Town centre development of indoor shopping malls in major towns and cities. Examples include the Manchester Arndale Centre, the St. James Centre in Edinburgh and the Bullring Centre in Birmingham. They tended to be constructed in a Brutalist or Modernist fashion reflecting the architectural styles of the period. During the Thatcher government of the 1980s, a change in planning policy allowed competing out-of-town shopping and leisure centres to be developed. Examples include the Metro Centre in Gateshead, the Merry Hill Shopping Centre in Dudley, and the Gyle Centre in Edinburgh. Developments of this type have, in a number of places, resulted in
Itis shopping centre Itis shopping centre Itis (formerly Itäkeskus) is a shopping centre in the district of Itäkeskus in East Helsinki, Finland. It is located next to the eastern motorway and the Itäkeskus metro station. The mall has been refurbished a number of times, most recently in 2014, increasing the gross leasable area — including offices — to a total of . It has a leasable retail area of , containing more than 150 shops; including restaurants, cafés and grocery stores, which makes it the fourth largest shopping centre in Finland. The mall has 3,000 parking spaces and approximately 18 million visitors annually.