Removal of the Stone of Scone in 1950 I of England (Longshanks) in 1296 during the struggles against English invasion, which historians call the Scottish Wars of Independence as a spoil of war, kept in Westminster Abbey in London and fitted into King Edward's Chair. Subsequent English and then British monarchs were crowned sitting upon the chair and Stone. At the time, the Stone was viewed as a symbol of Scottish nationhood; by removing the Stone to London, Edward I was declaring himself 'King of the Scots'. In 1950, Ian Hamilton, a student at the University of Glasgow, approached Gavin Vernon with a plan to remove the Stone
Crowned heads of Europe (phrase) step down from the throne. If the pope can do it, so can the crowned heads of Europe." Crowned heads of Europe (phrase) Crowned heads of Europe is a phrase used to describe monarchs in Europe. The phrase was used in Robert Plumer Ward's 1795 two-volume book, "An Enquiry Into the Foundation and History of the Law of Nations in Europe". In 1952 the "Chicago Tribune" used the phrase "Crowned heads of Europe" to describe the mourners at the funeral of George VI that included Queen Juliana of the Netherlands, and the then Crown Prince Olav of Norway. Monarchy researcher