An observation about one object is used as a basis for a general conclusion regarding the status of similar objects. A generalization is rejected by showing that it fails to hold in one particular instance. A deficiency in a system is isolated by arguing that the system failed to control one of the objects that it was intended to control. The conclusion is supported by ruling out other possible explanations of an observed fact.
All the books in the library have their proper shelf locations recorded in the catalog. The book Horatio wants is missing from its place on the library shelves, and no one in the library is using it. Since it is not checked out to a borrower nor awaiting shelving nor part of a special display, it must have been either misplaced or stolen.
Which one of the following most accurately describes the method of reasoning used in the argument?