Fagus orientalis the buds include flower buds. The flowers are small catkins which appear shortly after the leaves in spring. The seeds are small triangular nuts long and wide at the base; there are two nuts in each cupule, maturing in the autumn 5–6 months after pollination. The cupule differs from that of European Beech in having flattened, slightly leaf-like appendages at the base (slender, soft spines in European Beech). "Fagus orientalis" is closely related to the "Fagus sylvatica" (European Beech), and intergrades with it in the Balkans and northwestern Turkey. These hybrids with European Beech are named "Fagus × taurica". The
Luzula sylvatica least greenish throughout winter. The leaves can also help to differentiate the plant from similar-looking plants in the closely related genus "Juncus", as scattered white hairs can be found along the leaf edges. Its tepals are , with flowers which grow in groups of 3 or 4. From mid-spring to summer, "L. sylvatica " produces flowers in open panicles which are very small, chestnut-brown in colour and can be found in dense and lax clusters. "L. sylvatica" is sometimes stoloniferous. "Luzula sylvatica" is both anemophilous and entomophilous, in that it can be pollinated by either wind or insect. "L. sylvatica"'s