Chess to end the German-speaking dominance in chess; he was undefeated in tournament play for eight years, until 1924. His successor was Russian-French Alexander Alekhine, a strong attacking player who died as the world champion in 1946. He briefly lost the title to Dutch player Max Euwe in 1935 and regained it two years later. Between the world wars, chess was revolutionized by the new theoretical school of so-called hypermodernists like Aron Nimzowitsch and Richard Réti. They advocated controlling the of the board with distant pieces rather than with pawns, thus inviting opponents to occupy the center with pawns, which become
Chess endgame opinions . Alexander Alekhine said "We cannot define when the middle game ends and the end-game starts" . With the usual system for chess piece relative value, Speelman considers that endgames are positions in which each player has thirteen or fewer points in (not counting the king). Alternatively, an endgame is a position in which the king can be used actively, but there are some famous exceptions to that . Minev characterizes endgames as positions having four or fewer pieces other than kings and pawns . Some authors consider endgames to be positions without queens (e.g. Fine, 1952), while others