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# 𝐾⁻/𝐾⁺ ratio in heavy-ion collisions at GSI with an antikaon self-energy in hot and dense matter

## I Introduction

The study of the properties of hadrons in hot and dense matter is receiving a lot of attention in recent years to understand fundamental aspects of the strong interaction, such as the partial restoration of chiral symmetry , as well as a variety of astrophysical phenomena, such as the dynamical evolution of supernovas and the composition of neutron stars .

A special effort has been invested to understand the properties of antikaons in the medium, especially after the speculation of the possible existence of an antikaon condensed phase was put forward in  which would soften the equation-of-state producing, among other phenomena, lower neutron star masses .

While it is well established that the antikaons should feel an attractive interaction when they are embedded in a nuclear environment, the size of this attraction has been the subject of intense debate. Theoretical models including medium effects on the antikaon-nucleon scattering amplitude, the behaviour of which is governed by the isospin zero $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(1405)`$ resonance, naturally explain the evolution from repulsion in free-space to attraction in the nuclear medium . However, the presence of the resonance makes the size of the antikaon-nucleus potential be very sensitive to the many-body treatment of the medium effects. The phenomenological attempts of extracting information about the antikaon-nucleus potential from kaonic-atom data favoured very strongly attractive well depths , but recent self-consistent in-medium calculations  based on chiral Lagrangian’s  or meson-exchange potentials  predict a moderately attractive kaon-nucleus interaction. In fact, recent analysis of kaonic atoms  are able to find a reasonable reproduction of the data with relative shallow antikaon-nucleus potentials, therefore indicating that kaonic atom data cannot really pin down the strength of the antikaon-nucleus potential at nuclear matter saturation density.

On the other hand, heavy-ion collisions at energies around $`12`$ AGeV offer the possibility of studying experimentally the properties of a dense and hot nuclear system . In particular, a considerable amount of information about strange particles like antikaons is available. Since antikaons are produced at finite density and finite momentum, the chiral models have recently incorporated the higher partial waves of the antikaon-nucleon scattering amplitude both in free space and in the nuclear medium . The complete scenario taking into account finite density, finite momentum and finite temperature has recently been addressed in Refs. .

Event generators trying to analyse heavy-ion collision data  need to implement the modified properties of the hadrons in the medium where they are produced. Transport models have shown, for instance, that the multiplicity distributions of kaons and antikaons are much better reproduced if in-medium masses rather than bare masses are used . Production and propagation of kaons and antikaons have been investigated with the Kaon Spectrometer (KaoS) of the SIS heavy-ion synchrotron at GSI (Darmstadt). The experiments have been performed with Au$`+`$Au, Ni$`+`$Ni, C$`+`$C at energies between $`0.6`$ and $`2.0`$ AGeV . One surprising observation in C$`+`$C and Ni$`+`$Ni collisions  is that, as a function of the energy difference $`\sqrt{s}\sqrt{s}_{th}`$, where $`\sqrt{s}_{th}`$ is the needed energy to produce the particle ($`2.5`$ GeV for $`K^+`$ via $`pp\mathrm{\Lambda }K^+p`$ and $`2.9`$ GeV for $`K^{}`$ via $`ppppK^{}K^+`$), the number of $`K^{}`$ balanced the number of $`K^+`$ in spite of the fact that in $`pp`$ collisions the production cross-sections close to threshold are 2-3 orders of magnitude different. This has been interpreted to be a manifestation of the enhancement of the $`K^+`$ mass and the reduction of the $`K^{}`$ one in the nuclear medium, which in turn influence the corresponding production thresholds , although a complementary explanation in terms of in-medium enhanced $`\pi \mathrm{\Sigma }K^{}p`$ production has also been given . Another interesting observation is that at incident energies of $`1.8`$ and $`1.93`$ AGeV, the $`K^{}`$ and $`K^+`$ multiplicities have the same impact parameter dependence . Equal centrality dependence for $`K^+`$ and $`K^{}`$ and, hence, independence of centrality for the $`K^{}/K^+`$ ratio has also been observed in Au$`+`$Au and Pb$`+`$Pb reactions between $`1.5`$ AGeV and RHIC energies ($`\sqrt{s}=200`$ AGeV) . This independence of centrality is astonishing, since at low energies one expects that as centrality increases — and with it the participating system size and the density probed — the $`K^{}/K^+`$ ratio should also increase due to the increased reduction of the $`K^{}`$ mass together with the enhancement of the $`K^+`$ mass. In fact, the independence of the $`K^{}/K^+`$ ratio on centrality has often been advocated as signalling the lack of in-medium effects. A recent interesting interpretation of this phenomenon is given in Ref. , where it is shown that the $`K^{}`$ are predominantly produced via $`\pi Y`$ collisions ($`Y=\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Sigma }`$) and, hence, the $`K^{}`$ multiplicity is strongly correlated with the $`K^+`$ one, since kaons and hyperons are mainly produced together via the reaction $`NNKYN`$.

Although the transport model calculations show that strangeness equilibration requires times of the order of $`4080`$ fm/c , statistical models, which assume chemical and thermal equilibrium and common freeze-out parameters for all particles, are quite successful in describing particle yields including strange particles . The kaon and antikaon yields in the statistical models are based on free masses and no medium effects are needed to describe the enhanced in-medium $`K^{}/K^+`$ ratio or its independence with centrality. The increased value of the $`K^{}/K^+`$ ratio is simply obtained by choosing a particular set of parameters at freeze-out, the baryonic chemical potential $`\mu _B720`$ MeV and the temperature $`T70`$ MeV, which also reproduce a variety of particle multiplicity ratios . On the other hand, centrality independence of the $`K^{}/K^+`$ ratio is automatically obtained in statistical models within the canonical or grand-canonical schemes because the terms depending on the system size drop out . However, as shown by Brown et al. in Ref. , using the reduced in-medium $`K^{}`$ mass in the statistical model would force, in order to reproduce the experimental value of the $`K^{}/K^+`$ ratio, a larger value of the chemical potential and hence a larger and more plausible baryonic density for strangeness production. In addition, Brown et al. introduce the concept of “broad-band equilibration” according to which the $`K^{}`$ mesons and the hyperons are produced in an essentially constant ratio independent of density, hence explaining also the centrality independence of the $`K^{}/K^+`$ ratio but including medium effects. In essence, the establishment of a broad-band relies on the fact that the baryonic chemical potential $`\mu _B`$ increases with density an amount which coincides roughly with the reduction of the $`K^{}`$ mass. However, as mentioned above, the antikaon properties are very sensitive to the type of model for the $`\overline{K}N`$ interaction used and of the in-medium effects included. The purpose of the present work is precisely to investigate to which extent the “broad-band equilibration” concept holds when more sophisticated models for the in-medium antikaon properties are used. We explore within the context of a statistical model what is the behaviour of the $`K^{}/K^+`$ ratio as a function of the nuclear density when the hadrons are dressed, paying special attention to different ways of dressing the antikaons: either treating them as non-interacting, or dressing them with an on-shell self-energy, or, finally, considering the complete antikaon spectral density. We use the antikaon self-energy which has been derived within the framework of a coupled-channel self-consistent calculation in symmetric nuclear matter at finite temperature , taking as bare meson-baryon interaction the meson exchange potential of the Jülich group . We will show that the determination of temperature and chemical potential at freeze-out conditions compatible with the experimental value of the $`K^{}`$/$`K^+`$ ratio is very delicate, and depends very strongly on the approximation adopted for the antikaon self-energy.

The paper is organised as follows. In Sec. II the formalism of the thermal model is described and the different ingredients used in the determination of the off-shell properties of the $`K^{}`$ are given. The results are presented and discussed in Sec. III. Finally, our concluding remarks are given in Sec. IV.

## II Formalism

In this section we present a brief description of the thermal models to account for strangeness production in heavy-ion collisions. The basic hypothesis is to assume that the relative abundance of kaons and antikaons in the final state of relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions is determined by imposing thermal and chemical equilibrium . The fact that the number of strange particles in the final state is small requires a strict treatment of the conservation of strangeness and, for this quantum number, one has to work in the canonical scheme. Other conservation laws must also be imposed, like baryon number and electric charge conservation. Since the number of baryons and charged particles is large, they can be treated in the grand-canonical ensemble. In this way, the conservation laws associated to these other quantum numbers are satisfied on average, allowing for fluctuations around the corresponding mean values.

To restrict the ensemble according to the exact strangeness conservation law, as done in Refs. , one has to project the grand-canonical partition function, $`\overline{Z}(T,V,\lambda _B,\lambda _S,\lambda _Q)`$, onto a fixed value of strangeness $`S`$,

$`Z_S(T,V,\lambda _B,\lambda _Q)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle _0^{2\pi }}𝑑\varphi e^{iS\varphi }\overline{Z}(T,V,\lambda _B,\lambda _S,\lambda _Q),`$ (1)
where $`\lambda _B,\lambda _S,\lambda _Q`$ are the baryon, strangeness and charge fugacities, respectively, and where $`\lambda _S`$ stands explicitly for $`\lambda _S=e^{i\varphi }`$.

Only particles with $`S=0,\pm 1`$ are included in the grand-canonical partition function because, in the range of energies achieved at GSI, they are produced with a higher probability than particles with $`S=\pm 2,\pm 3`$. The grand-canonical partition function is calculated assuming an independent particle behaviour and the Boltzmann approximation for the one-particle partition function of the different particle species. In principle, one deals with a dilute system, so the independent particle model seems justified. However, medium effects on the particle properties can be relevant. As mentioned in the Introduction, the aim of this paper is to study how the dressing of the hadrons present in the gas, especially the antikaons, affects the observables such as the ratio of kaon and antikaon particle multiplicities, in particular for the conditions of the heavy-ion collisions at SIS/GSI energies.

Within the approximations mentioned above, the grand-canonical partition function reads as follows,

$`\overline{Z}(T,V,\lambda _B,\lambda _S,\lambda _Q)=\mathrm{exp}(N_{S=0}+N_{S=1}e^{i\varphi }+N_{S=1}e^{i\varphi }),`$ (2)
where $`N_{S=0,\pm 1}`$ is the sum over one-particle partition functions of all particles and resonances with strangeness $`S=0,\pm 1`$,

$`N_{S=0,\pm 1}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{B_i}{}}Z_{B_i}^1+{\displaystyle \underset{M_j}{}}Z_{M_j}^1+{\displaystyle \underset{R_k}{}}Z_{R_k}^1,`$ (3)
$`Z_{B_i}^1`$ $`=`$ $`g_{B_i}V{\displaystyle \frac{d^3p}{(2\pi )^3}e^{\frac{E_{B_i}}{T}}e^{\frac{\mu _{B_i}}{T}}e^{\frac{\mu _{Q(B_i)}}{T}}},`$ (4)
$`Z_{M_j}^1`$ $`=`$ $`g_{M_j}V{\displaystyle \frac{d^3p}{(2\pi )^3}e^{\frac{E_{M_j}}{T}}e^{\frac{\mu _{Q(M_j)}}{T}}},`$ (5)
$`Z_{R_k}^1`$ $`=`$ $`g_{R_k}V{\displaystyle \frac{d^3p}{(2\pi )^3}_{m2\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{m+2\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝑑se^{\frac{\sqrt{p^2+s}}{T}}\frac{1}{\pi }\frac{m\mathrm{\Gamma }}{(sm^2)^2+m^2\mathrm{\Gamma }^2}\left(e^{\frac{\mu _B(R_k)}{T}}\right)e^{\frac{\mu _Q(R_k)}{T}}}.`$ (6)
The expressions $`Z_{B_i}^1`$ and $`Z_{M_j}^1`$ indicate the one-particle partition function for baryons and mesons respectively, while $`Z_{R_k}^1`$ is the one-particle partition function associated to a baryonic or mesonic resonance. In the latter case, however, the factor $`e^{\frac{\mu _B(R_k)}{T}}`$ would not be present in Eq. (6). Notice that the resonance is described by means of a Breit-Wigner parameterisation. The quantity V is the interacting volume of the system, $`g_B`$, $`g_M`$ and $`g_R`$ are spin-isospin degeneracy factors and $`\mu _B`$ and $`\mu _Q`$ are the baryonic and charge chemical potentials of the system. For Ni+Ni system at SIS energies, $`\mu _Q`$ can be omitted because it is associated to the isospin-asymmetry of the system and, in this case, the deviation from the isospin-symmetric case is only $`4\%`$ (see Ref. ). On the other hand, $`\mu _B`$ will be fixed to the nucleonic chemical potential, $`\mu _N`$, because the abundance of nucleons is larger than the one for the other baryons produced. The energies $`E_B`$, $`E_M`$ refer to the in-medium single-particle energies of the hadrons present in the system at a given temperature.

Following Ref. , the canonical partition function for total strangeness $`S=0`$ is

$`Z_{S=0}(T,V,\lambda _B)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle _0^{2\pi }}𝑑\varphi \mathrm{exp}(N_{S=0}+N_{S=1}e^{i\varphi }+N_{S=1}e^{i\varphi }).`$ (7)
In this work, as well as in Ref. , the small and large volume limits of the particle abundances were studied. These limits were performed to show that the canonical treatment of strangeness in obtaining the particle abundances gives completely different results in comparison to the grand-canonical scheme, demonstrating at the same time that, for the volume considered, the canonical scheme is the appropriate one. The aim of going through these limits again in the following is to remind the reader that, for the specific case of the ratio $`K^{}/K^+`$, the result is independent of the size of the system and is the same for both the canonical and grand-canonical treatments.

According to statistical mechanics, to compute the number of kaons and antikaons  one has to differentiate the partition function with respect to the particle fugacity

$`N_{K^{}(K^+)}\left(\lambda _{K^{}(K^+)}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\lambda _{K^{}(K^+)}}}\mathrm{ln}Z_{S=0}(\lambda _{K^{}(K^+)})\right)_{\lambda _{K^{}(K^+)}=1}.`$ (8)
Expanding $`Z_{S=0}`$ in the small volume limit, $`N_K^{}`$ and $`N_{K^+}`$ are given by

$`N_{K^+}`$ $`=`$ $`g_{K^+}V{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{d^3p}{(2\pi )^3}}e^{\frac{E_{K^+}}{T}}\times `$ (10)
$`\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}g_iV{\displaystyle \frac{d^3p}{(2\pi )^3}e^{\frac{E_{B_i(S=1)}+\mu _{B_i}}{T}}}+{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}g_jV{\displaystyle \frac{d^3p}{(2\pi )^3}e^{\frac{E_{M_j(S=1)}}{T}}}+{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}Z_{R_{k(S=1)}}\right\},`$
$`N_K^{}`$ $`=`$ $`g_K^{}V{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{d^3p}{(2\pi )^3}}e^{\frac{E_K^{}}{T}}\times `$ (12)
$`\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}g_jV{\displaystyle \frac{d^3p}{(2\pi )^3}e^{\frac{E_{M_j(S=+1)}}{T}}}+{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}Z_{R_{k(S=+1)}}\right\}.`$
where antibaryons have not been considered because the ratio $`\frac{\overline{B}}{B}=e^{\frac{2\mu _B}{T}}`$ is negligibly small at GSI/SIS colliding energies, where $`B`$ and $`\overline{B}`$ represent the number of baryons and antibaryons, respectively. The expression for $`N_{K^+}`$ ($`N_K^{}`$) indicates that the number of $`K^+`$($`K^{}`$) has to be balanced with all particles and resonances with $`S=1`$($`S=1`$). It can be observed from Eq. (12) that the ratio $`K^{}`$/$`K^+N_K^{}/N_{K^+}`$ in the canonical ensemble does not depend on the volume because it cancels out exactly.

At the other extreme, i.e. in the thermodynamic limit (large volumes), since it is known that the canonical treatment is equivalent to the grand canonical one, one can compute the ratio explicitly from the grand canonical partition function $`\overline{Z}(T,V,\lambda _B,\lambda _S)`$,

$`\mathrm{ln}\overline{Z}(T,V,\lambda _B,\lambda _S)=\lambda _SZ_{K^+}^1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda _S}}Z_K^{}^1+\lambda _B{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda _S}}Z_{B,S=1}^1+\lambda _SZ_{M,S=+1}^1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda _S}}Z_{M,S=1}^1,`$ (13)
where $`Z_{B,S=\pm 1}^1`$($`Z_{M,S=\pm 1}^1`$) is the sum of one-particle partition functions for baryons (mesons) with $`S=\pm 1`$. Then, by imposing strangeness conservation on average,

$`S=\lambda _S{\displaystyle \frac{}{\lambda _S}}\mathrm{ln}\overline{Z}=0,`$ (14)
one can easily obtain $`\lambda _S`$,

$`\lambda _S^2={\displaystyle \frac{Z_K^{}^1+\lambda _BZ_{B,S=1}^1+Z_{M,S=1}}{Z_{K^+}^1+Z_{M,S=+1}^1}}.`$ (15)
Therefore, from

$`N_{K^+}=\lambda _SZ_{K^+}^1`$ (16)
$`N_K^{}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda _S}}Z_K^{}^1,`$ (17)
one obtains the ratio

$`{\displaystyle \frac{K^{}}{K^+}}={\displaystyle \frac{Z_K^{}^1}{Z_{K^+}^1}}{\displaystyle \frac{Z_{K^+}^1+Z_{M,S=+1}^1}{Z_K^{}^1+\lambda _BZ_{B,S=1}^1+Z_{M,S=1}}}.`$ (18)
The condition $`S=0`$ and dealing with strange particles of $`S=0,\pm 1`$ makes the ratio independent of the volume.

Although the expression obtained is the same as that from the canonical ensemble in the small volume limit, the proof that the ratio $`K^{}/K^+`$ is independent of the volume has to be obtained from a general intermediate size situation. This was shown to be the case in Ref. , where expanding $`Z_{S=0}(T,V,\lambda _B)`$ of Eq. (7) in power series, it was expressed as $`Z_{S=0}=Z_0I_0(x_1)`$, where $`Z_0`$ is the partition function that includes all particles and resonances with $`S=0`$, $`I_0(x_1)`$ is the modified Bessel function, and $`x_1=2\sqrt{N_{S=1}N_{S=1}}`$. The computed $`K^{}/K^+`$ ratio gave precisely the same expression as those given here for small \[Eq.(12)\] and large \[Eq.(18)\] volumes. Therefore, as noted in Ref. , the $`K^{}`$/$`K^+`$ ratio is independent of the volume and, consequently, independent on whether it is calculated in the canonical or grand-canonical schemes.

### A In-medium effects in $`K^{}/K^+`$ ratio at finite T

In this subsection we study how the in-medium modifications of the properties of the hadrons at finite temperature affect the value of the $`K^{}`$/$`K^+`$ ratio, focusing our attention on the properties of the antikaons in hot and dense matter. For consistency with previous papers, we prefer to compute the inverse ratio $`K^+`$/$`K^{}`$. As it was mentioned before, the number of $`K^{}`$ ($`K^+`$) has to be balanced by particles and resonances with $`S=+1`$($`S=1`$) in order to conserve strangeness exactly. For balancing the number of $`K^+`$, the main contribution in the $`S=1`$ sector comes from the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ hyperons and, in a smaller proportion, from the $`K^{}`$ mesons. In addition, the effect of the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}(1385)`$ resonance is also considered because it is comparable to that of the $`K^{}`$ mesons. On the other hand, the number of $`K^{}`$ is balanced only by the presence of $`K^+`$. Then, we can write the $`K^+`$/$`K^{}`$ ratio as,

$`{\displaystyle \frac{K^+}{K^{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{N_{K^+}}{N_K^{}}}={\displaystyle \frac{Z_{K^+}^1(Z_K^{}^1+Z_\mathrm{\Lambda }^1+Z_\mathrm{\Sigma }^1+Z_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}^1)}{Z_K^{}^1Z_{K^+}^1}}=1+{\displaystyle \frac{Z_\mathrm{\Lambda }^1+Z_\mathrm{\Sigma }^1+Z_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}^1}{Z_K^{}^1}},`$ (19)
where the $`Z`$’s indicate the different one-particle partition functions for $`K^{}`$, $`K^+`$, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$, and , for baryons, they now contain the corresponding fugacity. It is clear from Eq. (19) that the relative abundance of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ baryons with respect to that of $`K^{}`$ mesons determines the value of the ratio.

In order to introduce the in-medium and temperature effects, the particles involved in the calculation of the ratio are dressed according to their properties in the hot and dense medium in which they are embedded. For the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ hyperons, the partition function

$`Z_{\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Sigma }}=g_{\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Sigma }}V{\displaystyle \frac{d^3p}{(2\pi )^3}e^{\frac{E_{\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Sigma }}+\mu _N}{T}}},`$ (20)
is constructed using a mean-field dispersion relation for the single-particle energies

$`E_{\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Sigma }}=\sqrt{m_{\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Sigma }}^2+p^2}+U_{\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Sigma }}(\rho ).`$ (21)
For $`U_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\rho )`$, we take the parameterisation of Ref. , $`U_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\rho )=340\rho +1087.5\rho ^2`$. For $`U_\mathrm{\Sigma }(\rho )`$, we take a repulsive potential, $`U_\mathrm{\Sigma }(\rho )=30\rho /\rho _0`$, extracted from analysis of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$-atoms and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$-nucleus scattering , where $`\rho _0=0.17`$ fm<sup>-3</sup> is the saturation density of symmetric nuclear matter. A repulsive $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ potential is compatible with the absence of any bound state or narrow peaks in the continuum in a recent $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$-hypernuclear search done at BNL . The $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}(1385)`$ resonance is described by a Breit-Wigner shape,

$`Z_\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ $`=`$ $`g_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}V{\displaystyle \frac{d^3p}{(2\pi )^3}_{m_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}2\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{m_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}+2\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝑑se^{\frac{\sqrt{p^2+s}}{T}}\frac{1}{\pi }\frac{m_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }}{(sm_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}^2)^2+m_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}^2\mathrm{\Gamma }^2}e^{\frac{\mu _N}{T}}},`$ (22)
with $`m_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}=1385\mathrm{MeV}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=37\mathrm{MeV}`$.

In the case of $`K^+`$ we take

$`Z_{K^+}`$ $`=`$ $`g_{K^+}V{\displaystyle \frac{d^3p}{(2\pi )^3}e^{\frac{E_{K^+}}{T}}}`$ (23)
$`E_{K^+}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{m_{K^+}^2+p^2}+U_{K^+}(\rho ),`$ (24)
where $`U_{K^+}(\rho )=32\rho /\rho _0`$ is obtained from a $`t\rho `$ approximation, as discussed in Refs..

A particular effort has been invested in studying the antikaon properties in the medium since the $`\overline{K}N`$ has a particularly rich structure due to the presence of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(1405)`$ resonance . The antikaon optical potential in hot and dense nuclear matter has recently been obtained  within the framework of a coupled-channel self-consistent calculation taking, as bare meson-baryon interaction, the meson-exchange potential of the Jülich group . In order to understand the influence of the in-medium antikaon properties on the $`K^+`$/$`K^{}`$ ratio, two different prescriptions for the single-particle energy of the antikaons have been considered.

First, the so-called on-shell approximation to the antikaon single-particle energy has been adopted. The antikaon partition function in this approach reads

$`Z_K^{}`$ $`=`$ $`g_K^{}V{\displaystyle \frac{d^3p}{(2\pi )^3}e^{\frac{E_K^{}}{T}}}`$ (25)
$`E_K^{}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{m_K^{}^2+p^2}+U_{\overline{K}}(T,\rho ,E_K^{},p),`$ (26)
where $`U_{\overline{K}}(T,\rho ,E_K^{},p)`$ is the $`\overline{K}`$ single-particle potential in the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach given by

$$U_{\overline{K}}(T,\rho ,E_K^{},p)=\mathrm{Re}d^3kn(k,T)\overline{K}NG_{\overline{K}N\overline{K}N}(\mathrm{\Omega }=E_N+E_{\overline{K}},T)\overline{K}N,$$
(27)
which is built from a self-consistent effective $`\overline{K}N`$ interaction in nuclear symmetric matter, averaging over the occupied nucleonic states according to the Fermi distribution at a given temperature, $`n(k,T)`$.

The second approach incorporates the complete energy-and-momentum dependent $`\overline{K}`$ self-energy

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{\overline{K}}(T,\rho ,\omega ,p)=2\sqrt{p^2+m_{\overline{K}}^2}U_{\overline{K}}(T,\rho ,\omega ,p),$$
(28)
via the corresponding $`\overline{K}`$ spectral density

$$S_{\overline{K}}(T,\rho ,\omega ,p)=\frac{1}{\pi }\mathrm{I}mD_{\overline{K}}(T,\rho ,\omega ,p),$$
(29)
where

$$D_{\overline{K}}(T,\rho ,\omega ,p)=\frac{1}{\omega ^2p^2m_{\overline{K}}^2\mathrm{\Pi }_{\overline{K}}(T,\rho ,\omega ,p)}$$
(30)
stands for the $`\overline{K}`$ propagator. In this case, the $`\overline{K}`$ partition function reads

$`Z_K^{}`$ $`=`$ $`g_K^{}V{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{d^3p}{(2\pi )^3}}{\displaystyle }dsS_{\overline{K}}(T,\rho ,\omega =\sqrt{s},p)e^{\frac{\sqrt{s}}{T}},`$ (31)
where $`s=\omega ^2`$.

We note, however, that only the s-wave contribution of the Jülich $`\overline{K}N`$ interaction has been kept. The reason is that this potential presents some short-comings in the $`L=1`$ partial wave, which manifest themselves especially in the low energy region of the $`\overline{K}`$ self-energy. Specifically, the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ poles of the $`\overline{K}N`$ $`T`$-matrix come out lower about $`100\mathrm{MeV}`$ than the physical values and, consequently, the corresponding strength in the antikaon spectral function due to hyperon-hole excitations appears at too low energies, a region very important for the calculation we are conducting here. In addition, the role of the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}(1385)`$ pole, which lies below the $`\overline{K}N`$ threshold, is not included in the Jülich $`\overline{K}N`$ interaction. In order to overcome these problems, we have added to our $`\overline{K}`$ self-energy the p-wave contribution as calculated in Ref. . In this model, the p-wave self-energy comes from the coupling of the $`\overline{K}`$ meson to hyperon-hole ($`YN^1`$) excitations, where $`Y`$ stands for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$. In symmetric nuclear matter at $`T=0`$, this self-energy reads

$`\mathrm{\Pi }_{\overline{K}}^p(\rho ,\omega ,\stackrel{}{p})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{g_{N\mathrm{\Lambda }\overline{K}}}{2M}}\right)^2\stackrel{}{p}^2f_\mathrm{\Lambda }^2𝒰_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\rho ,\omega ,\stackrel{}{p})`$ (32)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{g_{N\mathrm{\Sigma }\overline{K}}}{2M}}\right)^2\stackrel{}{p}^2f_\mathrm{\Sigma }^2𝒰_\mathrm{\Sigma }(\rho ,\omega ,\stackrel{}{p})`$ (33)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{g_{N\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\overline{K}}}{2M}}\right)^2\stackrel{}{p}^2f_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}^2𝒰_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}(\rho ,\omega ,\stackrel{}{p}).`$ (34)
The quantities $`g_{N\mathrm{\Lambda }\overline{K}}`$, $`g_{N\mathrm{\Sigma }\overline{K}}`$ and $`g_{N\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\overline{K}}`$ are the $`N\mathrm{\Lambda }\overline{K}`$, $`N\mathrm{\Sigma }\overline{K}`$ and $`N\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\overline{K}`$ coupling constants, while $`f_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, $`f_\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, $`f_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ are the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ relativistic recoil vertex corrections and $`𝒰_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, $`𝒰_\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, $`𝒰_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ the Lindhard functions at $`T=0`$. For more details, see Ref.. The relevance of this low energy region makes advisable to extend this p-wave contribution to finite temperature.

The hyperon-hole Lindhard functions at finite temperature are easily obtained from the $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$-hole one given in Eq. (A.16) of Ref. , by ignoring, due to strangeness conservation, the crossed-term contribution. The spin-isospin degeneracy factors and coupling constants need to be accommodated to the notation used in Eq. (34) and this amounts to replace $`\frac{2}{3}\frac{f_\mathrm{\Delta }^{}}{f_N}`$ by $`\frac{3}{2}`$. Finally, the width $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in Eq. (A.16) of Ref.  is taken to zero, not only for the stable $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ hyperons but also, for simplicity, for the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ hyperon, which allows one to obtain the imaginary part of the Lindhard function analytically.

## III Results

In this section we discuss the effects of dressing the $`K^{}`$ mesons in hot and dense nuclear matter on the $`K^{}`$/$`K^+`$ ratio around the value found in Ni+Ni collisions at an energy of 1.93 $`\mathrm{AGeV}`$. A preliminary study was already reported in Ref. . As previously mentioned, we prefer to discuss the results for the inverted ratio $`K^+`$/$`K^{}`$.

The $`K^+`$/$`K^{}`$ ratio is shown in Fig. 1 as a function of density at two given temperatures, T= 50 and 80 MeV, calculated for the three ways of dressing of the $`K^{}`$: free (dot-dashed lines), the on-shell or mean-field approximation of Eq. (26) (dotted lines), and using the $`\overline{K}`$ spectral density including s-wave (long-dashed lines) or both s-wave and p-wave contributions (solid lines). The two chosen temperatures roughly delimit the range of temperatures which have been claimed to reproduce, in the framework of the thermal model, not only the $`K^+`$/$`K^{}`$ ratio but also all the other particle ratios involved in the Ni+Ni collisions at SIS energies.

Since the baryonic chemical potential $`\mu _B`$ grows with density, the factor $`e^{\mu _B/T}`$ in the partition functions of Eqs. (20), (22) allows one to understand why the ratio increases so strongly with density in the free gas approximation (dot-dashed lines). The same is true when the particles are dressed. In this case, however, the $`K^{}`$ feels an increasing attraction with density which tends to compensate the variation of $`\mu _B`$ and the curves bend down after the initial increase. This effect is particularly notorious when the full $`\overline{K}`$ spectral density is used. The results are in qualitative agreement with the “broad-band equilibration” notion introduced by Brown et al. . However, in this present model, the gain in binding energy in the on-shell approximation for $`K^{}`$ (thick dotted line in Fig. 1) when the density grows does not completely compensate the increase of $`\mu _B`$, as was the case in Ref. . To illustrate this fact we note that the variation of the $`K^{}`$ single particle energy at zero momentum at $`T=70`$ MeV changes in our model  from 434 MeV to 375 MeV when the density grows from 1.2$`\rho _0`$ to 2.1$`\rho _0`$, while $`\mu _B`$ changes from 873 MeV to 962 MeV. Therefore the relevant quantity to understand the behaviour of the $`K^+`$/$`K^{}`$ ratio with density in the on-shell approximation, i.e. the sum of $`\mu _B`$ and $`E_K^{}`$ \[see Eq. (6) of Ref. \], suffers in our model a variation of about 30 MeV. On the other hand, the model of Ref. assumed a slower variation of $`\mu _B`$, from 860 MeV to 905 MeV, which was almost cancelled by the change of $`E_K^{}`$ from 380 MeV to 332 MeV, giving therefore a practically density independent ratio. We note that our chemical potential is derived from a nucleonic energy spectrum obtained in a Walecka $`\sigma \omega `$ model, using density dependent scalar and vector coupling constants fitted to reproduce Dirac-Brueckner-Hartree-Fock calculation \[see Table 10.9 in Ref.\].

The results obtained in the present microscopic calculation show that the “broad-band equilibration” only shows up clearly when the full spectral function is used (solid line in Fig. 1). After an increase at low densities, the $`K^+/K^{}`$ ratio remains constant at intermediate and high densities. The use of the spectral density implicitly amounts to an additional gain in binding energy for the antikaons and, as density increases, it compensates rather well the variation of $`\mu _B`$.

To understand the origin of this additional effective attraction when the full spectral density is used, we show in Fig. 2 the two functions that contribute to the integral over the energy in the definition of the $`K^{}`$ partition function \[Eq.(31)\], namely the Boltzmann factor $`e^{\sqrt{s}/T}`$ and the $`K^{}`$ spectral functions including L=0 (long-dashed line) and L=0+1 (solid line) components of the $`\overline{K}N`$ interaction, for a momentum $`q=500`$ MeV at $`\rho =0.17`$ fm<sup>-3</sup> and T$`=80`$ MeV. As it is clearly seen in the figure, the overlap of the Boltzmann factor with the quasi-particle peak of the $`K^{}`$ spectral function is small for this momentum. It is precisely the overlap with the strength in the low energy region that acts as a source of attraction in the contribution to the $`K^{}`$ partition function. This effect is particularly pronounced when the p-waves are included, due to the additional low-energy components in the spectral function coming from the coupling of the $`K^{}`$ meson to hyperon-hole ($`YN^1`$) excitations, where $`Y`$ stands for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$. Assigning these low energy components to real antikaons in the medium is not clear, since one should interpret them as representing the production of hyperons through $`\overline{K}NY`$ conversion. While this is certainly true, it may also happen that, once these additional hyperons are present in the system, they can subsequently interact with fast non-strange particles (pions, nucleons) to create new antikaons. A clear interpretation on what fraction of the low energy strength will emerge as antikaons at freeze-out is certainly an interesting question and its investigation will be left here for forthcoming work.

Once the integral over the energy is performed, the determination of the $`K^{}`$ partition function still requires an integral over the momentum. The integrand as a function of momentum is plotted in Fig. 3 for the same density and temperature than in the previous figure. As expected, the integrand is larger when the full spectral density is considered. In this case, the $`K^{}`$ partition function is enhanced and therefore the $`K^+`$/$`K^{}`$ ratio is smaller than in the on-shell approximation and also in the case where only the L=0 contributions to the spectral density are used. Notice the behaviour at large $`q`$, which decays very quickly in the on-shell approximation but has a long tail for the $`L=0+1`$ spectral density originated from the coupling of the $`K^{}`$ meson to $`YN^1`$ configurations.

Another aspect that we want to consider is how the dressing of the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ hyperon affects the value of the ratio. In Fig. 4 the value of the $`K^+`$/$`K^{}`$ ratio at $`T=50`$ MeV is shown as a function of density for different situations. In all calculations displayed in the figure, the partition function associated to $`K^{}`$ has been obtained using the full $`K^{}`$ spectral density. The dotted line corresponds to the case where only the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ hyperons, dressed with the attractive mean-field potential given in the previous section, are included to balance strangeness. When the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ hyperon is incorporated with a moderately attractive potential of the type $`U_\mathrm{\Sigma }=30\rho /\rho _0`$ MeV, the $`K^+`$/$`K^{}`$ ratio is enhanced substantially (dashed line). This enhancement is more moderate when one uses the repulsive potential $`U_\mathrm{\Sigma }=+30\rho /\rho _0`$ instead (dot-dashed line). Finally, the additional contribution of the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ resonance produces only a small increase of the ratio (solid line) due to its higher mass. We have checked that heavier strange baryonic or mesonic resonances do not produce visible changes in our results. Notice also that, although the ratios obtained with both prescriptions for the mean-field potential of the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ meson differ appreciably, the present uncertainties in the ratio would not permit to discriminate between them.

In the framework of the statistical model, one obtains a relation between the temperature and the chemical potential of the hadronic matter produced in the heavy-ion collisions by fixing the value of the $`K^{}`$/$`K^+`$ ratio which was measured for Ni+Ni collisions at GSI to be on the average $`K^{}`$/$`K^+=0.031\pm 0.005`$ . We compare our results with a corresponding inverse ratio of $`K^+`$/$`K^{}=30`$ in the following. The temperatures and chemical potentials compatible with that ratio are shown in Fig. 5 for different approaches. The dot-dashed line stands for a free gas of hadrons, similar to the calculations reported in Refs. . The dotted line shows the $`T(\mu )`$ curve obtained with the on-shell or mean-field approximation \[see Eqs.(26) and (27)\], while the dashed and solid lines correspond to the inclusion of the off-shell properties of the $`K^{}`$ self-energy by using its spectral density \[Eqs. (28),(29) and (31)\], including L=0 or L=0+1 components, respectively.

In the free gas limit, the temperatures compatible with a ratio $`K^+`$/$`K^{}=30`$ imply a narrow range of values for the baryonic chemical potentials, namely $`\mu _B[665,740]`$ $`\mathrm{MeV}`$ for temperatures in the range of 20 to 100 MeV. These values translate into density ranges of $`\rho [6\times 10^7\rho _0,0.9\rho _0]`$.

As it can be seen from the dotted line in Fig. 5, the attractive mean-field potential of the antikaons compensates the effect of increasing baryochemical potential $`\mu _B`$. As a consequence, the density at which the freeze-out temperature compatible with the measured ratio takes place also grows. But this attraction is not enough to get the same $`K^+`$/$`K^{}`$ ratio for a substantially broader range of density compared to the free case. So we do not see a clear indication of “broad-band equilibration” in our self-consistent mean-field calculation in contrast to the results of Brown, Rho, and Song .

The influence of the antikaon dressing on the ratio is much more evident when the spectral density is employed (long-dashed and solid lines). From the preceding discussions, it is easy to understand that the low energy behaviour of the spectral density enhances the $`K^{}`$ contribution to the ratio, having a similar role as an attractive potential and, hence, the value of $`\mu _B`$ compatible with a ratio at a given temperature increases. Moreover, due to the bending of the $`K^+`$/$`K^{}`$ ratio with density and its evolution with temperature observed in Fig. 1, it is clear that there will be a maximum value of T compatible with a given value of the ratio. Below this maximum temperature, there will be two densities or, equivalently, two chemical potentials compatible with the ratio. For example, the ratio $`K^+`$/$`K^{}`$=30 will in fact not be realized with the temperatures of $`T=50`$ MeV and $`T=80`$ MeV displayed in Fig. 1, if the antikaon is dressed with the spectral density containing $`L=0`$ and $`L=1`$ components. As shown in Fig. 5, only temperatures lower than $`34`$ MeV are compatible with ratio values of 30!

We note that the flat regions depicted by the solid lines in Fig. 5 could be considered to be in correspondence with the notion of “broad-band equilibration” of Brown et al. , in the sense that a narrow range of temperatures and a wide range of densities are compatible with a particular value of the $`K^+`$/$`K^{}`$ ratio. Nevertheless, the temperature range is too low to be compatible with the measured slope parameter of the pion spectra. Explicitly, for $`K^+`$/$`K^{}`$=30, we observe a nearly constant ratio observed in the range of $`3034`$ MeV covering a range of chemical potentials in between $`680815`$ MeV which translates into a density range $`\rho [1.5\times 10^4\rho _0,0.02\rho _0]`$. Note that in this case, we can hardly speak of a broad-band equilibration in the sense of that introduced by Brown, Rho and Song in Ref. , where a ratio $`K^+`$/$`K^{}`$=30 holds over a large range of densities in between $`\frac{1}{4}\rho _0`$ and $`2\rho _0`$ for $`T=70`$ MeV. However, as we indicated at the beginning of this section, this result was obtained in the framework of a mean-field model and our equivalent on-shell results (dashed lines in Figs. 1, 5), based on a stronger variation of the $`\mu _B`$ with density and on a less attractive $`U_{\overline{K}}`$, seem to be very far from producing the broad-band equilibration behaviour.

As pointed out before, our nucleon chemical potential is obtained in the framework of a relativistic model and varies with density more strongly than that used in Ref. , which shows values close to those for a free Fermi gas. If we now calculate the $`K^+`$/$`K^{}`$ ratio using a $`\mu _B(\rho ,T)`$ for a free (non-interacting) system in the on-shell approximation, we obtain the thin dotted line in Fig. 1. At $`T=80`$ MeV, we now observe a tendency of a broad-band equilibration but for ratios higher than $`30`$, of around $`50`$. This is connected to the particular on-shell potential of the antikaon which, in our self-consistent procedure, turns to be moderately attractive. Only if the attraction was larger would the broad band be realized in this on-shell picture for smaller values of the ratio as found by Brown et al. .

Fig. 6 shows the $`K^+`$/$`K^{}`$ ratio for the full model calculation as a contour plot for different temperatures and baryochemical potentials. We note, that the ratio is substantially lower at the temperature and density range of interest, being more likely around 15 or so for a moderately large region of baryochemical potential. Note that this reduced ratio translates into an overall enhanced production of $`K^{}`$ by a factor two compared to the experimentally measured value. At pion freeze-out, the medium can hold twice as many $`K^{}`$ as needed to explain the measured enhanced production of $`K^{}`$ if one considers the full spectral features of the $`K^{}`$ in the medium. We stress again that this enhancement is not due to an increased attraction in the sense of a mean-field calculation. It is a consequence of the additional strength of the spectral function at low energies which emerges when taking into account p-wave hyperon-hole excitations. The Boltzmann-factor amplifies the contribution of the low-energy region of the spectral function so that these excitations are becoming the main reason for the overall enhanced production of the $`K^{}`$ in the medium.

## IV Conclusions

We have studied, within the framework of a statistical model, the influence of considering the modified properties in hot and dense matter of the hadrons involved in the determination of the $`K^{}/K^+`$ ratio produced in heavy-ion collisions at SIS/GSI. We have focused our attention on incorporating the effects of the antikaon self-energy, which was derived within the framework of a self-consistent coupled-channel calculation taking, as bare interaction, the meson-exchange potential of the Jülich group for the s-wave and adding the p-wave components of the $`Yh`$ excitations, with $`Y=\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Sigma },\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$.

It is found that the determination of the temperature and chemical potential at freeze-out conditions compatible with the ratio $`K^{}/K^+`$ is very delicate and depends very strongly on the approximation adopted for the antikaon self-energy. The effect of dressing the $`K^{}`$ with an spectral function including both s- and p-wave components of the $`\overline{K}N`$ interaction lowers considerably the effective temperature while increasing the chemical potential $`\mu _B`$ up to $`850`$ MeV, compared to calculations for a noninteracting hadron gas.

When the free or on-shell properties of the antikaon are considered, the ratio at a given temperature shows a strong dependence with the density. This is in contrast with the “broad-band equilibration” advocated by Brown et al. , which was established, in the context of a mean-field picture, through a compensation between the increased attraction of the mean-field $`\overline{K}`$ potential as density grows with the increase in the baryon chemical potential. Our mean-field properties do not achieve such a compensation due to a stronger increase of the nucleon chemical potential $`\mu _B`$ with density.

When taking into account the full features of the spectral function of the $`K^{}`$ via hyperon-hole excitations, we find that the $`K^{}/K^+`$ ratio exhibits broad-band equilibration. Nevertheless, the ratio is even in excess of the measured ratio at temperatures which are deduced from the slope parameter for pions. One can argue in principle, that dynamical non-equilibrium effects can reduce the number of $`K^{}`$ by virtue of annihilation with nucleons to hyperons and pions at freeze-out. The number of the latter produced hadrons will not be altered substantially by this annihilation process as the $`K^{}`$ is much less abundant than hyperons and especially pions. In our approach, we calculate the number density or particle ratios which are in the medium. What needs to be clarified is how the particles get on-shell at freeze-out, a question previously posed e.g. for antiproton and antihyperon production at the GSI. Clearly, this has to be addressed in dynamical models and we leave that investigation for forthcoming work.

## Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to Dr. Volker Koch and Dr. Luis Alvarez-Ruso for useful discussions. This work is partially supported by DGICYT project BFM2001-01868 and by the Generalitat de Catalunya project 2001SGR00064. L.T. also wishes to acknowledge support from the Ministerio de Educación y Cultura (Spain).


text:
# Frictional magnetodrag between spatially separated two-dimensional electron systems: Coulomb versus phonon mediated electron-electron interaction

## I Introduction

Frictional drag between two spatially separated two-dimensional (2D) electron systems is a powerful tool to probe electron-electron ($`ee`$) interaction and is of current intensive research interest both experimentally and theoretically eisen ; rojo . The drag effect manifests itself when a current with a density $`J_1`$ driven along the layer $`1`$ induces, via momentum transfer, an electric field $`E_2`$ in the layer $`2`$ under the condition that the layer $`2`$ is an open circuit pogreb ; price .

Much experimental work was done in the magnetic field-free case to measure the drag effect in a coupled 2D and 3D electron system solomon , between two 2D electron systems (2DES) gramila91 ; gramila93 ; rubel95 ; hill97 ; noh98 ; noh99 ; kellogg , two 2D hole systems (2DHS) joerger ; pillarisetty , and also in a coupled 2DES-2DHS sivan ; joerger . Theoretical work on the frictional drag has been devoted to explain different momentum transfer mechanisms in a coupled 2DES-3DES laikhtman ; boiko92 , 2DES-2DHS tso93 ; swierkowski95 ; vignale , 2DES-2DES boiko90 ; maslov ; tso92 ; zhang ; jauho ; zheng ; kamenev ; flensberg94 ; flensberg95 ; flensberg955 ; swierkowski97 ; bons98 ; smb , and recently in a 2DHS-2DHS hwang . Also, plasmon-enhancement of the drag due to many-body correlations at high temperatures has been studied theoretically flensberg94 ; flensberg955  and experimentally hill97 ; noh98 . Two possible interlayer $`ee`$ interaction mechanisms have been considered: One is the direct electrostatic Coulomb scattering and the other is the phonon-mediated effective interaction. The Coulomb drag calculations predict a $`T^2`$ temperature dependence for the transresistivity $`\rho _{_{Drag}}`$ and a strong inter-layer spacing ($`\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ dependence as $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^4`$ tso92 ; jauho . However, the experimental results do not support the pure Coulomb mechanism gramila93 ; rubel95 ; noh99 . The observed drag has a peak when the electron densities match, $`n_1=n_2`$, and the scaled transresistivity, $`\rho _{_{Drag}}/T^2`$, deviates from a constant value demonstrating a peak as a function of $`T`$ well below Bloch-Grüneisen temperature. Also, the measured $`\rho _{_{Drag}}`$ for separations at least up to 50 nm exhibits almost no dependence on $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and its value beyond $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=50`$ nm is much bigger to be accounted for by Coulomb interaction alone. This led Gramila et al. gramila93  to propose an acoustical phonon-mediated scattering mechanism for the drag. This mechanism was studied extensively in Refs. tso92, ; zhang, ; bons98, ; smb, . The theoretical results are satisfactory to explain the main experimental findings. The phonon-mediated drag due to the bare electron-phonon ($`ep`$) coupling diverges when the transferred energy, $`\mathrm{}\omega ,`$ from the layer $`1`$ to the layer $`2`$ is close to $`\mathrm{}sq`$ ($`\stackrel{}{q}`$ is the transferred in-plane momentum). This divergence is eliminated by taking into account other scattering mechanisms such as screening and/or the finite phonon mean free path bons98 . It is found that, despite the weak $`ep`$ coupling, the effective phonon-mediated $`ee`$ interaction remains strong and competes with the Coulomb interaction. In general, $`ep`$ scattering in 2DESs is qualitatively different between in the small angle scattering (SAS) temperature region, $`T\mathrm{}sk_F`$, and in the large angle scattering (LAS) temperature region, $`T\mathrm{}sk_F`$, where $`s`$ is the speed of sound and $`k_F`$ the Fermi wave vector karpus ; smb2 . In the SAS region, $`\mathrm{}\omega T`$ and this results in the power law dependence of $`\rho _{Drag}T^6.`$ On the other hand, in the LAS region, $`\mathrm{}\omega 2\mathrm{}sk_F`$ and $`\rho _{Drag}`$ varies linearly in $`T`$. As a consequence, $`\rho _{Drag}/T^2`$ has a peak at the crossover from the SAS to LAS temperature region at the peak temperature $`T_{peak}<\mathrm{}sk_F`$. In the LAS temperature region the momentum transfer is most efficient when momenta of the emitted and absorbed phonons are determined by the same Fermi wave vector $`k_{1F}=k_{2F}`$, this results in the peaked transresistivity when $`n_1=n_2`$. In the SAS region there is no cutoff related to $`k_F`$ that $`\rho _{Drag}`$ shows a monotonous behavior as a function of $`n_2`$.

The frictional drag has been also investigated in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field. The drag rate has been measured experimentally in a coupled 2DES hill96 ; hill97 ; rubel97 ; rubel97e ; patel ; lilly ; feng ; joerger2000e , 2DHS joerger  as well in a 2DES-2DHS rubel97e . Also, the response of composite fermions to large wave vector scattering has been studied through phonon magnetodrag measurements zelakiewicz . In addition, recent measurements reveal a new regime of the magnetodrag in a coupled 2DES at mismatched densities $`n_1n_2`$ in which the polarity of the drag voltage is opposite that normally found for electron systems feng ; lok . Theoretical investigations were mostly carried out with incorporating the direct Coulomb mechanism bons96 ; bons97 ; wu ; manolescu . These calculations show reasonable agreement with the experiments hill96 ; rubel97  that at low temperatures $`\rho _{Drag}`$ demonstrates an analog of the Shubnikov-De Haas oscillations with amplitudes by two order of magnitude enhanced compared to the zero field drag signal. At the matched densities the measured magnetodrag has a double-peak structure in magnetic field in the inter-quantum Hall plateau regions rubel97 ; feng . This observation is in agreement with the earlier calculations of the Coulomb magnetodrag by Bønsager et al. bons96 ; bons97  who predicted this behavior caused by the interplay of screening and Landau quantization. However, the calculations by Wu et al. wu  and the experiments by Hill et al. hill96  show oscillations without the double peak structure. The critical test of the theory was performed in a recent experiment by Lok et al. lok , which confirms that the transresistivity does not show the predicted double peak structure for the spin split Landau levels and the double-peak structure at higher filling factors is not caused by the screening effect joerger2000e . Notice also, as against to the zero magnetic field case, the scaled transresistivity $`\rho _{Drag}/T^2`$ due to the pure Coulomb mechanism shows a peaked temperature dependence in the finite magnetic fields bons96 ; bons97 . In addition, the Coulomb magnetodrag calculations khaetskii ; wu ; manolescu  reveal new features associated with interlayer magnetoplasmons, that was observed also experimentally hill97 .

As we described in the previous paragraph, the phonon-mediated drag is the dominant mechanism in the zero magnetic field case in a coupled 2DES, except for very closely spaced layers gramila93 ; rubel95 ; noh99 ; joerger ; bons98 ; smb . Further, it was reported recently that the effective phonon and the Coulomb contributions to drag were comparable in a coupled 2DHS even with closely spaced layers. The phonon-mediated drag effect has been also investigated experimentally in the finite magnetic fields rubel97e ; joerger  where it was found also that the phonon contribution was prevalent in the coupled 2DES, 2DHS, and 2DES-2DHS with large barriers. Up to now, however, it is rare to find theoretical works on the frictional drag mediated by phonon exchange in a finite magnetic field. The exceptions are recent treatments of the phonon drag at the Landau level filling factor $`\nu =1/2`$ by Chern-Simons composite fermion theory khveshchenko ; bons2000 .

The aim of the present paper is to investigate the direct Coulomb and the effective phonon-mediated frictional drag in a coupled 2DES exposed to a perpendicular magnetic field theoretically. For this system we calculate the dispersion relation of the intra-Landau level magnetoplasmons by taking into account finite temperature and distinguish the magnetoplasmon contribution to the magnetodrag. We calculate $`\rho _{Drag}`$ as a function of magnetic field $`B`$, temperature $`T`$, and interlayer spacing $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, and determine the relative contributions of Coulomb versus phonon-mediated $`ee`$ interaction to magnetodrag

This paper is organized as follows. In the next Sec. II we describe briefly the theoretical method we use to calculate the transresistivity, which follows mainly to Refs. bons97, ; bons98, . In Sec. III we present and discuss our calculations. Finally, the results are summarized and the conclusions are given in Sec. IV.

## II Theory

Our theoretical model consists of two parallel electron layers exposed to a perpendicular magnetic field in the $`z`$-direction, separated by a distance $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ from center to center, each having the electron densities $`n_1`$ and $`n_2`$ and the layer extensions $`d_1`$ and $`d_2`$. The experimentally measured quantity is the transresistivity defined as $`\rho _{Drag}=E_2/J_1`$. The main theoretical framework to calculate $`\rho _{Drag}`$ is the Fermi liquid theory where the interlayer $`ee`$ interaction is treated perturbatively. The expression for $`\rho _{Drag}`$ can be derived by using the linearized Boltzmann equation jauho  or the memory function formalisms starting from the Kubo formula zheng ; kamenev ; flensberg95 ; bons98 . Direct calculations show that in our model the transresistivity is represented in the standard form

$`\rho _{Drag}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}^2}{2e^2n_1n_2T}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{A}}{\displaystyle \underset{\stackrel{}{q}}{}}q^2{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\omega }{2\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{\left|W_{12}(q,\omega )\right|^2}{\left|\epsilon (q,\omega )\right|^2}}`$ (1)
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{\text{Im}\chi _1(q,\omega )\text{Im}\chi _2(q,\omega )}{\mathrm{sinh}^2(\mathrm{}\omega /2T)}}`$
where $`A`$ is the normalization area, $`W_{ij}(q,\omega )=_\mathrm{{\rm Y}}W_{ij}^\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(q,\omega )`$ the total unscreened interlayer interaction matrix element ($`i,j=1,2`$ are the layer indices), $`\epsilon (q,\omega )`$ the screening function, and $`\chi _i(q,\omega )`$ the irreducible intralayer electron polarization functions (the interlayer electron polarization is neglected). The index $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ refers to the type of $`ee`$ interaction. We consider direct Coulomb ($`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}=`$ C) $`ee`$ interaction and effective $`ee`$ interaction, mediated by the exchange of piezoelectric ($`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}=`$ PA) and deformation ($`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}=`$ DA) acoustical phonons as well as the exchange of polar optical phonons ($`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}=`$ PO). Phonon mediated $`ee`$ interaction appears in second order perturbation theory with respect to the bare $`ep`$ coupling. The unscreened interaction matrix element of this process is visualized by the diagram in Fig. 1. The free phonon propagator

$$D^\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(Q,\omega )=2\omega _Q^\mathrm{{\rm Y}}\mathrm{}^1\left[\left(\omega +\frac{i}{2\tau _Q^\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}\right)^2\left(\omega _Q^\mathrm{{\rm Y}}\right)^2\right]^1$$
(2)
with $`\stackrel{}{Q}=(\stackrel{}{q},q_z)`$, $`\omega _Q^{PA,DA}=sQ`$ and $`\omega _Q^{PO}=\omega _{_{PO}}`$, and a summation over phonon momenta corresponds to the internal phonon line (the dashed line in the diagram). $`\tau _Q^\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ is the lifetime of the phonons. The vertex part of this diagram (the solid dots in Fig. 1) corresponds to

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_i^\mathrm{{\rm Y}}=\sqrt{B^\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(Q)}I_i(q_zd)$$
(3)
where $`B^\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(Q)`$ are the bare $`ep`$ coupling functions gantlev  and $`I_i(\xi )=𝑑z\rho _i(z)e^{i\xi z/d}`$ are the form factors in $`z`$-direction (the remaining in-plane part of the form factor enters the definition of $`\chi (q,\omega )`$). We assume that electron scattering takes place in the lowest electron subbands of infinitely high quantum wells with widths$`d_1=d_2=d`$ and the subband density functions $`\rho _2(z)=\rho _1(z+\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ in both layers do not depend on the subband index.

In GaAs the PA interaction matrix element is given by the effective piezoelectric modulus which depends only on the polarization of the phonon and its direction of propagation. Since in this description of frictional drag we are interested in the average relaxation characteristics of the system, the anisotropy of PA interaction can be ignored. We describe PA interaction within the scope of the isotropic model gantlev  that leads to a scalar PA interaction constant. We assume also that all elastic parameters of the sample are the same and phonons are not reflected from the interfaces separating different materials (for instance between GaAs and AlGaAs).

Taking the summation over $`q_z`$ and including also the Coulomb contribution, we obtain for the total unscreened interlayer $`ee`$ interaction matrix elements

$`W_{ij}(q,\omega )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi e^2}{\kappa _0}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{q}}\{F_{ij}(qd)+{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\tau }_C}{\overline{\tau }_{PO}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\omega _{PO}^2}{\omega _{PO}^2\omega ^2}}F_{ij}(qd)`$ (4)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\tau }_C}{\overline{\tau }_{PA}}}{\displaystyle \frac{q}{\alpha }}F_{ij}(\alpha d)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\tau }_C}{\overline{\tau }_{DA}}}(F_3\delta _{ij}+{\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^2}{2\left(sp_{_{PO}}\right)^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{q}{\alpha }}F_{ij}(\alpha d))\}`$
where $`\kappa _0=13.1`$ adachi  is the GaAs static dielectric constant, $`\mathrm{}p_{_{PO}}=\sqrt{2m\mathrm{}\omega _{_{PO}}},`$ $`\omega _{_{PO}}`$ the polar optical phonon frequency, and $`\alpha =\sqrt{q^2(\frac{\omega }{s}+\frac{i}{2s\tau _q^\mathrm{{\rm Y}}})^2}`$. In the limit of infinite phonon lifetime $`\alpha =\sqrt{q_{}^2\omega ^2/s^2}`$ if $`q_{}^2>\omega ^2/s^2`$ and $`\alpha =i\sqrt{q_{}^2\omega ^2/s^2}`$ if $`q_{}^2<\omega ^2/s^2`$ with the positive square root branch. The form factors $`F`$ are given by

$`F_{ij}(\xi )`$ $`=`$ $`\{\begin{array}{c}e^{\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{d}\xi }F_1(\xi ),\text{if }ij\\ F_2(\xi ),\text{if }i=j,\end{array},F_1(\xi )=I(\xi )I(\xi ),`$ (7)
$`F_2(\xi )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑z_1𝑑z_2\rho (z_1)\rho (z_2)e^{i\xi \frac{\left|z_1z_2\right|}{d}}},F_3=d{\displaystyle 𝑑z\rho ^2(z)}.`$ (8)
The following nominal scattering times are introduced in Eq. (4)

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\overline{\tau }__C}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\omega _{PO}}{p_{_{PO}}a^{}}},\text{ }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\overline{\tau }_{_{PA}}}}={\displaystyle \frac{B_0^{PA}p_{_{PO}}}{2\pi \mathrm{}^2s}},\text{ }B_0^{PA}={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}(e\beta )^2}{2\varrho s}},`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\overline{\tau }_{_{PO}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`2\alpha _F\omega _{PO},\text{ }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\overline{\tau }_{_{DA}}}}={\displaystyle \frac{B_0^{DA}p_{_{PO}}^3}{\pi \mathrm{}^2s}},\text{ }B_0^{DA}={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Xi }^2}{2\varrho s}}`$ (9)
where $`\alpha _F`$ is the Frölich interaction constant, $`\mathrm{\Xi }`$ and $`e\beta `$ the deformation and piezoelectric phonon potential constants, $`\varrho `$ the crystal mass density, and $`a^{}`$ the effective Bohr radius. For GaAs we have $`\overline{\tau }_C0.024`$ ps and the numerical values $`\overline{\tau }_{PO}0.14`$ ps, $`\overline{\tau }_{PA}8`$ ps, $`\overline{\tau }_{DA}4`$ ps take we from gantlev .

We are interested in the experimental situations when the Landau levels are fully resolved, accordingly the scale of $`\omega `$ over which a 2DES responds to an external perturbation is given by the width of the Landau band. Therefore, when $`\omega \omega _{PO}`$, the optical phonon propagator $`D^{PO}(q,\omega )`$ is never on the mass surface, and only virtual optical phonons can contribute to the magnetodrag in this regime. The PO phonon mediated contribution to total interaction, $`W_{ij}^{PO}(q,\omega )`$ (the second term in Eq. (4)), at $`\omega =0`$, behaves like the Coulomb contribution, $`W_{ij}^C(q,\omega )`$ (the first term in Eq. (4)). And, because of the small $`\overline{\tau }_C/\overline{\tau }_{PO}`$ coupling, simply results in about $`17\%`$ renormalization of $`W_{ij}^C(q,\omega )`$. From Eqs. (4) and (7) one can see that $`W_{12}^C(q,\omega )`$ is large when $`q\mathrm{\Lambda }1`$. In drag experiments $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is larger than $`d`$ so we have usually $`qd1.`$ The PA and DA phonon contributions, $`W_{ij}^{PA,DA}(q,\omega )`$ (the third and forth terms in Eq. (4)), behave like a delta function because of the small phonon couplings $`\overline{\tau }_C/\overline{\tau }_{PA}310^3`$ and $`\overline{\tau }_C/\overline{\tau }_{PA}1.510^3`$: $`W_{ij}^{PA,DA}`$ are negligible with respect to the Coulomb term $`W_{ij}^C(q,\omega )`$ for all over $`\omega `$ and $`q`$ except the close neighborhood of $`\omega =sq`$ where $`\alpha `$ is very small and we have again $`\alpha d1`$. Thus, the zero-limit approximation of the form factors $`F`$ is well justified for both Coulomb and phonon mediated $`ee`$ interaction and we take $`F_{1,2}(\xi )F_{1,2}(0)`$ in our numerical calculations.

In the random phase approximation the dielectric tensor is obtained from the solution of a matrix Dyson equation for the dynamically screened interlayer interaction sarma  and has the form $`\epsilon _{ij}(q,\omega )=\delta _{ij}W_{ij}(q,\omega )\chi _j(q,\omega )`$ (assuming no summation by the repeating indices). The screening function $`\epsilon (q,\omega )`$ is the determinant of the dielectric tensor and is given by

$`\epsilon (q,\omega )`$ $`=`$ $`\left(1W_{11}(q,\omega )\chi _1(q,\omega )\right)\left(1W_{22}(q,\omega )\chi _1(q,\omega )\right)`$ (10)
$`W_{12}^2(q,\omega )\chi _1(q,\omega )\chi _2(q,\omega )`$
In this approximation $`\chi (q,\omega )`$ is determined by the bubble diagrams with the exact vertex part. Bønsager et al. bons97  have shown that when the Landau levels are clearly resolved, corrections to the vertex part are small. In the first approximation they can be neglected and $`\chi (q,\omega )`$ is given by

$`\chi (q,\omega )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi \mathrm{}_B^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{l,l^{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}Q_{ll^{}}^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^2\mathrm{}_B^2}{2}}\right){\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{dE}{\pi }}f_T(EE_F)`$ (11)
$`\times \text{Im}G_l^R(E)\left(G_l^{}^R(E+\mathrm{}\omega )+G_l^{}^A(E\mathrm{}\omega )\right),`$
$`\mathrm{}_B`$ is the magnetic length and $`f_T`$ the Fermi distribution function determined by the chemical potential $`E_F.`$ The bare vertex functions $`Q_{ll^{}}`$ are given by the gauge invariant part of the in-plane form factor

$$Q_{ll^{}}\left(t\right)=\left(l!/l^{}!\right)^{1/2}e^{t/2}t^{(ll^{})}L_l^{}^{ll^{}}\left(t\right),\text{ for }ll^{}$$
(12)
where $`L_l^{}^{ll^{}}\left(t\right)`$ is the associated Laguerre polynomial. For $`l^{}>l`$ one can exploit the symmetry relation $`Q_{ll^{}}\left(t\right)=(1)^{ll^{}}Q_{ll^{}}\left(t\right).`$ In Eq. (11) $`G_l^{R,A}(E)`$ are the electron retarded and advanced Green functions dressed by electron-impurity ($`ei`$) interaction. We treat $`ei`$ scattering in the short-range impurity model afs  and use the Green functions obtained by Ando and Uemura ando  in the self-consistent Born approximation

$$G_l^{R,A}(E)=2\left[EE_l+\sqrt{\left(EE_l\right)^2\mathrm{\Gamma }_0^2}\right]^1.$$
(13)
In this approximation the half-width $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0=\sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi }\mathrm{}\omega _B\frac{\mathrm{}}{\tau }}`$ of the Landau level $`E_l=(l+1/2)\mathrm{}\omega _B`$ is independent of the Landau index $`l`$ ($`\omega _B`$ is the cyclotron frequency and $`\tau `$ is the transport relaxation time that determines the current in the drive layer via the mobility $`\mu =e\tau /m^{}`$, $`m^{}`$ is the electron effective mass). The chemical potential $`E_F(n,B,T,\mu )`$ in distribution functions is determined implicitly from the electron density

$$n=\frac{1}{2\pi \mathrm{}_B^2}\underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dE}{\pi }f_T(EE_F)\text{Im}G_l(E).$$
(14)
Here we use the Green functions obtained by Gerhardts gerhardts  in the improved self-consistent Born approximation

$`G_l(E)`$ $`=`$ $`i{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{2\pi }}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_0}}\mathrm{exp}\left(2{\displaystyle \frac{\left(EE_l\right)^2}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_0^2}}\right)`$ (15)
$`\times \left[1+Erf\left(i\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{EE_l}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_0}}\right)\right]`$
which correspond to the Gaussian density of states without the unphysical edges of Landau bands. $`Erf`$(z) is the error function.

Thus, Eqs. (1) and (4-15) determine the transresistivity of the double layer 2DES exposed to a perpendicular magnetic field and coupled via direct Coulomb and effective phonon mediated $`ee`$ interaction. In this treatment the Landau levels acquire broadening due to $`ei`$ scattering and each broadened state has its weighted contribution to drag. The electron energy remains dispersionless and the distribution functions do not depend on the position of the Landau oscillator center. For this reason $`\rho _{Drag}`$ does not depend on the gauge non-invariant electron momenta $`k,`$ as it should be, but also after performing the summation over all $`k,`$ no interference occurs in Eq. (1) between different Fourier components $`\stackrel{}{q}`$ both of the Coulomb smb93  and the $`ep`$ interaction potentials. It should be noticed also that only such non-trivial treatment of $`ee`$, $`ep`$, and $`ei`$ scattering allows the existence of the intra-Landau band magnetoplasmons and $`ep`$ scattering processes with a finite energy transfer $`\mathrm{}\omega 0`$. This is especially important in the regime of $`T`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$ $`\mathrm{}\omega _B`$ under the consideration here. Without impurity broadening of the Landau levels, the phonon mediated magnetodrag in this regime is only due to exchange of pure virtual phonons with $`\mathrm{}\omega =0`$ and $`q0`$. But this contribution is small with respect to the Coulomb magnetodrag for all phonon modes. In contrast to this, for finite $`\mathrm{}\omega `$, acoustical phonon mediated $`ee`$ interaction diverges in $`\omega =sq`$. This divergence enhances strongly the phonon contribution to magnetodrag and makes it dominant at large interlayer separations.

## III Result and discussion

Below we present our calculations of $`\rho _{Drag}`$ as a function of $`B`$, $`T`$, and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ in a symmetric double layer quantum well system with a matched electron density $`n=2.510^{15}`$ m<sup>-2</sup>. We neglect the spin splitting and assume that the Landau levels are fully resolved and the odd filling factors correspond to a half-filled Landau levels. The spin degeneracy results in an additional factor of 4 in Eq. (1). It is known that at temperatures below Bloch-Grüneisen temperature the frictional drag is dominated by the PA phonons in the case of $`B=0`$ smb , and the PO contribution is weak as we describe in the previous Section. Here we consider mainly PA phonon mediated $`ee`$ interaction. The inclusion of calculations for DA phonon mediated $`ee`$ interaction is straightforward.

We take into account only the intra-Landau level magnetoplasmon modes and, in the low temperature regime ($`T\omega _B`$) under consideration here, we neglect the interlevel magnetoplasmon contributions to the magnetodrag. The intra-Landau level collective excitations anton  exist when a Landau level is partially filled. In Fig. 2 we plot the intra-Landau level magnetoplasmon dispersion relation obtained from the zeros of the real part of the screening function, Re $`\epsilon (q,\omega \left(q\right))=0`$, with the imaginary part describing the damping. The spectra have two collective modes with the finite values $`\omega ^{}\left(0\right)`$ and $`\omega ^+\left(0\right)`$ close to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0/2`$ and $`3\mathrm{\Gamma }_0/2`$ in the limit of $`q0`$. When $`B`$ varies in the second inter-plateau region from $`3`$ to $`4.5`$ T for $`T=2`$ K or $`T`$ varies from $`1`$ to $`8`$ K for $`B=4`$ T, $`\omega ^{}\left(0\right)`$ ($`\omega ^+\left(0\right)`$) is changed slightly, within $`1\%`$ ($`5\%`$). The values of $`\omega ^{}\left(0\right)`$ and $`\omega ^+\left(0\right)`$ increase monotonically in $`T`$ in this temperature interval. In this magnetic field interval, they approach closely each other at $`B`$ corresponding to the half-filled Landau level. The whole spectra are located in a finite range of $`q`$ close to zero so that the magnetoplasmons have momenta $`q\mathrm{}_B<1`$ for the choice of parameters in Fig. 2. For such momenta the phonon energy $`\mathrm{}sq`$ (the dashed-dotted line in Fig. 2) lies below the magnetoplasmon energy near the lower edge of Landau band. Therefore, the phonon mediated $`ee`$ interaction effect on the magnetoplasmon spectrum is negligible. For energies $`\mathrm{}\omega `$ well below $`2\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$ ($`\mathrm{\Gamma }_06.5`$ K, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0/\mathrm{}\omega _B0.08`$ for $`B=4`$ T), both the splitting and broadening of each magnetoplasmon mode of the spectra are determined by the strong damping Im $`\chi (q,\omega (q))`$. The poles corresponding to these collective modes are moved into the complex $`\omega `$-plane and are located far from the real axis. Therefore, the two modes of the spectra are strongly mixed and damped and cannot be interpreted as the normal modes of the system. We note that in this strongly dispersive system, the group velocity $`v_gd\omega (q)/dq`$ shows anomalous behavior: It becomes infinite and changes its sign at certain points. This should not cause an alarm because in the regions of anomalous dispersion with Re $`\epsilon (q,\omega \left(q\right))=0`$, the approximation $`\mathrm{\Delta }\omega (q)v_gq`$ is not valid and the group velocity is not a useful concept jackson . Noticed also that the situation when the group velocity changes its sign in a finite wavenumber arises also, for instance, in the single particle spectra of magnetic edge states in 1D smbfmp  and 2D peetmat ; fmp  electron systems exposed to a nonhomogeneous magnetic field. Towards the upper edge of the Landau band the damping decreases and becomes zero for $`\mathrm{}\omega 2\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$. Thus, in this model of the Landau band with sharp unphysical edges, the magnetoplasmons with energies $`\mathrm{}\omega 2\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$ have no contribution to the magnetodrag. Near the upper edge of Landau band, the spectra are splitted into the symmetric and antisymmetric magnetoplasmon modes and this is due to the interlayer coupling, determined by the spacing $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. One can see that for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=30`$ and $`200`$ nm the magnetoplasmon dispersion shows different behavior in the close vicinity of $`\mathrm{}\omega =2\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$. In this region damping is vanishingly small, and the spectra describes long lifetime bound states of magnetoplasmons in a double layer system with a binding energy given by the splitting of the magnetoplasmon modes. For $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=30`$ nm the binding energy is about $`1`$ K near the upper edge of the Landau band, and it decreases strongly with $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. For $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=200`$ nm Coulomb interlayer $`ee`$ interaction is obviously very weak, the binding energy is negligibly small, and the magnetoplasmon dispersion becomes degenerated. We note that the spectrum of inter Landau level magnetoplasmons near the upper edge of the Landau band has been calculated analytically for pure Coulomb $`ee`$ interaction by Khaetskii and Nazarov in Ref. khaetskii, , where the analogous dispersion curves for higher cyclotron harmonics was obtained.

In Fig. 3 we plot the transresistivity as a function of the interlayer spacing $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ for pure Coulomb $`ee`$ interaction, $`W_{ij}^C(q,\omega )`$, and for pure PA phonon mediated $`ee`$ interaction, $`W_{ij}^{PA}(q,\omega )`$. In addition, we plot the total $`\rho _{Drag}`$ due to their combined effect, $`W_{ij}(q,\omega )=W_{ij}^C(q,\omega )+W_{ij}^{PA}(q,\omega )`$. In all three cases we calculate the screening function by taking $`W_{ij}(q,\omega )=W_{ij}^C(q,\omega )+W_{ij}^{PA}(q,\omega )`$. It is seen that the Coulomb mechanism dominates for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }<30`$ nm with an approximately exponential decrease of $`\rho _{Drag}`$ in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ while the phonon mechanism dominates for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }>80`$ nm with an approximately logarithmic decrease. They have comparable contributions to magnetodrag for the intermediate $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, showing the equal contributions at about $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=50`$ nm.

In Fig. 4 we plot the magnetic field dependence of total transresistivity due to Coulomb and PA phonon mediated $`ee`$ interaction. The transresistivity shows Shubnikov-De Haas oscillations as a function of $`B`$ both for the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=30`$ and $`200`$ nm spacings. For $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=200`$ nm we find that $`\rho _{Drag}(B)`$ has perfectly symmetric oscillations with strongly increasing amplitudes in $`B`$. We ascribe this to weak screening at large interlayer separations. For $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=30`$ nm, in agreement with the calculations by Bønsager et al. bons96  for pure Coulomb interaction, $`\rho _{Drag}(B)`$ demonstrates a double peak structure around the filling factor $`\nu =3`$, caused by strong screening. At low fields screening is relatively weak and, except for some asymmetry, no dip is visible for $`\nu 4`$. However, screening has a flattening effect on the oscillation amplitudes in different inter-plateau regions for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=30`$ nm. The phonon contribution to the total magnetodrag for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=30`$ nm is about $`5`$ to $`10\%`$ in the second inter-plateau region, depending on $`B`$. For $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=200`$ nm the Coulomb contribution to $`\rho _{Drag}(B)`$ is negligible. It is seen from Fig. 4 that near $`\nu =3`$ the total $`\rho _{Drag}`$ is about $`0.3`$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ for $`T=2`$ K and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=30`$ nm, and this is approximately $`13`$ times larger than $`\rho _{Drag}`$ for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=200`$ nm. The magnitude of the calculated $`\rho _{Drag}`$ and its strong decrease with increasing $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ are in good quantitative agreement with the experimental findings by Rubel et alrubel97e . In this experiment, however, dips are also observed in the middle of Landau bands for samples with large interlayer separations. The lack of such dips in our calculations for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=200`$ nm might be an additional indication that these dips in the experiments should be attributed rather to the spin than the screening effect hill97 ; joerger2000e ; lok .

In Fig. 5 we present the temperature dependence of $`\rho _{Drag}`$ and $`\rho _{Drag}/T^2`$ for two different values of $`B`$ and for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=30`$ and $`200`$ nm in the temperature range from $`0.1`$ up to $`8`$ K. Although $`\rho _{Drag}/T^2`$ shows a peaked temperature dependence for both $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=30`$ and $`200`$ nm, $`\rho _{Drag}`$ demonstrates completely different behavior for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=30`$ and $`200`$ nm as function of $`T`$. For $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=30`$ nm the magnetodrag is mainly due to the Coulomb mechanism and is in agreement with the calculations by Bønsager et al. bons96  for pure Coulomb interaction. At lower temperatures $`\rho _{Drag}`$ has a subquadratic temperature dependence and $`\rho _{Drag}/T^2`$ remains finite at low $`T`$. The transferred energy $`\mathrm{}\omega `$ is restricted by temperature, $`\mathrm{}\omega T,`$ and the transferred momentum is, independently of $`\mathrm{}\omega ,`$ restricted by the interlayer spacing, $`q\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ (in quantizing magnetic fields $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ is always smaller than $`\mathrm{}_B^1`$). This is clearly seen in Fig. 6

where we plot the integrand over $`\mathrm{}\omega `$ in Eq. (1) for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=30`$ nm after taking the sum over $`\stackrel{}{q}`$. Even for relatively large $`T=1`$ K the integrand is strongly decreasing function of $`\omega `$. Therefore at low temperatures one can use the small $`\omega `$ and the small $`q`$ limit of the polarization function $`\chi (q,\omega )`$. In this limit both $`\text{Im}\chi (q,\omega )`$ and $`\text{Im}\epsilon (q,\omega )`$ are linearly vanishing functions with $`\omega `$ while Re $`\epsilon (q,\omega )`$ has a large maximum, determined by the electronic compressibility. By replacing the upper limit of the integration over $`\mathrm{}\omega `$ in Eq. (1) with $`T`$ and taking the static limit of the screening function out of the integration, one can obtain (cf. Fig. 5)

$$\rho _{Drag}T^2_0^T\frac{d\mathrm{}\omega }{T}\frac{\left(\text{Im}\chi \left(\mathrm{}\omega \right)/T\right)^2}{\mathrm{sinh}^2\left(\mathrm{}\omega /2T\right)}T^2.$$
(16)
At high temperatures all $`\mathrm{}\omega <2\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$ contribute to the integral in Eq. (1). One can see from Fig. 6 that for $`T=3`$, $`6`$, and $`8`$ K the integrand decreases very slowly in the region of small $`\omega `$. However, at energies close to $`\mathrm{}\omega ^{}\left(0\right)`$, when the first magnetoplasmon mode is developed (cf. Fig. 2), the integrand starts to increase slowly. Further, at energies close to $`\mathrm{}\omega ^+\left(0\right)`$, when the second magnetoplasmon mode is developed (cf. Fig. 2), the integrand starts to increase strongly. The integrand reaches its well pronounced maximum, with an increasing height in $`T`$, just before it drops to zero at the upper edge of the Landau band $`\mathrm{}\omega =2\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$. This behavior of the integrand results in the peaked temperature dependence of $`\rho _{Drag}/T^2`$ shown in Fig. 5 with an approximately linear temperature dependence of $`\rho _{Drag}T`$ at high temperatures, observed experimentally by Hill et al. hill97 .

The situation is completely changed for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=200`$ nm where the magnetodrag is mainly due to phonon exchange. At low temperatures $`\rho _{Drag}`$ has stronger dependence on $`T`$ than it has at the small interlayer separation. At high temperatures $`\rho _{Drag}`$ decreases slowly with increasing $`T`$. This results in the very sharp peak of $`\rho _{Drag}/T^2`$ as a function of $`T`$ for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=200`$ nm (Fig. 5). This strikingly different behavior of $`\rho _{Drag}`$ as a function of $`T`$ for different $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is a consequence of the fact that the main contribution to the phonon mediated drag comes from $`q\omega /s`$ for which effective unscreened $`ee`$ interaction diverges in the limit of infinite phonon lifetime. Now the integrand over $`\omega `$ in Eq. (1) is proportional to $`g_l(t)t\left(L_l(t)\right)^2e^t`$ with $`t=\left(\omega /s\right)^2\mathrm{}_B^2/2`$ and in the whole temperature range the main contribution to phonon magnetodrag makes $`t=t_l1`$ ($`t_l`$ are the zeros of the derivative of $`g_l(t)`$), i.e. the finite $`\mathrm{}\omega \mathrm{}sq\mathrm{}s/\mathrm{}_B\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$. The small $`\omega `$ and the small $`q`$ approximation is not valid for $`\epsilon (q,\omega )`$ and it is rapidly decreasing function with $`\omega `$ and the screening effect is weak in the phonon magnetodrag (cf. the curves corresponding to $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=30`$ and $`200`$ nm in Fig. 4). We obtain the following formula as an approximation to describe the temperature dependence of the transresistivity in this regime

$$\rho _{Drag}\underset{l}{}\frac{1}{\nu ^2}\frac{t_l}{\vartheta }\frac{\left|W_{12}(t_l,y_l)\right|^2}{\left|\epsilon (t_l,y_l)\right|^2}\frac{\left(\text{Im}\chi (t_l,y_l)\right)^2}{\mathrm{sinh}^2(y_l/2\vartheta )}$$
(17)
where $`\vartheta T/\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$ and $`y\mathrm{}\omega /\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$. For $`B=4`$ T we have $`\nu =2`$ and the main contribution to the sum makes the outermost filled Landau level with $`l=1`$ and $`t_1=2+\sqrt{3}`$. In GaAs $`2ms^20.23`$ K and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_06.5`$ K for $`\mu =25`$ m<sup>2</sup>V<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>, so we have $`t\left(1.5y\right)^2`$. This gives $`\mathrm{}\omega _1/24.2`$ K as a crossover temperature of the temperature dependence of $`\rho _{Drag}(T)`$. At temperatures below $`\mathrm{}\omega _1/2,`$ $`\mathrm{sinh}^2(\mathrm{}\omega _1/2T)`$ increases strongly with $`T`$ and this determines mainly the behavior of $`\rho _{Drag}(T)`$. It is seen from Fig. 5 that for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=200`$ nm $`\rho _{Drag}/T^2`$ tends to zero at low $`T`$ in contrast to its finite value for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=30`$ nm. At temperatures above $`\mathrm{}\omega _1/2,`$ $`\mathrm{sinh}^2(\mathrm{}\omega _1/2T)T^2`$, and the screening function $`\epsilon (q_1,\omega _1)`$ for such large arguments is small and increasing in $`T`$. This behavior together with the $`T^1`$ prefactor in Eq. (1) determines the temperature dependence of $`\rho _{Drag}`$ at high $`T`$. One can see, however, from Fig. 5 that the actual peak position of $`\rho _{Drag}(T)`$ is shifted to the left from $`\mathrm{}\omega _1/2`$. For $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=200`$ nm the integrand over $`\omega `$ in Eq. (1) after taking the sum over $`\stackrel{}{q}`$ manifests itself to three strongly pronounced peaks near $`y=0.45`$, $`1.25`$, and $`2`$, and their positions are relatively stable with respect to temperature (see Fig. 7).

Notice, as against the situation of the Coulomb magnetodrag, even for small $`T=1`$ K the integrand is approximately zero in the region of small $`\omega `$ and has strongly pronounced peak at large $`\omega `$. The main highest peak of the integrand near $`y=1.25`$, as we already discussed, is related to the maximum of $`g_1(t)`$ at $`t_1^+=2+\sqrt{3}`$ corresponding to $`y=y_1^+=1.29.`$ The left small peak of the integrand near $`y=0.45`$ is related to another maximum of the function $`g_1(t)`$ at $`t_1^{}=2\sqrt{3}`$ ($`y_1^{}=0.35`$) and also to the maximum of the function $`g_0(t)`$ at $`t_0=1`$ ($`y_0=0.67`$). This second peak contribution to $`\rho _{Drag}(T)`$ shifts the actual crossover temperature of $`\rho _{Drag}(T)`$ to the left so that $`T_{peak}3.6`$ K (Fig. 5). One can see, however, that the positions of the first two peaks of the integrand is not far from the magnetoplasmon energies $`\mathrm{}\omega ^\pm \left(0\right).`$ Therefore the magnetoplasmons contribute also to the formation of these peaks to some extend. Nevertheless, it is clear from the very weak dependence of the total $`\rho _{Drag}`$ on $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ (Fig. 3) that the magnetoplasmon contribution to $`\rho _{Drag}`$ for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=200`$ nm is a small correction to the phonon contribution. The third peak of the integrand in the very close vicinity of the upper edge of the Landau band is a pure magnetoplasmon effect (cf. Fig. 2 and Fig. 7). Immediately below the upper edge of Landau band the magnetoplasmon damping is very small and this results in the very sharp peak of the integrand with a relatively small contribution to $`\rho _{Drag}(T)`$. Thus, at high temperatures we obtain that for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=200`$ nm $`\rho _{Drag}`$ decreases slowly with $`T`$ (Fig. 5). This extraordinary temperature dependence of $`\rho _{Drag}`$ is mainly due to the weak screening effect at large interlayer separations and the screening is weak because the phonons with large energies and momenta realize $`ee`$ interaction between remote layers. Notice that the $`T^1`$ dependence of $`\rho _{Drag}(T)`$ for the pure Coulomb interlayer interaction in one of the typical scattering regions was also reported by Khaetskii and Nazarov khaetskii . As far as we know at present no magnetodrag measurements are available in the above regime and the experimental test of the temperature dependence of phonon magnetodrag is critical.

## IV Summary and conclusions

We have calculated the transresistivity between spatially separated electron layers in a perpendicular magnetic fields. We take into account both direct electrostatic Coulomb and effective phonon mediated $`ee`$ interaction. For this system we calculate the dispersion relation of the intra-Landau level magnetoplasmons within the random phase approximation at the finite temperatures and distinguish the magnetoplasmon contribution to the magnetodrag. We find the strikingly different magnetic field and temperature dependence of the transresistivity for the small and large interlayer separations. When $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=30`$ nm, the transresistivity shows a slight dip as a function of $`B`$ in the middle of the second spin-degenerated Landau band with the total $`\rho _{Drag}`$ about $`0.3`$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ (the phonon mean free path is $`100`$ $`\mu `$m, the mobility $`\mu =25`$ m<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>, $`T=2`$ K, and $`n=2.5`$ $`10^{15}`$ m<sup>-2</sup>), which, depending on $`B`$, includes about $`5`$ to $`10\%`$ of the phonon contribution due to piezoelectric interaction. When $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=200`$ nm, the Coulomb contribution to magnetodrag is negligible. And, $`\rho _{Drag}`$ shows no dip and the total drag around filling factor $`\nu =3`$ is about $`13`$ times less than the value for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=30`$ nm. This is in good agreement with the experimental findings by Rubel et alrubel97e . The scaled transresistivity $`\rho _{Drag}/T^2`$ has a peaked temperature dependence for both $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=30`$ and $`200`$ nm. At low $`T`$, $`\rho _{Drag}/T^2`$ remains finite for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=30`$ nm, while for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=200`$ nm it tends to zero. At high $`T`$, $`\rho _{Drag}`$ is approximately linear in $`T`$ for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=30`$ nm while for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=200`$ nm it decreases slowly with $`T`$. Therefore, the peak of $`\rho _{Drag}/T^2`$ as function of $`T`$ is very sharp for the large separation $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=200`$ nm. We ascribe this to the weak screening effect at large interlayer separations where the phonon mechanism dominates with the large transferred energy and momentum.

###### Acknowledgements.

This work was supported by Chonnam National University under a grant in the year of 2002. We are grateful to R. Gerhardts, W. Dietsche, and K. von Klitzing for useful discussions. SMB acknowledges the support and hospitality in Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Researches where this work was initiated.