{
    "file_diffs": [
        {
            "old_file_content": "import io\nimport struct\n\nimport pytest\n\nfrom PIL import Image, TiffImagePlugin, TiffTags\nfrom PIL.TiffImagePlugin import IFDRational\n\nfrom .helper import assert_deep_equal, hopper\n\nTAG_IDS = {info.name: info.value for info in TiffTags.TAGS_V2.values()}\n\n\ndef test_rt_metadata(tmp_path):\n    \"\"\"Test writing arbitrary metadata into the tiff image directory\n    Use case is ImageJ private tags, one numeric, one arbitrary\n    data.  https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/291\n    \"\"\"\n\n    img = hopper()\n\n    # Behaviour change: re #1416\n    # Pre ifd rewrite, ImageJMetaData was being written as a string(2),\n    # Post ifd rewrite, it's defined as arbitrary bytes(7). It should\n    # roundtrip with the actual bytes, rather than stripped text\n    # of the premerge tests.\n    #\n    # For text items, we still have to decode('ascii','replace') because\n    # the tiff file format can't take 8 bit bytes in that field.\n\n    basetextdata = \"This is some arbitrary metadata for a text field\"\n    bindata = basetextdata.encode(\"ascii\") + b\" \\xff\"\n    textdata = basetextdata + \" \" + chr(255)\n    reloaded_textdata = basetextdata + \" ?\"\n    floatdata = 12.345\n    doubledata = 67.89\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory()\n\n    ImageJMetaData = TAG_IDS[\"ImageJMetaData\"]\n    ImageJMetaDataByteCounts = TAG_IDS[\"ImageJMetaDataByteCounts\"]\n    ImageDescription = TAG_IDS[\"ImageDescription\"]\n\n    info[ImageJMetaDataByteCounts] = len(bindata)\n    info[ImageJMetaData] = bindata\n    info[TAG_IDS[\"RollAngle\"]] = floatdata\n    info.tagtype[TAG_IDS[\"RollAngle\"]] = 11\n    info[TAG_IDS[\"YawAngle\"]] = doubledata\n    info.tagtype[TAG_IDS[\"YawAngle\"]] = 12\n\n    info[ImageDescription] = textdata\n\n    f = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tif\")\n\n    img.save(f, tiffinfo=info)\n\n    with Image.open(f) as loaded:\n\n        assert loaded.tag[ImageJMetaDataByteCounts] == (len(bindata),)\n        assert loaded.tag_v2[ImageJMetaDataByteCounts] == (len(bindata),)\n\n        assert loaded.tag[ImageJMetaData] == bindata\n        assert loaded.tag_v2[ImageJMetaData] == bindata\n\n        assert loaded.tag[ImageDescription] == (reloaded_textdata,)\n        assert loaded.tag_v2[ImageDescription] == reloaded_textdata\n\n        loaded_float = loaded.tag[TAG_IDS[\"RollAngle\"]][0]\n        assert round(abs(loaded_float - floatdata), 5) == 0\n        loaded_double = loaded.tag[TAG_IDS[\"YawAngle\"]][0]\n        assert round(abs(loaded_double - doubledata), 7) == 0\n\n    # check with 2 element ImageJMetaDataByteCounts, issue #2006\n\n    info[ImageJMetaDataByteCounts] = (8, len(bindata) - 8)\n    img.save(f, tiffinfo=info)\n    with Image.open(f) as loaded:\n\n        assert loaded.tag[ImageJMetaDataByteCounts] == (8, len(bindata) - 8)\n        assert loaded.tag_v2[ImageJMetaDataByteCounts] == (8, len(bindata) - 8)\n\n\ndef test_read_metadata():\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper_g4.tif\") as img:\n\n        assert {\n            \"YResolution\": IFDRational(4294967295, 113653537),\n            \"PlanarConfiguration\": 1,\n            \"BitsPerSample\": (1,),\n            \"ImageLength\": 128,\n            \"Compression\": 4,\n            \"FillOrder\": 1,\n            \"RowsPerStrip\": 128,\n            \"ResolutionUnit\": 3,\n            \"PhotometricInterpretation\": 0,\n            \"PageNumber\": (0, 1),\n            \"XResolution\": IFDRational(4294967295, 113653537),\n            \"ImageWidth\": 128,\n            \"Orientation\": 1,\n            \"StripByteCounts\": (1968,),\n            \"SamplesPerPixel\": 1,\n            \"StripOffsets\": (8,),\n        } == img.tag_v2.named()\n\n        assert {\n            \"YResolution\": ((4294967295, 113653537),),\n            \"PlanarConfiguration\": (1,),\n            \"BitsPerSample\": (1,),\n            \"ImageLength\": (128,),\n            \"Compression\": (4,),\n            \"FillOrder\": (1,),\n            \"RowsPerStrip\": (128,),\n            \"ResolutionUnit\": (3,),\n            \"PhotometricInterpretation\": (0,),\n            \"PageNumber\": (0, 1),\n            \"XResolution\": ((4294967295, 113653537),),\n            \"ImageWidth\": (128,),\n            \"Orientation\": (1,),\n            \"StripByteCounts\": (1968,),\n            \"SamplesPerPixel\": (1,),\n            \"StripOffsets\": (8,),\n        } == img.tag.named()\n\n\ndef test_write_metadata(tmp_path):\n    \"\"\" Test metadata writing through the python code \"\"\"\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper.tif\") as img:\n        f = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n        img.save(f, tiffinfo=img.tag)\n\n        original = img.tag_v2.named()\n\n    with Image.open(f) as loaded:\n        reloaded = loaded.tag_v2.named()\n\n    ignored = [\"StripByteCounts\", \"RowsPerStrip\", \"PageNumber\", \"StripOffsets\"]\n\n    for tag, value in reloaded.items():\n        if tag in ignored:\n            continue\n        if isinstance(original[tag], tuple) and isinstance(\n            original[tag][0], IFDRational\n        ):\n            # Need to compare element by element in the tuple,\n            # not comparing tuples of object references\n            assert_deep_equal(\n                original[tag],\n                value,\n                f\"{tag} didn't roundtrip, {original[tag]}, {value}\",\n            )\n        else:\n            assert (\n                original[tag] == value\n            ), f\"{tag} didn't roundtrip, {original[tag]}, {value}\"\n\n    for tag, value in original.items():\n        if tag not in ignored:\n            assert value == reloaded[tag], f\"{tag} didn't roundtrip\"\n\n\ndef test_change_stripbytecounts_tag_type(tmp_path):\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper.tif\") as im:\n        info = im.tag_v2\n\n        # Resize the image so that STRIPBYTECOUNTS will be larger than a SHORT\n        im = im.resize((500, 500))\n\n        # STRIPBYTECOUNTS can be a SHORT or a LONG\n        info.tagtype[TiffImagePlugin.STRIPBYTECOUNTS] = TiffTags.SHORT\n\n        im.save(out, tiffinfo=info)\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert reloaded.tag_v2.tagtype[TiffImagePlugin.STRIPBYTECOUNTS] == TiffTags.LONG\n\n\ndef test_no_duplicate_50741_tag():\n    assert TAG_IDS[\"MakerNoteSafety\"] == 50741\n    assert TAG_IDS[\"BestQualityScale\"] == 50780\n\n\ndef test_iptc(tmp_path):\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper.Lab.tif\") as im:\n        im.save(out)\n\n\ndef test_undefined_zero(tmp_path):\n    # Check that the tag has not been changed since this test was created\n    tag = TiffTags.TAGS_V2[45059]\n    assert tag.type == TiffTags.UNDEFINED\n    assert tag.length == 0\n\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory(b\"II*\\x00\\x08\\x00\\x00\\x00\")\n    info[45059] = b\"test\"\n\n    # Assert that the tag value does not change by setting it to itself\n    original = info[45059]\n    info[45059] = info[45059]\n    assert info[45059] == original\n\n\ndef test_empty_metadata():\n    f = io.BytesIO(b\"II*\\x00\\x08\\x00\\x00\\x00\")\n    head = f.read(8)\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory(head)\n    # Should not raise struct.error.\n    pytest.warns(UserWarning, info.load, f)\n\n\ndef test_iccprofile(tmp_path):\n    # https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/1462\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper.iccprofile.tif\") as im:\n        im.save(out)\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert not isinstance(im.info[\"icc_profile\"], tuple)\n        assert im.info[\"icc_profile\"] == reloaded.info[\"icc_profile\"]\n\n\ndef test_iccprofile_binary():\n    # https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/1526\n    # We should be able to load this,\n    # but probably won't be able to save it.\n\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper.iccprofile_binary.tif\") as im:\n        assert im.tag_v2.tagtype[34675] == 1\n        assert im.info[\"icc_profile\"]\n\n\ndef test_iccprofile_save_png(tmp_path):\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper.iccprofile.tif\") as im:\n        outfile = str(tmp_path / \"temp.png\")\n        im.save(outfile)\n\n\ndef test_iccprofile_binary_save_png(tmp_path):\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper.iccprofile_binary.tif\") as im:\n        outfile = str(tmp_path / \"temp.png\")\n        im.save(outfile)\n\n\ndef test_exif_div_zero(tmp_path):\n    im = hopper()\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n    info[41988] = TiffImagePlugin.IFDRational(0, 0)\n\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info, compression=\"raw\")\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert 0 == reloaded.tag_v2[41988].numerator\n        assert 0 == reloaded.tag_v2[41988].denominator\n\n\ndef test_ifd_unsigned_rational(tmp_path):\n    im = hopper()\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n\n    max_long = 2 ** 32 - 1\n\n    # 4 bytes unsigned long\n    numerator = max_long\n\n    info[41493] = TiffImagePlugin.IFDRational(numerator, 1)\n\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info, compression=\"raw\")\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert max_long == reloaded.tag_v2[41493].numerator\n        assert 1 == reloaded.tag_v2[41493].denominator\n\n    # out of bounds of 4 byte unsigned long\n    numerator = max_long + 1\n\n    info[41493] = TiffImagePlugin.IFDRational(numerator, 1)\n\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info, compression=\"raw\")\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert max_long == reloaded.tag_v2[41493].numerator\n        assert 1 == reloaded.tag_v2[41493].denominator\n\n\ndef test_ifd_signed_rational(tmp_path):\n    im = hopper()\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n\n    # pair of 4 byte signed longs\n    numerator = 2 ** 31 - 1\n    denominator = -(2 ** 31)\n\n    info[37380] = TiffImagePlugin.IFDRational(numerator, denominator)\n\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info, compression=\"raw\")\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert numerator == reloaded.tag_v2[37380].numerator\n        assert denominator == reloaded.tag_v2[37380].denominator\n\n    numerator = -(2 ** 31)\n    denominator = 2 ** 31 - 1\n\n    info[37380] = TiffImagePlugin.IFDRational(numerator, denominator)\n\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info, compression=\"raw\")\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert numerator == reloaded.tag_v2[37380].numerator\n        assert denominator == reloaded.tag_v2[37380].denominator\n\n    # out of bounds of 4 byte signed long\n    numerator = -(2 ** 31) - 1\n    denominator = 1\n\n    info[37380] = TiffImagePlugin.IFDRational(numerator, denominator)\n\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info, compression=\"raw\")\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert 2 ** 31 - 1 == reloaded.tag_v2[37380].numerator\n        assert -1 == reloaded.tag_v2[37380].denominator\n\n\ndef test_ifd_signed_long(tmp_path):\n    im = hopper()\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n\n    info[37000] = -60000\n\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info, compression=\"raw\")\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert reloaded.tag_v2[37000] == -60000\n\n\ndef test_empty_values():\n    data = io.BytesIO(\n        b\"II*\\x00\\x08\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x03\\x00\\x1a\\x01\\x05\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\"\n        b\"\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x1b\\x01\\x05\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\"\n        b\"\\x98\\x82\\x02\\x00\\x07\\x00\\x00\\x002\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00a \"\n        b\"text\\x00\\x00\"\n    )\n    head = data.read(8)\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2(head)\n    info.load(data)\n    # Should not raise ValueError.\n    info = dict(info)\n    assert 33432 in info\n\n\ndef test_PhotoshopInfo(tmp_path):\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/issue_2278.tif\") as im:\n        assert len(im.tag_v2[34377]) == 70\n        assert isinstance(im.tag_v2[34377], bytes)\n        out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n        im.save(out)\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert len(reloaded.tag_v2[34377]) == 70\n        assert isinstance(reloaded.tag_v2[34377], bytes)\n\n\ndef test_too_many_entries():\n    ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n\n    #    277: (\"SamplesPerPixel\", SHORT, 1),\n    ifd._tagdata[277] = struct.pack(\"hh\", 4, 4)\n    ifd.tagtype[277] = TiffTags.SHORT\n\n    # Should not raise ValueError.\n    pytest.warns(UserWarning, lambda: ifd[277])\n\n\ndef test_tag_group_data():\n    base_ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n    interop_ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2(group=40965)\n    for ifd in (base_ifd, interop_ifd):\n        ifd[2] = \"test\"\n        ifd[256] = 10\n\n    assert base_ifd.tagtype[256] == 4\n    assert interop_ifd.tagtype[256] != base_ifd.tagtype[256]\n\n    assert interop_ifd.tagtype[2] == 7\n    assert base_ifd.tagtype[2] != interop_ifd.tagtype[256]\n",
            "new_file_content": "import io\nimport struct\n\nimport pytest\n\nfrom PIL import Image, TiffImagePlugin, TiffTags\nfrom PIL.TiffImagePlugin import IFDRational\n\nfrom .helper import assert_deep_equal, hopper\n\nTAG_IDS = {info.name: info.value for info in TiffTags.TAGS_V2.values()}\n\n\ndef test_rt_metadata(tmp_path):\n    \"\"\"Test writing arbitrary metadata into the tiff image directory\n    Use case is ImageJ private tags, one numeric, one arbitrary\n    data.  https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/291\n    \"\"\"\n\n    img = hopper()\n\n    # Behaviour change: re #1416\n    # Pre ifd rewrite, ImageJMetaData was being written as a string(2),\n    # Post ifd rewrite, it's defined as arbitrary bytes(7). It should\n    # roundtrip with the actual bytes, rather than stripped text\n    # of the premerge tests.\n    #\n    # For text items, we still have to decode('ascii','replace') because\n    # the tiff file format can't take 8 bit bytes in that field.\n\n    basetextdata = \"This is some arbitrary metadata for a text field\"\n    bindata = basetextdata.encode(\"ascii\") + b\" \\xff\"\n    textdata = basetextdata + \" \" + chr(255)\n    reloaded_textdata = basetextdata + \" ?\"\n    floatdata = 12.345\n    doubledata = 67.89\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory()\n\n    ImageJMetaData = TAG_IDS[\"ImageJMetaData\"]\n    ImageJMetaDataByteCounts = TAG_IDS[\"ImageJMetaDataByteCounts\"]\n    ImageDescription = TAG_IDS[\"ImageDescription\"]\n\n    info[ImageJMetaDataByteCounts] = len(bindata)\n    info[ImageJMetaData] = bindata\n    info[TAG_IDS[\"RollAngle\"]] = floatdata\n    info.tagtype[TAG_IDS[\"RollAngle\"]] = 11\n    info[TAG_IDS[\"YawAngle\"]] = doubledata\n    info.tagtype[TAG_IDS[\"YawAngle\"]] = 12\n\n    info[ImageDescription] = textdata\n\n    f = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tif\")\n\n    img.save(f, tiffinfo=info)\n\n    with Image.open(f) as loaded:\n\n        assert loaded.tag[ImageJMetaDataByteCounts] == (len(bindata),)\n        assert loaded.tag_v2[ImageJMetaDataByteCounts] == (len(bindata),)\n\n        assert loaded.tag[ImageJMetaData] == bindata\n        assert loaded.tag_v2[ImageJMetaData] == bindata\n\n        assert loaded.tag[ImageDescription] == (reloaded_textdata,)\n        assert loaded.tag_v2[ImageDescription] == reloaded_textdata\n\n        loaded_float = loaded.tag[TAG_IDS[\"RollAngle\"]][0]\n        assert round(abs(loaded_float - floatdata), 5) == 0\n        loaded_double = loaded.tag[TAG_IDS[\"YawAngle\"]][0]\n        assert round(abs(loaded_double - doubledata), 7) == 0\n\n    # check with 2 element ImageJMetaDataByteCounts, issue #2006\n\n    info[ImageJMetaDataByteCounts] = (8, len(bindata) - 8)\n    img.save(f, tiffinfo=info)\n    with Image.open(f) as loaded:\n\n        assert loaded.tag[ImageJMetaDataByteCounts] == (8, len(bindata) - 8)\n        assert loaded.tag_v2[ImageJMetaDataByteCounts] == (8, len(bindata) - 8)\n\n\ndef test_read_metadata():\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper_g4.tif\") as img:\n\n        assert {\n            \"YResolution\": IFDRational(4294967295, 113653537),\n            \"PlanarConfiguration\": 1,\n            \"BitsPerSample\": (1,),\n            \"ImageLength\": 128,\n            \"Compression\": 4,\n            \"FillOrder\": 1,\n            \"RowsPerStrip\": 128,\n            \"ResolutionUnit\": 3,\n            \"PhotometricInterpretation\": 0,\n            \"PageNumber\": (0, 1),\n            \"XResolution\": IFDRational(4294967295, 113653537),\n            \"ImageWidth\": 128,\n            \"Orientation\": 1,\n            \"StripByteCounts\": (1968,),\n            \"SamplesPerPixel\": 1,\n            \"StripOffsets\": (8,),\n        } == img.tag_v2.named()\n\n        assert {\n            \"YResolution\": ((4294967295, 113653537),),\n            \"PlanarConfiguration\": (1,),\n            \"BitsPerSample\": (1,),\n            \"ImageLength\": (128,),\n            \"Compression\": (4,),\n            \"FillOrder\": (1,),\n            \"RowsPerStrip\": (128,),\n            \"ResolutionUnit\": (3,),\n            \"PhotometricInterpretation\": (0,),\n            \"PageNumber\": (0, 1),\n            \"XResolution\": ((4294967295, 113653537),),\n            \"ImageWidth\": (128,),\n            \"Orientation\": (1,),\n            \"StripByteCounts\": (1968,),\n            \"SamplesPerPixel\": (1,),\n            \"StripOffsets\": (8,),\n        } == img.tag.named()\n\n\ndef test_write_metadata(tmp_path):\n    \"\"\" Test metadata writing through the python code \"\"\"\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper.tif\") as img:\n        f = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n        img.save(f, tiffinfo=img.tag)\n\n        original = img.tag_v2.named()\n\n    with Image.open(f) as loaded:\n        reloaded = loaded.tag_v2.named()\n\n    ignored = [\"StripByteCounts\", \"RowsPerStrip\", \"PageNumber\", \"StripOffsets\"]\n\n    for tag, value in reloaded.items():\n        if tag in ignored:\n            continue\n        if isinstance(original[tag], tuple) and isinstance(\n            original[tag][0], IFDRational\n        ):\n            # Need to compare element by element in the tuple,\n            # not comparing tuples of object references\n            assert_deep_equal(\n                original[tag],\n                value,\n                f\"{tag} didn't roundtrip, {original[tag]}, {value}\",\n            )\n        else:\n            assert (\n                original[tag] == value\n            ), f\"{tag} didn't roundtrip, {original[tag]}, {value}\"\n\n    for tag, value in original.items():\n        if tag not in ignored:\n            assert value == reloaded[tag], f\"{tag} didn't roundtrip\"\n\n\ndef test_change_stripbytecounts_tag_type(tmp_path):\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper.tif\") as im:\n        info = im.tag_v2\n\n        # Resize the image so that STRIPBYTECOUNTS will be larger than a SHORT\n        im = im.resize((500, 500))\n\n        # STRIPBYTECOUNTS can be a SHORT or a LONG\n        info.tagtype[TiffImagePlugin.STRIPBYTECOUNTS] = TiffTags.SHORT\n\n        im.save(out, tiffinfo=info)\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert reloaded.tag_v2.tagtype[TiffImagePlugin.STRIPBYTECOUNTS] == TiffTags.LONG\n\n\ndef test_no_duplicate_50741_tag():\n    assert TAG_IDS[\"MakerNoteSafety\"] == 50741\n    assert TAG_IDS[\"BestQualityScale\"] == 50780\n\n\ndef test_iptc(tmp_path):\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper.Lab.tif\") as im:\n        im.save(out)\n\n\ndef test_undefined_zero(tmp_path):\n    # Check that the tag has not been changed since this test was created\n    tag = TiffTags.TAGS_V2[45059]\n    assert tag.type == TiffTags.UNDEFINED\n    assert tag.length == 0\n\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory(b\"II*\\x00\\x08\\x00\\x00\\x00\")\n    info[45059] = b\"test\"\n\n    # Assert that the tag value does not change by setting it to itself\n    original = info[45059]\n    info[45059] = info[45059]\n    assert info[45059] == original\n\n\ndef test_empty_metadata():\n    f = io.BytesIO(b\"II*\\x00\\x08\\x00\\x00\\x00\")\n    head = f.read(8)\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory(head)\n    # Should not raise struct.error.\n    pytest.warns(UserWarning, info.load, f)\n\n\ndef test_iccprofile(tmp_path):\n    # https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/1462\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper.iccprofile.tif\") as im:\n        im.save(out)\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert not isinstance(im.info[\"icc_profile\"], tuple)\n        assert im.info[\"icc_profile\"] == reloaded.info[\"icc_profile\"]\n\n\ndef test_iccprofile_binary():\n    # https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/1526\n    # We should be able to load this,\n    # but probably won't be able to save it.\n\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper.iccprofile_binary.tif\") as im:\n        assert im.tag_v2.tagtype[34675] == 1\n        assert im.info[\"icc_profile\"]\n\n\ndef test_iccprofile_save_png(tmp_path):\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper.iccprofile.tif\") as im:\n        outfile = str(tmp_path / \"temp.png\")\n        im.save(outfile)\n\n\ndef test_iccprofile_binary_save_png(tmp_path):\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper.iccprofile_binary.tif\") as im:\n        outfile = str(tmp_path / \"temp.png\")\n        im.save(outfile)\n\n\ndef test_exif_div_zero(tmp_path):\n    im = hopper()\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n    info[41988] = TiffImagePlugin.IFDRational(0, 0)\n\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info, compression=\"raw\")\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert 0 == reloaded.tag_v2[41988].numerator\n        assert 0 == reloaded.tag_v2[41988].denominator\n\n\ndef test_ifd_unsigned_rational(tmp_path):\n    im = hopper()\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n\n    max_long = 2 ** 32 - 1\n\n    # 4 bytes unsigned long\n    numerator = max_long\n\n    info[41493] = TiffImagePlugin.IFDRational(numerator, 1)\n\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info, compression=\"raw\")\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert max_long == reloaded.tag_v2[41493].numerator\n        assert 1 == reloaded.tag_v2[41493].denominator\n\n    # out of bounds of 4 byte unsigned long\n    numerator = max_long + 1\n\n    info[41493] = TiffImagePlugin.IFDRational(numerator, 1)\n\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info, compression=\"raw\")\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert max_long == reloaded.tag_v2[41493].numerator\n        assert 1 == reloaded.tag_v2[41493].denominator\n\n\ndef test_ifd_signed_rational(tmp_path):\n    im = hopper()\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n\n    # pair of 4 byte signed longs\n    numerator = 2 ** 31 - 1\n    denominator = -(2 ** 31)\n\n    info[37380] = TiffImagePlugin.IFDRational(numerator, denominator)\n\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info, compression=\"raw\")\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert numerator == reloaded.tag_v2[37380].numerator\n        assert denominator == reloaded.tag_v2[37380].denominator\n\n    numerator = -(2 ** 31)\n    denominator = 2 ** 31 - 1\n\n    info[37380] = TiffImagePlugin.IFDRational(numerator, denominator)\n\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info, compression=\"raw\")\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert numerator == reloaded.tag_v2[37380].numerator\n        assert denominator == reloaded.tag_v2[37380].denominator\n\n    # out of bounds of 4 byte signed long\n    numerator = -(2 ** 31) - 1\n    denominator = 1\n\n    info[37380] = TiffImagePlugin.IFDRational(numerator, denominator)\n\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info, compression=\"raw\")\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert 2 ** 31 - 1 == reloaded.tag_v2[37380].numerator\n        assert -1 == reloaded.tag_v2[37380].denominator\n\n\ndef test_ifd_signed_long(tmp_path):\n    im = hopper()\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n\n    info[37000] = -60000\n\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info, compression=\"raw\")\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert reloaded.tag_v2[37000] == -60000\n\n\ndef test_empty_values():\n    data = io.BytesIO(\n        b\"II*\\x00\\x08\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x03\\x00\\x1a\\x01\\x05\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\"\n        b\"\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x1b\\x01\\x05\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\"\n        b\"\\x98\\x82\\x02\\x00\\x07\\x00\\x00\\x002\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00a \"\n        b\"text\\x00\\x00\"\n    )\n    head = data.read(8)\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2(head)\n    info.load(data)\n    # Should not raise ValueError.\n    info = dict(info)\n    assert 33432 in info\n\n\ndef test_PhotoshopInfo(tmp_path):\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/issue_2278.tif\") as im:\n        assert len(im.tag_v2[34377]) == 70\n        assert isinstance(im.tag_v2[34377], bytes)\n        out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n        im.save(out)\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert len(reloaded.tag_v2[34377]) == 70\n        assert isinstance(reloaded.tag_v2[34377], bytes)\n\n\ndef test_too_many_entries():\n    ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n\n    #    277: (\"SamplesPerPixel\", SHORT, 1),\n    ifd._tagdata[277] = struct.pack(\"hh\", 4, 4)\n    ifd.tagtype[277] = TiffTags.SHORT\n\n    # Should not raise ValueError.\n    pytest.warns(UserWarning, lambda: ifd[277])\n\n\ndef test_tag_group_data():\n    base_ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n    interop_ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2(group=40965)\n    for ifd in (base_ifd, interop_ifd):\n        ifd[2] = \"test\"\n        ifd[256] = 10\n\n    assert base_ifd.tagtype[256] == 4\n    assert interop_ifd.tagtype[256] != base_ifd.tagtype[256]\n\n    assert interop_ifd.tagtype[2] == 7\n    assert base_ifd.tagtype[2] != interop_ifd.tagtype[256]\n\n\ndef test_empty_subifd(tmp_path):\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.jpg\")\n\n    im = hopper()\n    exif = im.getexif()\n    exif[TiffImagePlugin.EXIFIFD] = {}\n    im.save(out, exif=exif)\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        exif = reloaded.getexif()\n        assert exif.get_ifd(TiffImagePlugin.EXIFIFD) == {}\n",
            "header": {
                "file": {
                    "path": "Tests/test_file_tiff_metadata.py"
                },
                "misc_line": null
            },
            "index_line": {
                "old_commit_hash": "4339c946c",
                "new_commit_hash": "0adbaf016",
                "mode": "100644"
            },
            "is_binary_file": false,
            "binary_line": null,
            "minus_file": {
                "path": "a/Tests/test_file_tiff_metadata.py"
            },
            "plus_file": {
                "path": "b/Tests/test_file_tiff_metadata.py"
            },
            "hunks": [
                {
                    "descriptor": {
                        "old_range": {
                            "start": 390,
                            "length": 3
                        },
                        "new_range": {
                            "start": 390,
                            "length": 16
                        },
                        "section": "def test_tag_group_data():"
                    },
                    "line_group": {
                        "all_lines": [
                            {
                                "content": "",
                                "type": "context"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "    assert interop_ifd.tagtype[2] == 7",
                                "type": "context"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "    assert base_ifd.tagtype[2] != interop_ifd.tagtype[256]",
                                "type": "context"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "",
                                "type": "added"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "",
                                "type": "added"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "def test_empty_subifd(tmp_path):",
                                "type": "added"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.jpg\")",
                                "type": "added"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "",
                                "type": "added"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "    im = hopper()",
                                "type": "added"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "    exif = im.getexif()",
                                "type": "added"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "    exif[TiffImagePlugin.EXIFIFD] = {}",
                                "type": "added"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "    im.save(out, exif=exif)",
                                "type": "added"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "",
                                "type": "added"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:",
                                "type": "added"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "        exif = reloaded.getexif()",
                                "type": "added"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "        assert exif.get_ifd(TiffImagePlugin.EXIFIFD) == {}",
                                "type": "added"
                            }
                        ]
                    },
                    "modified_entities": [],
                    "added_entities": [
                        {
                            "file_name": "Tests/test_file_tiff_metadata.py",
                            "type": "function",
                            "name": "test_empty_subifd",
                            "content": "def test_empty_subifd(tmp_path):\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.jpg\")\n\n    im = hopper()\n    exif = im.getexif()\n    exif[TiffImagePlugin.EXIFIFD] = {}\n    im.save(out, exif=exif)\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        exif = reloaded.getexif()\n        assert exif.get_ifd(TiffImagePlugin.EXIFIFD) == {}",
                            "ast_type_str": "FunctionDef",
                            "start_lineno": 395,
                            "end_lineno": 405,
                            "parent": null
                        }
                    ],
                    "deleted_entities": []
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "old_file_content": "#\n# The Python Imaging Library.\n# $Id$\n#\n# TIFF file handling\n#\n# TIFF is a flexible, if somewhat aged, image file format originally\n# defined by Aldus.  Although TIFF supports a wide variety of pixel\n# layouts and compression methods, the name doesn't really stand for\n# \"thousands of incompatible file formats,\" it just feels that way.\n#\n# To read TIFF data from a stream, the stream must be seekable.  For\n# progressive decoding, make sure to use TIFF files where the tag\n# directory is placed first in the file.\n#\n# History:\n# 1995-09-01 fl   Created\n# 1996-05-04 fl   Handle JPEGTABLES tag\n# 1996-05-18 fl   Fixed COLORMAP support\n# 1997-01-05 fl   Fixed PREDICTOR support\n# 1997-08-27 fl   Added support for rational tags (from Perry Stoll)\n# 1998-01-10 fl   Fixed seek/tell (from Jan Blom)\n# 1998-07-15 fl   Use private names for internal variables\n# 1999-06-13 fl   Rewritten for PIL 1.0 (1.0)\n# 2000-10-11 fl   Additional fixes for Python 2.0 (1.1)\n# 2001-04-17 fl   Fixed rewind support (seek to frame 0) (1.2)\n# 2001-05-12 fl   Added write support for more tags (from Greg Couch) (1.3)\n# 2001-12-18 fl   Added workaround for broken Matrox library\n# 2002-01-18 fl   Don't mess up if photometric tag is missing (D. Alan Stewart)\n# 2003-05-19 fl   Check FILLORDER tag\n# 2003-09-26 fl   Added RGBa support\n# 2004-02-24 fl   Added DPI support; fixed rational write support\n# 2005-02-07 fl   Added workaround for broken Corel Draw 10 files\n# 2006-01-09 fl   Added support for float/double tags (from Russell Nelson)\n#\n# Copyright (c) 1997-2006 by Secret Labs AB.  All rights reserved.\n# Copyright (c) 1995-1997 by Fredrik Lundh\n#\n# See the README file for information on usage and redistribution.\n#\nimport io\nimport itertools\nimport logging\nimport os\nimport struct\nimport warnings\nfrom collections.abc import MutableMapping\nfrom fractions import Fraction\nfrom numbers import Number, Rational\n\nfrom . import Image, ImageFile, ImagePalette, TiffTags\nfrom ._binary import o8\nfrom .TiffTags import TYPES\n\nlogger = logging.getLogger(__name__)\n\n# Set these to true to force use of libtiff for reading or writing.\nREAD_LIBTIFF = False\nWRITE_LIBTIFF = False\nIFD_LEGACY_API = True\n\nII = b\"II\"  # little-endian (Intel style)\nMM = b\"MM\"  # big-endian (Motorola style)\n\n#\n# --------------------------------------------------------------------\n# Read TIFF files\n\n# a few tag names, just to make the code below a bit more readable\nIMAGEWIDTH = 256\nIMAGELENGTH = 257\nBITSPERSAMPLE = 258\nCOMPRESSION = 259\nPHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION = 262\nFILLORDER = 266\nIMAGEDESCRIPTION = 270\nSTRIPOFFSETS = 273\nSAMPLESPERPIXEL = 277\nROWSPERSTRIP = 278\nSTRIPBYTECOUNTS = 279\nX_RESOLUTION = 282\nY_RESOLUTION = 283\nPLANAR_CONFIGURATION = 284\nRESOLUTION_UNIT = 296\nTRANSFERFUNCTION = 301\nSOFTWARE = 305\nDATE_TIME = 306\nARTIST = 315\nPREDICTOR = 317\nCOLORMAP = 320\nTILEOFFSETS = 324\nSUBIFD = 330\nEXTRASAMPLES = 338\nSAMPLEFORMAT = 339\nJPEGTABLES = 347\nREFERENCEBLACKWHITE = 532\nCOPYRIGHT = 33432\nIPTC_NAA_CHUNK = 33723  # newsphoto properties\nPHOTOSHOP_CHUNK = 34377  # photoshop properties\nICCPROFILE = 34675\nEXIFIFD = 34665\nXMP = 700\nJPEGQUALITY = 65537  # pseudo-tag by libtiff\n\n# https://github.com/imagej/ImageJA/blob/master/src/main/java/ij/io/TiffDecoder.java\nIMAGEJ_META_DATA_BYTE_COUNTS = 50838\nIMAGEJ_META_DATA = 50839\n\nCOMPRESSION_INFO = {\n    # Compression => pil compression name\n    1: \"raw\",\n    2: \"tiff_ccitt\",\n    3: \"group3\",\n    4: \"group4\",\n    5: \"tiff_lzw\",\n    6: \"tiff_jpeg\",  # obsolete\n    7: \"jpeg\",\n    8: \"tiff_adobe_deflate\",\n    32771: \"tiff_raw_16\",  # 16-bit padding\n    32773: \"packbits\",\n    32809: \"tiff_thunderscan\",\n    32946: \"tiff_deflate\",\n    34676: \"tiff_sgilog\",\n    34677: \"tiff_sgilog24\",\n    34925: \"lzma\",\n    50000: \"zstd\",\n    50001: \"webp\",\n}\n\nCOMPRESSION_INFO_REV = {v: k for k, v in COMPRESSION_INFO.items()}\n\nOPEN_INFO = {\n    # (ByteOrder, PhotoInterpretation, SampleFormat, FillOrder, BitsPerSample,\n    #  ExtraSamples) => mode, rawmode\n    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1;I\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1;I\"),\n    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1;IR\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1;IR\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1;R\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1;R\"),\n    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2I\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2I\"),\n    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2IR\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2IR\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2R\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2R\"),\n    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4I\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4I\"),\n    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4IR\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4IR\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4R\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4R\"),\n    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;I\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;I\"),\n    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;IR\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;IR\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;R\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;R\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (12,), ()): (\"I;16\", \"I;12\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (16,), ()): (\"I;16\", \"I;16\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (16,), ()): (\"I;16B\", \"I;16B\"),\n    (II, 1, (2,), 1, (16,), ()): (\"I\", \"I;16S\"),\n    (MM, 1, (2,), 1, (16,), ()): (\"I\", \"I;16BS\"),\n    (II, 0, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): (\"F\", \"F;32F\"),\n    (MM, 0, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): (\"F\", \"F;32BF\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (32,), ()): (\"I\", \"I;32N\"),\n    (II, 1, (2,), 1, (32,), ()): (\"I\", \"I;32S\"),\n    (MM, 1, (2,), 1, (32,), ()): (\"I\", \"I;32BS\"),\n    (II, 1, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): (\"F\", \"F;32F\"),\n    (MM, 1, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): (\"F\", \"F;32BF\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): (\"LA\", \"LA\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): (\"LA\", \"LA\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGB\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGB\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 2, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGB;R\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 2, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGB;R\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA\"),  # missing ExtraSamples\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA\"),  # missing ExtraSamples\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBX\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBX\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBXX\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBXX\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0, 0)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBXXX\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0, 0)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBXXX\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (1,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBa\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (1,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBa\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBaX\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBaX\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBaXX\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBaXX\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (2,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (2,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBAX\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBAX\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBAXX\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBAXX\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (999,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA\"),  # Corel Draw 10\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (999,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA\"),  # Corel Draw 10\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGB;16L\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGB;16B\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), ()): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA;16L\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), ()): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA;16B\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (0,)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBX;16L\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (0,)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBX;16B\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (1,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBa;16L\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (1,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBa;16B\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (2,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA;16L\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (2,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA;16B\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;1\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;1\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;1R\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;1R\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;2\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;2\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;2R\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;2R\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;4\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;4\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;4R\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;4R\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): (\"P\", \"P\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): (\"P\", \"P\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): (\"PA\", \"PA\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): (\"PA\", \"PA\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;R\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;R\"),\n    (II, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): (\"CMYK\", \"CMYK\"),\n    (MM, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): (\"CMYK\", \"CMYK\"),\n    (II, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): (\"CMYK\", \"CMYKX\"),\n    (MM, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): (\"CMYK\", \"CMYKX\"),\n    (II, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): (\"CMYK\", \"CMYKXX\"),\n    (MM, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): (\"CMYK\", \"CMYKXX\"),\n    (II, 5, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), ()): (\"CMYK\", \"CMYK;16L\"),\n    # JPEG compressed images handled by LibTiff and auto-converted to RGBX\n    # Minimal Baseline TIFF requires YCbCr images to have 3 SamplesPerPixel\n    (II, 6, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGBX\"),\n    (MM, 6, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGBX\"),\n    (II, 8, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"LAB\", \"LAB\"),\n    (MM, 8, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"LAB\", \"LAB\"),\n}\n\nPREFIXES = [\n    b\"MM\\x00\\x2A\",  # Valid TIFF header with big-endian byte order\n    b\"II\\x2A\\x00\",  # Valid TIFF header with little-endian byte order\n    b\"MM\\x2A\\x00\",  # Invalid TIFF header, assume big-endian\n    b\"II\\x00\\x2A\",  # Invalid TIFF header, assume little-endian\n]\n\n\ndef _accept(prefix):\n    return prefix[:4] in PREFIXES\n\n\ndef _limit_rational(val, max_val):\n    inv = abs(val) > 1\n    n_d = IFDRational(1 / val if inv else val).limit_rational(max_val)\n    return n_d[::-1] if inv else n_d\n\n\ndef _limit_signed_rational(val, max_val, min_val):\n    frac = Fraction(val)\n    n_d = frac.numerator, frac.denominator\n\n    if min(n_d) < min_val:\n        n_d = _limit_rational(val, abs(min_val))\n\n    if max(n_d) > max_val:\n        val = Fraction(*n_d)\n        n_d = _limit_rational(val, max_val)\n\n    return n_d\n\n\n##\n# Wrapper for TIFF IFDs.\n\n_load_dispatch = {}\n_write_dispatch = {}\n\n\nclass IFDRational(Rational):\n    \"\"\"Implements a rational class where 0/0 is a legal value to match\n    the in the wild use of exif rationals.\n\n    e.g., DigitalZoomRatio - 0.00/0.00  indicates that no digital zoom was used\n    \"\"\"\n\n    \"\"\" If the denominator is 0, store this as a float('nan'), otherwise store\n    as a fractions.Fraction(). Delegate as appropriate\n\n    \"\"\"\n\n    __slots__ = (\"_numerator\", \"_denominator\", \"_val\")\n\n    def __init__(self, value, denominator=1):\n        \"\"\"\n        :param value: either an integer numerator, a\n        float/rational/other number, or an IFDRational\n        :param denominator: Optional integer denominator\n        \"\"\"\n        if isinstance(value, IFDRational):\n            self._numerator = value.numerator\n            self._denominator = value.denominator\n            self._val = value._val\n            return\n\n        if isinstance(value, Fraction):\n            self._numerator = value.numerator\n            self._denominator = value.denominator\n        else:\n            self._numerator = value\n            self._denominator = denominator\n\n        if denominator == 0:\n            self._val = float(\"nan\")\n        elif denominator == 1:\n            self._val = Fraction(value)\n        else:\n            self._val = Fraction(value, denominator)\n\n    @property\n    def numerator(a):\n        return a._numerator\n\n    @property\n    def denominator(a):\n        return a._denominator\n\n    def limit_rational(self, max_denominator):\n        \"\"\"\n\n        :param max_denominator: Integer, the maximum denominator value\n        :returns: Tuple of (numerator, denominator)\n        \"\"\"\n\n        if self.denominator == 0:\n            return (self.numerator, self.denominator)\n\n        f = self._val.limit_denominator(max_denominator)\n        return (f.numerator, f.denominator)\n\n    def __repr__(self):\n        return str(float(self._val))\n\n    def __hash__(self):\n        return self._val.__hash__()\n\n    def __eq__(self, other):\n        if isinstance(other, IFDRational):\n            other = other._val\n        return self._val == other\n\n    def __getstate__(self):\n        return [self._val, self._numerator, self._denominator]\n\n    def __setstate__(self, state):\n        IFDRational.__init__(self, 0)\n        _val, _numerator, _denominator = state\n        self._val = _val\n        self._numerator = _numerator\n        self._denominator = _denominator\n\n    def _delegate(op):\n        def delegate(self, *args):\n            return getattr(self._val, op)(*args)\n\n        return delegate\n\n    \"\"\" a = ['add','radd', 'sub', 'rsub', 'mul', 'rmul',\n             'truediv', 'rtruediv', 'floordiv', 'rfloordiv',\n             'mod','rmod', 'pow','rpow', 'pos', 'neg',\n             'abs', 'trunc', 'lt', 'gt', 'le', 'ge', 'bool',\n             'ceil', 'floor', 'round']\n        print(\"\\n\".join(\"__%s__ = _delegate('__%s__')\" % (s,s) for s in a))\n        \"\"\"\n\n    __add__ = _delegate(\"__add__\")\n    __radd__ = _delegate(\"__radd__\")\n    __sub__ = _delegate(\"__sub__\")\n    __rsub__ = _delegate(\"__rsub__\")\n    __mul__ = _delegate(\"__mul__\")\n    __rmul__ = _delegate(\"__rmul__\")\n    __truediv__ = _delegate(\"__truediv__\")\n    __rtruediv__ = _delegate(\"__rtruediv__\")\n    __floordiv__ = _delegate(\"__floordiv__\")\n    __rfloordiv__ = _delegate(\"__rfloordiv__\")\n    __mod__ = _delegate(\"__mod__\")\n    __rmod__ = _delegate(\"__rmod__\")\n    __pow__ = _delegate(\"__pow__\")\n    __rpow__ = _delegate(\"__rpow__\")\n    __pos__ = _delegate(\"__pos__\")\n    __neg__ = _delegate(\"__neg__\")\n    __abs__ = _delegate(\"__abs__\")\n    __trunc__ = _delegate(\"__trunc__\")\n    __lt__ = _delegate(\"__lt__\")\n    __gt__ = _delegate(\"__gt__\")\n    __le__ = _delegate(\"__le__\")\n    __ge__ = _delegate(\"__ge__\")\n    __bool__ = _delegate(\"__bool__\")\n    __ceil__ = _delegate(\"__ceil__\")\n    __floor__ = _delegate(\"__floor__\")\n    __round__ = _delegate(\"__round__\")\n\n\nclass ImageFileDirectory_v2(MutableMapping):\n    \"\"\"This class represents a TIFF tag directory.  To speed things up, we\n    don't decode tags unless they're asked for.\n\n    Exposes a dictionary interface of the tags in the directory::\n\n        ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n        ifd[key] = 'Some Data'\n        ifd.tagtype[key] = TiffTags.ASCII\n        print(ifd[key])\n        'Some Data'\n\n    Individual values are returned as the strings or numbers, sequences are\n    returned as tuples of the values.\n\n    The tiff metadata type of each item is stored in a dictionary of\n    tag types in\n    :attr:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2.tagtype`. The types\n    are read from a tiff file, guessed from the type added, or added\n    manually.\n\n    Data Structures:\n\n        * self.tagtype = {}\n\n          * Key: numerical tiff tag number\n          * Value: integer corresponding to the data type from\n                   ~PIL.TiffTags.TYPES`\n\n    .. versionadded:: 3.0.0\n    \"\"\"\n\n    \"\"\"\n    Documentation:\n\n        'internal' data structures:\n        * self._tags_v2 = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number\n                             Value: decoded data, as tuple for multiple values\n        * self._tagdata = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number\n                             Value: undecoded byte string from file\n        * self._tags_v1 = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number\n                             Value: decoded data in the v1 format\n\n    Tags will be found in the private attributes self._tagdata, and in\n    self._tags_v2 once decoded.\n\n    self.legacy_api is a value for internal use, and shouldn't be\n    changed from outside code. In cooperation with the\n    ImageFileDirectory_v1 class, if legacy_api is true, then decoded\n    tags will be populated into both _tags_v1 and _tags_v2. _tags_v2\n    will be used if this IFD is used in the TIFF save routine. Tags\n    should be read from _tags_v1 if legacy_api == true.\n\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def __init__(self, ifh=b\"II\\052\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\", prefix=None, group=None):\n        \"\"\"Initialize an ImageFileDirectory.\n\n        To construct an ImageFileDirectory from a real file, pass the 8-byte\n        magic header to the constructor.  To only set the endianness, pass it\n        as the 'prefix' keyword argument.\n\n        :param ifh: One of the accepted magic headers (cf. PREFIXES); also sets\n              endianness.\n        :param prefix: Override the endianness of the file.\n        \"\"\"\n        if ifh[:4] not in PREFIXES:\n            raise SyntaxError(f\"not a TIFF file (header {repr(ifh)} not valid)\")\n        self._prefix = prefix if prefix is not None else ifh[:2]\n        if self._prefix == MM:\n            self._endian = \">\"\n        elif self._prefix == II:\n            self._endian = \"<\"\n        else:\n            raise SyntaxError(\"not a TIFF IFD\")\n        self.group = group\n        self.tagtype = {}\n        \"\"\" Dictionary of tag types \"\"\"\n        self.reset()\n        (self.next,) = self._unpack(\"L\", ifh[4:])\n        self._legacy_api = False\n\n    prefix = property(lambda self: self._prefix)\n    offset = property(lambda self: self._offset)\n    legacy_api = property(lambda self: self._legacy_api)\n\n    @legacy_api.setter\n    def legacy_api(self, value):\n        raise Exception(\"Not allowing setting of legacy api\")\n\n    def reset(self):\n        self._tags_v1 = {}  # will remain empty if legacy_api is false\n        self._tags_v2 = {}  # main tag storage\n        self._tagdata = {}\n        self.tagtype = {}  # added 2008-06-05 by Florian Hoech\n        self._next = None\n        self._offset = None\n\n    def __str__(self):\n        return str(dict(self))\n\n    def named(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        :returns: dict of name|key: value\n\n        Returns the complete tag dictionary, with named tags where possible.\n        \"\"\"\n        return {\n            TiffTags.lookup(code, self.group).name: value\n            for code, value in self.items()\n        }\n\n    def __len__(self):\n        return len(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v2))\n\n    def __getitem__(self, tag):\n        if tag not in self._tags_v2:  # unpack on the fly\n            data = self._tagdata[tag]\n            typ = self.tagtype[tag]\n            size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]\n            self[tag] = handler(self, data, self.legacy_api)  # check type\n        val = self._tags_v2[tag]\n        if self.legacy_api and not isinstance(val, (tuple, bytes)):\n            val = (val,)\n        return val\n\n    def __contains__(self, tag):\n        return tag in self._tags_v2 or tag in self._tagdata\n\n    def __setitem__(self, tag, value):\n        self._setitem(tag, value, self.legacy_api)\n\n    def _setitem(self, tag, value, legacy_api):\n        basetypes = (Number, bytes, str)\n\n        info = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group)\n        values = [value] if isinstance(value, basetypes) else value\n\n        if tag not in self.tagtype:\n            if info.type:\n                self.tagtype[tag] = info.type\n            else:\n                self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.UNDEFINED\n                if all(isinstance(v, IFDRational) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = (\n                        TiffTags.RATIONAL\n                        if all(v >= 0 for v in values)\n                        else TiffTags.SIGNED_RATIONAL\n                    )\n                elif all(isinstance(v, int) for v in values):\n                    if all(0 <= v < 2 ** 16 for v in values):\n                        self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.SHORT\n                    elif all(-(2 ** 15) < v < 2 ** 15 for v in values):\n                        self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.SIGNED_SHORT\n                    else:\n                        self.tagtype[tag] = (\n                            TiffTags.LONG\n                            if all(v >= 0 for v in values)\n                            else TiffTags.SIGNED_LONG\n                        )\n                elif all(isinstance(v, float) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.DOUBLE\n                elif all(isinstance(v, str) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.ASCII\n                elif all(isinstance(v, bytes) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.BYTE\n\n        if self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.UNDEFINED:\n            values = [\n                v.encode(\"ascii\", \"replace\") if isinstance(v, str) else v\n                for v in values\n            ]\n        elif self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.RATIONAL:\n            values = [float(v) if isinstance(v, int) else v for v in values]\n\n        is_ifd = self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.LONG and isinstance(values, dict)\n        if not is_ifd:\n            values = tuple(info.cvt_enum(value) for value in values)\n\n        dest = self._tags_v1 if legacy_api else self._tags_v2\n\n        # Three branches:\n        # Spec'd length == 1, Actual length 1, store as element\n        # Spec'd length == 1, Actual > 1, Warn and truncate. Formerly barfed.\n        # No Spec, Actual length 1, Formerly (<4.2) returned a 1 element tuple.\n        # Don't mess with the legacy api, since it's frozen.\n        if not is_ifd and (\n            (info.length == 1)\n            or self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.BYTE\n            or (info.length is None and len(values) == 1 and not legacy_api)\n        ):\n            # Don't mess with the legacy api, since it's frozen.\n            if legacy_api and self.tagtype[tag] in [\n                TiffTags.RATIONAL,\n                TiffTags.SIGNED_RATIONAL,\n            ]:  # rationals\n                values = (values,)\n            try:\n                (dest[tag],) = values\n            except ValueError:\n                # We've got a builtin tag with 1 expected entry\n                warnings.warn(\n                    f\"Metadata Warning, tag {tag} had too many entries: \"\n                    f\"{len(values)}, expected 1\"\n                )\n                dest[tag] = values[0]\n\n        else:\n            # Spec'd length > 1 or undefined\n            # Unspec'd, and length > 1\n            dest[tag] = values\n\n    def __delitem__(self, tag):\n        self._tags_v2.pop(tag, None)\n        self._tags_v1.pop(tag, None)\n        self._tagdata.pop(tag, None)\n\n    def __iter__(self):\n        return iter(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v2))\n\n    def _unpack(self, fmt, data):\n        return struct.unpack(self._endian + fmt, data)\n\n    def _pack(self, fmt, *values):\n        return struct.pack(self._endian + fmt, *values)\n\n    def _register_loader(idx, size):\n        def decorator(func):\n            from .TiffTags import TYPES\n\n            if func.__name__.startswith(\"load_\"):\n                TYPES[idx] = func.__name__[5:].replace(\"_\", \" \")\n            _load_dispatch[idx] = size, func  # noqa: F821\n            return func\n\n        return decorator\n\n    def _register_writer(idx):\n        def decorator(func):\n            _write_dispatch[idx] = func  # noqa: F821\n            return func\n\n        return decorator\n\n    def _register_basic(idx_fmt_name):\n        from .TiffTags import TYPES\n\n        idx, fmt, name = idx_fmt_name\n        TYPES[idx] = name\n        size = struct.calcsize(\"=\" + fmt)\n        _load_dispatch[idx] = (  # noqa: F821\n            size,\n            lambda self, data, legacy_api=True: (\n                self._unpack(\"{}{}\".format(len(data) // size, fmt), data)\n            ),\n        )\n        _write_dispatch[idx] = lambda self, *values: (  # noqa: F821\n            b\"\".join(self._pack(fmt, value) for value in values)\n        )\n\n    list(\n        map(\n            _register_basic,\n            [\n                (TiffTags.SHORT, \"H\", \"short\"),\n                (TiffTags.LONG, \"L\", \"long\"),\n                (TiffTags.SIGNED_BYTE, \"b\", \"signed byte\"),\n                (TiffTags.SIGNED_SHORT, \"h\", \"signed short\"),\n                (TiffTags.SIGNED_LONG, \"l\", \"signed long\"),\n                (TiffTags.FLOAT, \"f\", \"float\"),\n                (TiffTags.DOUBLE, \"d\", \"double\"),\n                (TiffTags.IFD, \"L\", \"long\"),\n            ],\n        )\n    )\n\n    @_register_loader(1, 1)  # Basic type, except for the legacy API.\n    def load_byte(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        return data\n\n    @_register_writer(1)  # Basic type, except for the legacy API.\n    def write_byte(self, data):\n        return data\n\n    @_register_loader(2, 1)\n    def load_string(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        if data.endswith(b\"\\0\"):\n            data = data[:-1]\n        return data.decode(\"latin-1\", \"replace\")\n\n    @_register_writer(2)\n    def write_string(self, value):\n        # remerge of https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/1416\n        return b\"\" + value.encode(\"ascii\", \"replace\") + b\"\\0\"\n\n    @_register_loader(5, 8)\n    def load_rational(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        vals = self._unpack(\"{}L\".format(len(data) // 4), data)\n\n        def combine(a, b):\n            return (a, b) if legacy_api else IFDRational(a, b)\n\n        return tuple(combine(num, denom) for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))\n\n    @_register_writer(5)\n    def write_rational(self, *values):\n        return b\"\".join(\n            self._pack(\"2L\", *_limit_rational(frac, 2 ** 32 - 1)) for frac in values\n        )\n\n    @_register_loader(7, 1)\n    def load_undefined(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        return data\n\n    @_register_writer(7)\n    def write_undefined(self, value):\n        return value\n\n    @_register_loader(10, 8)\n    def load_signed_rational(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        vals = self._unpack(\"{}l\".format(len(data) // 4), data)\n\n        def combine(a, b):\n            return (a, b) if legacy_api else IFDRational(a, b)\n\n        return tuple(combine(num, denom) for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))\n\n    @_register_writer(10)\n    def write_signed_rational(self, *values):\n        return b\"\".join(\n            self._pack(\"2l\", *_limit_signed_rational(frac, 2 ** 31 - 1, -(2 ** 31)))\n            for frac in values\n        )\n\n    def _ensure_read(self, fp, size):\n        ret = fp.read(size)\n        if len(ret) != size:\n            raise OSError(\n                \"Corrupt EXIF data.  \"\n                f\"Expecting to read {size} bytes but only got {len(ret)}. \"\n            )\n        return ret\n\n    def load(self, fp):\n\n        self.reset()\n        self._offset = fp.tell()\n\n        try:\n            for i in range(self._unpack(\"H\", self._ensure_read(fp, 2))[0]):\n                tag, typ, count, data = self._unpack(\"HHL4s\", self._ensure_read(fp, 12))\n\n                tagname = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group).name\n                typname = TYPES.get(typ, \"unknown\")\n                msg = f\"tag: {tagname} ({tag}) - type: {typname} ({typ})\"\n\n                try:\n                    unit_size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]\n                except KeyError:\n                    logger.debug(msg + f\" - unsupported type {typ}\")\n                    continue  # ignore unsupported type\n                size = count * unit_size\n                if size > 4:\n                    here = fp.tell()\n                    (offset,) = self._unpack(\"L\", data)\n                    msg += f\" Tag Location: {here} - Data Location: {offset}\"\n                    fp.seek(offset)\n                    data = ImageFile._safe_read(fp, size)\n                    fp.seek(here)\n                else:\n                    data = data[:size]\n\n                if len(data) != size:\n                    warnings.warn(\n                        \"Possibly corrupt EXIF data.  \"\n                        f\"Expecting to read {size} bytes but only got {len(data)}.\"\n                        f\" Skipping tag {tag}\"\n                    )\n                    logger.debug(msg)\n                    continue\n\n                if not data:\n                    logger.debug(msg)\n                    continue\n\n                self._tagdata[tag] = data\n                self.tagtype[tag] = typ\n\n                msg += \" - value: \" + (\n                    \"<table: %d bytes>\" % size if size > 32 else repr(data)\n                )\n                logger.debug(msg)\n\n            (self.next,) = self._unpack(\"L\", self._ensure_read(fp, 4))\n        except OSError as msg:\n            warnings.warn(str(msg))\n            return\n\n    def tobytes(self, offset=0):\n        # FIXME What about tagdata?\n        result = self._pack(\"H\", len(self._tags_v2))\n\n        entries = []\n        offset = offset + len(result) + len(self._tags_v2) * 12 + 4\n        stripoffsets = None\n\n        # pass 1: convert tags to binary format\n        # always write tags in ascending order\n        for tag, value in sorted(self._tags_v2.items()):\n            if tag == STRIPOFFSETS:\n                stripoffsets = len(entries)\n            typ = self.tagtype.get(tag)\n            logger.debug(f\"Tag {tag}, Type: {typ}, Value: {repr(value)}\")\n            is_ifd = typ == TiffTags.LONG and isinstance(value, dict)\n            if is_ifd:\n                if self._endian == \"<\":\n                    ifh = b\"II\\x2A\\x00\\x08\\x00\\x00\\x00\"\n                else:\n                    ifh = b\"MM\\x00\\x2A\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x08\"\n                ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(ifh, group=tag)\n                for ifd_tag, ifd_value in self._tags_v2[tag].items():\n                    ifd[ifd_tag] = ifd_value\n                data = ifd.tobytes(offset)\n            else:\n                values = value if isinstance(value, tuple) else (value,)\n                data = self._write_dispatch[typ](self, *values)\n\n            tagname = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group).name\n            typname = \"ifd\" if is_ifd else TYPES.get(typ, \"unknown\")\n            msg = f\"save: {tagname} ({tag}) - type: {typname} ({typ})\"\n            msg += \" - value: \" + (\n                \"<table: %d bytes>\" % len(data) if len(data) >= 16 else str(values)\n            )\n            logger.debug(msg)\n\n            # count is sum of lengths for string and arbitrary data\n            if is_ifd:\n                count = 1\n            elif typ in [TiffTags.BYTE, TiffTags.ASCII, TiffTags.UNDEFINED]:\n                count = len(data)\n            else:\n                count = len(values)\n            # figure out if data fits into the entry\n            if len(data) <= 4:\n                entries.append((tag, typ, count, data.ljust(4, b\"\\0\"), b\"\"))\n            else:\n                entries.append((tag, typ, count, self._pack(\"L\", offset), data))\n                offset += (len(data) + 1) // 2 * 2  # pad to word\n\n        # update strip offset data to point beyond auxiliary data\n        if stripoffsets is not None:\n            tag, typ, count, value, data = entries[stripoffsets]\n            if data:\n                raise NotImplementedError(\"multistrip support not yet implemented\")\n            value = self._pack(\"L\", self._unpack(\"L\", value)[0] + offset)\n            entries[stripoffsets] = tag, typ, count, value, data\n\n        # pass 2: write entries to file\n        for tag, typ, count, value, data in entries:\n            logger.debug(f\"{tag} {typ} {count} {repr(value)} {repr(data)}\")\n            result += self._pack(\"HHL4s\", tag, typ, count, value)\n\n        # -- overwrite here for multi-page --\n        result += b\"\\0\\0\\0\\0\"  # end of entries\n\n        # pass 3: write auxiliary data to file\n        for tag, typ, count, value, data in entries:\n            result += data\n            if len(data) & 1:\n                result += b\"\\0\"\n\n        return result\n\n    def save(self, fp):\n\n        if fp.tell() == 0:  # skip TIFF header on subsequent pages\n            # tiff header -- PIL always starts the first IFD at offset 8\n            fp.write(self._prefix + self._pack(\"HL\", 42, 8))\n\n        offset = fp.tell()\n        result = self.tobytes(offset)\n        fp.write(result)\n        return offset + len(result)\n\n\nImageFileDirectory_v2._load_dispatch = _load_dispatch\nImageFileDirectory_v2._write_dispatch = _write_dispatch\nfor idx, name in TYPES.items():\n    name = name.replace(\" \", \"_\")\n    setattr(ImageFileDirectory_v2, \"load_\" + name, _load_dispatch[idx][1])\n    setattr(ImageFileDirectory_v2, \"write_\" + name, _write_dispatch[idx])\ndel _load_dispatch, _write_dispatch, idx, name\n\n\n# Legacy ImageFileDirectory support.\nclass ImageFileDirectory_v1(ImageFileDirectory_v2):\n    \"\"\"This class represents the **legacy** interface to a TIFF tag directory.\n\n    Exposes a dictionary interface of the tags in the directory::\n\n        ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v1()\n        ifd[key] = 'Some Data'\n        ifd.tagtype[key] = TiffTags.ASCII\n        print(ifd[key])\n        ('Some Data',)\n\n    Also contains a dictionary of tag types as read from the tiff image file,\n    :attr:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1.tagtype`.\n\n    Values are returned as a tuple.\n\n    ..  deprecated:: 3.0.0\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)\n        self._legacy_api = True\n\n    tags = property(lambda self: self._tags_v1)\n    tagdata = property(lambda self: self._tagdata)\n\n    # defined in ImageFileDirectory_v2\n    tagtype: dict\n    \"\"\"Dictionary of tag types\"\"\"\n\n    @classmethod\n    def from_v2(cls, original):\n        \"\"\"Returns an\n        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`\n        instance with the same data as is contained in the original\n        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2`\n        instance.\n\n        :returns: :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`\n\n        \"\"\"\n\n        ifd = cls(prefix=original.prefix)\n        ifd._tagdata = original._tagdata\n        ifd.tagtype = original.tagtype\n        ifd.next = original.next  # an indicator for multipage tiffs\n        return ifd\n\n    def to_v2(self):\n        \"\"\"Returns an\n        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2`\n        instance with the same data as is contained in the original\n        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`\n        instance.\n\n        :returns: :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2`\n\n        \"\"\"\n\n        ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(prefix=self.prefix)\n        ifd._tagdata = dict(self._tagdata)\n        ifd.tagtype = dict(self.tagtype)\n        ifd._tags_v2 = dict(self._tags_v2)\n        return ifd\n\n    def __contains__(self, tag):\n        return tag in self._tags_v1 or tag in self._tagdata\n\n    def __len__(self):\n        return len(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v1))\n\n    def __iter__(self):\n        return iter(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v1))\n\n    def __setitem__(self, tag, value):\n        for legacy_api in (False, True):\n            self._setitem(tag, value, legacy_api)\n\n    def __getitem__(self, tag):\n        if tag not in self._tags_v1:  # unpack on the fly\n            data = self._tagdata[tag]\n            typ = self.tagtype[tag]\n            size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]\n            for legacy in (False, True):\n                self._setitem(tag, handler(self, data, legacy), legacy)\n        val = self._tags_v1[tag]\n        if not isinstance(val, (tuple, bytes)):\n            val = (val,)\n        return val\n\n\n# undone -- switch this pointer when IFD_LEGACY_API == False\nImageFileDirectory = ImageFileDirectory_v1\n\n\n##\n# Image plugin for TIFF files.\n\n\nclass TiffImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):\n\n    format = \"TIFF\"\n    format_description = \"Adobe TIFF\"\n    _close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = False\n\n    def __init__(self, fp=None, filename=None):\n        self.tag_v2 = None\n        \"\"\" Image file directory (tag dictionary) \"\"\"\n\n        self.tag = None\n        \"\"\" Legacy tag entries \"\"\"\n\n        super().__init__(fp, filename)\n\n    def _open(self):\n        \"\"\"Open the first image in a TIFF file\"\"\"\n\n        # Header\n        ifh = self.fp.read(8)\n\n        self.tag_v2 = ImageFileDirectory_v2(ifh)\n\n        # legacy IFD entries will be filled in later\n        self.ifd = None\n\n        # setup frame pointers\n        self.__first = self.__next = self.tag_v2.next\n        self.__frame = -1\n        self.__fp = self.fp\n        self._frame_pos = []\n        self._n_frames = None\n\n        logger.debug(\"*** TiffImageFile._open ***\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- __first: {self.__first}\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- ifh: {repr(ifh)}\")  # Use repr to avoid str(bytes)\n\n        # and load the first frame\n        self._seek(0)\n\n    @property\n    def n_frames(self):\n        if self._n_frames is None:\n            current = self.tell()\n            self._seek(len(self._frame_pos))\n            while self._n_frames is None:\n                self._seek(self.tell() + 1)\n            self.seek(current)\n        return self._n_frames\n\n    def seek(self, frame):\n        \"\"\"Select a given frame as current image\"\"\"\n        if not self._seek_check(frame):\n            return\n        self._seek(frame)\n        # Create a new core image object on second and\n        # subsequent frames in the image. Image may be\n        # different size/mode.\n        Image._decompression_bomb_check(self.size)\n        self.im = Image.core.new(self.mode, self.size)\n\n    def _seek(self, frame):\n        self.fp = self.__fp\n\n        # reset buffered io handle in case fp\n        # was passed to libtiff, invalidating the buffer\n        self.fp.tell()\n\n        while len(self._frame_pos) <= frame:\n            if not self.__next:\n                raise EOFError(\"no more images in TIFF file\")\n            logger.debug(\n                f\"Seeking to frame {frame}, on frame {self.__frame}, \"\n                f\"__next {self.__next}, location: {self.fp.tell()}\"\n            )\n            self.fp.seek(self.__next)\n            self._frame_pos.append(self.__next)\n            logger.debug(\"Loading tags, location: %s\" % self.fp.tell())\n            self.tag_v2.load(self.fp)\n            if self.tag_v2.next in self._frame_pos:\n                # This IFD has already been processed\n                # Declare this to be the end of the image\n                self.__next = 0\n            else:\n                self.__next = self.tag_v2.next\n            if self.__next == 0:\n                self._n_frames = frame + 1\n            if len(self._frame_pos) == 1:\n                self.is_animated = self.__next != 0\n            self.__frame += 1\n        self.fp.seek(self._frame_pos[frame])\n        self.tag_v2.load(self.fp)\n        # fill the legacy tag/ifd entries\n        self.tag = self.ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v1.from_v2(self.tag_v2)\n        self.__frame = frame\n        self._setup()\n\n    def tell(self):\n        \"\"\"Return the current frame number\"\"\"\n        return self.__frame\n\n    def load(self):\n        if self.tile and self.use_load_libtiff:\n            return self._load_libtiff()\n        return super().load()\n\n    def load_end(self):\n        if self._tile_orientation:\n            method = {\n                2: Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT,\n                3: Image.ROTATE_180,\n                4: Image.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM,\n                5: Image.TRANSPOSE,\n                6: Image.ROTATE_270,\n                7: Image.TRANSVERSE,\n                8: Image.ROTATE_90,\n            }.get(self._tile_orientation)\n            if method is not None:\n                self.im = self.im.transpose(method)\n                self._size = self.im.size\n\n        # allow closing if we're on the first frame, there's no next\n        # This is the ImageFile.load path only, libtiff specific below.\n        if not self.is_animated:\n            self._close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = True\n\n    def _load_libtiff(self):\n        \"\"\"Overload method triggered when we detect a compressed tiff\n        Calls out to libtiff\"\"\"\n\n        Image.Image.load(self)\n\n        self.load_prepare()\n\n        if not len(self.tile) == 1:\n            raise OSError(\"Not exactly one tile\")\n\n        # (self._compression, (extents tuple),\n        #   0, (rawmode, self._compression, fp))\n        extents = self.tile[0][1]\n        args = list(self.tile[0][3])\n\n        # To be nice on memory footprint, if there's a\n        # file descriptor, use that instead of reading\n        # into a string in python.\n        # libtiff closes the file descriptor, so pass in a dup.\n        try:\n            fp = hasattr(self.fp, \"fileno\") and os.dup(self.fp.fileno())\n            # flush the file descriptor, prevents error on pypy 2.4+\n            # should also eliminate the need for fp.tell\n            # in _seek\n            if hasattr(self.fp, \"flush\"):\n                self.fp.flush()\n        except OSError:\n            # io.BytesIO have a fileno, but returns an OSError if\n            # it doesn't use a file descriptor.\n            fp = False\n\n        if fp:\n            args[2] = fp\n\n        decoder = Image._getdecoder(\n            self.mode, \"libtiff\", tuple(args), self.decoderconfig\n        )\n        try:\n            decoder.setimage(self.im, extents)\n        except ValueError as e:\n            raise OSError(\"Couldn't set the image\") from e\n\n        close_self_fp = self._exclusive_fp and not self.is_animated\n        if hasattr(self.fp, \"getvalue\"):\n            # We've got a stringio like thing passed in. Yay for all in memory.\n            # The decoder needs the entire file in one shot, so there's not\n            # a lot we can do here other than give it the entire file.\n            # unless we could do something like get the address of the\n            # underlying string for stringio.\n            #\n            # Rearranging for supporting byteio items, since they have a fileno\n            # that returns an OSError if there's no underlying fp. Easier to\n            # deal with here by reordering.\n            logger.debug(\"have getvalue. just sending in a string from getvalue\")\n            n, err = decoder.decode(self.fp.getvalue())\n        elif fp:\n            # we've got a actual file on disk, pass in the fp.\n            logger.debug(\"have fileno, calling fileno version of the decoder.\")\n            if not close_self_fp:\n                self.fp.seek(0)\n            # 4 bytes, otherwise the trace might error out\n            n, err = decoder.decode(b\"fpfp\")\n        else:\n            # we have something else.\n            logger.debug(\"don't have fileno or getvalue. just reading\")\n            self.fp.seek(0)\n            # UNDONE -- so much for that buffer size thing.\n            n, err = decoder.decode(self.fp.read())\n\n        self.tile = []\n        self.readonly = 0\n\n        self.load_end()\n\n        # libtiff closed the fp in a, we need to close self.fp, if possible\n        if close_self_fp:\n            self.fp.close()\n            self.fp = None  # might be shared\n\n        if err < 0:\n            raise OSError(err)\n\n        return Image.Image.load(self)\n\n    def _setup(self):\n        \"\"\"Setup this image object based on current tags\"\"\"\n\n        if 0xBC01 in self.tag_v2:\n            raise OSError(\"Windows Media Photo files not yet supported\")\n\n        # extract relevant tags\n        self._compression = COMPRESSION_INFO[self.tag_v2.get(COMPRESSION, 1)]\n        self._planar_configuration = self.tag_v2.get(PLANAR_CONFIGURATION, 1)\n\n        # photometric is a required tag, but not everyone is reading\n        # the specification\n        photo = self.tag_v2.get(PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION, 0)\n\n        # old style jpeg compression images most certainly are YCbCr\n        if self._compression == \"tiff_jpeg\":\n            photo = 6\n\n        fillorder = self.tag_v2.get(FILLORDER, 1)\n\n        logger.debug(\"*** Summary ***\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- compression: {self._compression}\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- photometric_interpretation: {photo}\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- planar_configuration: {self._planar_configuration}\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- fill_order: {fillorder}\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- YCbCr subsampling: {self.tag.get(530)}\")\n\n        # size\n        xsize = int(self.tag_v2.get(IMAGEWIDTH))\n        ysize = int(self.tag_v2.get(IMAGELENGTH))\n        self._size = xsize, ysize\n\n        logger.debug(f\"- size: {self.size}\")\n\n        sampleFormat = self.tag_v2.get(SAMPLEFORMAT, (1,))\n        if len(sampleFormat) > 1 and max(sampleFormat) == min(sampleFormat) == 1:\n            # SAMPLEFORMAT is properly per band, so an RGB image will\n            # be (1,1,1).  But, we don't support per band pixel types,\n            # and anything more than one band is a uint8. So, just\n            # take the first element. Revisit this if adding support\n            # for more exotic images.\n            sampleFormat = (1,)\n\n        bps_tuple = self.tag_v2.get(BITSPERSAMPLE, (1,))\n        extra_tuple = self.tag_v2.get(EXTRASAMPLES, ())\n        if photo in (2, 6, 8):  # RGB, YCbCr, LAB\n            bps_count = 3\n        elif photo == 5:  # CMYK\n            bps_count = 4\n        else:\n            bps_count = 1\n        bps_count += len(extra_tuple)\n        # Some files have only one value in bps_tuple,\n        # while should have more. Fix it\n        if bps_count > len(bps_tuple) and len(bps_tuple) == 1:\n            bps_tuple = bps_tuple * bps_count\n\n        samplesPerPixel = self.tag_v2.get(\n            SAMPLESPERPIXEL,\n            3 if self._compression == \"tiff_jpeg\" and photo in (2, 6) else 1,\n        )\n        if len(bps_tuple) != samplesPerPixel:\n            raise SyntaxError(\"unknown data organization\")\n\n        # mode: check photometric interpretation and bits per pixel\n        key = (\n            self.tag_v2.prefix,\n            photo,\n            sampleFormat,\n            fillorder,\n            bps_tuple,\n            extra_tuple,\n        )\n        logger.debug(f\"format key: {key}\")\n        try:\n            self.mode, rawmode = OPEN_INFO[key]\n        except KeyError as e:\n            logger.debug(\"- unsupported format\")\n            raise SyntaxError(\"unknown pixel mode\") from e\n\n        logger.debug(f\"- raw mode: {rawmode}\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- pil mode: {self.mode}\")\n\n        self.info[\"compression\"] = self._compression\n\n        xres = self.tag_v2.get(X_RESOLUTION, 1)\n        yres = self.tag_v2.get(Y_RESOLUTION, 1)\n\n        if xres and yres:\n            resunit = self.tag_v2.get(RESOLUTION_UNIT)\n            if resunit == 2:  # dots per inch\n                self.info[\"dpi\"] = (xres, yres)\n            elif resunit == 3:  # dots per centimeter. convert to dpi\n                self.info[\"dpi\"] = (xres * 2.54, yres * 2.54)\n            elif resunit is None:  # used to default to 1, but now 2)\n                self.info[\"dpi\"] = (xres, yres)\n                # For backward compatibility,\n                # we also preserve the old behavior\n                self.info[\"resolution\"] = xres, yres\n            else:  # No absolute unit of measurement\n                self.info[\"resolution\"] = xres, yres\n\n        # build tile descriptors\n        x = y = layer = 0\n        self.tile = []\n        self.use_load_libtiff = READ_LIBTIFF or self._compression != \"raw\"\n        if self.use_load_libtiff:\n            # Decoder expects entire file as one tile.\n            # There's a buffer size limit in load (64k)\n            # so large g4 images will fail if we use that\n            # function.\n            #\n            # Setup the one tile for the whole image, then\n            # use the _load_libtiff function.\n\n            # libtiff handles the fillmode for us, so 1;IR should\n            # actually be 1;I. Including the R double reverses the\n            # bits, so stripes of the image are reversed.  See\n            # https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/279\n            if fillorder == 2:\n                # Replace fillorder with fillorder=1\n                key = key[:3] + (1,) + key[4:]\n                logger.debug(f\"format key: {key}\")\n                # this should always work, since all the\n                # fillorder==2 modes have a corresponding\n                # fillorder=1 mode\n                self.mode, rawmode = OPEN_INFO[key]\n            # libtiff always returns the bytes in native order.\n            # we're expecting image byte order. So, if the rawmode\n            # contains I;16, we need to convert from native to image\n            # byte order.\n            if rawmode == \"I;16\":\n                rawmode = \"I;16N\"\n            if \";16B\" in rawmode:\n                rawmode = rawmode.replace(\";16B\", \";16N\")\n            if \";16L\" in rawmode:\n                rawmode = rawmode.replace(\";16L\", \";16N\")\n\n            # YCbCr images with new jpeg compression with pixels in one plane\n            # unpacked straight into RGB values\n            if (\n                photo == 6\n                and self._compression == \"jpeg\"\n                and self._planar_configuration == 1\n            ):\n                rawmode = \"RGB\"\n\n            # Offset in the tile tuple is 0, we go from 0,0 to\n            # w,h, and we only do this once -- eds\n            a = (rawmode, self._compression, False, self.tag_v2.offset)\n            self.tile.append((\"libtiff\", (0, 0, xsize, ysize), 0, a))\n\n        elif STRIPOFFSETS in self.tag_v2 or TILEOFFSETS in self.tag_v2:\n            # striped image\n            if STRIPOFFSETS in self.tag_v2:\n                offsets = self.tag_v2[STRIPOFFSETS]\n                h = self.tag_v2.get(ROWSPERSTRIP, ysize)\n                w = self.size[0]\n            else:\n                # tiled image\n                offsets = self.tag_v2[TILEOFFSETS]\n                w = self.tag_v2.get(322)\n                h = self.tag_v2.get(323)\n\n            for offset in offsets:\n                if x + w > xsize:\n                    stride = w * sum(bps_tuple) / 8  # bytes per line\n                else:\n                    stride = 0\n\n                tile_rawmode = rawmode\n                if self._planar_configuration == 2:\n                    # each band on it's own layer\n                    tile_rawmode = rawmode[layer]\n                    # adjust stride width accordingly\n                    stride /= bps_count\n\n                a = (tile_rawmode, int(stride), 1)\n                self.tile.append(\n                    (\n                        self._compression,\n                        (x, y, min(x + w, xsize), min(y + h, ysize)),\n                        offset,\n                        a,\n                    )\n                )\n                x = x + w\n                if x >= self.size[0]:\n                    x, y = 0, y + h\n                    if y >= self.size[1]:\n                        x = y = 0\n                        layer += 1\n        else:\n            logger.debug(\"- unsupported data organization\")\n            raise SyntaxError(\"unknown data organization\")\n\n        # Fix up info.\n        if ICCPROFILE in self.tag_v2:\n            self.info[\"icc_profile\"] = self.tag_v2[ICCPROFILE]\n\n        # fixup palette descriptor\n\n        if self.mode in [\"P\", \"PA\"]:\n            palette = [o8(b // 256) for b in self.tag_v2[COLORMAP]]\n            self.palette = ImagePalette.raw(\"RGB;L\", b\"\".join(palette))\n\n        self._tile_orientation = self.tag_v2.get(0x0112)\n\n    def _close__fp(self):\n        try:\n            if self.__fp != self.fp:\n                self.__fp.close()\n        except AttributeError:\n            pass\n        finally:\n            self.__fp = None\n\n\n#\n# --------------------------------------------------------------------\n# Write TIFF files\n\n# little endian is default except for image modes with\n# explicit big endian byte-order\n\nSAVE_INFO = {\n    # mode => rawmode, byteorder, photometrics,\n    #           sampleformat, bitspersample, extra\n    \"1\": (\"1\", II, 1, 1, (1,), None),\n    \"L\": (\"L\", II, 1, 1, (8,), None),\n    \"LA\": (\"LA\", II, 1, 1, (8, 8), 2),\n    \"P\": (\"P\", II, 3, 1, (8,), None),\n    \"PA\": (\"PA\", II, 3, 1, (8, 8), 2),\n    \"I\": (\"I;32S\", II, 1, 2, (32,), None),\n    \"I;16\": (\"I;16\", II, 1, 1, (16,), None),\n    \"I;16S\": (\"I;16S\", II, 1, 2, (16,), None),\n    \"F\": (\"F;32F\", II, 1, 3, (32,), None),\n    \"RGB\": (\"RGB\", II, 2, 1, (8, 8, 8), None),\n    \"RGBX\": (\"RGBX\", II, 2, 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), 0),\n    \"RGBA\": (\"RGBA\", II, 2, 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), 2),\n    \"CMYK\": (\"CMYK\", II, 5, 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), None),\n    \"YCbCr\": (\"YCbCr\", II, 6, 1, (8, 8, 8), None),\n    \"LAB\": (\"LAB\", II, 8, 1, (8, 8, 8), None),\n    \"I;32BS\": (\"I;32BS\", MM, 1, 2, (32,), None),\n    \"I;16B\": (\"I;16B\", MM, 1, 1, (16,), None),\n    \"I;16BS\": (\"I;16BS\", MM, 1, 2, (16,), None),\n    \"F;32BF\": (\"F;32BF\", MM, 1, 3, (32,), None),\n}\n\n\ndef _save(im, fp, filename):\n\n    try:\n        rawmode, prefix, photo, format, bits, extra = SAVE_INFO[im.mode]\n    except KeyError as e:\n        raise OSError(f\"cannot write mode {im.mode} as TIFF\") from e\n\n    ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(prefix=prefix)\n\n    compression = im.encoderinfo.get(\"compression\", im.info.get(\"compression\"))\n    if compression is None:\n        compression = \"raw\"\n    elif compression == \"tiff_jpeg\":\n        # OJPEG is obsolete, so use new-style JPEG compression instead\n        compression = \"jpeg\"\n    elif compression == \"tiff_deflate\":\n        compression = \"tiff_adobe_deflate\"\n\n    libtiff = WRITE_LIBTIFF or compression != \"raw\"\n\n    # required for color libtiff images\n    ifd[PLANAR_CONFIGURATION] = getattr(im, \"_planar_configuration\", 1)\n\n    ifd[IMAGEWIDTH] = im.size[0]\n    ifd[IMAGELENGTH] = im.size[1]\n\n    # write any arbitrary tags passed in as an ImageFileDirectory\n    info = im.encoderinfo.get(\"tiffinfo\", {})\n    logger.debug(\"Tiffinfo Keys: %s\" % list(info))\n    if isinstance(info, ImageFileDirectory_v1):\n        info = info.to_v2()\n    for key in info:\n        ifd[key] = info.get(key)\n        try:\n            ifd.tagtype[key] = info.tagtype[key]\n        except Exception:\n            pass  # might not be an IFD. Might not have populated type\n\n    # additions written by Greg Couch, gregc@cgl.ucsf.edu\n    # inspired by image-sig posting from Kevin Cazabon, kcazabon@home.com\n    if hasattr(im, \"tag_v2\"):\n        # preserve tags from original TIFF image file\n        for key in (\n            RESOLUTION_UNIT,\n            X_RESOLUTION,\n            Y_RESOLUTION,\n            IPTC_NAA_CHUNK,\n            PHOTOSHOP_CHUNK,\n            XMP,\n        ):\n            if key in im.tag_v2:\n                ifd[key] = im.tag_v2[key]\n                ifd.tagtype[key] = im.tag_v2.tagtype[key]\n\n    # preserve ICC profile (should also work when saving other formats\n    # which support profiles as TIFF) -- 2008-06-06 Florian Hoech\n    icc = im.encoderinfo.get(\"icc_profile\", im.info.get(\"icc_profile\"))\n    if icc:\n        ifd[ICCPROFILE] = icc\n\n    for key, name in [\n        (IMAGEDESCRIPTION, \"description\"),\n        (X_RESOLUTION, \"resolution\"),\n        (Y_RESOLUTION, \"resolution\"),\n        (X_RESOLUTION, \"x_resolution\"),\n        (Y_RESOLUTION, \"y_resolution\"),\n        (RESOLUTION_UNIT, \"resolution_unit\"),\n        (SOFTWARE, \"software\"),\n        (DATE_TIME, \"date_time\"),\n        (ARTIST, \"artist\"),\n        (COPYRIGHT, \"copyright\"),\n    ]:\n        if name in im.encoderinfo:\n            ifd[key] = im.encoderinfo[name]\n\n    dpi = im.encoderinfo.get(\"dpi\")\n    if dpi:\n        ifd[RESOLUTION_UNIT] = 2\n        ifd[X_RESOLUTION] = dpi[0]\n        ifd[Y_RESOLUTION] = dpi[1]\n\n    if bits != (1,):\n        ifd[BITSPERSAMPLE] = bits\n        if len(bits) != 1:\n            ifd[SAMPLESPERPIXEL] = len(bits)\n    if extra is not None:\n        ifd[EXTRASAMPLES] = extra\n    if format != 1:\n        ifd[SAMPLEFORMAT] = format\n\n    ifd[PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION] = photo\n\n    if im.mode in [\"P\", \"PA\"]:\n        lut = im.im.getpalette(\"RGB\", \"RGB;L\")\n        ifd[COLORMAP] = tuple(v * 256 for v in lut)\n    # data orientation\n    stride = len(bits) * ((im.size[0] * bits[0] + 7) // 8)\n    ifd[ROWSPERSTRIP] = im.size[1]\n    strip_byte_counts = stride * im.size[1]\n    if strip_byte_counts >= 2 ** 16:\n        ifd.tagtype[STRIPBYTECOUNTS] = TiffTags.LONG\n    ifd[STRIPBYTECOUNTS] = strip_byte_counts\n    ifd[STRIPOFFSETS] = 0  # this is adjusted by IFD writer\n    # no compression by default:\n    ifd[COMPRESSION] = COMPRESSION_INFO_REV.get(compression, 1)\n\n    if libtiff:\n        if \"quality\" in im.encoderinfo:\n            quality = im.encoderinfo[\"quality\"]\n            if not isinstance(quality, int) or quality < 0 or quality > 100:\n                raise ValueError(\"Invalid quality setting\")\n            if compression != \"jpeg\":\n                raise ValueError(\n                    \"quality setting only supported for 'jpeg' compression\"\n                )\n            ifd[JPEGQUALITY] = quality\n\n        logger.debug(\"Saving using libtiff encoder\")\n        logger.debug(\"Items: %s\" % sorted(ifd.items()))\n        _fp = 0\n        if hasattr(fp, \"fileno\"):\n            try:\n                fp.seek(0)\n                _fp = os.dup(fp.fileno())\n            except io.UnsupportedOperation:\n                pass\n\n        # optional types for non core tags\n        types = {}\n        # SAMPLEFORMAT is determined by the image format and should not be copied\n        # from legacy_ifd.\n        # STRIPOFFSETS and STRIPBYTECOUNTS are added by the library\n        # based on the data in the strip.\n        # The other tags expect arrays with a certain length (fixed or depending on\n        # BITSPERSAMPLE, etc), passing arrays with a different length will result in\n        # segfaults. Block these tags until we add extra validation.\n        # SUBIFD may also cause a segfault.\n        blocklist = [\n            REFERENCEBLACKWHITE,\n            SAMPLEFORMAT,\n            STRIPBYTECOUNTS,\n            STRIPOFFSETS,\n            TRANSFERFUNCTION,\n            SUBIFD,\n        ]\n\n        atts = {}\n        # bits per sample is a single short in the tiff directory, not a list.\n        atts[BITSPERSAMPLE] = bits[0]\n        # Merge the ones that we have with (optional) more bits from\n        # the original file, e.g x,y resolution so that we can\n        # save(load('')) == original file.\n        legacy_ifd = {}\n        if hasattr(im, \"tag\"):\n            legacy_ifd = im.tag.to_v2()\n        for tag, value in itertools.chain(\n            ifd.items(), getattr(im, \"tag_v2\", {}).items(), legacy_ifd.items()\n        ):\n            # Libtiff can only process certain core items without adding\n            # them to the custom dictionary.\n            # Custom items are supported for int, float, unicode, string and byte\n            # values. Other types and tuples require a tagtype.\n            if tag not in TiffTags.LIBTIFF_CORE:\n                if not Image.core.libtiff_support_custom_tags:\n                    continue\n\n                if tag in ifd.tagtype:\n                    types[tag] = ifd.tagtype[tag]\n                elif not (isinstance(value, (int, float, str, bytes))):\n                    continue\n                else:\n                    type = TiffTags.lookup(tag).type\n                    if type:\n                        types[tag] = type\n            if tag not in atts and tag not in blocklist:\n                if isinstance(value, str):\n                    atts[tag] = value.encode(\"ascii\", \"replace\") + b\"\\0\"\n                elif isinstance(value, IFDRational):\n                    atts[tag] = float(value)\n                else:\n                    atts[tag] = value\n\n        logger.debug(\"Converted items: %s\" % sorted(atts.items()))\n\n        # libtiff always expects the bytes in native order.\n        # we're storing image byte order. So, if the rawmode\n        # contains I;16, we need to convert from native to image\n        # byte order.\n        if im.mode in (\"I;16B\", \"I;16\"):\n            rawmode = \"I;16N\"\n\n        # Pass tags as sorted list so that the tags are set in a fixed order.\n        # This is required by libtiff for some tags. For example, the JPEGQUALITY\n        # pseudo tag requires that the COMPRESS tag was already set.\n        tags = list(atts.items())\n        tags.sort()\n        a = (rawmode, compression, _fp, filename, tags, types)\n        e = Image._getencoder(im.mode, \"libtiff\", a, im.encoderconfig)\n        e.setimage(im.im, (0, 0) + im.size)\n        while True:\n            # undone, change to self.decodermaxblock:\n            l, s, d = e.encode(16 * 1024)\n            if not _fp:\n                fp.write(d)\n            if s:\n                break\n        if s < 0:\n            raise OSError(f\"encoder error {s} when writing image file\")\n\n    else:\n        offset = ifd.save(fp)\n\n        ImageFile._save(\n            im, fp, [(\"raw\", (0, 0) + im.size, offset, (rawmode, stride, 1))]\n        )\n\n    # -- helper for multi-page save --\n    if \"_debug_multipage\" in im.encoderinfo:\n        # just to access o32 and o16 (using correct byte order)\n        im._debug_multipage = ifd\n\n\nclass AppendingTiffWriter:\n    fieldSizes = [\n        0,  # None\n        1,  # byte\n        1,  # ascii\n        2,  # short\n        4,  # long\n        8,  # rational\n        1,  # sbyte\n        1,  # undefined\n        2,  # sshort\n        4,  # slong\n        8,  # srational\n        4,  # float\n        8,  # double\n    ]\n\n    #    StripOffsets = 273\n    #    FreeOffsets = 288\n    #    TileOffsets = 324\n    #    JPEGQTables = 519\n    #    JPEGDCTables = 520\n    #    JPEGACTables = 521\n    Tags = {273, 288, 324, 519, 520, 521}\n\n    def __init__(self, fn, new=False):\n        if hasattr(fn, \"read\"):\n            self.f = fn\n            self.close_fp = False\n        else:\n            self.name = fn\n            self.close_fp = True\n            try:\n                self.f = open(fn, \"w+b\" if new else \"r+b\")\n            except OSError:\n                self.f = open(fn, \"w+b\")\n        self.beginning = self.f.tell()\n        self.setup()\n\n    def setup(self):\n        # Reset everything.\n        self.f.seek(self.beginning, os.SEEK_SET)\n\n        self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset = None\n        self.offsetOfNewPage = 0\n\n        self.IIMM = IIMM = self.f.read(4)\n        if not IIMM:\n            # empty file - first page\n            self.isFirst = True\n            return\n\n        self.isFirst = False\n        if IIMM == b\"II\\x2a\\x00\":\n            self.setEndian(\"<\")\n        elif IIMM == b\"MM\\x00\\x2a\":\n            self.setEndian(\">\")\n        else:\n            raise RuntimeError(\"Invalid TIFF file header\")\n\n        self.skipIFDs()\n        self.goToEnd()\n\n    def finalize(self):\n        if self.isFirst:\n            return\n\n        # fix offsets\n        self.f.seek(self.offsetOfNewPage)\n\n        IIMM = self.f.read(4)\n        if not IIMM:\n            # raise RuntimeError(\"nothing written into new page\")\n            # Make it easy to finish a frame without committing to a new one.\n            return\n\n        if IIMM != self.IIMM:\n            raise RuntimeError(\"IIMM of new page doesn't match IIMM of first page\")\n\n        IFDoffset = self.readLong()\n        IFDoffset += self.offsetOfNewPage\n        self.f.seek(self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset)\n        self.writeLong(IFDoffset)\n        self.f.seek(IFDoffset)\n        self.fixIFD()\n\n    def newFrame(self):\n        # Call this to finish a frame.\n        self.finalize()\n        self.setup()\n\n    def __enter__(self):\n        return self\n\n    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):\n        if self.close_fp:\n            self.close()\n        return False\n\n    def tell(self):\n        return self.f.tell() - self.offsetOfNewPage\n\n    def seek(self, offset, whence=io.SEEK_SET):\n        if whence == os.SEEK_SET:\n            offset += self.offsetOfNewPage\n\n        self.f.seek(offset, whence)\n        return self.tell()\n\n    def goToEnd(self):\n        self.f.seek(0, os.SEEK_END)\n        pos = self.f.tell()\n\n        # pad to 16 byte boundary\n        padBytes = 16 - pos % 16\n        if 0 < padBytes < 16:\n            self.f.write(bytes(padBytes))\n        self.offsetOfNewPage = self.f.tell()\n\n    def setEndian(self, endian):\n        self.endian = endian\n        self.longFmt = self.endian + \"L\"\n        self.shortFmt = self.endian + \"H\"\n        self.tagFormat = self.endian + \"HHL\"\n\n    def skipIFDs(self):\n        while True:\n            IFDoffset = self.readLong()\n            if IFDoffset == 0:\n                self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset = self.f.tell() - 4\n                break\n\n            self.f.seek(IFDoffset)\n            numTags = self.readShort()\n            self.f.seek(numTags * 12, os.SEEK_CUR)\n\n    def write(self, data):\n        return self.f.write(data)\n\n    def readShort(self):\n        (value,) = struct.unpack(self.shortFmt, self.f.read(2))\n        return value\n\n    def readLong(self):\n        (value,) = struct.unpack(self.longFmt, self.f.read(4))\n        return value\n\n    def rewriteLastShortToLong(self, value):\n        self.f.seek(-2, os.SEEK_CUR)\n        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.longFmt, value))\n        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 4:\n            raise RuntimeError(f\"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 4\")\n\n    def rewriteLastShort(self, value):\n        self.f.seek(-2, os.SEEK_CUR)\n        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.shortFmt, value))\n        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 2:\n            raise RuntimeError(f\"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 2\")\n\n    def rewriteLastLong(self, value):\n        self.f.seek(-4, os.SEEK_CUR)\n        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.longFmt, value))\n        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 4:\n            raise RuntimeError(f\"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 4\")\n\n    def writeShort(self, value):\n        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.shortFmt, value))\n        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 2:\n            raise RuntimeError(f\"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 2\")\n\n    def writeLong(self, value):\n        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.longFmt, value))\n        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 4:\n            raise RuntimeError(f\"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 4\")\n\n    def close(self):\n        self.finalize()\n        self.f.close()\n\n    def fixIFD(self):\n        numTags = self.readShort()\n\n        for i in range(numTags):\n            tag, fieldType, count = struct.unpack(self.tagFormat, self.f.read(8))\n\n            fieldSize = self.fieldSizes[fieldType]\n            totalSize = fieldSize * count\n            isLocal = totalSize <= 4\n            if not isLocal:\n                offset = self.readLong()\n                offset += self.offsetOfNewPage\n                self.rewriteLastLong(offset)\n\n            if tag in self.Tags:\n                curPos = self.f.tell()\n\n                if isLocal:\n                    self.fixOffsets(\n                        count, isShort=(fieldSize == 2), isLong=(fieldSize == 4)\n                    )\n                    self.f.seek(curPos + 4)\n                else:\n                    self.f.seek(offset)\n                    self.fixOffsets(\n                        count, isShort=(fieldSize == 2), isLong=(fieldSize == 4)\n                    )\n                    self.f.seek(curPos)\n\n                offset = curPos = None\n\n            elif isLocal:\n                # skip the locally stored value that is not an offset\n                self.f.seek(4, os.SEEK_CUR)\n\n    def fixOffsets(self, count, isShort=False, isLong=False):\n        if not isShort and not isLong:\n            raise RuntimeError(\"offset is neither short nor long\")\n\n        for i in range(count):\n            offset = self.readShort() if isShort else self.readLong()\n            offset += self.offsetOfNewPage\n            if isShort and offset >= 65536:\n                # offset is now too large - we must convert shorts to longs\n                if count != 1:\n                    raise RuntimeError(\"not implemented\")  # XXX TODO\n\n                # simple case - the offset is just one and therefore it is\n                # local (not referenced with another offset)\n                self.rewriteLastShortToLong(offset)\n                self.f.seek(-10, os.SEEK_CUR)\n                self.writeShort(TiffTags.LONG)  # rewrite the type to LONG\n                self.f.seek(8, os.SEEK_CUR)\n            elif isShort:\n                self.rewriteLastShort(offset)\n            else:\n                self.rewriteLastLong(offset)\n\n\ndef _save_all(im, fp, filename):\n    encoderinfo = im.encoderinfo.copy()\n    encoderconfig = im.encoderconfig\n    append_images = list(encoderinfo.get(\"append_images\", []))\n    if not hasattr(im, \"n_frames\") and not append_images:\n        return _save(im, fp, filename)\n\n    cur_idx = im.tell()\n    try:\n        with AppendingTiffWriter(fp) as tf:\n            for ims in [im] + append_images:\n                ims.encoderinfo = encoderinfo\n                ims.encoderconfig = encoderconfig\n                if not hasattr(ims, \"n_frames\"):\n                    nfr = 1\n                else:\n                    nfr = ims.n_frames\n\n                for idx in range(nfr):\n                    ims.seek(idx)\n                    ims.load()\n                    _save(ims, tf, filename)\n                    tf.newFrame()\n    finally:\n        im.seek(cur_idx)\n\n\n#\n# --------------------------------------------------------------------\n# Register\n\nImage.register_open(TiffImageFile.format, TiffImageFile, _accept)\nImage.register_save(TiffImageFile.format, _save)\nImage.register_save_all(TiffImageFile.format, _save_all)\n\nImage.register_extensions(TiffImageFile.format, [\".tif\", \".tiff\"])\n\nImage.register_mime(TiffImageFile.format, \"image/tiff\")\n",
            "new_file_content": "#\n# The Python Imaging Library.\n# $Id$\n#\n# TIFF file handling\n#\n# TIFF is a flexible, if somewhat aged, image file format originally\n# defined by Aldus.  Although TIFF supports a wide variety of pixel\n# layouts and compression methods, the name doesn't really stand for\n# \"thousands of incompatible file formats,\" it just feels that way.\n#\n# To read TIFF data from a stream, the stream must be seekable.  For\n# progressive decoding, make sure to use TIFF files where the tag\n# directory is placed first in the file.\n#\n# History:\n# 1995-09-01 fl   Created\n# 1996-05-04 fl   Handle JPEGTABLES tag\n# 1996-05-18 fl   Fixed COLORMAP support\n# 1997-01-05 fl   Fixed PREDICTOR support\n# 1997-08-27 fl   Added support for rational tags (from Perry Stoll)\n# 1998-01-10 fl   Fixed seek/tell (from Jan Blom)\n# 1998-07-15 fl   Use private names for internal variables\n# 1999-06-13 fl   Rewritten for PIL 1.0 (1.0)\n# 2000-10-11 fl   Additional fixes for Python 2.0 (1.1)\n# 2001-04-17 fl   Fixed rewind support (seek to frame 0) (1.2)\n# 2001-05-12 fl   Added write support for more tags (from Greg Couch) (1.3)\n# 2001-12-18 fl   Added workaround for broken Matrox library\n# 2002-01-18 fl   Don't mess up if photometric tag is missing (D. Alan Stewart)\n# 2003-05-19 fl   Check FILLORDER tag\n# 2003-09-26 fl   Added RGBa support\n# 2004-02-24 fl   Added DPI support; fixed rational write support\n# 2005-02-07 fl   Added workaround for broken Corel Draw 10 files\n# 2006-01-09 fl   Added support for float/double tags (from Russell Nelson)\n#\n# Copyright (c) 1997-2006 by Secret Labs AB.  All rights reserved.\n# Copyright (c) 1995-1997 by Fredrik Lundh\n#\n# See the README file for information on usage and redistribution.\n#\nimport io\nimport itertools\nimport logging\nimport os\nimport struct\nimport warnings\nfrom collections.abc import MutableMapping\nfrom fractions import Fraction\nfrom numbers import Number, Rational\n\nfrom . import Image, ImageFile, ImagePalette, TiffTags\nfrom ._binary import o8\nfrom .TiffTags import TYPES\n\nlogger = logging.getLogger(__name__)\n\n# Set these to true to force use of libtiff for reading or writing.\nREAD_LIBTIFF = False\nWRITE_LIBTIFF = False\nIFD_LEGACY_API = True\n\nII = b\"II\"  # little-endian (Intel style)\nMM = b\"MM\"  # big-endian (Motorola style)\n\n#\n# --------------------------------------------------------------------\n# Read TIFF files\n\n# a few tag names, just to make the code below a bit more readable\nIMAGEWIDTH = 256\nIMAGELENGTH = 257\nBITSPERSAMPLE = 258\nCOMPRESSION = 259\nPHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION = 262\nFILLORDER = 266\nIMAGEDESCRIPTION = 270\nSTRIPOFFSETS = 273\nSAMPLESPERPIXEL = 277\nROWSPERSTRIP = 278\nSTRIPBYTECOUNTS = 279\nX_RESOLUTION = 282\nY_RESOLUTION = 283\nPLANAR_CONFIGURATION = 284\nRESOLUTION_UNIT = 296\nTRANSFERFUNCTION = 301\nSOFTWARE = 305\nDATE_TIME = 306\nARTIST = 315\nPREDICTOR = 317\nCOLORMAP = 320\nTILEOFFSETS = 324\nSUBIFD = 330\nEXTRASAMPLES = 338\nSAMPLEFORMAT = 339\nJPEGTABLES = 347\nREFERENCEBLACKWHITE = 532\nCOPYRIGHT = 33432\nIPTC_NAA_CHUNK = 33723  # newsphoto properties\nPHOTOSHOP_CHUNK = 34377  # photoshop properties\nICCPROFILE = 34675\nEXIFIFD = 34665\nXMP = 700\nJPEGQUALITY = 65537  # pseudo-tag by libtiff\n\n# https://github.com/imagej/ImageJA/blob/master/src/main/java/ij/io/TiffDecoder.java\nIMAGEJ_META_DATA_BYTE_COUNTS = 50838\nIMAGEJ_META_DATA = 50839\n\nCOMPRESSION_INFO = {\n    # Compression => pil compression name\n    1: \"raw\",\n    2: \"tiff_ccitt\",\n    3: \"group3\",\n    4: \"group4\",\n    5: \"tiff_lzw\",\n    6: \"tiff_jpeg\",  # obsolete\n    7: \"jpeg\",\n    8: \"tiff_adobe_deflate\",\n    32771: \"tiff_raw_16\",  # 16-bit padding\n    32773: \"packbits\",\n    32809: \"tiff_thunderscan\",\n    32946: \"tiff_deflate\",\n    34676: \"tiff_sgilog\",\n    34677: \"tiff_sgilog24\",\n    34925: \"lzma\",\n    50000: \"zstd\",\n    50001: \"webp\",\n}\n\nCOMPRESSION_INFO_REV = {v: k for k, v in COMPRESSION_INFO.items()}\n\nOPEN_INFO = {\n    # (ByteOrder, PhotoInterpretation, SampleFormat, FillOrder, BitsPerSample,\n    #  ExtraSamples) => mode, rawmode\n    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1;I\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1;I\"),\n    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1;IR\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1;IR\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1;R\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1;R\"),\n    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2I\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2I\"),\n    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2IR\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2IR\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2R\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2R\"),\n    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4I\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4I\"),\n    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4IR\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4IR\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4R\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4R\"),\n    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;I\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;I\"),\n    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;IR\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;IR\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;R\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;R\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (12,), ()): (\"I;16\", \"I;12\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (16,), ()): (\"I;16\", \"I;16\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (16,), ()): (\"I;16B\", \"I;16B\"),\n    (II, 1, (2,), 1, (16,), ()): (\"I\", \"I;16S\"),\n    (MM, 1, (2,), 1, (16,), ()): (\"I\", \"I;16BS\"),\n    (II, 0, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): (\"F\", \"F;32F\"),\n    (MM, 0, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): (\"F\", \"F;32BF\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (32,), ()): (\"I\", \"I;32N\"),\n    (II, 1, (2,), 1, (32,), ()): (\"I\", \"I;32S\"),\n    (MM, 1, (2,), 1, (32,), ()): (\"I\", \"I;32BS\"),\n    (II, 1, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): (\"F\", \"F;32F\"),\n    (MM, 1, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): (\"F\", \"F;32BF\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): (\"LA\", \"LA\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): (\"LA\", \"LA\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGB\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGB\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 2, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGB;R\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 2, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGB;R\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA\"),  # missing ExtraSamples\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA\"),  # missing ExtraSamples\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBX\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBX\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBXX\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBXX\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0, 0)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBXXX\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0, 0)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBXXX\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (1,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBa\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (1,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBa\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBaX\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBaX\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBaXX\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBaXX\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (2,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (2,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBAX\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBAX\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBAXX\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBAXX\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (999,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA\"),  # Corel Draw 10\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (999,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA\"),  # Corel Draw 10\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGB;16L\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGB;16B\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), ()): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA;16L\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), ()): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA;16B\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (0,)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBX;16L\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (0,)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBX;16B\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (1,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBa;16L\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (1,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBa;16B\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (2,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA;16L\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (2,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA;16B\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;1\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;1\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;1R\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;1R\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;2\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;2\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;2R\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;2R\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;4\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;4\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;4R\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;4R\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): (\"P\", \"P\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): (\"P\", \"P\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): (\"PA\", \"PA\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): (\"PA\", \"PA\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;R\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;R\"),\n    (II, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): (\"CMYK\", \"CMYK\"),\n    (MM, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): (\"CMYK\", \"CMYK\"),\n    (II, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): (\"CMYK\", \"CMYKX\"),\n    (MM, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): (\"CMYK\", \"CMYKX\"),\n    (II, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): (\"CMYK\", \"CMYKXX\"),\n    (MM, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): (\"CMYK\", \"CMYKXX\"),\n    (II, 5, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), ()): (\"CMYK\", \"CMYK;16L\"),\n    # JPEG compressed images handled by LibTiff and auto-converted to RGBX\n    # Minimal Baseline TIFF requires YCbCr images to have 3 SamplesPerPixel\n    (II, 6, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGBX\"),\n    (MM, 6, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGBX\"),\n    (II, 8, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"LAB\", \"LAB\"),\n    (MM, 8, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"LAB\", \"LAB\"),\n}\n\nPREFIXES = [\n    b\"MM\\x00\\x2A\",  # Valid TIFF header with big-endian byte order\n    b\"II\\x2A\\x00\",  # Valid TIFF header with little-endian byte order\n    b\"MM\\x2A\\x00\",  # Invalid TIFF header, assume big-endian\n    b\"II\\x00\\x2A\",  # Invalid TIFF header, assume little-endian\n]\n\n\ndef _accept(prefix):\n    return prefix[:4] in PREFIXES\n\n\ndef _limit_rational(val, max_val):\n    inv = abs(val) > 1\n    n_d = IFDRational(1 / val if inv else val).limit_rational(max_val)\n    return n_d[::-1] if inv else n_d\n\n\ndef _limit_signed_rational(val, max_val, min_val):\n    frac = Fraction(val)\n    n_d = frac.numerator, frac.denominator\n\n    if min(n_d) < min_val:\n        n_d = _limit_rational(val, abs(min_val))\n\n    if max(n_d) > max_val:\n        val = Fraction(*n_d)\n        n_d = _limit_rational(val, max_val)\n\n    return n_d\n\n\n##\n# Wrapper for TIFF IFDs.\n\n_load_dispatch = {}\n_write_dispatch = {}\n\n\nclass IFDRational(Rational):\n    \"\"\"Implements a rational class where 0/0 is a legal value to match\n    the in the wild use of exif rationals.\n\n    e.g., DigitalZoomRatio - 0.00/0.00  indicates that no digital zoom was used\n    \"\"\"\n\n    \"\"\" If the denominator is 0, store this as a float('nan'), otherwise store\n    as a fractions.Fraction(). Delegate as appropriate\n\n    \"\"\"\n\n    __slots__ = (\"_numerator\", \"_denominator\", \"_val\")\n\n    def __init__(self, value, denominator=1):\n        \"\"\"\n        :param value: either an integer numerator, a\n        float/rational/other number, or an IFDRational\n        :param denominator: Optional integer denominator\n        \"\"\"\n        if isinstance(value, IFDRational):\n            self._numerator = value.numerator\n            self._denominator = value.denominator\n            self._val = value._val\n            return\n\n        if isinstance(value, Fraction):\n            self._numerator = value.numerator\n            self._denominator = value.denominator\n        else:\n            self._numerator = value\n            self._denominator = denominator\n\n        if denominator == 0:\n            self._val = float(\"nan\")\n        elif denominator == 1:\n            self._val = Fraction(value)\n        else:\n            self._val = Fraction(value, denominator)\n\n    @property\n    def numerator(a):\n        return a._numerator\n\n    @property\n    def denominator(a):\n        return a._denominator\n\n    def limit_rational(self, max_denominator):\n        \"\"\"\n\n        :param max_denominator: Integer, the maximum denominator value\n        :returns: Tuple of (numerator, denominator)\n        \"\"\"\n\n        if self.denominator == 0:\n            return (self.numerator, self.denominator)\n\n        f = self._val.limit_denominator(max_denominator)\n        return (f.numerator, f.denominator)\n\n    def __repr__(self):\n        return str(float(self._val))\n\n    def __hash__(self):\n        return self._val.__hash__()\n\n    def __eq__(self, other):\n        if isinstance(other, IFDRational):\n            other = other._val\n        return self._val == other\n\n    def __getstate__(self):\n        return [self._val, self._numerator, self._denominator]\n\n    def __setstate__(self, state):\n        IFDRational.__init__(self, 0)\n        _val, _numerator, _denominator = state\n        self._val = _val\n        self._numerator = _numerator\n        self._denominator = _denominator\n\n    def _delegate(op):\n        def delegate(self, *args):\n            return getattr(self._val, op)(*args)\n\n        return delegate\n\n    \"\"\" a = ['add','radd', 'sub', 'rsub', 'mul', 'rmul',\n             'truediv', 'rtruediv', 'floordiv', 'rfloordiv',\n             'mod','rmod', 'pow','rpow', 'pos', 'neg',\n             'abs', 'trunc', 'lt', 'gt', 'le', 'ge', 'bool',\n             'ceil', 'floor', 'round']\n        print(\"\\n\".join(\"__%s__ = _delegate('__%s__')\" % (s,s) for s in a))\n        \"\"\"\n\n    __add__ = _delegate(\"__add__\")\n    __radd__ = _delegate(\"__radd__\")\n    __sub__ = _delegate(\"__sub__\")\n    __rsub__ = _delegate(\"__rsub__\")\n    __mul__ = _delegate(\"__mul__\")\n    __rmul__ = _delegate(\"__rmul__\")\n    __truediv__ = _delegate(\"__truediv__\")\n    __rtruediv__ = _delegate(\"__rtruediv__\")\n    __floordiv__ = _delegate(\"__floordiv__\")\n    __rfloordiv__ = _delegate(\"__rfloordiv__\")\n    __mod__ = _delegate(\"__mod__\")\n    __rmod__ = _delegate(\"__rmod__\")\n    __pow__ = _delegate(\"__pow__\")\n    __rpow__ = _delegate(\"__rpow__\")\n    __pos__ = _delegate(\"__pos__\")\n    __neg__ = _delegate(\"__neg__\")\n    __abs__ = _delegate(\"__abs__\")\n    __trunc__ = _delegate(\"__trunc__\")\n    __lt__ = _delegate(\"__lt__\")\n    __gt__ = _delegate(\"__gt__\")\n    __le__ = _delegate(\"__le__\")\n    __ge__ = _delegate(\"__ge__\")\n    __bool__ = _delegate(\"__bool__\")\n    __ceil__ = _delegate(\"__ceil__\")\n    __floor__ = _delegate(\"__floor__\")\n    __round__ = _delegate(\"__round__\")\n\n\nclass ImageFileDirectory_v2(MutableMapping):\n    \"\"\"This class represents a TIFF tag directory.  To speed things up, we\n    don't decode tags unless they're asked for.\n\n    Exposes a dictionary interface of the tags in the directory::\n\n        ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n        ifd[key] = 'Some Data'\n        ifd.tagtype[key] = TiffTags.ASCII\n        print(ifd[key])\n        'Some Data'\n\n    Individual values are returned as the strings or numbers, sequences are\n    returned as tuples of the values.\n\n    The tiff metadata type of each item is stored in a dictionary of\n    tag types in\n    :attr:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2.tagtype`. The types\n    are read from a tiff file, guessed from the type added, or added\n    manually.\n\n    Data Structures:\n\n        * self.tagtype = {}\n\n          * Key: numerical tiff tag number\n          * Value: integer corresponding to the data type from\n                   ~PIL.TiffTags.TYPES`\n\n    .. versionadded:: 3.0.0\n    \"\"\"\n\n    \"\"\"\n    Documentation:\n\n        'internal' data structures:\n        * self._tags_v2 = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number\n                             Value: decoded data, as tuple for multiple values\n        * self._tagdata = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number\n                             Value: undecoded byte string from file\n        * self._tags_v1 = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number\n                             Value: decoded data in the v1 format\n\n    Tags will be found in the private attributes self._tagdata, and in\n    self._tags_v2 once decoded.\n\n    self.legacy_api is a value for internal use, and shouldn't be\n    changed from outside code. In cooperation with the\n    ImageFileDirectory_v1 class, if legacy_api is true, then decoded\n    tags will be populated into both _tags_v1 and _tags_v2. _tags_v2\n    will be used if this IFD is used in the TIFF save routine. Tags\n    should be read from _tags_v1 if legacy_api == true.\n\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def __init__(self, ifh=b\"II\\052\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\", prefix=None, group=None):\n        \"\"\"Initialize an ImageFileDirectory.\n\n        To construct an ImageFileDirectory from a real file, pass the 8-byte\n        magic header to the constructor.  To only set the endianness, pass it\n        as the 'prefix' keyword argument.\n\n        :param ifh: One of the accepted magic headers (cf. PREFIXES); also sets\n              endianness.\n        :param prefix: Override the endianness of the file.\n        \"\"\"\n        if ifh[:4] not in PREFIXES:\n            raise SyntaxError(f\"not a TIFF file (header {repr(ifh)} not valid)\")\n        self._prefix = prefix if prefix is not None else ifh[:2]\n        if self._prefix == MM:\n            self._endian = \">\"\n        elif self._prefix == II:\n            self._endian = \"<\"\n        else:\n            raise SyntaxError(\"not a TIFF IFD\")\n        self.group = group\n        self.tagtype = {}\n        \"\"\" Dictionary of tag types \"\"\"\n        self.reset()\n        (self.next,) = self._unpack(\"L\", ifh[4:])\n        self._legacy_api = False\n\n    prefix = property(lambda self: self._prefix)\n    offset = property(lambda self: self._offset)\n    legacy_api = property(lambda self: self._legacy_api)\n\n    @legacy_api.setter\n    def legacy_api(self, value):\n        raise Exception(\"Not allowing setting of legacy api\")\n\n    def reset(self):\n        self._tags_v1 = {}  # will remain empty if legacy_api is false\n        self._tags_v2 = {}  # main tag storage\n        self._tagdata = {}\n        self.tagtype = {}  # added 2008-06-05 by Florian Hoech\n        self._next = None\n        self._offset = None\n\n    def __str__(self):\n        return str(dict(self))\n\n    def named(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        :returns: dict of name|key: value\n\n        Returns the complete tag dictionary, with named tags where possible.\n        \"\"\"\n        return {\n            TiffTags.lookup(code, self.group).name: value\n            for code, value in self.items()\n        }\n\n    def __len__(self):\n        return len(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v2))\n\n    def __getitem__(self, tag):\n        if tag not in self._tags_v2:  # unpack on the fly\n            data = self._tagdata[tag]\n            typ = self.tagtype[tag]\n            size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]\n            self[tag] = handler(self, data, self.legacy_api)  # check type\n        val = self._tags_v2[tag]\n        if self.legacy_api and not isinstance(val, (tuple, bytes)):\n            val = (val,)\n        return val\n\n    def __contains__(self, tag):\n        return tag in self._tags_v2 or tag in self._tagdata\n\n    def __setitem__(self, tag, value):\n        self._setitem(tag, value, self.legacy_api)\n\n    def _setitem(self, tag, value, legacy_api):\n        basetypes = (Number, bytes, str)\n\n        info = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group)\n        values = [value] if isinstance(value, basetypes) else value\n\n        if tag not in self.tagtype:\n            if info.type:\n                self.tagtype[tag] = info.type\n            else:\n                self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.UNDEFINED\n                if all(isinstance(v, IFDRational) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = (\n                        TiffTags.RATIONAL\n                        if all(v >= 0 for v in values)\n                        else TiffTags.SIGNED_RATIONAL\n                    )\n                elif all(isinstance(v, int) for v in values):\n                    if all(0 <= v < 2 ** 16 for v in values):\n                        self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.SHORT\n                    elif all(-(2 ** 15) < v < 2 ** 15 for v in values):\n                        self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.SIGNED_SHORT\n                    else:\n                        self.tagtype[tag] = (\n                            TiffTags.LONG\n                            if all(v >= 0 for v in values)\n                            else TiffTags.SIGNED_LONG\n                        )\n                elif all(isinstance(v, float) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.DOUBLE\n                elif all(isinstance(v, str) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.ASCII\n                elif all(isinstance(v, bytes) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.BYTE\n\n        if self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.UNDEFINED:\n            values = [\n                v.encode(\"ascii\", \"replace\") if isinstance(v, str) else v\n                for v in values\n            ]\n        elif self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.RATIONAL:\n            values = [float(v) if isinstance(v, int) else v for v in values]\n\n        is_ifd = self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.LONG and isinstance(values, dict)\n        if not is_ifd:\n            values = tuple(info.cvt_enum(value) for value in values)\n\n        dest = self._tags_v1 if legacy_api else self._tags_v2\n\n        # Three branches:\n        # Spec'd length == 1, Actual length 1, store as element\n        # Spec'd length == 1, Actual > 1, Warn and truncate. Formerly barfed.\n        # No Spec, Actual length 1, Formerly (<4.2) returned a 1 element tuple.\n        # Don't mess with the legacy api, since it's frozen.\n        if not is_ifd and (\n            (info.length == 1)\n            or self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.BYTE\n            or (info.length is None and len(values) == 1 and not legacy_api)\n        ):\n            # Don't mess with the legacy api, since it's frozen.\n            if legacy_api and self.tagtype[tag] in [\n                TiffTags.RATIONAL,\n                TiffTags.SIGNED_RATIONAL,\n            ]:  # rationals\n                values = (values,)\n            try:\n                (dest[tag],) = values\n            except ValueError:\n                # We've got a builtin tag with 1 expected entry\n                warnings.warn(\n                    f\"Metadata Warning, tag {tag} had too many entries: \"\n                    f\"{len(values)}, expected 1\"\n                )\n                dest[tag] = values[0]\n\n        else:\n            # Spec'd length > 1 or undefined\n            # Unspec'd, and length > 1\n            dest[tag] = values\n\n    def __delitem__(self, tag):\n        self._tags_v2.pop(tag, None)\n        self._tags_v1.pop(tag, None)\n        self._tagdata.pop(tag, None)\n\n    def __iter__(self):\n        return iter(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v2))\n\n    def _unpack(self, fmt, data):\n        return struct.unpack(self._endian + fmt, data)\n\n    def _pack(self, fmt, *values):\n        return struct.pack(self._endian + fmt, *values)\n\n    def _register_loader(idx, size):\n        def decorator(func):\n            from .TiffTags import TYPES\n\n            if func.__name__.startswith(\"load_\"):\n                TYPES[idx] = func.__name__[5:].replace(\"_\", \" \")\n            _load_dispatch[idx] = size, func  # noqa: F821\n            return func\n\n        return decorator\n\n    def _register_writer(idx):\n        def decorator(func):\n            _write_dispatch[idx] = func  # noqa: F821\n            return func\n\n        return decorator\n\n    def _register_basic(idx_fmt_name):\n        from .TiffTags import TYPES\n\n        idx, fmt, name = idx_fmt_name\n        TYPES[idx] = name\n        size = struct.calcsize(\"=\" + fmt)\n        _load_dispatch[idx] = (  # noqa: F821\n            size,\n            lambda self, data, legacy_api=True: (\n                self._unpack(\"{}{}\".format(len(data) // size, fmt), data)\n            ),\n        )\n        _write_dispatch[idx] = lambda self, *values: (  # noqa: F821\n            b\"\".join(self._pack(fmt, value) for value in values)\n        )\n\n    list(\n        map(\n            _register_basic,\n            [\n                (TiffTags.SHORT, \"H\", \"short\"),\n                (TiffTags.LONG, \"L\", \"long\"),\n                (TiffTags.SIGNED_BYTE, \"b\", \"signed byte\"),\n                (TiffTags.SIGNED_SHORT, \"h\", \"signed short\"),\n                (TiffTags.SIGNED_LONG, \"l\", \"signed long\"),\n                (TiffTags.FLOAT, \"f\", \"float\"),\n                (TiffTags.DOUBLE, \"d\", \"double\"),\n                (TiffTags.IFD, \"L\", \"long\"),\n            ],\n        )\n    )\n\n    @_register_loader(1, 1)  # Basic type, except for the legacy API.\n    def load_byte(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        return data\n\n    @_register_writer(1)  # Basic type, except for the legacy API.\n    def write_byte(self, data):\n        return data\n\n    @_register_loader(2, 1)\n    def load_string(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        if data.endswith(b\"\\0\"):\n            data = data[:-1]\n        return data.decode(\"latin-1\", \"replace\")\n\n    @_register_writer(2)\n    def write_string(self, value):\n        # remerge of https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/1416\n        return b\"\" + value.encode(\"ascii\", \"replace\") + b\"\\0\"\n\n    @_register_loader(5, 8)\n    def load_rational(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        vals = self._unpack(\"{}L\".format(len(data) // 4), data)\n\n        def combine(a, b):\n            return (a, b) if legacy_api else IFDRational(a, b)\n\n        return tuple(combine(num, denom) for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))\n\n    @_register_writer(5)\n    def write_rational(self, *values):\n        return b\"\".join(\n            self._pack(\"2L\", *_limit_rational(frac, 2 ** 32 - 1)) for frac in values\n        )\n\n    @_register_loader(7, 1)\n    def load_undefined(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        return data\n\n    @_register_writer(7)\n    def write_undefined(self, value):\n        return value\n\n    @_register_loader(10, 8)\n    def load_signed_rational(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        vals = self._unpack(\"{}l\".format(len(data) // 4), data)\n\n        def combine(a, b):\n            return (a, b) if legacy_api else IFDRational(a, b)\n\n        return tuple(combine(num, denom) for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))\n\n    @_register_writer(10)\n    def write_signed_rational(self, *values):\n        return b\"\".join(\n            self._pack(\"2l\", *_limit_signed_rational(frac, 2 ** 31 - 1, -(2 ** 31)))\n            for frac in values\n        )\n\n    def _ensure_read(self, fp, size):\n        ret = fp.read(size)\n        if len(ret) != size:\n            raise OSError(\n                \"Corrupt EXIF data.  \"\n                f\"Expecting to read {size} bytes but only got {len(ret)}. \"\n            )\n        return ret\n\n    def load(self, fp):\n\n        self.reset()\n        self._offset = fp.tell()\n\n        try:\n            for i in range(self._unpack(\"H\", self._ensure_read(fp, 2))[0]):\n                tag, typ, count, data = self._unpack(\"HHL4s\", self._ensure_read(fp, 12))\n\n                tagname = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group).name\n                typname = TYPES.get(typ, \"unknown\")\n                msg = f\"tag: {tagname} ({tag}) - type: {typname} ({typ})\"\n\n                try:\n                    unit_size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]\n                except KeyError:\n                    logger.debug(msg + f\" - unsupported type {typ}\")\n                    continue  # ignore unsupported type\n                size = count * unit_size\n                if size > 4:\n                    here = fp.tell()\n                    (offset,) = self._unpack(\"L\", data)\n                    msg += f\" Tag Location: {here} - Data Location: {offset}\"\n                    fp.seek(offset)\n                    data = ImageFile._safe_read(fp, size)\n                    fp.seek(here)\n                else:\n                    data = data[:size]\n\n                if len(data) != size:\n                    warnings.warn(\n                        \"Possibly corrupt EXIF data.  \"\n                        f\"Expecting to read {size} bytes but only got {len(data)}.\"\n                        f\" Skipping tag {tag}\"\n                    )\n                    logger.debug(msg)\n                    continue\n\n                if not data:\n                    logger.debug(msg)\n                    continue\n\n                self._tagdata[tag] = data\n                self.tagtype[tag] = typ\n\n                msg += \" - value: \" + (\n                    \"<table: %d bytes>\" % size if size > 32 else repr(data)\n                )\n                logger.debug(msg)\n\n            (self.next,) = self._unpack(\"L\", self._ensure_read(fp, 4))\n        except OSError as msg:\n            warnings.warn(str(msg))\n            return\n\n    def tobytes(self, offset=0):\n        # FIXME What about tagdata?\n        result = self._pack(\"H\", len(self._tags_v2))\n\n        entries = []\n        offset = offset + len(result) + len(self._tags_v2) * 12 + 4\n        stripoffsets = None\n\n        # pass 1: convert tags to binary format\n        # always write tags in ascending order\n        for tag, value in sorted(self._tags_v2.items()):\n            if tag == STRIPOFFSETS:\n                stripoffsets = len(entries)\n            typ = self.tagtype.get(tag)\n            logger.debug(f\"Tag {tag}, Type: {typ}, Value: {repr(value)}\")\n            is_ifd = typ == TiffTags.LONG and isinstance(value, dict)\n            if is_ifd:\n                if self._endian == \"<\":\n                    ifh = b\"II\\x2A\\x00\\x08\\x00\\x00\\x00\"\n                else:\n                    ifh = b\"MM\\x00\\x2A\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x08\"\n                ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(ifh, group=tag)\n                values = self._tags_v2[tag]\n                for ifd_tag, ifd_value in values.items():\n                    ifd[ifd_tag] = ifd_value\n                data = ifd.tobytes(offset)\n            else:\n                values = value if isinstance(value, tuple) else (value,)\n                data = self._write_dispatch[typ](self, *values)\n\n            tagname = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group).name\n            typname = \"ifd\" if is_ifd else TYPES.get(typ, \"unknown\")\n            msg = f\"save: {tagname} ({tag}) - type: {typname} ({typ})\"\n            msg += \" - value: \" + (\n                \"<table: %d bytes>\" % len(data) if len(data) >= 16 else str(values)\n            )\n            logger.debug(msg)\n\n            # count is sum of lengths for string and arbitrary data\n            if is_ifd:\n                count = 1\n            elif typ in [TiffTags.BYTE, TiffTags.ASCII, TiffTags.UNDEFINED]:\n                count = len(data)\n            else:\n                count = len(values)\n            # figure out if data fits into the entry\n            if len(data) <= 4:\n                entries.append((tag, typ, count, data.ljust(4, b\"\\0\"), b\"\"))\n            else:\n                entries.append((tag, typ, count, self._pack(\"L\", offset), data))\n                offset += (len(data) + 1) // 2 * 2  # pad to word\n\n        # update strip offset data to point beyond auxiliary data\n        if stripoffsets is not None:\n            tag, typ, count, value, data = entries[stripoffsets]\n            if data:\n                raise NotImplementedError(\"multistrip support not yet implemented\")\n            value = self._pack(\"L\", self._unpack(\"L\", value)[0] + offset)\n            entries[stripoffsets] = tag, typ, count, value, data\n\n        # pass 2: write entries to file\n        for tag, typ, count, value, data in entries:\n            logger.debug(f\"{tag} {typ} {count} {repr(value)} {repr(data)}\")\n            result += self._pack(\"HHL4s\", tag, typ, count, value)\n\n        # -- overwrite here for multi-page --\n        result += b\"\\0\\0\\0\\0\"  # end of entries\n\n        # pass 3: write auxiliary data to file\n        for tag, typ, count, value, data in entries:\n            result += data\n            if len(data) & 1:\n                result += b\"\\0\"\n\n        return result\n\n    def save(self, fp):\n\n        if fp.tell() == 0:  # skip TIFF header on subsequent pages\n            # tiff header -- PIL always starts the first IFD at offset 8\n            fp.write(self._prefix + self._pack(\"HL\", 42, 8))\n\n        offset = fp.tell()\n        result = self.tobytes(offset)\n        fp.write(result)\n        return offset + len(result)\n\n\nImageFileDirectory_v2._load_dispatch = _load_dispatch\nImageFileDirectory_v2._write_dispatch = _write_dispatch\nfor idx, name in TYPES.items():\n    name = name.replace(\" \", \"_\")\n    setattr(ImageFileDirectory_v2, \"load_\" + name, _load_dispatch[idx][1])\n    setattr(ImageFileDirectory_v2, \"write_\" + name, _write_dispatch[idx])\ndel _load_dispatch, _write_dispatch, idx, name\n\n\n# Legacy ImageFileDirectory support.\nclass ImageFileDirectory_v1(ImageFileDirectory_v2):\n    \"\"\"This class represents the **legacy** interface to a TIFF tag directory.\n\n    Exposes a dictionary interface of the tags in the directory::\n\n        ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v1()\n        ifd[key] = 'Some Data'\n        ifd.tagtype[key] = TiffTags.ASCII\n        print(ifd[key])\n        ('Some Data',)\n\n    Also contains a dictionary of tag types as read from the tiff image file,\n    :attr:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1.tagtype`.\n\n    Values are returned as a tuple.\n\n    ..  deprecated:: 3.0.0\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)\n        self._legacy_api = True\n\n    tags = property(lambda self: self._tags_v1)\n    tagdata = property(lambda self: self._tagdata)\n\n    # defined in ImageFileDirectory_v2\n    tagtype: dict\n    \"\"\"Dictionary of tag types\"\"\"\n\n    @classmethod\n    def from_v2(cls, original):\n        \"\"\"Returns an\n        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`\n        instance with the same data as is contained in the original\n        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2`\n        instance.\n\n        :returns: :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`\n\n        \"\"\"\n\n        ifd = cls(prefix=original.prefix)\n        ifd._tagdata = original._tagdata\n        ifd.tagtype = original.tagtype\n        ifd.next = original.next  # an indicator for multipage tiffs\n        return ifd\n\n    def to_v2(self):\n        \"\"\"Returns an\n        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2`\n        instance with the same data as is contained in the original\n        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`\n        instance.\n\n        :returns: :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2`\n\n        \"\"\"\n\n        ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(prefix=self.prefix)\n        ifd._tagdata = dict(self._tagdata)\n        ifd.tagtype = dict(self.tagtype)\n        ifd._tags_v2 = dict(self._tags_v2)\n        return ifd\n\n    def __contains__(self, tag):\n        return tag in self._tags_v1 or tag in self._tagdata\n\n    def __len__(self):\n        return len(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v1))\n\n    def __iter__(self):\n        return iter(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v1))\n\n    def __setitem__(self, tag, value):\n        for legacy_api in (False, True):\n            self._setitem(tag, value, legacy_api)\n\n    def __getitem__(self, tag):\n        if tag not in self._tags_v1:  # unpack on the fly\n            data = self._tagdata[tag]\n            typ = self.tagtype[tag]\n            size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]\n            for legacy in (False, True):\n                self._setitem(tag, handler(self, data, legacy), legacy)\n        val = self._tags_v1[tag]\n        if not isinstance(val, (tuple, bytes)):\n            val = (val,)\n        return val\n\n\n# undone -- switch this pointer when IFD_LEGACY_API == False\nImageFileDirectory = ImageFileDirectory_v1\n\n\n##\n# Image plugin for TIFF files.\n\n\nclass TiffImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):\n\n    format = \"TIFF\"\n    format_description = \"Adobe TIFF\"\n    _close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = False\n\n    def __init__(self, fp=None, filename=None):\n        self.tag_v2 = None\n        \"\"\" Image file directory (tag dictionary) \"\"\"\n\n        self.tag = None\n        \"\"\" Legacy tag entries \"\"\"\n\n        super().__init__(fp, filename)\n\n    def _open(self):\n        \"\"\"Open the first image in a TIFF file\"\"\"\n\n        # Header\n        ifh = self.fp.read(8)\n\n        self.tag_v2 = ImageFileDirectory_v2(ifh)\n\n        # legacy IFD entries will be filled in later\n        self.ifd = None\n\n        # setup frame pointers\n        self.__first = self.__next = self.tag_v2.next\n        self.__frame = -1\n        self.__fp = self.fp\n        self._frame_pos = []\n        self._n_frames = None\n\n        logger.debug(\"*** TiffImageFile._open ***\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- __first: {self.__first}\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- ifh: {repr(ifh)}\")  # Use repr to avoid str(bytes)\n\n        # and load the first frame\n        self._seek(0)\n\n    @property\n    def n_frames(self):\n        if self._n_frames is None:\n            current = self.tell()\n            self._seek(len(self._frame_pos))\n            while self._n_frames is None:\n                self._seek(self.tell() + 1)\n            self.seek(current)\n        return self._n_frames\n\n    def seek(self, frame):\n        \"\"\"Select a given frame as current image\"\"\"\n        if not self._seek_check(frame):\n            return\n        self._seek(frame)\n        # Create a new core image object on second and\n        # subsequent frames in the image. Image may be\n        # different size/mode.\n        Image._decompression_bomb_check(self.size)\n        self.im = Image.core.new(self.mode, self.size)\n\n    def _seek(self, frame):\n        self.fp = self.__fp\n\n        # reset buffered io handle in case fp\n        # was passed to libtiff, invalidating the buffer\n        self.fp.tell()\n\n        while len(self._frame_pos) <= frame:\n            if not self.__next:\n                raise EOFError(\"no more images in TIFF file\")\n            logger.debug(\n                f\"Seeking to frame {frame}, on frame {self.__frame}, \"\n                f\"__next {self.__next}, location: {self.fp.tell()}\"\n            )\n            self.fp.seek(self.__next)\n            self._frame_pos.append(self.__next)\n            logger.debug(\"Loading tags, location: %s\" % self.fp.tell())\n            self.tag_v2.load(self.fp)\n            if self.tag_v2.next in self._frame_pos:\n                # This IFD has already been processed\n                # Declare this to be the end of the image\n                self.__next = 0\n            else:\n                self.__next = self.tag_v2.next\n            if self.__next == 0:\n                self._n_frames = frame + 1\n            if len(self._frame_pos) == 1:\n                self.is_animated = self.__next != 0\n            self.__frame += 1\n        self.fp.seek(self._frame_pos[frame])\n        self.tag_v2.load(self.fp)\n        # fill the legacy tag/ifd entries\n        self.tag = self.ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v1.from_v2(self.tag_v2)\n        self.__frame = frame\n        self._setup()\n\n    def tell(self):\n        \"\"\"Return the current frame number\"\"\"\n        return self.__frame\n\n    def load(self):\n        if self.tile and self.use_load_libtiff:\n            return self._load_libtiff()\n        return super().load()\n\n    def load_end(self):\n        if self._tile_orientation:\n            method = {\n                2: Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT,\n                3: Image.ROTATE_180,\n                4: Image.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM,\n                5: Image.TRANSPOSE,\n                6: Image.ROTATE_270,\n                7: Image.TRANSVERSE,\n                8: Image.ROTATE_90,\n            }.get(self._tile_orientation)\n            if method is not None:\n                self.im = self.im.transpose(method)\n                self._size = self.im.size\n\n        # allow closing if we're on the first frame, there's no next\n        # This is the ImageFile.load path only, libtiff specific below.\n        if not self.is_animated:\n            self._close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = True\n\n    def _load_libtiff(self):\n        \"\"\"Overload method triggered when we detect a compressed tiff\n        Calls out to libtiff\"\"\"\n\n        Image.Image.load(self)\n\n        self.load_prepare()\n\n        if not len(self.tile) == 1:\n            raise OSError(\"Not exactly one tile\")\n\n        # (self._compression, (extents tuple),\n        #   0, (rawmode, self._compression, fp))\n        extents = self.tile[0][1]\n        args = list(self.tile[0][3])\n\n        # To be nice on memory footprint, if there's a\n        # file descriptor, use that instead of reading\n        # into a string in python.\n        # libtiff closes the file descriptor, so pass in a dup.\n        try:\n            fp = hasattr(self.fp, \"fileno\") and os.dup(self.fp.fileno())\n            # flush the file descriptor, prevents error on pypy 2.4+\n            # should also eliminate the need for fp.tell\n            # in _seek\n            if hasattr(self.fp, \"flush\"):\n                self.fp.flush()\n        except OSError:\n            # io.BytesIO have a fileno, but returns an OSError if\n            # it doesn't use a file descriptor.\n            fp = False\n\n        if fp:\n            args[2] = fp\n\n        decoder = Image._getdecoder(\n            self.mode, \"libtiff\", tuple(args), self.decoderconfig\n        )\n        try:\n            decoder.setimage(self.im, extents)\n        except ValueError as e:\n            raise OSError(\"Couldn't set the image\") from e\n\n        close_self_fp = self._exclusive_fp and not self.is_animated\n        if hasattr(self.fp, \"getvalue\"):\n            # We've got a stringio like thing passed in. Yay for all in memory.\n            # The decoder needs the entire file in one shot, so there's not\n            # a lot we can do here other than give it the entire file.\n            # unless we could do something like get the address of the\n            # underlying string for stringio.\n            #\n            # Rearranging for supporting byteio items, since they have a fileno\n            # that returns an OSError if there's no underlying fp. Easier to\n            # deal with here by reordering.\n            logger.debug(\"have getvalue. just sending in a string from getvalue\")\n            n, err = decoder.decode(self.fp.getvalue())\n        elif fp:\n            # we've got a actual file on disk, pass in the fp.\n            logger.debug(\"have fileno, calling fileno version of the decoder.\")\n            if not close_self_fp:\n                self.fp.seek(0)\n            # 4 bytes, otherwise the trace might error out\n            n, err = decoder.decode(b\"fpfp\")\n        else:\n            # we have something else.\n            logger.debug(\"don't have fileno or getvalue. just reading\")\n            self.fp.seek(0)\n            # UNDONE -- so much for that buffer size thing.\n            n, err = decoder.decode(self.fp.read())\n\n        self.tile = []\n        self.readonly = 0\n\n        self.load_end()\n\n        # libtiff closed the fp in a, we need to close self.fp, if possible\n        if close_self_fp:\n            self.fp.close()\n            self.fp = None  # might be shared\n\n        if err < 0:\n            raise OSError(err)\n\n        return Image.Image.load(self)\n\n    def _setup(self):\n        \"\"\"Setup this image object based on current tags\"\"\"\n\n        if 0xBC01 in self.tag_v2:\n            raise OSError(\"Windows Media Photo files not yet supported\")\n\n        # extract relevant tags\n        self._compression = COMPRESSION_INFO[self.tag_v2.get(COMPRESSION, 1)]\n        self._planar_configuration = self.tag_v2.get(PLANAR_CONFIGURATION, 1)\n\n        # photometric is a required tag, but not everyone is reading\n        # the specification\n        photo = self.tag_v2.get(PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION, 0)\n\n        # old style jpeg compression images most certainly are YCbCr\n        if self._compression == \"tiff_jpeg\":\n            photo = 6\n\n        fillorder = self.tag_v2.get(FILLORDER, 1)\n\n        logger.debug(\"*** Summary ***\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- compression: {self._compression}\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- photometric_interpretation: {photo}\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- planar_configuration: {self._planar_configuration}\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- fill_order: {fillorder}\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- YCbCr subsampling: {self.tag.get(530)}\")\n\n        # size\n        xsize = int(self.tag_v2.get(IMAGEWIDTH))\n        ysize = int(self.tag_v2.get(IMAGELENGTH))\n        self._size = xsize, ysize\n\n        logger.debug(f\"- size: {self.size}\")\n\n        sampleFormat = self.tag_v2.get(SAMPLEFORMAT, (1,))\n        if len(sampleFormat) > 1 and max(sampleFormat) == min(sampleFormat) == 1:\n            # SAMPLEFORMAT is properly per band, so an RGB image will\n            # be (1,1,1).  But, we don't support per band pixel types,\n            # and anything more than one band is a uint8. So, just\n            # take the first element. Revisit this if adding support\n            # for more exotic images.\n            sampleFormat = (1,)\n\n        bps_tuple = self.tag_v2.get(BITSPERSAMPLE, (1,))\n        extra_tuple = self.tag_v2.get(EXTRASAMPLES, ())\n        if photo in (2, 6, 8):  # RGB, YCbCr, LAB\n            bps_count = 3\n        elif photo == 5:  # CMYK\n            bps_count = 4\n        else:\n            bps_count = 1\n        bps_count += len(extra_tuple)\n        # Some files have only one value in bps_tuple,\n        # while should have more. Fix it\n        if bps_count > len(bps_tuple) and len(bps_tuple) == 1:\n            bps_tuple = bps_tuple * bps_count\n\n        samplesPerPixel = self.tag_v2.get(\n            SAMPLESPERPIXEL,\n            3 if self._compression == \"tiff_jpeg\" and photo in (2, 6) else 1,\n        )\n        if len(bps_tuple) != samplesPerPixel:\n            raise SyntaxError(\"unknown data organization\")\n\n        # mode: check photometric interpretation and bits per pixel\n        key = (\n            self.tag_v2.prefix,\n            photo,\n            sampleFormat,\n            fillorder,\n            bps_tuple,\n            extra_tuple,\n        )\n        logger.debug(f\"format key: {key}\")\n        try:\n            self.mode, rawmode = OPEN_INFO[key]\n        except KeyError as e:\n            logger.debug(\"- unsupported format\")\n            raise SyntaxError(\"unknown pixel mode\") from e\n\n        logger.debug(f\"- raw mode: {rawmode}\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- pil mode: {self.mode}\")\n\n        self.info[\"compression\"] = self._compression\n\n        xres = self.tag_v2.get(X_RESOLUTION, 1)\n        yres = self.tag_v2.get(Y_RESOLUTION, 1)\n\n        if xres and yres:\n            resunit = self.tag_v2.get(RESOLUTION_UNIT)\n            if resunit == 2:  # dots per inch\n                self.info[\"dpi\"] = (xres, yres)\n            elif resunit == 3:  # dots per centimeter. convert to dpi\n                self.info[\"dpi\"] = (xres * 2.54, yres * 2.54)\n            elif resunit is None:  # used to default to 1, but now 2)\n                self.info[\"dpi\"] = (xres, yres)\n                # For backward compatibility,\n                # we also preserve the old behavior\n                self.info[\"resolution\"] = xres, yres\n            else:  # No absolute unit of measurement\n                self.info[\"resolution\"] = xres, yres\n\n        # build tile descriptors\n        x = y = layer = 0\n        self.tile = []\n        self.use_load_libtiff = READ_LIBTIFF or self._compression != \"raw\"\n        if self.use_load_libtiff:\n            # Decoder expects entire file as one tile.\n            # There's a buffer size limit in load (64k)\n            # so large g4 images will fail if we use that\n            # function.\n            #\n            # Setup the one tile for the whole image, then\n            # use the _load_libtiff function.\n\n            # libtiff handles the fillmode for us, so 1;IR should\n            # actually be 1;I. Including the R double reverses the\n            # bits, so stripes of the image are reversed.  See\n            # https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/279\n            if fillorder == 2:\n                # Replace fillorder with fillorder=1\n                key = key[:3] + (1,) + key[4:]\n                logger.debug(f\"format key: {key}\")\n                # this should always work, since all the\n                # fillorder==2 modes have a corresponding\n                # fillorder=1 mode\n                self.mode, rawmode = OPEN_INFO[key]\n            # libtiff always returns the bytes in native order.\n            # we're expecting image byte order. So, if the rawmode\n            # contains I;16, we need to convert from native to image\n            # byte order.\n            if rawmode == \"I;16\":\n                rawmode = \"I;16N\"\n            if \";16B\" in rawmode:\n                rawmode = rawmode.replace(\";16B\", \";16N\")\n            if \";16L\" in rawmode:\n                rawmode = rawmode.replace(\";16L\", \";16N\")\n\n            # YCbCr images with new jpeg compression with pixels in one plane\n            # unpacked straight into RGB values\n            if (\n                photo == 6\n                and self._compression == \"jpeg\"\n                and self._planar_configuration == 1\n            ):\n                rawmode = \"RGB\"\n\n            # Offset in the tile tuple is 0, we go from 0,0 to\n            # w,h, and we only do this once -- eds\n            a = (rawmode, self._compression, False, self.tag_v2.offset)\n            self.tile.append((\"libtiff\", (0, 0, xsize, ysize), 0, a))\n\n        elif STRIPOFFSETS in self.tag_v2 or TILEOFFSETS in self.tag_v2:\n            # striped image\n            if STRIPOFFSETS in self.tag_v2:\n                offsets = self.tag_v2[STRIPOFFSETS]\n                h = self.tag_v2.get(ROWSPERSTRIP, ysize)\n                w = self.size[0]\n            else:\n                # tiled image\n                offsets = self.tag_v2[TILEOFFSETS]\n                w = self.tag_v2.get(322)\n                h = self.tag_v2.get(323)\n\n            for offset in offsets:\n                if x + w > xsize:\n                    stride = w * sum(bps_tuple) / 8  # bytes per line\n                else:\n                    stride = 0\n\n                tile_rawmode = rawmode\n                if self._planar_configuration == 2:\n                    # each band on it's own layer\n                    tile_rawmode = rawmode[layer]\n                    # adjust stride width accordingly\n                    stride /= bps_count\n\n                a = (tile_rawmode, int(stride), 1)\n                self.tile.append(\n                    (\n                        self._compression,\n                        (x, y, min(x + w, xsize), min(y + h, ysize)),\n                        offset,\n                        a,\n                    )\n                )\n                x = x + w\n                if x >= self.size[0]:\n                    x, y = 0, y + h\n                    if y >= self.size[1]:\n                        x = y = 0\n                        layer += 1\n        else:\n            logger.debug(\"- unsupported data organization\")\n            raise SyntaxError(\"unknown data organization\")\n\n        # Fix up info.\n        if ICCPROFILE in self.tag_v2:\n            self.info[\"icc_profile\"] = self.tag_v2[ICCPROFILE]\n\n        # fixup palette descriptor\n\n        if self.mode in [\"P\", \"PA\"]:\n            palette = [o8(b // 256) for b in self.tag_v2[COLORMAP]]\n            self.palette = ImagePalette.raw(\"RGB;L\", b\"\".join(palette))\n\n        self._tile_orientation = self.tag_v2.get(0x0112)\n\n    def _close__fp(self):\n        try:\n            if self.__fp != self.fp:\n                self.__fp.close()\n        except AttributeError:\n            pass\n        finally:\n            self.__fp = None\n\n\n#\n# --------------------------------------------------------------------\n# Write TIFF files\n\n# little endian is default except for image modes with\n# explicit big endian byte-order\n\nSAVE_INFO = {\n    # mode => rawmode, byteorder, photometrics,\n    #           sampleformat, bitspersample, extra\n    \"1\": (\"1\", II, 1, 1, (1,), None),\n    \"L\": (\"L\", II, 1, 1, (8,), None),\n    \"LA\": (\"LA\", II, 1, 1, (8, 8), 2),\n    \"P\": (\"P\", II, 3, 1, (8,), None),\n    \"PA\": (\"PA\", II, 3, 1, (8, 8), 2),\n    \"I\": (\"I;32S\", II, 1, 2, (32,), None),\n    \"I;16\": (\"I;16\", II, 1, 1, (16,), None),\n    \"I;16S\": (\"I;16S\", II, 1, 2, (16,), None),\n    \"F\": (\"F;32F\", II, 1, 3, (32,), None),\n    \"RGB\": (\"RGB\", II, 2, 1, (8, 8, 8), None),\n    \"RGBX\": (\"RGBX\", II, 2, 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), 0),\n    \"RGBA\": (\"RGBA\", II, 2, 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), 2),\n    \"CMYK\": (\"CMYK\", II, 5, 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), None),\n    \"YCbCr\": (\"YCbCr\", II, 6, 1, (8, 8, 8), None),\n    \"LAB\": (\"LAB\", II, 8, 1, (8, 8, 8), None),\n    \"I;32BS\": (\"I;32BS\", MM, 1, 2, (32,), None),\n    \"I;16B\": (\"I;16B\", MM, 1, 1, (16,), None),\n    \"I;16BS\": (\"I;16BS\", MM, 1, 2, (16,), None),\n    \"F;32BF\": (\"F;32BF\", MM, 1, 3, (32,), None),\n}\n\n\ndef _save(im, fp, filename):\n\n    try:\n        rawmode, prefix, photo, format, bits, extra = SAVE_INFO[im.mode]\n    except KeyError as e:\n        raise OSError(f\"cannot write mode {im.mode} as TIFF\") from e\n\n    ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(prefix=prefix)\n\n    compression = im.encoderinfo.get(\"compression\", im.info.get(\"compression\"))\n    if compression is None:\n        compression = \"raw\"\n    elif compression == \"tiff_jpeg\":\n        # OJPEG is obsolete, so use new-style JPEG compression instead\n        compression = \"jpeg\"\n    elif compression == \"tiff_deflate\":\n        compression = \"tiff_adobe_deflate\"\n\n    libtiff = WRITE_LIBTIFF or compression != \"raw\"\n\n    # required for color libtiff images\n    ifd[PLANAR_CONFIGURATION] = getattr(im, \"_planar_configuration\", 1)\n\n    ifd[IMAGEWIDTH] = im.size[0]\n    ifd[IMAGELENGTH] = im.size[1]\n\n    # write any arbitrary tags passed in as an ImageFileDirectory\n    info = im.encoderinfo.get(\"tiffinfo\", {})\n    logger.debug(\"Tiffinfo Keys: %s\" % list(info))\n    if isinstance(info, ImageFileDirectory_v1):\n        info = info.to_v2()\n    for key in info:\n        ifd[key] = info.get(key)\n        try:\n            ifd.tagtype[key] = info.tagtype[key]\n        except Exception:\n            pass  # might not be an IFD. Might not have populated type\n\n    # additions written by Greg Couch, gregc@cgl.ucsf.edu\n    # inspired by image-sig posting from Kevin Cazabon, kcazabon@home.com\n    if hasattr(im, \"tag_v2\"):\n        # preserve tags from original TIFF image file\n        for key in (\n            RESOLUTION_UNIT,\n            X_RESOLUTION,\n            Y_RESOLUTION,\n            IPTC_NAA_CHUNK,\n            PHOTOSHOP_CHUNK,\n            XMP,\n        ):\n            if key in im.tag_v2:\n                ifd[key] = im.tag_v2[key]\n                ifd.tagtype[key] = im.tag_v2.tagtype[key]\n\n    # preserve ICC profile (should also work when saving other formats\n    # which support profiles as TIFF) -- 2008-06-06 Florian Hoech\n    icc = im.encoderinfo.get(\"icc_profile\", im.info.get(\"icc_profile\"))\n    if icc:\n        ifd[ICCPROFILE] = icc\n\n    for key, name in [\n        (IMAGEDESCRIPTION, \"description\"),\n        (X_RESOLUTION, \"resolution\"),\n        (Y_RESOLUTION, \"resolution\"),\n        (X_RESOLUTION, \"x_resolution\"),\n        (Y_RESOLUTION, \"y_resolution\"),\n        (RESOLUTION_UNIT, \"resolution_unit\"),\n        (SOFTWARE, \"software\"),\n        (DATE_TIME, \"date_time\"),\n        (ARTIST, \"artist\"),\n        (COPYRIGHT, \"copyright\"),\n    ]:\n        if name in im.encoderinfo:\n            ifd[key] = im.encoderinfo[name]\n\n    dpi = im.encoderinfo.get(\"dpi\")\n    if dpi:\n        ifd[RESOLUTION_UNIT] = 2\n        ifd[X_RESOLUTION] = dpi[0]\n        ifd[Y_RESOLUTION] = dpi[1]\n\n    if bits != (1,):\n        ifd[BITSPERSAMPLE] = bits\n        if len(bits) != 1:\n            ifd[SAMPLESPERPIXEL] = len(bits)\n    if extra is not None:\n        ifd[EXTRASAMPLES] = extra\n    if format != 1:\n        ifd[SAMPLEFORMAT] = format\n\n    ifd[PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION] = photo\n\n    if im.mode in [\"P\", \"PA\"]:\n        lut = im.im.getpalette(\"RGB\", \"RGB;L\")\n        ifd[COLORMAP] = tuple(v * 256 for v in lut)\n    # data orientation\n    stride = len(bits) * ((im.size[0] * bits[0] + 7) // 8)\n    ifd[ROWSPERSTRIP] = im.size[1]\n    strip_byte_counts = stride * im.size[1]\n    if strip_byte_counts >= 2 ** 16:\n        ifd.tagtype[STRIPBYTECOUNTS] = TiffTags.LONG\n    ifd[STRIPBYTECOUNTS] = strip_byte_counts\n    ifd[STRIPOFFSETS] = 0  # this is adjusted by IFD writer\n    # no compression by default:\n    ifd[COMPRESSION] = COMPRESSION_INFO_REV.get(compression, 1)\n\n    if libtiff:\n        if \"quality\" in im.encoderinfo:\n            quality = im.encoderinfo[\"quality\"]\n            if not isinstance(quality, int) or quality < 0 or quality > 100:\n                raise ValueError(\"Invalid quality setting\")\n            if compression != \"jpeg\":\n                raise ValueError(\n                    \"quality setting only supported for 'jpeg' compression\"\n                )\n            ifd[JPEGQUALITY] = quality\n\n        logger.debug(\"Saving using libtiff encoder\")\n        logger.debug(\"Items: %s\" % sorted(ifd.items()))\n        _fp = 0\n        if hasattr(fp, \"fileno\"):\n            try:\n                fp.seek(0)\n                _fp = os.dup(fp.fileno())\n            except io.UnsupportedOperation:\n                pass\n\n        # optional types for non core tags\n        types = {}\n        # SAMPLEFORMAT is determined by the image format and should not be copied\n        # from legacy_ifd.\n        # STRIPOFFSETS and STRIPBYTECOUNTS are added by the library\n        # based on the data in the strip.\n        # The other tags expect arrays with a certain length (fixed or depending on\n        # BITSPERSAMPLE, etc), passing arrays with a different length will result in\n        # segfaults. Block these tags until we add extra validation.\n        # SUBIFD may also cause a segfault.\n        blocklist = [\n            REFERENCEBLACKWHITE,\n            SAMPLEFORMAT,\n            STRIPBYTECOUNTS,\n            STRIPOFFSETS,\n            TRANSFERFUNCTION,\n            SUBIFD,\n        ]\n\n        atts = {}\n        # bits per sample is a single short in the tiff directory, not a list.\n        atts[BITSPERSAMPLE] = bits[0]\n        # Merge the ones that we have with (optional) more bits from\n        # the original file, e.g x,y resolution so that we can\n        # save(load('')) == original file.\n        legacy_ifd = {}\n        if hasattr(im, \"tag\"):\n            legacy_ifd = im.tag.to_v2()\n        for tag, value in itertools.chain(\n            ifd.items(), getattr(im, \"tag_v2\", {}).items(), legacy_ifd.items()\n        ):\n            # Libtiff can only process certain core items without adding\n            # them to the custom dictionary.\n            # Custom items are supported for int, float, unicode, string and byte\n            # values. Other types and tuples require a tagtype.\n            if tag not in TiffTags.LIBTIFF_CORE:\n                if not Image.core.libtiff_support_custom_tags:\n                    continue\n\n                if tag in ifd.tagtype:\n                    types[tag] = ifd.tagtype[tag]\n                elif not (isinstance(value, (int, float, str, bytes))):\n                    continue\n                else:\n                    type = TiffTags.lookup(tag).type\n                    if type:\n                        types[tag] = type\n            if tag not in atts and tag not in blocklist:\n                if isinstance(value, str):\n                    atts[tag] = value.encode(\"ascii\", \"replace\") + b\"\\0\"\n                elif isinstance(value, IFDRational):\n                    atts[tag] = float(value)\n                else:\n                    atts[tag] = value\n\n        logger.debug(\"Converted items: %s\" % sorted(atts.items()))\n\n        # libtiff always expects the bytes in native order.\n        # we're storing image byte order. So, if the rawmode\n        # contains I;16, we need to convert from native to image\n        # byte order.\n        if im.mode in (\"I;16B\", \"I;16\"):\n            rawmode = \"I;16N\"\n\n        # Pass tags as sorted list so that the tags are set in a fixed order.\n        # This is required by libtiff for some tags. For example, the JPEGQUALITY\n        # pseudo tag requires that the COMPRESS tag was already set.\n        tags = list(atts.items())\n        tags.sort()\n        a = (rawmode, compression, _fp, filename, tags, types)\n        e = Image._getencoder(im.mode, \"libtiff\", a, im.encoderconfig)\n        e.setimage(im.im, (0, 0) + im.size)\n        while True:\n            # undone, change to self.decodermaxblock:\n            l, s, d = e.encode(16 * 1024)\n            if not _fp:\n                fp.write(d)\n            if s:\n                break\n        if s < 0:\n            raise OSError(f\"encoder error {s} when writing image file\")\n\n    else:\n        offset = ifd.save(fp)\n\n        ImageFile._save(\n            im, fp, [(\"raw\", (0, 0) + im.size, offset, (rawmode, stride, 1))]\n        )\n\n    # -- helper for multi-page save --\n    if \"_debug_multipage\" in im.encoderinfo:\n        # just to access o32 and o16 (using correct byte order)\n        im._debug_multipage = ifd\n\n\nclass AppendingTiffWriter:\n    fieldSizes = [\n        0,  # None\n        1,  # byte\n        1,  # ascii\n        2,  # short\n        4,  # long\n        8,  # rational\n        1,  # sbyte\n        1,  # undefined\n        2,  # sshort\n        4,  # slong\n        8,  # srational\n        4,  # float\n        8,  # double\n    ]\n\n    #    StripOffsets = 273\n    #    FreeOffsets = 288\n    #    TileOffsets = 324\n    #    JPEGQTables = 519\n    #    JPEGDCTables = 520\n    #    JPEGACTables = 521\n    Tags = {273, 288, 324, 519, 520, 521}\n\n    def __init__(self, fn, new=False):\n        if hasattr(fn, \"read\"):\n            self.f = fn\n            self.close_fp = False\n        else:\n            self.name = fn\n            self.close_fp = True\n            try:\n                self.f = open(fn, \"w+b\" if new else \"r+b\")\n            except OSError:\n                self.f = open(fn, \"w+b\")\n        self.beginning = self.f.tell()\n        self.setup()\n\n    def setup(self):\n        # Reset everything.\n        self.f.seek(self.beginning, os.SEEK_SET)\n\n        self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset = None\n        self.offsetOfNewPage = 0\n\n        self.IIMM = IIMM = self.f.read(4)\n        if not IIMM:\n            # empty file - first page\n            self.isFirst = True\n            return\n\n        self.isFirst = False\n        if IIMM == b\"II\\x2a\\x00\":\n            self.setEndian(\"<\")\n        elif IIMM == b\"MM\\x00\\x2a\":\n            self.setEndian(\">\")\n        else:\n            raise RuntimeError(\"Invalid TIFF file header\")\n\n        self.skipIFDs()\n        self.goToEnd()\n\n    def finalize(self):\n        if self.isFirst:\n            return\n\n        # fix offsets\n        self.f.seek(self.offsetOfNewPage)\n\n        IIMM = self.f.read(4)\n        if not IIMM:\n            # raise RuntimeError(\"nothing written into new page\")\n            # Make it easy to finish a frame without committing to a new one.\n            return\n\n        if IIMM != self.IIMM:\n            raise RuntimeError(\"IIMM of new page doesn't match IIMM of first page\")\n\n        IFDoffset = self.readLong()\n        IFDoffset += self.offsetOfNewPage\n        self.f.seek(self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset)\n        self.writeLong(IFDoffset)\n        self.f.seek(IFDoffset)\n        self.fixIFD()\n\n    def newFrame(self):\n        # Call this to finish a frame.\n        self.finalize()\n        self.setup()\n\n    def __enter__(self):\n        return self\n\n    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):\n        if self.close_fp:\n            self.close()\n        return False\n\n    def tell(self):\n        return self.f.tell() - self.offsetOfNewPage\n\n    def seek(self, offset, whence=io.SEEK_SET):\n        if whence == os.SEEK_SET:\n            offset += self.offsetOfNewPage\n\n        self.f.seek(offset, whence)\n        return self.tell()\n\n    def goToEnd(self):\n        self.f.seek(0, os.SEEK_END)\n        pos = self.f.tell()\n\n        # pad to 16 byte boundary\n        padBytes = 16 - pos % 16\n        if 0 < padBytes < 16:\n            self.f.write(bytes(padBytes))\n        self.offsetOfNewPage = self.f.tell()\n\n    def setEndian(self, endian):\n        self.endian = endian\n        self.longFmt = self.endian + \"L\"\n        self.shortFmt = self.endian + \"H\"\n        self.tagFormat = self.endian + \"HHL\"\n\n    def skipIFDs(self):\n        while True:\n            IFDoffset = self.readLong()\n            if IFDoffset == 0:\n                self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset = self.f.tell() - 4\n                break\n\n            self.f.seek(IFDoffset)\n            numTags = self.readShort()\n            self.f.seek(numTags * 12, os.SEEK_CUR)\n\n    def write(self, data):\n        return self.f.write(data)\n\n    def readShort(self):\n        (value,) = struct.unpack(self.shortFmt, self.f.read(2))\n        return value\n\n    def readLong(self):\n        (value,) = struct.unpack(self.longFmt, self.f.read(4))\n        return value\n\n    def rewriteLastShortToLong(self, value):\n        self.f.seek(-2, os.SEEK_CUR)\n        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.longFmt, value))\n        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 4:\n            raise RuntimeError(f\"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 4\")\n\n    def rewriteLastShort(self, value):\n        self.f.seek(-2, os.SEEK_CUR)\n        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.shortFmt, value))\n        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 2:\n            raise RuntimeError(f\"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 2\")\n\n    def rewriteLastLong(self, value):\n        self.f.seek(-4, os.SEEK_CUR)\n        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.longFmt, value))\n        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 4:\n            raise RuntimeError(f\"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 4\")\n\n    def writeShort(self, value):\n        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.shortFmt, value))\n        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 2:\n            raise RuntimeError(f\"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 2\")\n\n    def writeLong(self, value):\n        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.longFmt, value))\n        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 4:\n            raise RuntimeError(f\"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 4\")\n\n    def close(self):\n        self.finalize()\n        self.f.close()\n\n    def fixIFD(self):\n        numTags = self.readShort()\n\n        for i in range(numTags):\n            tag, fieldType, count = struct.unpack(self.tagFormat, self.f.read(8))\n\n            fieldSize = self.fieldSizes[fieldType]\n            totalSize = fieldSize * count\n            isLocal = totalSize <= 4\n            if not isLocal:\n                offset = self.readLong()\n                offset += self.offsetOfNewPage\n                self.rewriteLastLong(offset)\n\n            if tag in self.Tags:\n                curPos = self.f.tell()\n\n                if isLocal:\n                    self.fixOffsets(\n                        count, isShort=(fieldSize == 2), isLong=(fieldSize == 4)\n                    )\n                    self.f.seek(curPos + 4)\n                else:\n                    self.f.seek(offset)\n                    self.fixOffsets(\n                        count, isShort=(fieldSize == 2), isLong=(fieldSize == 4)\n                    )\n                    self.f.seek(curPos)\n\n                offset = curPos = None\n\n            elif isLocal:\n                # skip the locally stored value that is not an offset\n                self.f.seek(4, os.SEEK_CUR)\n\n    def fixOffsets(self, count, isShort=False, isLong=False):\n        if not isShort and not isLong:\n            raise RuntimeError(\"offset is neither short nor long\")\n\n        for i in range(count):\n            offset = self.readShort() if isShort else self.readLong()\n            offset += self.offsetOfNewPage\n            if isShort and offset >= 65536:\n                # offset is now too large - we must convert shorts to longs\n                if count != 1:\n                    raise RuntimeError(\"not implemented\")  # XXX TODO\n\n                # simple case - the offset is just one and therefore it is\n                # local (not referenced with another offset)\n                self.rewriteLastShortToLong(offset)\n                self.f.seek(-10, os.SEEK_CUR)\n                self.writeShort(TiffTags.LONG)  # rewrite the type to LONG\n                self.f.seek(8, os.SEEK_CUR)\n            elif isShort:\n                self.rewriteLastShort(offset)\n            else:\n                self.rewriteLastLong(offset)\n\n\ndef _save_all(im, fp, filename):\n    encoderinfo = im.encoderinfo.copy()\n    encoderconfig = im.encoderconfig\n    append_images = list(encoderinfo.get(\"append_images\", []))\n    if not hasattr(im, \"n_frames\") and not append_images:\n        return _save(im, fp, filename)\n\n    cur_idx = im.tell()\n    try:\n        with AppendingTiffWriter(fp) as tf:\n            for ims in [im] + append_images:\n                ims.encoderinfo = encoderinfo\n                ims.encoderconfig = encoderconfig\n                if not hasattr(ims, \"n_frames\"):\n                    nfr = 1\n                else:\n                    nfr = ims.n_frames\n\n                for idx in range(nfr):\n                    ims.seek(idx)\n                    ims.load()\n                    _save(ims, tf, filename)\n                    tf.newFrame()\n    finally:\n        im.seek(cur_idx)\n\n\n#\n# --------------------------------------------------------------------\n# Register\n\nImage.register_open(TiffImageFile.format, TiffImageFile, _accept)\nImage.register_save(TiffImageFile.format, _save)\nImage.register_save_all(TiffImageFile.format, _save_all)\n\nImage.register_extensions(TiffImageFile.format, [\".tif\", \".tiff\"])\n\nImage.register_mime(TiffImageFile.format, \"image/tiff\")\n",
            "header": {
                "file": {
                    "path": "src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py"
                },
                "misc_line": null
            },
            "index_line": {
                "old_commit_hash": "699eb33e0",
                "new_commit_hash": "46798871e",
                "mode": "100644"
            },
            "is_binary_file": false,
            "binary_line": null,
            "minus_file": {
                "path": "a/src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py"
            },
            "plus_file": {
                "path": "b/src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py"
            },
            "hunks": [
                {
                    "descriptor": {
                        "old_range": {
                            "start": 830,
                            "length": 7
                        },
                        "new_range": {
                            "start": 830,
                            "length": 8
                        },
                        "section": "class ImageFileDirectory_v2(MutableMapping):"
                    },
                    "line_group": {
                        "all_lines": [
                            {
                                "content": "                else:",
                                "type": "context"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "                    ifh = b\"MM\\x00\\x2A\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x08\"",
                                "type": "context"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "                ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(ifh, group=tag)",
                                "type": "context"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "                for ifd_tag, ifd_value in self._tags_v2[tag].items():",
                                "type": "deleted"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "                values = self._tags_v2[tag]",
                                "type": "added"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "                for ifd_tag, ifd_value in values.items():",
                                "type": "added"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "                    ifd[ifd_tag] = ifd_value",
                                "type": "context"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "                data = ifd.tobytes(offset)",
                                "type": "context"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "            else:",
                                "type": "context"
                            },
                            {
                                "content": "",
                                "type": "context"
                            }
                        ]
                    },
                    "modified_entities": [
                        {
                            "file_name": "src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py",
                            "type": "class",
                            "name": "ImageFileDirectory_v2",
                            "content": "class ImageFileDirectory_v2(MutableMapping):\n    \"\"\"This class represents a TIFF tag directory.  To speed things up, we\n    don't decode tags unless they're asked for.\n\n    Exposes a dictionary interface of the tags in the directory::\n\n        ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n        ifd[key] = 'Some Data'\n        ifd.tagtype[key] = TiffTags.ASCII\n        print(ifd[key])\n        'Some Data'\n\n    Individual values are returned as the strings or numbers, sequences are\n    returned as tuples of the values.\n\n    The tiff metadata type of each item is stored in a dictionary of\n    tag types in\n    :attr:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2.tagtype`. The types\n    are read from a tiff file, guessed from the type added, or added\n    manually.\n\n    Data Structures:\n\n        * self.tagtype = {}\n\n          * Key: numerical tiff tag number\n          * Value: integer corresponding to the data type from\n                   ~PIL.TiffTags.TYPES`\n\n    .. versionadded:: 3.0.0\n    \"\"\"\n\n    \"\"\"\n    Documentation:\n\n        'internal' data structures:\n        * self._tags_v2 = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number\n                             Value: decoded data, as tuple for multiple values\n        * self._tagdata = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number\n                             Value: undecoded byte string from file\n        * self._tags_v1 = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number\n                             Value: decoded data in the v1 format\n\n    Tags will be found in the private attributes self._tagdata, and in\n    self._tags_v2 once decoded.\n\n    self.legacy_api is a value for internal use, and shouldn't be\n    changed from outside code. In cooperation with the\n    ImageFileDirectory_v1 class, if legacy_api is true, then decoded\n    tags will be populated into both _tags_v1 and _tags_v2. _tags_v2\n    will be used if this IFD is used in the TIFF save routine. Tags\n    should be read from _tags_v1 if legacy_api == true.\n\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def __init__(self, ifh=b\"II\\052\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\", prefix=None, group=None):\n        \"\"\"Initialize an ImageFileDirectory.\n\n        To construct an ImageFileDirectory from a real file, pass the 8-byte\n        magic header to the constructor.  To only set the endianness, pass it\n        as the 'prefix' keyword argument.\n\n        :param ifh: One of the accepted magic headers (cf. PREFIXES); also sets\n              endianness.\n        :param prefix: Override the endianness of the file.\n        \"\"\"\n        if ifh[:4] not in PREFIXES:\n            raise SyntaxError(f\"not a TIFF file (header {repr(ifh)} not valid)\")\n        self._prefix = prefix if prefix is not None else ifh[:2]\n        if self._prefix == MM:\n            self._endian = \">\"\n        elif self._prefix == II:\n            self._endian = \"<\"\n        else:\n            raise SyntaxError(\"not a TIFF IFD\")\n        self.group = group\n        self.tagtype = {}\n        \"\"\" Dictionary of tag types \"\"\"\n        self.reset()\n        (self.next,) = self._unpack(\"L\", ifh[4:])\n        self._legacy_api = False\n\n    prefix = property(lambda self: self._prefix)\n    offset = property(lambda self: self._offset)\n    legacy_api = property(lambda self: self._legacy_api)\n\n    @legacy_api.setter\n    def legacy_api(self, value):\n        raise Exception(\"Not allowing setting of legacy api\")\n\n    def reset(self):\n        self._tags_v1 = {}  # will remain empty if legacy_api is false\n        self._tags_v2 = {}  # main tag storage\n        self._tagdata = {}\n        self.tagtype = {}  # added 2008-06-05 by Florian Hoech\n        self._next = None\n        self._offset = None\n\n    def __str__(self):\n        return str(dict(self))\n\n    def named(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        :returns: dict of name|key: value\n\n        Returns the complete tag dictionary, with named tags where possible.\n        \"\"\"\n        return {\n            TiffTags.lookup(code, self.group).name: value\n            for code, value in self.items()\n        }\n\n    def __len__(self):\n        return len(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v2))\n\n    def __getitem__(self, tag):\n        if tag not in self._tags_v2:  # unpack on the fly\n            data = self._tagdata[tag]\n            typ = self.tagtype[tag]\n            size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]\n            self[tag] = handler(self, data, self.legacy_api)  # check type\n        val = self._tags_v2[tag]\n        if self.legacy_api and not isinstance(val, (tuple, bytes)):\n            val = (val,)\n        return val\n\n    def __contains__(self, tag):\n        return tag in self._tags_v2 or tag in self._tagdata\n\n    def __setitem__(self, tag, value):\n        self._setitem(tag, value, self.legacy_api)\n\n    def _setitem(self, tag, value, legacy_api):\n        basetypes = (Number, bytes, str)\n\n        info = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group)\n        values = [value] if isinstance(value, basetypes) else value\n\n        if tag not in self.tagtype:\n            if info.type:\n                self.tagtype[tag] = info.type\n            else:\n                self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.UNDEFINED\n                if all(isinstance(v, IFDRational) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = (\n                        TiffTags.RATIONAL\n                        if all(v >= 0 for v in values)\n                        else TiffTags.SIGNED_RATIONAL\n                    )\n                elif all(isinstance(v, int) for v in values):\n                    if all(0 <= v < 2 ** 16 for v in values):\n                        self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.SHORT\n                    elif all(-(2 ** 15) < v < 2 ** 15 for v in values):\n                        self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.SIGNED_SHORT\n                    else:\n                        self.tagtype[tag] = (\n                            TiffTags.LONG\n                            if all(v >= 0 for v in values)\n                            else TiffTags.SIGNED_LONG\n                        )\n                elif all(isinstance(v, float) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.DOUBLE\n                elif all(isinstance(v, str) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.ASCII\n                elif all(isinstance(v, bytes) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.BYTE\n\n        if self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.UNDEFINED:\n            values = [\n                v.encode(\"ascii\", \"replace\") if isinstance(v, str) else v\n                for v in values\n            ]\n        elif self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.RATIONAL:\n            values = [float(v) if isinstance(v, int) else v for v in values]\n\n        is_ifd = self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.LONG and isinstance(values, dict)\n        if not is_ifd:\n            values = tuple(info.cvt_enum(value) for value in values)\n\n        dest = self._tags_v1 if legacy_api else self._tags_v2\n\n        # Three branches:\n        # Spec'd length == 1, Actual length 1, store as element\n        # Spec'd length == 1, Actual > 1, Warn and truncate. Formerly barfed.\n        # No Spec, Actual length 1, Formerly (<4.2) returned a 1 element tuple.\n        # Don't mess with the legacy api, since it's frozen.\n        if not is_ifd and (\n            (info.length == 1)\n            or self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.BYTE\n            or (info.length is None and len(values) == 1 and not legacy_api)\n        ):\n            # Don't mess with the legacy api, since it's frozen.\n            if legacy_api and self.tagtype[tag] in [\n                TiffTags.RATIONAL,\n                TiffTags.SIGNED_RATIONAL,\n            ]:  # rationals\n                values = (values,)\n            try:\n                (dest[tag],) = values\n            except ValueError:\n                # We've got a builtin tag with 1 expected entry\n                warnings.warn(\n                    f\"Metadata Warning, tag {tag} had too many entries: \"\n                    f\"{len(values)}, expected 1\"\n                )\n                dest[tag] = values[0]\n\n        else:\n            # Spec'd length > 1 or undefined\n            # Unspec'd, and length > 1\n            dest[tag] = values\n\n    def __delitem__(self, tag):\n        self._tags_v2.pop(tag, None)\n        self._tags_v1.pop(tag, None)\n        self._tagdata.pop(tag, None)\n\n    def __iter__(self):\n        return iter(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v2))\n\n    def _unpack(self, fmt, data):\n        return struct.unpack(self._endian + fmt, data)\n\n    def _pack(self, fmt, *values):\n        return struct.pack(self._endian + fmt, *values)\n\n    def _register_loader(idx, size):\n        def decorator(func):\n            from .TiffTags import TYPES\n\n            if func.__name__.startswith(\"load_\"):\n                TYPES[idx] = func.__name__[5:].replace(\"_\", \" \")\n            _load_dispatch[idx] = size, func  # noqa: F821\n            return func\n\n        return decorator\n\n    def _register_writer(idx):\n        def decorator(func):\n            _write_dispatch[idx] = func  # noqa: F821\n            return func\n\n        return decorator\n\n    def _register_basic(idx_fmt_name):\n        from .TiffTags import TYPES\n\n        idx, fmt, name = idx_fmt_name\n        TYPES[idx] = name\n        size = struct.calcsize(\"=\" + fmt)\n        _load_dispatch[idx] = (  # noqa: F821\n            size,\n            lambda self, data, legacy_api=True: (\n                self._unpack(\"{}{}\".format(len(data) // size, fmt), data)\n            ),\n        )\n        _write_dispatch[idx] = lambda self, *values: (  # noqa: F821\n            b\"\".join(self._pack(fmt, value) for value in values)\n        )\n\n    list(\n        map(\n            _register_basic,\n            [\n                (TiffTags.SHORT, \"H\", \"short\"),\n                (TiffTags.LONG, \"L\", \"long\"),\n                (TiffTags.SIGNED_BYTE, \"b\", \"signed byte\"),\n                (TiffTags.SIGNED_SHORT, \"h\", \"signed short\"),\n                (TiffTags.SIGNED_LONG, \"l\", \"signed long\"),\n                (TiffTags.FLOAT, \"f\", \"float\"),\n                (TiffTags.DOUBLE, \"d\", \"double\"),\n                (TiffTags.IFD, \"L\", \"long\"),\n            ],\n        )\n    )\n\n    @_register_loader(1, 1)  # Basic type, except for the legacy API.\n    def load_byte(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        return data\n\n    @_register_writer(1)  # Basic type, except for the legacy API.\n    def write_byte(self, data):\n        return data\n\n    @_register_loader(2, 1)\n    def load_string(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        if data.endswith(b\"\\0\"):\n            data = data[:-1]\n        return data.decode(\"latin-1\", \"replace\")\n\n    @_register_writer(2)\n    def write_string(self, value):\n        # remerge of https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/1416\n        return b\"\" + value.encode(\"ascii\", \"replace\") + b\"\\0\"\n\n    @_register_loader(5, 8)\n    def load_rational(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        vals = self._unpack(\"{}L\".format(len(data) // 4), data)\n\n        def combine(a, b):\n            return (a, b) if legacy_api else IFDRational(a, b)\n\n        return tuple(combine(num, denom) for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))\n\n    @_register_writer(5)\n    def write_rational(self, *values):\n        return b\"\".join(\n            self._pack(\"2L\", *_limit_rational(frac, 2 ** 32 - 1)) for frac in values\n        )\n\n    @_register_loader(7, 1)\n    def load_undefined(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        return data\n\n    @_register_writer(7)\n    def write_undefined(self, value):\n        return value\n\n    @_register_loader(10, 8)\n    def load_signed_rational(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        vals = self._unpack(\"{}l\".format(len(data) // 4), data)\n\n        def combine(a, b):\n            return (a, b) if legacy_api else IFDRational(a, b)\n\n        return tuple(combine(num, denom) for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))\n\n    @_register_writer(10)\n    def write_signed_rational(self, *values):\n        return b\"\".join(\n            self._pack(\"2l\", *_limit_signed_rational(frac, 2 ** 31 - 1, -(2 ** 31)))\n            for frac in values\n        )\n\n    def _ensure_read(self, fp, size):\n        ret = fp.read(size)\n        if len(ret) != size:\n            raise OSError(\n                \"Corrupt EXIF data.  \"\n                f\"Expecting to read {size} bytes but only got {len(ret)}. \"\n            )\n        return ret\n\n    def load(self, fp):\n\n        self.reset()\n        self._offset = fp.tell()\n\n        try:\n            for i in range(self._unpack(\"H\", self._ensure_read(fp, 2))[0]):\n                tag, typ, count, data = self._unpack(\"HHL4s\", self._ensure_read(fp, 12))\n\n                tagname = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group).name\n                typname = TYPES.get(typ, \"unknown\")\n                msg = f\"tag: {tagname} ({tag}) - type: {typname} ({typ})\"\n\n                try:\n                    unit_size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]\n                except KeyError:\n                    logger.debug(msg + f\" - unsupported type {typ}\")\n                    continue  # ignore unsupported type\n                size = count * unit_size\n                if size > 4:\n                    here = fp.tell()\n                    (offset,) = self._unpack(\"L\", data)\n                    msg += f\" Tag Location: {here} - Data Location: {offset}\"\n                    fp.seek(offset)\n                    data = ImageFile._safe_read(fp, size)\n                    fp.seek(here)\n                else:\n                    data = data[:size]\n\n                if len(data) != size:\n                    warnings.warn(\n                        \"Possibly corrupt EXIF data.  \"\n                        f\"Expecting to read {size} bytes but only got {len(data)}.\"\n                        f\" Skipping tag {tag}\"\n                    )\n                    logger.debug(msg)\n                    continue\n\n                if not data:\n                    logger.debug(msg)\n                    continue\n\n                self._tagdata[tag] = data\n                self.tagtype[tag] = typ\n\n                msg += \" - value: \" + (\n                    \"<table: %d bytes>\" % size if size > 32 else repr(data)\n                )\n                logger.debug(msg)\n\n            (self.next,) = self._unpack(\"L\", self._ensure_read(fp, 4))\n        except OSError as msg:\n            warnings.warn(str(msg))\n            return\n\n    def tobytes(self, offset=0):\n        # FIXME What about tagdata?\n        result = self._pack(\"H\", len(self._tags_v2))\n\n        entries = []\n        offset = offset + len(result) + len(self._tags_v2) * 12 + 4\n        stripoffsets = None\n\n        # pass 1: convert tags to binary format\n        # always write tags in ascending order\n        for tag, value in sorted(self._tags_v2.items()):\n            if tag == STRIPOFFSETS:\n                stripoffsets = len(entries)\n            typ = self.tagtype.get(tag)\n            logger.debug(f\"Tag {tag}, Type: {typ}, Value: {repr(value)}\")\n            is_ifd = typ == TiffTags.LONG and isinstance(value, dict)\n            if is_ifd:\n                if self._endian == \"<\":\n                    ifh = b\"II\\x2A\\x00\\x08\\x00\\x00\\x00\"\n                else:\n                    ifh = b\"MM\\x00\\x2A\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x08\"\n                ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(ifh, group=tag)\n                for ifd_tag, ifd_value in self._tags_v2[tag].items():\n                    ifd[ifd_tag] = ifd_value\n                data = ifd.tobytes(offset)\n            else:\n                values = value if isinstance(value, tuple) else (value,)\n                data = self._write_dispatch[typ](self, *values)\n\n            tagname = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group).name\n            typname = \"ifd\" if is_ifd else TYPES.get(typ, \"unknown\")\n            msg = f\"save: {tagname} ({tag}) - type: {typname} ({typ})\"\n            msg += \" - value: \" + (\n                \"<table: %d bytes>\" % len(data) if len(data) >= 16 else str(values)\n            )\n            logger.debug(msg)\n\n            # count is sum of lengths for string and arbitrary data\n            if is_ifd:\n                count = 1\n            elif typ in [TiffTags.BYTE, TiffTags.ASCII, TiffTags.UNDEFINED]:\n                count = len(data)\n            else:\n                count = len(values)\n            # figure out if data fits into the entry\n            if len(data) <= 4:\n                entries.append((tag, typ, count, data.ljust(4, b\"\\0\"), b\"\"))\n            else:\n                entries.append((tag, typ, count, self._pack(\"L\", offset), data))\n                offset += (len(data) + 1) // 2 * 2  # pad to word\n\n        # update strip offset data to point beyond auxiliary data\n        if stripoffsets is not None:\n            tag, typ, count, value, data = entries[stripoffsets]\n            if data:\n                raise NotImplementedError(\"multistrip support not yet implemented\")\n            value = self._pack(\"L\", self._unpack(\"L\", value)[0] + offset)\n            entries[stripoffsets] = tag, typ, count, value, data\n\n        # pass 2: write entries to file\n        for tag, typ, count, value, data in entries:\n            logger.debug(f\"{tag} {typ} {count} {repr(value)} {repr(data)}\")\n            result += self._pack(\"HHL4s\", tag, typ, count, value)\n\n        # -- overwrite here for multi-page --\n        result += b\"\\0\\0\\0\\0\"  # end of entries\n\n        # pass 3: write auxiliary data to file\n        for tag, typ, count, value, data in entries:\n            result += data\n            if len(data) & 1:\n                result += b\"\\0\"\n\n        return result\n\n    def save(self, fp):\n\n        if fp.tell() == 0:  # skip TIFF header on subsequent pages\n            # tiff header -- PIL always starts the first IFD at offset 8\n            fp.write(self._prefix + self._pack(\"HL\", 42, 8))\n\n        offset = fp.tell()\n        result = self.tobytes(offset)\n        fp.write(result)\n        return offset + len(result)",
                            "ast_type_str": "ClassDef",
                            "start_lineno": 413,
                            "end_lineno": 895,
                            "parent": null
                        },
                        {
                            "file_name": "src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py",
                            "type": "method",
                            "name": "ImageFileDirectory_v2.tobytes",
                            "content": "class ImageFileDirectory_v2(MutableMapping):\n    \"\"\"This class represents a TIFF tag directory.  To speed things up, we\n    don't decode tags unless they're asked for.\n\n    Exposes a dictionary interface of the tags in the directory::\n\n        ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n        ifd[key] = 'Some Data'\n        ifd.tagtype[key] = TiffTags.ASCII\n        print(ifd[key])\n        'Some Data'\n\n    Individual values are returned as the strings or numbers, sequences are\n    returned as tuples of the values.\n\n    The tiff metadata type of each item is stored in a dictionary of\n    tag types in\n    :attr:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2.tagtype`. The types\n    are read from a tiff file, guessed from the type added, or added\n    manually.\n\n    Data Structures:\n\n        * self.tagtype = {}\n\n          * Key: numerical tiff tag number\n          * Value: integer corresponding to the data type from\n                   ~PIL.TiffTags.TYPES`\n\n    .. versionadded:: 3.0.0\n    \"\"\"\n\n    \"\"\"\n    Documentation:\n\n        'internal' data structures:\n        * self._tags_v2 = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number\n                             Value: decoded data, as tuple for multiple values\n        * self._tagdata = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number\n                             Value: undecoded byte string from file\n        * self._tags_v1 = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number\n                             Value: decoded data in the v1 format\n\n    Tags will be found in the private attributes self._tagdata, and in\n    self._tags_v2 once decoded.\n\n    self.legacy_api is a value for internal use, and shouldn't be\n    changed from outside code. In cooperation with the\n    ImageFileDirectory_v1 class, if legacy_api is true, then decoded\n    tags will be populated into both _tags_v1 and _tags_v2. _tags_v2\n    will be used if this IFD is used in the TIFF save routine. Tags\n    should be read from _tags_v1 if legacy_api == true.\n\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def __init__(self, ifh=b\"II\\052\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\", prefix=None, group=None):\n        \"\"\"Initialize an ImageFileDirectory.\n\n        To construct an ImageFileDirectory from a real file, pass the 8-byte\n        magic header to the constructor.  To only set the endianness, pass it\n        as the 'prefix' keyword argument.\n\n        :param ifh: One of the accepted magic headers (cf. PREFIXES); also sets\n              endianness.\n        :param prefix: Override the endianness of the file.\n        \"\"\"\n        if ifh[:4] not in PREFIXES:\n            raise SyntaxError(f\"not a TIFF file (header {repr(ifh)} not valid)\")\n        self._prefix = prefix if prefix is not None else ifh[:2]\n        if self._prefix == MM:\n            self._endian = \">\"\n        elif self._prefix == II:\n            self._endian = \"<\"\n        else:\n            raise SyntaxError(\"not a TIFF IFD\")\n        self.group = group\n        self.tagtype = {}\n        \"\"\" Dictionary of tag types \"\"\"\n        self.reset()\n        (self.next,) = self._unpack(\"L\", ifh[4:])\n        self._legacy_api = False\n\n    prefix = property(lambda self: self._prefix)\n    offset = property(lambda self: self._offset)\n    legacy_api = property(lambda self: self._legacy_api)\n\n    @legacy_api.setter\n    def legacy_api(self, value):\n        raise Exception(\"Not allowing setting of legacy api\")\n\n    def reset(self):\n        self._tags_v1 = {}  # will remain empty if legacy_api is false\n        self._tags_v2 = {}  # main tag storage\n        self._tagdata = {}\n        self.tagtype = {}  # added 2008-06-05 by Florian Hoech\n        self._next = None\n        self._offset = None\n\n    def __str__(self):\n        return str(dict(self))\n\n    def named(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        :returns: dict of name|key: value\n\n        Returns the complete tag dictionary, with named tags where possible.\n        \"\"\"\n        return {\n            TiffTags.lookup(code, self.group).name: value\n            for code, value in self.items()\n        }\n\n    def __len__(self):\n        return len(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v2))\n\n    def __getitem__(self, tag):\n        if tag not in self._tags_v2:  # unpack on the fly\n            data = self._tagdata[tag]\n            typ = self.tagtype[tag]\n            size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]\n            self[tag] = handler(self, data, self.legacy_api)  # check type\n        val = self._tags_v2[tag]\n        if self.legacy_api and not isinstance(val, (tuple, bytes)):\n            val = (val,)\n        return val\n\n    def __contains__(self, tag):\n        return tag in self._tags_v2 or tag in self._tagdata\n\n    def __setitem__(self, tag, value):\n        self._setitem(tag, value, self.legacy_api)\n\n    def _setitem(self, tag, value, legacy_api):\n        basetypes = (Number, bytes, str)\n\n        info = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group)\n        values = [value] if isinstance(value, basetypes) else value\n\n        if tag not in self.tagtype:\n            if info.type:\n                self.tagtype[tag] = info.type\n            else:\n                self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.UNDEFINED\n                if all(isinstance(v, IFDRational) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = (\n                        TiffTags.RATIONAL\n                        if all(v >= 0 for v in values)\n                        else TiffTags.SIGNED_RATIONAL\n                    )\n                elif all(isinstance(v, int) for v in values):\n                    if all(0 <= v < 2 ** 16 for v in values):\n                        self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.SHORT\n                    elif all(-(2 ** 15) < v < 2 ** 15 for v in values):\n                        self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.SIGNED_SHORT\n                    else:\n                        self.tagtype[tag] = (\n                            TiffTags.LONG\n                            if all(v >= 0 for v in values)\n                            else TiffTags.SIGNED_LONG\n                        )\n                elif all(isinstance(v, float) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.DOUBLE\n                elif all(isinstance(v, str) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.ASCII\n                elif all(isinstance(v, bytes) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.BYTE\n\n        if self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.UNDEFINED:\n            values = [\n                v.encode(\"ascii\", \"replace\") if isinstance(v, str) else v\n                for v in values\n            ]\n        elif self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.RATIONAL:\n            values = [float(v) if isinstance(v, int) else v for v in values]\n\n        is_ifd = self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.LONG and isinstance(values, dict)\n        if not is_ifd:\n            values = tuple(info.cvt_enum(value) for value in values)\n\n        dest = self._tags_v1 if legacy_api else self._tags_v2\n\n        # Three branches:\n        # Spec'd length == 1, Actual length 1, store as element\n        # Spec'd length == 1, Actual > 1, Warn and truncate. Formerly barfed.\n        # No Spec, Actual length 1, Formerly (<4.2) returned a 1 element tuple.\n        # Don't mess with the legacy api, since it's frozen.\n        if not is_ifd and (\n            (info.length == 1)\n            or self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.BYTE\n            or (info.length is None and len(values) == 1 and not legacy_api)\n        ):\n            # Don't mess with the legacy api, since it's frozen.\n            if legacy_api and self.tagtype[tag] in [\n                TiffTags.RATIONAL,\n                TiffTags.SIGNED_RATIONAL,\n            ]:  # rationals\n                values = (values,)\n            try:\n                (dest[tag],) = values\n            except ValueError:\n                # We've got a builtin tag with 1 expected entry\n                warnings.warn(\n                    f\"Metadata Warning, tag {tag} had too many entries: \"\n                    f\"{len(values)}, expected 1\"\n                )\n                dest[tag] = values[0]\n\n        else:\n            # Spec'd length > 1 or undefined\n            # Unspec'd, and length > 1\n            dest[tag] = values\n\n    def __delitem__(self, tag):\n        self._tags_v2.pop(tag, None)\n        self._tags_v1.pop(tag, None)\n        self._tagdata.pop(tag, None)\n\n    def __iter__(self):\n        return iter(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v2))\n\n    def _unpack(self, fmt, data):\n        return struct.unpack(self._endian + fmt, data)\n\n    def _pack(self, fmt, *values):\n        return struct.pack(self._endian + fmt, *values)\n\n    def _register_loader(idx, size):\n        def decorator(func):\n            from .TiffTags import TYPES\n\n            if func.__name__.startswith(\"load_\"):\n                TYPES[idx] = func.__name__[5:].replace(\"_\", \" \")\n            _load_dispatch[idx] = size, func  # noqa: F821\n            return func\n\n        return decorator\n\n    def _register_writer(idx):\n        def decorator(func):\n            _write_dispatch[idx] = func  # noqa: F821\n            return func\n\n        return decorator\n\n    def _register_basic(idx_fmt_name):\n        from .TiffTags import TYPES\n\n        idx, fmt, name = idx_fmt_name\n        TYPES[idx] = name\n        size = struct.calcsize(\"=\" + fmt)\n        _load_dispatch[idx] = (  # noqa: F821\n            size,\n            lambda self, data, legacy_api=True: (\n                self._unpack(\"{}{}\".format(len(data) // size, fmt), data)\n            ),\n        )\n        _write_dispatch[idx] = lambda self, *values: (  # noqa: F821\n            b\"\".join(self._pack(fmt, value) for value in values)\n        )\n\n    list(\n        map(\n            _register_basic,\n            [\n                (TiffTags.SHORT, \"H\", \"short\"),\n                (TiffTags.LONG, \"L\", \"long\"),\n                (TiffTags.SIGNED_BYTE, \"b\", \"signed byte\"),\n                (TiffTags.SIGNED_SHORT, \"h\", \"signed short\"),\n                (TiffTags.SIGNED_LONG, \"l\", \"signed long\"),\n                (TiffTags.FLOAT, \"f\", \"float\"),\n                (TiffTags.DOUBLE, \"d\", \"double\"),\n                (TiffTags.IFD, \"L\", \"long\"),\n            ],\n        )\n    )\n\n    @_register_loader(1, 1)  # Basic type, except for the legacy API.\n    def load_byte(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        return data\n\n    @_register_writer(1)  # Basic type, except for the legacy API.\n    def write_byte(self, data):\n        return data\n\n    @_register_loader(2, 1)\n    def load_string(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        if data.endswith(b\"\\0\"):\n            data = data[:-1]\n        return data.decode(\"latin-1\", \"replace\")\n\n    @_register_writer(2)\n    def write_string(self, value):\n        # remerge of https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/1416\n        return b\"\" + value.encode(\"ascii\", \"replace\") + b\"\\0\"\n\n    @_register_loader(5, 8)\n    def load_rational(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        vals = self._unpack(\"{}L\".format(len(data) // 4), data)\n\n        def combine(a, b):\n            return (a, b) if legacy_api else IFDRational(a, b)\n\n        return tuple(combine(num, denom) for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))\n\n    @_register_writer(5)\n    def write_rational(self, *values):\n        return b\"\".join(\n            self._pack(\"2L\", *_limit_rational(frac, 2 ** 32 - 1)) for frac in values\n        )\n\n    @_register_loader(7, 1)\n    def load_undefined(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        return data\n\n    @_register_writer(7)\n    def write_undefined(self, value):\n        return value\n\n    @_register_loader(10, 8)\n    def load_signed_rational(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        vals = self._unpack(\"{}l\".format(len(data) // 4), data)\n\n        def combine(a, b):\n            return (a, b) if legacy_api else IFDRational(a, b)\n\n        return tuple(combine(num, denom) for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))\n\n    @_register_writer(10)\n    def write_signed_rational(self, *values):\n        return b\"\".join(\n            self._pack(\"2l\", *_limit_signed_rational(frac, 2 ** 31 - 1, -(2 ** 31)))\n            for frac in values\n        )\n\n    def _ensure_read(self, fp, size):\n        ret = fp.read(size)\n        if len(ret) != size:\n            raise OSError(\n                \"Corrupt EXIF data.  \"\n                f\"Expecting to read {size} bytes but only got {len(ret)}. \"\n            )\n        return ret\n\n    def load(self, fp):\n\n        self.reset()\n        self._offset = fp.tell()\n\n        try:\n            for i in range(self._unpack(\"H\", self._ensure_read(fp, 2))[0]):\n                tag, typ, count, data = self._unpack(\"HHL4s\", self._ensure_read(fp, 12))\n\n                tagname = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group).name\n                typname = TYPES.get(typ, \"unknown\")\n                msg = f\"tag: {tagname} ({tag}) - type: {typname} ({typ})\"\n\n                try:\n                    unit_size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]\n                except KeyError:\n                    logger.debug(msg + f\" - unsupported type {typ}\")\n                    continue  # ignore unsupported type\n                size = count * unit_size\n                if size > 4:\n                    here = fp.tell()\n                    (offset,) = self._unpack(\"L\", data)\n                    msg += f\" Tag Location: {here} - Data Location: {offset}\"\n                    fp.seek(offset)\n                    data = ImageFile._safe_read(fp, size)\n                    fp.seek(here)\n                else:\n                    data = data[:size]\n\n                if len(data) != size:\n                    warnings.warn(\n                        \"Possibly corrupt EXIF data.  \"\n                        f\"Expecting to read {size} bytes but only got {len(data)}.\"\n                        f\" Skipping tag {tag}\"\n                    )\n                    logger.debug(msg)\n                    continue\n\n                if not data:\n                    logger.debug(msg)\n                    continue\n\n                self._tagdata[tag] = data\n                self.tagtype[tag] = typ\n\n                msg += \" - value: \" + (\n                    \"<table: %d bytes>\" % size if size > 32 else repr(data)\n                )\n                logger.debug(msg)\n\n            (self.next,) = self._unpack(\"L\", self._ensure_read(fp, 4))\n        except OSError as msg:\n            warnings.warn(str(msg))\n            return\n\n    def tobytes(self, offset=0):\n        # FIXME What about tagdata?\n        result = self._pack(\"H\", len(self._tags_v2))\n\n        entries = []\n        offset = offset + len(result) + len(self._tags_v2) * 12 + 4\n        stripoffsets = None\n\n        # pass 1: convert tags to binary format\n        # always write tags in ascending order\n        for tag, value in sorted(self._tags_v2.items()):\n            if tag == STRIPOFFSETS:\n                stripoffsets = len(entries)\n            typ = self.tagtype.get(tag)\n            logger.debug(f\"Tag {tag}, Type: {typ}, Value: {repr(value)}\")\n            is_ifd = typ == TiffTags.LONG and isinstance(value, dict)\n            if is_ifd:\n                if self._endian == \"<\":\n                    ifh = b\"II\\x2A\\x00\\x08\\x00\\x00\\x00\"\n                else:\n                    ifh = b\"MM\\x00\\x2A\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x08\"\n                ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(ifh, group=tag)\n                for ifd_tag, ifd_value in self._tags_v2[tag].items():\n                    ifd[ifd_tag] = ifd_value\n                data = ifd.tobytes(offset)\n            else:\n                values = value if isinstance(value, tuple) else (value,)\n                data = self._write_dispatch[typ](self, *values)\n\n            tagname = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group).name\n            typname = \"ifd\" if is_ifd else TYPES.get(typ, \"unknown\")\n            msg = f\"save: {tagname} ({tag}) - type: {typname} ({typ})\"\n            msg += \" - value: \" + (\n                \"<table: %d bytes>\" % len(data) if len(data) >= 16 else str(values)\n            )\n            logger.debug(msg)\n\n            # count is sum of lengths for string and arbitrary data\n            if is_ifd:\n                count = 1\n            elif typ in [TiffTags.BYTE, TiffTags.ASCII, TiffTags.UNDEFINED]:\n                count = len(data)\n            else:\n                count = len(values)\n            # figure out if data fits into the entry\n            if len(data) <= 4:\n                entries.append((tag, typ, count, data.ljust(4, b\"\\0\"), b\"\"))\n            else:\n                entries.append((tag, typ, count, self._pack(\"L\", offset), data))\n                offset += (len(data) + 1) // 2 * 2  # pad to word\n\n        # update strip offset data to point beyond auxiliary data\n        if stripoffsets is not None:\n            tag, typ, count, value, data = entries[stripoffsets]\n            if data:\n                raise NotImplementedError(\"multistrip support not yet implemented\")\n            value = self._pack(\"L\", self._unpack(\"L\", value)[0] + offset)\n            entries[stripoffsets] = tag, typ, count, value, data\n\n        # pass 2: write entries to file\n        for tag, typ, count, value, data in entries:\n            logger.debug(f\"{tag} {typ} {count} {repr(value)} {repr(data)}\")\n            result += self._pack(\"HHL4s\", tag, typ, count, value)\n\n        # -- overwrite here for multi-page --\n        result += b\"\\0\\0\\0\\0\"  # end of entries\n\n        # pass 3: write auxiliary data to file\n        for tag, typ, count, value, data in entries:\n            result += data\n            if len(data) & 1:\n                result += b\"\\0\"\n\n        return result\n\n    def save(self, fp):\n\n        if fp.tell() == 0:  # skip TIFF header on subsequent pages\n            # tiff header -- PIL always starts the first IFD at offset 8\n            fp.write(self._prefix + self._pack(\"HL\", 42, 8))\n\n        offset = fp.tell()\n        result = self.tobytes(offset)\n        fp.write(result)\n        return offset + len(result)",
                            "ast_type_str": "ClassDef",
                            "start_lineno": 811,
                            "end_lineno": 884,
                            "parent": {
                                "file_name": "src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py",
                                "type": "class",
                                "name": "ImageFileDirectory_v2",
                                "content": "class ImageFileDirectory_v2(MutableMapping):\n    \"\"\"This class represents a TIFF tag directory.  To speed things up, we\n    don't decode tags unless they're asked for.\n\n    Exposes a dictionary interface of the tags in the directory::\n\n        ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n        ifd[key] = 'Some Data'\n        ifd.tagtype[key] = TiffTags.ASCII\n        print(ifd[key])\n        'Some Data'\n\n    Individual values are returned as the strings or numbers, sequences are\n    returned as tuples of the values.\n\n    The tiff metadata type of each item is stored in a dictionary of\n    tag types in\n    :attr:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2.tagtype`. The types\n    are read from a tiff file, guessed from the type added, or added\n    manually.\n\n    Data Structures:\n\n        * self.tagtype = {}\n\n          * Key: numerical tiff tag number\n          * Value: integer corresponding to the data type from\n                   ~PIL.TiffTags.TYPES`\n\n    .. versionadded:: 3.0.0\n    \"\"\"\n\n    \"\"\"\n    Documentation:\n\n        'internal' data structures:\n        * self._tags_v2 = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number\n                             Value: decoded data, as tuple for multiple values\n        * self._tagdata = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number\n                             Value: undecoded byte string from file\n        * self._tags_v1 = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number\n                             Value: decoded data in the v1 format\n\n    Tags will be found in the private attributes self._tagdata, and in\n    self._tags_v2 once decoded.\n\n    self.legacy_api is a value for internal use, and shouldn't be\n    changed from outside code. In cooperation with the\n    ImageFileDirectory_v1 class, if legacy_api is true, then decoded\n    tags will be populated into both _tags_v1 and _tags_v2. _tags_v2\n    will be used if this IFD is used in the TIFF save routine. Tags\n    should be read from _tags_v1 if legacy_api == true.\n\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def __init__(self, ifh=b\"II\\052\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\", prefix=None, group=None):\n        \"\"\"Initialize an ImageFileDirectory.\n\n        To construct an ImageFileDirectory from a real file, pass the 8-byte\n        magic header to the constructor.  To only set the endianness, pass it\n        as the 'prefix' keyword argument.\n\n        :param ifh: One of the accepted magic headers (cf. PREFIXES); also sets\n              endianness.\n        :param prefix: Override the endianness of the file.\n        \"\"\"\n        if ifh[:4] not in PREFIXES:\n            raise SyntaxError(f\"not a TIFF file (header {repr(ifh)} not valid)\")\n        self._prefix = prefix if prefix is not None else ifh[:2]\n        if self._prefix == MM:\n            self._endian = \">\"\n        elif self._prefix == II:\n            self._endian = \"<\"\n        else:\n            raise SyntaxError(\"not a TIFF IFD\")\n        self.group = group\n        self.tagtype = {}\n        \"\"\" Dictionary of tag types \"\"\"\n        self.reset()\n        (self.next,) = self._unpack(\"L\", ifh[4:])\n        self._legacy_api = False\n\n    prefix = property(lambda self: self._prefix)\n    offset = property(lambda self: self._offset)\n    legacy_api = property(lambda self: self._legacy_api)\n\n    @legacy_api.setter\n    def legacy_api(self, value):\n        raise Exception(\"Not allowing setting of legacy api\")\n\n    def reset(self):\n        self._tags_v1 = {}  # will remain empty if legacy_api is false\n        self._tags_v2 = {}  # main tag storage\n        self._tagdata = {}\n        self.tagtype = {}  # added 2008-06-05 by Florian Hoech\n        self._next = None\n        self._offset = None\n\n    def __str__(self):\n        return str(dict(self))\n\n    def named(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        :returns: dict of name|key: value\n\n        Returns the complete tag dictionary, with named tags where possible.\n        \"\"\"\n        return {\n            TiffTags.lookup(code, self.group).name: value\n            for code, value in self.items()\n        }\n\n    def __len__(self):\n        return len(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v2))\n\n    def __getitem__(self, tag):\n        if tag not in self._tags_v2:  # unpack on the fly\n            data = self._tagdata[tag]\n            typ = self.tagtype[tag]\n            size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]\n            self[tag] = handler(self, data, self.legacy_api)  # check type\n        val = self._tags_v2[tag]\n        if self.legacy_api and not isinstance(val, (tuple, bytes)):\n            val = (val,)\n        return val\n\n    def __contains__(self, tag):\n        return tag in self._tags_v2 or tag in self._tagdata\n\n    def __setitem__(self, tag, value):\n        self._setitem(tag, value, self.legacy_api)\n\n    def _setitem(self, tag, value, legacy_api):\n        basetypes = (Number, bytes, str)\n\n        info = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group)\n        values = [value] if isinstance(value, basetypes) else value\n\n        if tag not in self.tagtype:\n            if info.type:\n                self.tagtype[tag] = info.type\n            else:\n                self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.UNDEFINED\n                if all(isinstance(v, IFDRational) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = (\n                        TiffTags.RATIONAL\n                        if all(v >= 0 for v in values)\n                        else TiffTags.SIGNED_RATIONAL\n                    )\n                elif all(isinstance(v, int) for v in values):\n                    if all(0 <= v < 2 ** 16 for v in values):\n                        self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.SHORT\n                    elif all(-(2 ** 15) < v < 2 ** 15 for v in values):\n                        self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.SIGNED_SHORT\n                    else:\n                        self.tagtype[tag] = (\n                            TiffTags.LONG\n                            if all(v >= 0 for v in values)\n                            else TiffTags.SIGNED_LONG\n                        )\n                elif all(isinstance(v, float) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.DOUBLE\n                elif all(isinstance(v, str) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.ASCII\n                elif all(isinstance(v, bytes) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.BYTE\n\n        if self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.UNDEFINED:\n            values = [\n                v.encode(\"ascii\", \"replace\") if isinstance(v, str) else v\n                for v in values\n            ]\n        elif self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.RATIONAL:\n            values = [float(v) if isinstance(v, int) else v for v in values]\n\n        is_ifd = self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.LONG and isinstance(values, dict)\n        if not is_ifd:\n            values = tuple(info.cvt_enum(value) for value in values)\n\n        dest = self._tags_v1 if legacy_api else self._tags_v2\n\n        # Three branches:\n        # Spec'd length == 1, Actual length 1, store as element\n        # Spec'd length == 1, Actual > 1, Warn and truncate. Formerly barfed.\n        # No Spec, Actual length 1, Formerly (<4.2) returned a 1 element tuple.\n        # Don't mess with the legacy api, since it's frozen.\n        if not is_ifd and (\n            (info.length == 1)\n            or self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.BYTE\n            or (info.length is None and len(values) == 1 and not legacy_api)\n        ):\n            # Don't mess with the legacy api, since it's frozen.\n            if legacy_api and self.tagtype[tag] in [\n                TiffTags.RATIONAL,\n                TiffTags.SIGNED_RATIONAL,\n            ]:  # rationals\n                values = (values,)\n            try:\n                (dest[tag],) = values\n            except ValueError:\n                # We've got a builtin tag with 1 expected entry\n                warnings.warn(\n                    f\"Metadata Warning, tag {tag} had too many entries: \"\n                    f\"{len(values)}, expected 1\"\n                )\n                dest[tag] = values[0]\n\n        else:\n            # Spec'd length > 1 or undefined\n            # Unspec'd, and length > 1\n            dest[tag] = values\n\n    def __delitem__(self, tag):\n        self._tags_v2.pop(tag, None)\n        self._tags_v1.pop(tag, None)\n        self._tagdata.pop(tag, None)\n\n    def __iter__(self):\n        return iter(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v2))\n\n    def _unpack(self, fmt, data):\n        return struct.unpack(self._endian + fmt, data)\n\n    def _pack(self, fmt, *values):\n        return struct.pack(self._endian + fmt, *values)\n\n    def _register_loader(idx, size):\n        def decorator(func):\n            from .TiffTags import TYPES\n\n            if func.__name__.startswith(\"load_\"):\n                TYPES[idx] = func.__name__[5:].replace(\"_\", \" \")\n            _load_dispatch[idx] = size, func  # noqa: F821\n            return func\n\n        return decorator\n\n    def _register_writer(idx):\n        def decorator(func):\n            _write_dispatch[idx] = func  # noqa: F821\n            return func\n\n        return decorator\n\n    def _register_basic(idx_fmt_name):\n        from .TiffTags import TYPES\n\n        idx, fmt, name = idx_fmt_name\n        TYPES[idx] = name\n        size = struct.calcsize(\"=\" + fmt)\n        _load_dispatch[idx] = (  # noqa: F821\n            size,\n            lambda self, data, legacy_api=True: (\n                self._unpack(\"{}{}\".format(len(data) // size, fmt), data)\n            ),\n        )\n        _write_dispatch[idx] = lambda self, *values: (  # noqa: F821\n            b\"\".join(self._pack(fmt, value) for value in values)\n        )\n\n    list(\n        map(\n            _register_basic,\n            [\n                (TiffTags.SHORT, \"H\", \"short\"),\n                (TiffTags.LONG, \"L\", \"long\"),\n                (TiffTags.SIGNED_BYTE, \"b\", \"signed byte\"),\n                (TiffTags.SIGNED_SHORT, \"h\", \"signed short\"),\n                (TiffTags.SIGNED_LONG, \"l\", \"signed long\"),\n                (TiffTags.FLOAT, \"f\", \"float\"),\n                (TiffTags.DOUBLE, \"d\", \"double\"),\n                (TiffTags.IFD, \"L\", \"long\"),\n            ],\n        )\n    )\n\n    @_register_loader(1, 1)  # Basic type, except for the legacy API.\n    def load_byte(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        return data\n\n    @_register_writer(1)  # Basic type, except for the legacy API.\n    def write_byte(self, data):\n        return data\n\n    @_register_loader(2, 1)\n    def load_string(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        if data.endswith(b\"\\0\"):\n            data = data[:-1]\n        return data.decode(\"latin-1\", \"replace\")\n\n    @_register_writer(2)\n    def write_string(self, value):\n        # remerge of https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/1416\n        return b\"\" + value.encode(\"ascii\", \"replace\") + b\"\\0\"\n\n    @_register_loader(5, 8)\n    def load_rational(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        vals = self._unpack(\"{}L\".format(len(data) // 4), data)\n\n        def combine(a, b):\n            return (a, b) if legacy_api else IFDRational(a, b)\n\n        return tuple(combine(num, denom) for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))\n\n    @_register_writer(5)\n    def write_rational(self, *values):\n        return b\"\".join(\n            self._pack(\"2L\", *_limit_rational(frac, 2 ** 32 - 1)) for frac in values\n        )\n\n    @_register_loader(7, 1)\n    def load_undefined(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        return data\n\n    @_register_writer(7)\n    def write_undefined(self, value):\n        return value\n\n    @_register_loader(10, 8)\n    def load_signed_rational(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        vals = self._unpack(\"{}l\".format(len(data) // 4), data)\n\n        def combine(a, b):\n            return (a, b) if legacy_api else IFDRational(a, b)\n\n        return tuple(combine(num, denom) for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))\n\n    @_register_writer(10)\n    def write_signed_rational(self, *values):\n        return b\"\".join(\n            self._pack(\"2l\", *_limit_signed_rational(frac, 2 ** 31 - 1, -(2 ** 31)))\n            for frac in values\n        )\n\n    def _ensure_read(self, fp, size):\n        ret = fp.read(size)\n        if len(ret) != size:\n            raise OSError(\n                \"Corrupt EXIF data.  \"\n                f\"Expecting to read {size} bytes but only got {len(ret)}. \"\n            )\n        return ret\n\n    def load(self, fp):\n\n        self.reset()\n        self._offset = fp.tell()\n\n        try:\n            for i in range(self._unpack(\"H\", self._ensure_read(fp, 2))[0]):\n                tag, typ, count, data = self._unpack(\"HHL4s\", self._ensure_read(fp, 12))\n\n                tagname = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group).name\n                typname = TYPES.get(typ, \"unknown\")\n                msg = f\"tag: {tagname} ({tag}) - type: {typname} ({typ})\"\n\n                try:\n                    unit_size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]\n                except KeyError:\n                    logger.debug(msg + f\" - unsupported type {typ}\")\n                    continue  # ignore unsupported type\n                size = count * unit_size\n                if size > 4:\n                    here = fp.tell()\n                    (offset,) = self._unpack(\"L\", data)\n                    msg += f\" Tag Location: {here} - Data Location: {offset}\"\n                    fp.seek(offset)\n                    data = ImageFile._safe_read(fp, size)\n                    fp.seek(here)\n                else:\n                    data = data[:size]\n\n                if len(data) != size:\n                    warnings.warn(\n                        \"Possibly corrupt EXIF data.  \"\n                        f\"Expecting to read {size} bytes but only got {len(data)}.\"\n                        f\" Skipping tag {tag}\"\n                    )\n                    logger.debug(msg)\n                    continue\n\n                if not data:\n                    logger.debug(msg)\n                    continue\n\n                self._tagdata[tag] = data\n                self.tagtype[tag] = typ\n\n                msg += \" - value: \" + (\n                    \"<table: %d bytes>\" % size if size > 32 else repr(data)\n                )\n                logger.debug(msg)\n\n            (self.next,) = self._unpack(\"L\", self._ensure_read(fp, 4))\n        except OSError as msg:\n            warnings.warn(str(msg))\n            return\n\n    def tobytes(self, offset=0):\n        # FIXME What about tagdata?\n        result = self._pack(\"H\", len(self._tags_v2))\n\n        entries = []\n        offset = offset + len(result) + len(self._tags_v2) * 12 + 4\n        stripoffsets = None\n\n        # pass 1: convert tags to binary format\n        # always write tags in ascending order\n        for tag, value in sorted(self._tags_v2.items()):\n            if tag == STRIPOFFSETS:\n                stripoffsets = len(entries)\n            typ = self.tagtype.get(tag)\n            logger.debug(f\"Tag {tag}, Type: {typ}, Value: {repr(value)}\")\n            is_ifd = typ == TiffTags.LONG and isinstance(value, dict)\n            if is_ifd:\n                if self._endian == \"<\":\n                    ifh = b\"II\\x2A\\x00\\x08\\x00\\x00\\x00\"\n                else:\n                    ifh = b\"MM\\x00\\x2A\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x08\"\n                ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(ifh, group=tag)\n                for ifd_tag, ifd_value in self._tags_v2[tag].items():\n                    ifd[ifd_tag] = ifd_value\n                data = ifd.tobytes(offset)\n            else:\n                values = value if isinstance(value, tuple) else (value,)\n                data = self._write_dispatch[typ](self, *values)\n\n            tagname = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group).name\n            typname = \"ifd\" if is_ifd else TYPES.get(typ, \"unknown\")\n            msg = f\"save: {tagname} ({tag}) - type: {typname} ({typ})\"\n            msg += \" - value: \" + (\n                \"<table: %d bytes>\" % len(data) if len(data) >= 16 else str(values)\n            )\n            logger.debug(msg)\n\n            # count is sum of lengths for string and arbitrary data\n            if is_ifd:\n                count = 1\n            elif typ in [TiffTags.BYTE, TiffTags.ASCII, TiffTags.UNDEFINED]:\n                count = len(data)\n            else:\n                count = len(values)\n            # figure out if data fits into the entry\n            if len(data) <= 4:\n                entries.append((tag, typ, count, data.ljust(4, b\"\\0\"), b\"\"))\n            else:\n                entries.append((tag, typ, count, self._pack(\"L\", offset), data))\n                offset += (len(data) + 1) // 2 * 2  # pad to word\n\n        # update strip offset data to point beyond auxiliary data\n        if stripoffsets is not None:\n            tag, typ, count, value, data = entries[stripoffsets]\n            if data:\n                raise NotImplementedError(\"multistrip support not yet implemented\")\n            value = self._pack(\"L\", self._unpack(\"L\", value)[0] + offset)\n            entries[stripoffsets] = tag, typ, count, value, data\n\n        # pass 2: write entries to file\n        for tag, typ, count, value, data in entries:\n            logger.debug(f\"{tag} {typ} {count} {repr(value)} {repr(data)}\")\n            result += self._pack(\"HHL4s\", tag, typ, count, value)\n\n        # -- overwrite here for multi-page --\n        result += b\"\\0\\0\\0\\0\"  # end of entries\n\n        # pass 3: write auxiliary data to file\n        for tag, typ, count, value, data in entries:\n            result += data\n            if len(data) & 1:\n                result += b\"\\0\"\n\n        return result\n\n    def save(self, fp):\n\n        if fp.tell() == 0:  # skip TIFF header on subsequent pages\n            # tiff header -- PIL always starts the first IFD at offset 8\n            fp.write(self._prefix + self._pack(\"HL\", 42, 8))\n\n        offset = fp.tell()\n        result = self.tobytes(offset)\n        fp.write(result)\n        return offset + len(result)",
                                "ast_type_str": "ClassDef",
                                "start_lineno": 413,
                                "end_lineno": 895,
                                "parent": null
                            }
                        }
                    ],
                    "added_entities": [],
                    "deleted_entities": []
                }
            ]
        }
    ],
    "old_commit_hash": "dd28af0dfa2a47a14aa4ae5d4a461f9e68cf8e70^",
    "new_commit_hash": "dd28af0dfa2a47a14aa4ae5d4a461f9e68cf8e70",
    "commit_message": "Merge branch 'master' into tag_group_data",
    "commit_date": "2021-06-27T12:06:11+10:00",
    "metadata": {}
}
{
    "repo_name": "pillow",
    "new_commit_hash": "dd28af0dfa2a47a14aa4ae5d4a461f9e68cf8e70",
    "test_file_codes": [
        "import io\nimport struct\n\nimport pytest\n\nfrom PIL import Image, TiffImagePlugin, TiffTags\nfrom PIL.TiffImagePlugin import IFDRational\n\nfrom .helper import assert_deep_equal, hopper\n\nTAG_IDS = {info.name: info.value for info in TiffTags.TAGS_V2.values()}\n\n\ndef test_rt_metadata(tmp_path):\n    \"\"\"Test writing arbitrary metadata into the tiff image directory\n    Use case is ImageJ private tags, one numeric, one arbitrary\n    data.  https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/291\n    \"\"\"\n\n    img = hopper()\n\n    # Behaviour change: re #1416\n    # Pre ifd rewrite, ImageJMetaData was being written as a string(2),\n    # Post ifd rewrite, it's defined as arbitrary bytes(7). It should\n    # roundtrip with the actual bytes, rather than stripped text\n    # of the premerge tests.\n    #\n    # For text items, we still have to decode('ascii','replace') because\n    # the tiff file format can't take 8 bit bytes in that field.\n\n    basetextdata = \"This is some arbitrary metadata for a text field\"\n    bindata = basetextdata.encode(\"ascii\") + b\" \\xff\"\n    textdata = basetextdata + \" \" + chr(255)\n    reloaded_textdata = basetextdata + \" ?\"\n    floatdata = 12.345\n    doubledata = 67.89\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory()\n\n    ImageJMetaData = TAG_IDS[\"ImageJMetaData\"]\n    ImageJMetaDataByteCounts = TAG_IDS[\"ImageJMetaDataByteCounts\"]\n    ImageDescription = TAG_IDS[\"ImageDescription\"]\n\n    info[ImageJMetaDataByteCounts] = len(bindata)\n    info[ImageJMetaData] = bindata\n    info[TAG_IDS[\"RollAngle\"]] = floatdata\n    info.tagtype[TAG_IDS[\"RollAngle\"]] = 11\n    info[TAG_IDS[\"YawAngle\"]] = doubledata\n    info.tagtype[TAG_IDS[\"YawAngle\"]] = 12\n\n    info[ImageDescription] = textdata\n\n    f = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tif\")\n\n    img.save(f, tiffinfo=info)\n\n    with Image.open(f) as loaded:\n\n        assert loaded.tag[ImageJMetaDataByteCounts] == (len(bindata),)\n        assert loaded.tag_v2[ImageJMetaDataByteCounts] == (len(bindata),)\n\n        assert loaded.tag[ImageJMetaData] == bindata\n        assert loaded.tag_v2[ImageJMetaData] == bindata\n\n        assert loaded.tag[ImageDescription] == (reloaded_textdata,)\n        assert loaded.tag_v2[ImageDescription] == reloaded_textdata\n\n        loaded_float = loaded.tag[TAG_IDS[\"RollAngle\"]][0]\n        assert round(abs(loaded_float - floatdata), 5) == 0\n        loaded_double = loaded.tag[TAG_IDS[\"YawAngle\"]][0]\n        assert round(abs(loaded_double - doubledata), 7) == 0\n\n    # check with 2 element ImageJMetaDataByteCounts, issue #2006\n\n    info[ImageJMetaDataByteCounts] = (8, len(bindata) - 8)\n    img.save(f, tiffinfo=info)\n    with Image.open(f) as loaded:\n\n        assert loaded.tag[ImageJMetaDataByteCounts] == (8, len(bindata) - 8)\n        assert loaded.tag_v2[ImageJMetaDataByteCounts] == (8, len(bindata) - 8)\n\n\ndef test_read_metadata():\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper_g4.tif\") as img:\n\n        assert {\n            \"YResolution\": IFDRational(4294967295, 113653537),\n            \"PlanarConfiguration\": 1,\n            \"BitsPerSample\": (1,),\n            \"ImageLength\": 128,\n            \"Compression\": 4,\n            \"FillOrder\": 1,\n            \"RowsPerStrip\": 128,\n            \"ResolutionUnit\": 3,\n            \"PhotometricInterpretation\": 0,\n            \"PageNumber\": (0, 1),\n            \"XResolution\": IFDRational(4294967295, 113653537),\n            \"ImageWidth\": 128,\n            \"Orientation\": 1,\n            \"StripByteCounts\": (1968,),\n            \"SamplesPerPixel\": 1,\n            \"StripOffsets\": (8,),\n        } == img.tag_v2.named()\n\n        assert {\n            \"YResolution\": ((4294967295, 113653537),),\n            \"PlanarConfiguration\": (1,),\n            \"BitsPerSample\": (1,),\n            \"ImageLength\": (128,),\n            \"Compression\": (4,),\n            \"FillOrder\": (1,),\n            \"RowsPerStrip\": (128,),\n            \"ResolutionUnit\": (3,),\n            \"PhotometricInterpretation\": (0,),\n            \"PageNumber\": (0, 1),\n            \"XResolution\": ((4294967295, 113653537),),\n            \"ImageWidth\": (128,),\n            \"Orientation\": (1,),\n            \"StripByteCounts\": (1968,),\n            \"SamplesPerPixel\": (1,),\n            \"StripOffsets\": (8,),\n        } == img.tag.named()\n\n\ndef test_write_metadata(tmp_path):\n    \"\"\" Test metadata writing through the python code \"\"\"\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper.tif\") as img:\n        f = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n        img.save(f, tiffinfo=img.tag)\n\n        original = img.tag_v2.named()\n\n    with Image.open(f) as loaded:\n        reloaded = loaded.tag_v2.named()\n\n    ignored = [\"StripByteCounts\", \"RowsPerStrip\", \"PageNumber\", \"StripOffsets\"]\n\n    for tag, value in reloaded.items():\n        if tag in ignored:\n            continue\n        if isinstance(original[tag], tuple) and isinstance(\n            original[tag][0], IFDRational\n        ):\n            # Need to compare element by element in the tuple,\n            # not comparing tuples of object references\n            assert_deep_equal(\n                original[tag],\n                value,\n                f\"{tag} didn't roundtrip, {original[tag]}, {value}\",\n            )\n        else:\n            assert (\n                original[tag] == value\n            ), f\"{tag} didn't roundtrip, {original[tag]}, {value}\"\n\n    for tag, value in original.items():\n        if tag not in ignored:\n            assert value == reloaded[tag], f\"{tag} didn't roundtrip\"\n\n\ndef test_change_stripbytecounts_tag_type(tmp_path):\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper.tif\") as im:\n        info = im.tag_v2\n\n        # Resize the image so that STRIPBYTECOUNTS will be larger than a SHORT\n        im = im.resize((500, 500))\n\n        # STRIPBYTECOUNTS can be a SHORT or a LONG\n        info.tagtype[TiffImagePlugin.STRIPBYTECOUNTS] = TiffTags.SHORT\n\n        im.save(out, tiffinfo=info)\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert reloaded.tag_v2.tagtype[TiffImagePlugin.STRIPBYTECOUNTS] == TiffTags.LONG\n\n\ndef test_no_duplicate_50741_tag():\n    assert TAG_IDS[\"MakerNoteSafety\"] == 50741\n    assert TAG_IDS[\"BestQualityScale\"] == 50780\n\n\ndef test_iptc(tmp_path):\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper.Lab.tif\") as im:\n        im.save(out)\n\n\ndef test_undefined_zero(tmp_path):\n    # Check that the tag has not been changed since this test was created\n    tag = TiffTags.TAGS_V2[45059]\n    assert tag.type == TiffTags.UNDEFINED\n    assert tag.length == 0\n\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory(b\"II*\\x00\\x08\\x00\\x00\\x00\")\n    info[45059] = b\"test\"\n\n    # Assert that the tag value does not change by setting it to itself\n    original = info[45059]\n    info[45059] = info[45059]\n    assert info[45059] == original\n\n\ndef test_empty_metadata():\n    f = io.BytesIO(b\"II*\\x00\\x08\\x00\\x00\\x00\")\n    head = f.read(8)\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory(head)\n    # Should not raise struct.error.\n    pytest.warns(UserWarning, info.load, f)\n\n\ndef test_iccprofile(tmp_path):\n    # https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/1462\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper.iccprofile.tif\") as im:\n        im.save(out)\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert not isinstance(im.info[\"icc_profile\"], tuple)\n        assert im.info[\"icc_profile\"] == reloaded.info[\"icc_profile\"]\n\n\ndef test_iccprofile_binary():\n    # https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/1526\n    # We should be able to load this,\n    # but probably won't be able to save it.\n\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper.iccprofile_binary.tif\") as im:\n        assert im.tag_v2.tagtype[34675] == 1\n        assert im.info[\"icc_profile\"]\n\n\ndef test_iccprofile_save_png(tmp_path):\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper.iccprofile.tif\") as im:\n        outfile = str(tmp_path / \"temp.png\")\n        im.save(outfile)\n\n\ndef test_iccprofile_binary_save_png(tmp_path):\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/hopper.iccprofile_binary.tif\") as im:\n        outfile = str(tmp_path / \"temp.png\")\n        im.save(outfile)\n\n\ndef test_exif_div_zero(tmp_path):\n    im = hopper()\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n    info[41988] = TiffImagePlugin.IFDRational(0, 0)\n\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info, compression=\"raw\")\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert 0 == reloaded.tag_v2[41988].numerator\n        assert 0 == reloaded.tag_v2[41988].denominator\n\n\ndef test_ifd_unsigned_rational(tmp_path):\n    im = hopper()\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n\n    max_long = 2 ** 32 - 1\n\n    # 4 bytes unsigned long\n    numerator = max_long\n\n    info[41493] = TiffImagePlugin.IFDRational(numerator, 1)\n\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info, compression=\"raw\")\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert max_long == reloaded.tag_v2[41493].numerator\n        assert 1 == reloaded.tag_v2[41493].denominator\n\n    # out of bounds of 4 byte unsigned long\n    numerator = max_long + 1\n\n    info[41493] = TiffImagePlugin.IFDRational(numerator, 1)\n\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info, compression=\"raw\")\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert max_long == reloaded.tag_v2[41493].numerator\n        assert 1 == reloaded.tag_v2[41493].denominator\n\n\ndef test_ifd_signed_rational(tmp_path):\n    im = hopper()\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n\n    # pair of 4 byte signed longs\n    numerator = 2 ** 31 - 1\n    denominator = -(2 ** 31)\n\n    info[37380] = TiffImagePlugin.IFDRational(numerator, denominator)\n\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info, compression=\"raw\")\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert numerator == reloaded.tag_v2[37380].numerator\n        assert denominator == reloaded.tag_v2[37380].denominator\n\n    numerator = -(2 ** 31)\n    denominator = 2 ** 31 - 1\n\n    info[37380] = TiffImagePlugin.IFDRational(numerator, denominator)\n\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info, compression=\"raw\")\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert numerator == reloaded.tag_v2[37380].numerator\n        assert denominator == reloaded.tag_v2[37380].denominator\n\n    # out of bounds of 4 byte signed long\n    numerator = -(2 ** 31) - 1\n    denominator = 1\n\n    info[37380] = TiffImagePlugin.IFDRational(numerator, denominator)\n\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info, compression=\"raw\")\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert 2 ** 31 - 1 == reloaded.tag_v2[37380].numerator\n        assert -1 == reloaded.tag_v2[37380].denominator\n\n\ndef test_ifd_signed_long(tmp_path):\n    im = hopper()\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n\n    info[37000] = -60000\n\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info, compression=\"raw\")\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert reloaded.tag_v2[37000] == -60000\n\n\ndef test_empty_values():\n    data = io.BytesIO(\n        b\"II*\\x00\\x08\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x03\\x00\\x1a\\x01\\x05\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\"\n        b\"\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x1b\\x01\\x05\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\"\n        b\"\\x98\\x82\\x02\\x00\\x07\\x00\\x00\\x002\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00a \"\n        b\"text\\x00\\x00\"\n    )\n    head = data.read(8)\n    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2(head)\n    info.load(data)\n    # Should not raise ValueError.\n    info = dict(info)\n    assert 33432 in info\n\n\ndef test_PhotoshopInfo(tmp_path):\n    with Image.open(\"Tests/images/issue_2278.tif\") as im:\n        assert len(im.tag_v2[34377]) == 70\n        assert isinstance(im.tag_v2[34377], bytes)\n        out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.tiff\")\n        im.save(out)\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        assert len(reloaded.tag_v2[34377]) == 70\n        assert isinstance(reloaded.tag_v2[34377], bytes)\n\n\ndef test_too_many_entries():\n    ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n\n    #    277: (\"SamplesPerPixel\", SHORT, 1),\n    ifd._tagdata[277] = struct.pack(\"hh\", 4, 4)\n    ifd.tagtype[277] = TiffTags.SHORT\n\n    # Should not raise ValueError.\n    pytest.warns(UserWarning, lambda: ifd[277])\n\n\ndef test_tag_group_data():\n    base_ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n    interop_ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2(group=40965)\n    for ifd in (base_ifd, interop_ifd):\n        ifd[2] = \"test\"\n        ifd[256] = 10\n\n    assert base_ifd.tagtype[256] == 4\n    assert interop_ifd.tagtype[256] != base_ifd.tagtype[256]\n\n    assert interop_ifd.tagtype[2] == 7\n    assert base_ifd.tagtype[2] != interop_ifd.tagtype[256]\n\n\ndef test_empty_subifd(tmp_path):\n    out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.jpg\")\n\n    im = hopper()\n    exif = im.getexif()\n    exif[TiffImagePlugin.EXIFIFD] = {}\n    im.save(out, exif=exif)\n\n    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:\n        exif = reloaded.getexif()\n        assert exif.get_ifd(TiffImagePlugin.EXIFIFD) == {}\n"
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    "new_commit_res_stderr": "",
    "old_commit_res_code": 1,
    "old_commit_res_stdout": "\u001b[1m============================= test session starts ==============================\u001b[0m\nplatform linux -- Python 3.9.21, pytest-8.3.4, pluggy-1.5.0\nrootdir: /home/gcpuser/buckets/local_repoeval_bucket/repos/pillow_dd28af0dfa2a47a14aa4ae5d4a461f9e68cf8e70\nconfigfile: setup.cfg\nplugins: cov-6.0.0\ncollected 21 items\n\nr2e_tests/test_1.py \u001b[32m.\u001b[0m\u001b[32m.\u001b[0m\u001b[32m.\u001b[0m\u001b[32m.\u001b[0m\u001b[32m.\u001b[0m\u001b[32m.\u001b[0m\u001b[32m.\u001b[0m\u001b[32m.\u001b[0m\u001b[32m.\u001b[0m\u001b[32m.\u001b[0m\u001b[32m.\u001b[0m\u001b[32m.\u001b[0m\u001b[32m.\u001b[0m\u001b[32m.\u001b[0m\u001b[32m.\u001b[0m\u001b[32m.\u001b[0m\u001b[32m.\u001b[0m\u001b[32m.\u001b[0m\u001b[32m.\u001b[0m\u001b[32m.\u001b[0m\u001b[31mF\u001b[0m\u001b[31m                                [100%]\u001b[0m\n\n=================================== FAILURES ===================================\n\u001b[31m\u001b[1m______________________________ test_empty_subifd _______________________________\u001b[0m\n\ntmp_path = PosixPath('/tmp/pytest-of-gcpuser/pytest-647/test_empty_subifd0')\n\n    def test_empty_subifd(tmp_path):\n        out = str(tmp_path / \"temp.jpg\")\n    \n        im = hopper()\n        exif = im.getexif()\n        exif[TiffImagePlugin.EXIFIFD] = {}\n>       im.save(out, exif=exif)\n\n\u001b[1m\u001b[31mr2e_tests/test_1.py\u001b[0m:401: \n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ \n\u001b[1m\u001b[31msrc/PIL/Image.py\u001b[0m:2188: in save\n    save_handler(self, fp, filename)\n\u001b[1m\u001b[31msrc/PIL/JpegImagePlugin.py\u001b[0m:751: in _save\n    exif = exif.tobytes()\n\u001b[1m\u001b[31msrc/PIL/Image.py\u001b[0m:3408: in tobytes\n    return b\"Exif\\x00\\x00\" + head + ifd.tobytes(offset)\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ \n\nself = <PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2 object at 0x718d6691cca0>\noffset = 26\n\n    def tobytes(self, offset=0):\n        # FIXME What about tagdata?\n        result = self._pack(\"H\", len(self._tags_v2))\n    \n        entries = []\n        offset = offset + len(result) + len(self._tags_v2) * 12 + 4\n        stripoffsets = None\n    \n        # pass 1: convert tags to binary format\n        # always write tags in ascending order\n        for tag, value in sorted(self._tags_v2.items()):\n            if tag == STRIPOFFSETS:\n                stripoffsets = len(entries)\n            typ = self.tagtype.get(tag)\n            logger.debug(f\"Tag {tag}, Type: {typ}, Value: {repr(value)}\")\n            is_ifd = typ == TiffTags.LONG and isinstance(value, dict)\n            if is_ifd:\n                if self._endian == \"<\":\n                    ifh = b\"II\\x2A\\x00\\x08\\x00\\x00\\x00\"\n                else:\n                    ifh = b\"MM\\x00\\x2A\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x08\"\n                ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(ifh, group=tag)\n                for ifd_tag, ifd_value in self._tags_v2[tag].items():\n                    ifd[ifd_tag] = ifd_value\n                data = ifd.tobytes(offset)\n            else:\n                values = value if isinstance(value, tuple) else (value,)\n                data = self._write_dispatch[typ](self, *values)\n    \n            tagname = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group).name\n            typname = \"ifd\" if is_ifd else TYPES.get(typ, \"unknown\")\n            msg = f\"save: {tagname} ({tag}) - type: {typname} ({typ})\"\n            msg += \" - value: \" + (\n>               \"<table: %d bytes>\" % len(data) if len(data) >= 16 else str(values)\n            )\n\u001b[1m\u001b[31mE           UnboundLocalError: local variable 'values' referenced before assignment\u001b[0m\n\n\u001b[1m\u001b[31msrc/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py\u001b[0m:844: UnboundLocalError\n==================================== PASSES ====================================\n\u001b[36m\u001b[1m=========================== short test summary info ============================\u001b[0m\n\u001b[32mPASSED\u001b[0m r2e_tests/test_1.py::\u001b[1mtest_rt_metadata\u001b[0m\n\u001b[32mPASSED\u001b[0m r2e_tests/test_1.py::\u001b[1mtest_read_metadata\u001b[0m\n\u001b[32mPASSED\u001b[0m r2e_tests/test_1.py::\u001b[1mtest_write_metadata\u001b[0m\n\u001b[32mPASSED\u001b[0m r2e_tests/test_1.py::\u001b[1mtest_change_stripbytecounts_tag_type\u001b[0m\n\u001b[32mPASSED\u001b[0m r2e_tests/test_1.py::\u001b[1mtest_no_duplicate_50741_tag\u001b[0m\n\u001b[32mPASSED\u001b[0m r2e_tests/test_1.py::\u001b[1mtest_iptc\u001b[0m\n\u001b[32mPASSED\u001b[0m r2e_tests/test_1.py::\u001b[1mtest_undefined_zero\u001b[0m\n\u001b[32mPASSED\u001b[0m r2e_tests/test_1.py::\u001b[1mtest_empty_metadata\u001b[0m\n\u001b[32mPASSED\u001b[0m r2e_tests/test_1.py::\u001b[1mtest_iccprofile\u001b[0m\n\u001b[32mPASSED\u001b[0m r2e_tests/test_1.py::\u001b[1mtest_iccprofile_binary\u001b[0m\n\u001b[32mPASSED\u001b[0m r2e_tests/test_1.py::\u001b[1mtest_iccprofile_save_png\u001b[0m\n\u001b[32mPASSED\u001b[0m r2e_tests/test_1.py::\u001b[1mtest_iccprofile_binary_save_png\u001b[0m\n\u001b[32mPASSED\u001b[0m r2e_tests/test_1.py::\u001b[1mtest_exif_div_zero\u001b[0m\n\u001b[32mPASSED\u001b[0m r2e_tests/test_1.py::\u001b[1mtest_ifd_unsigned_rational\u001b[0m\n\u001b[32mPASSED\u001b[0m r2e_tests/test_1.py::\u001b[1mtest_ifd_signed_rational\u001b[0m\n\u001b[32mPASSED\u001b[0m r2e_tests/test_1.py::\u001b[1mtest_ifd_signed_long\u001b[0m\n\u001b[32mPASSED\u001b[0m r2e_tests/test_1.py::\u001b[1mtest_empty_values\u001b[0m\n\u001b[32mPASSED\u001b[0m r2e_tests/test_1.py::\u001b[1mtest_PhotoshopInfo\u001b[0m\n\u001b[32mPASSED\u001b[0m r2e_tests/test_1.py::\u001b[1mtest_too_many_entries\u001b[0m\n\u001b[32mPASSED\u001b[0m r2e_tests/test_1.py::\u001b[1mtest_tag_group_data\u001b[0m\n\u001b[31mFAILED\u001b[0m r2e_tests/test_1.py::\u001b[1mtest_empty_subifd\u001b[0m - UnboundLocalError: local variable 'values' referenced before assignment\n\u001b[31m========================= \u001b[31m\u001b[1m1 failed\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m20 passed\u001b[0m\u001b[31m in 0.27s\u001b[0m\u001b[31m =========================\u001b[0m\n",
    "old_commit_res_stderr": ""
}
Tests/test_file_tiff_metadata.py src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py
We are currently solving the following issue within our repository. Here is the issue text:
--- BEGIN ISSUE ---
[ISSUE]
**Title:** UnboundLocalError When Saving Image with Empty EXIF IFD

**Description:**
When attempting to save an image with an empty EXIF Image File Directory (IFD), the operation fails with an error. This issue arises when the EXIF IFD is explicitly set to an empty dictionary before saving the image.

**Example Code:**
```python
def test_empty_subifd(tmp_path):
    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.jpg")

    im = hopper()
    exif = im.getexif()
    exif[TiffImagePlugin.EXIFIFD] = {}
    im.save(out, exif=exif)

    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
        exif = reloaded.getexif()
        assert exif.get_ifd(TiffImagePlugin.EXIFIFD) == {}
```

**Expected Behavior:**
Saving an image with an empty EXIF IFD should complete successfully. Upon reloading the image, the EXIF IFD should remain empty, indicating that no metadata was lost or corrupted during the save process.

**Actual Behavior:**
The save operation fails with the following error:
```
UnboundLocalError: local variable 'values' referenced before assignment
```
This error prevents the image from being saved correctly when the EXIF IFD is empty.

[/ISSUE]
--- END ISSUE ---

Below are some code segments, each from a relevant file. One or more of these files may contain bugs.

--- BEGIN FILE ---
```
### src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py
#
# The Python Imaging Library.
# $Id$
#
# TIFF file handling
#
# TIFF is a flexible, if somewhat aged, image file format originally
# defined by Aldus.  Although TIFF supports a wide variety of pixel
# layouts and compression methods, the name doesn't really stand for
# "thousands of incompatible file formats," it just feels that way.
#
# To read TIFF data from a stream, the stream must be seekable.  For
# progressive decoding, make sure to use TIFF files where the tag
# directory is placed first in the file.
#
# History:
# 1995-09-01 fl   Created
# 1996-05-04 fl   Handle JPEGTABLES tag
# 1996-05-18 fl   Fixed COLORMAP support
# 1997-01-05 fl   Fixed PREDICTOR support
# 1997-08-27 fl   Added support for rational tags (from Perry Stoll)
# 1998-01-10 fl   Fixed seek/tell (from Jan Blom)
# 1998-07-15 fl   Use private names for internal variables
# 1999-06-13 fl   Rewritten for PIL 1.0 (1.0)
# 2000-10-11 fl   Additional fixes for Python 2.0 (1.1)
# 2001-04-17 fl   Fixed rewind support (seek to frame 0) (1.2)
# 2001-05-12 fl   Added write support for more tags (from Greg Couch) (1.3)
# 2001-12-18 fl   Added workaround for broken Matrox library
# 2002-01-18 fl   Don't mess up if photometric tag is missing (D. Alan Stewart)
# 2003-05-19 fl   Check FILLORDER tag
# 2003-09-26 fl   Added RGBa support
# 2004-02-24 fl   Added DPI support; fixed rational write support
# 2005-02-07 fl   Added workaround for broken Corel Draw 10 files
# 2006-01-09 fl   Added support for float/double tags (from Russell Nelson)
#
# Copyright (c) 1997-2006 by Secret Labs AB.  All rights reserved.
# Copyright (c) 1995-1997 by Fredrik Lundh
#
# See the README file for information on usage and redistribution.
#
import io
import itertools
import logging
import os
import struct
import warnings
from collections.abc import MutableMapping
from fractions import Fraction
from numbers import Number, Rational

from . import Image, ImageFile, ImagePalette, TiffTags
from ._binary import o8
from .TiffTags import TYPES

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

# Set these to true to force use of libtiff for reading or writing.
READ_LIBTIFF = False
WRITE_LIBTIFF = False
IFD_LEGACY_API = True

II = b"II"  # little-endian (Intel style)
MM = b"MM"  # big-endian (Motorola style)

#
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
# Read TIFF files

# a few tag names, just to make the code below a bit more readable
IMAGEWIDTH = 256
IMAGELENGTH = 257
BITSPERSAMPLE = 258
COMPRESSION = 259
PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION = 262
FILLORDER = 266
IMAGEDESCRIPTION = 270
STRIPOFFSETS = 273
SAMPLESPERPIXEL = 277
ROWSPERSTRIP = 278
STRIPBYTECOUNTS = 279
X_RESOLUTION = 282
Y_RESOLUTION = 283
PLANAR_CONFIGURATION = 284
RESOLUTION_UNIT = 296
TRANSFERFUNCTION = 301
SOFTWARE = 305
DATE_TIME = 306
ARTIST = 315
PREDICTOR = 317
COLORMAP = 320
TILEOFFSETS = 324
SUBIFD = 330
EXTRASAMPLES = 338
SAMPLEFORMAT = 339
JPEGTABLES = 347
REFERENCEBLACKWHITE = 532
COPYRIGHT = 33432
IPTC_NAA_CHUNK = 33723  # newsphoto properties
PHOTOSHOP_CHUNK = 34377  # photoshop properties
ICCPROFILE = 34675
EXIFIFD = 34665
XMP = 700
JPEGQUALITY = 65537  # pseudo-tag by libtiff

# https://github.com/imagej/ImageJA/blob/master/src/main/java/ij/io/TiffDecoder.java
IMAGEJ_META_DATA_BYTE_COUNTS = 50838
IMAGEJ_META_DATA = 50839

COMPRESSION_INFO = {
    # Compression => pil compression name
    1: "raw",
    2: "tiff_ccitt",
    3: "group3",
    4: "group4",
    5: "tiff_lzw",
    6: "tiff_jpeg",  # obsolete
    7: "jpeg",
    8: "tiff_adobe_deflate",
    32771: "tiff_raw_16",  # 16-bit padding
    32773: "packbits",
    32809: "tiff_thunderscan",
    32946: "tiff_deflate",
    34676: "tiff_sgilog",
    34677: "tiff_sgilog24",
    34925: "lzma",
    50000: "zstd",
    50001: "webp",
}

COMPRESSION_INFO_REV = {v: k for k, v in COMPRESSION_INFO.items()}

OPEN_INFO = {
    # (ByteOrder, PhotoInterpretation, SampleFormat, FillOrder, BitsPerSample,
    #  ExtraSamples) => mode, rawmode
    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;I"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;I"),
    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;IR"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;IR"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("1", "1"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("1", "1"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;R"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;R"),
    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2I"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2I"),
    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2IR"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2IR"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2R"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2R"),
    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4I"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4I"),
    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4IR"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4IR"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4R"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4R"),
    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;I"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;I"),
    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;IR"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;IR"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("L", "L"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("L", "L"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;R"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;R"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (12,), ()): ("I;16", "I;12"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (16,), ()): ("I;16", "I;16"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (16,), ()): ("I;16B", "I;16B"),
    (II, 1, (2,), 1, (16,), ()): ("I", "I;16S"),
    (MM, 1, (2,), 1, (16,), ()): ("I", "I;16BS"),
    (II, 0, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): ("F", "F;32F"),
    (MM, 0, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): ("F", "F;32BF"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (32,), ()): ("I", "I;32N"),
    (II, 1, (2,), 1, (32,), ()): ("I", "I;32S"),
    (MM, 1, (2,), 1, (32,), ()): ("I", "I;32BS"),
    (II, 1, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): ("F", "F;32F"),
    (MM, 1, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): ("F", "F;32BF"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): ("LA", "LA"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): ("LA", "LA"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGB"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGB"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 2, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGB;R"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 2, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGB;R"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),  # missing ExtraSamples
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),  # missing ExtraSamples
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): ("RGBX", "RGBX"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): ("RGBX", "RGBX"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): ("RGBX", "RGBXX"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): ("RGBX", "RGBXX"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0, 0)): ("RGBX", "RGBXXX"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0, 0)): ("RGBX", "RGBXXX"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (1,)): ("RGBA", "RGBa"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (1,)): ("RGBA", "RGBa"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBaX"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBaX"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBaXX"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBaXX"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (2,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (2,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBAX"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBAX"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBAXX"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBAXX"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (999,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),  # Corel Draw 10
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (999,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),  # Corel Draw 10
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16), ()): ("RGB", "RGB;16L"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16), ()): ("RGB", "RGB;16B"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), ()): ("RGBA", "RGBA;16L"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), ()): ("RGBA", "RGBA;16B"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (0,)): ("RGBX", "RGBX;16L"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (0,)): ("RGBX", "RGBX;16B"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (1,)): ("RGBA", "RGBa;16L"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (1,)): ("RGBA", "RGBa;16B"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (2,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA;16L"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (2,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA;16B"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("P", "P;1"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("P", "P;1"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("P", "P;1R"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("P", "P;1R"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("P", "P;2"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("P", "P;2"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("P", "P;2R"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("P", "P;2R"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("P", "P;4"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("P", "P;4"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("P", "P;4R"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("P", "P;4R"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("P", "P"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("P", "P"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): ("PA", "PA"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): ("PA", "PA"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("P", "P;R"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("P", "P;R"),
    (II, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): ("CMYK", "CMYK"),
    (MM, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): ("CMYK", "CMYK"),
    (II, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): ("CMYK", "CMYKX"),
    (MM, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): ("CMYK", "CMYKX"),
    (II, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): ("CMYK", "CMYKXX"),
    (MM, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): ("CMYK", "CMYKXX"),
    (II, 5, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), ()): ("CMYK", "CMYK;16L"),
    # JPEG compressed images handled by LibTiff and auto-converted to RGBX
    # Minimal Baseline TIFF requires YCbCr images to have 3 SamplesPerPixel
    (II, 6, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGBX"),
    (MM, 6, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGBX"),
    (II, 8, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("LAB", "LAB"),
    (MM, 8, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("LAB", "LAB"),
}

PREFIXES = [
    b"MM\x00\x2A",  # Valid TIFF header with big-endian byte order
    b"II\x2A\x00",  # Valid TIFF header with little-endian byte order
    b"MM\x2A\x00",  # Invalid TIFF header, assume big-endian
    b"II\x00\x2A",  # Invalid TIFF header, assume little-endian
]


def _accept(prefix):
    return prefix[:4] in PREFIXES


def _limit_rational(val, max_val):
    inv = abs(val) > 1
    n_d = IFDRational(1 / val if inv else val).limit_rational(max_val)
    return n_d[::-1] if inv else n_d


def _limit_signed_rational(val, max_val, min_val):
    frac = Fraction(val)
    n_d = frac.numerator, frac.denominator

    if min(n_d) < min_val:
        n_d = _limit_rational(val, abs(min_val))

    if max(n_d) > max_val:
        val = Fraction(*n_d)
        n_d = _limit_rational(val, max_val)

    return n_d


##
# Wrapper for TIFF IFDs.

_load_dispatch = {}
_write_dispatch = {}


class IFDRational(Rational):
    """Implements a rational class where 0/0 is a legal value to match
    the in the wild use of exif rationals.

    e.g., DigitalZoomRatio - 0.00/0.00  indicates that no digital zoom was used
    """

    """ If the denominator is 0, store this as a float('nan'), otherwise store
    as a fractions.Fraction(). Delegate as appropriate

    """

    __slots__ = ("_numerator", "_denominator", "_val")

    def __init__(self, value, denominator=1):
        """
        :param value: either an integer numerator, a
        float/rational/other number, or an IFDRational
        :param denominator: Optional integer denominator
        """
        if isinstance(value, IFDRational):
            self._numerator = value.numerator
            self._denominator = value.denominator
            self._val = value._val
            return

        if isinstance(value, Fraction):
            self._numerator = value.numerator
            self._denominator = value.denominator
        else:
            self._numerator = value
            self._denominator = denominator

        if denominator == 0:
            self._val = float("nan")
        elif denominator == 1:
            self._val = Fraction(value)
        else:
            self._val = Fraction(value, denominator)

    @property
    def numerator(a):
        return a._numerator

    @property
    def denominator(a):
        return a._denominator

    def limit_rational(self, max_denominator):
        """

        :param max_denominator: Integer, the maximum denominator value
        :returns: Tuple of (numerator, denominator)
        """

        if self.denominator == 0:
            return (self.numerator, self.denominator)

        f = self._val.limit_denominator(max_denominator)
        return (f.numerator, f.denominator)

    def __repr__(self):
        return str(float(self._val))

    def __hash__(self):
        return self._val.__hash__()

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, IFDRational):
            other = other._val
        return self._val == other

    def __getstate__(self):
        return [self._val, self._numerator, self._denominator]

    def __setstate__(self, state):
        IFDRational.__init__(self, 0)
        _val, _numerator, _denominator = state
        self._val = _val
        self._numerator = _numerator
        self._denominator = _denominator

    def _delegate(op):
        def delegate(self, *args):
            return getattr(self._val, op)(*args)

        return delegate

    """ a = ['add','radd', 'sub', 'rsub', 'mul', 'rmul',
             'truediv', 'rtruediv', 'floordiv', 'rfloordiv',
             'mod','rmod', 'pow','rpow', 'pos', 'neg',
             'abs', 'trunc', 'lt', 'gt', 'le', 'ge', 'bool',
             'ceil', 'floor', 'round']
        print("\n".join("__%s__ = _delegate('__%s__')" % (s,s) for s in a))
        """

    __add__ = _delegate("__add__")
    __radd__ = _delegate("__radd__")
    __sub__ = _delegate("__sub__")
    __rsub__ = _delegate("__rsub__")
    __mul__ = _delegate("__mul__")
    __rmul__ = _delegate("__rmul__")
    __truediv__ = _delegate("__truediv__")
    __rtruediv__ = _delegate("__rtruediv__")
    __floordiv__ = _delegate("__floordiv__")
    __rfloordiv__ = _delegate("__rfloordiv__")
    __mod__ = _delegate("__mod__")
    __rmod__ = _delegate("__rmod__")
    __pow__ = _delegate("__pow__")
    __rpow__ = _delegate("__rpow__")
    __pos__ = _delegate("__pos__")
    __neg__ = _delegate("__neg__")
    __abs__ = _delegate("__abs__")
    __trunc__ = _delegate("__trunc__")
    __lt__ = _delegate("__lt__")
    __gt__ = _delegate("__gt__")
    __le__ = _delegate("__le__")
    __ge__ = _delegate("__ge__")
    __bool__ = _delegate("__bool__")
    __ceil__ = _delegate("__ceil__")
    __floor__ = _delegate("__floor__")
    __round__ = _delegate("__round__")


class ImageFileDirectory_v2(MutableMapping):
    """This class represents a TIFF tag directory.  To speed things up, we
    don't decode tags unless they're asked for.

    Exposes a dictionary interface of the tags in the directory::

        ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2()
        ifd[key] = 'Some Data'
        ifd.tagtype[key] = TiffTags.ASCII
        print(ifd[key])
        'Some Data'

    Individual values are returned as the strings or numbers, sequences are
    returned as tuples of the values.

    The tiff metadata type of each item is stored in a dictionary of
    tag types in
    :attr:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2.tagtype`. The types
    are read from a tiff file, guessed from the type added, or added
    manually.

    Data Structures:

        * self.tagtype = {}

          * Key: numerical tiff tag number
          * Value: integer corresponding to the data type from
                   ~PIL.TiffTags.TYPES`

    .. versionadded:: 3.0.0
    """

    """
    Documentation:

        'internal' data structures:
        * self._tags_v2 = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number
                             Value: decoded data, as tuple for multiple values
        * self._tagdata = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number
                             Value: undecoded byte string from file
        * self._tags_v1 = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number
                             Value: decoded data in the v1 format

    Tags will be found in the private attributes self._tagdata, and in
    self._tags_v2 once decoded.

    self.legacy_api is a value for internal use, and shouldn't be
    changed from outside code. In cooperation with the
    ImageFileDirectory_v1 class, if legacy_api is true, then decoded
    tags will be populated into both _tags_v1 and _tags_v2. _tags_v2
    will be used if this IFD is used in the TIFF save routine. Tags
    should be read from _tags_v1 if legacy_api == true.

    """

    def __init__(self, ifh=b"II\052\0\0\0\0\0", prefix=None, group=None):
        """Initialize an ImageFileDirectory.

        To construct an ImageFileDirectory from a real file, pass the 8-byte
        magic header to the constructor.  To only set the endianness, pass it
        as the 'prefix' keyword argument.

        :param ifh: One of the accepted magic headers (cf. PREFIXES); also sets
              endianness.
        :param prefix: Override the endianness of the file.
        """
        if ifh[:4] not in PREFIXES:
            raise SyntaxError(f"not a TIFF file (header {repr(ifh)} not valid)")
        self._prefix = prefix if prefix is not None else ifh[:2]
        if self._prefix == MM:
            self._endian = ">"
        elif self._prefix == II:
            self._endian = "<"
        else:
            raise SyntaxError("not a TIFF IFD")
        self.group = group
        self.tagtype = {}
        """ Dictionary of tag types """
        self.reset()
        (self.next,) = self._unpack("L", ifh[4:])
        self._legacy_api = False

    prefix = property(lambda self: self._prefix)
    offset = property(lambda self: self._offset)
    legacy_api = property(lambda self: self._legacy_api)

    @legacy_api.setter
    def legacy_api(self, value):
        raise Exception("Not allowing setting of legacy api")

    def reset(self):
        self._tags_v1 = {}  # will remain empty if legacy_api is false
        self._tags_v2 = {}  # main tag storage
        self._tagdata = {}
        self.tagtype = {}  # added 2008-06-05 by Florian Hoech
        self._next = None
        self._offset = None

    def __str__(self):
        return str(dict(self))

    def named(self):
        """
        :returns: dict of name|key: value

        Returns the complete tag dictionary, with named tags where possible.
        """
        return {
            TiffTags.lookup(code, self.group).name: value
            for code, value in self.items()
        }

    def __len__(self):
        return len(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v2))

    def __getitem__(self, tag):
        if tag not in self._tags_v2:  # unpack on the fly
            data = self._tagdata[tag]
            typ = self.tagtype[tag]
            size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]
            self[tag] = handler(self, data, self.legacy_api)  # check type
        val = self._tags_v2[tag]
        if self.legacy_api and not isinstance(val, (tuple, bytes)):
            val = (val,)
        return val

    def __contains__(self, tag):
        return tag in self._tags_v2 or tag in self._tagdata

    def __setitem__(self, tag, value):
        self._setitem(tag, value, self.legacy_api)

    def _setitem(self, tag, value, legacy_api):
        basetypes = (Number, bytes, str)

        info = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group)
        values = [value] if isinstance(value, basetypes) else value

        if tag not in self.tagtype:
            if info.type:
                self.tagtype[tag] = info.type
            else:
                self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.UNDEFINED
                if all(isinstance(v, IFDRational) for v in values):
                    self.tagtype[tag] = (
                        TiffTags.RATIONAL
                        if all(v >= 0 for v in values)
                        else TiffTags.SIGNED_RATIONAL
                    )
                elif all(isinstance(v, int) for v in values):
                    if all(0 <= v < 2 ** 16 for v in values):
                        self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.SHORT
                    elif all(-(2 ** 15) < v < 2 ** 15 for v in values):
                        self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.SIGNED_SHORT
                    else:
                        self.tagtype[tag] = (
                            TiffTags.LONG
                            if all(v >= 0 for v in values)
                            else TiffTags.SIGNED_LONG
                        )
                elif all(isinstance(v, float) for v in values):
                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.DOUBLE
                elif all(isinstance(v, str) for v in values):
                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.ASCII
                elif all(isinstance(v, bytes) for v in values):
                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.BYTE

        if self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.UNDEFINED:
            values = [
                v.encode("ascii", "replace") if isinstance(v, str) else v
                for v in values
            ]
        elif self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.RATIONAL:
            values = [float(v) if isinstance(v, int) else v for v in values]

        is_ifd = self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.LONG and isinstance(values, dict)
        if not is_ifd:
            values = tuple(info.cvt_enum(value) for value in values)

        dest = self._tags_v1 if legacy_api else self._tags_v2

        # Three branches:
        # Spec'd length == 1, Actual length 1, store as element
        # Spec'd length == 1, Actual > 1, Warn and truncate. Formerly barfed.
        # No Spec, Actual length 1, Formerly (<4.2) returned a 1 element tuple.
        # Don't mess with the legacy api, since it's frozen.
        if not is_ifd and (
            (info.length == 1)
            or self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.BYTE
            or (info.length is None and len(values) == 1 and not legacy_api)
        ):
            # Don't mess with the legacy api, since it's frozen.
            if legacy_api and self.tagtype[tag] in [
                TiffTags.RATIONAL,
                TiffTags.SIGNED_RATIONAL,
            ]:  # rationals
                values = (values,)
            try:
                (dest[tag],) = values
            except ValueError:
                # We've got a builtin tag with 1 expected entry
                warnings.warn(
                    f"Metadata Warning, tag {tag} had too many entries: "
                    f"{len(values)}, expected 1"
                )
                dest[tag] = values[0]

        else:
            # Spec'd length > 1 or undefined
            # Unspec'd, and length > 1
            dest[tag] = values

    def __delitem__(self, tag):
        self._tags_v2.pop(tag, None)
        self._tags_v1.pop(tag, None)
        self._tagdata.pop(tag, None)

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v2))

    def _unpack(self, fmt, data):
        return struct.unpack(self._endian + fmt, data)

    def _pack(self, fmt, *values):
        return struct.pack(self._endian + fmt, *values)

    def _register_loader(idx, size):
        def decorator(func):
            from .TiffTags import TYPES

            if func.__name__.startswith("load_"):
                TYPES[idx] = func.__name__[5:].replace("_", " ")
            _load_dispatch[idx] = size, func  # noqa: F821
            return func

        return decorator

    def _register_writer(idx):
        def decorator(func):
            _write_dispatch[idx] = func  # noqa: F821
            return func

        return decorator

    def _register_basic(idx_fmt_name):
        from .TiffTags import TYPES

        idx, fmt, name = idx_fmt_name
        TYPES[idx] = name
        size = struct.calcsize("=" + fmt)
        _load_dispatch[idx] = (  # noqa: F821
            size,
            lambda self, data, legacy_api=True: (
                self._unpack("{}{}".format(len(data) // size, fmt), data)
            ),
        )
        _write_dispatch[idx] = lambda self, *values: (  # noqa: F821
            b"".join(self._pack(fmt, value) for value in values)
        )

    list(
        map(
            _register_basic,
            [
                (TiffTags.SHORT, "H", "short"),
                (TiffTags.LONG, "L", "long"),
                (TiffTags.SIGNED_BYTE, "b", "signed byte"),
                (TiffTags.SIGNED_SHORT, "h", "signed short"),
                (TiffTags.SIGNED_LONG, "l", "signed long"),
                (TiffTags.FLOAT, "f", "float"),
                (TiffTags.DOUBLE, "d", "double"),
                (TiffTags.IFD, "L", "long"),
            ],
        )
    )

    @_register_loader(1, 1)  # Basic type, except for the legacy API.
    def load_byte(self, data, legacy_api=True):
        return data

    @_register_writer(1)  # Basic type, except for the legacy API.
    def write_byte(self, data):
        return data

    @_register_loader(2, 1)
    def load_string(self, data, legacy_api=True):
        if data.endswith(b"\0"):
            data = data[:-1]
        return data.decode("latin-1", "replace")

    @_register_writer(2)
    def write_string(self, value):
        # remerge of https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/1416
        return b"" + value.encode("ascii", "replace") + b"\0"

    @_register_loader(5, 8)
    def load_rational(self, data, legacy_api=True):
        vals = self._unpack("{}L".format(len(data) // 4), data)

        def combine(a, b):
            return (a, b) if legacy_api else IFDRational(a, b)

        return tuple(combine(num, denom) for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))

    @_register_writer(5)
    def write_rational(self, *values):
        return b"".join(
            self._pack("2L", *_limit_rational(frac, 2 ** 32 - 1)) for frac in values
        )

    @_register_loader(7, 1)
    def load_undefined(self, data, legacy_api=True):
        return data

    @_register_writer(7)
    def write_undefined(self, value):
        return value

    @_register_loader(10, 8)
    def load_signed_rational(self, data, legacy_api=True):
        vals = self._unpack("{}l".format(len(data) // 4), data)

        def combine(a, b):
            return (a, b) if legacy_api else IFDRational(a, b)

        return tuple(combine(num, denom) for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))

    @_register_writer(10)
    def write_signed_rational(self, *values):
        return b"".join(
            self._pack("2l", *_limit_signed_rational(frac, 2 ** 31 - 1, -(2 ** 31)))
            for frac in values
        )

    def _ensure_read(self, fp, size):
        ret = fp.read(size)
        if len(ret) != size:
            raise OSError(
                "Corrupt EXIF data.  "
                f"Expecting to read {size} bytes but only got {len(ret)}. "
            )
        return ret

    def load(self, fp):

        self.reset()
        self._offset = fp.tell()

        try:
            for i in range(self._unpack("H", self._ensure_read(fp, 2))[0]):
                tag, typ, count, data = self._unpack("HHL4s", self._ensure_read(fp, 12))

                tagname = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group).name
                typname = TYPES.get(typ, "unknown")
                msg = f"tag: {tagname} ({tag}) - type: {typname} ({typ})"

                try:
                    unit_size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]
                except KeyError:
                    logger.debug(msg + f" - unsupported type {typ}")
                    continue  # ignore unsupported type
                size = count * unit_size
                if size > 4:
                    here = fp.tell()
                    (offset,) = self._unpack("L", data)
                    msg += f" Tag Location: {here} - Data Location: {offset}"
                    fp.seek(offset)
                    data = ImageFile._safe_read(fp, size)
                    fp.seek(here)
                else:
                    data = data[:size]

                if len(data) != size:
                    warnings.warn(
                        "Possibly corrupt EXIF data.  "
                        f"Expecting to read {size} bytes but only got {len(data)}."
                        f" Skipping tag {tag}"
                    )
                    logger.debug(msg)
                    continue

                if not data:
                    logger.debug(msg)
                    continue

                self._tagdata[tag] = data
                self.tagtype[tag] = typ

                msg += " - value: " + (
                    "<table: %d bytes>" % size if size > 32 else repr(data)
                )
                logger.debug(msg)

            (self.next,) = self._unpack("L", self._ensure_read(fp, 4))
        except OSError as msg:
            warnings.warn(str(msg))
            return

    def tobytes(self, offset=0):
        # FIXME What about tagdata?
        result = self._pack("H", len(self._tags_v2))

        entries = []
        offset = offset + len(result) + len(self._tags_v2) * 12 + 4
        stripoffsets = None

        # pass 1: convert tags to binary format
        # always write tags in ascending order
        for tag, value in sorted(self._tags_v2.items()):
            if tag == STRIPOFFSETS:
                stripoffsets = len(entries)
            typ = self.tagtype.get(tag)
            logger.debug(f"Tag {tag}, Type: {typ}, Value: {repr(value)}")
            is_ifd = typ == TiffTags.LONG and isinstance(value, dict)
            if is_ifd:
                if self._endian == "<":
                    ifh = b"II\x2A\x00\x08\x00\x00\x00"
                else:
                    ifh = b"MM\x00\x2A\x00\x00\x00\x08"
                ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(ifh, group=tag)
                for ifd_tag, ifd_value in self._tags_v2[tag].items():
                    ifd[ifd_tag] = ifd_value
                data = ifd.tobytes(offset)
            else:
                values = value if isinstance(value, tuple) else (value,)
                data = self._write_dispatch[typ](self, *values)

            tagname = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group).name
            typname = "ifd" if is_ifd else TYPES.get(typ, "unknown")
            msg = f"save: {tagname} ({tag}) - type: {typname} ({typ})"
            msg += " - value: " + (
                "<table: %d bytes>" % len(data) if len(data) >= 16 else str(values)
            )
            logger.debug(msg)

            # count is sum of lengths for string and arbitrary data
            if is_ifd:
                count = 1
            elif typ in [TiffTags.BYTE, TiffTags.ASCII, TiffTags.UNDEFINED]:
                count = len(data)
            else:
                count = len(values)
            # figure out if data fits into the entry
            if len(data) <= 4:
                entries.append((tag, typ, count, data.ljust(4, b"\0"), b""))
            else:
                entries.append((tag, typ, count, self._pack("L", offset), data))
                offset += (len(data) + 1) // 2 * 2  # pad to word

        # update strip offset data to point beyond auxiliary data
        if stripoffsets is not None:
            tag, typ, count, value, data = entries[stripoffsets]
            if data:
                raise NotImplementedError("multistrip support not yet implemented")
            value = self._pack("L", self._unpack("L", value)[0] + offset)
            entries[stripoffsets] = tag, typ, count, value, data

        # pass 2: write entries to file
        for tag, typ, count, value, data in entries:
            logger.debug(f"{tag} {typ} {count} {repr(value)} {repr(data)}")
            result += self._pack("HHL4s", tag, typ, count, value)

        # -- overwrite here for multi-page --
        result += b"\0\0\0\0"  # end of entries

        # pass 3: write auxiliary data to file
        for tag, typ, count, value, data in entries:
            result += data
            if len(data) & 1:
                result += b"\0"

        return result

    def save(self, fp):

        if fp.tell() == 0:  # skip TIFF header on subsequent pages
            # tiff header -- PIL always starts the first IFD at offset 8
            fp.write(self._prefix + self._pack("HL", 42, 8))

        offset = fp.tell()
        result = self.tobytes(offset)
        fp.write(result)
        return offset + len(result)


ImageFileDirectory_v2._load_dispatch = _load_dispatch
ImageFileDirectory_v2._write_dispatch = _write_dispatch
for idx, name in TYPES.items():
    name = name.replace(" ", "_")
    setattr(ImageFileDirectory_v2, "load_" + name, _load_dispatch[idx][1])
    setattr(ImageFileDirectory_v2, "write_" + name, _write_dispatch[idx])
del _load_dispatch, _write_dispatch, idx, name


# Legacy ImageFileDirectory support.
class ImageFileDirectory_v1(ImageFileDirectory_v2):
    """This class represents the **legacy** interface to a TIFF tag directory.

    Exposes a dictionary interface of the tags in the directory::

        ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v1()
        ifd[key] = 'Some Data'
        ifd.tagtype[key] = TiffTags.ASCII
        print(ifd[key])
        ('Some Data',)

    Also contains a dictionary of tag types as read from the tiff image file,
    :attr:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1.tagtype`.

    Values are returned as a tuple.

    ..  deprecated:: 3.0.0
    """

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self._legacy_api = True

    tags = property(lambda self: self._tags_v1)
    tagdata = property(lambda self: self._tagdata)

    # defined in ImageFileDirectory_v2
    tagtype: dict
    """Dictionary of tag types"""

    @classmethod
    def from_v2(cls, original):
        """Returns an
        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`
        instance with the same data as is contained in the original
        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2`
        instance.

        :returns: :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`

        """

        ifd = cls(prefix=original.prefix)
        ifd._tagdata = original._tagdata
        ifd.tagtype = original.tagtype
        ifd.next = original.next  # an indicator for multipage tiffs
        return ifd

    def to_v2(self):
        """Returns an
        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2`
        instance with the same data as is contained in the original
        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`
        instance.

        :returns: :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2`

        """

        ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(prefix=self.prefix)
        ifd._tagdata = dict(self._tagdata)
        ifd.tagtype = dict(self.tagtype)
        ifd._tags_v2 = dict(self._tags_v2)
        return ifd

    def __contains__(self, tag):
        return tag in self._tags_v1 or tag in self._tagdata

    def __len__(self):
        return len(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v1))

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v1))

    def __setitem__(self, tag, value):
        for legacy_api in (False, True):
            self._setitem(tag, value, legacy_api)

    def __getitem__(self, tag):
        if tag not in self._tags_v1:  # unpack on the fly
            data = self._tagdata[tag]
            typ = self.tagtype[tag]
            size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]
            for legacy in (False, True):
                self._setitem(tag, handler(self, data, legacy), legacy)
        val = self._tags_v1[tag]
        if not isinstance(val, (tuple, bytes)):
            val = (val,)
        return val


# undone -- switch this pointer when IFD_LEGACY_API == False
ImageFileDirectory = ImageFileDirectory_v1


##
# Image plugin for TIFF files.


class TiffImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):

    format = "TIFF"
    format_description = "Adobe TIFF"
    _close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = False

    def __init__(self, fp=None, filename=None):
        self.tag_v2 = None
        """ Image file directory (tag dictionary) """

        self.tag = None
        """ Legacy tag entries """

        super().__init__(fp, filename)

    def _open(self):
        """Open the first image in a TIFF file"""

        # Header
        ifh = self.fp.read(8)

        self.tag_v2 = ImageFileDirectory_v2(ifh)

        # legacy IFD entries will be filled in later
        self.ifd = None

        # setup frame pointers
        self.__first = self.__next = self.tag_v2.next
        self.__frame = -1
        self.__fp = self.fp
        self._frame_pos = []
        self._n_frames = None

        logger.debug("*** TiffImageFile._open ***")
        logger.debug(f"- __first: {self.__first}")
        logger.debug(f"- ifh: {repr(ifh)}")  # Use repr to avoid str(bytes)

        # and load the first frame
        self._seek(0)

    @property
    def n_frames(self):
        if self._n_frames is None:
            current = self.tell()
            self._seek(len(self._frame_pos))
            while self._n_frames is None:
                self._seek(self.tell() + 1)
            self.seek(current)
        return self._n_frames

    def seek(self, frame):
        """Select a given frame as current image"""
        if not self._seek_check(frame):
            return
        self._seek(frame)
        # Create a new core image object on second and
        # subsequent frames in the image. Image may be
        # different size/mode.
        Image._decompression_bomb_check(self.size)
        self.im = Image.core.new(self.mode, self.size)

    def _seek(self, frame):
        self.fp = self.__fp

        # reset buffered io handle in case fp
        # was passed to libtiff, invalidating the buffer
        self.fp.tell()

        while len(self._frame_pos) <= frame:
            if not self.__next:
                raise EOFError("no more images in TIFF file")
            logger.debug(
                f"Seeking to frame {frame}, on frame {self.__frame}, "
                f"__next {self.__next}, location: {self.fp.tell()}"
            )
            self.fp.seek(self.__next)
            self._frame_pos.append(self.__next)
            logger.debug("Loading tags, location: %s" % self.fp.tell())
            self.tag_v2.load(self.fp)
            if self.tag_v2.next in self._frame_pos:
                # This IFD has already been processed
                # Declare this to be the end of the image
                self.__next = 0
            else:
                self.__next = self.tag_v2.next
            if self.__next == 0:
                self._n_frames = frame + 1
            if len(self._frame_pos) == 1:
                self.is_animated = self.__next != 0
            self.__frame += 1
        self.fp.seek(self._frame_pos[frame])
        self.tag_v2.load(self.fp)
        # fill the legacy tag/ifd entries
        self.tag = self.ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v1.from_v2(self.tag_v2)
        self.__frame = frame
        self._setup()

    def tell(self):
        """Return the current frame number"""
        return self.__frame

    def load(self):
        if self.tile and self.use_load_libtiff:
            return self._load_libtiff()
        return super().load()

    def load_end(self):
        if self._tile_orientation:
            method = {
                2: Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT,
                3: Image.ROTATE_180,
                4: Image.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM,
                5: Image.TRANSPOSE,
                6: Image.ROTATE_270,
                7: Image.TRANSVERSE,
                8: Image.ROTATE_90,
            }.get(self._tile_orientation)
            if method is not None:
                self.im = self.im.transpose(method)
                self._size = self.im.size

        # allow closing if we're on the first frame, there's no next
        # This is the ImageFile.load path only, libtiff specific below.
        if not self.is_animated:
            self._close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = True

    def _load_libtiff(self):
        """Overload method triggered when we detect a compressed tiff
        Calls out to libtiff"""

        Image.Image.load(self)

        self.load_prepare()

        if not len(self.tile) == 1:
            raise OSError("Not exactly one tile")

        # (self._compression, (extents tuple),
        #   0, (rawmode, self._compression, fp))
        extents = self.tile[0][1]
        args = list(self.tile[0][3])

        # To be nice on memory footprint, if there's a
        # file descriptor, use that instead of reading
        # into a string in python.
        # libtiff closes the file descriptor, so pass in a dup.
        try:
            fp = hasattr(self.fp, "fileno") and os.dup(self.fp.fileno())
            # flush the file descriptor, prevents error on pypy 2.4+
            # should also eliminate the need for fp.tell
            # in _seek
            if hasattr(self.fp, "flush"):
                self.fp.flush()
        except OSError:
            # io.BytesIO have a fileno, but returns an OSError if
            # it doesn't use a file descriptor.
            fp = False

        if fp:
            args[2] = fp

        decoder = Image._getdecoder(
            self.mode, "libtiff", tuple(args), self.decoderconfig
        )
        try:
            decoder.setimage(self.im, extents)
        except ValueError as e:
            raise OSError("Couldn't set the image") from e

        close_self_fp = self._exclusive_fp and not self.is_animated
        if hasattr(self.fp, "getvalue"):
            # We've got a stringio like thing passed in. Yay for all in memory.
            # The decoder needs the entire file in one shot, so there's not
            # a lot we can do here other than give it the entire file.
            # unless we could do something like get the address of the
            # underlying string for stringio.
            #
            # Rearranging for supporting byteio items, since they have a fileno
            # that returns an OSError if there's no underlying fp. Easier to
            # deal with here by reordering.
            logger.debug("have getvalue. just sending in a string from getvalue")
            n, err = decoder.decode(self.fp.getvalue())
        elif fp:
            # we've got a actual file on disk, pass in the fp.
            logger.debug("have fileno, calling fileno version of the decoder.")
            if not close_self_fp:
                self.fp.seek(0)
            # 4 bytes, otherwise the trace might error out
            n, err = decoder.decode(b"fpfp")
        else:
            # we have something else.
            logger.debug("don't have fileno or getvalue. just reading")
            self.fp.seek(0)
            # UNDONE -- so much for that buffer size thing.
            n, err = decoder.decode(self.fp.read())

        self.tile = []
        self.readonly = 0

        self.load_end()

        # libtiff closed the fp in a, we need to close self.fp, if possible
        if close_self_fp:
            self.fp.close()
            self.fp = None  # might be shared

        if err < 0:
            raise OSError(err)

        return Image.Image.load(self)

    def _setup(self):
        """Setup this image object based on current tags"""

        if 0xBC01 in self.tag_v2:
            raise OSError("Windows Media Photo files not yet supported")

        # extract relevant tags
        self._compression = COMPRESSION_INFO[self.tag_v2.get(COMPRESSION, 1)]
        self._planar_configuration = self.tag_v2.get(PLANAR_CONFIGURATION, 1)

        # photometric is a required tag, but not everyone is reading
        # the specification
        photo = self.tag_v2.get(PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION, 0)

        # old style jpeg compression images most certainly are YCbCr
        if self._compression == "tiff_jpeg":
            photo = 6

        fillorder = self.tag_v2.get(FILLORDER, 1)

        logger.debug("*** Summary ***")
        logger.debug(f"- compression: {self._compression}")
        logger.debug(f"- photometric_interpretation: {photo}")
        logger.debug(f"- planar_configuration: {self._planar_configuration}")
        logger.debug(f"- fill_order: {fillorder}")
        logger.debug(f"- YCbCr subsampling: {self.tag.get(530)}")

        # size
        xsize = int(self.tag_v2.get(IMAGEWIDTH))
        ysize = int(self.tag_v2.get(IMAGELENGTH))
        self._size = xsize, ysize

        logger.debug(f"- size: {self.size}")

        sampleFormat = self.tag_v2.get(SAMPLEFORMAT, (1,))
        if len(sampleFormat) > 1 and max(sampleFormat) == min(sampleFormat) == 1:
            # SAMPLEFORMAT is properly per band, so an RGB image will
            # be (1,1,1).  But, we don't support per band pixel types,
            # and anything more than one band is a uint8. So, just
            # take the first element. Revisit this if adding support
            # for more exotic images.
            sampleFormat = (1,)

        bps_tuple = self.tag_v2.get(BITSPERSAMPLE, (1,))
        extra_tuple = self.tag_v2.get(EXTRASAMPLES, ())
        if photo in (2, 6, 8):  # RGB, YCbCr, LAB
            bps_count = 3
        elif photo == 5:  # CMYK
            bps_count = 4
        else:
            bps_count = 1
        bps_count += len(extra_tuple)
        # Some files have only one value in bps_tuple,
        # while should have more. Fix it
        if bps_count > len(bps_tuple) and len(bps_tuple) == 1:
            bps_tuple = bps_tuple * bps_count

        samplesPerPixel = self.tag_v2.get(
            SAMPLESPERPIXEL,
            3 if self._compression == "tiff_jpeg" and photo in (2, 6) else 1,
        )
        if len(bps_tuple) != samplesPerPixel:
            raise SyntaxError("unknown data organization")

        # mode: check photometric interpretation and bits per pixel
        key = (
            self.tag_v2.prefix,
            photo,
            sampleFormat,
            fillorder,
            bps_tuple,
            extra_tuple,
        )
        logger.debug(f"format key: {key}")
        try:
            self.mode, rawmode = OPEN_INFO[key]
        except KeyError as e:
            logger.debug("- unsupported format")
            raise SyntaxError("unknown pixel mode") from e

        logger.debug(f"- raw mode: {rawmode}")
        logger.debug(f"- pil mode: {self.mode}")

        self.info["compression"] = self._compression

        xres = self.tag_v2.get(X_RESOLUTION, 1)
        yres = self.tag_v2.get(Y_RESOLUTION, 1)

        if xres and yres:
            resunit = self.tag_v2.get(RESOLUTION_UNIT)
            if resunit == 2:  # dots per inch
                self.info["dpi"] = (xres, yres)
            elif resunit == 3:  # dots per centimeter. convert to dpi
                self.info["dpi"] = (xres * 2.54, yres * 2.54)
            elif resunit is None:  # used to default to 1, but now 2)
                self.info["dpi"] = (xres, yres)
                # For backward compatibility,
                # we also preserve the old behavior
                self.info["resolution"] = xres, yres
            else:  # No absolute unit of measurement
                self.info["resolution"] = xres, yres

        # build tile descriptors
        x = y = layer = 0
        self.tile = []
        self.use_load_libtiff = READ_LIBTIFF or self._compression != "raw"
        if self.use_load_libtiff:
            # Decoder expects entire file as one tile.
            # There's a buffer size limit in load (64k)
            # so large g4 images will fail if we use that
            # function.
            #
            # Setup the one tile for the whole image, then
            # use the _load_libtiff function.

            # libtiff handles the fillmode for us, so 1;IR should
            # actually be 1;I. Including the R double reverses the
            # bits, so stripes of the image are reversed.  See
            # https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/279
            if fillorder == 2:
                # Replace fillorder with fillorder=1
                key = key[:3] + (1,) + key[4:]
                logger.debug(f"format key: {key}")
                # this should always work, since all the
                # fillorder==2 modes have a corresponding
                # fillorder=1 mode
                self.mode, rawmode = OPEN_INFO[key]
            # libtiff always returns the bytes in native order.
            # we're expecting image byte order. So, if the rawmode
            # contains I;16, we need to convert from native to image
            # byte order.
            if rawmode == "I;16":
                rawmode = "I;16N"
            if ";16B" in rawmode:
                rawmode = rawmode.replace(";16B", ";16N")
            if ";16L" in rawmode:
                rawmode = rawmode.replace(";16L", ";16N")

            # YCbCr images with new jpeg compression with pixels in one plane
            # unpacked straight into RGB values
            if (
                photo == 6
                and self._compression == "jpeg"
                and self._planar_configuration == 1
            ):
                rawmode = "RGB"

            # Offset in the tile tuple is 0, we go from 0,0 to
            # w,h, and we only do this once -- eds
            a = (rawmode, self._compression, False, self.tag_v2.offset)
            self.tile.append(("libtiff", (0, 0, xsize, ysize), 0, a))

        elif STRIPOFFSETS in self.tag_v2 or TILEOFFSETS in self.tag_v2:
            # striped image
            if STRIPOFFSETS in self.tag_v2:
                offsets = self.tag_v2[STRIPOFFSETS]
                h = self.tag_v2.get(ROWSPERSTRIP, ysize)
                w = self.size[0]
            else:
                # tiled image
                offsets = self.tag_v2[TILEOFFSETS]
                w = self.tag_v2.get(322)
                h = self.tag_v2.get(323)

            for offset in offsets:
                if x + w > xsize:
                    stride = w * sum(bps_tuple) / 8  # bytes per line
                else:
                    stride = 0

                tile_rawmode = rawmode
                if self._planar_configuration == 2:
                    # each band on it's own layer
                    tile_rawmode = rawmode[layer]
                    # adjust stride width accordingly
                    stride /= bps_count

                a = (tile_rawmode, int(stride), 1)
                self.tile.append(
                    (
                        self._compression,
                        (x, y, min(x + w, xsize), min(y + h, ysize)),
                        offset,
                        a,
                    )
                )
                x = x + w
                if x >= self.size[0]:
                    x, y = 0, y + h
                    if y >= self.size[1]:
                        x = y = 0
                        layer += 1
        else:
            logger.debug("- unsupported data organization")
            raise SyntaxError("unknown data organization")

        # Fix up info.
        if ICCPROFILE in self.tag_v2:
            self.info["icc_profile"] = self.tag_v2[ICCPROFILE]

        # fixup palette descriptor

        if self.mode in ["P", "PA"]:
            palette = [o8(b // 256) for b in self.tag_v2[COLORMAP]]
            self.palette = ImagePalette.raw("RGB;L", b"".join(palette))

        self._tile_orientation = self.tag_v2.get(0x0112)

    def _close__fp(self):
        try:
            if self.__fp != self.fp:
                self.__fp.close()
        except AttributeError:
            pass
        finally:
            self.__fp = None


#
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
# Write TIFF files

# little endian is default except for image modes with
# explicit big endian byte-order

SAVE_INFO = {
    # mode => rawmode, byteorder, photometrics,
    #           sampleformat, bitspersample, extra
    "1": ("1", II, 1, 1, (1,), None),
    "L": ("L", II, 1, 1, (8,), None),
    "LA": ("LA", II, 1, 1, (8, 8), 2),
    "P": ("P", II, 3, 1, (8,), None),
    "PA": ("PA", II, 3, 1, (8, 8), 2),
    "I": ("I;32S", II, 1, 2, (32,), None),
    "I;16": ("I;16", II, 1, 1, (16,), None),
    "I;16S": ("I;16S", II, 1, 2, (16,), None),
    "F": ("F;32F", II, 1, 3, (32,), None),
    "RGB": ("RGB", II, 2, 1, (8, 8, 8), None),
    "RGBX": ("RGBX", II, 2, 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), 0),
    "RGBA": ("RGBA", II, 2, 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), 2),
    "CMYK": ("CMYK", II, 5, 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), None),
    "YCbCr": ("YCbCr", II, 6, 1, (8, 8, 8), None),
    "LAB": ("LAB", II, 8, 1, (8, 8, 8), None),
    "I;32BS": ("I;32BS", MM, 1, 2, (32,), None),
    "I;16B": ("I;16B", MM, 1, 1, (16,), None),
    "I;16BS": ("I;16BS", MM, 1, 2, (16,), None),
    "F;32BF": ("F;32BF", MM, 1, 3, (32,), None),
}


def _save(im, fp, filename):

    try:
        rawmode, prefix, photo, format, bits, extra = SAVE_INFO[im.mode]
    except KeyError as e:
        raise OSError(f"cannot write mode {im.mode} as TIFF") from e

    ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(prefix=prefix)

    compression = im.encoderinfo.get("compression", im.info.get("compression"))
    if compression is None:
        compression = "raw"
    elif compression == "tiff_jpeg":
        # OJPEG is obsolete, so use new-style JPEG compression instead
        compression = "jpeg"
    elif compression == "tiff_deflate":
        compression = "tiff_adobe_deflate"

    libtiff = WRITE_LIBTIFF or compression != "raw"

    # required for color libtiff images
    ifd[PLANAR_CONFIGURATION] = getattr(im, "_planar_configuration", 1)

    ifd[IMAGEWIDTH] = im.size[0]
    ifd[IMAGELENGTH] = im.size[1]

    # write any arbitrary tags passed in as an ImageFileDirectory
    info = im.encoderinfo.get("tiffinfo", {})
    logger.debug("Tiffinfo Keys: %s" % list(info))
    if isinstance(info, ImageFileDirectory_v1):
        info = info.to_v2()
    for key in info:
        ifd[key] = info.get(key)
        try:
            ifd.tagtype[key] = info.tagtype[key]
        except Exception:
            pass  # might not be an IFD. Might not have populated type

    # additions written by Greg Couch, gregc@cgl.ucsf.edu
    # inspired by image-sig posting from Kevin Cazabon, kcazabon@home.com
    if hasattr(im, "tag_v2"):
        # preserve tags from original TIFF image file
        for key in (
            RESOLUTION_UNIT,
            X_RESOLUTION,
            Y_RESOLUTION,
            IPTC_NAA_CHUNK,
            PHOTOSHOP_CHUNK,
            XMP,
        ):
            if key in im.tag_v2:
                ifd[key] = im.tag_v2[key]
                ifd.tagtype[key] = im.tag_v2.tagtype[key]

    # preserve ICC profile (should also work when saving other formats
    # which support profiles as TIFF) -- 2008-06-06 Florian Hoech
    icc = im.encoderinfo.get("icc_profile", im.info.get("icc_profile"))
    if icc:
        ifd[ICCPROFILE] = icc

    for key, name in [
        (IMAGEDESCRIPTION, "description"),
        (X_RESOLUTION, "resolution"),
        (Y_RESOLUTION, "resolution"),
        (X_RESOLUTION, "x_resolution"),
        (Y_RESOLUTION, "y_resolution"),
        (RESOLUTION_UNIT, "resolution_unit"),
        (SOFTWARE, "software"),
        (DATE_TIME, "date_time"),
        (ARTIST, "artist"),
        (COPYRIGHT, "copyright"),
    ]:
        if name in im.encoderinfo:
            ifd[key] = im.encoderinfo[name]

    dpi = im.encoderinfo.get("dpi")
    if dpi:
        ifd[RESOLUTION_UNIT] = 2
        ifd[X_RESOLUTION] = dpi[0]
        ifd[Y_RESOLUTION] = dpi[1]

    if bits != (1,):
        ifd[BITSPERSAMPLE] = bits
        if len(bits) != 1:
            ifd[SAMPLESPERPIXEL] = len(bits)
    if extra is not None:
        ifd[EXTRASAMPLES] = extra
    if format != 1:
        ifd[SAMPLEFORMAT] = format

    ifd[PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION] = photo

    if im.mode in ["P", "PA"]:
        lut = im.im.getpalette("RGB", "RGB;L")
        ifd[COLORMAP] = tuple(v * 256 for v in lut)
    # data orientation
    stride = len(bits) * ((im.size[0] * bits[0] + 7) // 8)
    ifd[ROWSPERSTRIP] = im.size[1]
    strip_byte_counts = stride * im.size[1]
    if strip_byte_counts >= 2 ** 16:
        ifd.tagtype[STRIPBYTECOUNTS] = TiffTags.LONG
    ifd[STRIPBYTECOUNTS] = strip_byte_counts
    ifd[STRIPOFFSETS] = 0  # this is adjusted by IFD writer
    # no compression by default:
    ifd[COMPRESSION] = COMPRESSION_INFO_REV.get(compression, 1)

    if libtiff:
        if "quality" in im.encoderinfo:
            quality = im.encoderinfo["quality"]
            if not isinstance(quality, int) or quality < 0 or quality > 100:
                raise ValueError("Invalid quality setting")
            if compression != "jpeg":
                raise ValueError(
                    "quality setting only supported for 'jpeg' compression"
                )
            ifd[JPEGQUALITY] = quality

        logger.debug("Saving using libtiff encoder")
        logger.debug("Items: %s" % sorted(ifd.items()))
        _fp = 0
        if hasattr(fp, "fileno"):
            try:
                fp.seek(0)
                _fp = os.dup(fp.fileno())
            except io.UnsupportedOperation:
                pass

        # optional types for non core tags
        types = {}
        # SAMPLEFORMAT is determined by the image format and should not be copied
        # from legacy_ifd.
        # STRIPOFFSETS and STRIPBYTECOUNTS are added by the library
        # based on the data in the strip.
        # The other tags expect arrays with a certain length (fixed or depending on
        # BITSPERSAMPLE, etc), passing arrays with a different length will result in
        # segfaults. Block these tags until we add extra validation.
        # SUBIFD may also cause a segfault.
        blocklist = [
            REFERENCEBLACKWHITE,
            SAMPLEFORMAT,
            STRIPBYTECOUNTS,
            STRIPOFFSETS,
            TRANSFERFUNCTION,
            SUBIFD,
        ]

        atts = {}
        # bits per sample is a single short in the tiff directory, not a list.
        atts[BITSPERSAMPLE] = bits[0]
        # Merge the ones that we have with (optional) more bits from
        # the original file, e.g x,y resolution so that we can
        # save(load('')) == original file.
        legacy_ifd = {}
        if hasattr(im, "tag"):
            legacy_ifd = im.tag.to_v2()
        for tag, value in itertools.chain(
            ifd.items(), getattr(im, "tag_v2", {}).items(), legacy_ifd.items()
        ):
            # Libtiff can only process certain core items without adding
            # them to the custom dictionary.
            # Custom items are supported for int, float, unicode, string and byte
            # values. Other types and tuples require a tagtype.
            if tag not in TiffTags.LIBTIFF_CORE:
                if not Image.core.libtiff_support_custom_tags:
                    continue

                if tag in ifd.tagtype:
                    types[tag] = ifd.tagtype[tag]
                elif not (isinstance(value, (int, float, str, bytes))):
                    continue
                else:
                    type = TiffTags.lookup(tag).type
                    if type:
                        types[tag] = type
            if tag not in atts and tag not in blocklist:
                if isinstance(value, str):
                    atts[tag] = value.encode("ascii", "replace") + b"\0"
                elif isinstance(value, IFDRational):
                    atts[tag] = float(value)
                else:
                    atts[tag] = value

        logger.debug("Converted items: %s" % sorted(atts.items()))

        # libtiff always expects the bytes in native order.
        # we're storing image byte order. So, if the rawmode
        # contains I;16, we need to convert from native to image
        # byte order.
        if im.mode in ("I;16B", "I;16"):
            rawmode = "I;16N"

        # Pass tags as sorted list so that the tags are set in a fixed order.
        # This is required by libtiff for some tags. For example, the JPEGQUALITY
        # pseudo tag requires that the COMPRESS tag was already set.
        tags = list(atts.items())
        tags.sort()
        a = (rawmode, compression, _fp, filename, tags, types)
        e = Image._getencoder(im.mode, "libtiff", a, im.encoderconfig)
        e.setimage(im.im, (0, 0) + im.size)
        while True:
            # undone, change to self.decodermaxblock:
            l, s, d = e.encode(16 * 1024)
            if not _fp:
                fp.write(d)
            if s:
                break
        if s < 0:
            raise OSError(f"encoder error {s} when writing image file")

    else:
        offset = ifd.save(fp)

        ImageFile._save(
            im, fp, [("raw", (0, 0) + im.size, offset, (rawmode, stride, 1))]
        )

    # -- helper for multi-page save --
    if "_debug_multipage" in im.encoderinfo:
        # just to access o32 and o16 (using correct byte order)
        im._debug_multipage = ifd


class AppendingTiffWriter:
    fieldSizes = [
        0,  # None
        1,  # byte
        1,  # ascii
        2,  # short
        4,  # long
        8,  # rational
        1,  # sbyte
        1,  # undefined
        2,  # sshort
        4,  # slong
        8,  # srational
        4,  # float
        8,  # double
    ]

    #    StripOffsets = 273
    #    FreeOffsets = 288
    #    TileOffsets = 324
    #    JPEGQTables = 519
    #    JPEGDCTables = 520
    #    JPEGACTables = 521
    Tags = {273, 288, 324, 519, 520, 521}

    def __init__(self, fn, new=False):
        if hasattr(fn, "read"):
            self.f = fn
            self.close_fp = False
        else:
            self.name = fn
            self.close_fp = True
            try:
                self.f = open(fn, "w+b" if new else "r+b")
            except OSError:
                self.f = open(fn, "w+b")
        self.beginning = self.f.tell()
        self.setup()

    def setup(self):
        # Reset everything.
        self.f.seek(self.beginning, os.SEEK_SET)

        self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset = None
        self.offsetOfNewPage = 0

        self.IIMM = IIMM = self.f.read(4)
        if not IIMM:
            # empty file - first page
            self.isFirst = True
            return

        self.isFirst = False
        if IIMM == b"II\x2a\x00":
            self.setEndian("<")
        elif IIMM == b"MM\x00\x2a":
            self.setEndian(">")
        else:
            raise RuntimeError("Invalid TIFF file header")

        self.skipIFDs()
        self.goToEnd()

    def finalize(self):
        if self.isFirst:
            return

        # fix offsets
        self.f.seek(self.offsetOfNewPage)

        IIMM = self.f.read(4)
        if not IIMM:
            # raise RuntimeError("nothing written into new page")
            # Make it easy to finish a frame without committing to a new one.
            return

        if IIMM != self.IIMM:
            raise RuntimeError("IIMM of new page doesn't match IIMM of first page")

        IFDoffset = self.readLong()
        IFDoffset += self.offsetOfNewPage
        self.f.seek(self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset)
        self.writeLong(IFDoffset)
        self.f.seek(IFDoffset)
        self.fixIFD()

    def newFrame(self):
        # Call this to finish a frame.
        self.finalize()
        self.setup()

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        if self.close_fp:
            self.close()
        return False

    def tell(self):
        return self.f.tell() - self.offsetOfNewPage

    def seek(self, offset, whence=io.SEEK_SET):
        if whence == os.SEEK_SET:
            offset += self.offsetOfNewPage

        self.f.seek(offset, whence)
        return self.tell()

    def goToEnd(self):
        self.f.seek(0, os.SEEK_END)
        pos = self.f.tell()

        # pad to 16 byte boundary
        padBytes = 16 - pos % 16
        if 0 < padBytes < 16:
            self.f.write(bytes(padBytes))
        self.offsetOfNewPage = self.f.tell()

    def setEndian(self, endian):
        self.endian = endian
        self.longFmt = self.endian + "L"
        self.shortFmt = self.endian + "H"
        self.tagFormat = self.endian + "HHL"

    def skipIFDs(self):
        while True:
            IFDoffset = self.readLong()
            if IFDoffset == 0:
                self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset = self.f.tell() - 4
                break

            self.f.seek(IFDoffset)
            numTags = self.readShort()
            self.f.seek(numTags * 12, os.SEEK_CUR)

    def write(self, data):
        return self.f.write(data)

    def readShort(self):
        (value,) = struct.unpack(self.shortFmt, self.f.read(2))
        return value

    def readLong(self):
        (value,) = struct.unpack(self.longFmt, self.f.read(4))
        return value

    def rewriteLastShortToLong(self, value):
        self.f.seek(-2, os.SEEK_CUR)
        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.longFmt, value))
        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 4:
            raise RuntimeError(f"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 4")

    def rewriteLastShort(self, value):
        self.f.seek(-2, os.SEEK_CUR)
        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.shortFmt, value))
        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 2:
            raise RuntimeError(f"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 2")

    def rewriteLastLong(self, value):
        self.f.seek(-4, os.SEEK_CUR)
        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.longFmt, value))
        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 4:
            raise RuntimeError(f"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 4")

    def writeShort(self, value):
        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.shortFmt, value))
        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 2:
            raise RuntimeError(f"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 2")

    def writeLong(self, value):
        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.longFmt, value))
        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 4:
            raise RuntimeError(f"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 4")

    def close(self):
        self.finalize()
        self.f.close()

    def fixIFD(self):
        numTags = self.readShort()

        for i in range(numTags):
            tag, fieldType, count = struct.unpack(self.tagFormat, self.f.read(8))

            fieldSize = self.fieldSizes[fieldType]
            totalSize = fieldSize * count
            isLocal = totalSize <= 4
            if not isLocal:
                offset = self.readLong()
                offset += self.offsetOfNewPage
                self.rewriteLastLong(offset)

            if tag in self.Tags:
                curPos = self.f.tell()

                if isLocal:
                    self.fixOffsets(
                        count, isShort=(fieldSize == 2), isLong=(fieldSize == 4)
                    )
                    self.f.seek(curPos + 4)
                else:
                    self.f.seek(offset)
                    self.fixOffsets(
                        count, isShort=(fieldSize == 2), isLong=(fieldSize == 4)
                    )
                    self.f.seek(curPos)

                offset = curPos = None

            elif isLocal:
                # skip the locally stored value that is not an offset
                self.f.seek(4, os.SEEK_CUR)

    def fixOffsets(self, count, isShort=False, isLong=False):
        if not isShort and not isLong:
            raise RuntimeError("offset is neither short nor long")

        for i in range(count):
            offset = self.readShort() if isShort else self.readLong()
            offset += self.offsetOfNewPage
            if isShort and offset >= 65536:
                # offset is now too large - we must convert shorts to longs
                if count != 1:
                    raise RuntimeError("not implemented")  # XXX TODO

                # simple case - the offset is just one and therefore it is
                # local (not referenced with another offset)
                self.rewriteLastShortToLong(offset)
                self.f.seek(-10, os.SEEK_CUR)
                self.writeShort(TiffTags.LONG)  # rewrite the type to LONG
                self.f.seek(8, os.SEEK_CUR)
            elif isShort:
                self.rewriteLastShort(offset)
            else:
                self.rewriteLastLong(offset)


def _save_all(im, fp, filename):
    encoderinfo = im.encoderinfo.copy()
    encoderconfig = im.encoderconfig
    append_images = list(encoderinfo.get("append_images", []))
    if not hasattr(im, "n_frames") and not append_images:
        return _save(im, fp, filename)

    cur_idx = im.tell()
    try:
        with AppendingTiffWriter(fp) as tf:
            for ims in [im] + append_images:
                ims.encoderinfo = encoderinfo
                ims.encoderconfig = encoderconfig
                if not hasattr(ims, "n_frames"):
                    nfr = 1
                else:
                    nfr = ims.n_frames

                for idx in range(nfr):
                    ims.seek(idx)
                    ims.load()
                    _save(ims, tf, filename)
                    tf.newFrame()
    finally:
        im.seek(cur_idx)


#
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
# Register

Image.register_open(TiffImageFile.format, TiffImageFile, _accept)
Image.register_save(TiffImageFile.format, _save)
Image.register_save_all(TiffImageFile.format, _save_all)

Image.register_extensions(TiffImageFile.format, [".tif", ".tiff"])

Image.register_mime(TiffImageFile.format, "image/tiff")

```
--- END FILE ---

Please first localize the bug based on the issue statement, and then generate *SEARCH/REPLACE* edits to fix the issue.

Every *SEARCH/REPLACE* edit must use this format:
1. The file path
2. The start of search block: <<<<<<< SEARCH
3. A contiguous chunk of lines to search for in the existing source code
4. The dividing line: =======
5. The lines to replace into the source code
6. The end of the replace block: >>>>>>> REPLACE

Here is an example:

```python
### mathweb/flask/app.py
<<<<<<< SEARCH
from flask import Flask
=======
import math
from flask import Flask
>>>>>>> REPLACE
```
</solution>

Please note that the *SEARCH/REPLACE* edit REQUIRES PROPER INDENTATION. If you would like to add the line '        print(x)', you must fully write that out, with all those spaces before the code!
Wrap each *SEARCH/REPLACE* edit in a code block as shown in the example above. If you have multiple *SEARCH/REPLACE* edits, use a separate code block for each one.
[ISSUE]
**Title:** UnboundLocalError When Saving Image with Empty EXIF IFD

**Description:**
When attempting to save an image with an empty EXIF Image File Directory (IFD), the operation fails with an error. This issue arises when the EXIF IFD is explicitly set to an empty dictionary before saving the image.

**Example Code:**
```python
def test_empty_subifd(tmp_path):
    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.jpg")

    im = hopper()
    exif = im.getexif()
    exif[TiffImagePlugin.EXIFIFD] = {}
    im.save(out, exif=exif)

    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
        exif = reloaded.getexif()
        assert exif.get_ifd(TiffImagePlugin.EXIFIFD) == {}
```

**Expected Behavior:**
Saving an image with an empty EXIF IFD should complete successfully. Upon reloading the image, the EXIF IFD should remain empty, indicating that no metadata was lost or corrupted during the save process.

**Actual Behavior:**
The save operation fails with the following error:
```
UnboundLocalError: local variable 'values' referenced before assignment
```
This error prevents the image from being saved correctly when the EXIF IFD is empty.

[/ISSUE]
{
    "\u001b[1mtest_rt_metadata\u001b[0m": "PASSED",
    "\u001b[1mtest_read_metadata\u001b[0m": "PASSED",
    "\u001b[1mtest_write_metadata\u001b[0m": "PASSED",
    "\u001b[1mtest_change_stripbytecounts_tag_type\u001b[0m": "PASSED",
    "\u001b[1mtest_no_duplicate_50741_tag\u001b[0m": "PASSED",
    "\u001b[1mtest_iptc\u001b[0m": "PASSED",
    "\u001b[1mtest_undefined_zero\u001b[0m": "PASSED",
    "\u001b[1mtest_empty_metadata\u001b[0m": "PASSED",
    "\u001b[1mtest_iccprofile\u001b[0m": "PASSED",
    "\u001b[1mtest_iccprofile_binary\u001b[0m": "PASSED",
    "\u001b[1mtest_iccprofile_save_png\u001b[0m": "PASSED",
    "\u001b[1mtest_iccprofile_binary_save_png\u001b[0m": "PASSED",
    "\u001b[1mtest_exif_div_zero\u001b[0m": "PASSED",
    "\u001b[1mtest_ifd_unsigned_rational\u001b[0m": "PASSED",
    "\u001b[1mtest_ifd_signed_rational\u001b[0m": "PASSED",
    "\u001b[1mtest_ifd_signed_long\u001b[0m": "PASSED",
    "\u001b[1mtest_empty_values\u001b[0m": "PASSED",
    "\u001b[1mtest_PhotoshopInfo\u001b[0m": "PASSED",
    "\u001b[1mtest_too_many_entries\u001b[0m": "PASSED",
    "\u001b[1mtest_tag_group_data\u001b[0m": "PASSED",
    "\u001b[1mtest_empty_subifd\u001b[0m": "PASSED"
}
diff --git a/src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py
index 699eb33e0..46798871e 100644
--- a/src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py
@@ -830,7 +830,8 @@ class ImageFileDirectory_v2(MutableMapping):
                 else:
                     ifh = b"MM\x00\x2A\x00\x00\x00\x08"
                 ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(ifh, group=tag)
-                for ifd_tag, ifd_value in self._tags_v2[tag].items():
+                values = self._tags_v2[tag]
+                for ifd_tag, ifd_value in values.items():
                     ifd[ifd_tag] = ifd_value
                 data = ifd.tobytes(offset)
             else:
 

{"src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py": "#\n# The Python Imaging Library.\n# $Id$\n#\n# TIFF file handling\n#\n# TIFF is a flexible, if somewhat aged, image file format originally\n# defined by Aldus.  Although TIFF supports a wide variety of pixel\n# layouts and compression methods, the name doesn't really stand for\n# \"thousands of incompatible file formats,\" it just feels that way.\n#\n# To read TIFF data from a stream, the stream must be seekable.  For\n# progressive decoding, make sure to use TIFF files where the tag\n# directory is placed first in the file.\n#\n# History:\n# 1995-09-01 fl   Created\n# 1996-05-04 fl   Handle JPEGTABLES tag\n# 1996-05-18 fl   Fixed COLORMAP support\n# 1997-01-05 fl   Fixed PREDICTOR support\n# 1997-08-27 fl   Added support for rational tags (from Perry Stoll)\n# 1998-01-10 fl   Fixed seek/tell (from Jan Blom)\n# 1998-07-15 fl   Use private names for internal variables\n# 1999-06-13 fl   Rewritten for PIL 1.0 (1.0)\n# 2000-10-11 fl   Additional fixes for Python 2.0 (1.1)\n# 2001-04-17 fl   Fixed rewind support (seek to frame 0) (1.2)\n# 2001-05-12 fl   Added write support for more tags (from Greg Couch) (1.3)\n# 2001-12-18 fl   Added workaround for broken Matrox library\n# 2002-01-18 fl   Don't mess up if photometric tag is missing (D. Alan Stewart)\n# 2003-05-19 fl   Check FILLORDER tag\n# 2003-09-26 fl   Added RGBa support\n# 2004-02-24 fl   Added DPI support; fixed rational write support\n# 2005-02-07 fl   Added workaround for broken Corel Draw 10 files\n# 2006-01-09 fl   Added support for float/double tags (from Russell Nelson)\n#\n# Copyright (c) 1997-2006 by Secret Labs AB.  All rights reserved.\n# Copyright (c) 1995-1997 by Fredrik Lundh\n#\n# See the README file for information on usage and redistribution.\n#\nimport io\nimport itertools\nimport logging\nimport os\nimport struct\nimport warnings\nfrom collections.abc import MutableMapping\nfrom fractions import Fraction\nfrom numbers import Number, Rational\n\nfrom . import Image, ImageFile, ImagePalette, TiffTags\nfrom ._binary import o8\nfrom .TiffTags import TYPES\n\nlogger = logging.getLogger(__name__)\n\n# Set these to true to force use of libtiff for reading or writing.\nREAD_LIBTIFF = False\nWRITE_LIBTIFF = False\nIFD_LEGACY_API = True\n\nII = b\"II\"  # little-endian (Intel style)\nMM = b\"MM\"  # big-endian (Motorola style)\n\n#\n# --------------------------------------------------------------------\n# Read TIFF files\n\n# a few tag names, just to make the code below a bit more readable\nIMAGEWIDTH = 256\nIMAGELENGTH = 257\nBITSPERSAMPLE = 258\nCOMPRESSION = 259\nPHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION = 262\nFILLORDER = 266\nIMAGEDESCRIPTION = 270\nSTRIPOFFSETS = 273\nSAMPLESPERPIXEL = 277\nROWSPERSTRIP = 278\nSTRIPBYTECOUNTS = 279\nX_RESOLUTION = 282\nY_RESOLUTION = 283\nPLANAR_CONFIGURATION = 284\nRESOLUTION_UNIT = 296\nTRANSFERFUNCTION = 301\nSOFTWARE = 305\nDATE_TIME = 306\nARTIST = 315\nPREDICTOR = 317\nCOLORMAP = 320\nTILEOFFSETS = 324\nSUBIFD = 330\nEXTRASAMPLES = 338\nSAMPLEFORMAT = 339\nJPEGTABLES = 347\nREFERENCEBLACKWHITE = 532\nCOPYRIGHT = 33432\nIPTC_NAA_CHUNK = 33723  # newsphoto properties\nPHOTOSHOP_CHUNK = 34377  # photoshop properties\nICCPROFILE = 34675\nEXIFIFD = 34665\nXMP = 700\nJPEGQUALITY = 65537  # pseudo-tag by libtiff\n\n# https://github.com/imagej/ImageJA/blob/master/src/main/java/ij/io/TiffDecoder.java\nIMAGEJ_META_DATA_BYTE_COUNTS = 50838\nIMAGEJ_META_DATA = 50839\n\nCOMPRESSION_INFO = {\n    # Compression => pil compression name\n    1: \"raw\",\n    2: \"tiff_ccitt\",\n    3: \"group3\",\n    4: \"group4\",\n    5: \"tiff_lzw\",\n    6: \"tiff_jpeg\",  # obsolete\n    7: \"jpeg\",\n    8: \"tiff_adobe_deflate\",\n    32771: \"tiff_raw_16\",  # 16-bit padding\n    32773: \"packbits\",\n    32809: \"tiff_thunderscan\",\n    32946: \"tiff_deflate\",\n    34676: \"tiff_sgilog\",\n    34677: \"tiff_sgilog24\",\n    34925: \"lzma\",\n    50000: \"zstd\",\n    50001: \"webp\",\n}\n\nCOMPRESSION_INFO_REV = {v: k for k, v in COMPRESSION_INFO.items()}\n\nOPEN_INFO = {\n    # (ByteOrder, PhotoInterpretation, SampleFormat, FillOrder, BitsPerSample,\n    #  ExtraSamples) => mode, rawmode\n    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1;I\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1;I\"),\n    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1;IR\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1;IR\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1;R\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): (\"1\", \"1;R\"),\n    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2I\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2I\"),\n    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2IR\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2IR\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2R\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;2R\"),\n    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4I\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4I\"),\n    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4IR\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4IR\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4R\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;4R\"),\n    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;I\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;I\"),\n    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;IR\"),\n    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;IR\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;R\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): (\"L\", \"L;R\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (12,), ()): (\"I;16\", \"I;12\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (16,), ()): (\"I;16\", \"I;16\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (16,), ()): (\"I;16B\", \"I;16B\"),\n    (II, 1, (2,), 1, (16,), ()): (\"I\", \"I;16S\"),\n    (MM, 1, (2,), 1, (16,), ()): (\"I\", \"I;16BS\"),\n    (II, 0, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): (\"F\", \"F;32F\"),\n    (MM, 0, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): (\"F\", \"F;32BF\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (32,), ()): (\"I\", \"I;32N\"),\n    (II, 1, (2,), 1, (32,), ()): (\"I\", \"I;32S\"),\n    (MM, 1, (2,), 1, (32,), ()): (\"I\", \"I;32BS\"),\n    (II, 1, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): (\"F\", \"F;32F\"),\n    (MM, 1, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): (\"F\", \"F;32BF\"),\n    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): (\"LA\", \"LA\"),\n    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): (\"LA\", \"LA\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGB\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGB\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 2, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGB;R\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 2, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGB;R\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA\"),  # missing ExtraSamples\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA\"),  # missing ExtraSamples\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBX\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBX\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBXX\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBXX\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0, 0)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBXXX\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0, 0)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBXXX\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (1,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBa\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (1,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBa\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBaX\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBaX\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBaXX\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBaXX\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (2,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (2,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBAX\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBAX\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBAXX\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0, 0)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBAXX\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (999,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA\"),  # Corel Draw 10\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (999,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA\"),  # Corel Draw 10\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGB;16L\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGB;16B\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), ()): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA;16L\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), ()): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA;16B\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (0,)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBX;16L\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (0,)): (\"RGBX\", \"RGBX;16B\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (1,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBa;16L\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (1,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBa;16B\"),\n    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (2,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA;16L\"),\n    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (2,)): (\"RGBA\", \"RGBA;16B\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;1\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;1\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;1R\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;1R\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;2\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;2\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;2R\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;2R\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;4\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;4\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;4R\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;4R\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): (\"P\", \"P\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): (\"P\", \"P\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): (\"PA\", \"PA\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): (\"PA\", \"PA\"),\n    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;R\"),\n    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): (\"P\", \"P;R\"),\n    (II, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): (\"CMYK\", \"CMYK\"),\n    (MM, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): (\"CMYK\", \"CMYK\"),\n    (II, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): (\"CMYK\", \"CMYKX\"),\n    (MM, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): (\"CMYK\", \"CMYKX\"),\n    (II, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): (\"CMYK\", \"CMYKXX\"),\n    (MM, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): (\"CMYK\", \"CMYKXX\"),\n    (II, 5, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), ()): (\"CMYK\", \"CMYK;16L\"),\n    # JPEG compressed images handled by LibTiff and auto-converted to RGBX\n    # Minimal Baseline TIFF requires YCbCr images to have 3 SamplesPerPixel\n    (II, 6, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGBX\"),\n    (MM, 6, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"RGB\", \"RGBX\"),\n    (II, 8, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"LAB\", \"LAB\"),\n    (MM, 8, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): (\"LAB\", \"LAB\"),\n}\n\nPREFIXES = [\n    b\"MM\\x00\\x2A\",  # Valid TIFF header with big-endian byte order\n    b\"II\\x2A\\x00\",  # Valid TIFF header with little-endian byte order\n    b\"MM\\x2A\\x00\",  # Invalid TIFF header, assume big-endian\n    b\"II\\x00\\x2A\",  # Invalid TIFF header, assume little-endian\n]\n\n\ndef _accept(prefix):\n    return prefix[:4] in PREFIXES\n\n\ndef _limit_rational(val, max_val):\n    inv = abs(val) > 1\n    n_d = IFDRational(1 / val if inv else val).limit_rational(max_val)\n    return n_d[::-1] if inv else n_d\n\n\ndef _limit_signed_rational(val, max_val, min_val):\n    frac = Fraction(val)\n    n_d = frac.numerator, frac.denominator\n\n    if min(n_d) < min_val:\n        n_d = _limit_rational(val, abs(min_val))\n\n    if max(n_d) > max_val:\n        val = Fraction(*n_d)\n        n_d = _limit_rational(val, max_val)\n\n    return n_d\n\n\n##\n# Wrapper for TIFF IFDs.\n\n_load_dispatch = {}\n_write_dispatch = {}\n\n\nclass IFDRational(Rational):\n    \"\"\"Implements a rational class where 0/0 is a legal value to match\n    the in the wild use of exif rationals.\n\n    e.g., DigitalZoomRatio - 0.00/0.00  indicates that no digital zoom was used\n    \"\"\"\n\n    \"\"\" If the denominator is 0, store this as a float('nan'), otherwise store\n    as a fractions.Fraction(). Delegate as appropriate\n\n    \"\"\"\n\n    __slots__ = (\"_numerator\", \"_denominator\", \"_val\")\n\n    def __init__(self, value, denominator=1):\n        \"\"\"\n        :param value: either an integer numerator, a\n        float/rational/other number, or an IFDRational\n        :param denominator: Optional integer denominator\n        \"\"\"\n        if isinstance(value, IFDRational):\n            self._numerator = value.numerator\n            self._denominator = value.denominator\n            self._val = value._val\n            return\n\n        if isinstance(value, Fraction):\n            self._numerator = value.numerator\n            self._denominator = value.denominator\n        else:\n            self._numerator = value\n            self._denominator = denominator\n\n        if denominator == 0:\n            self._val = float(\"nan\")\n        elif denominator == 1:\n            self._val = Fraction(value)\n        else:\n            self._val = Fraction(value, denominator)\n\n    @property\n    def numerator(a):\n        return a._numerator\n\n    @property\n    def denominator(a):\n        return a._denominator\n\n    def limit_rational(self, max_denominator):\n        \"\"\"\n\n        :param max_denominator: Integer, the maximum denominator value\n        :returns: Tuple of (numerator, denominator)\n        \"\"\"\n\n        if self.denominator == 0:\n            return (self.numerator, self.denominator)\n\n        f = self._val.limit_denominator(max_denominator)\n        return (f.numerator, f.denominator)\n\n    def __repr__(self):\n        return str(float(self._val))\n\n    def __hash__(self):\n        return self._val.__hash__()\n\n    def __eq__(self, other):\n        if isinstance(other, IFDRational):\n            other = other._val\n        return self._val == other\n\n    def __getstate__(self):\n        return [self._val, self._numerator, self._denominator]\n\n    def __setstate__(self, state):\n        IFDRational.__init__(self, 0)\n        _val, _numerator, _denominator = state\n        self._val = _val\n        self._numerator = _numerator\n        self._denominator = _denominator\n\n    def _delegate(op):\n        def delegate(self, *args):\n            return getattr(self._val, op)(*args)\n\n        return delegate\n\n    \"\"\" a = ['add','radd', 'sub', 'rsub', 'mul', 'rmul',\n             'truediv', 'rtruediv', 'floordiv', 'rfloordiv',\n             'mod','rmod', 'pow','rpow', 'pos', 'neg',\n             'abs', 'trunc', 'lt', 'gt', 'le', 'ge', 'bool',\n             'ceil', 'floor', 'round']\n        print(\"\\n\".join(\"__%s__ = _delegate('__%s__')\" % (s,s) for s in a))\n        \"\"\"\n\n    __add__ = _delegate(\"__add__\")\n    __radd__ = _delegate(\"__radd__\")\n    __sub__ = _delegate(\"__sub__\")\n    __rsub__ = _delegate(\"__rsub__\")\n    __mul__ = _delegate(\"__mul__\")\n    __rmul__ = _delegate(\"__rmul__\")\n    __truediv__ = _delegate(\"__truediv__\")\n    __rtruediv__ = _delegate(\"__rtruediv__\")\n    __floordiv__ = _delegate(\"__floordiv__\")\n    __rfloordiv__ = _delegate(\"__rfloordiv__\")\n    __mod__ = _delegate(\"__mod__\")\n    __rmod__ = _delegate(\"__rmod__\")\n    __pow__ = _delegate(\"__pow__\")\n    __rpow__ = _delegate(\"__rpow__\")\n    __pos__ = _delegate(\"__pos__\")\n    __neg__ = _delegate(\"__neg__\")\n    __abs__ = _delegate(\"__abs__\")\n    __trunc__ = _delegate(\"__trunc__\")\n    __lt__ = _delegate(\"__lt__\")\n    __gt__ = _delegate(\"__gt__\")\n    __le__ = _delegate(\"__le__\")\n    __ge__ = _delegate(\"__ge__\")\n    __bool__ = _delegate(\"__bool__\")\n    __ceil__ = _delegate(\"__ceil__\")\n    __floor__ = _delegate(\"__floor__\")\n    __round__ = _delegate(\"__round__\")\n\n\nclass ImageFileDirectory_v2(MutableMapping):\n    \"\"\"This class represents a TIFF tag directory.  To speed things up, we\n    don't decode tags unless they're asked for.\n\n    Exposes a dictionary interface of the tags in the directory::\n\n        ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2()\n        ifd[key] = 'Some Data'\n        ifd.tagtype[key] = TiffTags.ASCII\n        print(ifd[key])\n        'Some Data'\n\n    Individual values are returned as the strings or numbers, sequences are\n    returned as tuples of the values.\n\n    The tiff metadata type of each item is stored in a dictionary of\n    tag types in\n    :attr:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2.tagtype`. The types\n    are read from a tiff file, guessed from the type added, or added\n    manually.\n\n    Data Structures:\n\n        * self.tagtype = {}\n\n          * Key: numerical tiff tag number\n          * Value: integer corresponding to the data type from\n                   ~PIL.TiffTags.TYPES`\n\n    .. versionadded:: 3.0.0\n    \"\"\"\n\n    \"\"\"\n    Documentation:\n\n        'internal' data structures:\n        * self._tags_v2 = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number\n                             Value: decoded data, as tuple for multiple values\n        * self._tagdata = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number\n                             Value: undecoded byte string from file\n        * self._tags_v1 = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number\n                             Value: decoded data in the v1 format\n\n    Tags will be found in the private attributes self._tagdata, and in\n    self._tags_v2 once decoded.\n\n    self.legacy_api is a value for internal use, and shouldn't be\n    changed from outside code. In cooperation with the\n    ImageFileDirectory_v1 class, if legacy_api is true, then decoded\n    tags will be populated into both _tags_v1 and _tags_v2. _tags_v2\n    will be used if this IFD is used in the TIFF save routine. Tags\n    should be read from _tags_v1 if legacy_api == true.\n\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def __init__(self, ifh=b\"II\\052\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\", prefix=None, group=None):\n        \"\"\"Initialize an ImageFileDirectory.\n\n        To construct an ImageFileDirectory from a real file, pass the 8-byte\n        magic header to the constructor.  To only set the endianness, pass it\n        as the 'prefix' keyword argument.\n\n        :param ifh: One of the accepted magic headers (cf. PREFIXES); also sets\n              endianness.\n        :param prefix: Override the endianness of the file.\n        \"\"\"\n        if ifh[:4] not in PREFIXES:\n            raise SyntaxError(f\"not a TIFF file (header {repr(ifh)} not valid)\")\n        self._prefix = prefix if prefix is not None else ifh[:2]\n        if self._prefix == MM:\n            self._endian = \">\"\n        elif self._prefix == II:\n            self._endian = \"<\"\n        else:\n            raise SyntaxError(\"not a TIFF IFD\")\n        self.group = group\n        self.tagtype = {}\n        \"\"\" Dictionary of tag types \"\"\"\n        self.reset()\n        (self.next,) = self._unpack(\"L\", ifh[4:])\n        self._legacy_api = False\n\n    prefix = property(lambda self: self._prefix)\n    offset = property(lambda self: self._offset)\n    legacy_api = property(lambda self: self._legacy_api)\n\n    @legacy_api.setter\n    def legacy_api(self, value):\n        raise Exception(\"Not allowing setting of legacy api\")\n\n    def reset(self):\n        self._tags_v1 = {}  # will remain empty if legacy_api is false\n        self._tags_v2 = {}  # main tag storage\n        self._tagdata = {}\n        self.tagtype = {}  # added 2008-06-05 by Florian Hoech\n        self._next = None\n        self._offset = None\n\n    def __str__(self):\n        return str(dict(self))\n\n    def named(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        :returns: dict of name|key: value\n\n        Returns the complete tag dictionary, with named tags where possible.\n        \"\"\"\n        return {\n            TiffTags.lookup(code, self.group).name: value\n            for code, value in self.items()\n        }\n\n    def __len__(self):\n        return len(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v2))\n\n    def __getitem__(self, tag):\n        if tag not in self._tags_v2:  # unpack on the fly\n            data = self._tagdata[tag]\n            typ = self.tagtype[tag]\n            size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]\n            self[tag] = handler(self, data, self.legacy_api)  # check type\n        val = self._tags_v2[tag]\n        if self.legacy_api and not isinstance(val, (tuple, bytes)):\n            val = (val,)\n        return val\n\n    def __contains__(self, tag):\n        return tag in self._tags_v2 or tag in self._tagdata\n\n    def __setitem__(self, tag, value):\n        self._setitem(tag, value, self.legacy_api)\n\n    def _setitem(self, tag, value, legacy_api):\n        basetypes = (Number, bytes, str)\n\n        info = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group)\n        values = [value] if isinstance(value, basetypes) else value\n\n        if tag not in self.tagtype:\n            if info.type:\n                self.tagtype[tag] = info.type\n            else:\n                self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.UNDEFINED\n                if all(isinstance(v, IFDRational) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = (\n                        TiffTags.RATIONAL\n                        if all(v >= 0 for v in values)\n                        else TiffTags.SIGNED_RATIONAL\n                    )\n                elif all(isinstance(v, int) for v in values):\n                    if all(0 <= v < 2 ** 16 for v in values):\n                        self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.SHORT\n                    elif all(-(2 ** 15) < v < 2 ** 15 for v in values):\n                        self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.SIGNED_SHORT\n                    else:\n                        self.tagtype[tag] = (\n                            TiffTags.LONG\n                            if all(v >= 0 for v in values)\n                            else TiffTags.SIGNED_LONG\n                        )\n                elif all(isinstance(v, float) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.DOUBLE\n                elif all(isinstance(v, str) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.ASCII\n                elif all(isinstance(v, bytes) for v in values):\n                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.BYTE\n\n        if self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.UNDEFINED:\n            values = [\n                v.encode(\"ascii\", \"replace\") if isinstance(v, str) else v\n                for v in values\n            ]\n        elif self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.RATIONAL:\n            values = [float(v) if isinstance(v, int) else v for v in values]\n\n        is_ifd = self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.LONG and isinstance(values, dict)\n        if not is_ifd:\n            values = tuple(info.cvt_enum(value) for value in values)\n\n        dest = self._tags_v1 if legacy_api else self._tags_v2\n\n        # Three branches:\n        # Spec'd length == 1, Actual length 1, store as element\n        # Spec'd length == 1, Actual > 1, Warn and truncate. Formerly barfed.\n        # No Spec, Actual length 1, Formerly (<4.2) returned a 1 element tuple.\n        # Don't mess with the legacy api, since it's frozen.\n        if not is_ifd and (\n            (info.length == 1)\n            or self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.BYTE\n            or (info.length is None and len(values) == 1 and not legacy_api)\n        ):\n            # Don't mess with the legacy api, since it's frozen.\n            if legacy_api and self.tagtype[tag] in [\n                TiffTags.RATIONAL,\n                TiffTags.SIGNED_RATIONAL,\n            ]:  # rationals\n                values = (values,)\n            try:\n                (dest[tag],) = values\n            except ValueError:\n                # We've got a builtin tag with 1 expected entry\n                warnings.warn(\n                    f\"Metadata Warning, tag {tag} had too many entries: \"\n                    f\"{len(values)}, expected 1\"\n                )\n                dest[tag] = values[0]\n\n        else:\n            # Spec'd length > 1 or undefined\n            # Unspec'd, and length > 1\n            dest[tag] = values\n\n    def __delitem__(self, tag):\n        self._tags_v2.pop(tag, None)\n        self._tags_v1.pop(tag, None)\n        self._tagdata.pop(tag, None)\n\n    def __iter__(self):\n        return iter(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v2))\n\n    def _unpack(self, fmt, data):\n        return struct.unpack(self._endian + fmt, data)\n\n    def _pack(self, fmt, *values):\n        return struct.pack(self._endian + fmt, *values)\n\n    def _register_loader(idx, size):\n        def decorator(func):\n            from .TiffTags import TYPES\n\n            if func.__name__.startswith(\"load_\"):\n                TYPES[idx] = func.__name__[5:].replace(\"_\", \" \")\n            _load_dispatch[idx] = size, func  # noqa: F821\n            return func\n\n        return decorator\n\n    def _register_writer(idx):\n        def decorator(func):\n            _write_dispatch[idx] = func  # noqa: F821\n            return func\n\n        return decorator\n\n    def _register_basic(idx_fmt_name):\n        from .TiffTags import TYPES\n\n        idx, fmt, name = idx_fmt_name\n        TYPES[idx] = name\n        size = struct.calcsize(\"=\" + fmt)\n        _load_dispatch[idx] = (  # noqa: F821\n            size,\n            lambda self, data, legacy_api=True: (\n                self._unpack(\"{}{}\".format(len(data) // size, fmt), data)\n            ),\n        )\n        _write_dispatch[idx] = lambda self, *values: (  # noqa: F821\n            b\"\".join(self._pack(fmt, value) for value in values)\n        )\n\n    list(\n        map(\n            _register_basic,\n            [\n                (TiffTags.SHORT, \"H\", \"short\"),\n                (TiffTags.LONG, \"L\", \"long\"),\n                (TiffTags.SIGNED_BYTE, \"b\", \"signed byte\"),\n                (TiffTags.SIGNED_SHORT, \"h\", \"signed short\"),\n                (TiffTags.SIGNED_LONG, \"l\", \"signed long\"),\n                (TiffTags.FLOAT, \"f\", \"float\"),\n                (TiffTags.DOUBLE, \"d\", \"double\"),\n                (TiffTags.IFD, \"L\", \"long\"),\n            ],\n        )\n    )\n\n    @_register_loader(1, 1)  # Basic type, except for the legacy API.\n    def load_byte(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        return data\n\n    @_register_writer(1)  # Basic type, except for the legacy API.\n    def write_byte(self, data):\n        return data\n\n    @_register_loader(2, 1)\n    def load_string(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        if data.endswith(b\"\\0\"):\n            data = data[:-1]\n        return data.decode(\"latin-1\", \"replace\")\n\n    @_register_writer(2)\n    def write_string(self, value):\n        # remerge of https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/1416\n        return b\"\" + value.encode(\"ascii\", \"replace\") + b\"\\0\"\n\n    @_register_loader(5, 8)\n    def load_rational(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        vals = self._unpack(\"{}L\".format(len(data) // 4), data)\n\n        def combine(a, b):\n            return (a, b) if legacy_api else IFDRational(a, b)\n\n        return tuple(combine(num, denom) for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))\n\n    @_register_writer(5)\n    def write_rational(self, *values):\n        return b\"\".join(\n            self._pack(\"2L\", *_limit_rational(frac, 2 ** 32 - 1)) for frac in values\n        )\n\n    @_register_loader(7, 1)\n    def load_undefined(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        return data\n\n    @_register_writer(7)\n    def write_undefined(self, value):\n        return value\n\n    @_register_loader(10, 8)\n    def load_signed_rational(self, data, legacy_api=True):\n        vals = self._unpack(\"{}l\".format(len(data) // 4), data)\n\n        def combine(a, b):\n            return (a, b) if legacy_api else IFDRational(a, b)\n\n        return tuple(combine(num, denom) for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))\n\n    @_register_writer(10)\n    def write_signed_rational(self, *values):\n        return b\"\".join(\n            self._pack(\"2l\", *_limit_signed_rational(frac, 2 ** 31 - 1, -(2 ** 31)))\n            for frac in values\n        )\n\n    def _ensure_read(self, fp, size):\n        ret = fp.read(size)\n        if len(ret) != size:\n            raise OSError(\n                \"Corrupt EXIF data.  \"\n                f\"Expecting to read {size} bytes but only got {len(ret)}. \"\n            )\n        return ret\n\n    def load(self, fp):\n\n        self.reset()\n        self._offset = fp.tell()\n\n        try:\n            for i in range(self._unpack(\"H\", self._ensure_read(fp, 2))[0]):\n                tag, typ, count, data = self._unpack(\"HHL4s\", self._ensure_read(fp, 12))\n\n                tagname = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group).name\n                typname = TYPES.get(typ, \"unknown\")\n                msg = f\"tag: {tagname} ({tag}) - type: {typname} ({typ})\"\n\n                try:\n                    unit_size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]\n                except KeyError:\n                    logger.debug(msg + f\" - unsupported type {typ}\")\n                    continue  # ignore unsupported type\n                size = count * unit_size\n                if size > 4:\n                    here = fp.tell()\n                    (offset,) = self._unpack(\"L\", data)\n                    msg += f\" Tag Location: {here} - Data Location: {offset}\"\n                    fp.seek(offset)\n                    data = ImageFile._safe_read(fp, size)\n                    fp.seek(here)\n                else:\n                    data = data[:size]\n\n                if len(data) != size:\n                    warnings.warn(\n                        \"Possibly corrupt EXIF data.  \"\n                        f\"Expecting to read {size} bytes but only got {len(data)}.\"\n                        f\" Skipping tag {tag}\"\n                    )\n                    logger.debug(msg)\n                    continue\n\n                if not data:\n                    logger.debug(msg)\n                    continue\n\n                self._tagdata[tag] = data\n                self.tagtype[tag] = typ\n\n                msg += \" - value: \" + (\n                    \"<table: %d bytes>\" % size if size > 32 else repr(data)\n                )\n                logger.debug(msg)\n\n            (self.next,) = self._unpack(\"L\", self._ensure_read(fp, 4))\n        except OSError as msg:\n            warnings.warn(str(msg))\n            return\n\n    def tobytes(self, offset=0):\n        # FIXME What about tagdata?\n        result = self._pack(\"H\", len(self._tags_v2))\n\n        entries = []\n        offset = offset + len(result) + len(self._tags_v2) * 12 + 4\n        stripoffsets = None\n\n        # pass 1: convert tags to binary format\n        # always write tags in ascending order\n        for tag, value in sorted(self._tags_v2.items()):\n            if tag == STRIPOFFSETS:\n                stripoffsets = len(entries)\n            typ = self.tagtype.get(tag)\n            logger.debug(f\"Tag {tag}, Type: {typ}, Value: {repr(value)}\")\n            is_ifd = typ == TiffTags.LONG and isinstance(value, dict)\n            if is_ifd:\n                if self._endian == \"<\":\n                    ifh = b\"II\\x2A\\x00\\x08\\x00\\x00\\x00\"\n                else:\n                    ifh = b\"MM\\x00\\x2A\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x08\"\n                ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(ifh, group=tag)\n                for ifd_tag, ifd_value in self._tags_v2[tag].items():\n                    ifd[ifd_tag] = ifd_value\n                data = ifd.tobytes(offset)\n            else:\n                values = value if isinstance(value, tuple) else (value,)\n                data = self._write_dispatch[typ](self, *values)\n\n            tagname = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group).name\n            typname = \"ifd\" if is_ifd else TYPES.get(typ, \"unknown\")\n            msg = f\"save: {tagname} ({tag}) - type: {typname} ({typ})\"\n            msg += \" - value: \" + (\n                \"<table: %d bytes>\" % len(data) if len(data) >= 16 else str(values)\n            )\n            logger.debug(msg)\n\n            # count is sum of lengths for string and arbitrary data\n            if is_ifd:\n                count = 1\n            elif typ in [TiffTags.BYTE, TiffTags.ASCII, TiffTags.UNDEFINED]:\n                count = len(data)\n            else:\n                count = len(values)\n            # figure out if data fits into the entry\n            if len(data) <= 4:\n                entries.append((tag, typ, count, data.ljust(4, b\"\\0\"), b\"\"))\n            else:\n                entries.append((tag, typ, count, self._pack(\"L\", offset), data))\n                offset += (len(data) + 1) // 2 * 2  # pad to word\n\n        # update strip offset data to point beyond auxiliary data\n        if stripoffsets is not None:\n            tag, typ, count, value, data = entries[stripoffsets]\n            if data:\n                raise NotImplementedError(\"multistrip support not yet implemented\")\n            value = self._pack(\"L\", self._unpack(\"L\", value)[0] + offset)\n            entries[stripoffsets] = tag, typ, count, value, data\n\n        # pass 2: write entries to file\n        for tag, typ, count, value, data in entries:\n            logger.debug(f\"{tag} {typ} {count} {repr(value)} {repr(data)}\")\n            result += self._pack(\"HHL4s\", tag, typ, count, value)\n\n        # -- overwrite here for multi-page --\n        result += b\"\\0\\0\\0\\0\"  # end of entries\n\n        # pass 3: write auxiliary data to file\n        for tag, typ, count, value, data in entries:\n            result += data\n            if len(data) & 1:\n                result += b\"\\0\"\n\n        return result\n\n    def save(self, fp):\n\n        if fp.tell() == 0:  # skip TIFF header on subsequent pages\n            # tiff header -- PIL always starts the first IFD at offset 8\n            fp.write(self._prefix + self._pack(\"HL\", 42, 8))\n\n        offset = fp.tell()\n        result = self.tobytes(offset)\n        fp.write(result)\n        return offset + len(result)\n\n\nImageFileDirectory_v2._load_dispatch = _load_dispatch\nImageFileDirectory_v2._write_dispatch = _write_dispatch\nfor idx, name in TYPES.items():\n    name = name.replace(\" \", \"_\")\n    setattr(ImageFileDirectory_v2, \"load_\" + name, _load_dispatch[idx][1])\n    setattr(ImageFileDirectory_v2, \"write_\" + name, _write_dispatch[idx])\ndel _load_dispatch, _write_dispatch, idx, name\n\n\n# Legacy ImageFileDirectory support.\nclass ImageFileDirectory_v1(ImageFileDirectory_v2):\n    \"\"\"This class represents the **legacy** interface to a TIFF tag directory.\n\n    Exposes a dictionary interface of the tags in the directory::\n\n        ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v1()\n        ifd[key] = 'Some Data'\n        ifd.tagtype[key] = TiffTags.ASCII\n        print(ifd[key])\n        ('Some Data',)\n\n    Also contains a dictionary of tag types as read from the tiff image file,\n    :attr:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1.tagtype`.\n\n    Values are returned as a tuple.\n\n    ..  deprecated:: 3.0.0\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)\n        self._legacy_api = True\n\n    tags = property(lambda self: self._tags_v1)\n    tagdata = property(lambda self: self._tagdata)\n\n    # defined in ImageFileDirectory_v2\n    tagtype: dict\n    \"\"\"Dictionary of tag types\"\"\"\n\n    @classmethod\n    def from_v2(cls, original):\n        \"\"\"Returns an\n        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`\n        instance with the same data as is contained in the original\n        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2`\n        instance.\n\n        :returns: :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`\n\n        \"\"\"\n\n        ifd = cls(prefix=original.prefix)\n        ifd._tagdata = original._tagdata\n        ifd.tagtype = original.tagtype\n        ifd.next = original.next  # an indicator for multipage tiffs\n        return ifd\n\n    def to_v2(self):\n        \"\"\"Returns an\n        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2`\n        instance with the same data as is contained in the original\n        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`\n        instance.\n\n        :returns: :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2`\n\n        \"\"\"\n\n        ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(prefix=self.prefix)\n        ifd._tagdata = dict(self._tagdata)\n        ifd.tagtype = dict(self.tagtype)\n        ifd._tags_v2 = dict(self._tags_v2)\n        return ifd\n\n    def __contains__(self, tag):\n        return tag in self._tags_v1 or tag in self._tagdata\n\n    def __len__(self):\n        return len(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v1))\n\n    def __iter__(self):\n        return iter(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v1))\n\n    def __setitem__(self, tag, value):\n        for legacy_api in (False, True):\n            self._setitem(tag, value, legacy_api)\n\n    def __getitem__(self, tag):\n        if tag not in self._tags_v1:  # unpack on the fly\n            data = self._tagdata[tag]\n            typ = self.tagtype[tag]\n            size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]\n            for legacy in (False, True):\n                self._setitem(tag, handler(self, data, legacy), legacy)\n        val = self._tags_v1[tag]\n        if not isinstance(val, (tuple, bytes)):\n            val = (val,)\n        return val\n\n\n# undone -- switch this pointer when IFD_LEGACY_API == False\nImageFileDirectory = ImageFileDirectory_v1\n\n\n##\n# Image plugin for TIFF files.\n\n\nclass TiffImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):\n\n    format = \"TIFF\"\n    format_description = \"Adobe TIFF\"\n    _close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = False\n\n    def __init__(self, fp=None, filename=None):\n        self.tag_v2 = None\n        \"\"\" Image file directory (tag dictionary) \"\"\"\n\n        self.tag = None\n        \"\"\" Legacy tag entries \"\"\"\n\n        super().__init__(fp, filename)\n\n    def _open(self):\n        \"\"\"Open the first image in a TIFF file\"\"\"\n\n        # Header\n        ifh = self.fp.read(8)\n\n        self.tag_v2 = ImageFileDirectory_v2(ifh)\n\n        # legacy IFD entries will be filled in later\n        self.ifd = None\n\n        # setup frame pointers\n        self.__first = self.__next = self.tag_v2.next\n        self.__frame = -1\n        self.__fp = self.fp\n        self._frame_pos = []\n        self._n_frames = None\n\n        logger.debug(\"*** TiffImageFile._open ***\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- __first: {self.__first}\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- ifh: {repr(ifh)}\")  # Use repr to avoid str(bytes)\n\n        # and load the first frame\n        self._seek(0)\n\n    @property\n    def n_frames(self):\n        if self._n_frames is None:\n            current = self.tell()\n            self._seek(len(self._frame_pos))\n            while self._n_frames is None:\n                self._seek(self.tell() + 1)\n            self.seek(current)\n        return self._n_frames\n\n    def seek(self, frame):\n        \"\"\"Select a given frame as current image\"\"\"\n        if not self._seek_check(frame):\n            return\n        self._seek(frame)\n        # Create a new core image object on second and\n        # subsequent frames in the image. Image may be\n        # different size/mode.\n        Image._decompression_bomb_check(self.size)\n        self.im = Image.core.new(self.mode, self.size)\n\n    def _seek(self, frame):\n        self.fp = self.__fp\n\n        # reset buffered io handle in case fp\n        # was passed to libtiff, invalidating the buffer\n        self.fp.tell()\n\n        while len(self._frame_pos) <= frame:\n            if not self.__next:\n                raise EOFError(\"no more images in TIFF file\")\n            logger.debug(\n                f\"Seeking to frame {frame}, on frame {self.__frame}, \"\n                f\"__next {self.__next}, location: {self.fp.tell()}\"\n            )\n            self.fp.seek(self.__next)\n            self._frame_pos.append(self.__next)\n            logger.debug(\"Loading tags, location: %s\" % self.fp.tell())\n            self.tag_v2.load(self.fp)\n            if self.tag_v2.next in self._frame_pos:\n                # This IFD has already been processed\n                # Declare this to be the end of the image\n                self.__next = 0\n            else:\n                self.__next = self.tag_v2.next\n            if self.__next == 0:\n                self._n_frames = frame + 1\n            if len(self._frame_pos) == 1:\n                self.is_animated = self.__next != 0\n            self.__frame += 1\n        self.fp.seek(self._frame_pos[frame])\n        self.tag_v2.load(self.fp)\n        # fill the legacy tag/ifd entries\n        self.tag = self.ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v1.from_v2(self.tag_v2)\n        self.__frame = frame\n        self._setup()\n\n    def tell(self):\n        \"\"\"Return the current frame number\"\"\"\n        return self.__frame\n\n    def load(self):\n        if self.tile and self.use_load_libtiff:\n            return self._load_libtiff()\n        return super().load()\n\n    def load_end(self):\n        if self._tile_orientation:\n            method = {\n                2: Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT,\n                3: Image.ROTATE_180,\n                4: Image.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM,\n                5: Image.TRANSPOSE,\n                6: Image.ROTATE_270,\n                7: Image.TRANSVERSE,\n                8: Image.ROTATE_90,\n            }.get(self._tile_orientation)\n            if method is not None:\n                self.im = self.im.transpose(method)\n                self._size = self.im.size\n\n        # allow closing if we're on the first frame, there's no next\n        # This is the ImageFile.load path only, libtiff specific below.\n        if not self.is_animated:\n            self._close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = True\n\n    def _load_libtiff(self):\n        \"\"\"Overload method triggered when we detect a compressed tiff\n        Calls out to libtiff\"\"\"\n\n        Image.Image.load(self)\n\n        self.load_prepare()\n\n        if not len(self.tile) == 1:\n            raise OSError(\"Not exactly one tile\")\n\n        # (self._compression, (extents tuple),\n        #   0, (rawmode, self._compression, fp))\n        extents = self.tile[0][1]\n        args = list(self.tile[0][3])\n\n        # To be nice on memory footprint, if there's a\n        # file descriptor, use that instead of reading\n        # into a string in python.\n        # libtiff closes the file descriptor, so pass in a dup.\n        try:\n            fp = hasattr(self.fp, \"fileno\") and os.dup(self.fp.fileno())\n            # flush the file descriptor, prevents error on pypy 2.4+\n            # should also eliminate the need for fp.tell\n            # in _seek\n            if hasattr(self.fp, \"flush\"):\n                self.fp.flush()\n        except OSError:\n            # io.BytesIO have a fileno, but returns an OSError if\n            # it doesn't use a file descriptor.\n            fp = False\n\n        if fp:\n            args[2] = fp\n\n        decoder = Image._getdecoder(\n            self.mode, \"libtiff\", tuple(args), self.decoderconfig\n        )\n        try:\n            decoder.setimage(self.im, extents)\n        except ValueError as e:\n            raise OSError(\"Couldn't set the image\") from e\n\n        close_self_fp = self._exclusive_fp and not self.is_animated\n        if hasattr(self.fp, \"getvalue\"):\n            # We've got a stringio like thing passed in. Yay for all in memory.\n            # The decoder needs the entire file in one shot, so there's not\n            # a lot we can do here other than give it the entire file.\n            # unless we could do something like get the address of the\n            # underlying string for stringio.\n            #\n            # Rearranging for supporting byteio items, since they have a fileno\n            # that returns an OSError if there's no underlying fp. Easier to\n            # deal with here by reordering.\n            logger.debug(\"have getvalue. just sending in a string from getvalue\")\n            n, err = decoder.decode(self.fp.getvalue())\n        elif fp:\n            # we've got a actual file on disk, pass in the fp.\n            logger.debug(\"have fileno, calling fileno version of the decoder.\")\n            if not close_self_fp:\n                self.fp.seek(0)\n            # 4 bytes, otherwise the trace might error out\n            n, err = decoder.decode(b\"fpfp\")\n        else:\n            # we have something else.\n            logger.debug(\"don't have fileno or getvalue. just reading\")\n            self.fp.seek(0)\n            # UNDONE -- so much for that buffer size thing.\n            n, err = decoder.decode(self.fp.read())\n\n        self.tile = []\n        self.readonly = 0\n\n        self.load_end()\n\n        # libtiff closed the fp in a, we need to close self.fp, if possible\n        if close_self_fp:\n            self.fp.close()\n            self.fp = None  # might be shared\n\n        if err < 0:\n            raise OSError(err)\n\n        return Image.Image.load(self)\n\n    def _setup(self):\n        \"\"\"Setup this image object based on current tags\"\"\"\n\n        if 0xBC01 in self.tag_v2:\n            raise OSError(\"Windows Media Photo files not yet supported\")\n\n        # extract relevant tags\n        self._compression = COMPRESSION_INFO[self.tag_v2.get(COMPRESSION, 1)]\n        self._planar_configuration = self.tag_v2.get(PLANAR_CONFIGURATION, 1)\n\n        # photometric is a required tag, but not everyone is reading\n        # the specification\n        photo = self.tag_v2.get(PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION, 0)\n\n        # old style jpeg compression images most certainly are YCbCr\n        if self._compression == \"tiff_jpeg\":\n            photo = 6\n\n        fillorder = self.tag_v2.get(FILLORDER, 1)\n\n        logger.debug(\"*** Summary ***\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- compression: {self._compression}\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- photometric_interpretation: {photo}\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- planar_configuration: {self._planar_configuration}\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- fill_order: {fillorder}\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- YCbCr subsampling: {self.tag.get(530)}\")\n\n        # size\n        xsize = int(self.tag_v2.get(IMAGEWIDTH))\n        ysize = int(self.tag_v2.get(IMAGELENGTH))\n        self._size = xsize, ysize\n\n        logger.debug(f\"- size: {self.size}\")\n\n        sampleFormat = self.tag_v2.get(SAMPLEFORMAT, (1,))\n        if len(sampleFormat) > 1 and max(sampleFormat) == min(sampleFormat) == 1:\n            # SAMPLEFORMAT is properly per band, so an RGB image will\n            # be (1,1,1).  But, we don't support per band pixel types,\n            # and anything more than one band is a uint8. So, just\n            # take the first element. Revisit this if adding support\n            # for more exotic images.\n            sampleFormat = (1,)\n\n        bps_tuple = self.tag_v2.get(BITSPERSAMPLE, (1,))\n        extra_tuple = self.tag_v2.get(EXTRASAMPLES, ())\n        if photo in (2, 6, 8):  # RGB, YCbCr, LAB\n            bps_count = 3\n        elif photo == 5:  # CMYK\n            bps_count = 4\n        else:\n            bps_count = 1\n        bps_count += len(extra_tuple)\n        # Some files have only one value in bps_tuple,\n        # while should have more. Fix it\n        if bps_count > len(bps_tuple) and len(bps_tuple) == 1:\n            bps_tuple = bps_tuple * bps_count\n\n        samplesPerPixel = self.tag_v2.get(\n            SAMPLESPERPIXEL,\n            3 if self._compression == \"tiff_jpeg\" and photo in (2, 6) else 1,\n        )\n        if len(bps_tuple) != samplesPerPixel:\n            raise SyntaxError(\"unknown data organization\")\n\n        # mode: check photometric interpretation and bits per pixel\n        key = (\n            self.tag_v2.prefix,\n            photo,\n            sampleFormat,\n            fillorder,\n            bps_tuple,\n            extra_tuple,\n        )\n        logger.debug(f\"format key: {key}\")\n        try:\n            self.mode, rawmode = OPEN_INFO[key]\n        except KeyError as e:\n            logger.debug(\"- unsupported format\")\n            raise SyntaxError(\"unknown pixel mode\") from e\n\n        logger.debug(f\"- raw mode: {rawmode}\")\n        logger.debug(f\"- pil mode: {self.mode}\")\n\n        self.info[\"compression\"] = self._compression\n\n        xres = self.tag_v2.get(X_RESOLUTION, 1)\n        yres = self.tag_v2.get(Y_RESOLUTION, 1)\n\n        if xres and yres:\n            resunit = self.tag_v2.get(RESOLUTION_UNIT)\n            if resunit == 2:  # dots per inch\n                self.info[\"dpi\"] = (xres, yres)\n            elif resunit == 3:  # dots per centimeter. convert to dpi\n                self.info[\"dpi\"] = (xres * 2.54, yres * 2.54)\n            elif resunit is None:  # used to default to 1, but now 2)\n                self.info[\"dpi\"] = (xres, yres)\n                # For backward compatibility,\n                # we also preserve the old behavior\n                self.info[\"resolution\"] = xres, yres\n            else:  # No absolute unit of measurement\n                self.info[\"resolution\"] = xres, yres\n\n        # build tile descriptors\n        x = y = layer = 0\n        self.tile = []\n        self.use_load_libtiff = READ_LIBTIFF or self._compression != \"raw\"\n        if self.use_load_libtiff:\n            # Decoder expects entire file as one tile.\n            # There's a buffer size limit in load (64k)\n            # so large g4 images will fail if we use that\n            # function.\n            #\n            # Setup the one tile for the whole image, then\n            # use the _load_libtiff function.\n\n            # libtiff handles the fillmode for us, so 1;IR should\n            # actually be 1;I. Including the R double reverses the\n            # bits, so stripes of the image are reversed.  See\n            # https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/279\n            if fillorder == 2:\n                # Replace fillorder with fillorder=1\n                key = key[:3] + (1,) + key[4:]\n                logger.debug(f\"format key: {key}\")\n                # this should always work, since all the\n                # fillorder==2 modes have a corresponding\n                # fillorder=1 mode\n                self.mode, rawmode = OPEN_INFO[key]\n            # libtiff always returns the bytes in native order.\n            # we're expecting image byte order. So, if the rawmode\n            # contains I;16, we need to convert from native to image\n            # byte order.\n            if rawmode == \"I;16\":\n                rawmode = \"I;16N\"\n            if \";16B\" in rawmode:\n                rawmode = rawmode.replace(\";16B\", \";16N\")\n            if \";16L\" in rawmode:\n                rawmode = rawmode.replace(\";16L\", \";16N\")\n\n            # YCbCr images with new jpeg compression with pixels in one plane\n            # unpacked straight into RGB values\n            if (\n                photo == 6\n                and self._compression == \"jpeg\"\n                and self._planar_configuration == 1\n            ):\n                rawmode = \"RGB\"\n\n            # Offset in the tile tuple is 0, we go from 0,0 to\n            # w,h, and we only do this once -- eds\n            a = (rawmode, self._compression, False, self.tag_v2.offset)\n            self.tile.append((\"libtiff\", (0, 0, xsize, ysize), 0, a))\n\n        elif STRIPOFFSETS in self.tag_v2 or TILEOFFSETS in self.tag_v2:\n            # striped image\n            if STRIPOFFSETS in self.tag_v2:\n                offsets = self.tag_v2[STRIPOFFSETS]\n                h = self.tag_v2.get(ROWSPERSTRIP, ysize)\n                w = self.size[0]\n            else:\n                # tiled image\n                offsets = self.tag_v2[TILEOFFSETS]\n                w = self.tag_v2.get(322)\n                h = self.tag_v2.get(323)\n\n            for offset in offsets:\n                if x + w > xsize:\n                    stride = w * sum(bps_tuple) / 8  # bytes per line\n                else:\n                    stride = 0\n\n                tile_rawmode = rawmode\n                if self._planar_configuration == 2:\n                    # each band on it's own layer\n                    tile_rawmode = rawmode[layer]\n                    # adjust stride width accordingly\n                    stride /= bps_count\n\n                a = (tile_rawmode, int(stride), 1)\n                self.tile.append(\n                    (\n                        self._compression,\n                        (x, y, min(x + w, xsize), min(y + h, ysize)),\n                        offset,\n                        a,\n                    )\n                )\n                x = x + w\n                if x >= self.size[0]:\n                    x, y = 0, y + h\n                    if y >= self.size[1]:\n                        x = y = 0\n                        layer += 1\n        else:\n            logger.debug(\"- unsupported data organization\")\n            raise SyntaxError(\"unknown data organization\")\n\n        # Fix up info.\n        if ICCPROFILE in self.tag_v2:\n            self.info[\"icc_profile\"] = self.tag_v2[ICCPROFILE]\n\n        # fixup palette descriptor\n\n        if self.mode in [\"P\", \"PA\"]:\n            palette = [o8(b // 256) for b in self.tag_v2[COLORMAP]]\n            self.palette = ImagePalette.raw(\"RGB;L\", b\"\".join(palette))\n\n        self._tile_orientation = self.tag_v2.get(0x0112)\n\n    def _close__fp(self):\n        try:\n            if self.__fp != self.fp:\n                self.__fp.close()\n        except AttributeError:\n            pass\n        finally:\n            self.__fp = None\n\n\n#\n# --------------------------------------------------------------------\n# Write TIFF files\n\n# little endian is default except for image modes with\n# explicit big endian byte-order\n\nSAVE_INFO = {\n    # mode => rawmode, byteorder, photometrics,\n    #           sampleformat, bitspersample, extra\n    \"1\": (\"1\", II, 1, 1, (1,), None),\n    \"L\": (\"L\", II, 1, 1, (8,), None),\n    \"LA\": (\"LA\", II, 1, 1, (8, 8), 2),\n    \"P\": (\"P\", II, 3, 1, (8,), None),\n    \"PA\": (\"PA\", II, 3, 1, (8, 8), 2),\n    \"I\": (\"I;32S\", II, 1, 2, (32,), None),\n    \"I;16\": (\"I;16\", II, 1, 1, (16,), None),\n    \"I;16S\": (\"I;16S\", II, 1, 2, (16,), None),\n    \"F\": (\"F;32F\", II, 1, 3, (32,), None),\n    \"RGB\": (\"RGB\", II, 2, 1, (8, 8, 8), None),\n    \"RGBX\": (\"RGBX\", II, 2, 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), 0),\n    \"RGBA\": (\"RGBA\", II, 2, 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), 2),\n    \"CMYK\": (\"CMYK\", II, 5, 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), None),\n    \"YCbCr\": (\"YCbCr\", II, 6, 1, (8, 8, 8), None),\n    \"LAB\": (\"LAB\", II, 8, 1, (8, 8, 8), None),\n    \"I;32BS\": (\"I;32BS\", MM, 1, 2, (32,), None),\n    \"I;16B\": (\"I;16B\", MM, 1, 1, (16,), None),\n    \"I;16BS\": (\"I;16BS\", MM, 1, 2, (16,), None),\n    \"F;32BF\": (\"F;32BF\", MM, 1, 3, (32,), None),\n}\n\n\ndef _save(im, fp, filename):\n\n    try:\n        rawmode, prefix, photo, format, bits, extra = SAVE_INFO[im.mode]\n    except KeyError as e:\n        raise OSError(f\"cannot write mode {im.mode} as TIFF\") from e\n\n    ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(prefix=prefix)\n\n    compression = im.encoderinfo.get(\"compression\", im.info.get(\"compression\"))\n    if compression is None:\n        compression = \"raw\"\n    elif compression == \"tiff_jpeg\":\n        # OJPEG is obsolete, so use new-style JPEG compression instead\n        compression = \"jpeg\"\n    elif compression == \"tiff_deflate\":\n        compression = \"tiff_adobe_deflate\"\n\n    libtiff = WRITE_LIBTIFF or compression != \"raw\"\n\n    # required for color libtiff images\n    ifd[PLANAR_CONFIGURATION] = getattr(im, \"_planar_configuration\", 1)\n\n    ifd[IMAGEWIDTH] = im.size[0]\n    ifd[IMAGELENGTH] = im.size[1]\n\n    # write any arbitrary tags passed in as an ImageFileDirectory\n    info = im.encoderinfo.get(\"tiffinfo\", {})\n    logger.debug(\"Tiffinfo Keys: %s\" % list(info))\n    if isinstance(info, ImageFileDirectory_v1):\n        info = info.to_v2()\n    for key in info:\n        ifd[key] = info.get(key)\n        try:\n            ifd.tagtype[key] = info.tagtype[key]\n        except Exception:\n            pass  # might not be an IFD. Might not have populated type\n\n    # additions written by Greg Couch, gregc@cgl.ucsf.edu\n    # inspired by image-sig posting from Kevin Cazabon, kcazabon@home.com\n    if hasattr(im, \"tag_v2\"):\n        # preserve tags from original TIFF image file\n        for key in (\n            RESOLUTION_UNIT,\n            X_RESOLUTION,\n            Y_RESOLUTION,\n            IPTC_NAA_CHUNK,\n            PHOTOSHOP_CHUNK,\n            XMP,\n        ):\n            if key in im.tag_v2:\n                ifd[key] = im.tag_v2[key]\n                ifd.tagtype[key] = im.tag_v2.tagtype[key]\n\n    # preserve ICC profile (should also work when saving other formats\n    # which support profiles as TIFF) -- 2008-06-06 Florian Hoech\n    icc = im.encoderinfo.get(\"icc_profile\", im.info.get(\"icc_profile\"))\n    if icc:\n        ifd[ICCPROFILE] = icc\n\n    for key, name in [\n        (IMAGEDESCRIPTION, \"description\"),\n        (X_RESOLUTION, \"resolution\"),\n        (Y_RESOLUTION, \"resolution\"),\n        (X_RESOLUTION, \"x_resolution\"),\n        (Y_RESOLUTION, \"y_resolution\"),\n        (RESOLUTION_UNIT, \"resolution_unit\"),\n        (SOFTWARE, \"software\"),\n        (DATE_TIME, \"date_time\"),\n        (ARTIST, \"artist\"),\n        (COPYRIGHT, \"copyright\"),\n    ]:\n        if name in im.encoderinfo:\n            ifd[key] = im.encoderinfo[name]\n\n    dpi = im.encoderinfo.get(\"dpi\")\n    if dpi:\n        ifd[RESOLUTION_UNIT] = 2\n        ifd[X_RESOLUTION] = dpi[0]\n        ifd[Y_RESOLUTION] = dpi[1]\n\n    if bits != (1,):\n        ifd[BITSPERSAMPLE] = bits\n        if len(bits) != 1:\n            ifd[SAMPLESPERPIXEL] = len(bits)\n    if extra is not None:\n        ifd[EXTRASAMPLES] = extra\n    if format != 1:\n        ifd[SAMPLEFORMAT] = format\n\n    ifd[PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION] = photo\n\n    if im.mode in [\"P\", \"PA\"]:\n        lut = im.im.getpalette(\"RGB\", \"RGB;L\")\n        ifd[COLORMAP] = tuple(v * 256 for v in lut)\n    # data orientation\n    stride = len(bits) * ((im.size[0] * bits[0] + 7) // 8)\n    ifd[ROWSPERSTRIP] = im.size[1]\n    strip_byte_counts = stride * im.size[1]\n    if strip_byte_counts >= 2 ** 16:\n        ifd.tagtype[STRIPBYTECOUNTS] = TiffTags.LONG\n    ifd[STRIPBYTECOUNTS] = strip_byte_counts\n    ifd[STRIPOFFSETS] = 0  # this is adjusted by IFD writer\n    # no compression by default:\n    ifd[COMPRESSION] = COMPRESSION_INFO_REV.get(compression, 1)\n\n    if libtiff:\n        if \"quality\" in im.encoderinfo:\n            quality = im.encoderinfo[\"quality\"]\n            if not isinstance(quality, int) or quality < 0 or quality > 100:\n                raise ValueError(\"Invalid quality setting\")\n            if compression != \"jpeg\":\n                raise ValueError(\n                    \"quality setting only supported for 'jpeg' compression\"\n                )\n            ifd[JPEGQUALITY] = quality\n\n        logger.debug(\"Saving using libtiff encoder\")\n        logger.debug(\"Items: %s\" % sorted(ifd.items()))\n        _fp = 0\n        if hasattr(fp, \"fileno\"):\n            try:\n                fp.seek(0)\n                _fp = os.dup(fp.fileno())\n            except io.UnsupportedOperation:\n                pass\n\n        # optional types for non core tags\n        types = {}\n        # SAMPLEFORMAT is determined by the image format and should not be copied\n        # from legacy_ifd.\n        # STRIPOFFSETS and STRIPBYTECOUNTS are added by the library\n        # based on the data in the strip.\n        # The other tags expect arrays with a certain length (fixed or depending on\n        # BITSPERSAMPLE, etc), passing arrays with a different length will result in\n        # segfaults. Block these tags until we add extra validation.\n        # SUBIFD may also cause a segfault.\n        blocklist = [\n            REFERENCEBLACKWHITE,\n            SAMPLEFORMAT,\n            STRIPBYTECOUNTS,\n            STRIPOFFSETS,\n            TRANSFERFUNCTION,\n            SUBIFD,\n        ]\n\n        atts = {}\n        # bits per sample is a single short in the tiff directory, not a list.\n        atts[BITSPERSAMPLE] = bits[0]\n        # Merge the ones that we have with (optional) more bits from\n        # the original file, e.g x,y resolution so that we can\n        # save(load('')) == original file.\n        legacy_ifd = {}\n        if hasattr(im, \"tag\"):\n            legacy_ifd = im.tag.to_v2()\n        for tag, value in itertools.chain(\n            ifd.items(), getattr(im, \"tag_v2\", {}).items(), legacy_ifd.items()\n        ):\n            # Libtiff can only process certain core items without adding\n            # them to the custom dictionary.\n            # Custom items are supported for int, float, unicode, string and byte\n            # values. Other types and tuples require a tagtype.\n            if tag not in TiffTags.LIBTIFF_CORE:\n                if not Image.core.libtiff_support_custom_tags:\n                    continue\n\n                if tag in ifd.tagtype:\n                    types[tag] = ifd.tagtype[tag]\n                elif not (isinstance(value, (int, float, str, bytes))):\n                    continue\n                else:\n                    type = TiffTags.lookup(tag).type\n                    if type:\n                        types[tag] = type\n            if tag not in atts and tag not in blocklist:\n                if isinstance(value, str):\n                    atts[tag] = value.encode(\"ascii\", \"replace\") + b\"\\0\"\n                elif isinstance(value, IFDRational):\n                    atts[tag] = float(value)\n                else:\n                    atts[tag] = value\n\n        logger.debug(\"Converted items: %s\" % sorted(atts.items()))\n\n        # libtiff always expects the bytes in native order.\n        # we're storing image byte order. So, if the rawmode\n        # contains I;16, we need to convert from native to image\n        # byte order.\n        if im.mode in (\"I;16B\", \"I;16\"):\n            rawmode = \"I;16N\"\n\n        # Pass tags as sorted list so that the tags are set in a fixed order.\n        # This is required by libtiff for some tags. For example, the JPEGQUALITY\n        # pseudo tag requires that the COMPRESS tag was already set.\n        tags = list(atts.items())\n        tags.sort()\n        a = (rawmode, compression, _fp, filename, tags, types)\n        e = Image._getencoder(im.mode, \"libtiff\", a, im.encoderconfig)\n        e.setimage(im.im, (0, 0) + im.size)\n        while True:\n            # undone, change to self.decodermaxblock:\n            l, s, d = e.encode(16 * 1024)\n            if not _fp:\n                fp.write(d)\n            if s:\n                break\n        if s < 0:\n            raise OSError(f\"encoder error {s} when writing image file\")\n\n    else:\n        offset = ifd.save(fp)\n\n        ImageFile._save(\n            im, fp, [(\"raw\", (0, 0) + im.size, offset, (rawmode, stride, 1))]\n        )\n\n    # -- helper for multi-page save --\n    if \"_debug_multipage\" in im.encoderinfo:\n        # just to access o32 and o16 (using correct byte order)\n        im._debug_multipage = ifd\n\n\nclass AppendingTiffWriter:\n    fieldSizes = [\n        0,  # None\n        1,  # byte\n        1,  # ascii\n        2,  # short\n        4,  # long\n        8,  # rational\n        1,  # sbyte\n        1,  # undefined\n        2,  # sshort\n        4,  # slong\n        8,  # srational\n        4,  # float\n        8,  # double\n    ]\n\n    #    StripOffsets = 273\n    #    FreeOffsets = 288\n    #    TileOffsets = 324\n    #    JPEGQTables = 519\n    #    JPEGDCTables = 520\n    #    JPEGACTables = 521\n    Tags = {273, 288, 324, 519, 520, 521}\n\n    def __init__(self, fn, new=False):\n        if hasattr(fn, \"read\"):\n            self.f = fn\n            self.close_fp = False\n        else:\n            self.name = fn\n            self.close_fp = True\n            try:\n                self.f = open(fn, \"w+b\" if new else \"r+b\")\n            except OSError:\n                self.f = open(fn, \"w+b\")\n        self.beginning = self.f.tell()\n        self.setup()\n\n    def setup(self):\n        # Reset everything.\n        self.f.seek(self.beginning, os.SEEK_SET)\n\n        self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset = None\n        self.offsetOfNewPage = 0\n\n        self.IIMM = IIMM = self.f.read(4)\n        if not IIMM:\n            # empty file - first page\n            self.isFirst = True\n            return\n\n        self.isFirst = False\n        if IIMM == b\"II\\x2a\\x00\":\n            self.setEndian(\"<\")\n        elif IIMM == b\"MM\\x00\\x2a\":\n            self.setEndian(\">\")\n        else:\n            raise RuntimeError(\"Invalid TIFF file header\")\n\n        self.skipIFDs()\n        self.goToEnd()\n\n    def finalize(self):\n        if self.isFirst:\n            return\n\n        # fix offsets\n        self.f.seek(self.offsetOfNewPage)\n\n        IIMM = self.f.read(4)\n        if not IIMM:\n            # raise RuntimeError(\"nothing written into new page\")\n            # Make it easy to finish a frame without committing to a new one.\n            return\n\n        if IIMM != self.IIMM:\n            raise RuntimeError(\"IIMM of new page doesn't match IIMM of first page\")\n\n        IFDoffset = self.readLong()\n        IFDoffset += self.offsetOfNewPage\n        self.f.seek(self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset)\n        self.writeLong(IFDoffset)\n        self.f.seek(IFDoffset)\n        self.fixIFD()\n\n    def newFrame(self):\n        # Call this to finish a frame.\n        self.finalize()\n        self.setup()\n\n    def __enter__(self):\n        return self\n\n    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):\n        if self.close_fp:\n            self.close()\n        return False\n\n    def tell(self):\n        return self.f.tell() - self.offsetOfNewPage\n\n    def seek(self, offset, whence=io.SEEK_SET):\n        if whence == os.SEEK_SET:\n            offset += self.offsetOfNewPage\n\n        self.f.seek(offset, whence)\n        return self.tell()\n\n    def goToEnd(self):\n        self.f.seek(0, os.SEEK_END)\n        pos = self.f.tell()\n\n        # pad to 16 byte boundary\n        padBytes = 16 - pos % 16\n        if 0 < padBytes < 16:\n            self.f.write(bytes(padBytes))\n        self.offsetOfNewPage = self.f.tell()\n\n    def setEndian(self, endian):\n        self.endian = endian\n        self.longFmt = self.endian + \"L\"\n        self.shortFmt = self.endian + \"H\"\n        self.tagFormat = self.endian + \"HHL\"\n\n    def skipIFDs(self):\n        while True:\n            IFDoffset = self.readLong()\n            if IFDoffset == 0:\n                self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset = self.f.tell() - 4\n                break\n\n            self.f.seek(IFDoffset)\n            numTags = self.readShort()\n            self.f.seek(numTags * 12, os.SEEK_CUR)\n\n    def write(self, data):\n        return self.f.write(data)\n\n    def readShort(self):\n        (value,) = struct.unpack(self.shortFmt, self.f.read(2))\n        return value\n\n    def readLong(self):\n        (value,) = struct.unpack(self.longFmt, self.f.read(4))\n        return value\n\n    def rewriteLastShortToLong(self, value):\n        self.f.seek(-2, os.SEEK_CUR)\n        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.longFmt, value))\n        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 4:\n            raise RuntimeError(f\"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 4\")\n\n    def rewriteLastShort(self, value):\n        self.f.seek(-2, os.SEEK_CUR)\n        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.shortFmt, value))\n        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 2:\n            raise RuntimeError(f\"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 2\")\n\n    def rewriteLastLong(self, value):\n        self.f.seek(-4, os.SEEK_CUR)\n        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.longFmt, value))\n        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 4:\n            raise RuntimeError(f\"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 4\")\n\n    def writeShort(self, value):\n        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.shortFmt, value))\n        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 2:\n            raise RuntimeError(f\"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 2\")\n\n    def writeLong(self, value):\n        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.longFmt, value))\n        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 4:\n            raise RuntimeError(f\"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 4\")\n\n    def close(self):\n        self.finalize()\n        self.f.close()\n\n    def fixIFD(self):\n        numTags = self.readShort()\n\n        for i in range(numTags):\n            tag, fieldType, count = struct.unpack(self.tagFormat, self.f.read(8))\n\n            fieldSize = self.fieldSizes[fieldType]\n            totalSize = fieldSize * count\n            isLocal = totalSize <= 4\n            if not isLocal:\n                offset = self.readLong()\n                offset += self.offsetOfNewPage\n                self.rewriteLastLong(offset)\n\n            if tag in self.Tags:\n                curPos = self.f.tell()\n\n                if isLocal:\n                    self.fixOffsets(\n                        count, isShort=(fieldSize == 2), isLong=(fieldSize == 4)\n                    )\n                    self.f.seek(curPos + 4)\n                else:\n                    self.f.seek(offset)\n                    self.fixOffsets(\n                        count, isShort=(fieldSize == 2), isLong=(fieldSize == 4)\n                    )\n                    self.f.seek(curPos)\n\n                offset = curPos = None\n\n            elif isLocal:\n                # skip the locally stored value that is not an offset\n                self.f.seek(4, os.SEEK_CUR)\n\n    def fixOffsets(self, count, isShort=False, isLong=False):\n        if not isShort and not isLong:\n            raise RuntimeError(\"offset is neither short nor long\")\n\n        for i in range(count):\n            offset = self.readShort() if isShort else self.readLong()\n            offset += self.offsetOfNewPage\n            if isShort and offset >= 65536:\n                # offset is now too large - we must convert shorts to longs\n                if count != 1:\n                    raise RuntimeError(\"not implemented\")  # XXX TODO\n\n                # simple case - the offset is just one and therefore it is\n                # local (not referenced with another offset)\n                self.rewriteLastShortToLong(offset)\n                self.f.seek(-10, os.SEEK_CUR)\n                self.writeShort(TiffTags.LONG)  # rewrite the type to LONG\n                self.f.seek(8, os.SEEK_CUR)\n            elif isShort:\n                self.rewriteLastShort(offset)\n            else:\n                self.rewriteLastLong(offset)\n\n\ndef _save_all(im, fp, filename):\n    encoderinfo = im.encoderinfo.copy()\n    encoderconfig = im.encoderconfig\n    append_images = list(encoderinfo.get(\"append_images\", []))\n    if not hasattr(im, \"n_frames\") and not append_images:\n        return _save(im, fp, filename)\n\n    cur_idx = im.tell()\n    try:\n        with AppendingTiffWriter(fp) as tf:\n            for ims in [im] + append_images:\n                ims.encoderinfo = encoderinfo\n                ims.encoderconfig = encoderconfig\n                if not hasattr(ims, \"n_frames\"):\n                    nfr = 1\n                else:\n                    nfr = ims.n_frames\n\n                for idx in range(nfr):\n                    ims.seek(idx)\n                    ims.load()\n                    _save(ims, tf, filename)\n                    tf.newFrame()\n    finally:\n        im.seek(cur_idx)\n\n\n#\n# --------------------------------------------------------------------\n# Register\n\nImage.register_open(TiffImageFile.format, TiffImageFile, _accept)\nImage.register_save(TiffImageFile.format, _save)\nImage.register_save_all(TiffImageFile.format, _save_all)\n\nImage.register_extensions(TiffImageFile.format, [\".tif\", \".tiff\"])\n\nImage.register_mime(TiffImageFile.format, \"image/tiff\")\n"}
A user will ask you to solve a task. You should first draft your thinking process (inner monologue). Then, generate the solution.

Your response format must follow the template below:
<think>
Your thoughts or/and draft, like working through an exercise on scratch paper. Be as casual and as long as you want until you are confident to generate a correct solution.
</think>
<solution>
Final solution presented to the user.
</solution>
system
We are currently solving the following issue within our repository. Here is the issue text:
--- BEGIN ISSUE ---
[ISSUE]
**Title:** UnboundLocalError When Saving Image with Empty EXIF IFD

**Description:**
When attempting to save an image with an empty EXIF Image File Directory (IFD), the operation fails with an error. This issue arises when the EXIF IFD is explicitly set to an empty dictionary before saving the image.

**Example Code:**
```python
def test_empty_subifd(tmp_path):
    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.jpg")

    im = hopper()
    exif = im.getexif()
    exif[TiffImagePlugin.EXIFIFD] = {}
    im.save(out, exif=exif)

    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
        exif = reloaded.getexif()
        assert exif.get_ifd(TiffImagePlugin.EXIFIFD) == {}
```

**Expected Behavior:**
Saving an image with an empty EXIF IFD should complete successfully. Upon reloading the image, the EXIF IFD should remain empty, indicating that no metadata was lost or corrupted during the save process.

**Actual Behavior:**
The save operation fails with the following error:
```
UnboundLocalError: local variable 'values' referenced before assignment
```
This error prevents the image from being saved correctly when the EXIF IFD is empty.

[/ISSUE]
--- END ISSUE ---

Below are some code segments, each from a relevant file. One or more of these files may contain bugs.

--- BEGIN FILE ---
```
### src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py
#
# The Python Imaging Library.
# $Id$
#
# TIFF file handling
#
# TIFF is a flexible, if somewhat aged, image file format originally
# defined by Aldus.  Although TIFF supports a wide variety of pixel
# layouts and compression methods, the name doesn't really stand for
# "thousands of incompatible file formats," it just feels that way.
#
# To read TIFF data from a stream, the stream must be seekable.  For
# progressive decoding, make sure to use TIFF files where the tag
# directory is placed first in the file.
#
# History:
# 1995-09-01 fl   Created
# 1996-05-04 fl   Handle JPEGTABLES tag
# 1996-05-18 fl   Fixed COLORMAP support
# 1997-01-05 fl   Fixed PREDICTOR support
# 1997-08-27 fl   Added support for rational tags (from Perry Stoll)
# 1998-01-10 fl   Fixed seek/tell (from Jan Blom)
# 1998-07-15 fl   Use private names for internal variables
# 1999-06-13 fl   Rewritten for PIL 1.0 (1.0)
# 2000-10-11 fl   Additional fixes for Python 2.0 (1.1)
# 2001-04-17 fl   Fixed rewind support (seek to frame 0) (1.2)
# 2001-05-12 fl   Added write support for more tags (from Greg Couch) (1.3)
# 2001-12-18 fl   Added workaround for broken Matrox library
# 2002-01-18 fl   Don't mess up if photometric tag is missing (D. Alan Stewart)
# 2003-05-19 fl   Check FILLORDER tag
# 2003-09-26 fl   Added RGBa support
# 2004-02-24 fl   Added DPI support; fixed rational write support
# 2005-02-07 fl   Added workaround for broken Corel Draw 10 files
# 2006-01-09 fl   Added support for float/double tags (from Russell Nelson)
#
# Copyright (c) 1997-2006 by Secret Labs AB.  All rights reserved.
# Copyright (c) 1995-1997 by Fredrik Lundh
#
# See the README file for information on usage and redistribution.
#
import io
import itertools
import logging
import os
import struct
import warnings
from collections.abc import MutableMapping
from fractions import Fraction
from numbers import Number, Rational

from . import Image, ImageFile, ImagePalette, TiffTags
from ._binary import o8
from .TiffTags import TYPES

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

# Set these to true to force use of libtiff for reading or writing.
READ_LIBTIFF = False
WRITE_LIBTIFF = False
IFD_LEGACY_API = True

II = b"II"  # little-endian (Intel style)
MM = b"MM"  # big-endian (Motorola style)

#
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
# Read TIFF files

# a few tag names, just to make the code below a bit more readable
IMAGEWIDTH = 256
IMAGELENGTH = 257
BITSPERSAMPLE = 258
COMPRESSION = 259
PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION = 262
FILLORDER = 266
IMAGEDESCRIPTION = 270
STRIPOFFSETS = 273
SAMPLESPERPIXEL = 277
ROWSPERSTRIP = 278
STRIPBYTECOUNTS = 279
X_RESOLUTION = 282
Y_RESOLUTION = 283
PLANAR_CONFIGURATION = 284
RESOLUTION_UNIT = 296
TRANSFERFUNCTION = 301
SOFTWARE = 305
DATE_TIME = 306
ARTIST = 315
PREDICTOR = 317
COLORMAP = 320
TILEOFFSETS = 324
SUBIFD = 330
EXTRASAMPLES = 338
SAMPLEFORMAT = 339
JPEGTABLES = 347
REFERENCEBLACKWHITE = 532
COPYRIGHT = 33432
IPTC_NAA_CHUNK = 33723  # newsphoto properties
PHOTOSHOP_CHUNK = 34377  # photoshop properties
ICCPROFILE = 34675
EXIFIFD = 34665
XMP = 700
JPEGQUALITY = 65537  # pseudo-tag by libtiff

# https://github.com/imagej/ImageJA/blob/master/src/main/java/ij/io/TiffDecoder.java
IMAGEJ_META_DATA_BYTE_COUNTS = 50838
IMAGEJ_META_DATA = 50839

COMPRESSION_INFO = {
    # Compression => pil compression name
    1: "raw",
    2: "tiff_ccitt",
    3: "group3",
    4: "group4",
    5: "tiff_lzw",
    6: "tiff_jpeg",  # obsolete
    7: "jpeg",
    8: "tiff_adobe_deflate",
    32771: "tiff_raw_16",  # 16-bit padding
    32773: "packbits",
    32809: "tiff_thunderscan",
    32946: "tiff_deflate",
    34676: "tiff_sgilog",
    34677: "tiff_sgilog24",
    34925: "lzma",
    50000: "zstd",
    50001: "webp",
}

COMPRESSION_INFO_REV = {v: k for k, v in COMPRESSION_INFO.items()}

OPEN_INFO = {
    # (ByteOrder, PhotoInterpretation, SampleFormat, FillOrder, BitsPerSample,
    #  ExtraSamples) => mode, rawmode
    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;I"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;I"),
    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;IR"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;IR"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("1", "1"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("1", "1"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;R"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;R"),
    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2I"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2I"),
    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2IR"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2IR"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2R"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2R"),
    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4I"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4I"),
    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4IR"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4IR"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4R"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4R"),
    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;I"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;I"),
    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;IR"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;IR"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("L", "L"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("L", "L"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;R"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;R"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (12,), ()): ("I;16", "I;12"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (16,), ()): ("I;16", "I;16"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (16,), ()): ("I;16B", "I;16B"),
    (II, 1, (2,), 1, (16,), ()): ("I", "I;16S"),
    (MM, 1, (2,), 1, (16,), ()): ("I", "I;16BS"),
    (II, 0, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): ("F", "F;32F"),
    (MM, 0, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): ("F", "F;32BF"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (32,), ()): ("I", "I;32N"),
    (II, 1, (2,), 1, (32,), ()): ("I", "I;32S"),
    (MM, 1, (2,), 1, (32,), ()): ("I", "I;32BS"),
    (II, 1, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): ("F", "F;32F"),
    (MM, 1, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): ("F", "F;32BF"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): ("LA", "LA"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): ("LA", "LA"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGB"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGB"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 2, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGB;R"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 2, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGB;R"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),  # missing ExtraSamples
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),  # missing ExtraSamples
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): ("RGBX", "RGBX"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): ("RGBX", "RGBX"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): ("RGBX", "RGBXX"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): ("RGBX", "RGBXX"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0, 0)): ("RGBX", "RGBXXX"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0, 0)): ("RGBX", "RGBXXX"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (1,)): ("RGBA", "RGBa"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (1,)): ("RGBA", "RGBa"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBaX"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBaX"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBaXX"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBaXX"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (2,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (2,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBAX"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBAX"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBAXX"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBAXX"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (999,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),  # Corel Draw 10
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (999,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),  # Corel Draw 10
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16), ()): ("RGB", "RGB;16L"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16), ()): ("RGB", "RGB;16B"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), ()): ("RGBA", "RGBA;16L"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), ()): ("RGBA", "RGBA;16B"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (0,)): ("RGBX", "RGBX;16L"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (0,)): ("RGBX", "RGBX;16B"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (1,)): ("RGBA", "RGBa;16L"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (1,)): ("RGBA", "RGBa;16B"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (2,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA;16L"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (2,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA;16B"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("P", "P;1"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("P", "P;1"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("P", "P;1R"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("P", "P;1R"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("P", "P;2"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("P", "P;2"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("P", "P;2R"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("P", "P;2R"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("P", "P;4"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("P", "P;4"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("P", "P;4R"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("P", "P;4R"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("P", "P"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("P", "P"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): ("PA", "PA"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): ("PA", "PA"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("P", "P;R"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("P", "P;R"),
    (II, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): ("CMYK", "CMYK"),
    (MM, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): ("CMYK", "CMYK"),
    (II, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): ("CMYK", "CMYKX"),
    (MM, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): ("CMYK", "CMYKX"),
    (II, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): ("CMYK", "CMYKXX"),
    (MM, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): ("CMYK", "CMYKXX"),
    (II, 5, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), ()): ("CMYK", "CMYK;16L"),
    # JPEG compressed images handled by LibTiff and auto-converted to RGBX
    # Minimal Baseline TIFF requires YCbCr images to have 3 SamplesPerPixel
    (II, 6, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGBX"),
    (MM, 6, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGBX"),
    (II, 8, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("LAB", "LAB"),
    (MM, 8, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("LAB", "LAB"),
}

PREFIXES = [
    b"MM\x00\x2A",  # Valid TIFF header with big-endian byte order
    b"II\x2A\x00",  # Valid TIFF header with little-endian byte order
    b"MM\x2A\x00",  # Invalid TIFF header, assume big-endian
    b"II\x00\x2A",  # Invalid TIFF header, assume little-endian
]


def _accept(prefix):
    return prefix[:4] in PREFIXES


def _limit_rational(val, max_val):
    inv = abs(val) > 1
    n_d = IFDRational(1 / val if inv else val).limit_rational(max_val)
    return n_d[::-1] if inv else n_d


def _limit_signed_rational(val, max_val, min_val):
    frac = Fraction(val)
    n_d = frac.numerator, frac.denominator

    if min(n_d) < min_val:
        n_d = _limit_rational(val, abs(min_val))

    if max(n_d) > max_val:
        val = Fraction(*n_d)
        n_d = _limit_rational(val, max_val)

    return n_d


##
# Wrapper for TIFF IFDs.

_load_dispatch = {}
_write_dispatch = {}


class IFDRational(Rational):
    """Implements a rational class where 0/0 is a legal value to match
    the in the wild use of exif rationals.

    e.g., DigitalZoomRatio - 0.00/0.00  indicates that no digital zoom was used
    """

    """ If the denominator is 0, store this as a float('nan'), otherwise store
    as a fractions.Fraction(). Delegate as appropriate

    """

    __slots__ = ("_numerator", "_denominator", "_val")

    def __init__(self, value, denominator=1):
        """
        :param value: either an integer numerator, a
        float/rational/other number, or an IFDRational
        :param denominator: Optional integer denominator
        """
        if isinstance(value, IFDRational):
            self._numerator = value.numerator
            self._denominator = value.denominator
            self._val = value._val
            return

        if isinstance(value, Fraction):
            self._numerator = value.numerator
            self._denominator = value.denominator
        else:
            self._numerator = value
            self._denominator = denominator

        if denominator == 0:
            self._val = float("nan")
        elif denominator == 1:
            self._val = Fraction(value)
        else:
            self._val = Fraction(value, denominator)

    @property
    def numerator(a):
        return a._numerator

    @property
    def denominator(a):
        return a._denominator

    def limit_rational(self, max_denominator):
        """

        :param max_denominator: Integer, the maximum denominator value
        :returns: Tuple of (numerator, denominator)
        """

        if self.denominator == 0:
            return (self.numerator, self.denominator)

        f = self._val.limit_denominator(max_denominator)
        return (f.numerator, f.denominator)

    def __repr__(self):
        return str(float(self._val))

    def __hash__(self):
        return self._val.__hash__()

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, IFDRational):
            other = other._val
        return self._val == other

    def __getstate__(self):
        return [self._val, self._numerator, self._denominator]

    def __setstate__(self, state):
        IFDRational.__init__(self, 0)
        _val, _numerator, _denominator = state
        self._val = _val
        self._numerator = _numerator
        self._denominator = _denominator

    def _delegate(op):
        def delegate(self, *args):
            return getattr(self._val, op)(*args)

        return delegate

    """ a = ['add','radd', 'sub', 'rsub', 'mul', 'rmul',
             'truediv', 'rtruediv', 'floordiv', 'rfloordiv',
             'mod','rmod', 'pow','rpow', 'pos', 'neg',
             'abs', 'trunc', 'lt', 'gt', 'le', 'ge', 'bool',
             'ceil', 'floor', 'round']
        print("\n".join("__%s__ = _delegate('__%s__')" % (s,s) for s in a))
        """

    __add__ = _delegate("__add__")
    __radd__ = _delegate("__radd__")
    __sub__ = _delegate("__sub__")
    __rsub__ = _delegate("__rsub__")
    __mul__ = _delegate("__mul__")
    __rmul__ = _delegate("__rmul__")
    __truediv__ = _delegate("__truediv__")
    __rtruediv__ = _delegate("__rtruediv__")
    __floordiv__ = _delegate("__floordiv__")
    __rfloordiv__ = _delegate("__rfloordiv__")
    __mod__ = _delegate("__mod__")
    __rmod__ = _delegate("__rmod__")
    __pow__ = _delegate("__pow__")
    __rpow__ = _delegate("__rpow__")
    __pos__ = _delegate("__pos__")
    __neg__ = _delegate("__neg__")
    __abs__ = _delegate("__abs__")
    __trunc__ = _delegate("__trunc__")
    __lt__ = _delegate("__lt__")
    __gt__ = _delegate("__gt__")
    __le__ = _delegate("__le__")
    __ge__ = _delegate("__ge__")
    __bool__ = _delegate("__bool__")
    __ceil__ = _delegate("__ceil__")
    __floor__ = _delegate("__floor__")
    __round__ = _delegate("__round__")


class ImageFileDirectory_v2(MutableMapping):
    """This class represents a TIFF tag directory.  To speed things up, we
    don't decode tags unless they're asked for.

    Exposes a dictionary interface of the tags in the directory::

        ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2()
        ifd[key] = 'Some Data'
        ifd.tagtype[key] = TiffTags.ASCII
        print(ifd[key])
        'Some Data'

    Individual values are returned as the strings or numbers, sequences are
    returned as tuples of the values.

    The tiff metadata type of each item is stored in a dictionary of
    tag types in
    :attr:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2.tagtype`. The types
    are read from a tiff file, guessed from the type added, or added
    manually.

    Data Structures:

        * self.tagtype = {}

          * Key: numerical tiff tag number
          * Value: integer corresponding to the data type from
                   ~PIL.TiffTags.TYPES`

    .. versionadded:: 3.0.0
    """

    """
    Documentation:

        'internal' data structures:
        * self._tags_v2 = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number
                             Value: decoded data, as tuple for multiple values
        * self._tagdata = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number
                             Value: undecoded byte string from file
        * self._tags_v1 = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number
                             Value: decoded data in the v1 format

    Tags will be found in the private attributes self._tagdata, and in
    self._tags_v2 once decoded.

    self.legacy_api is a value for internal use, and shouldn't be
    changed from outside code. In cooperation with the
    ImageFileDirectory_v1 class, if legacy_api is true, then decoded
    tags will be populated into both _tags_v1 and _tags_v2. _tags_v2
    will be used if this IFD is used in the TIFF save routine. Tags
    should be read from _tags_v1 if legacy_api == true.

    """

    def __init__(self, ifh=b"II\052\0\0\0\0\0", prefix=None, group=None):
        """Initialize an ImageFileDirectory.

        To construct an ImageFileDirectory from a real file, pass the 8-byte
        magic header to the constructor.  To only set the endianness, pass it
        as the 'prefix' keyword argument.

        :param ifh: One of the accepted magic headers (cf. PREFIXES); also sets
              endianness.
        :param prefix: Override the endianness of the file.
        """
        if ifh[:4] not in PREFIXES:
            raise SyntaxError(f"not a TIFF file (header {repr(ifh)} not valid)")
        self._prefix = prefix if prefix is not None else ifh[:2]
        if self._prefix == MM:
            self._endian = ">"
        elif self._prefix == II:
            self._endian = "<"
        else:
            raise SyntaxError("not a TIFF IFD")
        self.group = group
        self.tagtype = {}
        """ Dictionary of tag types """
        self.reset()
        (self.next,) = self._unpack("L", ifh[4:])
        self._legacy_api = False

    prefix = property(lambda self: self._prefix)
    offset = property(lambda self: self._offset)
    legacy_api = property(lambda self: self._legacy_api)

    @legacy_api.setter
    def legacy_api(self, value):
        raise Exception("Not allowing setting of legacy api")

    def reset(self):
        self._tags_v1 = {}  # will remain empty if legacy_api is false
        self._tags_v2 = {}  # main tag storage
        self._tagdata = {}
        self.tagtype = {}  # added 2008-06-05 by Florian Hoech
        self._next = None
        self._offset = None

    def __str__(self):
        return str(dict(self))

    def named(self):
        """
        :returns: dict of name|key: value

        Returns the complete tag dictionary, with named tags where possible.
        """
        return {
            TiffTags.lookup(code, self.group).name: value
            for code, value in self.items()
        }

    def __len__(self):
        return len(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v2))

    def __getitem__(self, tag):
        if tag not in self._tags_v2:  # unpack on the fly
            data = self._tagdata[tag]
            typ = self.tagtype[tag]
            size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]
            self[tag] = handler(self, data, self.legacy_api)  # check type
        val = self._tags_v2[tag]
        if self.legacy_api and not isinstance(val, (tuple, bytes)):
            val = (val,)
        return val

    def __contains__(self, tag):
        return tag in self._tags_v2 or tag in self._tagdata

    def __setitem__(self, tag, value):
        self._setitem(tag, value, self.legacy_api)

    def _setitem(self, tag, value, legacy_api):
        basetypes = (Number, bytes, str)

        info = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group)
        values = [value] if isinstance(value, basetypes) else value

        if tag not in self.tagtype:
            if info.type:
                self.tagtype[tag] = info.type
            else:
                self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.UNDEFINED
                if all(isinstance(v, IFDRational) for v in values):
                    self.tagtype[tag] = (
                        TiffTags.RATIONAL
                        if all(v >= 0 for v in values)
                        else TiffTags.SIGNED_RATIONAL
                    )
                elif all(isinstance(v, int) for v in values):
                    if all(0 <= v < 2 ** 16 for v in values):
                        self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.SHORT
                    elif all(-(2 ** 15) < v < 2 ** 15 for v in values):
                        self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.SIGNED_SHORT
                    else:
                        self.tagtype[tag] = (
                            TiffTags.LONG
                            if all(v >= 0 for v in values)
                            else TiffTags.SIGNED_LONG
                        )
                elif all(isinstance(v, float) for v in values):
                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.DOUBLE
                elif all(isinstance(v, str) for v in values):
                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.ASCII
                elif all(isinstance(v, bytes) for v in values):
                    self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.BYTE

        if self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.UNDEFINED:
            values = [
                v.encode("ascii", "replace") if isinstance(v, str) else v
                for v in values
            ]
        elif self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.RATIONAL:
            values = [float(v) if isinstance(v, int) else v for v in values]

        is_ifd = self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.LONG and isinstance(values, dict)
        if not is_ifd:
            values = tuple(info.cvt_enum(value) for value in values)

        dest = self._tags_v1 if legacy_api else self._tags_v2

        # Three branches:
        # Spec'd length == 1, Actual length 1, store as element
        # Spec'd length == 1, Actual > 1, Warn and truncate. Formerly barfed.
        # No Spec, Actual length 1, Formerly (<4.2) returned a 1 element tuple.
        # Don't mess with the legacy api, since it's frozen.
        if not is_ifd and (
            (info.length == 1)
            or self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.BYTE
            or (info.length is None and len(values) == 1 and not legacy_api)
        ):
            # Don't mess with the legacy api, since it's frozen.
            if legacy_api and self.tagtype[tag] in [
                TiffTags.RATIONAL,
                TiffTags.SIGNED_RATIONAL,
            ]:  # rationals
                values = (values,)
            try:
                (dest[tag],) = values
            except ValueError:
                # We've got a builtin tag with 1 expected entry
                warnings.warn(
                    f"Metadata Warning, tag {tag} had too many entries: "
                    f"{len(values)}, expected 1"
                )
                dest[tag] = values[0]

        else:
            # Spec'd length > 1 or undefined
            # Unspec'd, and length > 1
            dest[tag] = values

    def __delitem__(self, tag):
        self._tags_v2.pop(tag, None)
        self._tags_v1.pop(tag, None)
        self._tagdata.pop(tag, None)

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v2))

    def _unpack(self, fmt, data):
        return struct.unpack(self._endian + fmt, data)

    def _pack(self, fmt, *values):
        return struct.pack(self._endian + fmt, *values)

    def _register_loader(idx, size):
        def decorator(func):
            from .TiffTags import TYPES

            if func.__name__.startswith("load_"):
                TYPES[idx] = func.__name__[5:].replace("_", " ")
            _load_dispatch[idx] = size, func  # noqa: F821
            return func

        return decorator

    def _register_writer(idx):
        def decorator(func):
            _write_dispatch[idx] = func  # noqa: F821
            return func

        return decorator

    def _register_basic(idx_fmt_name):
        from .TiffTags import TYPES

        idx, fmt, name = idx_fmt_name
        TYPES[idx] = name
        size = struct.calcsize("=" + fmt)
        _load_dispatch[idx] = (  # noqa: F821
            size,
            lambda self, data, legacy_api=True: (
                self._unpack("{}{}".format(len(data) // size, fmt), data)
            ),
        )
        _write_dispatch[idx] = lambda self, *values: (  # noqa: F821
            b"".join(self._pack(fmt, value) for value in values)
        )

    list(
        map(
            _register_basic,
            [
                (TiffTags.SHORT, "H", "short"),
                (TiffTags.LONG, "L", "long"),
                (TiffTags.SIGNED_BYTE, "b", "signed byte"),
                (TiffTags.SIGNED_SHORT, "h", "signed short"),
                (TiffTags.SIGNED_LONG, "l", "signed long"),
                (TiffTags.FLOAT, "f", "float"),
                (TiffTags.DOUBLE, "d", "double"),
                (TiffTags.IFD, "L", "long"),
            ],
        )
    )

    @_register_loader(1, 1)  # Basic type, except for the legacy API.
    def load_byte(self, data, legacy_api=True):
        return data

    @_register_writer(1)  # Basic type, except for the legacy API.
    def write_byte(self, data):
        return data

    @_register_loader(2, 1)
    def load_string(self, data, legacy_api=True):
        if data.endswith(b"\0"):
            data = data[:-1]
        return data.decode("latin-1", "replace")

    @_register_writer(2)
    def write_string(self, value):
        # remerge of https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/1416
        return b"" + value.encode("ascii", "replace") + b"\0"

    @_register_loader(5, 8)
    def load_rational(self, data, legacy_api=True):
        vals = self._unpack("{}L".format(len(data) // 4), data)

        def combine(a, b):
            return (a, b) if legacy_api else IFDRational(a, b)

        return tuple(combine(num, denom) for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))

    @_register_writer(5)
    def write_rational(self, *values):
        return b"".join(
            self._pack("2L", *_limit_rational(frac, 2 ** 32 - 1)) for frac in values
        )

    @_register_loader(7, 1)
    def load_undefined(self, data, legacy_api=True):
        return data

    @_register_writer(7)
    def write_undefined(self, value):
        return value

    @_register_loader(10, 8)
    def load_signed_rational(self, data, legacy_api=True):
        vals = self._unpack("{}l".format(len(data) // 4), data)

        def combine(a, b):
            return (a, b) if legacy_api else IFDRational(a, b)

        return tuple(combine(num, denom) for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))

    @_register_writer(10)
    def write_signed_rational(self, *values):
        return b"".join(
            self._pack("2l", *_limit_signed_rational(frac, 2 ** 31 - 1, -(2 ** 31)))
            for frac in values
        )

    def _ensure_read(self, fp, size):
        ret = fp.read(size)
        if len(ret) != size:
            raise OSError(
                "Corrupt EXIF data.  "
                f"Expecting to read {size} bytes but only got {len(ret)}. "
            )
        return ret

    def load(self, fp):

        self.reset()
        self._offset = fp.tell()

        try:
            for i in range(self._unpack("H", self._ensure_read(fp, 2))[0]):
                tag, typ, count, data = self._unpack("HHL4s", self._ensure_read(fp, 12))

                tagname = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group).name
                typname = TYPES.get(typ, "unknown")
                msg = f"tag: {tagname} ({tag}) - type: {typname} ({typ})"

                try:
                    unit_size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]
                except KeyError:
                    logger.debug(msg + f" - unsupported type {typ}")
                    continue  # ignore unsupported type
                size = count * unit_size
                if size > 4:
                    here = fp.tell()
                    (offset,) = self._unpack("L", data)
                    msg += f" Tag Location: {here} - Data Location: {offset}"
                    fp.seek(offset)
                    data = ImageFile._safe_read(fp, size)
                    fp.seek(here)
                else:
                    data = data[:size]

                if len(data) != size:
                    warnings.warn(
                        "Possibly corrupt EXIF data.  "
                        f"Expecting to read {size} bytes but only got {len(data)}."
                        f" Skipping tag {tag}"
                    )
                    logger.debug(msg)
                    continue

                if not data:
                    logger.debug(msg)
                    continue

                self._tagdata[tag] = data
                self.tagtype[tag] = typ

                msg += " - value: " + (
                    "<table: %d bytes>" % size if size > 32 else repr(data)
                )
                logger.debug(msg)

            (self.next,) = self._unpack("L", self._ensure_read(fp, 4))
        except OSError as msg:
            warnings.warn(str(msg))
            return

    def tobytes(self, offset=0):
        # FIXME What about tagdata?
        result = self._pack("H", len(self._tags_v2))

        entries = []
        offset = offset + len(result) + len(self._tags_v2) * 12 + 4
        stripoffsets = None

        # pass 1: convert tags to binary format
        # always write tags in ascending order
        for tag, value in sorted(self._tags_v2.items()):
            if tag == STRIPOFFSETS:
                stripoffsets = len(entries)
            typ = self.tagtype.get(tag)
            logger.debug(f"Tag {tag}, Type: {typ}, Value: {repr(value)}")
            is_ifd = typ == TiffTags.LONG and isinstance(value, dict)
            if is_ifd:
                if self._endian == "<":
                    ifh = b"II\x2A\x00\x08\x00\x00\x00"
                else:
                    ifh = b"MM\x00\x2A\x00\x00\x00\x08"
                ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(ifh, group=tag)
                for ifd_tag, ifd_value in self._tags_v2[tag].items():
                    ifd[ifd_tag] = ifd_value
                data = ifd.tobytes(offset)
            else:
                values = value if isinstance(value, tuple) else (value,)
                data = self._write_dispatch[typ](self, *values)

            tagname = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group).name
            typname = "ifd" if is_ifd else TYPES.get(typ, "unknown")
            msg = f"save: {tagname} ({tag}) - type: {typname} ({typ})"
            msg += " - value: " + (
                "<table: %d bytes>" % len(data) if len(data) >= 16 else str(values)
            )
            logger.debug(msg)

            # count is sum of lengths for string and arbitrary data
            if is_ifd:
                count = 1
            elif typ in [TiffTags.BYTE, TiffTags.ASCII, TiffTags.UNDEFINED]:
                count = len(data)
            else:
                count = len(values)
            # figure out if data fits into the entry
            if len(data) <= 4:
                entries.append((tag, typ, count, data.ljust(4, b"\0"), b""))
            else:
                entries.append((tag, typ, count, self._pack("L", offset), data))
                offset += (len(data) + 1) // 2 * 2  # pad to word

        # update strip offset data to point beyond auxiliary data
        if stripoffsets is not None:
            tag, typ, count, value, data = entries[stripoffsets]
            if data:
                raise NotImplementedError("multistrip support not yet implemented")
            value = self._pack("L", self._unpack("L", value)[0] + offset)
            entries[stripoffsets] = tag, typ, count, value, data

        # pass 2: write entries to file
        for tag, typ, count, value, data in entries:
            logger.debug(f"{tag} {typ} {count} {repr(value)} {repr(data)}")
            result += self._pack("HHL4s", tag, typ, count, value)

        # -- overwrite here for multi-page --
        result += b"\0\0\0\0"  # end of entries

        # pass 3: write auxiliary data to file
        for tag, typ, count, value, data in entries:
            result += data
            if len(data) & 1:
                result += b"\0"

        return result

    def save(self, fp):

        if fp.tell() == 0:  # skip TIFF header on subsequent pages
            # tiff header -- PIL always starts the first IFD at offset 8
            fp.write(self._prefix + self._pack("HL", 42, 8))

        offset = fp.tell()
        result = self.tobytes(offset)
        fp.write(result)
        return offset + len(result)


ImageFileDirectory_v2._load_dispatch = _load_dispatch
ImageFileDirectory_v2._write_dispatch = _write_dispatch
for idx, name in TYPES.items():
    name = name.replace(" ", "_")
    setattr(ImageFileDirectory_v2, "load_" + name, _load_dispatch[idx][1])
    setattr(ImageFileDirectory_v2, "write_" + name, _write_dispatch[idx])
del _load_dispatch, _write_dispatch, idx, name


# Legacy ImageFileDirectory support.
class ImageFileDirectory_v1(ImageFileDirectory_v2):
    """This class represents the **legacy** interface to a TIFF tag directory.

    Exposes a dictionary interface of the tags in the directory::

        ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v1()
        ifd[key] = 'Some Data'
        ifd.tagtype[key] = TiffTags.ASCII
        print(ifd[key])
        ('Some Data',)

    Also contains a dictionary of tag types as read from the tiff image file,
    :attr:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1.tagtype`.

    Values are returned as a tuple.

    ..  deprecated:: 3.0.0
    """

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self._legacy_api = True

    tags = property(lambda self: self._tags_v1)
    tagdata = property(lambda self: self._tagdata)

    # defined in ImageFileDirectory_v2
    tagtype: dict
    """Dictionary of tag types"""

    @classmethod
    def from_v2(cls, original):
        """Returns an
        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`
        instance with the same data as is contained in the original
        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2`
        instance.

        :returns: :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`

        """

        ifd = cls(prefix=original.prefix)
        ifd._tagdata = original._tagdata
        ifd.tagtype = original.tagtype
        ifd.next = original.next  # an indicator for multipage tiffs
        return ifd

    def to_v2(self):
        """Returns an
        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2`
        instance with the same data as is contained in the original
        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`
        instance.

        :returns: :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2`

        """

        ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(prefix=self.prefix)
        ifd._tagdata = dict(self._tagdata)
        ifd.tagtype = dict(self.tagtype)
        ifd._tags_v2 = dict(self._tags_v2)
        return ifd

    def __contains__(self, tag):
        return tag in self._tags_v1 or tag in self._tagdata

    def __len__(self):
        return len(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v1))

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v1))

    def __setitem__(self, tag, value):
        for legacy_api in (False, True):
            self._setitem(tag, value, legacy_api)

    def __getitem__(self, tag):
        if tag not in self._tags_v1:  # unpack on the fly
            data = self._tagdata[tag]
            typ = self.tagtype[tag]
            size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]
            for legacy in (False, True):
                self._setitem(tag, handler(self, data, legacy), legacy)
        val = self._tags_v1[tag]
        if not isinstance(val, (tuple, bytes)):
            val = (val,)
        return val


# undone -- switch this pointer when IFD_LEGACY_API == False
ImageFileDirectory = ImageFileDirectory_v1


##
# Image plugin for TIFF files.


class TiffImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):

    format = "TIFF"
    format_description = "Adobe TIFF"
    _close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = False

    def __init__(self, fp=None, filename=None):
        self.tag_v2 = None
        """ Image file directory (tag dictionary) """

        self.tag = None
        """ Legacy tag entries """

        super().__init__(fp, filename)

    def _open(self):
        """Open the first image in a TIFF file"""

        # Header
        ifh = self.fp.read(8)

        self.tag_v2 = ImageFileDirectory_v2(ifh)

        # legacy IFD entries will be filled in later
        self.ifd = None

        # setup frame pointers
        self.__first = self.__next = self.tag_v2.next
        self.__frame = -1
        self.__fp = self.fp
        self._frame_pos = []
        self._n_frames = None

        logger.debug("*** TiffImageFile._open ***")
        logger.debug(f"- __first: {self.__first}")
        logger.debug(f"- ifh: {repr(ifh)}")  # Use repr to avoid str(bytes)

        # and load the first frame
        self._seek(0)

    @property
    def n_frames(self):
        if self._n_frames is None:
            current = self.tell()
            self._seek(len(self._frame_pos))
            while self._n_frames is None:
                self._seek(self.tell() + 1)
            self.seek(current)
        return self._n_frames

    def seek(self, frame):
        """Select a given frame as current image"""
        if not self._seek_check(frame):
            return
        self._seek(frame)
        # Create a new core image object on second and
        # subsequent frames in the image. Image may be
        # different size/mode.
        Image._decompression_bomb_check(self.size)
        self.im = Image.core.new(self.mode, self.size)

    def _seek(self, frame):
        self.fp = self.__fp

        # reset buffered io handle in case fp
        # was passed to libtiff, invalidating the buffer
        self.fp.tell()

        while len(self._frame_pos) <= frame:
            if not self.__next:
                raise EOFError("no more images in TIFF file")
            logger.debug(
                f"Seeking to frame {frame}, on frame {self.__frame}, "
                f"__next {self.__next}, location: {self.fp.tell()}"
            )
            self.fp.seek(self.__next)
            self._frame_pos.append(self.__next)
            logger.debug("Loading tags, location: %s" % self.fp.tell())
            self.tag_v2.load(self.fp)
            if self.tag_v2.next in self._frame_pos:
                # This IFD has already been processed
                # Declare this to be the end of the image
                self.__next = 0
            else:
                self.__next = self.tag_v2.next
            if self.__next == 0:
                self._n_frames = frame + 1
            if len(self._frame_pos) == 1:
                self.is_animated = self.__next != 0
            self.__frame += 1
        self.fp.seek(self._frame_pos[frame])
        self.tag_v2.load(self.fp)
        # fill the legacy tag/ifd entries
        self.tag = self.ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v1.from_v2(self.tag_v2)
        self.__frame = frame
        self._setup()

    def tell(self):
        """Return the current frame number"""
        return self.__frame

    def load(self):
        if self.tile and self.use_load_libtiff:
            return self._load_libtiff()
        return super().load()

    def load_end(self):
        if self._tile_orientation:
            method = {
                2: Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT,
                3: Image.ROTATE_180,
                4: Image.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM,
                5: Image.TRANSPOSE,
                6: Image.ROTATE_270,
                7: Image.TRANSVERSE,
                8: Image.ROTATE_90,
            }.get(self._tile_orientation)
            if method is not None:
                self.im = self.im.transpose(method)
                self._size = self.im.size

        # allow closing if we're on the first frame, there's no next
        # This is the ImageFile.load path only, libtiff specific below.
        if not self.is_animated:
            self._close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = True

    def _load_libtiff(self):
        """Overload method triggered when we detect a compressed tiff
        Calls out to libtiff"""

        Image.Image.load(self)

        self.load_prepare()

        if not len(self.tile) == 1:
            raise OSError("Not exactly one tile")

        # (self._compression, (extents tuple),
        #   0, (rawmode, self._compression, fp))
        extents = self.tile[0][1]
        args = list(self.tile[0][3])

        # To be nice on memory footprint, if there's a
        # file descriptor, use that instead of reading
        # into a string in python.
        # libtiff closes the file descriptor, so pass in a dup.
        try:
            fp = hasattr(self.fp, "fileno") and os.dup(self.fp.fileno())
            # flush the file descriptor, prevents error on pypy 2.4+
            # should also eliminate the need for fp.tell
            # in _seek
            if hasattr(self.fp, "flush"):
                self.fp.flush()
        except OSError:
            # io.BytesIO have a fileno, but returns an OSError if
            # it doesn't use a file descriptor.
            fp = False

        if fp:
            args[2] = fp

        decoder = Image._getdecoder(
            self.mode, "libtiff", tuple(args), self.decoderconfig
        )
        try:
            decoder.setimage(self.im, extents)
        except ValueError as e:
            raise OSError("Couldn't set the image") from e

        close_self_fp = self._exclusive_fp and not self.is_animated
        if hasattr(self.fp, "getvalue"):
            # We've got a stringio like thing passed in. Yay for all in memory.
            # The decoder needs the entire file in one shot, so there's not
            # a lot we can do here other than give it the entire file.
            # unless we could do something like get the address of the
            # underlying string for stringio.
            #
            # Rearranging for supporting byteio items, since they have a fileno
            # that returns an OSError if there's no underlying fp. Easier to
            # deal with here by reordering.
            logger.debug("have getvalue. just sending in a string from getvalue")
            n, err = decoder.decode(self.fp.getvalue())
        elif fp:
            # we've got a actual file on disk, pass in the fp.
            logger.debug("have fileno, calling fileno version of the decoder.")
            if not close_self_fp:
                self.fp.seek(0)
            # 4 bytes, otherwise the trace might error out
            n, err = decoder.decode(b"fpfp")
        else:
            # we have something else.
            logger.debug("don't have fileno or getvalue. just reading")
            self.fp.seek(0)
            # UNDONE -- so much for that buffer size thing.
            n, err = decoder.decode(self.fp.read())

        self.tile = []
        self.readonly = 0

        self.load_end()

        # libtiff closed the fp in a, we need to close self.fp, if possible
        if close_self_fp:
            self.fp.close()
            self.fp = None  # might be shared

        if err < 0:
            raise OSError(err)

        return Image.Image.load(self)

    def _setup(self):
        """Setup this image object based on current tags"""

        if 0xBC01 in self.tag_v2:
            raise OSError("Windows Media Photo files not yet supported")

        # extract relevant tags
        self._compression = COMPRESSION_INFO[self.tag_v2.get(COMPRESSION, 1)]
        self._planar_configuration = self.tag_v2.get(PLANAR_CONFIGURATION, 1)

        # photometric is a required tag, but not everyone is reading
        # the specification
        photo = self.tag_v2.get(PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION, 0)

        # old style jpeg compression images most certainly are YCbCr
        if self._compression == "tiff_jpeg":
            photo = 6

        fillorder = self.tag_v2.get(FILLORDER, 1)

        logger.debug("*** Summary ***")
        logger.debug(f"- compression: {self._compression}")
        logger.debug(f"- photometric_interpretation: {photo}")
        logger.debug(f"- planar_configuration: {self._planar_configuration}")
        logger.debug(f"- fill_order: {fillorder}")
        logger.debug(f"- YCbCr subsampling: {self.tag.get(530)}")

        # size
        xsize = int(self.tag_v2.get(IMAGEWIDTH))
        ysize = int(self.tag_v2.get(IMAGELENGTH))
        self._size = xsize, ysize

        logger.debug(f"- size: {self.size}")

        sampleFormat = self.tag_v2.get(SAMPLEFORMAT, (1,))
        if len(sampleFormat) > 1 and max(sampleFormat) == min(sampleFormat) == 1:
            # SAMPLEFORMAT is properly per band, so an RGB image will
            # be (1,1,1).  But, we don't support per band pixel types,
            # and anything more than one band is a uint8. So, just
            # take the first element. Revisit this if adding support
            # for more exotic images.
            sampleFormat = (1,)

        bps_tuple = self.tag_v2.get(BITSPERSAMPLE, (1,))
        extra_tuple = self.tag_v2.get(EXTRASAMPLES, ())
        if photo in (2, 6, 8):  # RGB, YCbCr, LAB
            bps_count = 3
        elif photo == 5:  # CMYK
            bps_count = 4
        else:
            bps_count = 1
        bps_count += len(extra_tuple)
        # Some files have only one value in bps_tuple,
        # while should have more. Fix it
        if bps_count > len(bps_tuple) and len(bps_tuple) == 1:
            bps_tuple = bps_tuple * bps_count

        samplesPerPixel = self.tag_v2.get(
            SAMPLESPERPIXEL,
            3 if self._compression == "tiff_jpeg" and photo in (2, 6) else 1,
        )
        if len(bps_tuple) != samplesPerPixel:
            raise SyntaxError("unknown data organization")

        # mode: check photometric interpretation and bits per pixel
        key = (
            self.tag_v2.prefix,
            photo,
            sampleFormat,
            fillorder,
            bps_tuple,
            extra_tuple,
        )
        logger.debug(f"format key: {key}")
        try:
            self.mode, rawmode = OPEN_INFO[key]
        except KeyError as e:
            logger.debug("- unsupported format")
            raise SyntaxError("unknown pixel mode") from e

        logger.debug(f"- raw mode: {rawmode}")
        logger.debug(f"- pil mode: {self.mode}")

        self.info["compression"] = self._compression

        xres = self.tag_v2.get(X_RESOLUTION, 1)
        yres = self.tag_v2.get(Y_RESOLUTION, 1)

        if xres and yres:
            resunit = self.tag_v2.get(RESOLUTION_UNIT)
            if resunit == 2:  # dots per inch
                self.info["dpi"] = (xres, yres)
            elif resunit == 3:  # dots per centimeter. convert to dpi
                self.info["dpi"] = (xres * 2.54, yres * 2.54)
            elif resunit is None:  # used to default to 1, but now 2)
                self.info["dpi"] = (xres, yres)
                # For backward compatibility,
                # we also preserve the old behavior
                self.info["resolution"] = xres, yres
            else:  # No absolute unit of measurement
                self.info["resolution"] = xres, yres

        # build tile descriptors
        x = y = layer = 0
        self.tile = []
        self.use_load_libtiff = READ_LIBTIFF or self._compression != "raw"
        if self.use_load_libtiff:
            # Decoder expects entire file as one tile.
            # There's a buffer size limit in load (64k)
            # so large g4 images will fail if we use that
            # function.
            #
            # Setup the one tile for the whole image, then
            # use the _load_libtiff function.

            # libtiff handles the fillmode for us, so 1;IR should
            # actually be 1;I. Including the R double reverses the
            # bits, so stripes of the image are reversed.  See
            # https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/279
            if fillorder == 2:
                # Replace fillorder with fillorder=1
                key = key[:3] + (1,) + key[4:]
                logger.debug(f"format key: {key}")
                # this should always work, since all the
                # fillorder==2 modes have a corresponding
                # fillorder=1 mode
                self.mode, rawmode = OPEN_INFO[key]
            # libtiff always returns the bytes in native order.
            # we're expecting image byte order. So, if the rawmode
            # contains I;16, we need to convert from native to image
            # byte order.
            if rawmode == "I;16":
                rawmode = "I;16N"
            if ";16B" in rawmode:
                rawmode = rawmode.replace(";16B", ";16N")
            if ";16L" in rawmode:
                rawmode = rawmode.replace(";16L", ";16N")

            # YCbCr images with new jpeg compression with pixels in one plane
            # unpacked straight into RGB values
            if (
                photo == 6
                and self._compression == "jpeg"
                and self._planar_configuration == 1
            ):
                rawmode = "RGB"

            # Offset in the tile tuple is 0, we go from 0,0 to
            # w,h, and we only do this once -- eds
            a = (rawmode, self._compression, False, self.tag_v2.offset)
            self.tile.append(("libtiff", (0, 0, xsize, ysize), 0, a))

        elif STRIPOFFSETS in self.tag_v2 or TILEOFFSETS in self.tag_v2:
            # striped image
            if STRIPOFFSETS in self.tag_v2:
                offsets = self.tag_v2[STRIPOFFSETS]
                h = self.tag_v2.get(ROWSPERSTRIP, ysize)
                w = self.size[0]
            else:
                # tiled image
                offsets = self.tag_v2[TILEOFFSETS]
                w = self.tag_v2.get(322)
                h = self.tag_v2.get(323)

            for offset in offsets:
                if x + w > xsize:
                    stride = w * sum(bps_tuple) / 8  # bytes per line
                else:
                    stride = 0

                tile_rawmode = rawmode
                if self._planar_configuration == 2:
                    # each band on it's own layer
                    tile_rawmode = rawmode[layer]
                    # adjust stride width accordingly
                    stride /= bps_count

                a = (tile_rawmode, int(stride), 1)
                self.tile.append(
                    (
                        self._compression,
                        (x, y, min(x + w, xsize), min(y + h, ysize)),
                        offset,
                        a,
                    )
                )
                x = x + w
                if x >= self.size[0]:
                    x, y = 0, y + h
                    if y >= self.size[1]:
                        x = y = 0
                        layer += 1
        else:
            logger.debug("- unsupported data organization")
            raise SyntaxError("unknown data organization")

        # Fix up info.
        if ICCPROFILE in self.tag_v2:
            self.info["icc_profile"] = self.tag_v2[ICCPROFILE]

        # fixup palette descriptor

        if self.mode in ["P", "PA"]:
            palette = [o8(b // 256) for b in self.tag_v2[COLORMAP]]
            self.palette = ImagePalette.raw("RGB;L", b"".join(palette))

        self._tile_orientation = self.tag_v2.get(0x0112)

    def _close__fp(self):
        try:
            if self.__fp != self.fp:
                self.__fp.close()
        except AttributeError:
            pass
        finally:
            self.__fp = None


#
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
# Write TIFF files

# little endian is default except for image modes with
# explicit big endian byte-order

SAVE_INFO = {
    # mode => rawmode, byteorder, photometrics,
    #           sampleformat, bitspersample, extra
    "1": ("1", II, 1, 1, (1,), None),
    "L": ("L", II, 1, 1, (8,), None),
    "LA": ("LA", II, 1, 1, (8, 8), 2),
    "P": ("P", II, 3, 1, (8,), None),
    "PA": ("PA", II, 3, 1, (8, 8), 2),
    "I": ("I;32S", II, 1, 2, (32,), None),
    "I;16": ("I;16", II, 1, 1, (16,), None),
    "I;16S": ("I;16S", II, 1, 2, (16,), None),
    "F": ("F;32F", II, 1, 3, (32,), None),
    "RGB": ("RGB", II, 2, 1, (8, 8, 8), None),
    "RGBX": ("RGBX", II, 2, 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), 0),
    "RGBA": ("RGBA", II, 2, 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), 2),
    "CMYK": ("CMYK", II, 5, 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), None),
    "YCbCr": ("YCbCr", II, 6, 1, (8, 8, 8), None),
    "LAB": ("LAB", II, 8, 1, (8, 8, 8), None),
    "I;32BS": ("I;32BS", MM, 1, 2, (32,), None),
    "I;16B": ("I;16B", MM, 1, 1, (16,), None),
    "I;16BS": ("I;16BS", MM, 1, 2, (16,), None),
    "F;32BF": ("F;32BF", MM, 1, 3, (32,), None),
}


def _save(im, fp, filename):

    try:
        rawmode, prefix, photo, format, bits, extra = SAVE_INFO[im.mode]
    except KeyError as e:
        raise OSError(f"cannot write mode {im.mode} as TIFF") from e

    ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(prefix=prefix)

    compression = im.encoderinfo.get("compression", im.info.get("compression"))
    if compression is None:
        compression = "raw"
    elif compression == "tiff_jpeg":
        # OJPEG is obsolete, so use new-style JPEG compression instead
        compression = "jpeg"
    elif compression == "tiff_deflate":
        compression = "tiff_adobe_deflate"

    libtiff = WRITE_LIBTIFF or compression != "raw"

    # required for color libtiff images
    ifd[PLANAR_CONFIGURATION] = getattr(im, "_planar_configuration", 1)

    ifd[IMAGEWIDTH] = im.size[0]
    ifd[IMAGELENGTH] = im.size[1]

    # write any arbitrary tags passed in as an ImageFileDirectory
    info = im.encoderinfo.get("tiffinfo", {})
    logger.debug("Tiffinfo Keys: %s" % list(info))
    if isinstance(info, ImageFileDirectory_v1):
        info = info.to_v2()
    for key in info:
        ifd[key] = info.get(key)
        try:
            ifd.tagtype[key] = info.tagtype[key]
        except Exception:
            pass  # might not be an IFD. Might not have populated type

    # additions written by Greg Couch, gregc@cgl.ucsf.edu
    # inspired by image-sig posting from Kevin Cazabon, kcazabon@home.com
    if hasattr(im, "tag_v2"):
        # preserve tags from original TIFF image file
        for key in (
            RESOLUTION_UNIT,
            X_RESOLUTION,
            Y_RESOLUTION,
            IPTC_NAA_CHUNK,
            PHOTOSHOP_CHUNK,
            XMP,
        ):
            if key in im.tag_v2:
                ifd[key] = im.tag_v2[key]
                ifd.tagtype[key] = im.tag_v2.tagtype[key]

    # preserve ICC profile (should also work when saving other formats
    # which support profiles as TIFF) -- 2008-06-06 Florian Hoech
    icc = im.encoderinfo.get("icc_profile", im.info.get("icc_profile"))
    if icc:
        ifd[ICCPROFILE] = icc

    for key, name in [
        (IMAGEDESCRIPTION, "description"),
        (X_RESOLUTION, "resolution"),
        (Y_RESOLUTION, "resolution"),
        (X_RESOLUTION, "x_resolution"),
        (Y_RESOLUTION, "y_resolution"),
        (RESOLUTION_UNIT, "resolution_unit"),
        (SOFTWARE, "software"),
        (DATE_TIME, "date_time"),
        (ARTIST, "artist"),
        (COPYRIGHT, "copyright"),
    ]:
        if name in im.encoderinfo:
            ifd[key] = im.encoderinfo[name]

    dpi = im.encoderinfo.get("dpi")
    if dpi:
        ifd[RESOLUTION_UNIT] = 2
        ifd[X_RESOLUTION] = dpi[0]
        ifd[Y_RESOLUTION] = dpi[1]

    if bits != (1,):
        ifd[BITSPERSAMPLE] = bits
        if len(bits) != 1:
            ifd[SAMPLESPERPIXEL] = len(bits)
    if extra is not None:
        ifd[EXTRASAMPLES] = extra
    if format != 1:
        ifd[SAMPLEFORMAT] = format

    ifd[PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION] = photo

    if im.mode in ["P", "PA"]:
        lut = im.im.getpalette("RGB", "RGB;L")
        ifd[COLORMAP] = tuple(v * 256 for v in lut)
    # data orientation
    stride = len(bits) * ((im.size[0] * bits[0] + 7) // 8)
    ifd[ROWSPERSTRIP] = im.size[1]
    strip_byte_counts = stride * im.size[1]
    if strip_byte_counts >= 2 ** 16:
        ifd.tagtype[STRIPBYTECOUNTS] = TiffTags.LONG
    ifd[STRIPBYTECOUNTS] = strip_byte_counts
    ifd[STRIPOFFSETS] = 0  # this is adjusted by IFD writer
    # no compression by default:
    ifd[COMPRESSION] = COMPRESSION_INFO_REV.get(compression, 1)

    if libtiff:
        if "quality" in im.encoderinfo:
            quality = im.encoderinfo["quality"]
            if not isinstance(quality, int) or quality < 0 or quality > 100:
                raise ValueError("Invalid quality setting")
            if compression != "jpeg":
                raise ValueError(
                    "quality setting only supported for 'jpeg' compression"
                )
            ifd[JPEGQUALITY] = quality

        logger.debug("Saving using libtiff encoder")
        logger.debug("Items: %s" % sorted(ifd.items()))
        _fp = 0
        if hasattr(fp, "fileno"):
            try:
                fp.seek(0)
                _fp = os.dup(fp.fileno())
            except io.UnsupportedOperation:
                pass

        # optional types for non core tags
        types = {}
        # SAMPLEFORMAT is determined by the image format and should not be copied
        # from legacy_ifd.
        # STRIPOFFSETS and STRIPBYTECOUNTS are added by the library
        # based on the data in the strip.
        # The other tags expect arrays with a certain length (fixed or depending on
        # BITSPERSAMPLE, etc), passing arrays with a different length will result in
        # segfaults. Block these tags until we add extra validation.
        # SUBIFD may also cause a segfault.
        blocklist = [
            REFERENCEBLACKWHITE,
            SAMPLEFORMAT,
            STRIPBYTECOUNTS,
            STRIPOFFSETS,
            TRANSFERFUNCTION,
            SUBIFD,
        ]

        atts = {}
        # bits per sample is a single short in the tiff directory, not a list.
        atts[BITSPERSAMPLE] = bits[0]
        # Merge the ones that we have with (optional) more bits from
        # the original file, e.g x,y resolution so that we can
        # save(load('')) == original file.
        legacy_ifd = {}
        if hasattr(im, "tag"):
            legacy_ifd = im.tag.to_v2()
        for tag, value in itertools.chain(
            ifd.items(), getattr(im, "tag_v2", {}).items(), legacy_ifd.items()
        ):
            # Libtiff can only process certain core items without adding
            # them to the custom dictionary.
            # Custom items are supported for int, float, unicode, string and byte
            # values. Other types and tuples require a tagtype.
            if tag not in TiffTags.LIBTIFF_CORE:
                if not Image.core.libtiff_support_custom_tags:
                    continue

                if tag in ifd.tagtype:
                    types[tag] = ifd.tagtype[tag]
                elif not (isinstance(value, (int, float, str, bytes))):
                    continue
                else:
                    type = TiffTags.lookup(tag).type
                    if type:
                        types[tag] = type
            if tag not in atts and tag not in blocklist:
                if isinstance(value, str):
                    atts[tag] = value.encode("ascii", "replace") + b"\0"
                elif isinstance(value, IFDRational):
                    atts[tag] = float(value)
                else:
                    atts[tag] = value

        logger.debug("Converted items: %s" % sorted(atts.items()))

        # libtiff always expects the bytes in native order.
        # we're storing image byte order. So, if the rawmode
        # contains I;16, we need to convert from native to image
        # byte order.
        if im.mode in ("I;16B", "I;16"):
            rawmode = "I;16N"

        # Pass tags as sorted list so that the tags are set in a fixed order.
        # This is required by libtiff for some tags. For example, the JPEGQUALITY
        # pseudo tag requires that the COMPRESS tag was already set.
        tags = list(atts.items())
        tags.sort()
        a = (rawmode, compression, _fp, filename, tags, types)
        e = Image._getencoder(im.mode, "libtiff", a, im.encoderconfig)
        e.setimage(im.im, (0, 0) + im.size)
        while True:
            # undone, change to self.decodermaxblock:
            l, s, d = e.encode(16 * 1024)
            if not _fp:
                fp.write(d)
            if s:
                break
        if s < 0:
            raise OSError(f"encoder error {s} when writing image file")

    else:
        offset = ifd.save(fp)

        ImageFile._save(
            im, fp, [("raw", (0, 0) + im.size, offset, (rawmode, stride, 1))]
        )

    # -- helper for multi-page save --
    if "_debug_multipage" in im.encoderinfo:
        # just to access o32 and o16 (using correct byte order)
        im._debug_multipage = ifd


class AppendingTiffWriter:
    fieldSizes = [
        0,  # None
        1,  # byte
        1,  # ascii
        2,  # short
        4,  # long
        8,  # rational
        1,  # sbyte
        1,  # undefined
        2,  # sshort
        4,  # slong
        8,  # srational
        4,  # float
        8,  # double
    ]

    #    StripOffsets = 273
    #    FreeOffsets = 288
    #    TileOffsets = 324
    #    JPEGQTables = 519
    #    JPEGDCTables = 520
    #    JPEGACTables = 521
    Tags = {273, 288, 324, 519, 520, 521}

    def __init__(self, fn, new=False):
        if hasattr(fn, "read"):
            self.f = fn
            self.close_fp = False
        else:
            self.name = fn
            self.close_fp = True
            try:
                self.f = open(fn, "w+b" if new else "r+b")
            except OSError:
                self.f = open(fn, "w+b")
        self.beginning = self.f.tell()
        self.setup()

    def setup(self):
        # Reset everything.
        self.f.seek(self.beginning, os.SEEK_SET)

        self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset = None
        self.offsetOfNewPage = 0

        self.IIMM = IIMM = self.f.read(4)
        if not IIMM:
            # empty file - first page
            self.isFirst = True
            return

        self.isFirst = False
        if IIMM == b"II\x2a\x00":
            self.setEndian("<")
        elif IIMM == b"MM\x00\x2a":
            self.setEndian(">")
        else:
            raise RuntimeError("Invalid TIFF file header")

        self.skipIFDs()
        self.goToEnd()

    def finalize(self):
        if self.isFirst:
            return

        # fix offsets
        self.f.seek(self.offsetOfNewPage)

        IIMM = self.f.read(4)
        if not IIMM:
            # raise RuntimeError("nothing written into new page")
            # Make it easy to finish a frame without committing to a new one.
            return

        if IIMM != self.IIMM:
            raise RuntimeError("IIMM of new page doesn't match IIMM of first page")

        IFDoffset = self.readLong()
        IFDoffset += self.offsetOfNewPage
        self.f.seek(self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset)
        self.writeLong(IFDoffset)
        self.f.seek(IFDoffset)
        self.fixIFD()

    def newFrame(self):
        # Call this to finish a frame.
        self.finalize()
        self.setup()

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        if self.close_fp:
            self.close()
        return False

    def tell(self):
        return self.f.tell() - self.offsetOfNewPage

    def seek(self, offset, whence=io.SEEK_SET):
        if whence == os.SEEK_SET:
            offset += self.offsetOfNewPage

        self.f.seek(offset, whence)
        return self.tell()

    def goToEnd(self):
        self.f.seek(0, os.SEEK_END)
        pos = self.f.tell()

        # pad to 16 byte boundary
        padBytes = 16 - pos % 16
        if 0 < padBytes < 16:
            self.f.write(bytes(padBytes))
        self.offsetOfNewPage = self.f.tell()

    def setEndian(self, endian):
        self.endian = endian
        self.longFmt = self.endian + "L"
        self.shortFmt = self.endian + "H"
        self.tagFormat = self.endian + "HHL"

    def skipIFDs(self):
        while True:
            IFDoffset = self.readLong()
            if IFDoffset == 0:
                self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset = self.f.tell() - 4
                break

            self.f.seek(IFDoffset)
            numTags = self.readShort()
            self.f.seek(numTags * 12, os.SEEK_CUR)

    def write(self, data):
        return self.f.write(data)

    def readShort(self):
        (value,) = struct.unpack(self.shortFmt, self.f.read(2))
        return value

    def readLong(self):
        (value,) = struct.unpack(self.longFmt, self.f.read(4))
        return value

    def rewriteLastShortToLong(self, value):
        self.f.seek(-2, os.SEEK_CUR)
        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.longFmt, value))
        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 4:
            raise RuntimeError(f"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 4")

    def rewriteLastShort(self, value):
        self.f.seek(-2, os.SEEK_CUR)
        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.shortFmt, value))
        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 2:
            raise RuntimeError(f"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 2")

    def rewriteLastLong(self, value):
        self.f.seek(-4, os.SEEK_CUR)
        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.longFmt, value))
        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 4:
            raise RuntimeError(f"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 4")

    def writeShort(self, value):
        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.shortFmt, value))
        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 2:
            raise RuntimeError(f"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 2")

    def writeLong(self, value):
        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.longFmt, value))
        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 4:
            raise RuntimeError(f"wrote only {bytesWritten} bytes but wanted 4")

    def close(self):
        self.finalize()
        self.f.close()

    def fixIFD(self):
        numTags = self.readShort()

        for i in range(numTags):
            tag, fieldType, count = struct.unpack(self.tagFormat, self.f.read(8))

            fieldSize = self.fieldSizes[fieldType]
            totalSize = fieldSize * count
            isLocal = totalSize <= 4
            if not isLocal:
                offset = self.readLong()
                offset += self.offsetOfNewPage
                self.rewriteLastLong(offset)

            if tag in self.Tags:
                curPos = self.f.tell()

                if isLocal:
                    self.fixOffsets(
                        count, isShort=(fieldSize == 2), isLong=(fieldSize == 4)
                    )
                    self.f.seek(curPos + 4)
                else:
                    self.f.seek(offset)
                    self.fixOffsets(
                        count, isShort=(fieldSize == 2), isLong=(fieldSize == 4)
                    )
                    self.f.seek(curPos)

                offset = curPos = None

            elif isLocal:
                # skip the locally stored value that is not an offset
                self.f.seek(4, os.SEEK_CUR)

    def fixOffsets(self, count, isShort=False, isLong=False):
        if not isShort and not isLong:
            raise RuntimeError("offset is neither short nor long")

        for i in range(count):
            offset = self.readShort() if isShort else self.readLong()
            offset += self.offsetOfNewPage
            if isShort and offset >= 65536:
                # offset is now too large - we must convert shorts to longs
                if count != 1:
                    raise RuntimeError("not implemented")  # XXX TODO

                # simple case - the offset is just one and therefore it is
                # local (not referenced with another offset)
                self.rewriteLastShortToLong(offset)
                self.f.seek(-10, os.SEEK_CUR)
                self.writeShort(TiffTags.LONG)  # rewrite the type to LONG
                self.f.seek(8, os.SEEK_CUR)
            elif isShort:
                self.rewriteLastShort(offset)
            else:
                self.rewriteLastLong(offset)


def _save_all(im, fp, filename):
    encoderinfo = im.encoderinfo.copy()
    encoderconfig = im.encoderconfig
    append_images = list(encoderinfo.get("append_images", []))
    if not hasattr(im, "n_frames") and not append_images:
        return _save(im, fp, filename)

    cur_idx = im.tell()
    try:
        with AppendingTiffWriter(fp) as tf:
            for ims in [im] + append_images:
                ims.encoderinfo = encoderinfo
                ims.encoderconfig = encoderconfig
                if not hasattr(ims, "n_frames"):
                    nfr = 1
                else:
                    nfr = ims.n_frames

                for idx in range(nfr):
                    ims.seek(idx)
                    ims.load()
                    _save(ims, tf, filename)
                    tf.newFrame()
    finally:
        im.seek(cur_idx)


#
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
# Register

Image.register_open(TiffImageFile.format, TiffImageFile, _accept)
Image.register_save(TiffImageFile.format, _save)
Image.register_save_all(TiffImageFile.format, _save_all)

Image.register_extensions(TiffImageFile.format, [".tif", ".tiff"])

Image.register_mime(TiffImageFile.format, "image/tiff")

```
--- END FILE ---

Please first localize the bug based on the issue statement, and then generate *SEARCH/REPLACE* edits to fix the issue.

Every *SEARCH/REPLACE* edit must use this format:
1. The file path
2. The start of search block: <<<<<<< SEARCH
3. A contiguous chunk of lines to search for in the existing source code
4. The dividing line: =======
5. The lines to replace into the source code
6. The end of the replace block: >>>>>>> REPLACE

Here is an example:

```python
### mathweb/flask/app.py
<<<<<<< SEARCH
from flask import Flask
=======
import math
from flask import Flask
>>>>>>> REPLACE
```
</solution>

Please note that the *SEARCH/REPLACE* edit REQUIRES PROPER INDENTATION. If you would like to add the line '        print(x)', you must fully write that out, with all those spaces before the code!
Wrap each *SEARCH/REPLACE* edit in a code block as shown in the example above. If you have multiple *SEARCH/REPLACE* edits, use a separate code block for each one.
user