format: text

text:
# On the characters of pro-𝑝 groups of finite rank

## 1 Introduction

We will say that a pro-$`p`$ group $`G`$ is perfect if all derived subgroups $`G^{(k)}`$ are open. Note that a pro-$`p`$ group is perfect if and only if

$$\lambda _i(G)=|\{\lambda \mathrm{Irr}(G)|\lambda (1)=p^i\}|$$

is finite for any $`i0`$. Here $`\mathrm{Irr}(G)`$ is the set of the characters of the irreducible smooth complex representations of $`G`$. When $`G`$ is uniform (a torsion-free powerful pro-$`p`$ group), $`G`$ is perfect if and only if $`[G,G]`$ is open in $`G`$.

In this note we shall investigate the function

$$\zeta _G^{ch}(s)=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\lambda _i(G)p^{is}=\underset{\lambda Irr(G)}{}|\lambda (1)|^s,$$

when $`G`$ is perfect $`p`$-adic analytic pro-$`p`$ group. The main result is the following theorem.

###### Theorem 1.1.

Let $`G`$ be a perfect $`p`$-adic analytic pro-$`p`$ group. Then $`\zeta _G^{ch}(s)`$ is a rational function in $`p^s`$ if one of the following conditions holds:

1. $`G`$ is a uniform pro-$`p`$ group or

2. $`p>2`$.

The proof of this theorem is based on the correspondence between the characters of a uniform pro-$`p`$ group and the orbits of the action of the group on the dual of its Lie algebra. This result is an analogue of the Kirillov theory, introduced first in the context of nilpotent Lie groups and then used in many other situations (see ). The correspondence is quite explicit and it also gives the exact formula for characters in some cases. It permits us to obtain a stronger version of Theorem 1.1 in these cases.

We introduce a generalization of the notion of a powerful pro $`p`$-group: we say that a pro $`p`$-group $`G`$ is $`k`$-powerful if $`[G,G]G^{p^k}`$. We say that a pro-$`p`$ group is $`k`$-uniform if $`G`$ is $`k`$-powerful without torsion. We have the following generalization of Theorem 1.1.

###### Theorem 1.2.

Let $`N`$ be a 1-uniform (uniform) pro-$`p`$ group if $`p5`$ and $`2`$-uniform pro-$`p`$ group if $`p=3`$. Then for any $`gN`$,

$$\underset{\lambda Irr(G)}{}\lambda (g)|\lambda (1)|^s$$

is a rational function in $`p^s`$.

In Section 2 we describe Howe’s version of Kirillov’s correspondence. The correspondence permits us “linearize” the problem and apply the potent tools of $`p`$-adic integration which we introduce in Section 3. In Section 4 we prove Theorem 1.1(1) and Theorem 1.2. Section 5 is dedicated to some results from the character theory of finite groups. We apply these results in Section 6, where we prove Theorem 1.1(2).

The notation is standard. If $`G`$ is a profinite group, then $`\mathrm{Irr}(G)`$ denotes the set of the (complex) irreducible smooth (not only linear) characters of $`G`$. If $`L`$ is a $`_p`$-Lie algebra of finite rank, then $`\mathrm{Irr}(L)`$ is the set of the irreducible characters of the additive group of $`L`$ and $`L^{}=\mathrm{Hom}__p(L,_p)`$ is the dual of $`L`$. The set $`\mathrm{Ch}(G)`$ is the set of the admissible smooth characters of $`G`$. So any element of $`\mathrm{Ch}(G)`$ is a finite sum of elements from $`\mathrm{Irr}(G)`$. The scalar product of character we denote by $`<,>`$. If $`N`$ is a normal group of finite index and $`\chi \mathrm{Irr}(N)`$, then

$$\mathrm{Irr}(G|\chi )=\{\lambda \mathrm{Irr}(G)|<\lambda _N,\chi >0\}$$

and $`\mathrm{Ch}(G|\chi )`$ is the set of the finite sums of elements from $`\mathrm{Irr}(G|\chi )`$. We will say that characters from $`\mathrm{Ch}(G|\chi )`$ lie over $`\chi `$. We will use $`[,]_L`$ to denote the Lie brackets and $`[,]_G`$ for the group commutator. If $`g`$ is an elemethe of a group, $`o(g)`$ will mean the order of element $`g`$. The order of a non-zero complex number is its order in $`^{}`$.

## 2 Correspondence between characters and coadjoint orbits

In this section we describe the correspondence between characters of a uniform pro-$`p`$ group $`N`$ and coadjoint orbits of action of $`N`$ on the dual of the Lie algebra associated with $`N`$. This section is based on the paper , where almost all proofs of the results of this section can be found (at least in the case $`p>2`$).

Remind that if $`N`$ is a uniform pro-$`p`$ group, then from Lazard (see, for example, ) we know that we can associate a $`_p`$-Lie algebra $`L`$ with $`N`$. This Lie algebra can be identified with $`N`$ as a set and the Lie operations are defined by

$$g+h=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}(g^{p^n}h^{p^n})^{p^n},[g,h]_L=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}[g^{p^n},h^{p^n}]_G^{p^{2n}}.$$

Since $`(L,+)`$ is a pro-$`p`$ group, we can consider the set $`\mathrm{Irr}(L)`$. Note that $`N`$ acts on $`L`$ by conjugation, whence $`N`$ also acts on $`\mathrm{Irr}(L)`$. It is easy to see that all $`N`$-orbits of the last action are finite.

###### Theorem 2.1.

Let $`N`$ be a 1-uniform (uniform) pro-$`p`$ group if $`p5`$ and $`2`$-uniform pro-$`p`$ group if $`p=3`$ and let $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ be a $`N`$-orbit in $`\mathrm{Irr}(L)`$. Define $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\mathrm{\Omega }:N`$ by means of

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_\mathrm{\Omega }(u)=|\mathrm{\Omega }|^{\frac{1}{2}}\underset{\omega \mathrm{\Omega }}{}\omega (u).$$

Then $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{Irr}(N)`$ and all characters of $`G`$ have this form. Moreover, two different orbits $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ give two different $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{\mathrm{\Omega }_1}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{\mathrm{\Omega }_2}`$.

If $`N`$ satisfies the hypothesis of the previous theorem and it is also perfect, then we obtain that $`\lambda _i(N)`$ is equal to the number of $`N`$-orbits in $`\mathrm{Irr}(L)`$ of size $`p^{2i}`$. Next theorem shows that this is true for all uniform pro-$`p`$ groups.

###### Theorem 2.2.

Let $`N`$ be a uniform pro-$`p`$ group, $`\alpha \mathrm{Irr}(N)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ a $`N`$-orbit in $`\mathrm{Irr}(L)`$. If $`<\alpha ,\mathrm{\Phi }_\mathrm{\Omega }>0`$, then $`\alpha (1)=\mathrm{\Phi }_\mathrm{\Omega }(1)`$. In particular, if $`N`$ is perfect, then $`\lambda _i(G)`$ is equal to the number of $`N`$-orbits in $`\mathrm{Irr}(L)`$ of size $`p^{2i}`$.

If $`w\mathrm{Irr}(L,+)`$, we define

$$B_w(l,k)=w([l,k]_L),l,kL.$$

Then $`B_w`$ is a bilinear form on $`L`$. Put $`\mathrm{Rad}(w)=\{lL|B_w(l,L)=1\}`$. An important point is that $`\mathrm{Rad}(w)`$ is equal to $`\mathrm{St}_N(w)=\{gN|w^g=w\}`$. Hence by the previous theorem, we have that if $`N`$ is a uniform pro-$`p`$ group then

$$\zeta _N^{ch}(s)=\underset{wIrr(L)}{}|L:\mathrm{Rad}(w)|^{\frac{1}{2}(s2)}.$$

Therefore we are interested in the function $`\zeta (s)=_{wIrr(L)}|L:\mathrm{Rad}(w)|^s.`$

## 3 P-adic integration

In this section we give an explanation of the notion of $`p`$-adic integral and we introduce the facts that we will use later. More detailed discussion of this subject can be found in .

We use the standard notation for $`p`$-adic sets. $`||`$ is the standard $`p`$-adic valuation on $`_p`$: if $`ap^k_pp^{k+1}_p`$, entonces $`|a|=p^k`$. $`\mu `$ will be the Haar mesure on $`_p^n`$. We always suppose that $`\mu (_p^n)=1`$.

Let $`\text{X}=(X_1,\mathrm{},X_M)`$ be $`M`$ commuting indeterminates and let $`_p[[\text{X}]]`$ denote the set of formal power series over $`_p`$. We define the following subsets of $`_p[[\text{X}]]`$:

1. $`_p[[\text{X}]]`$ denotes the set of power series over $`_p`$;

2. $`_p\{\text{X}\}`$ consists of all formal power series $`_ia_i\text{X}^i`$ such that $`|a_i|0`$ as $`|i|\mathrm{}`$.

3. $`_p\{\text{X}\}=_p[[\text{X}]]_p\{\text{X}\}.`$

We define the function $`D:_p^2_p`$ by

$$D(x,y)=\{\begin{array}{cc}x/y\hfill & \text{ if }|x||y|\text{ and }y0,\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{ otherwise. }\hfill \end{array}$$

For $`n>0`$ we define $`P_n`$ to be the set of nonzero $`n`$th powers in $`_p`$.

We define the following language considered in :

Let $`\mathrm{L}_\mathrm{D}^{\mathrm{an}}`$ be the language with logical symbol $`,,,=`$, a contable number of variables $`X_i`$ and

1. an $`m`$-place operation symbol $`F`$ for each $`F(\text{X})_p\{\text{X}\}`$, $`m0`$;
2. a binary operation symbol $`D`$;
3. a unitary relation symbol $`P_n`$ for each $`n2`$.

Each formula $`\varphi (x_1,\mathrm{},x_M)`$ in the language $`\mathrm{L}_\mathrm{D}^{\mathrm{an}}`$ defines a subset

$$M_\varphi =\{\text{x}_p^M|\varphi (\text{x})\text{ is true in }_p\},$$

where we interpret

1. each $`F_p\{\text{X}\}`$, as a function $`f:_p^n_p`$ defined by $`f(\text{x})=F(\text{x})`$;
2. the binary operation symbol $`D`$ as the function $`D`$;
3. $`P_n(x)`$ to be true if $`xP_n`$.

We call such subset $`M_\varphi `$ definable. A function $`f:V_p`$ is called definable if its graph is definable subset. Note that, in particular, a definable function is bounded.

With each pair of definable functions $`f_1:_p^M_p`$, $`f_2:_p^M_p`$ and the definable subset $`U`$ of $`_p^M`$ we associate the following function:

$$I(f_1,f_2,U,s)=_U|f_1(\text{x})|^s|f_2(\text{x})|𝑑\mu .$$

We shall call this function definable integral.

###### Theorem 3.1.

Suppose that $`I(f_1,f_2,U,s)`$ is a definable integral. Then

1. $`U`$ is measurable, and
2. $`I(f_1,f_2,U,s)`$ is a rational function in $`p^s`$.

## 4 The uniform case

We begin this section with some known facts about endomorphisms of $`_p^n`$. Let $`A,B𝕄_n(_p)`$ be two matrices over $`_p`$. We write $`AB`$ if there are two invertible matrices $`C_1`$ and $`C_2`$ over $`_p`$ such that $`C_1AC_2=B`$.

If $`A=(a_{ij})_{1i,jn}`$ and $`U\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ we put $`g_U(A)=det[(a_{ij})_{i,jU}]`$.

For any $`1in`$ we fix an order on subsets of $`\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ with $`i`$ elements. We put $`h_0(A)=1`$ and let for $`1in`$ $`h_i(A)`$ be $`g_U(A)`$ such that $`|U|=i`$ and for any $`U^{}\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ with $`|U^{}|=i`$ we have $`|g_U^{}(A)|<|g_U(A)|`$ or $`|g_U^{}(A)|=|g_U(A)|`$ and $`UU^{}`$.

###### Lemma 4.1.

Let $`A𝕄_n(_p)`$ be a matrix over $`_p`$. Then

1. There are $`s_1,\mathrm{},s_n_p`$, satisfying $`|s_i||s_{i+1}|`$ for any $`1in`$, such that $`A\mathrm{diag}(s_1,\mathrm{},s_n)`$. Moreover, if $`A\mathrm{diag}(t_1,\mathrm{},t_n)`$ with $`|t_i||t_{i+1}|`$ for any $`1in`$, then $`|t_i|=|s_i|`$.

2. For any $`0in1`$, $`|D(h_i(A),h_{i1}(A))||D(h_{i+1}(A),h_i(A))|`$ and

$$A\mathrm{diag}(h_1(A),D(h_2(A),h_1(A)),\mathrm{},D(h_n(A),h_{n1}(A))).$$

###### Proof.

It is enough to observe that $`A\mathrm{diag}(s_1,\mathrm{},s_n)`$ if and only if $`_p^n/A(_p^n)_{i=1}^n_p/s_i_p`$. ∎

It is not difficult to see that if $`AB`$ then $`|h_i(A)|=|h_i(B)|`$. Therefore, sometimes we will speak about $`|h_i(\varphi )|`$, where $`\varphi \mathrm{Hom}__p(M_1,M_2)`$ and $`M_1M_2_p^n`$. Hence the previous lemma implies the following result

###### Lemma 4.2.

Let $`M_1M_2_p^n`$ be two $`_p`$-modules, $`0z_p`$ and $`\varphi \mathrm{Hom}__p(M_1,M_2)`$. Then $`|M_1/\varphi ^1(zM_2)|=`$

$$\{\begin{array}{ccc}1\hfill & \text{ if }\hfill & |z|>|h_1(\varphi )|,\hfill \\ |z|^k|h_k(\varphi )|\hfill & \text{ if }\hfill & |D(h_k(\varphi ),h_{k1}(\varphi ))||z|>|D(h_{k+1}(\varphi ),h_k(\varphi ))|,1kn1\hfill \\ |z|^n|h_n(\varphi )|\hfill & \text{ if }\hfill & |z||D(h_n(\varphi ),h_{n1}(\varphi ))|.\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Proof.

By the previous lemma, we can choose bases of $`M_1`$ and $`M_2`$ such that the matrix $`A`$ associated with $`\varphi `$ in these bases is diagonal and equal to

$$\mathrm{diag}(h_1(A),D(h_2(A),h_1(A)),\mathrm{},D(h_n(A),h_{n1}(A))).$$

Since $`|h_i(\varphi )|=|h_i(A)|`$ for all $`i`$, we obtain the lemma. ∎

Now, let $`N`$ be a uniform pro-$`p`$ group and $`L`$ the Lie algebra associated with $`N`$. Put $`L^{}=\mathrm{Hom}__p(L,_p)`$. Since $`N`$ acts on $`L`$, $`L^{}`$ has a structure of $`N`$-module.

Note that $`\mathrm{Irr}(L)`$ is the direct limit of $`\mathrm{Irr}(L/p^kL)`$. For each $`i0`$ we fix $`\theta _i`$ a $`p^i`$th primitive root of 1 in $``$ and we construct a $`N`$-homomorphism $`\mathrm{\Phi }_i:L^{}\mathrm{Irr}(L/p^iL)`$ in the following way:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_i(m)(l+p^iL)=\theta _i^{m(l)}.$$

The kernel of $`\mathrm{\Phi }_i`$ is equal to $`p^iL^{}`$ and so $`\mathrm{\Phi }_i`$ is surjective.

###### Remark 4.3.

Note also that $`L^{}`$ is $`N`$-isomorphic to the inverse limit of $`(\mathrm{Irr}(L/p^kL),\varphi _{k,i})`$ where the homomorphism $`\varphi _{k,i}:\mathrm{Irr}(L/p^kL)\mathrm{Irr}(L/p^iL)`$ ($`ki`$) is defined by means of

$$\varphi _{k,i}(m)(l+p^iL)=m(p^{ki}l+p^kL).$$

Therefore, $`\{\mathrm{\Phi }_i\}`$ can be also constructed in a canonical way.

For any $`0z_p`$ such that $`|z|=p^i`$ we define $`\mathrm{\Phi }_z=\mathrm{\Phi }_i`$.

Let $`\mathrm{\Psi }:L^{}\mathrm{Hom}__p(L,L^{})`$ be the map defined in the following way: if $`l,kL`$ and $`mL^{}`$ then

$$\mathrm{\Psi }(m)(l)(k)=(m([k,l]).$$

###### Lemma 4.4.

Let $`mL^{}`$ and $`0z_p`$. Then

$$\mathrm{Rad}(\mathrm{\Phi }_z(m))=(\mathrm{\Psi }(m))^1(zL^{}).$$

###### Proof.

Let $`|z|=p^i`$. Then we have the following series of equivalent propositions:

$`x\mathrm{Rad}(\mathrm{\Phi }_z(m))\mathrm{\Phi }_z(m)([y,x])=1yL`$
$`\theta _i^{m([y,x])}=1yLm([x,y])z_pyL`$
$`\mathrm{\Psi }(m)(x)(y)z_pyL\mathrm{\Psi }(m)(x)zL^{}x(\mathrm{\Psi }(m))^1(zL^{}).`$
Let $`\{e_1,\mathrm{},e_n\}`$ be a basis of $`L`$ and $`\{f_1,\mathrm{},f_n\}`$ a basis of $`L^{}`$. So, any element $`a`$ from $`L`$ or $`L^{}`$ is identified with a vector $`(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)`$ and we can view $`\mathrm{Hom}__p(L,L^{})`$ as $`𝕄_n(_p)`$. Then the entries of $`\mathrm{\Psi }(a),aL^{}`$ are linear functions on $`\{a_i\}`$ and $`g_U(\mathrm{\Psi }(a))`$ are polynomials on $`\{a_i\}`$ for every $`U\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$. This implies that $`h_i(\mathrm{\Psi }(a))`$ are definable functions in $`\mathrm{L}_\mathrm{D}^{\mathrm{an}}`$.

Define the sets $`W=(L^{}pL^{})\times (p_p\{0\})`$,

$$W_0=\{(a,z)W||z|>|h_1(\mathrm{\Psi }(a))|\},$$

for any $`1kn1`$,

$$W_k=\{(a,z)W||D(h_k(\mathrm{\Psi }(a)),h_{k1}(\mathrm{\Psi }(a)))||z|>|D(h_{k+1}(\mathrm{\Psi }(a)),h_k(\mathrm{\Psi }(a)))|\}$$

and

$$W_n=\{(a,z)W||z||D(h_n(\mathrm{\Psi }(a)),h_{n1}(\mathrm{\Psi }(a)))|\}.$$

If $`(a,z)W_k`$ define $`\alpha (a,z)=D(z^k,h_k(\mathrm{\Psi }(a)))`$. Then $`\alpha `$ is a definable function on $`W`$. Using two previous lemmas, we obtain that

###### Corollary 4.5.

Let $`(a,z)W`$. Then $`|L:Rad(\mathrm{\Phi }_z(a))|=|\alpha (a,z)|^1`$.

Now, suppose that $`N`$ is perfect. In this case we have the next important property:

###### Lemma 4.6.

Let $`N`$ be a perfect uniform pro-$`p`$ group and $`L`$ the Lie algebra associated with $`N`$. Then the number

$$m(L)=\mathrm{min}\{k|p^kL[L,L]_L\}$$

is finite and for any $`wIrr(L)`$ we have $`o(w)|L:\mathrm{Rad}(w)|p^{m(L)}`$.

###### Proof.

The finiteness of $`m(L)`$ follows from the perfectness of $`L`$.

Since $`p^{m(L)}L[L,L]_L`$, $`|L:\mathrm{Rad}(w)|p^{m(L)}L[L,\mathrm{Rad}(w)]_L`$. Hence

$$w(|L:\mathrm{Rad}(w)|p^{m(L)}L)=1,$$

and so $`|L:\mathrm{Rad}(w)|p^{m(L)}o(w)`$. ∎

###### Corollary 4.7.

Let $`(a,z)W`$. Then

$$|p^{m(L)}\alpha (a,z)||z|.$$

###### Proof.

Note that if $`w=\mathrm{\Phi }_z(a)`$, then $`|z|=o(w)^1`$. ∎

###### Theorem 4.8.

Let $`N`$ be a perfect uniform pro-$`p`$ group. Then $`\zeta _N^{ch}(s)`$ is a rational function in $`p^s`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`L`$ be the Lie algebra associated with $`N`$ and $`n`$ the $`_p`$-rank of $`L`$. First note that if $`(a,z)W`$ and $`w=\mathrm{\Phi }_z(a)`$, then $`|z|=o(w)^1`$. Hence

$$\mu (\{(a,z)W|\mathrm{\Phi }_z(a)=w\}=(p1)p^1o(w)^{(n+1)}.$$

Therefore

$`\zeta (s)1={\displaystyle \underset{1_LwIrr(L)}{}}|L:Rad(w)|^s=`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{1_Lw\mathrm{Irr}(L)}{}}{\displaystyle _{(a,t)W,\mathrm{\Phi }_z(a)=w}}{\displaystyle \frac{p(p1)^1}{|z|^{(n+1)}}}|L:Rad(\mathrm{\Phi }_z(a)|^sdadz=`$
$`p(p1)^1{\displaystyle _W}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{|z|^{(n+1)}}}|L:Rad(\mathrm{\Phi }_z(a)|^sdadz=`$
$`p(p1)^1{\displaystyle _W}|z|^{(n+1)}|\alpha (a,z)|^s𝑑a𝑑z.`$
By Corollary 4.7 we have that if $`(a,z)W`$, then

$`|z|^1=|z|^1|p^{m(L)}\alpha (a,z)||p^{m(L)}\alpha (a,z)|^1=`$
$`|D(p^{m(L)}\alpha (a,z),z)||p^{m(L)}\alpha (a,z)|^1.`$
Therefore we have:

$`{\displaystyle _W}|z|^{(n+1)}|\alpha (a,z)|^s𝑑a𝑑z=`$
$`p^{m(L)(n+1)}({\displaystyle _W}|D(p^{m(L)}\alpha (a,z),z)|^{n+1}|\alpha (a,z)|^{sn1}𝑑a𝑑z)`$
Now from Theorem 3.1 we obtain that the last integral is a rational function in $`p^s`$, whence $`\zeta (s)`$ is a rational function in $`p^s`$. Note that since $`\zeta (s)=a_ip^{2is}`$, we have that $`\zeta (s)`$ is a rational function in $`p^{2s}`$. We conclude from the last paragraph of Section 2 that $`\zeta _N^{ch}(s)`$ is a rational function in $`p^s`$. ∎

Let $`N`$ be a perfect uniform pro-$`p`$ group, $`gN`$ and let $`\mu _i`$ be the sum of all irreducible characters of $`N`$ of degree $`p^i`$. Then

$$\underset{\lambda Irr(G)}{}\lambda (g)|\lambda (1)|^s=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\mu _i(g)p^{si}.$$

Therefore the following theorem implies Theorem 1.2.

###### Theorem 4.9.

Let $`N`$ be a 1-uniform (uniform) pro-$`p`$ group if $`p5`$ and $`2`$-uniform pro-$`p`$ group if $`p=3`$. Then for any $`gN`$,

$$\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\mu _i(g)p^{si}$$

is a rational function in $`p^s`$.

###### Proof.

By Theorem 2.1,

$$\mu _i=\underset{|\mathrm{\Omega }|=p^{2i}}{}\mathrm{\Phi }_\mathrm{\Omega }=p^i\underset{w\mathrm{Irr}(L),|L:\mathrm{Rad}(w)|=p^{2i}}{}w.$$

Hence

$$\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\mu _i(g)p^{si}=\underset{w\mathrm{Irr}(L)}{}w(g)|L:\mathrm{Rad}(w)|^{(s+2)/2}.$$

Let $`\theta _m`$ be a $`p^m`$th primitive root of 1. If the order of $`w`$ is equal to $`p^mp`$, then

$$\underset{\sigma \text{Gal}((\theta _m)/)}{}w^\sigma (g)=\{\begin{array}{ccc}(p1)p^{m1}\hfill & \text{ if }\hfill & g\mathrm{Ker}w\hfill \\ p^{m1}\hfill & \text{ if }\hfill & o(w(g))=p\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{ if }\hfill & o(w(g))>p.\hfill \end{array}$$

Therefore we have

$$\begin{array}{ccc}_{i=0}^{\mathrm{}}\mu _i(g)p^{si}\hfill & =\hfill & _{w\mathrm{Irr}(L),o(w(g))=1}|L:\mathrm{Rad}(w)|^{(s+2)/2}\hfill \\ & & \frac{1}{p1}_{w\mathrm{Irr}(L),o(w(g))=p}|L:\mathrm{Rad}(w)|^{(s+2)/2}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Now, note that the sets $`W_1=\{(a,z)W|a(g)0(modz)\}`$ and $`W_2=\{(a,z)W|pa(g)0(modz)\}`$ are definable. Following the proof of the previous theorem, we obtain that

$$\underset{w\mathrm{Irr}(L),o(w(g))=1}{}|L:\mathrm{Rad}(w)|^s1=p(p1)^1_{W_1}|z|^{(n+1)}|\alpha (a,z)|^sdadz,$$

and

$$\underset{w\mathrm{Irr}(L),o(w(g))=p}{}|L:\mathrm{Rad}(w)|^s=p(p1)^1_{W_2W_1}|z|^{(n+1)}|\alpha (a,z)|^sdadz.$$

Hence, as in the previous theorem, we conclude that $`_{i=0}^{\mathrm{}}\mu _i(g)p^{si}`$ is a rational function in $`p^s`$. ∎

## 5 Character triples

Let $`G`$ be a group, $`N`$ a normal subgroup of $`G`$ of finite index and $`\theta Irr(N)`$ $`G`$-invariant irreducible character of $`N`$. Under these hypotheses we say that $`(G,N,\theta )`$ is a character triple. We refer the reader to \[6, Section 11\] for general discussion on character triples. The main idea consist in replacing $`(G,N,\theta )`$ by another character triple $`(\mathrm{\Gamma },A,\lambda )`$ in which $`\mathrm{\Gamma }/AG/N`$ and $`\lambda `$ is linear. Moreover, the character theory of extensions of $`\lambda `$ on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`\theta `$ on $`G`$ is the same. (The next definition explains what this means exactly.) For instance, we will have that $`\lambda ^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`\theta ^G`$ have the same numbers of irreducible constituents with the same ramifications.

###### Definition 5.1.

Let $`(G,N,\theta )`$ and $`(H,M,\varphi )`$ be character triples and $`\tau :H/MG/N`$ be an isomorphism. For $`MTH`$, let $`T^\tau `$ denote the inverse image in $`G`$ of $`\tau (T/M)`$. For every such $`T`$, suppose there exists a map $`\delta _T:\mathrm{Ch}(T|\theta )\mathrm{Ch}(T^\tau |\varphi )`$ such that the following conditions hold for $`T`$, $`K`$ with $`MKTH`$ and $`\chi ,\psi \mathrm{Ch}(T|\theta )`$.

1. $`\delta _T(\chi +\psi )=\delta _T(\chi )+\delta _T(\psi )`$;
2. $`\chi ,\psi =\delta _T(\chi ),\delta _T(\psi )`$;
3. $`\delta _K(\chi _K)=(\delta _T(\chi )_{K^\tau })`$;
4. $`\delta _T(\chi \beta )=\delta _T(\chi )\beta ^\tau `$ for $`\beta Irr(T/M)`$.

Let $`\delta `$ denote the union of the maps $`\delta _T`$. Then $`(\tau ,\delta )`$ is an isomorphism from $`(G,N,\theta )`$ to $`(H,M,\varphi )`$.

Now, let $`p>2`$ and $`G`$ be a $`p`$-adic analytic pro-$`p`$ group. We know that $`G`$ has a $`2`$-uniform subgroup $`N`$ of finite index. Let $`L`$ be the Lie algebra associated with $`N`$. Let $`\chi `$ be an irreducible character of $`N`$. Then, from Theorem 2.1, it follows that there exists a $`G`$-orbit $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ in $`\mathrm{Irr}(L)`$, such that $`\chi =\mathrm{\Phi }_\mathrm{\Omega }`$. Let $`w\mathrm{\Omega }`$. By \[6, Theorem 6.11\], in order to understand the character theory of extensions of $`\chi `$ on $`G`$ we should investigate the character theory of extensions of $`\chi `$ on $`I=I_G(\chi )=\{gG|\chi ^g=\chi \}`$. This problem is solved in the next theorem.

###### Theorem 5.2.

Let $`G`$, $`N`$, $`I`$, $`L`$, $`\chi `$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`w`$ as before. Then $`w_{\mathrm{St}_N(w)}\mathrm{Irr}(\mathrm{St}_N(w))`$ and $`(I,N,\chi )`$ is isomorphic to $`(\mathrm{St}_G(w),\mathrm{St}_N(w),w_{\mathrm{St}_N(w)})`$.

This result is practically Proposition 1.2 from . But, since we use a different notation, we present a sketch of the proof.

###### Proof.

First, by \[5, Lemma 1.4\], there exists a subgroup $`A`$ of $`N`$ such that

1. A is a uniform pro-$`p`$ group and so it is also a Lie subalgebra of $`L`$;
2. $`B_w(A,A)=1`$ and $`A`$ is maximal with this property;
3. $`w_A`$ is also a groups character of $`A`$ respect multiplication and $`\chi =(w_A)^N`$;
4. $`A`$ is $`\mathrm{St}_G(w)`$-invariant.

Put $`S=\mathrm{St}_G(w)A`$. Then we have that $`I=SN`$ and $`A=SN`$. Note that $`w_A`$ is $`S`$-invariant. First, we will see that $`(I,N,\chi )`$ and $`(S,A,w_A)`$ are isomorphic.

Let $`\tau `$ be the natural isomorphism between $`S/A=S/(SN)`$ and $`I/N=SN/N`$, $`T`$ a subgroup of $`S`$, which contains $`A`$, and $`T^\tau `$ the inverse image in $`I`$ of $`\tau (T/A)`$. Hence $`T^\tau =TN`$. Define $`\delta _T:\mathrm{Ch}(T|w_A)\mathrm{Ch}(T^\tau |\chi )`$ by means of

$$\delta _T(\alpha )=\alpha ^{T^\tau },\alpha \mathrm{Ch}(T|w_A).$$

Since $`w_A^N=\chi `$ and $`N`$ fixes $`\chi `$, $`\delta _T`$ sends $`Ch(T|w_A)`$ to $`Ch(T^\tau |\chi )`$.

We have to check four properties of Definition 5.1. The fist one is clear. In order to prove the second one, observe that

$$(w_A)^{T^\tau }=((w_A)^N)^{T^\tau }=\chi ^{T^\tau }.$$

In particular,

$$<(w_A)^{T^\tau },(w_A)^{T^\tau }>=<\chi ^{T^\tau },\chi ^{T^\tau }>=<\chi ,(\chi ^{T^\tau })_N>=|T^\tau /N|.$$

On the other hand,

$$(w_A)^{T^\tau }=((w_A)^T)^{T^\tau }=(\underset{\lambda \mathrm{Irr}(T|w_A)}{}\lambda (1)\lambda )^{T^\tau }=\underset{\lambda \mathrm{Irr}(T|w_A)}{}\lambda (1)\lambda ^{T^\tau }.$$

Hence we have

$$\begin{array}{ccc}|T^\tau /N|\hfill & =\hfill & <(w_A)^{T^\tau },(w_A)^{T^\tau }>=_{\lambda ,\mu \mathrm{Irr}(T|w_A)}\lambda (1)\mu (1)<\lambda ^{T^\tau },\mu ^{T^\tau }>\hfill \\ & & _{\lambda \mathrm{Irr}(T|w_A)}\lambda (1)^2=|T/A|=|T^\tau /N|.\hfill \end{array}$$

This implies that

$$<\lambda ^{T^\tau },\mu ^{T^\tau }>=\{\begin{array}{ccc}1\hfill & \text{if}\hfill & \lambda =\mu \hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if}\hfill & \lambda \mu \hfill \end{array}$$

But this is exactly the second condition.

The third property is a direct consequence of \[6, Problem 5.2\] and the forth one can be obtained from \[6, Problem 5.3\], bearing in mind that $`\beta _T^\tau =\beta `$.

Now we will see that $`(S,A,w_A)`$ and $`(\mathrm{St}_G(w),\mathrm{St}_N(w),w_{\mathrm{St}_N(w)})`$ are isomorphic. Since $`\mathrm{St}_N(w)=\mathrm{St}_G(w)A`$ we have that $`S/A`$ and $`\mathrm{St}_G(w)/\mathrm{St}_N(w)`$ are isomorphic. Let $`\tau `$ be the natural isomorphism between $`S/A`$ and $`\mathrm{St}_G(w)/\mathrm{St}_N(w)`$, $`T`$ a subgroup of $`S`$, which contains $`A`$, and $`T^\tau `$ the inverse image in $`I`$ of $`\tau (T/A)`$. Hence $`T^\tau =T\mathrm{St}_G(w)`$. Define $`\delta _T:\mathrm{Ch}(T|w_A)\mathrm{Ch}(T^\tau |w_{\mathrm{St}_G(w)})`$ by means of

$$\delta _T(\alpha )=\alpha _{T^\tau },\alpha \mathrm{Ch}(T|w_A).$$

We left to the reader to check that this map is an isomorphism of triples. ∎

Let $`Q`$ be a finite group and $`F`$ be a free group on $`|Q|`$ variables (so $`F`$ is generated by $`x_q`$, $`qQ`$). Define an homomorphism $`\varphi :FQ`$ by means of $`\varphi (x_q)=q`$. Let $`H`$ be the kernel of this homomorphism. Put $`\overline{F}=F/[H,F]`$ and $`\overline{H}=H/[H,F]`$. Then $`\overline{H}`$ is an abelian group of finite rank. Hence we can write $`\overline{H}=AB`$ where $`A`$ is torsion-free and $`B`$ is a torsion group. Let $`\beta `$ and $`\alpha `$ be $`F`$-invariant linear characters of $`H`$. Since they are $`F`$-invariant, we can see $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ as characters of $`\overline{H}`$. We will need the following criterion.

###### Lemma 5.3.

With the previous notation suppose that for every $`bB[\overline{F},\overline{F}]`$ the orders of $`\alpha (b)`$ and $`\beta (b)`$ are same. Then the triples $`(F,H,\alpha )`$ and $`(F,H,\beta )`$ are isomorphic.

###### Proof.

We split the proof in a number of steps.

Step 1.  Let $`\gamma `$ be a linear character of $`\overline{H}`$ which is trivial on $`B[\overline{F},\overline{F}]`$. Then there a character $`\tau `$ of $`F`$ such that $`\tau _H=\gamma `$.

Note that the comutator of $`\overline{F}`$ is finite, so $`[\overline{F},\overline{F}]\overline{H}=B[\overline{F},\overline{F}]`$. Hence $`\gamma `$ is also trivial on $`[\overline{F},\overline{F}]\overline{H}`$. Therefore we can see $`\gamma `$ as a character of $`C=\overline{H}/([\overline{F},\overline{F}]\overline{H})`$. But $`C`$ can be seen as a subgroup of $`\overline{F}/[\overline{F},\overline{F}]`$ and so we can extend $`\gamma `$ on $`\overline{F}/[\overline{F},\overline{F}]`$.

Step 2.  Let $`\gamma `$ be a linear character of $`\overline{H}`$ which is trivial on $`B[\overline{F},\overline{F}]`$. Then $`(F,H,\alpha )`$ and $`(F,H,\alpha \gamma )`$ are isomorphic.

We will indicate the isomorphism. By the previous step there exists $`\tau \mathrm{Irr}(F)`$ which extends $`\gamma `$. Let $`T`$ be a subgroup of $`F`$ which contains $`H`$ and $`\chi `$ a character of $`T`$ lying over $`\alpha `$. We put $`\delta _T(\chi )=\chi \tau _T`$. It is not difficult to see that it is really isomorphism of triples.

Step 3.  Final step.

The conditions of lemma imply that $`\alpha _{B[\overline{F},\overline{F}]}`$ and $`\beta _{B[\overline{F},\overline{F}]}`$ are conjugated by an element $`\sigma `$ of the Galois group of $``$. Hence $`\alpha =\beta ^\sigma \gamma `$, where $`\gamma `$ is a linear character of $`\overline{H}`$ which is trivial on $`B[\overline{F},\overline{F}]`$.

By the previous step, $`(F,H,\alpha )`$ and $`(F,H,\beta ^\sigma )`$ are isomorphic. On the other hand, $`(F,H,\beta )`$ and $`(F,H,\beta ^\sigma )`$ are also isomorphic. ∎

Now let $`\{s_i=s_i(x_q|qQ)\}[F,F],`$ be a finite set of elements of $`F`$ such that $`B[\overline{F},\overline{F}]=\{s_i[H,F]\}`$. We denote by $`S_Q`$ the set $`\{s_i\}`$.

Now, let $`NG\stackrel{\mathit{\varphi }}{}Q`$ be an extension of $`Q`$, i.e. $`\varphi `$ is a surjective homomorphism with kernel $`N`$. Let $`\{t_q|q\}`$ be a transversal for $`N`$ in $`G`$, such that $`\varphi (t_q)=q`$. Let $`\alpha `$ be a $`G`$-invariant linear character of $`N`$. Define a vector

$$S_Q(G,N,\varphi ,\alpha )=(o(\alpha (s_1(t_q|q))),\mathrm{},o(\alpha (s_k(t_q|q)))),$$

where $`k=|S_Q|`$ and $`o(r)`$ means the order of $`r`$.

###### Corollary 5.4.

1. The vector $`S_Q(G,N,\varphi ,\alpha )`$ does not depend on the choice of transversal for $`N`$ in $`G`$.
2. There exists only finite number of posilibilities for $`S_Q(G,N,\varphi ,\alpha )`$.
3. If $`N_1G_1\stackrel{\varphi _1}{}Q_1`$ and $`N_2G_2\stackrel{\varphi _2}{}Q_2`$ are two extensions of $`Q`$, $`\alpha _i`$ is a $`G_i`$-invariant linear character of $`N_i`$ for $`i=1,2`$ and $`S_Q(G_1,N_1,\varphi _1,\alpha _1)=S_Q(G_2,N_2,\varphi _2,\alpha _2)`$, then $`(G_1,N_1,\alpha _1)`$ and $`(G_2,N_2,\alpha _2)`$ are isomorphic.

## 6 The general case

Throughout of this section we suppose that $`p>2`$ and $`G`$ be a $`p`$-adic analytic pro-$`p`$. We can find an open normal 2-uniform subgroup $`N`$ of $`G`$. Let $`L`$ be the Lie algebra associated with $`N`$. Since $`G`$ acts on $`L`$, $`G`$ also acts on $`L^{}`$. We will use the notation of Section 4. Let $`\{e_1,\mathrm{},e_n\}`$ be a basis of $`L`$ and $`\{f_1,\mathrm{},f_n\}`$ a basis of $`L^{}`$. So, any element $`a`$ from $`L`$ or $`L^{}`$ is identified with a vector $`(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)`$ from $`_p^n`$.

For any subgroup $`NKG`$, define the following set

$$\mathrm{Irr}(L)_K=\{w\mathrm{Irr}(L)|N\mathrm{St}_G(w)=K\}.$$

###### Lemma 6.1.

$`W_K=\{(a,z)W|\mathrm{\Phi }_z(a)\mathrm{Irr}(L)_K`$ is a definable set.

###### Proof.

Fix a right transversal $`(t_i|i=1,\mathrm{},m)`$ for $`N`$ in $`G`$ and suppose that $`K=_{i=1}^st_iN`$.

Note that $`g_i(a)=a^{t_i}`$, $`aL^{}`$ is a linear function of $`a`$ and $`f(a,g)=a^g`$, $`aL^{},gL`$ is an analytic function of $`(a,g)`$. Define a formula $`F_i`$ in the language $`\mathrm{L}_\mathrm{D}^{\mathrm{an}}`$ in the following way.

$$F_i:=gg_i(a)f(a,g)(modz).$$

Hence $`W_K`$ is equal to the following definable set

$$\{(a,z)W|F_1(a,z)\&\mathrm{}\&F_s(a,z)\&\neg F_{s+1}(a,z)\&\mathrm{}\&\neg F_m(z,a)\text{ is true in }_p\}.$$

Now, fix a subgroup $`K`$, satisfying $`NKG`$, and put $`Q=K/N`$. Let $`S_Q=\{s_j\}`$ be as in the previous section. For any $`w\mathrm{Irr}(L)_K`$ define $`V(w)`$ as follows.

Fix a right transversal $`(y_q|qQ)`$ for $`N`$ in $`K`$, such that $`q=y_qN`$. Since $`(a,z)K`$, we have $`(\mathrm{St}_G(w),\mathrm{St}_N(w),\varphi )`$ is an extension of $`Q`$, where $`\varphi (s)=q`$ if $`sN=y_qN`$ for $`s\mathrm{St}_G(w)`$. Put

$$V(w)=S_Q(\mathrm{St}_G(w),\mathrm{St}_N(w),\varphi ,w_{\mathrm{St}_N(w)}).$$

From Corollary 5.4 we know that $`V(w)`$ takes a finite number of values. Let $`v`$ be a such value. We put

$$\mathrm{Irr}(L)_{K,v}=\{wIrr(L)_K|V(w)=v\}.$$

###### Lemma 6.2.

The set $`W_{K,v}=\{(a,z)W_K|\mathrm{\Phi }_z(a))\mathrm{Irr}(L)_{K,v}\}`$ is definable.

###### Proof.

Note that $`a(s_i(y_qa_q|qQ))`$ is an analytic map from $`L^{}\times L^{|Q|}`$ to $`_p`$ and for any $`qQ`$, the function $`g_q(a)=a^{t_q}`$, $`aL^{}`$ is a linear function of $`a`$. Also the function $`f(a,g)=a^g`$, $`aL^{},gL`$ is an analytic function of $`(a,g)`$. Define the following formula $`G_{K,v}`$ in $`\mathrm{L}_\mathrm{D}^{\mathrm{an}}`$:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}G_{K,v}:\hfill & =\hfill & (n_q|qQ)qQg_q(a)f(a,n_q)(modz)\&\hfill \\ & & (j(a(s_j(y_qn_q))0(modz)\&v=1)\hfill \\ & & (a(s_j(y_qn_q))v0(modz)\&a(s_j(y_qn_q))v0(modpz))).\hfill \end{array}$$

In the first row of the formula we find a transversal $`(y_qn_q|qQ)`$ for $`\mathrm{St}_N(\mathrm{\Phi }_z(a))`$ in $`\mathrm{St}_G(\mathrm{\Phi }_z(a))`$ and in the second and third we check the condition $`V(a,z)=v`$. Hence we have $`W_{K,v}=\{(a,z)W_K|G_{K,v}(a,z)\text{ is true in }_p\}`$. Hence $`W_{K,v}`$ is definable. ∎

Now, we are ready to prove the following theorem.

###### Theorem 6.3.

Let $`p>2`$ and $`G`$ be a $`p`$-adic analytic perfect pro-$`p`$ group. Then $`\zeta _G^{ch}(s)`$ is a rational function in $`p^s`$.

###### Proof.

We conserve the previous notation. For any $`NKG`$ we define

$$\zeta _{G,K}^{ch}(s)=\underset{\lambda \mathrm{Irr}(G|\chi ),\chi \mathrm{Irr}(N),I_G(\chi )=K}{}|\lambda (1)|^s.$$

Note that if $`\lambda \mathrm{Irr}(G|\chi ),\chi \mathrm{Irr}(N)`$ and $`I_G(\chi )=K`$ then $`\lambda `$ lies over $`|G/K|`$ irreducible characters of $`N`$. Hence we have

$$\zeta _G^{ch}(s)=\underset{NKG}{}\frac{1}{|G:K|}\zeta _{G,K}^{ch}(s).$$

So, we should prove the rationality of $`\zeta _{G,K}^{ch}(s)`$ for each $`K`$. Note that

$$\zeta _{G,K}^{ch}(s)=|G/K|^s\underset{\chi \mathrm{Irr}(N),I_G(\chi )=K}{}f_\chi |\chi (1)|^s,$$
(6.1)
where $`f_\chi =_{\lambda \mathrm{Irr}(K|\chi )}\left|\frac{\lambda (1)}{\chi (1)}\right|^s`$.

Consider an arbitrary character $`\chi \mathrm{Irr}(N)`$ such that $`I_G(\chi )=K`$. Then, from Theorem 2.1, it follows that there exists a $`G`$-orbit $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ in $`\mathrm{Irr}(L)`$, such that $`\chi =\mathrm{\Phi }_\mathrm{\Omega }`$. Let $`w\mathrm{\Omega }`$. Since $`I_G(\chi )=K`$, we have $`w\mathrm{Irr}(L)_K`$. By Theorem 5.2, $`(K,N,\chi )`$ is isomorphic to $`(\mathrm{St}_G(w),\mathrm{St}_N(w),w_{\mathrm{St}_N(w)})`$. Hence

$$f_\chi =\underset{\lambda \mathrm{Irr}(\mathrm{St}_G(w)|w_{\mathrm{St}_N(w)})}{}|\lambda (1)|^s.$$

For $`w\mathrm{Irr}(L)`$ define $`f_w=_{\lambda \mathrm{Irr}(\mathrm{St}_G(w)|w_{\mathrm{St}_N(w)})}|\lambda (1)|^s`$. Then the equality (6.1) can be rewritten as

$$\zeta _{G,K}^{ch}(s)=|G/K|^s\underset{w\mathrm{Irr}(L)_K,}{}f_w|L:\mathrm{Rad}(w)|^{(s2)/2}.$$

Now, note that if $`w_1,w_2\mathrm{Irr}(L)_{K,v}`$ then, by Corollary 5.4, $`(\mathrm{St}_G(w_1),\mathrm{St}_N(w_1),(w_1)_{\mathrm{St}_N(w_1)})`$ and $`(\mathrm{St}_G(w_2),\mathrm{St}_N(w_2),(w_2)_{\mathrm{St}_N(w_2)})`$ are isomorphic and, in particular, $`f_{w_1}=f_{w_2}`$. Hence in order to prove the rationality of $`\zeta _{G,K}^{ch}(s)`$ it is enough to prove that $`_{w\mathrm{Irr}(L)_{K,v}}|L:\mathrm{Rad}(w)|^s`$ is a rational function in $`p^{2s}`$.

We do it in the same way as we proved Theorem 4.8, because we have that

$$\underset{w\mathrm{Irr}(L)_{K,v}}{}|L:\mathrm{Rad}(w)|^s=p(p1)^1_{W_{K,v}}|z|^{(n+1)}|\alpha (a,z)|^sdadz.$$

The last integral we can transform to a definable integral using the argument of the proof of Theorem 4.8, because $`W_{K,v}`$ is a definable set by Lemma 6.2. ∎


text:
# Revised Phase Diagram of the Gross-Neveu Model

## I Introduction

The simplest variant of the Gross-Neveu (GN) model is a 1+1 dimensional relativistic field theory with $`N`$ species of fermions interacting via a quartic self-interaction R1 ,

$$=\overline{\psi }\mathrm{i}\gamma ^\mu _\mu \psi +\frac{1}{2}g^2(\overline{\psi }\psi )^2,$$
(1)
where we suppress the flavour indices ($`\overline{\psi }\psi _i\overline{\psi }_i\psi _i`$ etc.). This model possesses a discrete chiral symmetry ($`\psi \gamma ^5\psi `$) which forbids a bare mass term. In the large $`N`$ limit, it can be solved exactly. It exhibits a surprisingly large number of phenomena of interest to nuclear and particle physics (for a recent review, see Ref. R2 ). Asymptotic freedom, dimensional transmutation, spontaneous breakdown of chiral symmetry, dynamical mass generation, quark-antiquark and multiquark bound states are its most prominent features. Moreover, the GN model is believed to have a non-trivial phase diagram. The discrete chiral symmetry gets restored at high temperatures and/or densities. According to common lore, a critical line which separates the chirally symmetric phase (massless fermions) from the broken phase (massive fermions) comprises both first and second order lines separated by a tricritical point R3 . Models for which one can construct the renormalized phase diagram analytically are extremely scarce and worth studying on theoretical grounds, even if they are far from being realistic. In the present case it is essential to define the model by letting $`N\mathrm{}`$ before taking the thermodynamic limit. In this way one can avoid conflict with no-go theorems characteristic for low dimensional systems R3a ; R3b . In particular, spontaneous breaking of continuous symmetries becomes viable in 1+1 dimensions R4 . In spite of all the obvious reservations we feel that one can learn more about relativistic matter from Eq. (1) than one had any right to hope on the basis of such an incredibly simple model.

Given the large number of papers dealing with the GN model, one may wonder whether there are any open questions left. This is actually the case. In the present work, we shall reconsider the model at finite temperature and chemical potential. As we have pointed out recently, the alleged phase diagram of the GN model is likely to be flawed R2 . It does not do justice to the role played by baryons in the structure of baryonic matter through effects which are not $`1/N`$ suppressed. Formally, the problem with previous investigations lies in the tacit assumption of unbroken translational invariance. The condensate $`\overline{\psi }\psi `$ then gives rise merely to an $`x`$-independent mass term. Following similar studies of the GN model with continuous chiral symmetry R5 ; R5a , we have found evidence for a crystal phase with lower energy than the standard massive Fermi gas at zero temperature — a kind of kink-antikink crystal R6 . This result was based on a variational calculation using a specific ansatz. In the present work, we report on a complete Hartree-Fock calculation at finite $`T`$ and $`\mu `$. This enables us to round off our series of investigations by presenting the revised phase diagram of the discrete chiral GN model in “full glory”. The basic theoretical tool we have employed here is the relativistic Hartree-Fock method, appropriate for the leading order term of the large $`N`$ expansion. The same method has been used in Refs. R6a , R5  and R6  to which we refer the reader for further background material.

This paper is organized as follows: In Sect. II, we explain how we have solved the Dirac-Hartree-Fock equation using a combination of numerical and analytical methods. Sect. III is dedicated to cold baryonic matter ($`T=0`$). In Sect. IV, we collect the necessary formulae for finite temperature and chemical potential calculations. Sect. V contains the main result of this work, namely the revised phase diagram of the GN model. In Sect. VI, we summarize our findings, compare them with the continuous chiral GN model and put them into perspective.

## II Spectrum of the single particle Dirac Hamiltonian

We first discuss how to solve the Dirac-Hartree-Fock equation. In the GN model with $`(\overline{\psi }\psi )^2`$-interaction, a mean field approach can only generate a (local) Lorentz scalar potential. Therefore we have to diagonalize a single particle Dirac Hamiltonian of the generic form

$$H=H_0+V=\gamma ^5\frac{1}{\mathrm{i}}\frac{}{x}+\gamma ^0S(x).$$
(2)
We choose the following representation of the $`\gamma `$-matrices,

$$\gamma ^0=\sigma _1,\gamma ^1=\mathrm{i}\sigma _3,\gamma ^5=\sigma _2.$$
(3)
For spatially constant $`S(x)`$, $`H`$ reduces to a free, massive Dirac Hamiltonian and our task would be rather trivial. This would evidently lead back to the standard results for the GN model. Instead, we admit the possibility that translational invariance breaks down and allow for spatially periodic $`S(x)`$ with (yet to be determined) period $`a`$,

$$S(x+a)=S(x).$$
(4)
We first diagonalize the free Hamiltonian $`H_0`$. This step serves both to generate a basis for the full, numerical diagonalization of $`H`$ and as a starting point for perturbation theory. Enclosing the system in a box of length $`L=Na`$ and imposing antiperiodic boundary conditions, we find ($`\eta `$ denotes the sign of the energy)

$$H_0|\eta ,n=\eta |k_n||\eta ,n(\eta =\pm 1),$$
(5)
with the normalized spinor wave functions

$$x|\eta ,n=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2L}}\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ \mathrm{i}\eta \mathrm{sgn}(k_n)\end{array}\right)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}k_nx},k_n=\frac{2\pi }{L}(n+1/2).$$
(6)
Matrix elements of the potential $`V=\gamma ^0S(x)`$ in the unperturbed basis can be expressed via the Fourier components of $`S(x)`$

$$S(x)=\underset{\mathrm{}}{}S_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i2}\pi \mathrm{}x/a}(S_{\mathrm{}}=S_{\mathrm{}}^{})$$
(7)
as follows,

$$\eta ^{},n^{}|V|\eta ,n=\frac{\mathrm{i}}{2}\left[\eta \mathrm{sgn}(k_n)\eta ^{}\mathrm{sgn}(k_n^{})\right]\underset{\mathrm{}}{}\delta _{n^{}n,N\mathrm{}}S_{\mathrm{}}.$$
(8)
Eqs. (5) and (8) are all that is needed for the numerical diagonalization of $`H`$. Due to the spatial periodicity of $`S(x)`$, the Hamiltonian matrix assumes a block diagonal form (conservation of Bloch momentum). Further simplifications occur due to additional conservation laws for certain types of potential. Most of our calculations are based on the additional assumptions

$`S(x)`$ $`=`$ $`S(x),`$
$`S(x+a/2)`$ $`=`$ $`S(x).`$ (9)
Such a scalar potential consists of a regular succession of positive and negative bumps of identical, symmetric shape. For this choice, only odd $`\mathrm{}`$ appear, the $`S_{\mathrm{}}`$ are purely imaginary and the Hamiltonian matrix is real symmetric, cf. Eq. (8). In some cases, we have employed more general shapes of the potential which then lead to larger, complex matrices. It turns out though that the self-consistent Hartree-Fock potential belongs to the more restricted class of Eq. (9).

A characteristic difficulty of the relativistic approach is the fact that one has to determine the Dirac sea self-consistently, not just the valence levels. In observables like the energy density or the baryon density infinities are then unavoidable. They require regularization and renormalization and hence a certain amount of analytical work. Fortunately, due to asymptotic freedom of the GN model, fermion states with large momenta are only weakly affected by the mean field. Thus all UV-divergencies can be handled perturbatively. Perturbation theory has turned out to be very useful to the present study for other reasons as well. It provides more analytical insight into various aspects of the phase diagram, in particular the vicinity of the chirally restored phase where $`S(x)`$ is small. Therefore, we briefly outline how to apply perturbation theory to the Hamiltonian (2), restricting ourselves to potentials satisfying Eqs. (9).

Naive application of 2nd order perturbation theory in $`V`$ would yield the following energies,

$$E_{\eta ,n}\eta \mathrm{sgn}(k_n)\left(k_n+\underset{\mathrm{}}{}\frac{|S_{\mathrm{}}|^2}{2(k_nq_{\mathrm{}})}\right),$$
(10)
with

$$q_{\mathrm{}}=\frac{\pi \mathrm{}}{a}.$$
(11)
Eq. (10) displays simple poles which signal the breakdown of naive perturbation theory in the vicinity of the gaps. As is well known from solid state physics, this problem can be cured by resorting to “almost degenerate perturbation theory” (ADPT) in the region of the gaps R7 . More precisely, if $`S_{\mathrm{}}0`$ and we focus on the momentum region around $`q_{\mathrm{}}`$, we have to diagonalize $`H`$ exactly in two-dimensional subspaces of states whose momenta differ by a reciprocal lattice vector ($`2q_{\mathrm{}}`$) but who have similar energy. For $`\mathrm{}=0`$, these are states with opposite $`\eta `$ and the same (small) momentum $`k_n`$; for $`\mathrm{}0`$, states with the same $`\eta `$ but momenta $`k_n\pm q_{\mathrm{}}`$, where $`k_n`$ is again small. The result can be stated concisely as follows: Near $`q_{\mathrm{}}`$, replace the term which blows up in Eq. (10) as follows,

$$\frac{|S_{\mathrm{}}|^2}{2(k_nq_{\mathrm{}})}\mathrm{sgn}(k_nq_{\mathrm{}})\sqrt{(k_nq_{\mathrm{}})^2+|S_{\mathrm{}}|^2}(k_nq_{\mathrm{}}).$$
(12)
If one seeks a reasonable “global” approximation to the spectrum of $`H`$, one should apply Eq. (12) in the region between the midpoints of two gaps, i.e.,

$$k_nI_{\mathrm{}}=[\frac{q_{\mathrm{}}+q_\mathrm{}1}{2},\frac{q_{\mathrm{}+1}+q_{\mathrm{}}}{2}].$$
(13)
Hence the perturbative eigenvalues are best defined piecewise as

$`E_{\eta ,n}^{(\mathrm{})}`$ $``$ $`\eta \mathrm{sgn}(k_n)(q_{\mathrm{}}+\mathrm{sgn}(k_nq_{\mathrm{}})\sqrt{(k_nq_{\mathrm{}})^2+|S_{\mathrm{}}|^2}`$ (14)
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{j(\mathrm{})}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{|S_j|^2}{2(k_nq_j)}})(k_nI_{\mathrm{}}).`$
As is well known, perturbatively each $`S_{\mathrm{}}0`$ induces exactly one gap at $`k_nq_{\mathrm{}}`$ with width $`2|S_{\mathrm{}}|`$.

Our last remark concerns the standard solution of the GN model which corresponds in our notation to $`S_00`$ only. In this particular case, ADPT yields the exact spectrum, since the interaction only mixes the unperturbed states pairwise.

## III Baryonic matter at zero temperature

We first present our results for the ground state of the GN model at finite baryon density ($`T=0`$). We have to compute the Hartree-Fock energy density for a scalar potential $`S(x)`$,

$$\frac{_{\mathrm{HF}}}{N}=\frac{1}{L}\underset{\eta ,n}{\overset{\mathrm{occ}}{}}E_{\eta ,n}+\frac{1}{2Ng^2L}_0^LdxS^2(x).$$
(15)
For standard baryonic matter, the sum over occupied states includes all negative energy states (the Dirac sea) and as many positive energy states as required by the prescribed baryon density. Alternatively, one can consider “antimatter” where an appropriate number of negative energy states is unoccupied. We adopt here the latter, more economical way of evaluating the energy density. The 2nd term in Eq. (15) corrects for double counting of the interaction energy in the sum over single particle energies. Since the self-consistent potential must be of the form of a local, scalar potential in the GN model, it is sufficient to minimize the energy (15) with respect to $`S(x)`$ in order to find the full Hartree-Fock solution.

Eq. (15) is not yet in a form suitable for numerical calculations. The sum is badly UV divergent and the bare coupling constant appears in the 2nd term. Let us isolate the UV divergent terms in the sum as follows: The sum over negative energy states with short wavelengths is evaluated using perturbation theory. Provided we stay below the energy of the last gap, we can simply use Eq. (10),

$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{L}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=\overline{n}}{\overset{n_\mathrm{\Lambda }}{}}}E_{1,n}`$ $``$ $`2{\displaystyle _{\overline{k}}^\mathrm{\Lambda }}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}k}{2\pi }}\left(k+{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{|S_{\mathrm{}}|^2}{2(kq_{\mathrm{}})}}\right)`$ (16)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{k}^2\mathrm{\Lambda }^2}{2\pi }}+{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{|S_{\mathrm{}}|^2}{2\pi }}\mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{k}q_{\mathrm{}}}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}`$
($`\overline{k}=k_{\overline{n}}+\pi /L`$). The quadratic divergence is irrelevant and can be eliminated by subtraction. The logarithmic divergence is cancelled by a corresponding divergence in the double-counting correction as can be shown with the help of the gap equation at zero density R6a  (we choose units such that the vacuum fermion mass $`m_0`$ is equal to 1),

$$\frac{1}{Ng^2}=2_0^\mathrm{\Lambda }\frac{\mathrm{d}k}{2\pi }\frac{1}{\sqrt{k^2+1}}=\frac{1}{\pi }\mathrm{ln}(2\mathrm{\Lambda }).$$
(17)
The final expression for the regularized and renormalized ground state energy of a system with Fermi momentum labelled by $`n_\mathrm{F}`$ is then

$$\frac{_{\mathrm{HF}}}{N}=\frac{2}{L}\underset{n=n_\mathrm{F}}{\overset{\overline{n}}{}}E_{1,n}+\frac{\overline{k}^2}{2\pi }+\frac{1}{2\pi }\underset{\mathrm{}>0}{}|S_{\mathrm{}}|^2\mathrm{ln}\left[4(\overline{k}^2q_{\mathrm{}}^2)\right].$$
(18)
Before turning to the results, we briefly discuss two limiting cases where some analytical insight can be reached: The high density and the low density limit.

In the high density limit, perturbation theory becomes applicable by virtue of asymptotic freedom. The only self-consistent perturbative solution we could find is one where $`S_{\pm 1}0`$ only and all orbits below the first gap are filled ($`k_\mathrm{F}=q_1=\pi /a`$). Using Eq. (14) and the real variable

$$\stackrel{~}{S}_1=\mathrm{i}S_1,$$
(19)
the self-consistent potential reads

$$S(x)=2\stackrel{~}{S}_1\mathrm{sin}(2\pi x/a).$$
(20)
Performing the renormalization along the lines described above leaves us with

$$\frac{_{\mathrm{HF}}}{N}=\frac{k_\mathrm{F}^2}{2\pi }+\frac{\stackrel{~}{S}_1^2}{4\pi }\left[\mathrm{ln}(16k_\mathrm{F}^2\stackrel{~}{S}_1^2)1\right],$$
(21)
where the first term is the result for a free Fermi gas of massless quarks. Minimization with respect to $`\stackrel{~}{S}_1`$ yields the equation

$$\stackrel{~}{S}_1\mathrm{ln}(4k_f\stackrel{~}{S}_1)=0$$
(22)
with the two solutions

$$\stackrel{~}{S}_1=0,\frac{1}{4k_\mathrm{F}}.$$
(23)
The non-trivial solution is lower in energy by

$$\frac{_{\mathrm{HF}}}{N}\left(\frac{_{\mathrm{HF}}}{N}\right)_0=\frac{1}{64\pi k_\mathrm{F}^2}.$$
(24)
Evidently at $`T=0`$ the discrete chiral symmetry does not get restored at any finite density.

In the low density limit, $`S(x)`$ is expected to be given by well separated, equidistant kinks and antikinks. We therefore approximate $`S(x)`$ by $`\mathrm{tanh}x`$ for $`0<x<\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and 1 for $`\mathrm{\Delta }<x<a/4`$, then continue symmetrically. Evaluating the Fourier coefficients $`\stackrel{~}{S}_{\mathrm{}}`$ for such a potential, we obtain (in the limit $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}`$)

$$\stackrel{~}{S}_{\mathrm{}}=\frac{2k_\mathrm{F}}{\mathrm{sinh}(\pi \mathrm{}k_\mathrm{F})}.$$
(25)
The Fourier amplitudes satisfy some kind of scaling law, $`\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{S_{\mathrm{}}}`$ being a “universal function” of $`\mathrm{}k_\mathrm{F}`$. Roughly, $`\stackrel{~}{S}_{\mathrm{}}1/\mathrm{}`$ and the convergence of the Fourier expansion of $`S(x)`$ becomes quite slow.

We now turn to the numerical results at $`T=0`$. We have carried out the above sketched diagonalization procedure. The renormalized energy density was then minimized with respect to the period $`a`$ and the Fourier coefficients $`S_{\mathrm{}}`$ of the periodic scalar potential. We typically work in a box of length $`L=1000`$ (in units where the dynamical fermion mass in the vacuum is 1), taking into account Fourier components in Eq. (7) up to $`\mathrm{}=23`$ if necessary. As far as the period $`a`$ is concerned, we confirmed the results of Ref. R6 : The system invariably adjusts its period such that the Fermi surface coincides with the bottom of the first gap. This is of course reminiscent of the Overhauser effect in condensed matter physics R8  (for recent discussions in the context of QCD, see Refs. A0 ; A1 ; A2 ; A3 ). The spatially averaged baryon density per flavour is then given by

$$\frac{\rho }{N}=\frac{k_\mathrm{F}}{\pi }=\frac{1}{a}.$$
(26)
In Fig. (1) we plot the most important Fourier component ($`\stackrel{~}{S}_1`$) as a function of $`k_\mathrm{F}`$ and compare it with the two analytical limits discussed above. The numerically found Fourier component interpolates nicely between the low and high density limits, a good test of the diagonalization and minimization procedure. Inclusion of higher Fourier components ($`\mathrm{}=3,5,\mathrm{}`$) is necessary at lower densities. After minimization of the energy the corresponding $`S_{\mathrm{}}`$ are practically indistinguishable from the analytical result, Eq. (25), so that we refrain from showing any plot.

A representative selection of the self-consistent Hartree- Fock potentials $`S(x)`$ is shown in Fig. (2) for a range of densities. This figure illustrates how $`S(x)`$ interpolates between well separated kinks and antikinks ($`\mathrm{tanh}x`$) at low density and the perturbative potential ($`\mathrm{sin}2k_\mathrm{F}x`$) at high density.

The energy density obtained from our numerical calculation is displayed in Fig. (3). The dashed curve is an analytical approximation obtained by matching the asymptotic behaviour at large and small $`k_\mathrm{F}`$ as follows: For low density, we have widely separated baryons of mass $`2N/\pi `$, therefore

$$\frac{_{\mathrm{HF}}}{N}\frac{1}{4\pi }+\frac{2k_\mathrm{F}}{\pi ^2}(k_\mathrm{F}0).$$
(27)
At high density, perturbation theory predicts \[cf. Eqs. (21) and (24)\]

$$\frac{_{\mathrm{HF}}}{N}\frac{k_\mathrm{F}^2}{2\pi }\frac{1}{64\pi k_\mathrm{F}^2}(k_\mathrm{F}\mathrm{}).$$
(28)
The two expressions (27) and (28) have been matched at the point where they agree ($`k_\mathrm{F}=0.55537`$). This simple estimate seems to catch the essence of a lengthy numerical calculation amazingly well.

In Fig. (4), we show the energy difference between our solution and the standard solution of the GN model based on unbroken translational invariance (the dashed line is the perturbative prediction). The kink-antikink crystal is energetically favoured at all densities. Our results are of course also lower than the more restricted variational calculation of the kink-antikink crystal in Ref. R6 , the improvement being most significant at high densities. Finally, we can derive the baryon chemical potential from the slope of the curve in Fig. (3),

$$\mu =\frac{_{\mathrm{HF}}}{\rho }.$$
(29)
In Fig. (5) we have plotted $`\rho /N`$ vs. $`\mu `$. As expected on the basis of the low density limit, the curve starts at $`M_B/N=2/\pi `$. It then rises steeply and approaches an asymptote. The solid curve is the result of the conventional calculation which involves a Maxwell-type construction. Here, the density jumps discontinuously at $`\mu =1/\sqrt{2}`$ where a first order phase transition takes place. Our calculation is strongly in favour of a 2nd order phase transition at $`\mu =2/\pi `$ (or $`\rho =0`$). These results at $`T=0`$ already indicate that the commonly accepted phase diagram of the GN model is not tenable.

## IV Grand canonical potential

In this section, we collect the formulae needed for determining the phase diagram and computing thermodynamic observables in the grand canonical framework (see e.g. R9 ). Starting point for the full, non-perturbative calculation is the formal expression for the grand canonical potential density $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ ($`\beta =1/T`$),

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Psi }}{N}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\beta L}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{n_\mathrm{\Lambda }}{}}}\mathrm{ln}\left[\left(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_n\mu )}\right)\left(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_n+\mu )}\right)\right]`$ (30)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2Ng^2L}}{\displaystyle _0^L}dxS^2(x).`$
This quantity has to be minimized with respect to $`S(x)`$. From now on, single particle energies will be defined as positive energies, i.e., $`E_nE_{+1,n}`$. The sums over positive and negative energy states correspond to the two factors under the logarithm. The first term in Eq. (30) is easily recognized as the “effective potential” expected for independent fermions. The 2nd term is identical to the double counting correction at zero temperature. Eq. (30) is still symbolic due to UV divergencies and requires some modifications. We proceed exactly like in the $`T=0`$ case, dividing up the spectrum into two parts: For $`n=0\mathrm{}\overline{n}`$, the energies $`E_n`$ are obtained by diagonalization of the Dirac-Hartree-Fock Hamiltonian in a large but finite box. For $`n>\overline{n}`$ we use the perturbative single particle energies and replace the sum by an integral. Using the notation

$$\epsilon (k)=k+\underset{\mathrm{}>0}{}\frac{|S_{\mathrm{}}|^2}{2}\left(\frac{1}{kq_{\mathrm{}}}+\frac{1}{k+q_{\mathrm{}}}\right)$$
(31)
for the perturbative energies and $`\overline{k}`$ as defined after Eq. (16), we find

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Psi }}{N}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\beta L}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\overline{n}}{}}}\mathrm{ln}\left[\left(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_n\mu )}\right)\left(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_n+\mu )}\right)\right]`$ (32)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\beta }}{\displaystyle _{\overline{k}}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}k}{2\pi }}\mathrm{ln}\left[\left(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (\epsilon (k)\mu )}\right)\left(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (\epsilon (k)+\mu )}\right)\right]`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{k}^2}{2\pi }}+{\displaystyle \frac{\mu \overline{k}}{\pi }}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}>0}{}}|S_{\mathrm{}}|^2\mathrm{ln}\left[4(\overline{k}^2q_{\mathrm{}}^2)\right].`$
Note carefully the signs in the various exponents. They arise because one has to pull out the sum over single particle energies for $`k>\overline{k}`$ in order to perform the renormalization, cf. Sect. III. As usual we have dropped the irrelevant divergent terms

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }^2}{2\pi }\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }\mu }{\pi }.$$
(33)
The quadratically divergent term is already familiar from $`T=0`$, the linearly divergent term reflects the infinite baryon density of the Dirac sea. From Eq. (32), all other thermodynamic quantities (notably pressure $`P`$, baryon density $`\rho `$, entropy density $`s`$, and energy density $`u`$) follow in the standard way,

$`P`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Psi },\rho ={\displaystyle \frac{}{\mu }}\mathrm{\Psi },`$
$`s`$ $`=`$ $`\beta ^2{\displaystyle \frac{}{\beta }}\mathrm{\Psi },u=TsP+\mu \rho .`$ (34)
In the chirally restored phase ($`S(x)=0`$), everything can be trivially evaluated in closed form,

$`{\displaystyle \frac{P}{N}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{6}}T^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }},{\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{N}}={\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\pi }},`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{u}{N}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{6}}T^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{2\pi }}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }},{\displaystyle \frac{s}{N}}={\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{3}}T.`$ (35)
## V Revised phase diagram

According to common lore, the GN model has two phases R3 : A chirally broken phase with a dynamical fermion mass $`m0`$ at low ($`\mu ,T`$), and a chirally symmetric phase with massless fermions at high $`\mu `$ and/or $`T`$ (chiral symmetry referring to the discrete symmetry $`\psi \gamma ^5\psi `$). These two phases are supposedly separated by a 2nd order line going from ($`\mu =0,T=T_c`$) to ($`\mu =\mu _t,T=T_t`$) and a 1st order line from the latter point to ($`\mu =1/\sqrt{2},T=0`$). The critical temperature at zero chemical potential has the value $`T_c=\mathrm{e}^\mathrm{C}/\pi =0.56693`$, whereas the tricritical point is located at $`\mu _t=0.60822,T_t=0.31833`$. A mixed phase also appears which can be mapped out in other types of phase diagrams like the ($`u,\rho `$)- or ($`P,1/\rho `$)-plots, cf. Ref. R10 .

At variance with these results we have clearly identified three distinct phases in the ($`\mu ,T`$)-diagram. In addition to the two known ones there is a crystalline phase with broken chiral and translational symmetry. These three phases are all separated by 2nd order lines which meet in one point.

We first explain how we have obtained the boundary of the chirally restored phase. A 2nd order line separates the chirally restored phase from either the massive or the crystal phase, depending on $`\mu `$. Since the scalar potential vanishes continuously across this line, the line itself can be determined rigorously by using perturbation theory. We start from Eq. (30), add counter terms to the linearly and quadratically divergent pieces of Eq. (33) and take the limit $`L\mathrm{}`$, replacing the sum by an integral. Setting $`E(k)=k+\mathrm{\Delta }(k)`$ and linearizing in $`\mathrm{\Delta }(k)`$ yields

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Psi }}{N}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\beta }}{\displaystyle _0^\mathrm{\Lambda }}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}k}{2\pi }}\mathrm{ln}\left[(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (k\mu )})(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (k+\mu )})\right]`$ (36)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }^2}{2\pi }}+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }\mu }{\pi }}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}\mathrm{ln}(2\mathrm{\Lambda }){\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}|S_j|^2`$
$``$ $`2{\displaystyle _0^\mathrm{\Lambda }}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}k}{2\pi }}\mathrm{\Delta }(k){\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}\beta k}{\mathrm{cosh}\beta k+\mathrm{cosh}\beta \mu }}.`$
Let us now assume that translational symmetry is also broken spontaneously and that — just like in Sect. III at zero temperature — only $`S_{\pm 1}0`$. Using the results for ADPT of Sect. II, we find (with $`qq_1=\pi /a`$)

$`\mathrm{\Delta }(k)`$ $`=`$ $`qk+\mathrm{sgn}(kq)\sqrt{(kq)^2+|S_1|^2}+{\displaystyle \frac{|S_1|^2}{2(k+q)}}`$
$`\mathrm{for}k[{\displaystyle \frac{q}{2}},{\displaystyle \frac{3q}{2}}],`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }(k)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{|S_1|^2}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{kq}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{k+q}}\right)`$ (37)
$`\mathrm{for}0<k<q/2,k>3q/2.`$
We can actually expand the square root in $`|S_1|^2`$ provided we are careful about the treatment of the resulting pole in the integrand. One can easily convince oneself that one has to take the Cauchy principal value part (this being the only remnant of ADPT). Dropping those terms which do not depend on $`S_1`$ then yields

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Psi }}{N}}`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi }}|S_1|^2[\mathrm{ln}(2\mathrm{\Lambda }).`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle _0^\mathrm{\Lambda }}\mathrm{d}k\left({\displaystyle \frac{k}{k^2q^2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}\beta k}{\mathrm{cosh}\beta k+\mathrm{cosh}\beta \mu }}].`$
The phase boundary for the 2nd order transition under the constraint that $`q`$ (or $`a`$) has a given value is obtained from the condition that the r.h.s. of Eq. (V) vanishes. For each $`q`$ this defines a curve in the ($`T,\mu `$)-plane. After a rescaling of variables,

$$\kappa =\beta k,\mu ^{}=\beta \mu ,\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}=\beta \mathrm{\Lambda },q^{}=\beta q,$$
(39)
we can solve explicitly the condition that the coefficient of $`|S_1|^2`$ in Eq. (V) vanishes with the result

$$\beta _{\mathrm{crit}}(\mu ^{},q^{})=\underset{\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\mathrm{}}{lim}2\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\mathrm{exp}\mathrm{\Phi }(\mu ^{},q^{},\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}),$$
(40)
where

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(\mu ^{},q^{},\mathrm{\Lambda }^{})=_0^\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}d\kappa \left(\frac{\kappa }{(q^{})^2\kappa ^2}\right)\frac{\mathrm{sinh}\kappa }{\mathrm{cosh}\kappa +\mathrm{cosh}\mu ^{}}.$$
(41)
If we plot $`T_{\mathrm{crit}}=1/\beta _{\mathrm{crit}}(\mu ^{},q^{})`$ against $`\mu _{\mathrm{crit}}=\mu ^{}/\beta _{\mathrm{crit}}`$ for all possible values of $`q^{}`$, the envelope of the resulting family of curves represents the sought for phase boundary. Incidentally, since we allow $`q`$ to vary freely, we can also consider the limit $`q0`$ in which the period of the crystal becomes infinite. In this limit one recovers the results of the standard GN model solution which are usually derived by assuming $`S_00`$. Thus our method enables us to deal with the translationally broken and unbroken situation on the same footing.

In Fig. 6, we display a few representative curves obtained from Eq. (41). In particular the curve $`ABC`$ corresponds to $`q^{}=0`$. The section $`AB`$ coincides with the 2nd order line of the standard solution, $`B`$ being the tricritical point R3 . This part of the phase boundary survives if we relax the assumption of unbroken translational invariance.

The true phase boundary beyond the tricritical point can be generated as envelope of the curves shown in Fig. (6). For each $`\mu >\mu _t`$ there is one particular curve (labelled by $`q`$) which touches the envelope at this $`\mu `$-value. This allows us to define a function $`q(\mu )`$ which describes how the period of the crystal depends on the chemical potential along the phase boundary. This is of some interest since $`q=\pi /a`$ is an order parameter for the breakdown of translational invariance. In Fig. (7) we show the dependence of the order parameter $`q`$ on $`\mu `$ as one moves along the phase boundary. The solid line is the curve $`q=\mu `$ which is approached asymptotically by the full calculation. At $`\mu =\mu _t`$, the tricritical point of the old solution, we see a clear signal of a 2nd order phase transition with breakdown of translational invariance. The point $`B`$ in Fig. (6) is therefore also a multicritical point in the revised phase diagram. It plays a somewhat different role though. In fact, it has all the characteristics of a “Lifschitz point” in condensed matter theory R11 . This type of multicritical point has been discussed in the context of magnetic or liquid crystals which exhibit both periodic and homogeneous ordered phases. At the Lifschitz point the wave vector of the periodic structure vanishes continuously, just like in Fig. (7).

One can determine the envelope of the curves from Fig. (6) numerically and display it in the ($`T,\mu `$) diagram. The result is drawn in Fig. (8) up to $`\mu =1.5`$. For larger values of the chemical potential, it is possible to derive the form of the phase boundary analytically (see Appendix) with the result

$$T_{\mathrm{crit}}=\frac{\mathrm{e}^\mathrm{C}}{4\pi \mu }.$$
(42)
This curve does not intersect the $`T=0`$ axis, as expected on the basis of our $`T=0`$ results of Sect. III.

From Fig. (5) at $`T=0`$ and Fig. (7) along the perturbative phase boundary one would expect another 2nd order line joining the Lifschitz point ($`T_t,\mu _t`$) with the point ($`T=0,\mu =2/\pi `$). The scalar potential is constant to the left of this hypothetical line and periodic to the right, its period $`a`$ diverging as one approaches the line from the right. Since the amplitude is non-vanishing on both sides, we can no longer invoke perturbation theory. We have determined this phase boundary numerically by computing the value of the grand canonical potential under the constraint that there are 0,2,4 potential wells in the interval of length $`L`$. This is done along curves of constant $`T`$, varying $`\mu `$ in the relevant region. At the critical line, all three values of the potential should converge for sufficiently large $`L`$. Thereby, one can locate the value of $`\mu `$ where the instability with respect to breakdown of translational invariance (kink-antikink formation) sets in. For technical reasons, this particular calculation was done in a much smaller interval ($`L4080`$) but the results are stable with respect to increasing $`L`$ within the accuracy of our plot. The resulting critical line is also included in Fig. (8). The tricritical point of the old solution coincides with the point where all three phase boundaries meet. The dashed curve is the first order line of the old solution R3  which has now become obsolete. It has only been included to highlight in which way the phase diagram changes.

A perhaps physically more illuminating way of presenting the phase diagram is given in Fig. (9) where we have transformed our phase boundaries into the ($`T,\rho `$)-plane.

Here, the first order line of the old solution splits up into the two dashed lines which delimit the mixed phase region (droplets of chirally restored matter in the chirally broken vacuum). This should be replaced now by the two solid lines going downward from the former tricritical point and enclosing the crystal phase. In the new solution at $`T=0`$ the crystal phase is stable at all finite densities. If one increases the temperature at fixed density, the outcome depends on the value of $`\rho `$. For $`\rho >\rho _t=\mu _t/\pi `$, when crossing the new phase boundary one goes directly into the chirally- and translationally restored phase in a second order transition. For $`\rho <\rho _t`$, translational invariance is restored first. At some higher temperature the dynamical fermion mass vanishes and chiral symmetry gets restored as well.

Our results suggest that the phase transition between crystal and massive Fermi gas is also a 2nd order transition. Since the corresponding phase boundary has only been obtained numerically, we have computed various thermodynamic observables along isotherms in the ($`T,\mu `$)-plane to check whether they are indeed continuous. In the old solution, quantities like $`\rho ,s,u`$ are discontinuous across the first order line. By contrast, we see no discontinuity in any of these quantities within our numerical accuracy. This is illustrated by way of example in Fig. (10) for the entropy density $`s`$ as a function of $`\mu `$ (at $`T=0.1`$).

Whereas in the old solution the entropy exhibits a huge discontinuity and jumps to the chirally restored value of Eq. (35) at the first order phase transition, the crystal solution interpolates smoothly between the massive and massless Fermi gas. It shows no sign whatsoever of a latent heat. The corresponding curves for $`\rho `$ and $`u`$ also favour a second order transition. Since here the variation near the phase transition is more rapid and it is difficult to do accurate computations very close to the phase boundary, these other observables are less well suited for judging the order of the phase transition and will not be shown here.

Finally, we wish to point out that one can do more analytical work on the crystal phase in the asymptotic region of large $`\mu `$ and large $`\beta `$. As derived in the appendix, the relation between $`4\mu \stackrel{~}{S}_1`$ and $`4\mu T`$ in the crystal phase at large $`\mu `$ is the same as the one between $`m`$ and $`T`$ in the massive Fermi gas phase at $`\mu =0`$, see Fig. (11). We do not really understand the reason for this interesting kind of scaling behaviour. It may point to additional simplifying features which we have not yet fully exploited.

## VI Summary and perspective

Let us summarize our findings about the phase structure of the GN model and try to understand the essential underlying physics. Together with our earlier results for the GN model with continuous chiral symmetry R5  (or equivalently the “two-dimensional Nambu–Jona-Lasinio (NJL<sub>2</sub>) model”, we are now in a position to cover both variants of the model and compare their phase structure. So far, it has been assumed that the phase diagrams are the same for the discrete and continuous cases R10  and exhibit two phases: Massive and massless fermions. The only symmetry issue considered was the breakdown of chiral symmetry. The phase boundary in the ($`\mu ,T`$)-diagram had lines of first and second order transitions as well as a tricritical point. Due to the first order transition a mixed phase could also appear.

The central result of our investigation is the fact that both of these model theories can break translational invariance as well. Since this is a continuous symmetry, the large $`N`$ limit is of course instrumental for the phase structure R4 ; R2 . We will now argue that the dynamical mechanism behind the breakdown of chiral symmetry in the vacuum and translational symmetry in baryonic matter is actually the same.

Our point can most clearly be made at $`T=0`$. Let us first recall the structure of baryonic matter in the NJL<sub>2</sub> model. The condensate is best pictured as a helix in the space spanned by $`\overline{\psi }\psi `$, $`\overline{\psi }\mathrm{i}\gamma ^5\psi `$, and $`x`$ (the “chiral spiral” R5 ). Since the chiral winding number is equal to baryon number, each full turn of the helix correponds to one baryon.

From the point of view of Hartree-Fock theory, it is instructive to take a look at the single fermion spectrum. In the vacuum one has dynamical mass generation with the spectrum sketched in Fig. (12). Due to the peculiar properties of this model, the whole picture drawn in Fig. (12) just moves upward or downward by an amount $`\mu `$ at finite chemical potential. In Fig. (13), we illustrate the filling of single particle orbits for vacuum, matter and antimatter (at $`T=0`$), respectively. We see that there is always a gap of the same width “floating” at the Fermi surface. This enables the system to make optimal use of the level repulsion at the gap for lowering its energy.

The important dynamics is gap formation at the Fermi surface, which reduces to the surface of the Dirac sea in the special case $`\rho =0`$. The system breaks whatever symmetry it takes to generate the gap, either chiral symmetry in the vacuum or chiral and translational symmetry in matter (with one unbroken combination of the two). This scenario has a lot in common with the Overhauser effect, originally discovered in non-relativistic Hartree-Fock systems R8 . The nice feature about the present relativistic application is the intimate relationship between mass gap and band gap. Note that in the NJL<sub>2</sub>-model the single particle spectra for matter ($`\mu >0`$) and antimatter ($`\mu <0`$) are different, although the energy densities agree (for the same $`|\mu |`$). This follows from the fact that under charge conjugation

$$\psi _c(x)=\gamma ^1\psi ^{}(x),$$
(43)
the scalar potential is invariant but the pseudoscalar one changes sign.

Now consider the discrete chiral GN model at $`T=0`$. Here the potential is purely scalar and identical for matter and antimatter. The single particle spectrum is sketched in Fig. (14) for the high density case ($`S_{\pm 1}0`$ only), showing the appearance of a symmetric pair of gaps. (For lower densities, more gaps would appear, but they are not relevant for the argument.) The filling of the single particle orbits is indicated in Fig. (15) which now replaces Fig. (13). The common theme is evidently gap formation right at the Fermi surface.

Turning to non-zero temperature the phase diagrams of the two GN models are very different, both from each other and from what had previously been thought. The continuous chiral model possesses two phases, the “chiral spiral” and the chirally symmetric massless Fermi gas, separated by a horizontal 2nd order line $`T=T_c`$ R2 . Temperature affects only the radius of the helix, chemical potential affects only the helix angle, and the two act independently. By contrast the discrete chiral model exhibits three distinct phases: Massless and massive Fermi gas and kink-antikink crystal. We have not been able to compute the full phase diagram analytically in this case but had to resort to a numerical solution of the Dirac-Hartree-Fock equations. The phase boundary of the chirally restored phase and the grand canonical potential at large $`\mu ,\beta `$ can be understood perturbatively. We find that the tricritical point of the old solution is replaced by a Lifschitz point separating the homogeneous from the periodic ordered phase. Due to thermal effects which smear out the Fermi surface, the massive Fermi gas phase survives at higher temperatures and small $`\mu `$.

We have not found any first order transition in our calculations. As suggested by Fig. (9) the crystal phase takes over the role played by the mixed phase in the old solution, although the quantitative details are quite different. As explained in Ref. R5 , droplets of chirally restored matter with extra fermions can be interpreted as “bag model” baryons with a mass of $`M_B=N/\sqrt{2}`$. This “wrong” baryon mass leaves its traces in the old phase diagram of the GN model, for instance in the value of $`\mu _c`$ where the first order phase transition takes place at $`T=0`$ (the droplets fill all space), or equivalently in the slope of the energy density $`_{HF}(\rho )`$ at $`\rho =0`$. In the revised phase diagram for the discrete chiral model, the correct, lower baryon mass ($`M_B=2N/\pi `$) appears instead. The continuous chiral model has massless baryons and consequently the structure of the phase diagram changes qualitatively. Again, the behaviour of $`_{HF}(\rho )`$ at $`\rho =0`$ (vanishing slope) reflects the presence of massless baryons and breakdown of translational invariance is shifted to the point $`\mu =0`$. This shows that we have achieved an overall picture of the phase structure of both GN models which is now consistent with their different baryon spectra and therefore physically more reasonable.

###### Acknowledgements.

We thank Joshua Feinberg for a helpful correspondence.

APPENDIX:

Asymptotics at large $`\mu `$ and $`\beta `$ At large $`\mu `$ and $`\beta `$ one can use perturbation theory to determine $`S_{\pm 1}`$. Starting point is the grand canonical potential of Eq. (30). Single particle energies can be computed in ADPT, Eq. (14). Denoting $`\stackrel{~}{S}_1=\mathrm{i}S_1`$ by $`s`$ and $`q_1=\pi /a`$ by $`q`$ to ease the notation, find

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Psi }}{N}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\beta }}{\displaystyle _0^{q/2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}k}{2\pi }}\mathrm{ln}\left[(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_1\mu )})(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_1+\mu )})\right]`$ (44)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\beta }}{\displaystyle _{q/2}^q}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}k}{2\pi }}\mathrm{ln}\left[(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_2\mu )})(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_2+\mu )})\right]`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\beta }}{\displaystyle _q^{3q/2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}k}{2\pi }}\mathrm{ln}\left[(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_3\mu )})(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_3+\mu )})\right]`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\beta }}{\displaystyle _{3q/2}^\mathrm{\Lambda }}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}k}{2\pi }}\mathrm{ln}\left[(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_1\mu )})(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_1+\mu )})\right]`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }^2}{2\pi }}+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }\mu }{\pi }}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi }}\mathrm{ln}(2\mathrm{\Lambda })s^2,`$
with

$`E_1`$ $`=`$ $`k+{\displaystyle \frac{s^2}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{k+q}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{kq}}\right),`$
$`E_2`$ $`=`$ $`q\sqrt{(kq)^2+s^2}+{\displaystyle \frac{s^2}{2(k+q)}},`$
$`E_3`$ $`=`$ $`q+\sqrt{(kq)^2+s^2}+{\displaystyle \frac{s^2}{2(k+q)}}.`$ (45)
Asymptotically, we may use $`\mu =q`$, cf. Fig. (7). Then, integrals involving

$$\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_1\mu )},\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_2\mu )},\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_3\mu )}$$
(46)
are exponentially suppressed and can be neglected. Integrals involving

$$\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_1+\mu )}$$
(47)
are negligible in the first term of Eq. (44) ($`k=0\mathrm{}q/2`$), while in the fourth term ($`k=3q/2\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Lambda }`$) one has to pull out the $`T=0`$ piece as follows,

$$1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_1+\mu )}=\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_1+\mu )}\left(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_1+\mu )}\right).$$
(48)
Now, the $`T0`$ part is negligible. Finally, in the 3rd term of Eq. (44), we again decompose

$$1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_3+\mu )}=\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_3+\mu )}\left(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_3+\mu )}\right),$$
(49)
but have to keep both pieces. In this way we find

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Psi }}{N}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\beta }}{\displaystyle _{q/2}^q}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}k}{2\pi }}\mathrm{ln}(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_2+\mu )})`$ (50)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\beta }}{\displaystyle _q^{3q/2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}k}{2\pi }}\mathrm{ln}(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta (E_3+\mu )})`$
$`2{\displaystyle _q^{3q/2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}k}{2\pi }}(E_3+\mu )2{\displaystyle _{3q/2}^\mathrm{\Lambda }}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}k}{2\pi }}(E_1+\mu )`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }^2}{2\pi }}+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }\mu }{\pi }}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi }}\mathrm{ln}(2\mathrm{\Lambda })s^2.`$
Finally, the following approximations can be made: Evaluate the integrals over $`E_1`$ and $`E_3`$ exactly and expand the result for small $`s`$ up to second order, keeping the logarithmic corrections. In the other integrals, drop the $`s^2`$-term in $`E_2,E_3`$ and extend the integration limits to ($`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}q`$) and ($`q\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$), respectively. Keeping only the $`s`$-dependent terms in $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ yields the simple final result

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Psi }}{N}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{s^2}{4\pi }}\left[12\mathrm{ln}(4sq)\right]`$ (51)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\pi \beta }}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}dk\mathrm{ln}\left(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta \sqrt{k^2+s^2}}\right).`$
All of these approximations have been checked numerically against the full result.

Before proceeding, let us compare this result with the one which assumes unbroken translational invariance, but taken at $`T0,\mu =0`$,

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Psi }}{N}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{4\pi }}(1\mathrm{ln}m^2)`$ (52)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\pi \beta }}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}dk\mathrm{ln}\left(1+\mathrm{e}^{\beta \sqrt{m^2+k^2}}\right).`$
The structure is almost the same, since $`\mu `$ has been “eaten up” by $`q`$ from the single particle energies in Eq. (51). Let us recall how to evaluate $`m(T)`$ at $`\mu =0`$ (here, the old solution was correct). Take the derivative of the grand canonical potential with respect to $`m`$ and set it equal to zero,

$$m\left[\mathrm{ln}(m)+2_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{\mathrm{d}k}{\sqrt{m^2+k^2}}\left(\frac{1}{\mathrm{e}^{\beta \sqrt{m^2+k^2}}+1}\right)\right]=0.$$
(53)
Rescaling the integration variable and setting $`\stackrel{~}{m}=\beta m`$ then yields the solution

$$\beta =\stackrel{~}{m}\mathrm{exp}\left\{2_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{\mathrm{d}\kappa }{\sqrt{\stackrel{~}{m}^2+\kappa ^2}}\frac{1}{\mathrm{e}^{\sqrt{\stackrel{~}{m}^2+\kappa ^2}}+1}\right\}.$$
(54)
If we evaluate the function on the r.h.s. and plot $`\stackrel{~}{m}/\beta `$ against $`1/\beta `$, we recover the usual result for the temperature dependent mass, vanishing at $`T_c=\mathrm{e}^\mathrm{C}/\pi `$. That the Euler constant appears in $`T_c`$ follows from the following useful relation R12 ,

$$_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{\mathrm{d}q}{\sqrt{a^2+q^2}}\frac{1}{\mathrm{e}^{\sqrt{a^2+q^2}}+1}=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{ln}\frac{a}{\pi }\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{C}+O(a^2).$$
(55)
If we now go back to Eq. (51) for the periodic case and minimize with respect to $`s`$, we find

$$s\left[\mathrm{ln}(4sq)+2_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{\mathrm{d}k}{\sqrt{s^2+k^2}}\left(\frac{1}{\mathrm{e}^{\beta \sqrt{s^2+k^2}}+1}\right)\right]=0.$$
(56)
This can be solved explicitly for $`q`$ as a function of $`s,\beta `$. The result can of course only be trusted if $`q`$ and $`\beta `$ are large enough. We can reduce this problem to the preceding one (GN model at $`\mu =0`$) as follows: The relation between $`4qs`$ and $`4qT`$ in the crystal model is given by the same “universal curve” as the one between $`m`$ and $`T`$ at $`\mu =0`$.

We finally note the following consequences of our asymptotic analysis ($`\mu >0`$): The boundary line in the ($`s,\mu `$) plane at large $`\mu `$ and $`T=0`$ is given by

$$s=\frac{1}{4\mu },$$
(57)
in agreement with Eq. (23). The boundary line in the ($`T,\mu `$) plane at $`s=0`$ has the asymptotic form

$$T=\frac{\mathrm{e}^\mathrm{C}}{4\pi \mu }.$$
(58)