Removal of the Stone of Scone in 1950 I of England (Longshanks) in 1296 during the struggles against English invasion, which historians call the Scottish Wars of Independence as a spoil of war, kept in Westminster Abbey in London and fitted into King Edward's Chair. Subsequent English and then British monarchs were crowned sitting upon the chair and Stone. At the time, the Stone was viewed as a symbol of Scottish nationhood; by removing the Stone to London, Edward I was declaring himself 'King of the Scots'. In 1950, Ian Hamilton, a student at the University of Glasgow, approached Gavin Vernon with a plan to remove the Stone
White-crowned manakin "pipra" is the Ancient Greek word for a small unidentified bird mentioned by Aristotle. The white-crowned manakin was subsequently placed in the genus "Pipra". In 1992, the American ornithologist Richard Prum published a study of the syringeal morphology of birds in "Pipra". He found that the genus was polyphyletic and proposed that it should be split with the white-crowned manakin placed in the resurrected genus "Dixiphia" that had originally been introduced by the German ornithologist Ludwig Reichenbach in 1850. Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies confirmed that "Pipra", as traditionally defined, was polyphyletic and most ornithologists followed Prum and placed the white-crowned