$ denote the standard Iwahori subgroup of $`G_0`$. We will denote by $`\mu _0`$ the Haar measure on $`G_0`$ normalized as in subsection 6.2.

Let $`(J^{\mathrm{GL}(2m)},\lambda ^G)`$ be any $`\mathrm{GL}(2m)`$-cover of $`(J\times J,\lambda \lambda )`$.

Then

$$\frac{\mu (J^GN)\mu (J^G\overline{N})}{\mu _0(IN_0)\mu _0(I\overline{N}_0)}=q^{f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )}=\frac{j(\sigma \sigma )}{j_0(1)},$$

where $`j`$, $`j_0`$ denote the $`j`$-functions for the group $`G`$, $`G_0`$ respectively.

###### Proof.

The first equality is \[9, Theorem in §5.4\], using the fact that $`\mu _0(IN_0)\mu _0(I\overline{N}_0)=q_K^1`$. The second equality is \[9, Theorem in §5.4\] (note that in loc. cit. the normalisations haven been taken so that $`\mu (J^GN)\mu (J^G\overline{N})=\mu _0(IN_0)\mu _0(I\overline{N}_0)`$). It also follows directly from our Corollary 5.3. ∎

We will now extend the above Theorem to the case of $`M=\mathrm{GL}(m)^{\times e}`$, with $`e`$ arbitrary.

###### Corollary 6.2.

Let $`M=\mathrm{GL}(m)^{\times e}`$ with $`n=em`$, et $`G_0=\mathrm{GL}(e,K)`$, let $`N_0`$ denote the unipotent radical of the standard Borel subgroup of $`G_0`$ and let $`I`$ denote the standard Iwahori subgroup of $`G_0`$.

Let $`(J^G,\lambda ^G)`$ be a cover in $`G=\mathrm{GL}(n)`$ of $`(J^{\times e},\lambda ^e)`$ (the existence of which is guaranteed by ).

Then

$$\frac{\mu (J^GN)\mu (J^G\overline{N})}{\mu _0(IN_0)\mu _0(I\overline{N}_0)}=q^{\frac{e(e1)}{2}f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )}=\frac{j(\sigma ^e)}{j_0(1)}.$$

###### Proof.

Let $`M^{}`$ be a Levi subgroup of a parabolic subgroup in $`G`$ such that $`P`$ is a maximal parabolic subgroup of $`M^{}`$. Then, $`M^{}/M\mathrm{GL}(2m)/\mathrm{GL}(m)\times \mathrm{GL}(m)`$ and

$$\mu (J^GM^{}N)=\mu (J^{\mathrm{GL}(2m)}\mathrm{GL}(2m)N).$$

It follows from \[12, Proposition 8.5 (ii)\] that $`(J^GM^{},\lambda ^G|J^GM^{})`$ is an $`M^{}`$-cover of $`(J^{\times e},\lambda ^e)`$.

Because of the unipotency of $`N`$, we have

(28)
$$\mu (J^GN)=(\mu (J^{\mathrm{GL}(2m)}\mathrm{GL}(2m)N))^{\frac{e(e1)}{2}},$$

and similar equalities for the three others terms. Since $`\mathrm{GL}(2m)N`$ is the unipotent radical of the parabolic subgroup of $`\mathrm{GL}(2m)`$ with Levi $`\mathrm{GL}(m)\times \mathrm{GL}(m)`$, the first equality in the Corollary follows from Theorem 6.1.

The second equality follows from our Corollary 5.3. It is also a direct consequence of Theorem 6.1, using the product formula for $`j`$ and for $`j_0`$ from \[34, IV.3. (5)\]. ∎

### 6.4. Formal degree formulas

Using Corollary 6.2, we will deduce from \[11, (7.7.11)\] a formula relating the formal degree of any discrete series of $`\mathrm{GL}(n)`$ and the formal degree of a supercuspidal representation in its inertial support.

Given $`G=\mathrm{GL}(n)=\mathrm{GL}(n,F)`$ choose $`e|n`$ and let $`m=n/e`$. Let $`\sigma `$ be an irreducible unitary supercuspidal representation of $`\mathrm{GL}(m)`$ and let $`(J,\lambda )`$ be a maximal simple type occurring in it. Let $`g=(e1)/2`$. We consider the standard Levi subgroup $`M=\mathrm{GL}(m)^{\times e}`$ of $`\mathrm{GL}(n,F)`$ and the supercuspidal representation

$$\sigma _M=|det()|^g\sigma \mathrm{}|det()|^g\sigma $$

of it. Then $`(J_M,\lambda _M)=(J^{\times e},\lambda ^e)`$ is a type in $`M`$ occuring in $`\sigma _M`$.

Let $`\pi =\mathrm{St}(\sigma ,e)`$ and let $`(J^\mathrm{s},\lambda ^\mathrm{s})`$ be a simple type in $`\mathrm{GL}(n)`$ occuring in $`\pi `$ (it has associated maximal simple type $`(J,\lambda )`$).

The following result is rather intricate, but note that only the fundamental invariants $`m,e,r,d,f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )`$ occur in it, in line with our general philosophy.

###### Theorem 6.3.

We have

$$\frac{d(\pi )}{d(\sigma )^e}=\frac{m^{e1}}{r^{e1}e}q^{\frac{e^2e}{2}(f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )+r2m^2)}\frac{(q^r1)^e}{q^{er}1}\frac{|\mathrm{GL}(em,q)|}{|\mathrm{GL}(m,q)|^e}.$$

###### Remark 6.4.

The right-hand side in the above equality can be rewritten, by using (17), as

$$r^{1e}\frac{(q^{em}1)(q^r1)^e}{(q^m1)^e(q^{er}1)}q^{\frac{e^2e}{2}(f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )+rm^2)}\frac{\mathrm{deg}(\mathrm{St}(em))}{(\mathrm{deg}(\mathrm{St}(m)))^e}.$$

###### Proof.

Let $`T`$ denote the diagonal torus in $`\mathrm{GL}(e,K)`$ and let $`I`$ denote the Iwahori subgroup of $`G_0=\mathrm{GL}(e,K)`$ attached to the Bernstein component in $`\mathrm{\Omega }(\mathrm{GL}(e,K))`$ which contains the cuspidal pair $`(T,1)`$. Note that $`IT=\mathrm{GL}(1,𝔬_K)^{\times e}`$. From \[11, (7.7.11)\], applied to the representations $`\pi `$ and $`\sigma `$, we have

(29)
$$d(\pi )=\frac{\mu _0(I)}{\mu (J^\mathrm{s})}\frac{dim(\lambda ^\mathrm{s})}{e(E|F)}d(\pi )_0,$$

where $`d(\pi )_0`$ denotes the formal degree of $`\pi \mathrm{E}_2(G_0)`$, and

(30)
$$d(\sigma )=\frac{\mu (\mathrm{GL}(1,𝔬_K))}{\mu (J)}\frac{dim(\lambda )}{e(E|F)}.$$

Using (29), (30) and (25), we obtain

(31)
$$\frac{d(\pi )}{d(\sigma )^e}=\frac{m^{e1}}{r^{e1}}\frac{\mu _0(I)}{\mu (J^\mathrm{s})}\frac{\mu (J^{\times e})}{\mu (\mathrm{GL}(1,𝔬_K)^{\times e})}\frac{dim(\lambda ^\mathrm{s})}{(dim(\lambda ))^e}d(\pi )_0.$$

We set $`J_P=(J^\mathrm{s}P)H^1(\beta ,𝔄)J^\mathrm{s}`$, where $`P`$ is the upper-triangular parabolic subgroup of $`G`$ with Levi component $`M`$, and unipotent radical $`N`$. We define $`\lambda _P`$ as the natural representation of $`J_P`$ on the space of $`(JN)`$-fixed vectors in $`\lambda ^\mathrm{s}`$. The representation $`\lambda _P`$ is irreducible and $`\lambda _P\mathrm{c}\mathrm{Ind}_{J_P}^{J^\mathrm{s}}(\lambda ^\mathrm{s})`$. Then $`(J_P,\lambda _P)`$ is a $`G`$-cover of $`(J_M,\lambda _M)`$. In the case where $`(J,\lambda )`$ is of zero level, we denote by $`(J^\mathrm{s},\lambda ^\mathrm{s})=(J_P,\lambda _P)`$ an arbitrary $`G`$-cover of $`(J_M,\lambda _M)`$.

Since $`J^\mathrm{s}M=J^{\times e}=J_M=J_PM`$, and

$$dim(\lambda )^e=dim(\lambda _M)=dim(\lambda _P)=[J^\mathrm{s}:J_P]^1dim(\lambda ^\mathrm{s}),$$

(31) gives

$$\frac{d(\pi )}{d(\sigma )^e}=\frac{m^{e1}}{r^{e1}}\frac{\mu _0(I)}{\mu (J_P)}\frac{\mu (J_M)}{\mu _0(IT)}d(\pi )_0.$$

On the other hand, by applying the formula \[34, p.241, l.7\] to the group $`J`$, we obtain

(32)
$$\gamma (G|M)=\frac{\mu (J_PN)\mu (J_PM)\mu (J_P\overline{N})}{\mu (J_P)}.$$

Similarly we have

$$\gamma (G_0|T)=\frac{\mu _0(IN_0)\mu _0(IT)\mu _0(I\overline{N}_0)}{\mu _0(I)}.$$

We then obtain

$$\frac{d(\pi )}{d(\sigma )^e}=\frac{\gamma (G|M)}{\gamma (G_0|T)}\frac{\mu _0(IN_0)\mu _0(I\overline{N}_0)}{\mu (J_PN)\mu (J_P\overline{N})}d(\pi )_0.$$

Applying Corollary 6.2, we get

$$\frac{d(\pi )}{d(\sigma )^e}=\frac{m^{e1}}{r^{e1}}q^{\frac{e(e1)}{2}f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )}\frac{\gamma (G|M)}{\gamma (G_0|T)}d(\pi )_0.$$

Since Haar measure on $`\mathrm{GL}(e,K)`$ has been normalised so that the volume of $`\mathrm{GL}(e,𝔬_K)`$ is equal to one, the formal degree of the Steinberg representation of $`\mathrm{GL}(e,K)`$ is given as in (17) by

$$d(\pi )_0=\frac{q_K^{(ee^2)/2}}{e}\frac{|\mathrm{GL}(e,q_K)|}{q_K^e1}.$$

On the other hand, Theorem 3.1 gives

$$\gamma (G|M)=q^{mnn^2}\frac{|\mathrm{GL}(n,q)|}{|\mathrm{GL}(m,q)|^e}\text{ and }\gamma (G_0|T)=q^{ee^2}\frac{|\mathrm{GL}(e,q_K)|}{(q_K1)^e}.$$

The result follows. ∎

We will now recall the explicit formulas for $`d(\pi )`$ and $`d(\sigma )`$ from , using also . We would like to thank Wilhelm Zink for explaining these works to us.

Let $`\eta `$ be the Heisenberg representation of $`J^1(\beta ,𝔄)`$ attached to a maximal simple type $`(J(\beta ,𝔄),\lambda )`$ occuring in the supercuspidal representation $`\sigma `$ of $`\mathrm{GL}(m)`$ (see \[11, (5.1.1), (5.5.10)\]). Let $`𝔓`$ denote the Jacobson radical of $`𝔄`$ and let $`U^i(𝔄)=1+𝔓^i`$. Let $`\pi _\beta ^1`$ be the compactly induced representation $`\mathrm{c}\mathrm{Ind}_{J^1(\beta ,𝔄)}^{U^1(𝔄)}(\eta )`$. Then $`\pi _\beta ^1`$ is irreducible, see \[11, (5.2.3)\]. More generally the restriction of $`\eta `$ to $`J^i(\beta ,𝔄)=J^1(\beta ,𝔄)(1+𝔓^i)`$ is a multiple of an irreducible representation $`\eta ^i`$ which induces irreducibly to a representation $`\pi _\beta ^i`$ of $`U^i(𝔄)`$ (see \[36, 2.2\]). Let $`E_i`$ be any field such that

$$U^1(𝔄)I_{\mathrm{GL}(m)}(\pi _\beta ^{i+1})U^1(𝔄)=U^1(𝔄)\mathrm{GL}(m/[E_i:F],E_i)U^1(𝔄),$$

where $`I_{\mathrm{GL}(m)}(\pi _\beta ^{i+1})`$ denotes the intertwining of $`\pi _\beta ^{i+1}`$ in $`\mathrm{GL}(m,F)`$. In particular, we have $`E_0=E`$.

###### Theorem 6.5.

Explicit formal degrees formulas, , . The formal degrees of $`\sigma `$ and $`\pi `$ are respectively given by

$$d(\sigma )=r\frac{q^m1}{q^r1}q^{(rm+\delta )/2}\mathrm{deg}(\mathrm{St}(m)),$$

$$d(\pi )=r\frac{q^{em}1}{q^{er}1}q^{(erem+e^2\delta )/2}\mathrm{deg}(\mathrm{St}(em)),$$

where

$$\delta =rm\underset{i0}{}(1[E_i:F]^1).$$

###### Proof.

It follows directly from \[31, Theorem 1.1\] and \[36, Corollary 6.7\], using the fact that $`r=f(K|F)`$ and $`m/e(E|F)=r`$. ∎

As immediate consequences, we obtain the following results.

###### Corollary 6.6.

$$\frac{d(\pi )}{d(\sigma )^{e^2}}=r^{1e^2}\frac{(q^{em}1)(q^r1)^{e^2}}{(q^{er}1)(q^m1)^{e^2}}q^{(e^2e)(mr)/2}\frac{\mathrm{deg}(\mathrm{St}(em))}{(\mathrm{deg}(\mathrm{St}(m)))^{e^2}}.$$

###### Remark 6.7.

We observe that the above formula extends to the general case the formula obtained in \[14, Theorem 4.6\] in the case where $`(n,p)=1`$ and $`F`$ has characteristic zero. The existence of such a formula was expected in \[14, Remark 4.7\]. Our formula also extends \[33, Theorem VII.3.2\].

###### Corollary 6.8.

$$\frac{d(\pi )}{d(\sigma )^e}=r^{1e}\frac{(q^{em}1)(q^r1)^e}{(q^{er}1)(q^m1)^e}q^{(e^2e)\delta /2}\frac{\mathrm{deg}(\mathrm{St}(em))}{(\mathrm{deg}(\mathrm{St}(m)))^e}.$$

The comparison of Corollary 6.8 with Remark 6.4 gives the following expression for the conductor for pairs $`f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )`$.

###### Theorem 6.9.

We have

$$f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )=\delta +m^2r.$$

###### Remark 6.10.

In \[10, §6.4\] (see also \[10, 6.13\]) is introduced a certain discrimant function $`C(\beta )`$ and an integer $`𝔠(\beta )`$ such that $`C(\beta )=q^{𝔠(\beta )}`$. It follows from our Theorem 5.1 and \[10, Theorem 6.5 (i)\] that

$$𝔠(\beta )=\frac{[E:F]^2}{m^2}\delta .$$

### 6.5. Conductor formulas (the discrete series case)

Let $`\sigma `$ be an irreducible supercuspidal representation of $`\mathrm{GL}(m)`$, and let $`(J,\lambda )`$ be a maximal simple type occurring in it. Let $`e|n`$, and let $`l_1+\mathrm{}+l_k=e`$ be a partition of $`e`$. It determines the standard Levi subgroup

(33)
$$M=\mathrm{GL}(l_1m)\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{GL}(l_km)\mathrm{GL}(n,F).$$

Let $`g_1=(l_11)/2`$, $`\mathrm{}`$, $`g_k=(l_k1)/2`$, and let $`\pi _1`$, $`\mathrm{}`$, $`\pi _k`$ be discrete series representations of $`\mathrm{GL}(l_1m)`$, $`\mathrm{}`$, $`\mathrm{GL}(l_km)`$ such that $`\pi _i=\mathrm{St}(\sigma ,l_i)`$. Let $`\pi =\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _k`$ be the corresponding discrete series representation of $`M`$. For each $`i\{1,\mathrm{},k\}`$, we fix a $`\mathrm{GL}(l_im)`$-cover $`(J^{\mathrm{GL}(l_im)},\lambda ^{\mathrm{GL}(l_im)})`$ of $`(J^{\times l_i},\lambda ^{l_i})`$ (as in the proof of Theorem 6.3). Then

(34)
$$(J_M,\lambda _M)=(J^{\mathrm{GL}(l_1m)}\times \mathrm{}\times J^{\mathrm{GL}(l_km)},\lambda ^{\mathrm{GL}(l_1m)}\mathrm{}\lambda ^{\mathrm{GL}(l_km)})$$

is a $`M`$-cover of $`(J^{\times e},\lambda ^e)`$. Then let $`(J^G,\lambda ^G)`$ denote a $`G`$-cover of $`(J_M,\lambda _M)`$ (the existence of which is guaranteed by \[13, Main Theorem (second version)\]).

At the same time the partition $`(l_1,\mathrm{},l_k)`$ determines the standard Levi subgroup

(35)
$$M_0=\mathrm{GL}(l_1)\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{GL}(l_k)\mathrm{GL}(e,K)=G_0.$$

Let $`P`$ (resp. $`P_0`$) be the upper-triangular parabolic subgroup of $`G`$ (resp. $`G_0`$) with Levi component $`M`$ (resp. $`M_0`$), and unipotent radical denoted by $`N`$ (resp. $`N_0`$). Let $`I`$ denote the standard Iwahori subgroup of $`G_0`$.

###### Theorem 6.11.

We have

$$\frac{\mu (J^GN)\mu (J^G\overline{N})}{\mu _0(IN_0)\mu _0(I\overline{N}_0)}=q^{\mathrm{}(\gamma )f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )}=\frac{j(\sigma ^e)}{j_0(1)}.$$

###### Proof.

The second equality follows from our Corollary 5.3.

We will prove the first equality. Let $`U`$ denote the unipotent radical of the upper-triangular parabolic subgroup of $`G`$ with Levi component $`\mathrm{GL}(m)^{\times e}`$, and, for $`i=1,\mathrm{},k`$, let $`U_i`$ denote the unipotent radical of the upper-triangular parabolic subgroup of $`\mathrm{GL}(l_im)`$ with Levi component $`\mathrm{GL}(m)^{\times l_i}`$. We observe that

$$U=N\times (UM)=N\times \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}U_i.$$

Similarly, let $`U_0`$ be the unipotent radical of the standard Borel subgroup of $`G_0`$, and, for $`i=1,\mathrm{},k`$, let $`U_{0,i}`$ be the unipotent radical of the standard Borel subgroup of $`\mathrm{GL}(l_i,K)`$. We have

$$U_0=N_0\times (U_0M_0)=N_0\times \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}U_{0,i}.$$

It follows from \[12, Proposition 8.5 (i)\] that $`(J^G,\lambda ^G)`$ is also a $`G`$-cover of $`(J^{\times e},\lambda ^e)`$. Applying Theorem 6.2 to $`(J^G,U)`$ and to $`(J^{\mathrm{GL}(l_im)},U_i)`$ for each $`i\{1,\mathrm{},k\}`$, we obtain

$$\frac{\mu (J^GU)\mu (J^G\overline{U})}{\mu _0(IU_0)\mu _0(I\overline{U}_0)}=q^{\frac{e(e1)}{2}f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )}$$

$$\frac{\mu (J^{\mathrm{GL}(l_im)}U_i)\mu (J^{\mathrm{GL}(l_im)}\overline{U}_i)}{\mu _0(IU_{0,i})\mu _0(I\overline{U}_{0,i})}=q^{\frac{l_i(l_i1)}{2}f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )}.$$

Since $`J^GM=J_M`$ (by definition of covers), it follows from (34) that $`J^G\mathrm{GL}(l_im)=J^{\mathrm{GL}(l_im)}`$. Then using the fact that

$$\mu (J^GN)=\mu (J^GU)\times \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}\mu (J^{\mathrm{GL}(l_im)}U_i),$$

and the analogous equalities for the others terms, we obtain

(36) $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mu (J^GN)\mu (J^G\overline{N})}{\mu _0(IN_0)\mu _0(I\overline{N}_0)}}`$ $`=q^{(\frac{e(e1)}{2}+_{i=1}^k\frac{l_i(l_i1)}{2})f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )}`$
(37) $`=q^{\mathrm{}(\gamma )f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )}.`$
### 6.6. Transfer-of-measure

The following result reduces the case of an arbitrary component $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ to the one (studied in Corollary 5.5) of a component (of a possibly different group $`G_0`$) which contains the cuspidal pair $`(T,1)`$. We give a direct proof which is based on our previous calculations. It is worth noting that it is also a direct application of \[10, Theorem 4.1\].

Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }=\sigma ^e`$ be a Bernstein component in $`\mathrm{\Omega }(\mathrm{GL}(n))`$ with single exponent $`e`$. Let $`T`$ be the diagonal subgroup of $`G_0=\mathrm{GL}(e,K)`$, and let $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0`$ be the Bernstein component in $`\mathrm{\Omega }(\mathrm{GL}(e,K))`$ which contains the cuspidal pair $`(T,1)`$. The components $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0`$ each have the single exponent $`e`$, and we have a homeomorphism of compact Hausdorff spaces

(38)
$$\mathrm{Irr}^\mathrm{t}\mathrm{GL}(n,F)_\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{Irr}^\mathrm{t}\mathrm{GL}(e,K)_{\mathrm{\Omega }_0}.$$

This homeomorphism is determined by the map

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}\zeta _i^{\mathrm{val}_Fdet_F}\pi _i\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}(\zeta _i^r)^{\mathrm{val}_Kdet_K}\mathrm{St}(l_i).$$

This formula precisely allows for the fact that $`\pi _i`$ has torsion number $`r`$ and that $`\mathrm{St}(l_i)`$ has torsion number $`1`$. Note that when $`\zeta `$ is replaced by $`\omega \zeta `$, where $`\omega `$ is an $`r`$th root of unity, each term remains unaltered.

The equation $`r=f(K|F)`$ and the standard formula

$$\mathrm{val}_K(y)=f(K|F)^1\mathrm{val}_F(N_{K|F}(y))$$

lead to the more invariant formula:

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}(\chi _idet{}_{F}{}^{})\pi _i\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}(\chi _iN_{K|F}det{}_{K}{}^{})\mathrm{St}(l_i)$$

where $`\chi _i`$ is an unramified character of $`F^\times `$.

Let $`(J^G,\lambda ^G)`$ be defined as in the previous subsection. It is a type in $`G`$ attached to $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. Recall that $`I`$ denotes the standard Iwahori subgroup of $`G_0`$.

###### Theorem 6.12.

Let $`d\nu `$, $`d\nu _0`$ respectively denote Plancherel measure on $`\mathrm{Irr}^\mathrm{t}\mathrm{GL}(n,F)_\mathrm{\Omega }`$, $`\mathrm{Irr}^\mathrm{t}\mathrm{GL}(e,K)_{\mathrm{\Omega }_0}`$. We have

$$\frac{\mu (J^G)}{dim(\lambda ^G)}d\nu (\omega )=\mu _0(I)d\nu _0(\omega _0),$$

where

$$\omega =\chi _1\pi _1\mathrm{}\chi _k\pi _k$$

and

$$\omega _0=(\chi _1N_{K|F})\mathrm{St}(l_1)\mathrm{}(\chi _kN_{K|F})\mathrm{St}(l_k).$$

###### Proof.

We first have to elucidate the canonical measures $`d\omega ,d\omega _0`$. First, let $`M=\mathrm{GL}(n)`$, and let $`\omega `$ have torsion number $`r`$. Then the map $`\mathrm{Im}X(M)𝒪`$ is the $`r`$-fold covering map: $`𝕋𝕋,zz^r`$. The map $`\mathrm{Im}X(M)\mathrm{Im}X(A_M)`$ sends the map $`Tz^{\mathrm{val}(det(T))}`$ to the map $`xz^{val(det(xI_n))}=(z^n)^{\mathrm{val}(det(x))}`$ and so induces the $`n`$-fold covering map $`𝕋𝕋`$. The canonical measure $`\text{d}\omega `$ on the orbit $`𝒪`$ is the Haar measure of total mass $`n/r`$. If $`M=\mathrm{GL}(l_1)\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{GL}(l_k)`$ and $`\omega _j`$ has torsion number $`r_j`$ then the canonical measure $`\text{d}\omega `$ on the orbit $`𝒪`$ of $`\omega _1\mathrm{}\omega _k`$ is the Haar measure of total mass $`l_1\mathrm{}l_k/r_1\mathrm{}r_k`$. For the canonical measures $`d\omega ,d\omega _0`$ we therefore have

$$\text{d}\omega =(ml_1\mathrm{}ml_k/r^k)\text{d}\tau =l_1\mathrm{}l_k(m^k/r^k)\text{d}\tau $$

$$\text{d}\omega _0=l_1\mathrm{}l_k\text{d}\tau $$

where $`\text{d}\tau `$ is the Haar measure on $`𝕋^k`$ of total mass $`1`$. So, we have

(39)
$$\text{d}\omega =(m^k/r^k)\text{d}\omega _0.$$

By Theorem 5.4,

$$d\nu (\omega )=q^{\mathrm{}(\gamma )f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )}\gamma (G|M)d(\omega )\left|\frac{1z_jz_i^1q^{gr}}{1z_jz_i^1q^{(g+1)r}}\right|^2d\omega $$

and

$$d\nu _0(\omega _0)=\gamma (G_0|M_0)d(\omega _0)\left|\frac{1z_jz_i^1q^{gr}}{1z_jz_i^1q^{(g+1)r}}\right|^2d\omega _0.$$

Hence

(40)
$$\frac{d\nu (\omega )}{d\nu _0(\omega _0)}=q^{\mathrm{}(\gamma )f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )}\frac{\gamma (G|M)}{\gamma (G_0|M_0)}\frac{d(\omega )}{d(\omega _0)}\frac{d\omega }{d\omega _0}.$$

We keep the notation of section 6.5. It follows from (27), (26) that

(41)
$$\mu (J_M)=\mu (J^{\mathrm{GL}(l_1m)})\times \mathrm{}\times \mu (J^{\mathrm{GL}(l_km)}),$$

since $`J_M=J^{\mathrm{GL}(l_1m)}\times \mathrm{}\times J^{\mathrm{GL}(l_km)}`$. In the same way, we have

(42)
$$\mu _0(IM_0)=\mu _0(I\mathrm{GL}(l_1m))\times \mathrm{}\times \mu _0(I\mathrm{GL}(l_km)),$$

On the other hand, the formula \[11, (7.7.11)\] gives

$$\mu (J^{\mathrm{GL}(l_im)})d(\pi _i)=\mu _0(I\mathrm{GL}(l_i,K))\frac{dim(\lambda ^{\mathrm{GL}(l_im)})}{e(E|F)}d(\mathrm{St}(l_i))$$

Then (41), (42), (34), and (18) imply

(43)
$$\mu (J_M)d(\omega )=\mu _0(IM_0)\frac{dim(\lambda _M)}{e(E|F)^k}d(\omega _0).$$

Applying (32) to both $`\gamma (G|M)`$ and $`\gamma (G_0|M_0)`$, we obtain

(44)
$$\frac{\gamma (G|M)}{\gamma (G_0|M_0)}=\frac{\mu (J^GN)\mu (J^G\overline{N})}{\mu _0(IN_0)\mu _0(I\overline{N}_0)}\frac{\mu _0(I)}{\mu (J^G)}\frac{\mu (J_M)}{\mu _0(IM_0)}.$$

It then follows from (40), (43) and (44) that

$$\frac{d\nu (\omega )}{d\nu _0(\omega _0)}=q^{\mathrm{}(\gamma )f(\sigma ^{}\times \sigma )}\frac{\mu (J^GN)\mu (J^G\overline{N})}{\mu _0(IN_0)\mu _0(I\overline{N}_0)}\frac{\mu _0(I)}{\mu (J^G)}\frac{dim(\lambda _M)}{e(E|F)^k}\frac{\text{d}\omega }{\text{d}\omega _0}.$$

Noting that $`dim(\lambda ^G)=dim(\lambda _M)`$, and using equation (25) and Theorem 6.11, we have

$$\frac{\text{d}\nu (\omega )}{\text{d}\nu _0(\omega _0)}=\frac{\mu _0(I)}{\mu (J^G)}dim(\lambda ^G)\frac{r^k}{m^k}\frac{\text{d}\omega }{\text{d}\omega _0}=\frac{\mu _0(I)}{\mu (J^G)}dim(\lambda ^G),$$

using (39).

## 7. The central simple algebras case

Let $`D`$ be a central division algebra of index $`d`$ over $`F`$ and ring of integers $`𝔬_D`$, and let $`A=A(n^{})`$ denote the algebra of $`n^{}\times n^{}`$ matrices with coefficients in $`D`$. Then $`A`$ is a central simple algebra with centre $`F`$ of reduced degree $`n=dn^{}`$ and the group of units of $`A`$ is the group $`G^{}=\mathrm{GL}(n^{},D)`$. In Theorem 7.2 we will prove a transfer of Plancherel measure formula for $`G^{}`$: this will be deduced from properties of the Jacquet-Langlands correspondence. In order to do this, we will adapt the proof of \[1, (2.5) p. 88\] to the case when $`F`$ is of positive characteristic by using results of A. Badulescu.

We use the standard normalization of Haar measures, in particular $`\mu _G^{}`$ is normalized so that the volume of $`𝒦^{}=\mathrm{GL}(n^{},𝔬_D)`$ is $`1`$.

### 7.1. A transfer-of-measure formula

The aim of this subsection is to prove the transfer-of-measure formula stated in Theorem 7.2.

An element $`x^{}`$ in $`G^{}`$ will be called semisimple (resp. regular semisimple) if its orbit $`O_G^{}(x^{})=\{yx^{}y^1:yG^{}\}`$ is a closed subset of $`G^{}`$ (resp. if its characteristic polynomial admits only simple roots in an algebraic closure of $`F`$). Let $`G_{\mathrm{rs}}^{}`$ denote the set of regular semisimple elements in $`G^{}`$.

Let $`G_x^{}^{}`$ denote the centralizer in $`G^{}`$ of $`x^{}`$. Then the group $`G_x^{}^{}`$ is unimodular, and the choice of Haar measures on $`G^{}`$ and $`G_x^{}^{}`$ induces an invariant measure $`dx`$ on $`G^{}/G_x^{}^{}`$. The orbital integral of $`f^{}C_c(G^{})`$ at $`x^{}`$ is defined as

(45)
$$\mathrm{\Phi }(f^{},x^{})=_{G^{}/G_x^{}^{}}f^{}(y^1x^{}y)𝑑y.$$

Since the orbit $`O_G^{}(x^{})`$ is closed in $`G^{}`$, the integral is absolutely convergent. Indeed, it is a finite sum, since the restriction of $`f^{}`$ to $`O_G^{}(x^{})`$ is locally constant with compact support. Note that, if $`x^{}G_{\mathrm{rs}}^{}`$, then $`G_x^{}^{}`$ is a maximal torus in $`G^{}`$.

Orbital integrals have a local expansion, due to Shalika , which we will now recall. If $`O^{}`$ is a unipotent orbit in $`G^{}`$, let $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_O^{}`$ denote the distribution given by integration over the orbit $`O^{}`$. There exist functions $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_O^{}^G^{}:G_{\mathrm{rs}}^{}`$ (the Shalika germs) indexed by unipotent orbits of $`G^{}`$ with the following property:

(46)
$$\mathrm{\Phi }(f^{},x^{})=\underset{O^{}}{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_O^{}^G^{}(x^{})\mathrm{\Lambda }_O^{}(f^{}),$$

for $`x^{}G_{\mathrm{rs}}^{}`$ sufficiently close to the identity. Observe that $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_1=f^{}(1)`$.

Harish-Chandra proved that the germ $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1^G^{}`$ associated to the trivial unipotent orbit is constant, and Rogawski  has determined its value assuming the characteristic of $`F`$ to be zero:

(47)
$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_1^G^{}=\frac{(1)^{nn^{}}}{d(\mathrm{St}_G^{})}.$$

The equality (47) is still valid in the case when $`F`$ is of positive characteristic. Indeed, let $`F`$ be of positive characteristic and let $`E`$ be a field of zero characteristic sufficiently close to $`F`$, that is, such that there exists a ring isomorphism from $`𝔬_F/\varpi ^l𝔬_F`$ to $`𝔬_E/\varpi ^l𝔬_E`$, for some sufficiently big integer $`l1`$. Let $`D_E`$ be a central division algebra over $`E`$ with the same index $`d`$. Then by \[4, Lemma 3.8\] the lifts $`f_E^{}`$ of $`f^{}`$ to $`G_E^{}=\mathrm{GL}(m,D_E)`$ (resp. $`f_E`$ of $`f`$ to $`G_E=\mathrm{GL}(n,E)`$) also satisfy $`f_E(1)^{nn^{}}f_E^{}`$. On the other hand, $`f_E^{}(1)=f^{}(1)`$, independently of $`m`$: since the way to lift $`f^{}`$ to $`f_E^{}`$ consists in cutting the group $`G^{}`$ into compact open subsets on which $`f^{}`$ is constant, in associating to these subsets compact open subsets in $`G_E^{}`$, and assigning to *these* subsets the same constants in order to define $`f_E^{}`$; but the compact open subset of $`G^{}`$ containing $`1`$ corresponds to the compact open subset in $`G_E^{}`$ containing $`1`$.

If $`\pi `$ is a smooth representation of $`G`$ or $`G^{}`$ with finite length, we will denote by $`\theta _\pi `$ its character.

###### Theorem 7.1.

The Jacquet-Langlands correspondence , . There exists a bijection

$$\mathrm{JL}:\mathrm{E}_2(G^{})\mathrm{E}_2(G)$$

such that for each $`\pi ^{}\mathrm{E}_2(G^{})`$:

(48)
$$\theta _\pi ^{}(x^{})=(1)^{nn^{}}\theta _{\mathrm{JL}(\pi ^{})}(x),$$

for any $`(x,x^{})G\times G^{}`$ such that $`xx^{}`$.

Recall that $`A=A(n^{})`$ denotes the algebra of $`n^{}\times n^{}`$ matrices with coefficients in $`D`$. Let $`\mathrm{Nrd}_{A|F}:AF`$ denote the reduced norm of $`A`$ over $`F`$ as defined in \[8, § 12.3, p. 142\]. We shall view the reduced norm $`\mathrm{Nrd}_{A|F}`$ as a homomorphism from $`G^{}`$ to $`F^\times `$.

If $`\eta `$ is a quasicharacter of $`F^\times `$ then we will write

$$\eta \pi ^{}=(\eta \mathrm{Nrd}_{A|F})\pi ^{}.$$

If $`\eta `$ is an unramified quasicharacter then we will refer to $`\eta \pi ^{}`$ as an *unramified twist* of $`\pi ^{}`$.

Each representation $`\pi ^{}`$ of $`G^{}`$ has a torsion number: the order of the cyclic group of all those unramified characters $`\eta `$ of $`F^\times `$ for which

$$\eta \pi ^{}\pi ^{}.$$

The Jacquet-Langlands correspondence has the property that

(49)
$$\eta (\mathrm{JL}(\pi ^{}))=\mathrm{JL}(\eta \pi ^{}),$$

for any square integrable representation $`\pi ^{}`$ of $`G^{}`$ and any (unitary) character $`\eta `$ of $`F^\times `$ (see \[15, (4) p. 35\]). It follows that the torsion number of $`\pi ^{}`$ is equal to that of $`\mathrm{JL}(\pi ^{})`$.

For each Levi subgroup $`M=\mathrm{GL}(n_1,F)\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{GL}(n_k,F)`$ of $`G`$ such that $`d`$ does not divide $`n_i`$ for some $`i\{1,\mathrm{},k\}`$, we have

$$\theta _\omega ^G(f)=0,\text{ for any }\omega \mathrm{E}_2(M)$$

(see the beginning of \[4, §3\] and the proof of \[4, Lem. 3.3\]).

We consider now a Levi subgroup $`M`$ of the form $`M=\mathrm{GL}(dn_1^{},F)\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{GL}(dn_k^{},F)`$, and define $`M^{}=\mathrm{GL}(n_1^{},D)\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{GL}(n_k^{},D)`$ (a Levi subgroup of $`G^{}`$): $`M`$ is the *transfer* of $`M^{}`$. The Jacquet-Langlands correspondence induces a bijection $`\mathrm{JL}:\mathrm{E}_2(M^{})\mathrm{E}_2(M)`$, by setting

$$\mathrm{JL}(\omega _1^{}\mathrm{}\omega _k^{})=\mathrm{JL}(\omega _1^{})\mathrm{}\mathrm{JL}(\omega _k^{}).$$

For any $`\omega \mathrm{E}_2(M)`$, there exists $`\omega ^{}\mathrm{E}_2(M^{})`$ such that $`\omega =\mathrm{JL}(\omega ^{})`$.

Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G^{})`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G)`$ denote the Harish-Chandra parameter space of $`G^{},G`$. Each point in $`\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G^{})`$ is a $`G^{}`$-conjugacy class of discrete-series pairs $`(M^{},\omega ^{})`$ with $`\omega ^{}E_2(M^{})`$. The topology on $`\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G^{})`$ is determined by the unramified unitary twists: then $`\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G^{})`$ is a locally compact Hausdorff space. The map

$$(M^{},\omega ^{})(M,\mathrm{JL}(\omega ^{})),$$

where $`M`$ is the transfer of $`M^{}`$, secures an *injective* map

$$\mathrm{JL}:\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G^{})\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G).$$

We will write $`Y=\mathrm{JL}(\mathrm{\Omega }^t(G^{}))`$. Since the $`\mathrm{JL}`$-map respects unramified unitary twists, we obtain a homeomorphism of $`\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G^{})`$ onto its image:

$$\mathrm{JL}:\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G^{})Y\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G).$$

###### Theorem 7.2.

Transfer of Plancherel measure. Let $`G^{}=\mathrm{GL}(n^{},D),G=\mathrm{GL}(n,F)`$ with $`n=dn^{}`$. Let $`\nu ^{},\nu `$ denote the Plancherel measure for $`G^{},G`$, each with the standard normalization of Haar measure on $`G^{},G`$. Then we have

$$d\nu ^{}(\omega ^{})=\lambda (D/F)d\nu (\mathrm{JL}(\omega ^{}))$$

where

$$\lambda (D/F)=(q^m1)^1$$

the product taken over all $`m`$ such that $`1mn1,m0modd`$.

###### Proof.

If $`xG`$ and $`x^{}G^{}`$, we will write $`xx^{}`$ if $`x`$, $`x^{}`$ are regular semisimple and have the same characteristic polynomial. If $`xG`$, we will say that $`x`$ can be transferred if there exists $`x^{}G^{}`$ such that $`xx^{}`$.

Let $`f^{}C_c(G^{})`$. Then, by \[4, Th. 3.2.\], there exists $`fC_c(G)`$ such that

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(f,x)=\{\begin{array}{cc}(1)^{nn^{}}\mathrm{\Phi }(f^{},x^{})\hfill & \text{for each }x^{}G^{}\text{ such that }xx^{}\text{,}\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{ if }x\text{ cannot be transferred,}\hfill \end{array}$$

for any $`xG_{\mathrm{rs}}`$.

It then follows from the germ expansion (46) that

$$f^{}(1)\mathrm{\Gamma }_1^G^{}=(1)^{nn^{}}f(1)\mathrm{\Gamma }_1^G,$$

that is, using (47),

(50)
$$\frac{f^{}(1)}{d(\mathrm{St}_G^{})}=\frac{f(1)}{d(\mathrm{St}_G)}.$$

We recall that $`\theta _\omega ^G(f)=0`$ on the complement of $`Y`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }^t(G)`$. Next, we use equation (50), and apply twice the Harish-Chandra Plancherel theorem, first for $`G^{}`$, then for $`G`$. We obtain

(51) $`{\displaystyle \theta _\omega ^{}^G^{}(f^{})𝑑\nu ^{}(\omega ^{})}`$ $`=`$ $`f^{}(1)`$
$`=`$ $`d(\mathrm{St}_G^{})d(\mathrm{St}_G)^1f(1)`$
$`=`$ $`d(\mathrm{St}_G^{})d(\mathrm{St}_G)^1{\displaystyle \theta _\omega ^G(f)𝑑\nu (\omega )}`$
$`=`$ $`d(\mathrm{St}_G^{})d(\mathrm{St}_G)^1{\displaystyle \theta _\omega ^G(f)𝑑\nu }|_Y(\omega ),`$
for all $`f^{}C_c(G^{})`$.

We recall that the parameter space $`\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G^{})`$ is the *domain* of the Plancherel measure $`\nu ^{}`$.

By the refinement of the trace Paley-Wiener theorem due to Badulescu \[4, Lemma 3.4\] we have

$$\{\omega ^{}\theta _\omega ^{}^G^{}(f^{}):f^{}C_c(G^{}),\omega ^{}\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G^{})\}=L(\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G^{})),$$

where $`L(\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G^{}))`$ is the space of compactly supported functions on $`\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G^{})`$ which, upon restriction to each connected component (a quotient of a compact torus $`𝕋_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{k}`$ by a product of symmetric groups), are Laurent polynomials in the co-ordinates $`(z_1,z_2,\mathrm{},z_k)`$.

Now $`L(\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G^{}))`$ is a dense subspace of $`C_0(\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G^{}))`$, the continuous complex-valued functions on $`\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G^{})`$ which vanish at infinity. On the other hand, it follows from \[4, Prop. 3.6\] that

(52)
$$\theta _\omega ^{}^G^{}(f^{})=\theta _{\mathrm{JL}(\omega ^{})}^G(f),\text{for any }\omega ^{}\mathrm{E}_2(M^{})\text{.}$$

Equation (51) therefore provides us with two Radon measures (continuous linear functionals) which agree on a *dense subspace* of $`C_0(\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G^{}))`$. Therefore the measures are equal:

(53)
$$d\nu ^{}(\omega ^{})=d(\mathrm{St}_G^{})d(\mathrm{St}_G)^1d\nu |_Y(\omega )$$

At this point, we have to elucidate a normalization issue. Let $`K^{}=\mathrm{GL}(n^{},𝔬_D)`$. The group $`A_G^{}`$ by definition is the $`F`$-split component of the centre of $`G^{}`$ and can be identified with $`F^\times `$. As in section (6.2), we have $`F^\times K^{}/F^\times =K^{}/K^{}F^\times =K^{}/𝔬_F^\times `$. But the Haar measure on $`A_G^{}`$ has, as in \[34, p.240\], the standard normalization $`\mathrm{mes}(K^{}A_G^{})=1`$, i.e., $`\mathrm{mes}(𝔬_F^\times )=1`$. Since $`\mathrm{mes}(K^{})=1`$, we have $`\mathrm{mes}(F^\times K^{}/F^\times )=1`$. It follows (see for instance \[31, 3.7\]) that the formal degree of the Steinberg representation $`\mathrm{St}_G^{}`$ is given by

$$d(\mathrm{St}_G^{})=\frac{1}{n}\underset{j=1}{\overset{n^{}1}{}}(q^{dj}1)$$

We then have

(54)
$$d\nu ^{}(\omega ^{})=\lambda (D/F)d\nu (\omega )$$

where

$$\lambda (D/F)=(q^d1)(q^{2d}1)\mathrm{}(q^{(n^{}1)d}1)(q1)^1(q^21)^1\mathrm{}(q^{n1}1)^1,$$

so that

(55)
$$\lambda (D/F)=(q^m1)^1$$

the product taken over all $`m`$ such that $`1mn1`$, $`m0modd`$. ∎

This result may be expressed as follows

###### Theorem 7.3.

Let $`(\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}G^{},^{},\nu ^{})`$ be the measure space determined by the Plancherel measure $`\nu ^{}`$, let $`(Y,,\lambda (D/F)\nu |_Y)`$ be the measure space determined by the restriction of $`\lambda (D/F)\nu `$ to $`Y=\mathrm{JL}(\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G^{})\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}(G)`$. Then these two measure spaces are isomorphic:

$$(\mathrm{\Omega }^\mathrm{t}G^{},^{},\nu ^{})(Y,,\lambda (D/F)\nu |_Y)$$

Anne-Marie Aubert, Institut de Mathématiques de Jussieu, U.M.R. 7586, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
Email: aubert@math.jussieu.fr

Roger Plymen, Mathematics Department, Manchester University, M13 9PL, U.K.
Email: plymen@manchester.ac.uk