Chess to end the German-speaking dominance in chess; he was undefeated in tournament play for eight years, until 1924. His successor was Russian-French Alexander Alekhine, a strong attacking player who died as the world champion in 1946. He briefly lost the title to Dutch player Max Euwe in 1935 and regained it two years later. Between the world wars, chess was revolutionized by the new theoretical school of so-called hypermodernists like Aron Nimzowitsch and Richard Réti. They advocated controlling the of the board with distant pieces rather than with pawns, thus inviting opponents to occupy the center with pawns, which become
Courier chess that there was no consistency as to which squares were dark. The more frequent practice seems to be that the square at each player's lower-right is white. The winning objective is the same as modern chess: to checkmate the enemy king. The pieces are as follows: At the start of the game each player must move his rook pawns, his queen pawn, and his queen two squares forward (see top diagram). Such a two-square leap along a file was called a "Freudensprung" (English: "joy-leap"). Wirnt von Gravenberg, writing early in the thirteenth century, mentioned the Courier Game in his poem