Town centre development of indoor shopping malls in major towns and cities. Examples include the Manchester Arndale Centre, the St. James Centre in Edinburgh and the Bullring Centre in Birmingham. They tended to be constructed in a Brutalist or Modernist fashion reflecting the architectural styles of the period. During the Thatcher government of the 1980s, a change in planning policy allowed competing out-of-town shopping and leisure centres to be developed. Examples include the Metro Centre in Gateshead, the Merry Hill Shopping Centre in Dudley, and the Gyle Centre in Edinburgh. Developments of this type have, in a number of places, resulted in
Brent Cross Shopping Centre the 1994 film "London" by Patrick Keiller. It shows the former large fountain and stained glass on the roof, which were removed in 1996. The car park of the shopping centre was used as a filming location for the 1997 James Bond film "Tomorrow Never Dies". The shopping centre is featured in Ken MacLeod's science-fiction novel "The Star Fraction". The action takes place in a balkanized UK, in the middle of the 21st century, and the ruins of the shopping center are used as a local market for the anarchist enclave of Norlonto ('North London Town'). Brent Cross Shopping Centre