Wine fraud "Appellation d'origine contrôlée" (AOC) used in France, the "Denominazione di origine controllata" (DOC) used in Italy, the "Denominação de Origem Controlada" (DOC) used in Portugal, and the "Denominación de Origen" (DO) system used in Spain. Producers who are registered in each appellation must abide by the appellation's rules, including exact percentage of grapes (often 100%) that must come from that region. Producers who fraudulently use grapes outside the region they are proclaiming on their wine labels can be caught by the appellation's authorities. As it became more difficult to fraudulently label wines with the wrong provenance, label fraud soon evolved
French Constitutional Laws of 1875 French Constitutional Laws of 1875 The Constitutional Laws of 1875 were the laws passed in France by the National Assembly between February and July 1875 which established the Third French Republic. The constitution laws could be roughly divided into three laws: This was the only time that a republic in France was not defined or organized by a genuine constitution. The situation continued during the Vichy Period, where the French Constitutional Law of 1940, along with Philippe Pétain's "Act No. 2", heavily circumscribed the 1875 laws. The laws were legally revoked only during the promulgation of the French Constitution of