French Federation of Speleology 10 years, named the "Bulletin of the CNS". Simultaneously, the SSF ceased publication of its periodical bulletin to provide its official information bulletin in the new "CNS". From 1952, cave training courses were organised in partnership with the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. From 1953, Guy Lavaur organised cave diving activities. In conjunction with the Fédération nationale de sauvetage (National Rescue Federation), a certificate of first degree fitness was created in 1954. The first International Congress of Speleology was held in Paris from 7–12 September 1953 under the patronage of the Minister of National Education, as well as the
Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration proper. He did hypothesize that, based upon the amount of ice, there must be an originating land mass. Subsequently, exploration of the Southern regions of the world came to a great halt. What followed this period of Antarctic interest is what historian H. R. Mill called 'the age of averted interest'. Following the expedition South by the ships HMS "Erebus" and HMS "Terror" under James Clark Ross (January, 1841), he suggested that there were no scientific discoveries, or 'problems', worth exploration in the far South. It is considered that Ross' influence, as well as the loss of the Franklin expedition