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# Hopf algebroids with bijective antipodes: axioms, integrals and duals

## 1 Introduction

There is a consensus in the literature that bialgebroids, invented by Takeuchi  as $`\times _R`$-bialgebras, are the proper generalizations of bialgebras to non-commutative base rings . The situation of Hopf algebroids, i.e., bialgebroids with some sort of antipode, is less understood. The antipode proposed by J. H. Lu  is burdened by the need of a section for the canonical epimorphism $`AAA_RA`$ the precise role of which remained unclear. The $`\times _R`$-Hopf algebras proposed by P. Schauenburg in  have a clearcut categorical meaning. They are the bialgebroids $`A`$ over $`R`$ such that the forgetful functor $`{}_{A}{}^{}_R_R`$ is not only strict monoidal, which is the condition for $`A`$ to be a bialgebroid over $`R`$, but preserves the closed structure as well. In this very general quantum groupoid, however, antipode, as a map $`AA`$, does not exist.

Our proposal of an antipode, announced in , is based on the following simple observation. The antipode of a Hopf algebra $`H`$ is a bialgebra map $`S:HH_{\mathrm{cop}}^{\mathrm{op}}`$. The opposite of a bialgebroid $`A`$, however, is not a bialgebroid in the same sense. In the terminology of  there are left bialgebroids and right bialgebroids; corresponding to whether $`{}_{A}{}^{}`$ or $`_A`$ is given a monoidal structure. This suggests that the existence of antipode on a bialgebroid should be accompanied with a two-sided bialgebroid structure and the antipode should swap the left and right handed structures. More explicit guesses for what to take as a definition of the antipode can be obtained by studying depth 2 Frobenius extensions. In  it has been shown that for a depth 2 ring extension $`NM`$ the endomorphism ring $`A=\mathrm{End}_NM_N`$ has a canonical left bialgebroid structure over the centralizer $`R=\mathrm{C}_M(N)`$. If $`NM`$ is also Frobenius and a Frobenius homomorphism $`\psi :MN`$ is given then $`A`$ has a right bialgebroid structure, too. There is a candidate for the antipode $`S:AA`$ as transposition w.r.t. the bilinear form $`m,m^{}M\psi (mm^{})`$, see (3.6). In fact, this definition of $`S`$ does not require the depth 2 property, so in this example antipode exists prior to comultiplication. Assuming the extension $`M/N`$ is either H-separable or Hopf-Galois L. Kadison has shown  that the bialgebroid $`A`$ or its dual $`B=(M_NM)^N`$ has an antipode in the sense of .

In a recent paper  B. Day and R. Street give a new characterization of bialgebroids in the framework of symmetric monoidal autonomous bicategories. They also introduce a new notion called Hopf bialgebroid. It is more restrictive than Schauenburg’s $`\times _L`$-Hopf algebra since it requires star autonomy  rather than closedness. We will show in Subsection 4.2 that the categorical definition  of the Hopf bialgebroid is equivalent to our purely algebraic Definition 4.1 of Hopf algebroid, apart from the tiny difference that we allow $`S^2`$ to be nontrivial on the base ring. This freedom can be adjusted to the Nakayama automorphism of $`\psi `$ in case of the Frobenius depth 2 extensions. It is a new feature of our Hopf algebroids, compared to (weak) Hopf algebras, that the antipode is not unique. The various antipodes on a given bialgebroid were shown to be in one-to-one correspondence with the generalized characters (called twists) in .

It is encouraging that one can find ‘quantum groupoids’ in the literature that satisfy our axioms. Such are the weak Hopf algebras with bijective antipode, the examples of Lu-Hopf algebroids in  and the extended Hopf algebras in . In particular the Connes-Moscivici algebra  is a Hopf algebroid it this sense. We also present an example which is a Hopf algebroid in the sense of this paper but does not satisfy the axioms of . This proves that the two notions of Hopf algebroid – the one in the sense of this paper and the one in the sense of  – are not equivalent. Until now we could neither prove nor exclude by examples the possibility that the latter was a special case of the former.

The left and right integrals in Hopf algebra theory are introduced as the invariants of the left and right regular module, respectively. In this analogy one can define left integrals in a left bialgebroid and right integrals in a right bialgebroid. Since a Hopf algebroid has both left and right bialgebroid structures both left and right integrals can be defined.

The properties of the integrals in a (weak) Hopf algebra over a commutative ring $`k`$ carry information about its algebraic structure. For example the Maschke’s theorem  states that it is a semi-simple algebra if and only if it has a normalized integral. The Larson-Sweedler theorem  implies that it is finite dimensional over $`k`$ if and only if it has a non-degenerate left (hence also a right) integral. In this case the $`k`$-dual also has a (weak) Hopf algebra structure.

Therefore, in Section 5, we analyze the consequences of the existence of a non-degenerate integral in a Hopf algebroid. We show that if there exists a non-degenerate integral in a Hopf algebroid $`𝒜`$ over the base $`L`$ then the ring extension $`LA`$ is a Frobenius extension hence also finitely generated projective. We do not investigate, however, the opposite implication i.e. we do not study the question under what conditions on the Hopf algebroid the existence of a non-degenerate integral follows.

If some of the $`L`$-module structures of a Hopf algebroid is finitely generated projective then the corresponding dual can be equipped with a bialgebroid structure . There is no obvious way, however, how to equip it with an antipode in general. We show that in the case of Hopf algebroids possessing a non-degenerate integral the dual bialgebroids are all (anti-) isomorphic, and they combine into a Hopf algebroid – depending on the choice of the non-degenerate integral. Therefore we do not associate a dual Hopf algebroid to a given Hopf algebroid rather a dual isomorphism class to an isomorphism class of Hopf algebroids. The well known $`k`$-dual of a finite (weak) Hopf algebra $`H`$ over the commutative ring $`k`$ turns out to be the unique (distinguished) (weak) Hopf algebra in the dual isomorphism class of the isomorphism class of the Hopf algebroid $`H`$.

The paper is organized as follows: In Section 2 we introduce some technical conventions about bialgebroids that are used in this paper. Our motivating example, the Hopf algebroid corresponding to a depth 2 Frobenius extension of rings is discussed in Section 3. In Section 4 we give some equivalent definitions of Hopf algebroids. We prove that our definition is equivalent to the one in  hence gives a special case of the one in . In the final subsection of Section 4 we present a collection of examples. In the Section 5 we propose a theory of non-degenerate integrals as a tool for the definition of the dual Hopf algebroid.

## 2 Preliminaries on bialgebroids

In this technical section we summarize our notations and the basic definitions of bialgebroids that will be used later on. For more about bialgebroids we refer to the literature .

###### Definition 2.1

A left bialgebroid (or Takeuchi $`\times _L`$-bialgebra) $`𝒜_L`$ consists of the data $`(A,L,s_L,t_L,`$$`\gamma _L,\pi _L)`$. The $`A`$ and $`L`$ are associative unital rings, the total and base rings, respectively. The $`s_L:LA`$ and $`t_L:L^{op}A`$ are ring homomorphisms such that the images of $`L`$ in $`A`$ commute making $`A`$ an $`L`$-$`L`$ bimodule via

$$lal^{}:=s_L(l)t_L(l^{})a.$$
(2.1)
The bimodule (2.1) is denoted by $`{}_{L}{}^{}A_{L}^{}`$. The triple $`({}_{L}{}^{}A_{L}^{},\gamma _L,\pi _L)`$ is a comonoid in $`{}_{L}{}^{}_{L}^{}`$, the category of $`L`$-$`L`$-bimodules. Introducing the Sweedler’s notation $`\gamma _L(a)a_{(1)}a{}_{(2)}{}^{}A_L{}_{L}{}^{}A`$ the identities

$`a_{(1)}t_L(l)a_{(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`a_{(1)}a{}_{(2)}{}^{}s_{L}^{}(l)`$ (2.2)
$`\gamma _L(1_A)`$ $`=`$ $`1_A1_A`$ (2.3)
$`\gamma _L(ab)`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma _L(a)\gamma _L(b)`$ (2.4)
$`\pi _L(1_A)`$ $`=`$ $`1_L`$ (2.5)
$`\pi _L\left(as_L\pi _L(b)\right)=`$ $`\pi _L`$ $`(ab)=\pi _L\left(at_L\pi _L(b)\right)`$ (2.6)
are required for all $`lL`$ and $`a,bA`$. The requirement (2.4) makes sense in the view of (2.2).

The $`L`$ actions of the bimodule $`{}_{L}{}^{}A_{L}^{}`$ in (2.1) are given by left multiplication. Using right multiplication there exists another $`L`$-$`L`$ bimodule structure on the total ring $`A`$ of a left bialgebroid $`𝒜_L`$:

$$lal^{}:=at_L(l)s_L(l^{}).$$
(2.7)
This $`L`$-$`L`$ bimodule is called $`{}_{}{}^{L}A_{}^{L}`$. This way $`A`$ carries four commuting actions of $`L`$.

If $`𝒜_L=(A,L,s_L,t_L,\gamma _L,\pi _L)`$ is a left bialgebroid then so is its co-opposite: $`𝒜_{Lcop}=`$$`(A,L^{op},t_L,s_L,\gamma _L^{op},\pi _L)`$. The opposite $`𝒜_L^{op}=(A^{op},L,t_L,s_L,\gamma _L,\pi _L)`$ has a different structure that was introduced under the name right bialgebroid in :

###### Definition 2.2

A right bialgebroid $`𝒜_R`$ consists of the data $`(A,R,s_R,t_R,\gamma _R,\pi _R)`$. The $`A`$ and $`R`$ are associative unital rings, the total and base rings, respectively. The $`s_R:RA`$ and $`t_R:R^{op}A`$ are ring homomorphisms such that the images of $`R`$ in $`A`$ commute making $`A`$ an $`R`$-$`R`$ bimodule:

$$rar^{}:=as_R(r^{})t_R(r^).$$
(2.8)
The bimodule (2.8) is denoted by $`{}_{}{}^{R}A_{}^{R}`$. The triple $`({}_{}{}^{R}A_{}^{R},\gamma _R,\pi _R)`$ is a comonoid in $`{}_{R}{}^{}_{R}^{}`$. Introducing the Sweedler’s notation $`\gamma _R(a)a^{(1)}a^{(2)}A^R{}_{}{}^{R}A`$ the identities

$`s_R(r)a^{(1)}a^{(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`a^{(1)}t_R(r)a^{(2)}`$
$`\gamma _R(1_A)`$ $`=`$ $`1_A1_A`$
$`\gamma _R(ab)`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma _R(a)\gamma _R(b)`$
$`\pi _R(1_A)`$ $`=`$ $`1_R`$
$`\pi _R\left(s_R\pi _R(a)b\right)=`$ $`\pi _R`$ $`(ab)=\pi _R\left(t_R\pi _R(a)b\right)`$
are required for all $`rR`$ and $`a,bA`$.

For the right bialgebroid $`𝒜_R`$ we introduce the $`R`$-$`R`$ bimodule $`{}_{R}{}^{}A_{R}^{}`$ via

$$rar^{}:=s_R(r)t_R(r^{})a.$$
(2.9)
This way $`A`$ caries four commuting actions of $`R`$.

Left (right) bialgebroids can be characterized by the property that the forgetful functor $`{}_{A}{}^{}{}_{L}{}^{}_{L}^{}`$ ( $`_A{}_{R}{}^{}_{R}^{}`$ ) is strong monoidal .

It is natural to consider the homomorphisms of bialgebroids to be ring homomorphisms preserving the comonoid structure. We do not want to make difference however between bialgebroids over isomorphic base rings. This leads to the

###### Definition 2.3

 A left bialgebroid homomorphism $`𝒜_L𝒜_L^{}`$ is a pair of ring homomorphisms $`(\mathrm{\Phi }:AA^{},\varphi :LL^{})`$ such that

$`s_L^{}\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Phi }s_L`$
$`t_L^{}\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Phi }t_L`$
$`\pi _L^{}\mathrm{\Phi }`$ $`=`$ $`\varphi \pi _L`$
$`\gamma _L^{}\mathrm{\Phi }`$ $`=`$ $`(\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi })\gamma _L.`$
The last condition makes sense since by the first two conditions $`\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is a well defined map $`A_L{}_{L}{}^{}AA_L^{}{}_{L^{}}{}^{}A`$.

The pair $`(\mathrm{\Phi },\varphi )`$ is an isomorphism of left bialgebroids if it is a bialgebroid homomorphism such that both $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ and $`\varphi `$ are bijective.

A right bialgebroid homomorphism (isomorphism) $`𝒜_R𝒜_R^{}`$ is a left bialgebroid homomorphism (isomorphism) $`(𝒜_R)^{op}(𝒜_R^{})^{op}`$.

Let $`𝒜_L`$ be a left bialgebroid. The equation (2.1) describes two $`L`$-modules $`A_L`$ and $`{}_{L}{}^{}A`$. Their $`L`$-duals are the additive groups of $`L`$-module maps:

$$𝒜_{}:=\{\varphi _{}:A_LL_L\}\mathrm{and}{}_{}{}^{}𝒜:=\{_{}\varphi :{}_{L}{}^{}A{}_{L}{}^{}L\}$$

where $`{}_{L}{}^{}L`$ stands for the left regular and $`L_L`$ for the right regular $`L`$-module. Both $`𝒜_{}`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$ carry left $`A`$ module structures via the transpose of the right regular action of $`A`$. For $`\varphi _{}𝒜_{},_{}\varphi {}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$ and $`a,bA`$ we have:

$$\left(a\varphi _{}\right)(b)=\varphi _{}(ba)\mathrm{and}\left(a_{}\varphi \right)(b)=_{}\varphi (ba).$$

Similarly, in the case of a right bialgebroid $`𝒜_R`$ – denoting the left and right regular $`R`$-modules by $`{}_{}{}^{R}R`$ and $`R^R`$, respectively, – the two $`R`$-dual additive groups

$$𝒜^{}:=\{\varphi ^{}:A^RR^R\}\mathrm{and}{}_{}{}^{}𝒜:=\{^{}\varphi :{}_{}{}^{R}A{}_{}{}^{R}R\}$$

carry right $`A`$-module structures:

$$\left(\varphi ^{}a\right)(b)=\varphi ^{}(ab)\mathrm{and}\left({}_{}{}^{}\varphi a\right)(b)=^{}\varphi (ab).$$

The comonoid structures can be transposed to give monoid (i.e. ring) structures to the duals. In the case of a left bialgebroid $`𝒜_L`$

$$\left(\varphi _{}\psi _{}\right)(a)=\psi _{}(s_L\varphi _{}(a_{(1)})a{}_{(2)}{}^{})\mathrm{and}\left({}_{}{}^{}\varphi {}_{}{}^{}\psi \right)(a)={}_{}{}^{}\psi \left(t_L_{}\varphi (a{}_{(2)}{}^{})a_{(1)}\right)$$
(2.10)
for $`{}_{}{}^{}\varphi ,{}_{}{}^{}\psi {}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$, $`\varphi _{},\psi _{}𝒜_{}`$ and $`aA`$.

Similarly, in the case of a right bialgebroid $`𝒜_R`$

$$\left(\varphi ^{}\psi ^{}\right)(a)=\varphi ^{}\left(a^{(2)}t_R\psi ^{}(a^{(1)})\right)\mathrm{and}\left({}_{}{}^{}\varphi {}_{}{}^{}\psi \right)(a)=^{}\varphi \left(a^{(1)}s_R{}_{}{}^{}\psi (a^{(2)})\right)$$
(2.11)
for $`\varphi ^{},\psi ^{}𝒜^{}`$, $`{}_{}{}^{}\varphi ,{}_{}{}^{}\psi {}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$ and $`aA`$.

In the case of a left bialgebroid $`𝒜_L`$ also the ring $`A`$ has right $`𝒜_{}`$\- and right $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$\- module structures:

$$a\varphi _{}=s_L\varphi _{}(a_{(1)})a{}_{(2)}{}^{}\mathrm{and}a_{}\varphi =t_L_{}\varphi (a{}_{(2)}{}^{})a_{(1)}$$
(2.12)
for $`\varphi _{}𝒜_{}`$, $`{}_{}{}^{}\varphi {}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$ and $`aA`$.

Similarly, in the case of a right bialgebroid $`𝒜_R`$ the ring $`A`$ has left $`𝒜^{}`$\- and left $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$ structures:

$$\varphi ^{}a=a^{(2)}t_R\varphi ^{}(a^{(1)})\mathrm{and}^{}\varphi a=a^{(1)}s_R^{}\varphi (a^{(2)})$$
(2.13)
for $`\varphi ^{}𝒜^{}`$, $`{}_{}{}^{}\varphi {}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$ and $`aA`$.

In the case when the $`L`$ ($`R`$) module structure on $`A`$ is finitely generated projective then the corresponding dual has also a bialgebroid structure: If $`𝒜_L`$ is a left bialgebroid such that the $`L`$-module $`A_L`$ is finitely generated projective then $`𝒜_{}`$ is a right bialgebroid over the base $`L_{}L`$ as follows:

$$\left(s_R(l)\right)(a)=\pi _L(as_L(l)),\left(t_R(l)\right)(a)=l\pi _L(a),\gamma _R(\varphi _{})=b_i\varphi _{}\beta _{}^i,\pi _R(\varphi _{})=\varphi _{}(1_A)$$

where $`\{b_i\}`$ is an $`L`$-basis in $`A_L`$ and $`\{\beta _{}^i\}`$ is the dual basis in $`𝒜_{}`$ .

Similarly, if $`𝒜_L`$ is a left bialgebroid such that the $`L`$-module $`{}_{L}{}^{}A`$ is finitely generated projective then $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$ is a right bialgebroid over the base $`{}_{}{}^{}LL`$ as follows:

$$\left({}_{}{}^{}s_{R}^{}(l)\right)(a)=\pi _L(a)l,\left({}_{}{}^{}t_{R}^{}(l)\right)(a)=\pi _L(at_L(l)),{}_{}{}^{}\gamma _{R}^{}(_{}\varphi )={}_{}{}^{}\beta _{}^{i}b_i_{}\varphi ,{}_{}{}^{}\pi _{R}^{}(_{}\varphi )=_{}\varphi (1_A)$$

where $`\{b_i\}`$ is an $`L`$-basis in $`{}_{L}{}^{}A`$ and $`\{_{}\beta ^i\}`$ is the dual basis in $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$ .

If $`𝒜_R`$ is a right bialgebroid such that the $`R`$-module $`A^R`$ is finitely generated projective then $`𝒜^{}`$ is a left bialgebroid over the base $`R^{}R`$ as follows:

$$\left(s_L^{}(r)\right)(a)=r\pi _R(a),\left(t_L^{}(r)\right)(a)=\pi _R(s_R(r)a),\gamma _R^{}(\varphi ^{})=\varphi ^{}b_i\beta ^i,\pi _R^{}(\varphi ^{})=\varphi ^{}(1_A)$$

where $`\{b_i\}`$ is an $`R`$-basis in $`A^R`$ and $`\{\beta ^i\}`$ is the dual basis in $`𝒜^{}`$ .

If $`𝒜_R`$ is a right bialgebroid such that the $`R`$-module $`{}_{}{}^{R}A`$ is finitely generated projective then $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$ is a left bialgebroid over the base $`{}_{}{}^{}RR`$ as follows:

$$\left({}_{}{}^{}s_{L}^{}(r)\right)(a)=\pi _R(t_R(r)a),\left({}_{}{}^{}t_{L}^{}(r)\right)(a)=\pi _R(a)r,{}_{}{}^{}\gamma _{R}^{}(^{}\varphi )={}_{}{}^{}\beta _{}^{i}^{}\varphi b_i,{}_{}{}^{}\pi _{R}^{}(^{}\varphi )=^{}\varphi (1_A)$$

where $`\{b_i\}`$ is an $`R`$-basis in $`{}_{}{}^{R}A`$ and $`\{^{}\beta ^i\}`$ is the dual basis in $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$ .

## 3 The motivating example: D2 Frobenius extensions

### 3.1 The forefather of antipodes

In this subsection $`NM`$ denotes a Frobenius extension of rings. This means the existence of $`N`$-$`N`$ bimodule maps $`\psi :MN`$ possessing quasibases. An element $`_iu_iv_iM\stackrel{}{__N}M`$ is called the quasibasis of $`\psi `$  if

$$\underset{i}{}\psi (mu_i)v_i=m=\underset{i}{}u_i\psi (v_im),mM.$$
(3.1)
As we shall see, already in this general situation there exist antiautomorphisms $`S`$ on the ring $`A:=\mathrm{End}_NM_N`$, one for each Frobenius homomorphism $`\psi `$. The $`S`$ will become an antipode if the extension $`NM`$ is also of depth 2, so $`A`$ also has coproduct(s).

In addition to $`A`$, important role is played by the center of the bimodule $`M\stackrel{}{__N}M`$

$$B:=(M\stackrel{}{__N}M)^N\{XM\stackrel{}{__N}M|nX=XnnN\}$$

which is a ring with multiplication $`(b^1b^2)(b_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}b_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})=b_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}b^1b^2b_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}`$ and unit $`1_B=1_M1_M`$. Note that the ring structures of neither $`A`$ nor $`B`$ depend on the Frobenius structure. But if there is a Frobenius homomorphism $`\psi `$ then Fourier transformation makes $`A`$ and $`B`$ isomorphic as additive groups.

Fixing a Frobenius homomorphism $`\psi `$ with quasibasis $`_iu_iv_i`$ we can introduce convolution products on both $`A`$ and $`B`$ as follows. From now on we omit the summation symbol for summing over the quasibasis.

$`\alpha ,\beta A`$ $``$ $`\alpha \beta :=\alpha (u_i)\beta (v_i\text{\_})A`$
$`a,bB`$ $``$ $`ab:=a^1\psi (a^2b^1)b^2B.`$
The convolution product lends $`A`$ and $`B`$ new ring structures. The unit of $`A`$ is $`\psi `$ and the unit of $`B`$ is $`u_iv_i`$. The Fourier transformation is to relate these new algebra structures to the old ones. There are two natural candidates for a Fourier transformation,

$`:AB,`$ $`(\alpha ):=u_i\alpha (v_i)`$
$`\dot{}:AB,`$ $`\dot{}(\alpha ):=\alpha (u_i)v_i`$
$`^1:BA,`$ $`^1(b)=\psi (\text{\_}b^1)b^2`$
$`\dot{}^1:BA,`$ $`\dot{}^1(b)=b^1\psi (b^2\text{\_})`$
They relate the convolution and ordinary products or their opposites as follows.

$`(\alpha \beta )`$ $`=`$ $`(\alpha )(\beta )`$
$`\dot{}(\alpha \beta )`$ $`=`$ $`\dot{}(\beta )\dot{}(\alpha )`$
$`(\alpha \beta )`$ $`=`$ $`(\beta )(\alpha )`$
$`\dot{}(\alpha \beta )`$ $`=`$ $`\dot{}(\alpha )\dot{}(\beta )`$
The difference between $``$ and $`\dot{}`$ is therefore an antiautomorphism on both $`A`$ and $`B`$. This leads to the "antipodes"

$`S_A:AA^{\mathrm{op}},`$ $`S_A:=\dot{}^1,`$ $`S_A(\alpha )=u_i\psi (\alpha (v_i)\text{\_})`$ (3.2)
$`S_B:BB^{\mathrm{op}},`$ $`S_B:=\dot{}^1,`$ $`S_B(b)=\psi (u_ib^1)b^2v_i`$ (3.3)
with inverses

$`S_A^1(\alpha )`$ $`=`$ $`\psi (\text{\_}\alpha (u_i))v_i`$ (3.4)
$`S_B^1(b)`$ $`=`$ $`u_ib^1\psi (b^2v_i)`$ (3.5)
Notice that $`S_A`$ is just transposition w.r.t. the bi-$`N`$-linear form $`(m,m^{})=\psi (mm^{})`$ since

$$\psi (mS_A(\alpha )(m^{}))=\psi (\alpha (m)m^{}).$$
(3.6)
These antipodes behave well also relative to the bimodule structures over the centralizer $`C_M(N):=\{cM|cn=nc,nN\}`$. Let us consider $`S_A`$. The centralizer is embedded into $`A`$ twice: via left multiplications and right multiplications,

$$L\stackrel{\lambda }{}A\stackrel{\rho }{}R$$

where $`L`$ stands for $`C_M(N)`$ and $`R`$ for $`C_M(N)^{\mathrm{op}}`$. Clearly, $`\lambda (L)C_M(\rho (R))`$. Introducing the Nakayama automorphism

$$\nu :C_M(N)C_M(N),\nu (c):=\psi (u_ic)v_i$$

of $`\psi `$ and using its basic identities

$`\psi (mc)`$ $`=`$ $`\psi (\nu (c)m),mM,cC_M(N)`$
$`u_icv_i`$ $`=`$ $`u_i\nu (c)v_i,cC_M(N)`$
we obtain

$`S_A\lambda `$ $`=`$ $`\rho \nu ^1`$
$`S_A\rho `$ $`=`$ $`\lambda `$
and therefore

$$S_A(\lambda (l)\rho (r)\alpha )=S_A(\alpha )\lambda (r)\rho (\nu ^1(l)),lL,rR,\alpha A.$$
(3.7)
In order to interpret the latter relation as the statement that $`S_A`$ is a bimodule map we define $`L`$-$`L`$ and $`R`$-$`R`$ bimodule structures on $`A`$ by

$`l_1\alpha l_2`$ $`:=`$ $`s_L(l_1)t_L(l_2)\alpha `$ (3.8)
$`r_1\alpha r_2`$ $`:=`$ $`\alpha t_R(r_1)s_R(r_2)`$ (3.9)
where we introduced the ring homomorphisms

$$\begin{array}{cc}s_L:=L\stackrel{\lambda }{}A\hfill & s_R:=R\stackrel{\rho }{}A\hfill \\ t_L:=L^{\mathrm{op}}\stackrel{\mathrm{id}}{}R\stackrel{\rho }{}A\hfill & t_R:=R^{\mathrm{op}}\stackrel{\nu }{}L\stackrel{\lambda }{}A\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.10)
Also using the notation $`\theta `$ for the inverse of the Nakayama automorphism when considered as a map

$$\theta :L\stackrel{\nu ^1}{}R^{\mathrm{op}}$$

equation (3.7) can be read as

$$S_A(l_1\alpha l_2)=\theta (l_2)S_A(\alpha )\theta (l_1).$$
(3.11)
###### Remark 3.1

The apparent asymmetry between $`t_L`$ and $`t_R`$ in (3.10) disappears if one repeats the above construction for the more general situation of a Frobenius $`N`$-$`M`$ bimodule $`X`$ instead of the $`{}_{N}{}^{}M_{M}^{}`$ arising from a Frobenius extension of rings. As a matter of fact, denoting by $`\overline{X}`$ the (two-sided) dual of $`X`$ and setting $`A=\mathrm{End}X\stackrel{}{_M}\overline{X}`$, $`L=\mathrm{End}X`$ and $`R=\mathrm{End}\overline{X}`$ we find the obvious ring homomorphisms

$$s_L(l)=l\overline{X},s_R(r)=Xr$$

but there is no distinguished map $`LR^{\mathrm{op}}`$ like the identity is in the case of $`X=_NM_M`$. Instead we have two distinguished maps given by the left and right dual functors (transpositions). It is easy to check that in case of $`X=_NM_M`$ they are the identity and the $`\nu ^1`$, respectively, as we used in (3.10).

In order to restore the symmetry let us introduce the counterpart of $`\theta `$ which is the identity as a homomorphism $`\iota :R\stackrel{\mathrm{id}}{}L^{\mathrm{op}}`$. Then, in addition to (3.11) the antipode satisfies also

$$S_A(r_1\alpha r_2)=\iota (r_2)S_A(\alpha )\iota (r_1).$$
(3.12)
The most important consequence of (3.11) and (3.12) is the existence of a tensor square of $`S_A`$. In the case of Hopf algebras one often uses expressions like $`(SS)\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, where $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is the symmetry $`AAAA`$, $`xyyx`$ in the category of $`k`$-modules. Now we have bimodule categories $`{}_{L}{}^{}_{L}^{}`$ and $`{}_{R}{}^{}_{R}^{}`$ without braiding so $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ does not exist and neither do $`S_AS_A`$ or $`S_A^1S_A^1`$ because $`S_A`$ is not a bimodule map. Instead we have the twisted bimodule properties (3.11) and (3.12) which guarantee the existence of the ‘composite of’ $`S_AS_A`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ although individually they don’t exist. More precisely, there exist twisted bimodule maps

$`S_{A\stackrel{}{__L}A}:A\stackrel{}{__L}A`$ $``$ $`A\stackrel{}{__R}A`$
$`\alpha \stackrel{}{__L}\beta `$ $``$ $`S_A(\beta )\stackrel{}{__R}S_A(\alpha )`$
$`S_{A\stackrel{}{__R}A}:A\stackrel{}{__R}A`$ $``$ $`A\stackrel{}{__L}A`$
$`\alpha \stackrel{}{__R}\beta `$ $``$ $`S_A(\beta )\stackrel{}{__L}S_A(\alpha ).`$
For later convenience let us record some useful formulas following directly from (3.2) and (3.10).

$$\begin{array}{cc}S_As_L=t_L\nu ^1\hfill & S_At_L=s_L\hfill \\ S_As_R=t_R\nu ^1\hfill & S_At_R=s_R\hfill \\ t_L\iota =s_R\hfill & t_R\theta =s_L\hfill \end{array}$$

Notice also that $`s_L(L)`$ and $`t_R(R)`$ are the same subrings of $`A`$ and similarly $`t_L(L)=s_R(R)`$.

### 3.2 Two-sided bialgebroids

Recall from  that for depth 2 extensions $`NM`$ the $`A`$ has a canonical left bialgebroid structure over $`L`$ in which the coproduct $`\gamma _L:AA\stackrel{}{__L}A`$ is an $`L`$-$`L`$ bimodule map with respect to the bimodule structure (3.8). If $`NM`$ is also Frobenius then there is another right bialgebroid structure on $`A`$, canonically associated to a choice of $`\psi `$, in which $`R`$ is the base and $`A`$ is an $`R`$-$`R`$ bimodule via (3.9). Moreover these two structures are related by the antipode. This two-sided structure is our motivating example of a Hopf algebroid.

We start with a technical lemma on the left and right quasibases. $`A`$ and $`B`$ denotes the rings as before.

###### Lemma 3.2

Let $`NM`$ be a Frobenius extension and $`\psi `$, $`u_iv_i`$ be a fixed Frobenius structure. Let $`n`$ be a positive integer and $`\beta _i`$, $`\gamma _iA`$ and $`b_i`$, $`c_iB`$, for $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$. Assume they are related via $`b_i=(\gamma _i)`$ and $`c_i=\dot{}(\beta _i)`$. Then the following conditions are equivalent (summation symbols over $`i`$ suppressed):

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill i)& b_i^1\stackrel{}{__N}b_i^2\beta _i(m)=m\stackrel{}{__N}1_M,\hfill & mM\hfill \\ \hfill ii)& \gamma _i(m)c_i^1\stackrel{}{__N}c_i^2=1_M\stackrel{}{__N}m,\hfill & mM\hfill \\ \hfill iii)& \gamma _i(m)\beta _i(m^{})=\psi (mm^{}),\hfill & m,m^{}M\hfill \\ \hfill iv)& b_i^1\stackrel{}{__N}b_i^2c_i^1\stackrel{}{__N}c_i^2=u_k\stackrel{}{__N}1_M\stackrel{}{__N}v_k\hfill & \end{array}$$

If such elements exist the extension is called $`D2`$, i.e., of depth 2. The first two conditions are meaningful also in the non-Frobenius case and therefore $`\{b_i,\beta _i\}`$ was called in  a left D2 quasibasis and $`\{c_i,\gamma _i\}`$ a right D2 quasibasis. The equivalence of conditions i) and ii) was shown in , Proposition 6.4. The rest of the proof is left to the reader.

For D2 extensions the map $`\alpha \beta \{mm^{}\alpha (m)\beta (m^{})\}`$ is an isomorphism

$$A\stackrel{}{__L}A\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{Hom}_{NN}(M\stackrel{}{__N}M,M),$$

see , Proposition 3.11. Then the coproduct $`\gamma _L:AA\stackrel{}{__L}A`$ is the unique map $`\alpha \alpha _{(1)}\alpha _{(1)}`$ which satisfies

$$\alpha (mm^{})=\alpha _{(1)}(m)\alpha _{(1)}(m^{}).$$

For D2 Frobenius extensions we can dualize this construction. We have the isomorphism

$`A\stackrel{}{__R}A`$ $`\stackrel{}{}`$ $`\mathrm{Hom}_{NN}(M,M\stackrel{}{__N}M)`$
$`\alpha \stackrel{}{__R}\beta `$ $``$ $`\alpha (\text{\_}u_i)\stackrel{}{__N}\beta (v_i).`$
Then $`\gamma _R:AA\stackrel{}{__R}A`$ is defined as the unique map $`\alpha \alpha ^{(1)}\alpha ^{(2)}`$ for which

$$\alpha (m)u_i\stackrel{}{__N}v_i=\alpha ^{(1)}(mu_i)\stackrel{}{__N}\alpha ^{(2)}(v_i).$$
(3.13)
Explicit formulas for both coproducts, as well as their counits, are given in the Corollary below. But even without these formulas we can find out how the two coproducts are related by the antipode.

###### Theorem 3.3

For a D2 Frobenius extension $`NM`$ of rings the endomorphism ring $`A=\mathrm{End}_NM_N`$ is a left bialgebroid over $`L=C_M(N)`$ and a right bialgebroid over $`R=L^{\mathrm{op}}`$ such that the antipode defined in (3.2) gives rise to isomorphisms

$`(A,R,s_R,t_R,\gamma _R,\pi _R)`$ $`\stackrel{(S_A,\iota )}{}`$ $`(A,L,s_L,t_L,\gamma _L,\pi _L)_{cop}^{op}`$
$`(A,L,s_L,t_L,\gamma _L,\pi _L)`$ $`\stackrel{(S_A,\theta )}{}`$ $`(A,R,s_R,t_R,\gamma _R,\pi _R)_{cop}^{op}`$ (3.14)
of left bialgebroids. That is to say,

$`S_A:A`$ $``$ $`A^{\mathrm{op}}isaringisomorphism`$ (3.15)
$`S_As_R`$ $`=`$ $`s_L\iota ,S_At_R=t_L\iota andS_As_L=s_R\theta ,S_At_L=t_R\theta `$ (3.16)
$`\gamma _LS_A`$ $`=`$ $`S_{A\stackrel{}{__R}A}\gamma _Rand\gamma _RS_A=S_{A\stackrel{}{__L}A}\gamma _L`$ (3.17)
$`\pi _LS_A`$ $`=`$ $`\iota \pi _Rand\pi _RS_A=\theta \pi _L.`$ (3.18)
Proof: The left bialgebroid structure of $`A`$ has been constructed in , Theorem 4.1. The right bialgebroid structure will follow automatically after establishing the four properties of the antipode. The first two have already been discussed before. In order to prove (3.17) recall the definition (3.13) of $`\gamma _R`$. Thus (3.17) is equivalent to

$`S_A^1(S_A(\alpha )_{(1)})(mu_i)\stackrel{}{__N}S_A^1(S_A(\alpha )_{(1)})(v_i)`$ $`=`$ $`\alpha (m)u_i\stackrel{}{__N}v_i`$ (3.19)
$`S_A(S_A^1(\alpha )_{(1)})(mu_i)\stackrel{}{__N}S_A(S_A^1(\alpha )_{(1)})(v_i)`$ $`=`$ $`u_i\stackrel{}{__N}v_i\alpha (m)`$ (3.20)
for all $`mM`$. Expanding the left hand side of (3.19) then using (3.6), then (3.4), then the definition of $`\gamma _L`$, and finally (3.6) again we obtain

$`S_A^1(S_A(\alpha )_{(1)})(mu_i)\psi (S_A^1(S_A(\alpha )_{(1)})(v_i)u_k)\stackrel{}{__N}v_k`$
$`=S_A^1(S_A(\alpha )_{(1)})(mu_i)\psi (v_iS_A(\alpha )_{(1)}(u_k))\stackrel{}{__N}v_k`$
$`=S_A^1(S_A(\alpha )_{(1)})(mS_A(\alpha )_{(1)}(u_k))\stackrel{}{__N}v_k`$
$`=\psi (mS_A(\alpha )_{(1)}(u_k)S_A(\alpha )_{(1)}(u_j))v_j\stackrel{}{__N}v_k`$
$`=\psi (mS_A(\alpha )(u_ku_j))v_j\stackrel{}{__N}v_k`$
$`=\psi (\alpha (m)u_ku_j)v_j\stackrel{}{__N}v_k`$
$`=\alpha (m)u_k\stackrel{}{__N}v_k`$
and analogously (3.20). Now it is easy to see that both $`\pi _LS_A`$ and $`\theta \pi _LS_A^1`$ are counits for $`\gamma _R`$. Therefore both are equal to the counit $`\pi _R`$. This finishes the proof of the isomorphisms (3.3).

###### Corollary 3.4

Explicit formulas for the left and right bialgebroid structures can be given using the quasibases of Lemma 3.2 as follows.

$`\gamma _L(\alpha )`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma _i\stackrel{}{__L}c_i^1\alpha (c_i^2\text{\_})`$
$`=`$ $`\alpha (\text{\_}b_i^1)b_i^2\stackrel{}{__L}\beta _i`$
$`=`$ $`\gamma _i\stackrel{}{__L}\beta _i\alpha `$
$`=`$ $`\alpha \gamma _i\stackrel{}{__L}\beta _i`$
$`\pi _L(\alpha )`$ $`=`$ $`\alpha (1_M)`$
$`\gamma _R(\alpha )`$ $`=`$ $`\alpha (\text{\_}c_i^1)c_i^2\stackrel{}{__R}\psi (\text{\_}\gamma _i(u_k))v_k`$
$`=`$ $`u_k\psi (\beta _i(v_k)\text{\_})\stackrel{}{__R}b_i^1\alpha (b_i^2\text{\_})`$
$`=`$ $`\alpha S_A(\beta _i)\stackrel{}{__R}S_A(\gamma _i)`$
$`=`$ $`S_A(\beta _i)\stackrel{}{__R}S_A(\gamma _i)\alpha `$
$`\pi _R(\alpha )`$ $`=`$ $`u_i\psi \alpha (v_i)`$
## 4 Hopf algebroids

### 4.1 The Definition

The total ring of a Hopf algebroid carries eight canonical module structures over the base ring – modules of the kind (2.1), (2.7), (2.8) and (2.9). In this situation the standard notation for the tensor product of modules, e.g. $`A\stackrel{}{__R}A`$, would be ambiguous. In order to avoid any misunderstandings we therefore put marks on both modules, as in $`A^R{}_{}{}^{R}A`$ for example, that indicate the module structures taking part in the tensor product. Other module structures (commuting with those taking part in the tensor product) are usually unadorned and should be clear from the context.

For coproduts of left bialgebroids we use the Sweedler’s notation in the form $`\gamma _L(a)=a_{(1)}a_{(2)}`$ and of right bialgebroids $`\gamma _R(a)=a^{(1)}a^{(2)}`$.

###### Definition 4.1

The Hopf algebroid is a pair $`(𝒜_L,S)`$ consisting of a left bialgebroid $`𝒜_L=(A,L,s_L,`$ $`t_L,\gamma _L,\pi _L)`$ and an anti-automorphism $`S`$ of the total ring $`A`$ satisfying

$`i)`$ $`St_L=s_Land`$ (4.1)
$`ii)`$ $`S^1(a{}_{(2)}{}^{})_{(1^{})}S^1(a{}_{(2)}{}^{})_{(2^{})}a_{(1)}=S^1(a)1_A`$ (4.3)
$`S(a_{(1)})_{(1^{})}a{}_{(2)}{}^{}S(a_{(1)})_{(2^{})}=1_AS(a)`$
as elements of $`A_L{}_{L}{}^{}A`$, for all $`aA`$.

The axiom (4.3) implies that

$$S(a_{(1)})a{}_{(2)}{}^{}=t_L\pi _LS(a)$$
(4.4)
for all $`aA`$. Introduce the map $`\theta _L:=\pi _LSs_L:LL`$. Owing to (4.4) it satisfies

$`t_L\theta _L(l)`$ $`=`$ $`t_L\pi _LSs_L(l)=Ss_L(l)`$
$`\theta _L(l)\theta _L(l^{})`$ $`=`$ $`\pi _LSs_L(l)\pi _LSs_L(l^{})=\pi _L\left(t_L\pi _LSs_L(l^{})Ss_L(l)\right)=`$ (4.5)
$`=`$ $`\pi _L\left(Ss_L(l^{})Ss_L(l)\right)=\theta _L(ll^{}).`$
In view of (4.5) $`S`$ is a twisted bimodule map $`{}_{}{}^{R}A_{}^{R}{}_{L}{}^{}A_{L}^{}`$ where $`R`$ is a ring isomorphic to $`L^{op}`$ and the $`R`$$``$$`R`$-bimodule structure of $`A`$ is given by fixing an isomorphism $`\mu :L^{op}R`$:

$$rar^{}:=as_L\theta _L^1\mu ^1(r)t_L\mu ^1(r^{}).$$
(4.6)
The usage of the same notation $`{}_{}{}^{R}A_{}^{R}`$ as in (2.8) is not accidental. It will turn out from the next Proposition 4.2 that there exists a right bialgebroid structure on the total ring $`A`$ over the base $`R`$ for which the $`R`$-$`R`$-bimodule (2.8) is (4.6).

It makes sense to introduce the maps

$`S_{A_LA}:A_L{}_{L}{}^{}A`$ $``$ $`A^R{}_{}{}^{R}A`$
$`ab`$ $``$ $`S(b)S(a)\mathrm{and}`$
$`S_{A_RA}:A^R{}_{}{}^{R}A`$ $``$ $`A_L{}_{L}{}^{}A`$
$`ab`$ $``$ $`S(b)S(a).`$ (4.7)
It is useful to give some alternative forms of the Definition 4.1:

###### Proposition 4.2

The following are equivalent:

i) $`(𝒜_L,S)`$ is a Hopf algebroid

ii) $`𝒜_L=(A,L,s_L,t_L,\gamma _L,\pi _L)`$ is a left bialgebroid and $`S`$ is an anti-automorphism of the total ring $`A`$ satisfying (4.1), (4.4) and

$`S_{A_LA}\gamma _LS^1`$ $`=`$ $`S_{A_RA}^1\gamma _LS`$ (4.8)
$`(\gamma _L\mathrm{id}_A)\gamma _R=(\mathrm{id}_A\gamma _R)\gamma _L`$ , $`(\gamma _R\mathrm{id}_A)\gamma _L=(\mathrm{id}_A\gamma _L)\gamma _R`$ (4.9)
where we introduced the ring $`R`$ and the $`R`$-$`R`$ bimodule $`{}_{}{}^{R}A_{}^{R}`$ as in (4.6) and the map $`\gamma _R:=S_{A_LA}\gamma _LS^1S_{A_RA}^1\gamma _LS:AA^R{}_{}{}^{R}A`$. The equations in (4.9) are equalities of maps $`AA_L{}_{L}{}^{}A_{}^{R}{}_{}{}^{R}A`$ and $`AA^R{}_{}{}^{R}A_{L}^{}{}_{L}{}^{}A`$, respectively.

iii) $`𝒜_L=(A,L,s_L,t_L,\gamma _L,\pi _L)`$ is a left bialgebroid and $`𝒜_R=(A,R,s_R,t_R,\gamma _R,\pi _R)`$ is a right bialgebroid such that the base rings are related to each other via $`RL^{op}`$. $`S`$ is a bijection of additive groups and

$`s_L(L)=t_R(R)`$ , $`t_L(L)=s_R(R)assubringsofA`$ (4.10)
$`(\gamma _L\mathrm{id}_A)\gamma _R=(\mathrm{id}_A\gamma _R)\gamma _L`$ , $`(\gamma _R\mathrm{id}_A)\gamma _L=(\mathrm{id}_A\gamma _L)\gamma _R`$ (4.11)
$`S(t_L(l)at_L(l^{}))=s_L(l^{})S(a)s_L(l)`$ , $`S(t_R(r^{})at_R(r))=s_R(r)S(a)s_R(r^{})`$ (4.12)
$`S(a_{(1)})a{}_{(2)}{}^{}=s_R\pi _R(a)`$ , $`a^{(1)}S(a^{(2)})=s_L\pi _L(a)`$ (4.13)
hold true for all $`l,l^{}L`$, $`r,r^{}R`$ and $`aA`$.

iv) $`𝒜_L`$ is a left bialgebroid over $`L`$ and $`𝒜_R`$ is a right bialgebroid over $`R`$ such that the base rings are related to each other via $`RL^{op}`$ and the equations (4.10) and (4.11) hold true. Furthermore the maps of additive groups

$`\alpha :A^R{}_{R}{}^{}A`$ $`A_L{}_{L}{}^{}A,ab`$ $`a_{(1)}a{}_{(2)}{}^{}band`$
$`\beta :A_R{}_{}{}^{R}A`$ $`A_L{}_{L}{}^{}A,ab`$ $`b_{(1)}ab_{(2)}`$ (4.14)
are bijective. (All modules appearing in (4.14) are the canonical modules introduced in Section 2.)

Each characterization of Hopf algebroids in Proposition 4.2 will be relevant in what follows. The one in ii) is as similar to  as possible which will be useful in Subsection 4.3 both in checking that concrete examples of Lu-Hopf algebroids satisfy the axioms in Definition 4.1 and also in constructing Hopf algebroids in the sense of Definition 4.1 which do not satisfy the Lu axioms.

As it will turn out from the following proof of Proposition 4.2, the Definition 4.1 implies the existence of a right bialgebroid structure on the total ring of the Hopf algebroid. The characterization in iii) uses the left and right bialgebroids underlying a Hopf algebroid in a perfectly symmetric way. This characterization will be appropriate in developing the theory of integrals in Section 5.

The characterization in iv) is formulated in the spirit of , that is the bijectivity of certain Galois maps is required. The relevance of this form of the definition is that it shows that the Hopf algebroid in the sense of Definition 4.1 is a special case of Schauenburg’s $`\times _L`$-Hopf algebra.

Proof: $`ii)iii):`$ We construct a right bialgebroid $`𝒜_R`$ such that $`(𝒜_L,𝒜_R,S)`$ satisfies the requirements in iii): Let $`R`$ be a ring isomorphic to $`L^{op}`$ and $`\mu :L^{op}R`$ a fixed isomorphism. Set

$$𝒜_R=(A,R,s_R:=t_L\mu ^1,t_R:=S^1t_L\mu ^1,\gamma _R:=S_{A_RA}^1\gamma _LS,\pi ^R:=\mu \pi _LS).$$
(4.15)
$`iii)iv)`$ We construct the inverses of the maps (4.14):

$`\alpha ^1:A_L{}_{L}{}^{}A`$ $`A^R{}_{R}{}^{}A,ab`$ $`a^{(1)}S(a^{(2)})band`$
$`\beta ^1:A_L{}_{L}{}^{}A`$ $`A_R{}_{}{}^{R}A,ab`$ $`S^1(b^{(1)})ab^{(2)}.`$ (4.16)
$`iv)i)`$ Recall that the requirements in iv) imply that both left bialgebroids $`𝒜_L`$ and $`𝒜_{Lcop}`$ are $`\times _L`$-Hopf algebras in the sense of . In particular the Proposition 3.7. of  holds true for both. That is, denoting $`\alpha ^1(a1_A):=a_+a_{}`$ and $`\beta ^1(1_Aa):=a_{[]}a_{[+]}`$ we have

$$\begin{array}{ccc}i)\hfill & a_{+(1)}a_{+(2)}a_{}=a1_A\hfill & a_{[+](1)}a_{[]}a_{[+](2)}=1_Aa\hfill \\ ii)\hfill & a_{(1)+}a_{(1)}a{}_{(2)}{}^{}=a1_A\hfill & a_{(2)[]}a_{(1)}a_{(2)[+]}=1_Aa\hfill \\ iii)\hfill & (ab)_+(ab)_{}=a_+b_+b_{}a_{}\hfill & (ab)_{[]}(ab)_{[+]}=b_{[]}a_{[]}a_{[+]}b_{[+]}\hfill \\ iv)\hfill & (1_A)_+(1_A)_{}=1_A1_A\hfill & (1_A)_{[]}(1_A)_{[+]}=1_A1_A\hfill \\ v)\hfill & a_{+(1)}a_{+(2)}a_{}=\hfill & a_{[]}a_{[+](1)}a_{[+](2)}=\hfill \\ & =a_{(1)}a_{(2)+}a_{(2)}\hfill & =a_{(1)[]}a_{(1)[+]}a_{(2)}\hfill \\ vi)\hfill & a_+a_{(1)}a_{(2)}=\hfill & a_{[](2)}a_{[](1)}a_{[+]}=\hfill \\ & =a_{++}a_{}a_+\hfill & a_{[]}a_{[+][]}a_{[+][+]}\hfill \\ vii)\hfill & a=a_+t_L\pi _L(a_{})\hfill & a=a_{[+]}s_L\pi _L(a_{[]})\hfill \\ viii)\hfill & a_+a_{}=s_L\pi _L(a)\hfill & a_{[+]}a_{[]}=t_L\pi _L(a).\hfill \end{array}$$

We define the antipode as

$$S(a):=s_R\pi _R(a_+)a_{}$$
(4.17)
and what is going to be its inverse as

$$S^{}(a):=t_R\pi _R(a_{[+]})a_{[]}.$$
(4.18)
The maps (4.17) and (4.18) are well defined due to the $`R`$-module map property of $`\pi _R`$.

Since $`\alpha (1_As_L(l))=1_As_L(l)t_L(l)1_A`$, the requirement (4.1) holds true. By making use of vi) and i) of (4.1) one verifies

$`S(a_{(1)})_{(1)^{}}a{}_{(2)}{}^{}S(a_{(1)})_{(2)^{}}`$ $`=`$ $`a_{(1)(1)^{}}a{}_{(2)}{}^{}s_R\pi _R(a_{(1)+})a_{(1)(2)^{}}=a_{(1)}a{}_{(2)}{}^{}S(a_{(1)+})=`$
$`=`$ $`1S(a)`$
and similarly

$$S^{}(a{}_{(2)}{}^{})_{(1)^{}}S^{}(a{}_{(2)}{}^{})_{(2)^{}}a_{(1)}=S^{}(a)1_A$$

which becomes the requirement (4.3) once we proved $`S^{}=S^1`$. As a matter of fact by vi) of (4.1)

$$S(a)_{(1)}S(a){}_{(2)}{}^{}=a_{(1)}s_R\pi _R(a_+)a_{(2)}=a_{}S(a_+)$$

hence using ii) of (4.1)

$$\beta (a{}_{(2)}{}^{}S(a_{(1)}))=a_{(1)}a{}_{(2)}{}^{}S(a_{(1)+}=1_AS(a),$$

so by viii) of (4.1) and (4.10)

$`S^{}S(a)`$ $`=`$ $`t_R\pi _R(s_R\pi _R(a_{(1)+})a_{(1)})a{}_{(2)}{}^{}=t_R\pi _R\left(a_{(1)+}a_{(1)}\right)a{}_{(2)}{}^{}=`$
$`=`$ $`s_L\pi _L(a_{(1)})a{}_{(2)}{}^{}=a.`$
In a similar way one checks that $`SS^{}=\mathrm{id}_A`$.

The anti-multiplicativity of $`S`$ is proven as follows: We have $`\alpha (t_R(r)1_A)=t_R(r)1_A`$ and by $`\beta (1_As_R(r))=1_As_R(r)`$ and $`S^{}=S^1`$ also $`S(t_R(r)a)=S(a)s_R(r)`$ hence

$`S(ab)`$ $`=`$ $`s_R\pi _R\left((ab)_+\right)(ab)_{}=s_R\pi _R(a_+b_+)b_{}a_{}=s_R\pi _R\left(t_R\pi _R(a_+)b_+\right)b_{}a_{}=`$
$`=`$ $`s_R\pi _R\left([t_R\pi _R(a_+)b]_+\right)[t_R\pi _R(a_+)b]_{}a_{}=S\left(t_R\pi _R(a_+)b\right)a_{}=`$
$`=`$ $`S(b)s_R\pi _R(a_+)a_{}=S(b)S(a).`$
$`i)ii)`$ The requirements (4.1) and (4.4) hold obviously true. One easily checks that the maps $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ in (4.14) are bijective with inverses

$`\alpha ^1(ab)`$ $`=`$ $`S^1(S(a){}_{(2)}{}^{})S(a)_{(1)}b`$
$`\beta ^1(ab)`$ $`=`$ $`S^1(b){}_{(2)}{}^{}aS\left(S^1(b)_{(1)}\right).`$
This implies that the Proposition 3.7 in  holds true both in $`𝒜_L`$ and $`𝒜_{Lcop}`$. In particular introducing the maps

$`\gamma _R:A`$ $`A^R{}_{}{}^{R}A,a`$ $`(\mathrm{id}_AS^1)\alpha ^1(a1_A)`$
$`\gamma _R^{}:A`$ $`A^R{}_{}{}^{R}A,a`$ $`(S\mathrm{id}_A)\beta ^1(1_Aa)`$
the part v) of (4.1) reads as

$`(\gamma _L\mathrm{id}_A)\gamma _R`$ $`=`$ $`(\mathrm{id}_A\gamma _R)\gamma _L`$ (4.19)
$`(\mathrm{id}_A\gamma _L)\gamma _R^{}`$ $`=`$ $`(\gamma _R^{}\mathrm{id}_A)\gamma _L.`$ (4.20)
This means that both (4.8) and (4.9) follow provided $`\gamma _R=\gamma _R^{}`$. Using the Sweedler’s notation $`\gamma _R(a)=a^{(1)}a^{(2)}`$ and $`\gamma _R^{}(a)=a^{<1>}a^{<2>}`$ by the repeated use of (4.19) and (4.20) we obtain

$`(\mathrm{id}_A\gamma _R)\gamma _R^{}(a)`$ $`=`$ $`a^{<1>}s_L\pi _L(a_{}^{<2>}{}_{(1)}{}^{})a^{<2>}{}_{(2)}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{(1)}a^{<2>}{}_{(2)}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{(2)}=`$
$`=`$ $`a_{(1)}^{}{}_{}{}^{<1>}s_L\pi _L(a_{(1)}^{}{}_{}{}^{<2>})a{}_{(2)}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{(1)}a{}_{(2)}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{(2)}=`$
$`=`$ $`a_{}^{(1)}{}_{(1)}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{<1>}s_L\pi _L(a_{}^{(1)}{}_{(1)}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{<2>})a^{(1)}{}_{(2)}{}^{}a^{(2)}=`$
$`=`$ $`a_{}^{(1)}{}_{}{}^{<1>}s_L\pi _L(a_{}^{(1)}{}_{}{}^{<2>}{}_{(1)}{}^{})a_{}^{(1)}{}_{}{}^{<2>}{}_{(2)}{}^{}a^{(2)}=`$
$`=`$ $`(\mathrm{id}_A\gamma _R^{})\gamma _R(a).`$
Since by viii) of (4.1) both $`a^{(1)}S(a^{(2)})=s_L\pi _L(a)`$ and $`a^{<1>}S(a^{<2>})=s_L\pi _L(a)`$ we have $`\epsilon (a):=Ss_L\pi _LS^1(a)=S(a_{(1)})a{}_{(2)}{}^{}=S^1s_L\pi _LS(a)`$ and

$`(m_A\mathrm{id}_A)`$ $``$ $`(\mathrm{id}_A\epsilon \mathrm{id}_A)(\mathrm{id}_A\gamma _R)\gamma _R^{}(a)=a^{<1>}\epsilon (a_{}^{<2>}{}_{}{}^{(1)})a_{}^{<2>}{}_{}{}^{(2)}=`$
$`=`$ $`a^{<1>}a_{}^{<2>}{}_{}{}^{(2)}S^2s_L\pi _LS(a_{}^{<2>}{}_{}{}^{(1)})=`$
$`=`$ $`a^{<1>}S^1\left(S(a^{<2>})_{(1)}\right)S^1t_L\pi _L(S(a^{<2>}){}_{(2)}{}^{})=\gamma _R^{}(a)`$
$`(m_A\mathrm{id}_A)`$ $``$ $`(\mathrm{id}_A\epsilon \mathrm{id}_A)(\gamma _R^{}\mathrm{id}_A)\gamma _R(a)=a_{}^{(1)}{}_{}{}^{<1>}\epsilon (a_{}^{(1)}{}_{}{}^{<2>})a^{(2)}=`$
$`=`$ $`a_{}^{(1)}{}_{}{}^{<1>}Ss_L\pi _LS^1(a_{}^{(1)}{}_{}{}^{<2>})a^{(2)}=`$
$`=`$ $`S(S^1(a^{(1)}){}_{(2)}{}^{})Ss_L\pi _L\left(S^1(a^{(1)})_{(1)}\right)a^{(2)}=\gamma _R(a)`$
hence by the equality of the left hand sides $`\gamma _R=\gamma _R^{}`$.

The following is a consequence of the proof of Proposition 4.2:

###### Proposition 4.3

Let $`(𝒜_L,S)`$ be a Hopf algebroid and $`𝒜_R`$ a right bialgebroid such that $`(𝒜_L,𝒜_R,S)`$ satisfies the requirements in iii) of Proposition 4.2. Then both $`(S:AA^{op},\nu :=\pi _Rs_L:`$$`LR^{\mathrm{op}})`$ and $`\left(S^1:AA^{\mathrm{op}},\mu :=\pi _Rt_L:LR^{op}\right)`$ are left bialgebroid isomorphisms $`𝒜_L(𝒜_R)_{cop}^{op}`$. In particular $`𝒜_R`$ is unique up to an isomorphism of the form $`(\mathrm{id}_A,\varphi )`$.

One easily checks that $`\mu ^1\nu =\theta _L`$. For the sake of symmetry we introduce also $`\theta _R:=\nu \mu ^1`$ with the help of which the right analogue of (4.5) holds true:

$$Ss_R=t_R\theta _R.$$

Proposition 4.3 has an interpretation in terms of the forgetful functors $`\mathrm{\Phi }_R:_A{}_{R}{}^{}_{R}^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_L:{}_{A}{}^{}{}_{R}{}^{}_{R}^{}`$ as follows. The antipode map defines two functors $`𝒮`$ and $`𝒮^{}:_A{}_{A}{}^{}`$. They have object maps $`(M,)(M,S)`$ and $`(M,)(M,S^1)`$, respectively, and the identity maps on the morphisms. It is clear that $`𝒮`$ and $`𝒮^{}`$ are strict antimonoidal equivalence functors. The ring automorphisms $`\mu `$ and $`\nu `$ define endo-functors $`\underset{¯}{\mu }`$ and $`\underset{¯}{\nu }`$ of $`{}_{R}{}^{}_{R}^{}`$. The object maps are $`(M,,)(M,\mu ,\mu )`$ and $`(M,,)(M,\nu ,\nu )`$, respectively, and the identity map on the morphisms. The $`\underset{¯}{\mu }`$ and $`\underset{¯}{\nu }`$ are also strict antimonoidal equivalence functors. We have then equalities of strong monoidal functors: $`\mathrm{\Phi }_L𝒮=\underset{¯}{\nu }\mathrm{\Phi }_R`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_L𝒮^{}=\underset{¯}{\mu }\mathrm{\Phi }_R`$.

Finally we define the morphisms of Hopf algebroids:

###### Definition 4.4

A Hopf algebroid homomorphism (isomorphism) $`(𝒜_L,S)(𝒜_L^{},S^{})`$ is a left bialgebroid homomorphism (isomorphism) $`𝒜_L𝒜_L^{}`$. A Hopf algebroid homomorphism $`(\mathrm{\Phi },\varphi )`$ is strict if $`S^{}\mathrm{\Phi }=\mathrm{\Phi }S`$.

The existence of non-strict isomorphisms of Hopf algebroids – that is the non-uniqueness of the antipode in a Hopf algebroid – is a new feature compared to (weak) Hopf algebras. The antipodes making a given left bialgebroid into a Hopf algebroid are characterized in .

In the following (in particular in Section 5) we are going to call a triple $`(𝒜_L,𝒜_R,S)`$ satisfying the iii) of Proposition 4.2 a symmetrized form of the Hopf algebroid $`(𝒜_L,S)`$. The $`𝒜_R`$ is called the right bialgebroid underlying $`(𝒜_L,S)`$. In the view of Proposition 4.3 the symmetrized form is unique up to the choice of the base ring $`R`$ of $`𝒜_R`$ within the isomorphism class of $`L^{op}`$ – the opposite of the base ring of $`𝒜_L`$ – and the isomorphism $`\mu :L^{op}R`$ in (4.15).

Let us define the homomorphisms of symmetrized Hopf algebroids $`𝒜=(𝒜_L,𝒜_R,S)𝒜^{}=(𝒜_L^{},𝒜_R^{},S^{})`$ as pairs of bialgebroid homomorphisms $`(\mathrm{\Phi }_L,\varphi _L):𝒜_L𝒜_L^{}`$, $`(\mathrm{\Phi }_R,\varphi _R):𝒜_R𝒜_R^{}`$. Then by Proposition 4.3 the Hopf algebroid homomorphisms $`(\mathrm{\Phi },\varphi ):(𝒜_L,S)(𝒜_L^{},S^{})`$ are injected into the homomorphisms of symmetrized Hopf algebroids $`(𝒜_L,𝒜_R,S)(𝒜_L^{},𝒜_R^{},S^{})`$ via $`(\mathrm{\Phi },\varphi )((\mathrm{\Phi },\varphi ),((S^1\mathrm{\Phi }S,\mu ^{}\varphi \mu ^1))`$ – where $`\mu =\pi _Rt_L`$ and $`\mu ^{}=\pi _R^{}t_L^{}`$ are the ring isomorphisms introduced in Proposition 4.3. This implies that two symmetrized Hopf algebroids $`(𝒜_L,𝒜_R,S)`$ and $`(𝒜_L^{},𝒜_R^{},S^{})`$ are isomorphic if and only if the Hopf algebroids $`(𝒜_L,S)`$ and $`(𝒜_L^{},S^{})`$ are isomorphic.

A homomorphism $`((\mathrm{\Phi }_L,\varphi _L),(\mathrm{\Phi }_R,\varphi _R))`$ of symmetrized Hopf algebroids $`𝒜𝒜^{}`$ is strict if $`\mathrm{\Phi }_L=\mathrm{\Phi }_R`$ as homomorphisms of rings $`AA^{}`$. We leave it to the reader to check that this is equivalent to the requirement that $`(\mathrm{\Phi }_L,\varphi _L)`$ is a strict homomorphism of Hopf algebroids $`(𝒜_L,S)(𝒜_L^{},S^{})`$, that is two symmetrized Hopf algebroids $`(𝒜_L,𝒜_R,S)`$ and $`(𝒜_L^{},𝒜_R^{},S^{})`$ are strictly isomorphic if and only if the Hopf algebroids $`(𝒜_L,S)`$ and $`(𝒜_L^{},S^{})`$ are strictly isomorphic.

The usage of symmetrized Hopf algebroids allows for the definition of the opposite and co-opposite structures: $`𝒜^{op}=(𝒜_R^{op},𝒜_L^{op},S^1)`$ and $`𝒜_{cop}=(𝒜_{Lcop},𝒜_{Rcop},S^1)`$, respectively.

### 4.2 Relation to the Hopf bialgebroid of Day and Street

In  left bialgebroids over the base $`L`$ have been characterized as opmonoidal monads $`𝚃`$ on the category $`{}_{L}{}^{}_{L}^{}`$ such that their underlying functors $`T`$ have right adjoints. The endofunctor $`T`$ is given by tensoring over $`L^e=LL^{\mathrm{op}}`$ with the $`L^e`$-$`L^e`$-bimodule $`A`$. The monad structure makes $`A`$ into an $`L^e`$-ring via an algebra map $`\eta :L^eA`$, while the opmonoidal structure comprises the coproduct and counit of the bialgebroid $`A`$. In a recent preprint  Day and Street put this into the more general context of pseudomonoids in monoidal bicategories. Using the notion of $``$-autonomy  they propose a definition of Hopf bialgebroid as a $``$-autonomous structure on a bialgebroid. We are going to show in this section that their definition coincides with our Definition 4.1.

Working with $`k`$-algebras the base category $`𝒱`$ is the category $`_k`$ of $`k`$-modules. Then the monoidal bicategory in question is $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}(𝒱)`$ having as objects the $`k`$-algebras and as hom-categories $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}(𝒱)(A,B)`$ the category $`{}_{B}{}^{}_{A}^{}`$ of $`B`$-$`A`$-bimodules. The tensor product $`=_k`$ of $`k`$-modules makes $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}(𝒱)`$ monoidal. A pseudomonoid in $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}(𝒱)`$ is a triple $`A,M,J`$ where $`A`$ is an object, $`M:AAA`$ and $`J:kA`$ are 1-cells satisfying associativity and unitality up to invertible 2-cells that in turn satisfy the pentagon and the triangle constraints. If $`A,L,s,t,\gamma ,\pi `$ is a left bialgebroid in $`𝒱`$ then we have a strong monoidal morphism

$$\eta ^{}:A,M,JL^e,m,j$$
(4.21)
of pseudomonoids where

$`M`$ $`=`$ $`A_LA\text{with actions}a(x_Ly)(a_1a_2)=a_{(1)}xa_1_La{}_{(2)}{}^{}ya_2`$ (4.22)
$`J`$ $`=`$ $`L\text{with action}ax=\pi (as(x))`$ (4.23)
$`m`$ $`=`$ $`L^e_LL^e\text{with actions}(ll^{})((xx^{})_L(yy^{}))((l_1l_1^{})(l_2l_2^{}))`$ (4.24)
$`=(lxl_1l_1^{}x^{})_L(yl_2l_2^{}y^{}l^{})`$
$`j`$ $`=`$ $`L\text{with action}(ll^{})x=lxl^{}`$ (4.25)
and the bimodule $`\eta ^{}=_{L^e}A_A`$, induced by the algebra map $`\eta `$, has a left adjoint $`\eta _{}=_AA_{L^e}`$ with the counit $`ϵ:\eta _{}\eta ^{}A`$ induced by multiplication of $`A`$. The connection of this bimodule picture with module catgeories can be seen by applying the monoidal pseudofunctor $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}(𝒱)(k,):\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}(𝒱)\mathrm{𝖢𝖺𝗍}`$. Then pseudomonoids become monoidal categories, $`\eta ^{}`$ becomes the strong monoidal forgetful functor $`\eta ^{}_A:_A_L_L`$ and $`\eta _{}`$ its opmonoidal left adjoint. An important piece of the structure is the bimodule morphism

$`\psi `$ $`:`$ $`\eta _{}mM(\eta _{}\eta _{})`$ (4.26)
$`a(ll^{})`$ $``$ $`a_{(1)}s(l)a{}_{(2)}{}^{}t(l^{})`$
which makes $`\eta _{}`$ opmonoidal and encodes the comultiplication $`\gamma :AA_LA`$ of the bialgebroid.

In  a Hopf bialgebroid is defined to be a bialgebroid $`A`$ over $`L`$ together with a strong $``$-autonomous structure on the opmonoidal morphism $`\eta _{}:L^eA`$. The latter means

1. a $``$-autonomous structure on the pseudomonoid $`A`$, i.e.,

1. a right $`AA`$-module $`\sigma `$ defined on the $`k`$-module $`A`$ in terms of an algebra isomorphism $`\xi :AA^{\mathrm{op}}`$ by

    $$x(ab)=\xi ^1(b)xa,x,a,bA$$
    (4.27)
    2. and an isomorphism

    $$\mathrm{\Gamma }:\sigma (MA)\sigma (AM)$$
2. a "canonical" $``$-autonomous structure on the pseudomonoid $`L^e`$ which consists of

1. a right $`L^eL^e`$-module $`\sigma _0`$ defined on $`L^e`$ using the isomorphism $`\xi _0:L^e(L^e)^{\mathrm{op}}`$, $`ll^{}\theta ^1(l^{})l`$ for some algebra automorphism $`\theta :LL`$. Thus

    $$(xx^{})((l_1l_1^{})(l_2l_2^{}))=\theta ^1(l_2^{})xl_1l_1^{}x^{}l_2$$

    for $`x,x^{},l_1,l_1^{},l_2,l_2^{}L`$ where juxtaposition is always multiplication in $`L`$ and never in $`L^{\mathrm{op}}`$. (Note that allowing a non-trivial $`\theta `$ in the definition of $`\sigma _0`$ is a slight deviation from  which is, however, well motivated by Section 3.)
    2. and the isomorphism

    $$\mathrm{\Gamma }_0:\sigma _0(mL^e)\sigma _0(L^em)$$
3. and the arrow $`\eta _{}`$ is strongly $``$-autonomous in the following sense. There exists a 2-cell $`\tau :\sigma _0(\eta _{}\eta _{})\sigma `$ such that

$$[\mathrm{\Gamma }_0(\eta _{}\eta _{}\eta _{})][\sigma (\psi \eta _{})][\tau (mL^e)]=[\sigma (\eta _{}\psi )][\tau (L^em)]\mathrm{\Gamma }_0$$
(4.28)
and such that

$`\tau ^l`$ $`:`$ $`\sigma _0(\eta ^{}L^e)\sigma (A\eta _{})`$ (4.29)
$`\tau ^l`$ $`=`$ $`[\sigma (ϵ\eta _{})][\tau (\eta ^{}L^e)]`$
is an isomorphism. (We used $``$ and $``$ to denote horizontal and vertical compositions in the bicategory $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}(𝒱)`$.)

Now we are going to translate this categorical definition into simple algebraic expressions.

###### Lemma 4.5

-autonomous structures on the pseudomonoid $`A,M,J`$ are in one-to-one correspondence with the data $`\xi ,_ke_kf_k`$ where $`\xi `$ is an anti-automorphism of the ring $`A`$ and $`_ke_kf_kA\stackrel{}{__L}A`$ is such that for all $`aA`$

$$\underset{k}{}\xi (a_{(1)})_{(1^{})}e_ka{}_{(2)}{}^{}\xi (a_{(1)})_{(2^{})}f_k=\underset{k}{}e_kf_k\xi (a)$$
(4.30)
and such that there exists $`_jg_jh_jA\stackrel{}{__L}A`$ satisfying for all $`aA`$

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}\xi ^1(a{}_{(2)}{}^{})_{(1^{})}g_j\xi ^1(a{}_{(2)}{}^{})_{(2^{})}h_ja_{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}g_j\xi ^1(a)h_j`$ (4.31)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{j,k}{}}\xi (g_j)_{(1)}e_kh_j\xi (g_j){}_{(2)}{}^{}f_{k}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`1_A1_A`$ (4.32)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{j,k}{}}\xi ^1(f_k)_{(1)}g_j\xi ^1(f_k){}_{(2)}{}^{}h_{j}^{}e_k`$ $`=`$ $`1_A1_A`$ (4.33)
as elements of $`A\stackrel{}{__L}A`$.

Proof: In order to find explicit formulas for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and its inverse we introduce the isomorphisms

$`\phi _+:\sigma (MA)`$ $``$ $`A\stackrel{}{__L}A`$ (4.34)
$`x\stackrel{}{_{_{AA}}}(a\stackrel{}{__L}bc)`$ $``$ $`(\xi ^1(c)x)_{(1)}a\stackrel{}{__L}(\xi ^1(c)x){}_{(2)}{}^{}b`$
$`\phi _{}:\sigma (AM)`$ $``$ $`A\stackrel{}{__L}A`$ (4.36)
$`x\stackrel{}{_{_{AA}}}(ab\stackrel{}{__L}c)`$ $``$ $`\xi (xa)_{(1)}b\stackrel{}{__L}\xi (xa){}_{(2)}{}^{}c`$
with inverses

$`\phi _+^1(a\stackrel{}{__L}b)`$ $`=`$ $`1\stackrel{}{_{_{AA}}}(a\stackrel{}{__L}b1)`$
$`\phi _{}^1(b\stackrel{}{__L}c)`$ $`=`$ $`1\stackrel{}{_{_{AA}}}(1b\stackrel{}{__L}c)`$
Then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}:=\phi _{}\mathrm{\Gamma }\phi _+^1`$ is a twisted $`A^3`$-automorphism of $`A_LA`$ in the sense of

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\xi ^1(c)(x\stackrel{}{__L}y)(ab))=\xi (a)\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(x\stackrel{}{__L}y)(bc)$$
(4.37)
Hence, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is uniquely determined by $`_ie_if_i=\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(11)`$ as

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(x\stackrel{}{_{_{AA}}}(a\stackrel{}{__L}bc))=1\stackrel{}{_{_{AA}}}(x_{(1)}a\underset{k}{}e_kx{}_{(2)}{}^{}b\stackrel{}{__L}f_kc)$$
(4.38)
and $`_ke_kf_k`$ satisfies (4.30). Invertibility then implies that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(11)=_jg_jh_j`$ satisfies the remaining equations.

We need also the expression for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$. We leave it to the reader to check that

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0((xx^{})\stackrel{}{_{_{L^eL^e}}}(l_1l_1^{})\stackrel{}{__L}(l_2l_2^{})(l_3l_3^{}))=`$
$`=`$ $`(11)\stackrel{}{_{_{L^eL^e}}}(xl_1l_1^{})(l_2l_2^{}x^{})\stackrel{}{__L}(l_3l_3^{})`$
is well-defined and is invertible.

###### Lemma 4.6

The $``$-autonomous property of $`\eta _{}`$ is equivalent to the existence of an element $`iA`$ satisfying

$`i\eta (\theta ^1(l^{})l)`$ $`=`$ $`\xi ^1(\eta (ll^{}))i,l,l^{}L`$ (4.40)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}e_kf_k\xi (i)`$ $`=`$ $`\xi (i)_{(1)}\xi (i)_{(2)}`$ (4.41)
while strong $``$-autonomy adds the requirement that $`i`$ be invertible.

Proof: Since $`11`$ is a cyclic vector in the $`L^eL^e`$-module $`\sigma _0`$, the module map $`\tau `$ is uniquely determined by $`i:=\tau (11)`$ as

$$\tau (xx^{})=i\eta (xx^{}).$$
(4.42)
Tensoring with $`\eta _{}=_AA_{L^e}`$ from the right being the restriction via $`\eta :L^eA`$ the element $`i`$ is subject to condition (4.40) due to (4.27). Using the expressions (4.42), (4.38), (4.2) and (4.26) the $``$-autonomy condition (4.28) becomes equation (4.41). The mate of $`\tau `$ in (4.29) can now be written as

$$\tau ^l((xx^{})\stackrel{}{_{_{L^eL^e}}}(a(ll^{})))=i\eta (xx^{})a\stackrel{}{_{_{AL^e}}}(1(ll^{}))$$

Hence $`\tau ^l`$ is invertible iff the map $`aia`$ is, i.e., iff $`i`$ is invertible.

###### Theorem 4.7

A strong $``$-autonomous structure on the bialgebroid $`A`$ over $`L`$ in the sense of  is equivalent to a Hopf algebroid structure $`(𝒜_L,S)`$ in the sense of Definition 4.1.

Proof: Using invertibility of $`iA`$ condition (4.40) has the equivalent form

$$\xi \left(i\eta (l^{}l)i^1\right)=\eta (l\theta (l^{}))$$
(4.43)
and (4.41) can be used to express the element $`_ke_kf_k`$ in terms of $`i`$,

$$e_if_i=\xi (i)_{(1)}\xi (i){}_{(2)}{}^{}\xi (i)^1.$$

The conditions (4.30-4.33) are then equivalent to

$`g_jh_j`$ $`=`$ $`i_{(1)}i^1i_{(2)}`$ (4.44)
$`\left[i^1\xi ^1(a{}_{(2)}{}^{})i\right]_{(1)^{}}\left[i^1\xi ^1(a{}_{(2)}{}^{})i\right]_{(2)^{}}a_{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`i^1\xi ^1(a)i1_A`$ (4.45)
$`\xi \left(ia_{(1)}i^1\right)_{(1)^{}}a{}_{(2)}{}^{}\xi \left(ia_{(1)}i^1\right)_{(2)^{}}`$ $`=`$ $`1_A\xi \left(iai^1\right).`$ (4.46)
This means that introducing $`S:AA^{op}`$, $`a\xi \left(iai^1\right)`$, the conditions (4.43), (4.45) and (4.46) are identical to the axioms (4.1), (4.3) and (4.3), respectively.

### 4.3 Examples

In addition to our motivating example in Section 3 let us collect some more examples of Hopf algebroids.

###### Example 4.8

Weak Hopf Algebras with bijective antipode

Let $`(H,\mathrm{\Delta },\epsilon ,S)`$ be a weak Hopf algebra  (WHA) over the commutative ring $`k`$ with bijective antipode. This means that $`H`$ is an associative unital $`k`$ algebra, $`\mathrm{\Delta }:HH\stackrel{}{__k}H`$ is a coassociative coproduct. It is an algebra map (i.e. multiplicative) but not unit preserving in general. In its stead we have weak comultiplicativity of the unit:

$$1_{[1]}1_{[2]}1_{[1^{}]}1_{[2^{}]}=1_{[1]}1_{[2]}1_{[3]}=1_{[1]}1_{[1^{}]}1_{[2]}1_{[2^{}]}$$

where $`1_{[1]}1_{[2]}=\mathrm{\Delta }(1)`$. The map $`\epsilon :Hk`$ is the counit of the coproduct $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$. Instead of being multiplicative it is weakly multiplicative:

$$\epsilon (ab_{[1]})\epsilon (b_{[2]}c)=\epsilon (abc)=\epsilon (ab_{[2]})\epsilon (b_{[1]}c)fora,b,cH$$

The bijective map $`S:HH`$ is the antipode, subject to the axioms

$`h_{[1]}S(h_{[2]})`$ $`=`$ $`\epsilon (1_{[1]}h)1_{[2]}`$
$`S(h_{[1]})h_{[2]}`$ $`=`$ $`1_{[1]}\epsilon (h1_{[2]})`$
$`S(h_{[1]})h_{[2]}S(h_{[3]})`$ $`=`$ $`S(h)`$
for all $`hH`$. (If $`H`$ is finite over $`k`$ then the assumption made about the bijectivity of $`S`$ is redundant.) The WHA $`(H,\mathrm{\Delta },\epsilon ,S)`$ is a Hopf algebra if and only if $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is unit preserving.

The algebra $`H`$ contains two commuting subalgebras: $`R`$ is the image of $`H`$ under the projection $`^R:h1_{[1]}\epsilon (h1_{[2]})`$ and $`L`$ under $`^L:h\epsilon (1_{[1]}h)1_{[2]}`$ – generalizing the subalgebra of the scalars in a Hopf algebra. Both maps $`S`$ and $`S^1`$ restrict to algebra anti-isomorphisms $`RL`$. We have four commuting actions of $`L`$ and $`R`$ on H:

$`H^R:`$ $`hr:=hr`$
$`{}_{}{}^{R}H:`$ $`rh:=hS^1(r)`$
$`H_L:`$ $`hl:=S^1(l)h`$
$`{}_{L}{}^{}H:`$ $`lh:=lh.`$
Introduce the canonical projections $`\mathrm{p}_R:H\stackrel{}{__k}HH^R{}_{}{}^{R}H`$ and $`\mathrm{p}_L:H\stackrel{}{__k}HH_L{}_{L}{}^{}H.`$ There exists a left and a right bialgebroid structure corresponding to the weak Hopf algebra:

$`_R`$ $`:=`$ $`(H,R,\mathrm{id}_R,S^1|_R,\mathrm{p}_R\mathrm{\Delta },^R)`$
$`_L`$ $`:=`$ $`(H,L,\mathrm{id}_L,S^1|_L,\mathrm{p}_L\mathrm{\Delta },^L).`$
We leave it as an exercise to the reader to check that $`(_L,_R,S)`$ satisfies the requirements of Proposition 4.2.iii).

Notice that the examples of the above class are not necessarily finite dimensional and not even finitely generated over $`R`$. To have a trivial counterexample think of the group Hopf algebra $`kG`$ of an infinite group.

###### Example 4.9

An example that does not satisfy the Lu-axioms :

Let $`k`$ be a field the characteristic of which is different from 2. Consider the group bialgebra $`kZ_2`$ with presentation

$$kZ_2=\text{bialg-}t|t^2=1,\mathrm{\Delta }(t)=tt,\epsilon (t)=1$$

as a left bialgebroid over the base $`k`$. That is to say, we set $`𝒜_L=(kZ_2,k,\eta ,\eta ,\mathrm{\Delta },\epsilon )`$ where $`\eta `$ is the unit map $`kkZ_2`$, $`\lambda \lambda 1`$. Introduce the would-be-antipode $`S:kZ_2kZ_2`$, $`tt`$.

###### Proposition 4.10

The pair $`(𝒜_L,S)`$ in the Example 4.9 satisfies the axioms in Definition 4.1 but not the Lu-axioms.

Proof: One easily checks the conditions in ii) of Proposition 4.2 on the single algebraic generator $`t`$, proving that $`(𝒜_L,S)`$ is a Hopf algebroid in the sense of Definition 4.1.

Now, the base ring $`L`$ being $`k`$ itself, the canonical projection $`kZ_2\stackrel{}{__k}kZ_2kZ_2\stackrel{}{__L}kZ_2`$ is the identity map leaving us with the only section $`kZ_2\stackrel{}{__L}kZ_2kZ_2\stackrel{}{__k}kZ_2`$, the identity map. Since $`t_{(1)}S(t{}_{(2)}{}^{})=1`$ and $`\eta \epsilon (t)=1`$, this contradicts to that $`(𝒜_L,S)`$ is a Lu-Hopf algebroid.

In the Example 4.8 the left and right coproducts $`\gamma _L`$ and $`\gamma _R`$ are compositions of a coproduct $`\mathrm{\Delta }:AA\stackrel{}{__k}A`$ with the canonical projections $`\mathrm{p}_L`$ and $`\mathrm{p}_R`$, respectively. Actually many other examples can be found this way – by allowing for $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ not to be counital:

###### Proposition 4.11

Let $`𝒜_L`$ be a left bialgebroid such that $`A`$ and $`L`$ are $`k`$-algebras over some commutative ring $`k`$, $`S`$ an antiautomorphism of $`A`$ such that the axioms (4.1) and (4.4) hold true. Suppose that $`\gamma _L=\mathrm{p}_L\mathrm{\Delta }`$, where $`\mathrm{p}_L`$ is the canonical projection $`A\stackrel{}{__k}AA_L{}_{L}{}^{}A`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }:AA\stackrel{}{__k}A`$ is a coassociative (possibly non-counital) coproduct satisfying

$`\mathrm{p}_L(SS)\mathrm{\Delta }^{op}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{p}_L\mathrm{\Delta }S`$
$`\mathrm{p}_L(S^1S^1)\mathrm{\Delta }^{op}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{p}_L\mathrm{\Delta }S^1.`$ (4.47)
Then $`(𝒜_L,S)`$ is a Hopf algebroid in the sense of Definition 4.1.

Proof: We leave it to the reader to check that all the requirements of Proposition 4.2.ii) are satisfied.

###### Example 4.12

The groupoid Hopf algebroid

Let $`𝒢`$ be a groupoid that is a small category with all morphisms invertible. Denote the object set by $`𝒢^0`$ and the set of morphisms by $`𝒢^1`$. For a commutative ring $`k`$ the groupoid algebra is the $`k`$-module spanned by the elements of $`𝒢^1`$ with the multiplication given by the composition of the morphisms if the latter makes sense and $`0`$ otherwise. It is an associative algebra and if $`𝒢^0`$ is finite it has a unit $`1=_{a𝒢^0}a`$. The groupoid algebra admits a left bialgebroid structure over the base subalgebra $`k𝒢^0`$. The map $`s_L=t_L`$ is the canonical embedding, $`\gamma _L`$ is the diagonal map $`gg\stackrel{}{__L}g`$ and $`\pi _L(g):=target(g)`$. This left bialgebroid together with the antipode $`S(g):=g^1`$ is a Hopf algebroid in the sense of the Definition 4.1. Actually this example is of the kind described in Proposition 4.11 with $`\mathrm{\Delta }(g):=g\stackrel{}{__k}g`$.

###### Example 4.13

The algebraic quantum torus

Let $`k`$ be a field and $`T_q`$ the unital associative $`k`$ algebra generated by two invertible elements $`U`$ and $`V`$ subject to the relation $`UV=qVU`$ where $`q`$ is an invertible element in $`k`$. As it is explained in , the algebra $`T_q`$ admits a Lu-Hopf algebroid structure over the base subalgebra $`L`$ generated by $`U`$: the map $`s_L=t_L`$ is the canonical embedding, $`\gamma _L(U^nV^m):=U^nV^m\stackrel{}{__L}V^mV^m\stackrel{}{__L}U^nV^m`$, $`\pi _L(U^nV^m):=U^n`$ and the antipode $`S(U^nV^m):=V^mU^n`$. The section $`\xi `$ of the canonical projection $`\mathrm{p}_L:T_q\stackrel{}{__k}T_qT_q\stackrel{}{__L}T_q`$ appearing in the Lu axioms is of the form $`\xi \left(U^nV^m\stackrel{}{__L}U^kV^l\right):=U^{(n+k)}V^m\stackrel{}{__k}V^l`$.

The reader may check that these maps satisfy the Definition 4.1 as well. This example is also of the type considered in Proposition 4.11 with $`\mathrm{\Delta }(U^nV^m):=U^nV^m\stackrel{}{__k}V^m`$.

###### Example 4.14

Examples by Brzezinski and Militaru

In the paper  a wide class of examples of Lu-Hopf algebroids is described. Some other examples  turn out to belong also to this class.

The examples of  are Lu-Hopf algebroids of the type considered in Proposition 4.11: let $`(H,\mathrm{\Delta }_H,\epsilon _H,\tau )`$ be a Hopf algebra over the field $`k`$ with bijective antipode $`\tau `$, and the triple $`(L,,\rho )`$ a braided commutative algebra in the category $`{}_{H}{}^{}𝒟_{}^{H}`$ of Yetter-Drinfel’d modules over $`H`$. Then the crossed product algebra $`L\mathrm{\#}H`$ carries a left bialgebroid structure over the base algebra $`L`$:

$`s_L(l)`$ $`=`$ $`l\mathrm{\#}1_H`$
$`t_L(l)`$ $`=`$ $`\rho (l)l_0\mathrm{\#}l_1`$
$`\gamma _L(l\mathrm{\#}h)`$ $`=`$ $`(l\mathrm{\#}h_{(1)})\stackrel{}{__L}(1_L\mathrm{\#}h{}_{(2)}{}^{})`$
$`\pi _L(l\mathrm{\#}h)`$ $`=`$ $`\epsilon _H(h)l`$ (4.48)
where $`h_{(1)}\stackrel{}{__k}h{}_{(2)}{}^{}\mathrm{\Delta }_H(h).`$ It is proven in  that the left bialgebroid (4.48) and the bijective antipode

$$S(l\mathrm{\#}h):=\left(\tau (h{}_{(2)}{}^{})\tau ^2(l_1)\right)l_0\mathrm{\#}\tau (h_{(1)})\tau ^2(l_2)$$
(4.49)
form a Lu-Hopf algebroid. It is obvious that $`\gamma _L`$ is of the form $`\mathrm{p}_L\mathrm{\Delta }`$ with $`\mathrm{\Delta }(l\mathrm{\#}h):=(l\mathrm{\#}h_{(1)})\stackrel{}{__k}(1_L\mathrm{\#}h{}_{(2)}{}^{})`$. The map $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is well defined since $`L\mathrm{\#}H`$ is $`L\stackrel{}{__k}H`$ as a k-space and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_H`$ maps $`H`$ into $`H\stackrel{}{__k}H`$. We leave it to the reader to check that $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ satisfies (4.47) hence the left bialgebroid (4.48) and the antipode (4.49) form a Hopf algebroid in the sense of Definition 4.1.

The Example 4.9 is not of the type considered in Proposition 4.11. Although $`\gamma _L`$ is of the form $`\mathrm{p}_L\mathrm{\Delta }`$, the $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ does not satisfy (4.47). In  data $`(𝒜_L,S,\stackrel{~}{S})`$ satisfying compatibility conditions somewhat analogous to (4.47) were introduced under the name extended Hopf algebra. The next Proposition states that extended Hopf algebras with $`S`$ bijective (such as Example 4.9) provide examples of Hopf algebroids:

###### Proposition 4.15

Let $`(𝒜_L,S,\stackrel{~}{S})`$ be an extended Hopf algebra. This means that $`𝒜_L`$ is a left bialgebroid such that $`A`$ and $`L`$ are $`k`$-algebras over some commutative ring $`k`$. The maps $`S`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{S}`$ are anti-automorphisms of the algebra $`A`$, $`\stackrel{~}{S}^2=\mathrm{id}_A`$ and both pairs $`(𝒜_L,S)`$ and $`(𝒜_L,\stackrel{~}{S})`$ satisfy (4.1) and (4.4). The map $`\gamma _L`$ is a composition of a coassociative coproduct $`\mathrm{\Delta }:AA\stackrel{}{__k}A`$ and the canonical projection $`\mathrm{p}_L:A\stackrel{}{__k}AA\stackrel{}{__L}A`$. The compatibility relations

$$\mathrm{\Delta }S=(SS)\mathrm{\Delta }^{op}and\mathrm{\Delta }\stackrel{~}{S}=(S\stackrel{~}{S})\mathrm{\Delta }^{op}$$

hold true. Then the pair $`(𝒜_L,\stackrel{~}{S})`$ is a Hopf algebroid in the sense of Definition 4.1.

Proof: We leave to the reader to check that the condition (4.9) – hence all requirements of Proposition 4.2.ii) – hold true.

## 5 Integral theory and the dual Hopf algebroid

In this section we generalize the notion of non-degenerate integrals in (weak) bialgebras to bialgebroids. We examine the consequences of the existence of a non-degenerate integral in a Hopf algebroid. We do not address the question, however, under what conditions on the Hopf algebroid does the the existence of a non-degenerate integral follow. That is we do not give a generalization of the Larson-Sweedler theorem on bialgebroids and neither of the (weaker) Theorem 3.16 in  stating that a weak Hopf algebra possesses a non-degenerate integral if and only if it is a Frobenius algebra. (About the implications in one direction see however Theorem 6.3 in  and Theorem 5.5 below, respectively.)

Assuming the existence of a non-degenerate integral in a Hopf algebroid we show that the underlying bialgebroids are finite. The duals of finite bialgebroids w.r.t. the base rings were shown to have bialgebroid structures  but there is no obvious way how to transpose the antipode to (either of the four) duals. As the main result of this section we show that if there exists a non-degenerate integral in a Hopf algebroid then the four dual bialgebroids are all (anti-) isomorphic and they can be made Hopf algebroids. This dual Hopf algebroid structure is unique up to isomorphism (in the sense of Definition 4.4).

For the considerations of this section the “symmetric definition” of Hopf algebroids i.e. the characterization in iii) of Proposition 4.2 is the most appropriate. Throughout the section we use the symmetrized form of the Hopf algebroid introduced at the end of Subsection 4.1.

It is important to emphasize that although the Definitions 5.1 and 5.3 are formulated in terms of a particular symmetrized Hopf algebroid $`𝒜=(𝒜_L,𝒜_R,S)`$, actually they depend only on the Hopf algebroid $`(𝒜_L,S)`$. That is to say, if $`\mathrm{}`$ is a (non-degenerate) left integral in a symmetrized Hopf algebroid then it is one in any other symmetrized form of the same Hopf algebroid. Therefore $`\mathrm{}`$ can be called a (non-degenerate) left integral of the Hopf algebroid. Analogously, although the anti-automorphism $`\xi `$ in Lemma 5.9 is defined in terms of a particular symmetrized Hopf algebroid, it is invariant under the change of the underlying right bialgebroid.

For a symmetrized Hopf algebroid $`𝒜=(𝒜_L,𝒜_R,S)`$ we use the notations of Section 2: the $`𝒜_{}`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$ are the $`L`$-duals of $`𝒜_L`$, the $`𝒜^{}`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$ the $`R`$-duals of $`𝒜_R`$. Also for the coproducts of $`𝒜_L`$ and $`𝒜_R`$ we write $`\gamma _L(a)=a_{(1)}a_{(2)}`$ and $`\gamma _R(a)=a^{(1)}a^{(2)}`$, respectively.

### 5.1 Non-degenerate integrals

###### Definition 5.1

The left integrals in a left bialgebroid $`𝒜_L=(A,L,s_L,t_L,\gamma _L,\pi _L)`$ are the invariants of the left regular $`A`$ module:

$$^L(𝒜):=\{\mathrm{}A|a\mathrm{}=s_L\pi _L(a)\mathrm{}aA\}.$$

The right integrals in a right bialgebroid $`𝒜_R=(A,R,s_R,t_R,\gamma _R,\pi _R)`$ are the invariants of the right regular $`A`$ module:

$$^R(𝒜):=\{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}A|\mathrm{{\rm Y}}a=\mathrm{{\rm Y}}s_R\pi _R(a)aA\}.$$

The left/right integrals in a symmetrized Hopf algebroid $`(𝒜_L,𝒜_R,S)`$ are the left/right integrals in $`𝒜_L/𝒜_R`$.

###### Lemma 5.2

For a symmetrized Hopf algebroid $`𝒜`$ the following properties of the element $`\mathrm{}`$ of $`A`$ are equivalent:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill i)& \mathrm{}^L(𝒜)\hfill \\ \hfill ii)& a\mathrm{}=t_L\pi _L(a)\mathrm{}forallaA\hfill \\ \hfill iii)& S(\mathrm{})^R(𝒜)\hfill \\ \hfill iv)& S^1(\mathrm{})^R(𝒜)\hfill \\ \hfill v)& S(a)\mathrm{}^{(1)}\mathrm{}^{(2)}=\mathrm{}^{(1)}a\mathrm{}^{(2)}aselementsofA^R^RA,forallaA.\hfill \end{array}$$

Proof: Left to the reader.

###### Definition 5.3

The left integral $`\mathrm{}`$ in the symmetrized Hopf algebroid $`𝒜`$ is non-degenerate if the maps

$`\mathrm{}_R:𝒜^{}A`$ $`\varphi ^{}\varphi ^{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{and}`$
$`{}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}:{}_{}{}^{}𝒜A`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}\varphi ^{}\varphi \mathrm{}`$ (5.1)
are bijective. The right integral $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ in the symmetrized Hopf algebroid $`𝒜`$ is non-degenerate if $`S(\mathrm{{\rm Y}})`$ is a non-degenerate left integral i.e. if the maps

$`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_L:𝒜_{}A`$ $`\varphi _{}\mathrm{{\rm Y}}\varphi _{}\mathrm{and}`$
$`{}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{{\rm Y}}:{}_{}{}^{}𝒜A`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}\varphi \mathrm{{\rm Y}}_{}\varphi `$ (5.2)
are bijective.

###### Remark 5.4

If $`\mathrm{}`$ is a non-degenerate left integral in the symmetrized Hopf algebroid $`𝒜`$ then so is in $`𝒜_{cop}`$, and when replacing $`𝒜`$ with $`𝒜_{cop}`$ the roles of $`\mathrm{}_R`$ and $`{}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}`$ become interchanged. Hence any statement proven in a symmetrized Hopf algebroid possessing a non-degenerate left integral on $`\mathrm{}_R`$ implies that the co-opposite statement holds true on $`{}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}`$.

###### Theorem 5.5

Let $`𝒜`$ be a symmetrized Hopf algebroid possessing a non-degenerate left integral. Then the ring extensions $`s_R:RA`$, $`t_R:R^{op}A`$, $`s_L:LA`$ and $`t_L:L^{op}A`$ are all Frobenius extensions.

Proof: Let $`\mathrm{}`$ be a non-degenerate left integral in $`𝒜`$. With its help we construct the Frobenius system for the extension $`s_R:RA`$. It consists of a Frobenius map

$$\lambda ^{}:=\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A):{}_{R}{}^{}A_{}^{R}R$$
(5.3)
and a quasi-basis (in the sense of (3.1)) for it:

$$\mathrm{}^{(1)}S(\mathrm{}^{(2)})A^R{}_{R}{}^{}A.$$

As a matter of fact the $`\lambda ^{}`$ is a right $`R`$-module map $`A^RR`$ by construction. We claim that it is also a left $`R`$-module map $`{}_{R}{}^{}AR`$. Since

$$(\lambda ^{}S(a))\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}^{(2)}t_R\lambda ^{}\left(S(a)\mathrm{}^{(1)}\right)=a(\lambda ^{}\mathrm{})=a$$
(5.4)
the inverse $`\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}`$ maps $`aA`$ to $`\lambda ^{}S(a)`$. This implies that $`\lambda ^{}s_R(r)=\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}t_R(r)`$. Now for a given element $`rR`$ the map $`\chi (r)^{}:A^RR`$, $`ar\lambda ^{}(a)`$ is also equal to $`\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}t_R(r)`$:

$$\chi (r)^{}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}^{(2)}t_R(r\lambda ^{}(\mathrm{}^{(1)}))=(\lambda ^{}\mathrm{})t_R(r)=t_R(r).$$

Applying the two equal maps $`\lambda ^{}s_R(r)`$ and $`\chi (r)^{}`$ to an element $`aA`$ we obtain

$$\lambda ^{}(s_R(r)a)=r\lambda ^{}(a).$$
(5.5)
This proves that $`\lambda ^{}`$ is an $`R`$-$`R`$ bimodule map $`{}_{R}{}^{}A_{}^{R}A`$. Also

$`s_R\lambda ^{}(a\mathrm{}^{(1)})S(\mathrm{}^{(2)})`$ $`=`$ $`S(\lambda ^{}\mathrm{})a=a\mathrm{and}`$ (5.6)
$`\mathrm{}^{(1)}s_R\lambda ^{}(S(\mathrm{}^{(2)})a)`$ $`=`$ $`a\mathrm{}^{(1)}s_R\lambda ^{}S(\mathrm{}^{(2)}).`$ (5.7)
Now we claim that $`\mathrm{}^{(1)}s_R\lambda ^{}S(\mathrm{}^{(2)})\lambda ^{}S\mathrm{}`$ is equal to $`1_A`$, which proves the claim. (Recall that by (5.5) $`\lambda ^{}S`$ is an element of $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$.) Since $`\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(a)=\lambda ^{}S(a)`$,

$$\varphi ^{}(a)=[\lambda ^{}S(\varphi ^{}\mathrm{})](a)=\lambda ^{}\left(s_R\varphi ^{}(\mathrm{}^{(1)})S(\mathrm{}^{(2)})a\right)$$
(5.8)
for all $`\varphi ^{}𝒜^{}`$ and $`aA`$.

By the bijectivity of $`{}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}`$ we can introduce the element $`{}_{}{}^{}\lambda :={}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}(1_A){}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$. Analogously to (5.5) and (5.4) we have

$`{}_{}{}^{}\lambda (t_R(r)a)`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}\lambda (a)r\mathrm{and}`$ (5.9)
$`{}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}(a)`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}\lambda S^1(a).`$ (5.10)
Using the fact that both $`{}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}`$ and $`S^1`$ are bijective so is the map $`A{}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$, $`a^{}\lambda a`$. Using the identities (5.9), (5.5) and (5.8) compute

$`\left({}_{}{}^{}\lambda S^1(\lambda ^{}S\mathrm{})\right)(a)`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}\lambda \left(t_R\lambda ^{}S(\mathrm{}^{(2)})S^1(\mathrm{}^{(1)})a\right)=`$
$`=`$ $`\lambda ^{}\left(s_R^{}\lambda S^1(\mathrm{}^{(1)})S(\mathrm{}^{(2)})S(a)\right)=^{}\lambda (a)`$
for all $`aA`$. This is equivalent to $`\lambda ^{}S\mathrm{}=1_A`$ that is $`{}_{}{}^{}\lambda =\lambda ^{}S`$ proving that $`(\lambda ^{},\mathrm{}^{(1)}S(\mathrm{}^{(2)}))`$ is a Frobenius system for the extension $`s_R:RA`$.

By repeating the same proof in $`𝒜_{cop}`$ we obtain the Frobenius system $`(^{}\lambda ,\mathrm{}^{(2)}S^1(\mathrm{}^{(1)}))`$ for the extension $`t_R:RA`$.

It is straightforward to check that $`(\mu ^1\lambda ^{},\mathrm{}^{(1)}S(\mathrm{}^{(2)}))`$ is a Frobenius system for the extension $`t_L:LA`$ and $`(\nu ^1^{}\lambda ,\mathrm{}^{(2)}S^1(\mathrm{}^{(1)}))`$ is a Frobenius system for the extension $`s_L:LA`$.

From now on let $`\mathrm{}`$ be a non-degenerate left integral in the symmetrized Hopf algebroid $`𝒜`$, set $`\lambda ^{}=\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{}\lambda ={}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}(1_A)`$.

Theorem 5.5 implies that for a symmetrized Hopf algebroid $`𝒜`$ possessing a non-degenerate integral the modules $`A^R`$, $`{}_{}{}^{R}A`$, $`A_L`$ and $`{}_{L}{}^{}A`$ are finitely generated projective. Hence by the result of , their duals $`𝒜^{}`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$ carry left bialgebroid structures over the base $`R`$, and $`𝒜_{}`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$ carry right bialgebroid structures over the base $`L`$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}s_L^{}(r)(a)=r\pi _R(a)\hfill & {}_{}{}^{}s_{L}^{}(r)(a)=\pi _R(t_R(r)a)\hfill \\ t_L^{}(r)(a)=\pi _R(s_R(r)a)\hfill & {}_{}{}^{}t_{L}^{}(r)(a)=\pi _R(a)r\hfill \\ \gamma _L^{}(\varphi ^{})=\varphi ^{}\mathrm{}^{(1)}\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{}^{(2)})\hfill & {}_{}{}^{}\gamma _{L}^{}(^{}\varphi )={}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}(\mathrm{}^{(1)})^{}\varphi \mathrm{}^{(2)}\hfill \\ \pi _L^{}(\varphi ^{})=\varphi ^{}(1_A)\hfill & {}_{}{}^{}\pi _{L}^{}(^{}\varphi )=^{}\varphi (1_A)\hfill \\ & \\ s_R(l)(a)=\pi _L(as_L(l))\hfill & {}_{}{}^{}s_{R}^{}(l)(a)=\pi _L(a)l\hfill \\ t_R(l)(a)=l\pi _L(a)\hfill & {}_{}{}^{}t_{R}^{}(l)(a)=\pi _L(at_L(l))\hfill \\ \gamma _R(\varphi _{})=\mathrm{}_{(1)}\varphi _{}\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})\hfill & {}_{}{}^{}\gamma _{R}^{}(_{}\varphi )={}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}(\mathrm{}_{(1)})\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{}_{}^{}\varphi \hfill \\ \pi _R(\varphi _{})=\varphi _{}(1_A)\hfill & {}_{}{}^{}\pi _{R}^{}(_{}\varphi )=_{}\varphi (1_A)\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Lemma 5.6

Let $`\mathrm{}`$ be a non-degenerate left integral in the symmetrized Hopf algebroid $`𝒜`$. Then for $`\lambda ^{}=\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)`$, $`{}_{}{}^{}\lambda ={}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}(1_A)`$ and any element $`aA`$ the identities

$`\lambda ^{}a`$ $`=`$ $`s_R\lambda ^{}(a)`$ (5.11)
$`{}_{}{}^{}\lambda a`$ $`=`$ $`t_R^{}\lambda (a)`$ (5.12)
hold true.

Proof: One checks that

$$\varphi ^{}\lambda ^{}=\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\varphi ^{}1_A)=s_L^{}\varphi ^{}(1_A)\lambda ^{}$$

for all $`\varphi ^{}𝒜^{}`$. This implies that $`\varphi ^{}(\lambda ^{}a)=\varphi ^{}(s_R\lambda ^{}(a))`$ for all $`\varphi ^{}𝒜^{}`$. Since $`A^R`$ is finitely generated projective by Theorem 5.5 this proves (5.11). The identity (5.12) follows by Remark 5.4.

The left integrals in a Hopf algebroid were defined in Definition 5.1 as the left integrals in the underlying left bialgebroid. The non-degeneracy of the left integral was defined in Definition 5.3 using however the underlying right bialgebroid as well, that is it relies to the whole of the Hopf algebroid structure. Therefore it is not obvious whether the non-strict isomorphisms of Hopf algebroids preserve non-degenerate integrals. In the rest of this subsection we prove that this is the case:

###### Proposition 5.7

Let both $`(𝒜_L,S)`$ and $`(𝒜_L,S^{})`$ be Hopf algebroids. Then their non-degenerate left integrals coincide.

Proof: A left integral $`\mathrm{}`$ in $`(𝒜_L,S)`$ is a left integral in $`(𝒜_L,S^{})`$ by definition.

Let $`𝒜_R=(A,R,s_R,t_R,\gamma _R,\pi _R)`$ and $`𝒜_R^{}=(A,R^{},s_R^{},t_R^{},\gamma _R^{},\pi _R^{})`$ be the right bialgebroids underlying the Hopf algebroids $`(𝒜_L,S)`$ and $`(𝒜_L,S^{})`$, respectively. It follows from the uniqueness of the maps $`\alpha ^1`$ and $`\beta ^1`$ in (4.16) that the coproducts $`\gamma _R(a)=a^{(1)}a^{(2)}`$ of $`𝒜_R`$ and $`\gamma _R^{}(a)=a^{\{1\}}a^{\{2\}}`$ of $`𝒜_R^{}`$ are related as

$$a^{(1)}S^1S(a^{(2)})=a^{\{1\}}a^{\{2\}}=S^{}S^1(a^{(1)})a^{(2)}.$$
(5.13)
With the help of the maps $`\mu =\pi _Rt_L`$, $`\mu ^{}=\pi _R^{}t_L`$, $`\nu =\pi _Rs_L`$ and $`\nu ^{}=\pi _R^{}s_L`$ we can introduce the isomorphisms of additive groups

$`𝒜^{}`$ $`𝒜^{}\varphi ^{}`$ $`\mu ^{}\mu ^1\varphi ^{}`$
$`{}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒜_{}^{}^{}\varphi `$ $`\nu ^{}\nu ^1^{}\varphi .`$
Then the canonical actions (2.13) of $`𝒜^{}`$ and $`𝒜^{}`$ and of $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒜_{}^{}`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$ on $`A`$ are related as

$`\mu ^{}\mu ^1\varphi ^{}\stackrel{}{}a`$ $`=`$ $`S^1S(\varphi ^{}a)`$
$`\nu ^{}\nu ^1^{}\varphi \stackrel{}{}a`$ $`=`$ $`S^{}S^1(^{}\varphi a)`$
what implies the non-degeneracy of the left integral $`\mathrm{}`$ in $`(𝒜_L,S^{})`$ provided it is non-degenerate in $`(𝒜_L,S)`$.

### 5.2 Two sided non-degenerate integrals

The Proposition 5.7 above proves that the structure of the non-degenerate left integrals is the same within an isomorphism class of Hopf algebroids. In this subsection we prove that for a non-degenerate left integral $`\mathrm{}`$ in the Hopf algebroid $`(𝒜_L,S)`$ there exists a distinguished representative $`(𝒜_L,S_{\mathrm{}}^{})`$ in the isomorphism class of $`(𝒜_L,S)`$ with the property that $`\mathrm{}`$ is not only a non-degenerate left integral in $`(𝒜_L,S_{\mathrm{}}^{})`$ but also a non-degenerate right integral.

The Hopf algebroids with two sided non-degenerate integral are of particular interest. Both the Hopf algebroid structure constructed on the dual of a Hopf algebroid in Subsection 5.3 and the one associated to a depth 2 Frobenius extension in Section 3 belong to this class.

###### Lemma 5.8

Let $`\mathrm{}`$ be a non-degenerate left integral in a symmetrized Hopf algebroid $`𝒜`$. Set $`\lambda ^{}:=\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{}\lambda :={}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}(1_A)`$. Then any (not necessarily non-degenerate) left integral $`\mathrm{}^{}^L(𝒜)`$ satisfies

$$\mathrm{}s_R\lambda ^{}(\mathrm{}^{})=\mathrm{}^{}=\mathrm{}t_R^{}\lambda (\mathrm{}^{}).$$

Proof: Observe that for $`{}_{}{}^{}\varphi {}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$ and $`\mathrm{}^{}^L(𝒜)`$ we have $`{}_{}{}^{}\varphi S^1(\mathrm{}^{})={}_{}{}^{}t_{L}^{}^{}\varphi S^1(\mathrm{}^{})`$ hence

$$\mathrm{}^{}=(^{}\lambda S^1(\mathrm{}^{}))\mathrm{}={}_{}{}^{}t_{L}^{}^{}\lambda S^1(\mathrm{}^{})\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}s_R\lambda ^{}(\mathrm{}^{}).$$

The identity $`\mathrm{}^{}=\mathrm{}t_R^{}\lambda (\mathrm{}^{})`$ follows by Remark 5.4.

###### Lemma 5.9

Let $`\mathrm{}`$ be a non-degenerate left integral in a symmetrized Hopf algebroid $`𝒜`$. Set $`\lambda ^{}:=\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)`$. Then the map $`\xi :AA`$; $`aS((\lambda ^{}\mathrm{})a)`$ is a ring anti-automorphism.

Proof: Using Lemma 5.8 one checks that

$`[(\lambda ^{}\mathrm{})a]`$ $`[(\lambda ^{}\mathrm{})b]=a^{(2)}t_R\lambda ^{}(\mathrm{}a^{(1)})b^{(2)}t_R\lambda ^{}(\mathrm{}b^{(1)})=`$
$`=`$ $`a^{(2)}b^{(2)}t_R\lambda ^{}\left(\mathrm{}s_R\lambda ^{}(\mathrm{}a^{(1)})b^{(1)}\right)=a^{(2)}b^{(2)}t_R\lambda ^{}\left(\mathrm{}a^{(1)}b^{(1)}\right)=`$
$`=`$ $`(\lambda ^{}\mathrm{})ab`$
for $`a,bA`$, hence the map $`\xi `$ is anti-multiplicative. By analogous calculations the reader may check that it is bijective with inverse $`\xi ^1(a)=S^1((^{}\lambda \mathrm{})a)`$, where $`{}_{}{}^{}\lambda :={}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}(1_A)=\lambda ^{}S`$.

###### Proposition 5.10

Let $`\mathrm{}`$ be a non-degenerate left integral in a symmetrized Hopf algebroid $`𝒜`$. Then the maps

$$\begin{array}{cccc}\mathrm{}_L:𝒜_{}A& \varphi _{}& & \mathrm{}\varphi _{}\\ {}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{}:{}_{}{}^{}𝒜A& {}_{}{}^{}\varphi & & \mathrm{}_{}\varphi \end{array}$$

are bijective.

Proof: We claim that with the help of the ring isomorphism $`\nu `$ (introduced in Proposition 4.3) we have $`\mathrm{}_{}\varphi =\xi ^1\mathrm{}_R(\nu _{}\varphi S^1)`$, which implies the bijectivity of $`{}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{}`$. As a matter of fact

$`\mathrm{}`$ $``$ $`{}_{}{}^{}[\nu ^1\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(a)S]=t_L\nu ^1(\lambda ^{}S(a))S(\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})\mathrm{}_{(1)}=S^1t_R^{}\lambda (\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{}a)\mathrm{}_{(1)}=`$ (5.14)
$`=`$ $`S^1(^{}\lambda \mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{}a)\mathrm{}_{(1)}=S^1\left(S(\mathrm{}_{(1)})\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{(1)}a_{}^{(1)}s_R^{}\lambda (\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{(2)}a_{}^{(2)})\right)=`$
$`=`$ $`S^1\left(s_R\pi _R(\mathrm{}^{(1)})a^{(1)}s_R^{}\lambda (\mathrm{}^{(2)}a^{(2)})\right)=S^1\left(a^{(1)}s_R^{}\lambda (\mathrm{}a^{(2)})\right)=`$
$`=`$ $`S^1((^{}\lambda \mathrm{})a)=\xi ^1(a).`$
Similarly, by the application of (5.14) to $`𝒜_{cop}`$

$$\mathrm{}\varphi _{}=\xi {}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}(\mu \varphi _{}S),$$
(5.15)
hence $`\mathrm{}_L`$ is also bijective.

Using (5.15) we have an equivalent form of the anti-automorphism $`\xi `$ introduced in Lemma 5.9:

$$\xi (a)=\mathrm{}(a\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)).$$
(5.16)
###### Lemma 5.11

Let $`\mathrm{}`$ be a non-degenerate left integral in a symmetrized Hopf algebroid $`𝒜`$. Then for all elements $`a,bA`$ we have the identities

$`\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(b)a`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}(a)b`$ (5.17)
$`a\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(b)`$ $`=`$ $`b{}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}(a)`$ (5.18)
$`\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(b)a`$ $`=`$ $`a\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(b)`$ (5.19)
$`{}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}(b)a`$ $`=`$ $`a{}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}(b).`$ (5.20)
Proof: We illustrate the proof on (5.17). Use Lemma 5.6 to see that

$${}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}(a)b=b^{(1)}(\lambda ^{}S(b^{(2)})a)=s_L\pi _L(b_{(1)})a^{(2)}t_R\lambda ^{}\left(S(b{}_{(2)}{}^{})a^{(1)}\right)=\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(b)a$$

where $`\lambda ^{}=\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)`$. The rest of the proof is analogous.

###### Lemma 5.12

Let $`\mathrm{}`$ be a non-degenerate left integral in a symmetrized Hopf algebroid $`𝒜`$. Set $`\lambda ^{}=\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)`$. Then the map $`\kappa :RR`$, $`r\lambda ^{}(\mathrm{}t_R(r))`$ is a ring automorphism.

Proof: It follows from Lemma 5.8 that $`\kappa `$ is multiplicative: for $`r,r^{}R`$

$$\kappa (r)\kappa (r^{})=\lambda ^{}(\mathrm{}t_R(r))\lambda ^{}(\mathrm{}t_R(r^{}))=\lambda ^{}(\mathrm{}s_R\lambda ^{}(\mathrm{}t_R(r^{}))t_R(r))=\lambda ^{}(\mathrm{}t_R(r^{})t_R(r))=\kappa (rr^{}).$$

In order to show that $`\kappa `$ is bijective we construct the inverse $`\kappa ^1:r^{}\lambda (\mathrm{}s_R(r))`$ where $`{}_{}{}^{}\lambda ={}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}(1_A)=\lambda ^{}S`$.

###### Proposition 5.13

Let $`\mathrm{}`$ be a non-degenerate left integral in the Hopf algebroid $`(𝒜_L,S)`$. Then there exists a unique Hopf algebroid $`(𝒜_L,S_{\mathrm{}}^{})`$ such that $`\mathrm{}`$ is a two sided non-degenerate integral in $`(𝒜_L,S_{\mathrm{}}^{})`$.

Proof: uniqueness: Suppose that $`(𝒜_L,S_{\mathrm{}}^{})`$ is a Hopf algebroid of the required kind. Denote the underlying right bialgebroid by $`𝒜_R^{}=(A,R^{},s_R^{},t_R^{},\gamma _R^{},\pi _R^{},)`$. Define $`\lambda ^{}𝒜^{}`$ with the property that $`\lambda ^{}\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{}=1_A`$ (where $`\stackrel{}{}`$ denotes the canonical action (2.13) of $`𝒜^{}`$ on $`A`$). Introducing the notation $`\gamma _R^{}(a)=a^{\{1\}}a^{\{2\}}`$ one checks that

$$S^1(\mathrm{})=(\lambda ^{}\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{})\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}^{\{2\}}t_R^{}\lambda ^{}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{}^{\{1\}})=\mathrm{}^{\{2\}}t_R^{}\lambda ^{}\left(\mathrm{}s_R^{}\pi _R^{}(\mathrm{}^{\{1\}})\right)=\mathrm{}t_R^{}\lambda ^{}(\mathrm{})=\mathrm{}.$$

With the help of the element $`\pi _LS^1S^{}𝒜_{}`$ we have

$$S(a\pi _LS^1S^{})=SS^1\left(S^{}(a)^{\{1\}}\right)s_R\pi _R\left(S^{}(a)^{\{2\}}\right)=S^{}(a)$$

for all $`aA`$ where in the last step the relation (5.13) has been used. Then the condition $`S^{}(\mathrm{})=\mathrm{}`$ is equivalent to

$$S^{}(a)=S(a\mathrm{}_L^1S^1(\mathrm{})).$$

This proves the uniqueness of $`S^{}`$.

existence: Let $`\xi `$ be the anti-automorphism of $`A`$ introduced in Lemma 5.9. We claim that $`(𝒜_L,\xi )`$ is a Hopf algebroid of the required kind. Introduce the right bialgebroid $`𝒜_R^{}`$ on the total ring $`A`$ over the base $`R`$ with structural maps

$$s_R^{}=s_Rt_R^{}=\xi ^1s_R\gamma _R^{}=\xi _{A_LA}^1S_{A_RA}\gamma _RS^1\xi \pi _R^{}=\pi _RS^1\xi $$

where $`𝒜_R=(A,R,s_R,t_R,\gamma _R,\pi _R)`$ is the right bialgebroid underlying $`(𝒜_L,S)`$. First we check that the triple $`(𝒜_L,𝒜_R^{},\xi )`$ satisfies Proposition 4.2 iii). Since

$$\xi ^1Ss_R=\xi ^1t_R\theta _R=S^1t_R\theta _R=s_R\mathrm{and}\xi ^1St_R=\xi ^1s_R$$

the $`𝒜_R^{}`$ is a right bialgebroid isomorphic to $`𝒜_R`$ via the isomorphism $`(\xi ^1S,\mathrm{id}_R)`$.

The requirement $`s_R^{}(R)s_R(R)=t_L(L)`$ obviously holds true. Since

$$t_R^{}(r)=\xi ^1s_R(r)=S^1s_R^{}\lambda (\mathrm{}s_R(r))=t_R\kappa ^1(r)$$

also $`t_R^{}(R)t_R(R)=s_L(L)`$. Since

$`\gamma _R^{}(a)`$ $``$ $`a^{\{1\}}a^{\{2\}}=\xi _{A_LA}^1\gamma _L\xi (a)=a^{(1)}\xi ^1S(a^{(2)})=`$
$`=`$ $`a^{(1)}S^1\left({}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}S(\mathrm{})S(a^{(2)})\right)=a^{(1)}S^1\left(S(a^{(2)}){}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}S(\mathrm{})\right)=`$
$`=`$ $`a^{(1)}s_R\kappa \mu {}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}S(\mathrm{})S(a^{(2)})a^{(3)}`$
we have

$`(\gamma _L\mathrm{id}_A)\gamma _R^{}(a)`$ $`=`$ $`a_{}^{(1)}{}_{(1)}{}^{}a^{(1)}{}_{(2)}{}^{}\xi ^1S(a^{(2)})=a_{(1)}a{}_{(2)}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{(1)}\xi ^1S(a{}_{(2)}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{(2)})=`$
$`=`$ $`(\mathrm{id}_A\gamma _R^{})\gamma _L(a)`$
$`(\mathrm{id}_A\gamma _L)\gamma _R^{}(a)`$ $`=`$ $`a^{(1)}s_R\kappa \mu {}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}S(\mathrm{})S(a^{(2)})a_{}^{(3)}{}_{(1)}{}^{}a^{(3)}{}_{(2)}{}^{}=`$
$`=`$ $`a_{(1)}^{}{}_{}{}^{(1)}s_R\kappa \mu {}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}S(\mathrm{})S(a_{(1)}^{}{}_{}{}^{(2)})a_{(1)}^{}{}_{}{}^{(3)}a{}_{(2)}{}^{}=`$
$`=`$ $`(\gamma _R^{}\mathrm{id}_A)\gamma _L(a).`$
By Lemma 5.9 the $`\xi `$ is an anti-automorphism of the ring $`A`$. The identity $`\xi t_R^{}=s_R^{}`$ is obvious and also

$$\xi t_L=\xi s_R\mu =Ss_R\mu =s_L.$$

Finally,

$`\xi (a_{(1)})a_{(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`s_R\pi _R\left((\lambda ^{}\mathrm{})a\right)=s_R\pi _RS^1\xi (a)=s_R^{}\pi _R^{}(a)`$
$`a^{\{1\}}\xi (a^{\{2\}})`$ $`=`$ $`a^{(1)}\xi \xi ^1S(a^{(2)})=s_L\pi _L(a).`$
This proves that $`𝒜_{\mathrm{}}^{}=(𝒜_L,𝒜_R^{},\xi )`$ satisfies Proposition 4.2 iii) hence $`(𝒜_L,\xi )`$ is a Hopf algebroid. Since

$$\xi (\mathrm{})=S\left((\lambda ^{}\mathrm{})\mathrm{}\right)=SS^1(\mathrm{})=\mathrm{}$$

the $`\mathrm{}`$ is a two sided non-degenerate integral in $`𝒜_{\mathrm{}}^{}`$.

### 5.3 Duality

It follows from Theorem 5.5 that for a symmetrized Hopf algebroid $`𝒜`$ possessing a non-degenerate left integral $`\mathrm{}`$ the dual rings (with respect to the base ring) carry bialgebroid structures. These bialgebroids (5.1) are independent of the particular choice of the non-degenerate integral. In this subsection we analyze these bialgebroids. We show that the four bialgebroids (5.1) are all (anti-) isomorphic and can be equipped with an $`\mathrm{}`$-dependent Hopf algebroid structure. Because of the $`\mathrm{}`$-dependence of this Hopf algebroid structure the duality of Hopf algebroids is sensibly defined on the isomorphism classes of Hopf algebroids.

###### Lemma 5.14

Let $`\mathrm{}`$ be a non-degenerate left integral in the symmetrized Hopf algebroid $`𝒜`$. Then with the help of the anti-automorphism $`\xi `$ of Lemma 5.9 we have the equalities

$$\xi ^1(\mathrm{}^{(2)})S^1(\mathrm{}^{(1)})=\mathrm{}_{(1)}\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{}=S(\mathrm{}^{^{(2)}})\xi (\mathrm{}^{(1)})$$
(5.21)
in $`A_L{}_{L}{}^{}A`$.

Proof: The element $`\xi ^1(\mathrm{}^{(2)})S^1(\mathrm{}^{(1)})`$ is in $`A_L{}_{L}{}^{}A`$ since $`S^1s_R=t_R=s_L\nu ^1`$ and $`\xi ^1t_R=S^1t_R=t_L\nu ^1`$. Using (5.14), in $`A_L{}_{L}{}^{}A`$ we have

$$\xi ^1(\mathrm{}^{(2)})S^1(\mathrm{}^{(1)})=\mathrm{}_{(1)}t_R^{}\lambda (\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{(2)})S^1(\mathrm{}^{(1)})=\mathrm{}_{(1)}\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{}.$$

The other equality follows by repeating the proof in $`𝒜_{cop}`$.

###### Corollary 5.15

For a non-degenerate left integral $`\mathrm{}`$ in the symmetrized Hopf algebroid $`𝒜`$ the maps $`\mathrm{}_L`$ and $`{}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{}`$ satisfy the identities

$`\mathrm{}_L(a\varphi _{})`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{}_L(\varphi _{})\xi (a)`$ (5.22)
$`{}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{}(a_{}\varphi )`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{}(_{}\varphi )\xi ^1(a)`$ (5.23)
where $`\xi `$ is the anti-automorphism of $`A`$ introduced in Lemma 5.9.

###### Theorem 5.16

Let $`\mathrm{}`$ be a non-degenerate left integral in the symmetrized Hopf algebroid $`𝒜=(𝒜_L,𝒜_R,S)`$. Then the left bialgebroids $`𝒜_{}^{}{}_{L}{}^{}`$, $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒜_{L}^{}`$, $`(𝒜_{}^{}{}_{R}{}^{})_{cop}^{op}`$ and $`(_{}𝒜_R)_{cop}^{op}`$ in (5.1) are isomorphic via the isomorphisms

where $`\xi `$ is the anti-automorphism of $`A`$ introduced in Lemma 5.9 and the maps $`\mu ,\nu `$ and $`\theta _R`$ are the ring isomorphisms introduced in Proposition 4.3.

Proof: By Proposition 4.3 the map $`\nu `$ is a ring isomorphism $`L^{op}R`$. By Proposition 5.10 $`\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\mathrm{}_L`$ is bijective. Its anti-multiplicativity follows from (5.19). The comultiplicativity follows by the successive use of the identity $`\mathrm{}_R(\varphi ^{}a)=S^1(a)\mathrm{}_R(\varphi ^{})`$, the integral property of $`\mathrm{}`$, (5.21) and (5.22):

$`\gamma _L^{}`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\mathrm{}_L(\varphi _{})=\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\mathrm{}_L(\varphi _{})\mathrm{}^{(1)}\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{}^{(2)})=`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\left(S^1(\mathrm{}^{(1)})\mathrm{}_L(\varphi _{})\right)\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{}^{(2)})=\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\left(S^1(\mathrm{}^{(1)})\right)\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{}_L(\varphi _{})\mathrm{}^{(2)})=`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\left(\mathrm{}_L(\varphi _{})\xi (\mathrm{}_{(1)})\right)=\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\mathrm{}_L(\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{}))\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\mathrm{}_L(\mathrm{}_{(1)}\varphi _{})=`$
$`=`$ $`(\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\mathrm{}_L\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\mathrm{}_L)\gamma _{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{op}(\varphi _{}).`$
One checks also

$`\left(\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\mathrm{}_Ls_R(l)\right)(a)`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}\lambda (S^1(a)s_L\pi _L[\mathrm{}_{(1)}s_L(l)]\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})=\nu (l)\pi _R(a)=(s_L^{}\nu (l))(a)`$
$`\left(\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\mathrm{}_Lt_R(l)\right)(a)`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}\lambda (S^1(a)s_L[l\pi _L(\mathrm{}_{(1)})]\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})=\pi _R(s_R\nu (l)a)=(t_L^{}\nu (l))(a)`$
$`\pi _L^{}\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\mathrm{}_L(\varphi _{})`$ $`=`$ $`\nu \varphi _{}(t_L\nu ^1^{}\lambda (\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})\mathrm{}_{(1)})=\nu \varphi _{}(1_A)=\nu \pi _R(\varphi _{}).`$
This proves that $`(\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\mathrm{}_L,\nu )`$ is a bialgebroid isomorphism $`(𝒜_{}^{}{}_{R}{}^{})_{cop}^{op}𝒜_{}^{}{}_{L}{}^{}`$. By Remark 5.4 ($`{}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}{}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{},\mu )`$ is a bialgebroid isomorphism $`({}_{}{}^{}𝒜_{R}^{})_{cop}^{op}{}_{}{}^{}𝒜_{L}^{}`$.

By (5.15) $`{}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}\xi ^1\mathrm{}_R=\mu \mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\mathrm{}_R(\varphi ^{})S`$ hence we have to prove that $`(\mu S,\mu )`$ is a bialgebroid isomorphism $`(𝒜_R)_{cop}^{op}{}_{}{}^{}𝒜_{L}^{}`$.

The map $`\mu `$ is a ring isomorphism $`L^{op}R`$ by Proposition 4.3. The map $`\varphi _{}\mu \varphi _{}S`$ is bijective. Its anti-multiplicativity is obvious. The anti-comultiplicativity follows from (5.15) and (5.21):

$`{}_{}{}^{}\gamma _{L}^{}(\mu \varphi _{}S)`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}(\mathrm{}^{(1)})\mu \varphi _{}S\mathrm{}^{(2)}=`$
$`=`$ $`\mu \mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\xi (\mathrm{}^{(1)})S\mu (S(\mathrm{}^{(2)})\varphi _{})S=\mu \varphi _{}^{(2)}S\mu \varphi _{}^{(1)}S.`$
Finally, by Proposition 4.3

$`\left(\mu s_R(l)S\right)(a)`$ $`=`$ $`\mu \pi _L\left(S(a)s_L(l)\right)=\pi _R\left(s_R\mu (l)a\right)=\left({}_{}{}^{}s_{L}^{}\mu (l)\right)(a)`$
$`\left(\mu t_R(l)S\right)(a)`$ $`=`$ $`\mu \left(l\pi _LS(a)\right)=\pi _R(a)\mu (l)=\left({}_{}{}^{}t_{L}^{}\mu (l)\right)(a)`$
$`{}_{}{}^{}\pi _{L}^{}\left(\mu \varphi _{}S\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\mu \varphi _{}S(1_A)=\mu \pi _R(\varphi _{}).`$
This proves the theorem.

###### Theorem 5.17

Let $`\mathrm{}`$ be a non degenerate left integral in the symmetrized Hopf algebroid $`𝒜`$. Then the left bialgebroid $`𝒜_L^{\mathrm{}}=(𝒜_{},R,s_L,t_L,\gamma _L,\pi _L)`$ where

$$\begin{array}{cc}s_L(r)(a)=\mu ^1(r)\pi _L(a)\hfill & t_L(r)(a)=\pi _L(at_R\kappa ^1(r))\hfill \\ \gamma _L(\varphi _{})=\xi ^2(\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})\varphi _{}\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{}_{(1)})\hfill & \pi _L(\varphi _{})=\lambda ^{}(\mathrm{}\varphi _{}),\hfill \end{array}$$

the right bialgebroid $`𝒜_R`$ in (5.1) and the antipode $`S_{}^{\mathrm{}}:=\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\xi \mathrm{}_L`$ form a symmetrized Hopf algebroid denoted by $`𝒜_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{}}`$.

Proof: We show that the triple $`𝒜_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{}}:=(𝒜_L^{\mathrm{}},`$ $`𝒜_R,S_{}^{\mathrm{}})`$ satisfies the iii) of Proposition 4.2.

The $`𝒜_L^{\mathrm{}}`$ is a left bialgebroid isomorphic to $`({}_{}{}^{}𝒜_{R}^{})_{cop}^{op}`$ via the isomorphism $`({}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}\mathrm{}_L,\mu )`$. Also

$$s_L(R)=t_R(L)\mathrm{and}t_L(R)=s_R(L)$$

hold obviously true. Making use of the identities (5.21) and (5.22) one checks that

$`(\mathrm{id}_𝒜_{}\gamma _R)\gamma _L(\varphi _{})`$ $`=`$ $`\xi ^2(\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})\varphi _{}\mathrm{}_{(1^{})}\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{}_{(1)})\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{}_{(2^{})})=`$
$`=`$ $`\xi ^2(\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})\varphi _{}\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\left(\mathrm{}_{(1)}\xi (\mathrm{}_{(1^{})})\right)\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{}_{(2^{})})=`$
$`=`$ $`\xi ^2\left(\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{}\xi _{}^{2}(\mathrm{}_{(1^{})})\right)\varphi _{}\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{}_{(1)})\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{}_{(2^{})})=`$
$`=`$ $`(\gamma _L\mathrm{id}_𝒜_{})\gamma _R(\varphi _{})`$
$`(\gamma _R\mathrm{id}_𝒜_{})\gamma _L(\varphi _{})`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{}_{(1^{})}\xi ^2(\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})\varphi _{}\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{}_{(2^{})})\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{}_{(1)})=`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{}_{(1^{})}\varphi _{}\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\left(\mathrm{}_{(2^{})}\xi ^1(\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})\right)\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{}_{(1)})=`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{}_{(1^{})}\varphi _{}\xi ^2(\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{}_{(2^{})})\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{}_{(1)})=`$
$`=`$ $`(\mathrm{id}_𝒜_{}\gamma _L)\gamma _R(\varphi _{}).`$
The $`S_{}^{\mathrm{}}=(\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\xi {}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{})({}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}\mathrm{}_L)`$ is a composition of ring isomorphisms $`{}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}\mathrm{}_L:(𝒜_{})^{op}{}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$ and $`\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\xi {}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{}:{}_{}{}^{}𝒜𝒜_{}`$, hence it is an anti-automorphism of the ring $`𝒜_{}`$. Also

$`S_{}^{\mathrm{}}t_R(l)(a)`$ $`=`$ $`\mu ^1{}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}\mathrm{}_Lt_R(l)S^1(a)=\mu ^1^{}\lambda \left(S^1[s_L(l\pi _L(\mathrm{}_{(1)}))\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{}]S^1(a)\right)`$
$`=`$ $`\mu ^1\pi _RS^1(as_L(l))=\pi _L(as_L(l))=s_R(l)(a)`$
$`S_{}^{\mathrm{}}t_L(r)(a)`$ $`=`$ $`\mu ^1{}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}\mathrm{}_Lt_L(r)S^1(a)=\mu ^1\lambda ^{}(as_L\pi _L(\mathrm{}_{(1)}t_R\kappa ^1(r))\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})`$
$`=`$ $`\mu ^1\lambda ^{}\left(t_L\pi _L(a)\mathrm{}t_R\kappa ^1(r)\right)=\mu ^1(r)\pi _L(a)=s_L(r)(a).`$
Since

$$\gamma _L\xi ^1(a)=\xi ^1(a^{(2)})S^1(a^{(1)})\mathrm{and}\gamma _R\xi ^1(a)=\xi ^1(a{}_{(2)}{}^{})S^1(a_{(1)})$$

we have $`\gamma _L\xi ^2(a)=\xi ^1S^1(a_{(1)})S^1\xi ^1(a{}_{(2)}{}^{})`$. Then we can compute

$`\left[S_{}^\mathrm{}1(\varphi _{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})\varphi _{}^{}{}_{(1)}{}^{}\right](a)=[\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\xi ^1(\mathrm{}_{(1)})(\xi ^2(\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})\varphi _{})](a)=`$
$`=`$ $`\varphi _{}\left([a\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\xi ^1(\mathrm{}_{(1)})]\xi ^2(\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})\right)=`$
$`=`$ $`\varphi _{}\left([\xi ^1(\mathrm{}_{(1)}){}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}(a)]\xi ^2(\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})\right)=`$
$`=`$ $`\varphi _{}\xi ^2(\xi (\mathrm{}_{}^{(2)}{}_{(1)}{}^{})\mathrm{}^{(2)}{}_{(2)}{}^{}){}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}(a)S^1(\mathrm{}^{(1)})=`$
$`=`$ $`\varphi _{}(1_A)\pi _L(\mathrm{}_{(1)}){}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}(a)(\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})=\varphi _{}(1_A)\pi _L(a)`$
hence $`S_{}^{\mathrm{}}(\varphi _{}^{}{}_{(1)}{}^{})\varphi _{}{}_{(2)}{}^{}=s_R\pi _R(\varphi _{})`$ for all $`\varphi _{}𝒜_{}`$. Also

$`[\varphi _{}^{(1)}S_{}^{\mathrm{}}(\varphi _{}^{(1)})](a)`$ $`=`$ $`[(\mathrm{}_{(1)}\varphi _{})\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\xi (\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})](a)=`$
$`=`$ $`\mu ^1{}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}(\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})S^1(s_L\varphi _{}(a_{(1)}\mathrm{}_{(1)})a{}_{(2)}{}^{})=`$
$`=`$ $`\mu ^1\lambda ^{}(s_L\varphi _{}(a_{(1)}\mathrm{}_{(1)})a{}_{(2)}{}^{}\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})=\mu ^1\lambda ^{}(a\mathrm{}\varphi _{})=`$
$`=`$ $`\mu ^1\lambda ^{}\left(t_L\pi _L(a)\mathrm{}\varphi _{}\right)=\mu ^1\lambda ^{}(\mathrm{}\varphi _{})\pi _L(a)=[s_L\pi _L(\varphi _{})](a).`$
This proves that $`𝒜_{}^{\mathrm{}}=(𝒜_L^{\mathrm{}},𝒜_{}^{}{}_{R}{}^{},S_{}^{\mathrm{}})`$ is a symmetrized Hopf algebroid.

Obviously the strong isomorphism class of the Hopf algebroid $`(𝒜_L^{\mathrm{}},S_{}^{\mathrm{}})`$ depends only on the Hopf algebroid $`(𝒜_L,S)`$ and the non-degenerate left integral $`\mathrm{}`$ of it. It is insensitive to the particular choice of the underlying right bialgebroid $`𝒜_R`$.

The antipode $`S_{}^{\mathrm{}}`$ has a form analogous to (5.16):

$$S_{}^{\mathrm{}}(\varphi _{})(a)=[(\mathrm{}\varphi _{})\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)](a).$$
(5.24)
Using the left bialgebroid isomorphisms of Theorem 5.16 also the dual left bialgebroids $`({}_{}{}^{}𝒜_{R}^{})_{cop}^{op}`$, $`𝒜_{}^{}{}_{L}{}^{}`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒜_{L}^{}`$ can be made Hopf algebroids all strictly isomorphic to the above Hopf algebroid $`(𝒜_L^{\mathrm{}},S_{}^{\mathrm{}})`$. They have the antipodes

$`{}_{}{}^{}S_{}^{\mathrm{}}`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}\xi {}_{L}{}^{}\mathrm{}`$ (5.25)
$`S_{\mathrm{}}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\xi \mathrm{}_R`$ (5.26)
$`{}_{}{}^{}S_{\mathrm{}}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}\xi {}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}.`$ (5.27)
Let us turn to the interpretation of the role of the Hopf algebroid $`(𝒜_L^{\mathrm{}},S_{}^{\mathrm{}})`$. As $`𝒜_L^{\mathrm{}}`$ is isomorphic to $`({}_{}{}^{}𝒜_{R}^{})_{cop}^{op}`$ and the right bialgebroid underlying $`(𝒜_L^{\mathrm{}},S_{}^{\mathrm{}})`$ is $`𝒜_R`$, on the first sight it seems to be natural to consider it as some kind of a dual of $`(𝒜_L,S)`$. There are however two arguments against this interpretation: First, the Hopf algebroid $`(𝒜_L^{\mathrm{}},S_{}^{\mathrm{}})`$ depends on $`\mathrm{}`$, and it gives a generalization of the dual of a finite dimensional Hopf algebra if and only if $`S(\mathrm{})=\mathrm{}`$. Second, as it is proven in the next Proposition 5.19, $`(𝒜_L^{\mathrm{}},S_{}^{\mathrm{}})`$ belongs to a special kind of Hopf algebroids: it possesses a two sided non-degenerate integral.

###### Lemma 5.18

Let $`𝒜`$ be a symmetrized Hopf algebroid such that the $`R`$-module $`A^R`$ in (4.6) is finitely generated projective. Then a left integral $`\mathrm{}^L(𝒜)`$ is non-degenerate if and only if the map $`\mathrm{}_R`$ is bijective.

Proof: The only if part is trivial.

In order to prove the if part recall that by the proof of Lemma 5.6 for $`\lambda ^{}:=\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)`$ and all $`aA`$ the identity $`\lambda ^{}a=s_R\lambda ^{}(a)`$ holds true, $`\lambda ^{}`$ is an $`R`$-$`R`$ bimodule map $`{}_{R}{}^{}A_{}^{R}R`$ and the inverse of $`\mathrm{}_R`$ reads as $`\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(a)=\lambda ^{}S(a)`$. Then

$$\varphi ^{}(a)=\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\mathrm{}_R(\varphi ^{})(a)=\lambda ^{}(s_R\varphi ^{}(\mathrm{}^{(1)})S(\mathrm{}^{(2)})a)=\varphi ^{}(a\mathrm{}^{(1)}s_R\lambda ^{}S(\mathrm{}^{(2)}))$$

for all $`\varphi ^{}𝒜^{}`$ and $`aA`$. Using the finitely generated projectivity of $`A^R`$, we have $`\mathrm{}^{(1)}s_R\lambda ^{}S(\mathrm{}^{(2)})=1_A`$. Since $`\lambda ^{}S{}_{}{}^{}𝒜`$ the inverse $`{}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}`$ can be defined as $`{}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}_{}^{1}(a)=\lambda ^{}SS^1(a)`$.

###### Proposition 5.19

Let $`𝒜`$ be a symmetrized Hopf algebroid possessing a non-degenerate left integral $`\mathrm{}`$. Then the element $`\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)`$ in $`𝒜_{}`$ is a two sided non-degenerate integral in the symmetrized Hopf algebroid $`𝒜_{}^{\mathrm{}}`$ (constructed in Theorem 5.17).

Proof: It follows from (5.15) that $`\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)=\mu ^1\lambda ^{}`$ where $`\lambda ^{}:=\mathrm{}_{R}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)`$ and $`\mu `$ is the ring isomorphism introduced in Proposition 4.3. For all $`\varphi _{}𝒜_{}`$ and $`aA`$ we have

$`[(\mu ^1\lambda ^{})\varphi _{}](a)`$ $`=`$ $`\varphi _{}S\left({}_{}{}^{}\lambda S^1(a)\right)=\varphi _{}(1_A)\mu ^1\lambda ^{}(a)\mathrm{hence}`$
$`\left[(\mu ^1\lambda ^{})t_R\pi _R(\varphi _{})\right](a)`$ $`=`$ $`t_R\pi _R(\varphi _{})(1_A)\mu ^1\lambda ^{}(a)=\varphi _{}(1_A)\mu ^1\lambda ^{}(a)`$
which proves that $`\mu ^1\lambda ^{}`$ is a right integral. Using (5.16)

$$S_{}^{\mathrm{}}(\mu ^1\lambda ^{})=\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\xi \mathrm{}_L(\mu ^1\lambda ^{})=\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\xi ^2(1_A)=\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)=\mu ^1\lambda ^{}$$

hence $`\mu ^1\lambda ^{}`$ is also a left integral.

As it is proven in , since $`A_L`$ is finitely generated projective so is the left $`L_{}L`$-module $`{}_{}{}^{L_{}}(𝒜_{})`$. The corresponding dual bialgebroid $`{}_{}{}^{}(𝒜_{})_{L}^{}`$ is isomorphic to $`𝒜_L`$ via the isomorphism $`(\iota ,\mathrm{id}_L)`$ of left bialgebroids where

$$\iota :A{}_{}{}^{}(𝒜_{})\iota (a)(\varphi _{}):=\varphi _{}(a).$$
(5.28)
Since

$`(\iota (a)\varphi _{})(b)`$ $`=`$ $`\pi _L([b(\mathrm{}_{(1)}\varphi _{})]s_L\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{}{}_{(2)}{}^{})(a))=\varphi _{}(bs_R\lambda ^{}(a\mathrm{}^{(1)})S(\mathrm{}^{(2)}))=`$
$`=`$ $`(a\varphi _{})(b)`$
the map $`{}_{L_{}}{}^{}(\mu ^1\lambda ^{}):{}_{}{}^{}(𝒜_{})𝒜_{}`$, $`\iota (a)\iota (a)\mu ^1\lambda ^{}a\mu ^1\lambda ^{}`$ is bijective with inverse

$${}_{L_{}}{}^{}(\mu ^1\lambda ^{})_{}^{1}:\varphi _{}\iota \mathrm{}_LS_{}^\mathrm{}1\iota {}_{R}{}^{}\mathrm{}(\mu \varphi _{}S).$$

The application of Lemma 5.18 finishes the proof.

In the view of Proposition 5.7 the following definition makes sense:

###### Definition 5.20

The dual of the isomorphism class of a Hopf algebroid $`(𝒜_L,S)`$ possessing a non-degenerate left integral $`\mathrm{}`$ is the isomorphism class of the Hopf algebroid $`(𝒜_L^{\mathrm{}},S_{}^{\mathrm{}})`$ (constructed in the Theorem 5.17).

The next proposition shows that this notion of duality is involutive:

###### Proposition 5.21

Let $`\mathrm{}`$ be a non-degenerate left integral in the Hopf algebroid $`(𝒜_L,S)`$. Then the Hopf algebroid $`((𝒜_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{}})_L^{\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)},(S_{}^{\mathrm{}})_{}^{\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)})`$ is strictly isomorphic to $`(𝒜_L,S_{\mathrm{}}^{})`$ – the Hopf algebroid constructed in Proposition 5.13. In particular the Hopf algebroid $`((𝒜_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{}})_L^{\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)},(S_{}^{\mathrm{}})_{}^{\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)})`$ is isomorphic to $`(𝒜_L,S)`$.

Proof: Since the Hopf algebroids $`((𝒜_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{}})_L^{\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)},(S_{}^{\mathrm{}})_{}^{\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)})`$ and $`({}_{}{}^{}(𝒜_{})_{L}^{},{}_{}{}^{}(S_{}^{\mathrm{}})_{\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)}^{})`$ are strictly isomorphic it suffices to show that the isomorphism $`(\iota ,\mathrm{id}_L)`$ of left bialgebroids $`𝒜_L{}_{}{}^{}(𝒜_{})_{L}^{}`$ in (5.28) extends to a strict isomorphism of Hopf algebroids $`(𝒜_L,S_{\mathrm{}}^{})({}_{}{}^{}(𝒜_{})_{L}^{},`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}(S_{}^{\mathrm{}})_{\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)}^{})`$.

By (5.27) for a non-degenerate left integral $`\mathrm{}`$ in the Hopf algebroid $`(𝒜_L,S)`$ the antipode $`{}_{}{}^{}S_{\mathrm{}}^{}`$ of the Hopf algebroid $`({}_{}{}^{}𝒜_{L}^{},{}_{}{}^{}S_{\mathrm{}}^{})`$ reads as

$${}_{}{}^{}S_{\mathrm{}}^{}(^{}\varphi )=^{}\lambda (^{}\varphi S^1(\mathrm{})).$$

Applying it to the non-degenerate integral $`\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)`$ in $`(𝒜_L^{\mathrm{}},S_{}^{\mathrm{}})`$ we obtain

$${}_{}{}^{}(S_{}^{\mathrm{}})_{\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)}^{}\left(\iota (a)\right)=\iota (\mathrm{})[\iota (a)S_{}^\mathrm{}1\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)]=\iota (\mathrm{}(a\mathrm{}_{L}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(1_A)))=\iota \xi (a).\text{ }$$

The duality of (weak) Hopf algebras is re-obtained from Definition 5.20 as follows: Let $`H`$ be a finite weak Hopf algebra over a commutative ring $`k`$. Let $`(_L,S)`$ be the corresponding Hopf algebroid – introduced in the Example 4.8 – , and let $`\mathrm{}`$ be a non-degenerate left integral in $`H`$. Recall, that in order to reconstruct the weak Hopf algebra from the Hopf algebroid in Example 4.8 one needs a distinguished separability structure on the base ring. The dual weak Hopf algebra is the unique weak Hopf algebra in the isomorphism class of $`(_L^{\mathrm{}},S_{}^{\mathrm{}})`$ corresponding to the same separability structure on $`L`$ as $`H`$ corresponds to.

If $`H`$ is a Hopf algebra over $`k`$ then – since the separability structure on $`k`$ is unique – the dual Hopf algebra is the only Hopf algebra in the isomorphism class of $`(_L^{\mathrm{}},S_{}^{\mathrm{}})`$.