English Lowlands beech forests just one biogeographic province in the Palearctic Realm, which he termed British Islands. Historically, much of this lowland and submontane region was covered with high-canopy forests dominated by European beech ("Fagus sylvatica"), but also including other species of tree, including oak, ash, rowan and yew. In summer, the forests are generally cool and dark, because the beech produces a dense canopy, and thus restricts the growth of other species of tree and wild flowers. In the spring, however, thick carpets of bluebells can be found, flourishing before the beech leafs out and shades the forest floor. The National Vegetation Classification
Stigmella hemargyrella Stigmella hemargyrella Stigmella hemargyrella is a moth of the Nepticulidae family. It is found in most of Europe, except Iceland, Norway, Finland, Portugal and most of the Baltic region. The moths (imago) are bivoltine flying from April to May and again from July to August and can be found resting on trunks. The wingspan is 5–6 mm. The egg can be laid on either side of the leaf and the pale yellowish-white larva feed, within a mine on "Fagus sylvatica" and "Fagus sylvatica orientalis". The mine is a sinuous gallery and at the early state is relatively narrow with a