Speleology meteorology and cartography to develop portraits of caves as complex, evolving systems. Prior to the mid-nineteenth century the scientific value of caves was considered only in its contribution to other branches of science, and cave studies were considered part of the larger disciplines of geography, geology or archaeology. Very little cave-specific study was undertaken prior to the work of Édouard-Alfred Martel (1859–1938), the 'father of modern speleology', who through his extensive and well-publicised cave explorations introduced in France the concept of speleology as a distinct area of study. In 1895 Martel founded the Société de Spéléologie, the first organization devoted
Exploration Earth: The Time Machine BBC Radio 4. "Exploration Earth: The Time Machine" was released on CD, paired with "Genesis of the Daleks", in 2001. It was also given away on its own as a free CD with the 28 April 2010 edition of "The Daily Telegraph" newspaper via WHSmith. It was re-released on CD in The BBC Radio Episodes but this time paired with What Happened to...Susan?, a 1994 spoof from the radio comedy series What Happened to...? Exploration Earth: The Time Machine "Exploration Earth: The Time Machine" is an episode of the BBC Schools radio drama series "Exploration Earth", a series exploring geography.