Forest migration northward. Though "Fagus" and "Picea" populations did not expand directionally, they have grown in the Scandinavian range. The movement of "Picea" species in the past 1000 years has shown a strong connection to climate change through a model comparison. In the more recent past, there has been documentation of elevation shifts in distribution of many core forest tree species of Catalonia. The populations of two tree species (European Beech, "Fagus sylvatica"; and Holm Oak, "Quercus ilex") were evaluated in their dynamics over elevations through time. Generally, Holm Oak reside lower on mountain slopes than does European Beech. In the past
Carex sylvatica Carex sylvatica Carex sylvatica is a species of sedge found in deciduous woodlands across Europe. It typically reaches tall, and has an inflorescence made up of 3–5 pendent female spikes and a single male spike. It is also used as a garden plant, and has been introduced to North America and New Zealand. "Carex sylvatica" "resembles a small "C. pendula"", growing to around tall, or up to in exceptional cases. Its rhizomes are very short, giving the plant a densely cespitose (tufted) form. The leaves are long, wide and thick, with 17–31 parallel veins. The leaves have a slight keel,