Henry I of England plans for Matilda, the King was succeeded by his nephew, Stephen of Blois, resulting in a period of civil war known as the Anarchy. Henry was probably born in England in 1068, in either the summer or the last weeks of the year, possibly in the town of Selby in Yorkshire. His father was William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy who had invaded England in 1066 to become the King of England, establishing lands stretching into Wales. The invasion had created an Anglo-Norman elite, many with estates spread across both sides of the English Channel. These Anglo-Norman barons typically
Máel Coluim, son of the king of the Cumbrians of the king of the Cumbrians" from "Historia regum Anglorum". The "Chronicle of Melrose" may therefore be the earliest source to explicitly associate Máel Coluim mac Donnchada with the events of 1054. As as result of this identification, this Scottish monarch was portrayed as a man who only possessed his throne on account of English assistance. The catalyst behind the monks' misrepresentation of Siward's invasion appears to have been an English revolt dating to 1173 and 1174, when the reigning King of Scotland—a great-grandson of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada—backed a failed rebellion against the King of England. As a result