text
stringlengths 186
612k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
Depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric conditions are higher in prevalence than ever before. Anxiety, in particular, plagues about 40 million individuals 18 or older in the United States, which is 18% of the population. Depression, meanwhile, affects about 6.7% of the population in any given year.
Often, one suffers from more than just one psychiatric condition. Fortunately, while medication can be effective, there are other ways to better one's mental health. (This also applies to individuals not necessarily diagnosed with a mental illness.) Crafting is one hobby that can positively influence one's mental health. This article will discuss the health benefits of crafting.
Positive Effects of Crafting
While crafting is usually thought of mostly in terms of something that helps create a tangible object for an individual, it can also provide intangible benefits. One survey of 3,545 knitters conducted by Betsan Corkhill, a knitting therapist, found that more than half of respondents reported that they felt “very happy” after knitting, showing the value of knitting for mental health.
According to an article by Time Magazine, these benefits extend past knitting into other crafting and recreational hobbies. Neuroscientists have found that cooking, drawing, cake decorating, photography, art, music, and even trying crossword puzzles are beneficial for one's mind. For a person who is mentally active, finding ways to calm the mind is imperative.
It is thought that crafting and similar hobbies release dopamine, which is a natural antidepressant and the reward-based chemical that our brains emit to trigger a wanted behavior. Serotonin, another neurotransmitter, is strongly associated with crafting and creative hobbies.
Ultimately, the creativity involved with crafting helps reinforce good feelings, and it has been shown to have health benefits as far ranging as reducing aging and its often concomitant cognitive impairment.
Why Not Try Crafting?
There is literally no risk to crafting; if you end up not liking doing it, you simply have something to new to wear or show off to others. It may take up a few hours of your time, but think of the time as being self-discovery.
Many studies have found that crafting produces similar effects to practicing meditation. It can allow one to experience what psychologists call "flow," and truly separate allow one to experience a transcendent, peaceful state. It can help one put their problems in perspective.
The research is still growing-- we don't have extensive studies on the benefits of one craft versus another on mental health-- but it is becoming consensus that some kind of crafting is good for the brain and soul.
As Corkhill alludes to, one of the reasons that crafting is so good for the mind is that it is so engaging, and thus, it allows "less capacity for bad thoughts."
Where to Start?
To start a crafting project, think about what is most suited for you. Melt art is so fun or if you like to draw , do that. Same goes for knitting, woodworking, or whatever else. Then, look for a craft online shop where you can buy crafting supplies. Craft workshops are also an option.
Although many hobbies can have this relaxing effect, the great thing about many crafting projects is that they can be done anywhere. Corkhill points out that drumming, for example, while possessing similar effects, cannot be done on a bus.
|
<urn:uuid:24cae9d3-c2d0-4a8f-bf73-c30dafc6c675>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43",
"url": "http://selfavenue.com/why-crafting-is-good-for-mental-health/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987826436.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022232751-20191023020251-00309.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9588333964347839,
"token_count": 683,
"score": 3.0625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Abdicative means: Causing, or implying, abdication.
Abditive means: Having the quality of hiding.
Abirritative means: Characterized by abirritation or debility.
Abjunctive means: Exceptional.
Ablative means: Taking away or removing.
Ablative means: Applied to one of the cases of the noun in Latin and some other languages, -- the fundamental meaning of the case being removal, separation, or taking away.
Ablative means: The ablative case.
Abnegative means: Denying; renouncing; negative.
Aborsive means: Abortive.
Abortive means: Produced by abortion; born prematurely; as, an abortive child.
Zythum means: A kind of ancient malt beverage; a liquor made from malt and wheat.
Zythepsary means: A brewery.
Zythem means: See Zythum.
Zymotic means: Designating, or pertaining to, a certain class of diseases. See Zymotic disease, below.
Zymotic means: Of, pertaining to, or caused by, fermentation.
Zymosis means: A zymotic disease.
Zymosis means: A fermentation; hence, an analogous process by which an infectious disease is believed to be developed.
Zymose means: Invertin.
Zymophyte means: A bacteroid ferment.
Zymosimeter means: An instrument for ascertaining the degree of fermentation occasioned by the mixture of different liquids, and the degree of heat which they acquire in fermentation.
Copyrights © 2016 LingoMash. All Rights Reserved.
|
<urn:uuid:d6a955f7-2428-4c0c-a4e6-2c8570149211>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17",
"url": "https://lingomash.com/words-ending-with/ve",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945272.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421164646-20180421184646-00512.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9006776809692383,
"token_count": 354,
"score": 3.390625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Here at the Arab Film and Media Institute, we pride ourselves on being a strong resource for learning about and experiencing Arab film and cinema. We collected some resources to help you continue to expand your knowledge and appreciation of Arab cinema. Hopefully all of this will leave you excited to watch some amazing Arab films with us at the next Arab Film Festival!
What makes a film “Arab”?
When we talk about Arab film we are generally referring to films made by Arab filmmakers, produced in the Arab world and/or depicting Arab stories. But lets back up a little and start by defining the word “Arab”. The term refers to a group of people who speak Arabic as their first language and are also united by shared history and culture. There are 22 countries that are considered part of the Arab world: Algeria, Djibouti, Jordan, Libya, Bahrain, Egypt, Kuwait, Mauritania, Comoros, Iraq, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Tunisia, Qatar, Somalia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
As “Arab” does not refer to one specific country or even one exact culture, it is important to note that it does not refer to a specific religion either. Arab and Muslim are not synonymous or interchangeable. Though a large portion of Arabs are Muslim, there are predominant Christian, Jewish and other religious communities in the Arab world as well.
There are also many ethnic and cultural groups within this “Arab” world who do not identify as Arab. It is impossible to define such a large and diverse group of people. For the purposed of AFMI and this blog, we prefer to err on the side of inclusion over exclusion which means we feature and support films and filmmakers from the “Arab” world, regardless of their identity.
Why is it important to pay attention to Arab film?
It’s always important to support art and expression in its various forms, in cultures, all over the world. It is particularly important for those living in Western countries, such as the United States, to be exposed to Arab stories so that they can better understand our culture and combat the negative stereotypes of Arabs commonly shown in popular media. Dr. Jack Shaheen, the author of numerous books about the depiction of Arabs in American pop culture, described it best: “What is an Arab? In countless films, Hollywood alleges the answer: Arabs are brute murderers, sleazy rapists, religious fanatics, oil-rich dimwits, and abusers of women.” By watching films by and about Arabs, we hope to counteract these stereotypes.
A Brief History of Arab Cinema
Film was an invention of the West that began in the late 19th century. At the time, much of the Arab world belonged to European countries. These countries introduced film to Arab countries but production in these areas was long hampered due to the market being flooded with European product. Cinema was able to flourish early on in Northern Africa, though, specifically in Egypt and Algeria, where films by the Lumiere brothers were first screened in 1896. This was quickly followed by the construction of a number of cinematographes that held regular film screenings. Slowly, though unsteadily, the medium began to spread throughout the Arab world. Some countries were not very accepting of film for a long time, (cinema was not accepted in Saudi Arabia until the 1960’s and 70’s,) or the government held tight control over production. Egypt has developed the strongest industry in the region, with the production of over 2,500 feature films. For a long time film production in the Arab world consisted of Western countries filming in Arab countries or in collaboration with Arab people. Native-made feature films only started to become a regular occurrence in the late 1920’s, with films like Syria’s The Innocent Accused and Egypt’s Layla. Independence also played a factor in local film-making. Many countries saw a sharp spike in film production after they gained independence. Film has also been a strong tool of expression and resistance in Arab culture, and continues to this day. The history of Arab film, despite it’s delayed onset, is extremely rich.
Resources to Watch Arab Films
After all of this educational talk about Arab cinema, you must be ready to watch some films! While we hope you’ll join us for the Arab Film Festival in October, as well as at our screenings throughout the year, there are many other resources for you to explore Arab films in the meantime. Please note that these resources may be limited to the United States.
Where to Watch Arab Films Online
Many of your favorite digital film and TV platforms have more Arab films available than you may think! While offerings are always changing, we have curated some lists of films we recommend that are currently streaming:
We also recommend the following platforms focused on Arab film:
- Palestinian Film Platform is a collaboration with filmmakers from Palestine and Palestinian cultural institutions. PFP streams a Palestinian Feature Film every week for free.
- Aflamuna is an initiative launched by a group of Arab filmmakers and film institutions, lead by Beirut DC, a cultural association for the development of independent Arab cinema. This initiative aims to showcase some of the best, most thought-provoking and independently-minded works of contemporary Arab cinema to enjoy for free for a limited time. New films are released every 15 days.
- Cinemoz is a platform to and from the Arab world, based out of Beirut. The platform is totally free and features both Arab and non-Arab films and television.
Arab film series and regular screenings
- ANA Contemporary Arab Cinema is an annual film series showcasing 12 films by Arab directors. The series is curated by Lina Matta, channel manager at MBC 2, MBC 4 and MBC Max in Dubai. The series takes place in September at the Jacob Burns Film Center in Pleasantville, NY and the Brooklyn Academy of Music (BAM) in Brooklyn, NY.
- Arab Film Series from the Arab American National Museum brings a wide range of new and classic films by Arab and Arab American filmmakers to the doorstep of metro Detroit, uniting community members through film, dialogue and activism.
- Alwan for the Arts is a New York based organization that promotes the cultures of the Middle East in the New York and tri-state metropolitan area. They host a number of cultural events and classes, including regular screenings of Middle Eastern movies.
- We encourage you to also check out your local colleges, museums, theaters, film festivals or Arab cultural organizations for screenings of Arab films!
Resources to Learn More
These only a few of the many resources available worldwide which delve into the history of Arab cinema, current Arab film, as well as the representation of Arabs in Western media.
- Arab Cinema: History and Cultural Identity by Viola Shafik
- Film in the Middle East and North Africa: Creative Dissidence by Josef Gugler
- Ten Arab Filmmakers: Political Dissent and Social Critique by Josef Gugler
- Encyclopedia of Arab Women Filmmakers by Rebecca Hillauer
- Hanan al-Cinema: Affections for the Moving Image by Laura U. Marks
- Filming the Modern Middle East: Politics in the Cinemas of Hollywood and the Arab World by Lina Khatib
- Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies People by Dr. Jack Shaheen
- A is for Arab: Archiving Stereotypes in US Popular Culture by Dr. Jack Shaheen
- Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies People directed by Sut Jhally
- Patterns in New Arab Cinema from Film Reference
- Arab Film Distribution
- Middle Eastern Film Posters Digitization Initiative
- Chronology of Palestinian Cinema
- Arab Face
Do you know about any more festivals, streaming sites or resources you would like to add? Let us know!
Stay in Touch
Join our mailing list to receive the latest news and updates about Arab Cinema and The Arab Film Festival!
|
<urn:uuid:4c87c834-caa6-409d-b1bc-c05e792dad69>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50",
"url": "https://arabfilminstitute.org/learning-about-arab-film-and-cinema/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141204453.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130004748-20201130034748-00229.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9476804137229919,
"token_count": 1654,
"score": 2.6875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Rectifier: A rectifier is a device that converts an alternating current into a direct current. A p-n junction can be used as a rectifier because it permits current in one direction only.
There are types of rectifiers i.e. half-wave rectifier and full-wave rectifier.
Hence option (1) is the correct answer.
|
<urn:uuid:b87eb6c0-84b9-4b8b-9ed9-71ca8cc3d168>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39",
"url": "https://testbook.com/question-answer/identify-the-given-rectifier--606d95d0d6940dfe45c112e5",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057508.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924080328-20210924110328-00131.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7924803495407104,
"token_count": 75,
"score": 3.4375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
In any given country, the armed forces are among the biggest consumers of fuel and other resources, and so have the greatest opportunity to readily reduce consumption by a significant amount, while at the same time setting an example to industry and the public. Militaries worldwide are facing the unprecedented challenge of providing more and more energy to support advanced systems while at the same time striving to adhere to ever-tighter budgets and stringent environmental goals.
While targets are set at a national level, the environment does not recognise state borders, and it follows that international collaboration could achieve optimal results in the long term. At a recent conference hosted by the Danish embassy in Paris, diplomatic, military and defence industry representatives exchanged ideas on how to make defence greener.
France and Denmark are well-placed to share innovations, sharing as they do a similar defence administration, procurement and command structure. Their close operational partnership was underscored by their cooperation in Libya and during the recent "boots on the ground" Northern Mali conflict. A Danish Hercules even flew in this year's Bastille Day parade.
But as the conference highlighted, for any environmental aims to have focus, a definition of just what constitutes green defence needs to be set out, and it is clear that it reaches far beyond simple reduction in fuel consumption and emissions. As an indicator of scale, in common with many countries the militaries of France and Denmark are among the biggest owners of land and property, and are among the biggest employers of young people.
The French defence ministry has set out five priorities through its sustainable development strategy (S3D): to improve energy efficiency and consumption management; promote youth employability as a defining element of social cohesion; give SMEs greater access to the ministry of defence's public procurement contracts; increase awareness among the personnel of the ministry in sustainable development; and preserve environment and biodiversity on land and in the sea.
Through this, it has achieved a 13% cut in energetic consumption since 2009, excluding operational fuel, and 80% of defence bases have introduced energy efficiency certificates.
Green defence is high on the Danish political agenda too, and the Ministry of Defence has published two strategy documents setting out strategies for climate and energy, and environment and nature.
Its initial aims with regards to energy consumption are to by 2020 reduce energy consumption by a minimum of 20%, increase the share of electricity consumption that originates from renewable energy to a minimum of 60% and reduce carbon emissions by 40%.
The Danish Government's Defence Agreement 2013-2017 includes an investment of €33m in green bases and €13m in green procurements, and it offers cooperation with commercial companies on green solutions. It has opened a "green bases" commercial project competition, where two bases have been identified as a "playground" for Danish defence and industry to experiment and test solutions.
While it is relatively simple to set a green agenda in the environment of procurement, manufacture, training, accommodation and decommissioning, it is harder to sell the importance of the environment in an operational environment. Here the priorities are the mission in hand and protecting lives. One workshop at the green defence event focused on how green tactics can also provide an operational advantage.
It is often quoted that every litre of diesel that reached the front line in Afghanistan cost a further 12 litres to get there, but beyond the cost and reliance on non-sustainable resources is the cost to those who risk death and injury to transport it there. Modern warfare requires more energy than ever to support advanced systems and keep soldiers safe and comfortable in harsh climates. Front line operations are by their very nature remote from regular utilities and away from the usual supply lines for fuel. The logistics personnel responsible for transporting by land, sea and air the thousands of litres of diesel and other fuel required put their lives on the line on a daily basis.
Among the companies at the workshop presenting low-energy solutions for forward operating bases that could reduce this demand and thus reduce the risk to personnel was Danish company Alpcon, which produces a range of heating and cooling systems and generators designed to reduce fuel consumption for space heating and in heavy duty vehicles by converting exhaust heat into energy. Any power not needed immediately could be used to charge batteries for equipment or act as a range extender for hybrid vehicles.
Chief sales officer Thomas Hirth estimates that the company's 15kW system, by using exhaust heat to power itself, would recoup its purchase cost of €20,000 after running for 1,000 hours, compared with the cost of a standard heater. Alpcon's systems can also burn biomass, so be taken entirely off-grid during front-line operations when fuel is hard to come by.
Another company with similar aims but a different approach is UnatSolar, which produces alternative power solutions using solar and wind energy. UnatSolar has already demonstrated a key success - the UK Ministry of Defence installed the company's solutions as part of its PowerFOB initiative at Episkopi Training Area, Cyprus, in 2011. According to company owner Carsten Schlagelberger, the aim was to save 45% of regular energy consumption, but the trial saved 55%, with the potential to save more when properly integrated.
Moving the focus from bases to infantry soldiers, Sagem Defence and Security, a SAFRAN company, is behind the French military's FELIN (Fantassin à Equipements et Liaisons INtégrés), one of the most successful dismounted soldier modernisation programmes, currently equipped with 12 regiments. Industrial co-operations and offsets director Renaud d'Hautefeuille explained that one of the aims of the programme was to make the individual soldier autonomous for fuel requirements. To this end all the powered systems he carries, including radio, communications, goggles and imaging equipment, are integrated, not just in terms of operations, but using a single Li-ion battery with advanced energy management.
This means overall reduced energy use, and energy can be directed to the equipment that particular user is using at that time. The overall weight of systems carried is also greatly reduced. Once discharged, the central battery can be recharged at base, including using renewable sources, or from a vehicle battery. New, lighter battery technology, such as fuel cells, may be considered in future once established as safe and reliable for soldier-worn systems.
Not all solutions discussed during the workshop were directly related to energy. Etienne Lacroix manufactures pyrotechnic solutions that can be fired from armoured vehicles or aircraft to disrupt enemy targeting solutions. Director of pyrotechnics Dominique Medus explained that the company's main focus was on using green chemicals to reduce damage to the environment. To this end it is experimenting with changing formulations to use fewer chemicals and is measuring the environmental impact of reducing toxicity, while maintaining the full effect of the product.
The company is working directly with the French MOD to reduce the toxicity of smoke and obscurant, using mathematical models to predict which mixtures will be effective, although it is hard to predict the result as perceived by a human being, such as whether an enemy would be able to see the target through the smoke. As well as reducing energy used in the manufacturing process, Etienne Lacroix is attempting to reduce toxic heavy metals, including lead and chromium.
A question of definition
The Green Defence event in Paris had a specific agenda to stimulate discussion around new environmental technologies to support the militaries of France and Denmark, but the lessons learned could offer wider-reaching benefits. The armed forces are such massive enterprises that reducing energy consumption and emissions can offer significant benefits, not just in terms of the environment but also saving money and reducing risk. By embracing the bigger picture of what "green" means and sharing international initiatives, the advantages could be even greater.
Defence organisations across the world have spent millions trying to develop wearable solar technology for soldiers in the field.
From its Joint Strike Fighter origins, the F-35 programme has been plagued by technical hitches, delays and cancelled orders.
|
<urn:uuid:a247cbb6-fc80-45b9-8598-5e3e1063140c>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40",
"url": "https://www.army-technology.com/features/feature-defining-green-defence-cross-border-approach/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401624636.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200929025239-20200929055239-00781.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9574585556983948,
"token_count": 1627,
"score": 2.75,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Home / Course / soldering course online SOLDERING COURSE ONLINE 07/08/2021 Soldering Training; Soldering Soldering is a joining method provided for a large variety of components, including fragile electronic components. Solder is a steel alloy designed to melt at very low temperatures, and also assorted techniques of soldering can be offered to join parts together. ... Lead-Free Soldering 230. This class covers the specific qualities ...You watching: Soldering course onlineThe Lead Free Soldering course is designed to teach the standard skills and also understanding of lead totally free soldering and its influence on the soldering procedures. Anyone connected in the assembly of electronics with Wires & Terminals, Through-Hole and also Surconfront Mount, and also Rejob-related & Repair of components in a lead free setting have to attend this class.The basics of lead cost-free hand soldering (Lead Free 101) gives beginning soldering students or those brand-new to the electronic devices sector with understanding and also hands on skills, keeping the nuances of lead-complimentary soldering in mind. The student will certainly be exposed to 25% classroom lecture and 75% hands on skills advance sessions.Using both lead and lead-cost-free alloys, Hand also Soldering Operator Certification introduces the basics of soldering in Wires & Terminals, Through-Hole and also Surface Mount Technologies and also Rework. Students will certainly learn about electrostatic discharge, market terminology, tools familiarization and the accept/refuse criteria for all 3 modern technologies.In collaboration with Injured Gadgets™ and various other Vendors, Loren Nunley, a fellow repair shop owner who’s been self-teaching in circuitry level repair for over three decades, is now giving a 5 day, circuit board level soldering & BGA re-work-related course in … · CareerSource Tampa Bay is now providing a totally free training course for those who qualify to train in soldering and also cabling, welding, machine maintenance and also more.IPC's J-STD-001 is well-known global as the sole industry-agreement conventional spanning soldering materials and procedures. This revision contains support for both conventional solder alloys and for lead-free manufacturing.Page 7 of the soldering and also PCB repair course notes: The beforehand peras of the soldering course looks at the general ethics of how a great solder joint need to be made: Page 10 of the soldering and PCB repair course notes: The middle part of the course looks at how contemporary multi-pinned and leadmuch less surchallenge mount tools need to be solderedThis 3-day course is designed to emphasis mostly on lead-totally free soldering techniques as applied to TH technology, SMT and also inspection. The student will obtain a basic expertise of lead-free alloys and their benefits and also disadvantages plus a more comprehensive expertise of soldering in accordance through IPC-J traditional, ICOMPUTER 7711/7721 and also IPC-610.See more: Clinical Embryology Course Online, Embryology/Dev Bio Online CoursesEPTAC uses industry-leading solder training and IPC certification classes to specialists and also businesses, through a vast variety of classroom, e-training and customized alternatives. Find Out how you deserve to gain the training you need to boost top quality standards, boost productivity, and maximize revenues.The PCB rejob-related and also hand soldering courses courses cover techniques of rejob-related and also repair of PCBs, BGAs and various other electronics assemblies, and teach fundamentals of soldering of electronics assemblies. ... Blackfox Training Institute, LLC: Lead-Free Soldering Online Training: on demand also online: Automated Learning:Aside from soldering components together free-form favor we did with the wire, the various other form of soldering you will certainly do in this course is to affix components to a circuit board. There are 2 forms of printed circuit board or PCBs you will encounter when prototyping.FAQsAre digital classes easy?Online classes are no much easier than classes readily available in the traditional classroom setting and also in some cases can be also be more tough. Tbelow are numerous reasons for this. Online courses require more self-incentive. It have the right to be hard for some students to stay motivated when they"d quite be doing somepoint else.Are digital classes better?Students participating in online classes perform the very same or much better than those in the traditional classroom setup. ... And other research studies display that students taking courses digital score better on standardized tests.Is virtual college a great idea?Yes, digital schooling is the ideal principle for every learner. Online students might get involved in live interactions and real-time feedback for such points as quizzes and also tests. Instructor and student exalters happen in the virtual world with such techniques as chat, e-mail or various other web-based interaction.Are digital courses worth it?Yes. Online courses are can equip you through the important expertise and also abilities that is sought by the employers.About cost-free soldering coursecost-free soldering course gives a substantial and thorough pathmethod for students to view progression after the finish of each module. With a team of incredibly dedicated and also top quality lecturers, free soldering course will not only be a area to share knowledge however also to aid students obtain influenced to explore and also discover many kind of imaginative principles from themselves.Clear and also comprehensive training techniques for each leskid will ensure that students deserve to get and also use understanding right into exercise easily. The teaching tools of complimentary soldering course are guaranteed to be the most complete and intuitive.
|
<urn:uuid:33c435d1-4e66-449e-ac56-1bab3614bb0e>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39",
"url": "https://fairtradeexpo.org/soldering-course-online/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057371.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922163121-20210922193121-00237.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.941466212272644,
"token_count": 1166,
"score": 2.671875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
THURSDAY, May 10, 2018 (HealthDay News) -- Exercise can help prevent many chronic illnesses as well as make it easier to manage health conditions, from diabetes to joint pain.
In terms of prevention, aim for the recommended 150 minutes of exercise, like brisk walking or cycling, each week. Along with eating a healthy diet, this can cut your risk of diabetes by more than a third, plus increase your level of good cholesterol. Exercise also lowers body weight, blood pressure and triglycerides, thus reducing key risk factors for heart disease.
If you're already managing a chronic illness, exercise may improve symptoms and reduce the amount of medication you need to take. It builds muscle, which helps you move more easily, and reduces stress, which can aggravate many health conditions. Back pain and arthritis improve with the right stretching and exercise plan. If you have diabetes, exercise can improve blood sugar control.
Exercise's health effects on:
- Heart disease: Regular aerobic exercise and interval training in particular are heart-healthy, boosting cardiovascular fitness.
- Back pain: Core exercises strengthen the muscles around your spine, creating better support for your spine.
- Arthritis: Exercise enhances the muscles that support your joints, making movement easier; it also eases stiffness.
- Diabetes: Exercise helps you use insulin more effectively and lower your blood sugar level.
- Asthma: Exercise can help control attacks.
If you're managing an illness and haven't been active, talk to your doctor about what exercises are safe, any precautions to take, what kind of discomfort is normal, and what are signs to stop, like feeling dizzy, short of breath or chest pain.
Working with your doctor is especially important when you have diabetes. Because exercise can affect blood sugar, you'll need to take precautions to prevent blood sugar from becoming too low during workouts.
In terms of intensity, start off slow -- that means you should be able to talk, but not sing, when working out.
Copyright © 2018 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
|
<urn:uuid:ba10cdec-7a0f-4ab3-b13f-538a6bf0437d>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40",
"url": "https://www.healthywomen.org/content/article/exercises-prevent-and-manage-chronic-health-conditions",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401617641.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928234043-20200929024043-00439.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9364243149757385,
"token_count": 418,
"score": 2.9375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Historians still debate Sam Houston's strategy in taking the Texan army on a retreat eastward towards Louisiana rather than engaging immediately with Santa Anna's troops after the Battle of the Alamo. Some observers would never forgive what they considered cowardice, but Houston was determined not to fight the enemy unless he thought he could win.
On April 19, 1836, Sam Houston made notes of his plans to meet Santa Anna on the battlefield. This document is one of several copies Houston made and sent to various friends for safekeeping in case he did not survive the battle.
Two days later, on April 21, 1836, Houston turned his army south and took on the hated forces of Santa Anna. The result was a total rout of the Mexican army.
Sam Houston's Notes Before San Jacinto, April 19, 1836
Camp at Harrisburgh
This morning we are in preparation to
My Adjt Genl Wharton, Inspr Genl Hock-
We will use our best efforts to fight
My country will do justice to those
Col. Rusk is in the field.
Sam Houston notes, April 19, 1836. Andrew Jackson Houston Papers #390, Archives and Information Services Division, Texas State Library and Archives Commission.
|
<urn:uuid:256960b4-dae4-45ef-b70f-64b856de1d56>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"url": "https://www.tsl.texas.gov/exhibits/texas175/houston_sanjacinto.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156471.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920120835-20180920141235-00394.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9528473019599915,
"token_count": 255,
"score": 3.03125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
The medical term for a blood clot is thrombus. Blood clotting is a normal process that the body uses to repair injured blood vessels. The damage may be obvious like a cut, or it can be microscopic and completely unnoticeable. However, there are times when a blood clot will form when it is not needed and this can have potentially significant consequences.
Venous thrombosis is when a blood clot occurs in a vein when a person is immobilized and muscles are not contracting to push blood back to the heart. Think of a slow moving river where over time plants and algae begin to grow on the banks. Gradually the small blood clots begin to form along the walls of the vein and eventually they can completely or partially block the vein. Blood clots can also form in an artery (called arterial thrombi) or in the heart.
Venous clots occur most commonly when the body stops moving because of hospitalization or sitting for a long period of time. In these instances the blood can become stagnant in veins and start to clot. Clotting may also occur because of genetics, making a person hypercoagulable and at greater risk for forming clots. High blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and smoking are all risk factors for arterial clots.
Blood clots may cause life-threatening medical conditions including deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, arterial thrombus and atrial fibrillation. With a full patient history and examination, a doctor will be able to explore risk factors and diagnose blood clots. Treatment may require surgery and anti-coagulation medications. Prevention of blood clots involves attention to the risk factors for vascular disease.
If you think you may be at risk for blood clots, talk to your doctor and discuss symptoms and and prevention methods.
|
<urn:uuid:ef22e9d8-ddd3-44b6-a5df-73fe2f06f5e5>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39",
"url": "https://renoveinclinic.wordpress.com/2015/05/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688940.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922112142-20170922132142-00430.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9477583169937134,
"token_count": 377,
"score": 4.3125,
"int_score": 4
}
|
SILVER SPRING, Md, June 15, 2012 – The picture of a child on a parent’s lap with a picture book open in front of them is common, but when it comes to infants, is it more entertaining for the parent than the child? The answer is no. Study after study shows that reading to children, even very young children, plays an important role in language development, including vocabulary development and sentence structure.
According to the National Institutes of Health, the most intense period of language development is between birth and 3 years. In fact, due to the rapid development of the brain, babies begin to understand the basic sounds of their native language by 6 months old. In the September 2007 issue of NIH News in Health, NIH explained the difference between speech and language. They define speech as “the verbal expression of language,” and that language is “the entire system by which we express and receive information in a way that’s meaningful.”
The AAP says that infants learn through their experiences and interactions. They go on to say that one of the best ways for an infant to learn how to talk is by being read to, and recommend you make a habit of reading to your baby every day. The National Scientific Council for the Developing Child agrees, stating in one of its briefs that reading to very young children even before they have begun to identify letters can form an important foundation for vocabulary and language development later in life.
Reading to babies increases their language input, thus exposing them to more words and repetitions of words than they would normally get in everyday activities. It also has an effect on the long term educational success of children. In the May 20, 2010 issue of Science Daily, Mariah Evans discusses her 20-year study that revealed that regardless of socio-economic status, literacy and the number of books in the home had a direct effect on the amount of education the child will attain.
Setting the pattern of reading daily early helps ensure that as your child ages they will continue to have an interest in books, which is important as they enter school.
There are a few things to keep in mind when reading to your baby. First, infants have notoriously short attention spans, so starting with longer classic story books will only frustrate you as your little one starts getting bored after a few pages. Infants also like to grab everything and anything. So, try board books that have thicker “pages” that can’t be easily damaged by little hands, but can be easily turned by them.
Have a handful of books for variety, but don’t worry about needing an entire library in your home. Repetition is important to how babies learn, so reading the same book over and over is a good thing. Not to mention, as your child ages he will develop favorites that he will request to hear over and over.
Since babies learn from experience, certain types of baby books can help foster learning through other senses. These books aren’t necessarily about the story. Touch and feel books offer your baby an opportunity to experience new textures, often with context of animals. Other books designed for infants highlight colors or numbers, letters or shapes.
For very young children, don’t strictly stick to the text in the book. Have conversations about what is in each picture. What sounds to the animals make? What color are the balloons? What are the characters doing? All of these discussions give your baby more words to hear and as he gets older, context in which to learn the meaning of those words.
Try to find books that appeal to your baby’s interests. If your little girl loves cats, find a book picture book with a cat as the main character. If your little boy loves trucks, ask your bookseller for a book about things that go.
Babies love bright colors and the faces of other babies. Look for books that feature these characteristics to more fully engage your child’s attention at very young ages.
Finally, try to read to your child daily. Some parents find a small block of reading right before bed is a great way to stay consistent and help calm your baby in preparation for sleep. At the very least, spending time with your baby in your lap and a book in your hands help provide a bonding experience that you wouldn’t get from a Baby Einstein Video.
Follow Brighid on Twitter at @BrighidMoret and receive updates when new columns post on Facebook. Read more about first time parenting issues in Parenting the First Time Through at The Communities at The Washington Times. Check out Brighid’s children’s book reviews at Big Reads For Little Hands.
This article is the copyrighted property of the writer and Communities @ WashingtonTimes.com. Written permission must be obtained before reprint in online or print media. REPRINTING TWTC CONTENT WITHOUT PERMISSION AND/OR PAYMENT IS THEFT AND PUNISHABLE BY LAW.
|
<urn:uuid:4c5520f5-9fa0-4f62-bb96-6c4804e8d834>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"url": "http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/parenting-first-time-through/2012/jun/15/reading-your-baby-why-storytime-good/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507450097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005730-00115-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9587150812149048,
"token_count": 1019,
"score": 3.4375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
There are three primary forms of leaf scorch – and here’s what they are and how to deal with them:
This type of scorch happens when the sun burns the leaves on your trees due to things happening in the environment around them such as dry weather, lack of rain and very high temperatures. It’s not usually caused by any kind of structural deficiency like blockage – it’s just that there’s not enough water to distribute through the trunk of the tree and into the branches and leaves. Simply water your tree deeply and provided your tree is healthy, you should be fine. In addition, mulch can be a great friend as it helps to trap moisture.
Bacterial leaf scorch
Bacterial leaf scorch can look like environmental leaf scorch, but there are a few differences worth noting. Bacterial scorch is an actual disease that comes back year after year, browning your trees’ leaves more and more each year. It’s also weather triggered, so in July and August, it tends to rear its ugly head.
It needs to be treated quickly because unless you address it – it will keep coming back year after year – and get worse. Water and mulch can help a lot – but you’ll likely need to incorporate some other forms of assistance like fertilizers. And when you get to fertilizers, it’s best to call a pro.
Nutrient scorch is caused largely by a vitamin and nutrient deficiency in the soil. The two most common culprits are a lack of iron or manganese. To diagnose it, look for browning in between the veins of the leaves themselves and at the tips of the branches themselves.
Solving this issue requires testing your soil to figure out what nutrients your soil lacks so that you can provide the right ones with fertilizers and others growth enhancers. Again – this is probably professional territory, so call your local arborist to get help. It’s an entirely solvable problem, it just needs someone who knows what they’re looking at.
To be proactive, do some research on your trees’ ideal growing conditions and try to supplement as best as you can. And if you have questions, you can always call us!
|
<urn:uuid:0467450e-16ab-483a-bdab-be9acce3c00c>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49",
"url": "https://www.seacoasttreecare.com/blog/dealing-with-leaf-scorch",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710869.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201185801-20221201215801-00869.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9603342413902283,
"token_count": 471,
"score": 2.953125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
We recently compiled a list of the top 10 most remarkable engineers of all time. The article was an instant hit, gathering several opposing and supporting comments from engineers. Some engineers disliked our tally, while others dismissed it entirely, one going as far as indicating that our list included engineers of “modest contributions.” You be the judge.
We humbly realize that each engineer has their own list remarkable engineers. We have therefore decided to showcase different engineers on a regular basis in an attempt to highlight the contributions of those who preceded us.
Isambard Kingdom Brunel
Isambard Kingdom Brunel was a British engineer most remembered for his construction of a network of tunnels, bridges and viaducts for the Great Western Railway, which was at the time was the longest and the largest railroad.
Isambard is also the only engineer to have mastered all areas of engineering having achieved many ‘firsts’ in major engineering categories that existed in the era of steam and iron. Long before the Chanel Tunnel, Brunel was the first to build a tunnel under a navigable river.
Brunel’s greatest achievement was his last ship which was able to travel under power more than 10 times as far as anything had ever traveled before – a feat some have argued is the 19th century equivalent of going to the moon.
While Brunel is perhaps best remembered for his construction of a network of tunnels, bridges and viaducts, a more remarkable feat is his contribution to the construction of the ‘Great Western’, the first steamship to engage in transatlantic service.
BOOK – Brunel: The Man Who Built the World
An appropriately titled book about Brunel provides ample evidence to support the claim that he was indeed “the man who built the world.” This book is illustrated with a wealth of blueprints, drawings, and rare photographs, this new biography tracks the life and achievements of Brunel. Click to buy Brunel: The Man Who Built the World (Phoenix Press)
|
<urn:uuid:3d7eeedd-bfda-4349-a9cb-0af330c31e23>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30",
"url": "http://www.engineeringdaily.net/profile-engineer-isambard-kingdom-brunel/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828313.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00257-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9801004528999329,
"token_count": 416,
"score": 3.046875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Writing is an important part of communication. Though we live in a digital world, writing skills still play a predominant role. Text messages, social media posts, emails, blog entries, etc., are all ways of communicating. Writing, whether by hand or with a keypad, still plays an important role in the social, professional and academic contexts of our lives. One of the most challenging tasks in the classroom has been the teaching of writing skills. Teaching writing is challenging because when students produce a piece of writing, they have to deal with many different elements such as content, syntax, grammar, mechanics, word choice and organization. The theoretical perspectives as applied to the teaching of writing, the challenges faced in the teaching and learning of writing skills and the options available to teachers are the focus in this issue of FORTELL. To engage the interests of readers and contributors alike, we have also addressed other concerns of English language and literature through articles, book reviews and an interview with Professor Christel R. Devadawson.
Nivedita V. Bedadur lays emphasis on using authentic material to teach writing in her article. She argues that in the product approach, the writer is not involved and hence the write-up lacks a distinctive voice. On the other hand, in the process method called CODER, writing is more important than spellings, layouts and standards of correctness. Like Bedadur, Divya Chawla also gives importance to the use of authentic material. She discusses that wrappers, menu cards, metro time tables and flyers can be used to create a print rich environment in the classroom; not only will this aid learning, but it will also provide the learners with a connect with life rather than reproducing in writing things learnt by rote.
In S. C. Sood’s article, process and genre-based approaches to teaching writing have been discussed and the experiences of L2 students in writing various genres have been examined. Divya John looks at the advantages of free writing in increasing the speed as well as the thought process in writing based on her experiences with a group of students in an engineering course. Yasmeen Lukmani reveals the inadequacies in student writing that constrain the statement of meaning. She also looks into the different factors that subject teachers and English teachers consider as important when marking student scripts.
Prachi Kalra picks up on a problem frequently encountered by teachers, that of children being reluctant writers. She emphasizes that talking, reading and writing go hand in hand, and stresses on the need to move beyond the focus on rigid format, and instead feels the students should be encouraged to look for a form which fits their functional purpose. Like Kalra, Kirti Kapur gives importance to process writing, to encourage thinking and learning. She opines that right from content selection to the production of the final draft, critical thinking and writing go hand-in-hand.
Lina Mukhopadhyay takes the idea of teaching writing further by discussing the usefulness of feedback to appreciate what the learner has achieved. She provides various suggestions to enable learning through pedagogic feedback, both direct and indirect, and makes a case for keeping a record of student growth across sub-skills. In their paper, Bhaskar and Paliwal approach the problem of resistance of the students towards writing, and suggest that unconscious translation from L1 to L2 must not be rejected. The writers propose that an understanding of the processes and procedures of translation be used for language acquisition and supporting the writing skills of L2 learners.
Rajni Singh and Sanjiv Kumar Choudhary move away from the issue of writing to examine the impact of parental involvement on students’ achievement in learning English as a second language. And Devupalli Vishwa Prasad picks yet another aspect of concern, and elaborates on a few factors that materials writers need to bear in mind while designing textbooks.
Apart from different aspects of language, we have also included papers that delve into varied areas of literature in this issue. Neha Gaur poses a question about the politics at play when building a national identity by using the body of woman as a commodity, and of viewing the nation as woman and woman as nation. She critiques the idea of nationalism as presented in Tagore’s The Home and the World, and the gendered accounts of violence and displacement in the works of Amrita Pritam and Bapsi Sidhwa. In “The Development of Theoretical Principles of Dalit Literature”, Vikas Singh and Vikas Jain trace the spread of Dalit consciousness, the significance of the word “Dalit”, and the tradition of Dalit thinkers that Dalit literature draws from.
The interview with Professor Christel R. Devadawson, Head, Department of English, University of Delhi, picks on the various threads discussed in the articles, and moves beyond to larger concerns about changing boundaries of literature and genres. The Nobel Prize for literature being accorded to Bob Dylan forces us to think afresh about literature beyond its textual sense, and the fact that arts carry a sense of engagement socially and culturally. According to her, we are moving through a fluid, open-ended and complicated cultural space that the discipline needs to negotiate with. Professor Devadawson insists that even as there are shifts and changes at various levels in universities such as syllabi revisions, the important keystone is still the student in the classroom. With the increasing popularity of genres such as blogs, photo essays, graphic novels, cartoons and graffiti among the younger people, and the language shifts influenced by social media, changes are bound to storm into the classroom. She suggests that we need to discuss this, learn to mediate it, and moreover to widen our notion about what constitutes literature and intellectual enjoyment.
We hope that the wide range of articles, the book reviews and the insightful views of Professor Devadawson in the interview leads to invigorating discussions among our readers, in classrooms, staffrooms and through research papers. We look forward to your comments and feedback, and to have a continuing dialogue with you. Do write in if you wish us to focus on areas and themes that we have overlooked so far.
Dear readers, last but not the least, you would have noticed the new look of the FORTELL journal that we have launched from this year. This is just another step in reinventing ourselves to keep abreast with times, among other things it will allow us to include more articles of longer length. We hope for timely renewal of subscriptions and for you to spread the word about FORTELL among your colleagues. As always, you can read the current issue and access the archives for back issues at fortell.org.
Happy New Year 2017 and Happy Reading!
Rachna Sethi and Ravinarayan Chakrakodi
|
<urn:uuid:fb2499e7-3021-484a-bd49-5a0f559a1f99>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"url": "http://fortell.org/content/editorial-desk-3",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888041.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119144931-20180119164931-00267.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9518409371376038,
"token_count": 1401,
"score": 3.265625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
The experience of breastfeeding is special for so many reasons: the joyful closeness and bonding with your baby, the cost savings, and the health benefits for both mother and baby. Every woman’s journey to
motherhood is different, but one of the first decisions a new mom makes is how to feed her child. Here, you’ll find facts about breastfeeding and get practical tips on how to make breastfeeding work for you while
getting the support you need.
Q: Why should I breastfeed?
A: Breastfeeding is normal and healthy for infants and moms. Breastmilk has hormones and disease-fighting cells called antibodies that help protect infants from germs and illness. This protection is unique and changes to meet your baby’s needs. Some reasons to breastfeed are:
• Breastfeeding offers essential nutrients and a nutritionally
• Breastmilk is easy to digest.
• Breastmilk fights disease
Q: How long should I breastfeed?
A: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends breastfeeding for at least 12 months, and for as long as both the mother and baby would like. Most infants should drink only breastmilk for the first six months.
Q: Does my baby need cereal or water?
A: Until your baby is 6 months old, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends feeding your baby breastmilk only. Giving your baby cereal may cause your baby to not want as much breastmilk. This will decrease your milk supply. You can slowly introduce other foods starting around 6 months of age.
Q: Does my baby need more vitamin D?
A: Most likely, yes. Vitamin D is needed to build strong bones. All infants and children should get at least 400 International Units (IU) of vitamin D each day. To meet this need, your child’s doctor may recommend that you give your baby a vitamin D supplement of 400 IU each day.
Q: Is it okay for my baby to use a pacifier?
A: If you want to try it, it is best to wait until your baby is at least 3 or 4 weeks old to introduce a pacifier. This allows your baby time to learn how to latch well on the breast and get enough milk. Once your baby is breastfeeding well, you should use the pacifier when putting your infant to bed to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
Q: Is it safe to smoke, drink, or use drugs?
A: If you smoke, the best thing you can do for yourself and your baby is to quit as soon as possible. If you can’t quit, it is still better to breastfeed because it may protect your baby from respiratory problems and SIDS. Be sure to smoke away from your baby, and change your clothes to keep your baby away from the chemicals smoking leaves behind. Ask a doctor or nurse for help quitting smoking!
You should avoid alcohol in large amounts. An occasional drink is fine, but the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends waiting two hours or more before nursing. You also can pump milk before you drink to feed your baby later. It is not safe for you to use an illegal drug. Drugs such
as cocaine, heroin, and PCP can harm your baby. Some reported side effects in babies include seizures, vomiting, poor feeding, and tremors.
Q: Can I take medicines if I am breastfeeding?
A: Most likely. Almost all medicines pass into your milk in small amounts. Some have no effect on the baby and can be used while breastfeeding. Always talk to your doctor or pharmacist about medicines you are using and ask before you start using new medicines. This includes prescription and over-the-counter drugs, vitamins, and dietary or herbal supplements. For some women, stopping a medicine can be more dangerous than the effects it will have on the breastfed baby.
Q: Do I still need birth control
if I am breastfeeding?
A: Yes. Breastfeeding is not a sure way to prevent pregnancy, even though it can delay the return of normal ovulation and menstrual cycles. Talk to your doctor or nurse about birth control choices that are okay to use while breastfeeding.
Q: Does my breastfed baby need vaccines?
A: Yes. Vaccines are very important to your baby’s health. Breastfeeding may also help your baby respond better to certain immunizations, giving him or her more protection. Follow the schedule your doctor gives you. If you miss any vaccines, check with the doctor about getting your baby back on track as soon as possible.
To view the original fact sheet document in it's entirety, click this link: Office of Women's Health Breastfeeding Fact Sheet.
|
<urn:uuid:68ef8fe7-1e9f-4957-bd7c-bd1eeb5525a3>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"url": "https://www.ababymoon.com/Breastfeeding_Fact_Sheet.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912206677.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326220507-20190327002507-00378.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9344574213027954,
"token_count": 963,
"score": 2.671875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
A Profile in Christian Courage
John F. Kennedy was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his book, Profiles in Courage, in 1956. He selected eight United States Senators to exemplify the virtue of courage, which, according to Ernest Hemingway, is “grace under pressure.”
The New Testament contains several examples of courageous Christians who were pressure-treated by their experiences, and they brilliantly endured what they faced with grace — God’s grace.
Other than our Lord’s, we know more about Paul’s Christian courage than any of his contemporaries. Several events in his life illustrate Paul’s bravery, but one of the most instructive is the message of his final recorded letter to Timothy.
“The time of my departure is come…” he writes in 2 Timothy (4:6). Paul knew the end was near.Although the apostle’s execution was imminent, his words to Timothy were composed with undaunted resolve to keep the faith, encouraging Timothy to do the same.
Timothy was encouraged, instructed, warned, and summoned by his mentor and friend. But Paul’s farewell admonition did not gloss over the Christian servant’s future.
The Life of Hardship
Paul warned Timothy that his faith and ministry would be challenged by antagonism. Paul’s personal condition was an indication of what may happen to others. The persecuted apostle used the word “suffer” six times, noting that he was in bonds and treated as a criminal (2 Tim. 1:8, 12; 2:3, 9; 3:12; 4:5).He reminded Timothy of the experience in Asia (2 Tim. 1:15), and he warned him about Alexander the coppersmith (2 Tim. 4:14).
Paul’s message was this: Faithful service to Christ will bring antagonism — even persecution. But be strong, and keep the faith (2 Tim. 2:1; cf. 4:7).
Paul’s encouragement was not blind idealism. It was a tested way of thinking and living, coming from one who knew that genuine understanding and appreciation for God’s grace is all that is needed to face antagonists and hostilities (cf. 2 Cor. 12:9; 2 Tim. 4:22).
The beloved apostle also warned Timothy that he would meet obstacles. As a Christian cuts a straight course with the word of truth (2 Tim. 2:15), he will engage those who have strayed from the truth and who have destroyed the faith of others.
Paul speaks from experience; Hymenaeus and Philetus had been a gangrene in the body of Christ. The realistic message for Timothy was this: there will be obstacles, like false teachers, but keep the faith, and preach the truth (2 Tim. 2:14, 25).
Jesus Christ, Our Solid Rock
Again, Timothy was encouraged by Paul. Distractions would come, since the world is focused on self and not God (cf. 2 Tim. 3:4). Some individuals will distract God’s people. From such reprobates, all manner of persecution and spiritual destruction can come.
Paul knew, from his own life, that the stabilizing factor in a world of distractions is the Lord. So the message to Timothy was this: You have been listening to the Lord all your life—continue to heed the saving message of his Word. Through his Word, he will make you “competent, equipped for every good work” (2 Tim. 3:17, ESV).
The Discouragement of Rejection
Paul knew that faithful Christians would also face discouragements. There will be many who do not want to hear the faithful Word. There will be others who want to do you harm. Some, with whom you have worked, will abandon the faith. You may stand alone at times.
Timothy was informed that there would be discouragement, but the message was this: I, Paul, your friend and father in the faith, know about the kind of discouragements you may face. But no matter what, keep and preach the faith (2 Tim. 4:8).
Paul, an Encourager to the End
In Paul’s farewell address to Timothy, he encourages us as well — both by example and instruction. We need encouragement, for we may face antagonism, obstacles, distractions, and discouragement.We can meet antagonism with grace, obstacles with truth, distractions with focus, and discouragement with conviction.
The Lord will deliver us into his eternal kingdom; he will give the crown of righteousness to all who have loved his appearing. The message is this: Keep, live, and preach the faith.
For the courageous Christian, there will be no eternal regrets. He may never be listed as one of the world’s bravest, but his name is written in the book of life.
|
<urn:uuid:b659e874-5c02-4044-ab30-b2955c466576>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22",
"url": "https://www.christiancourier.com/articles/1170-a-profile-in-christian-courage",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277313.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00126-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9639638066291809,
"token_count": 1023,
"score": 2.546875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Human Trafficking Awareness
January 11, 2018
In support of Human Trafficking Awareness Month and Human Trafficking Awareness Day on January 11, the Florida Department of Health is highlighting the important role that health care providers play in identifying and helping victims of human trafficking, many of whom are minors. It is estimated that more than 20 million men, women and children around the world are victims of human trafficking. Statistics rank Florida as the third highest trafficking destination in the country, with half of all trafficking victims under the age of 18.
Human trafficking is a form of modern day slavery from which traffickers profit from the control and exploitation of others. Criminalized under both federal and state law, it is defined as the transporting, soliciting, recruiting, harboring, providing, or obtaining of another person for transport; for the purposes of forced labor, domestic servitude or sexual exploitation using force, fraud and/or coercion. Victims of trafficking may experience a host of health-related problems and are at high risk of injury, illness and even death from the circumstances of their forced treatment and bondage.
With offices in all 67 counties, victims of human trafficking may likely come into contact with the systems and services DOH provides. Since most victims of human trafficking may have contact with a health care professional during the time they are trafficked, it is crucial that employees in a health care setting have the appropriate training to help identify and assist potential victims.
Basic Human Trafficking Awareness training, produced by the Department of Homeland Security's Blue Campaign, has been made available to all DOH employees. Participants learned how trafficking victims may encounter health care services, how to identify potential victims in a clinical setting and how to identify promising practices for assisting a patient who may be a potential trafficking victim.
Visit the department’s human trafficking page for more information and resources specifically designed to train and assist health care professionals. The additional links offer tips for identifying potential victims of human trafficking, suggested screening questions and a framework for a human trafficking protocol in a health care setting. The resources were prepared by the National Human Trafficking Hotline and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
|
<urn:uuid:34ddead1-34c5-4654-abac-09d8b3660b66>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"url": "http://www.floridahealth.gov/newsroom/2018/01/011118-human-trafficking-awareness.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599718.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120165335-20200120194335-00267.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9415947794914246,
"token_count": 439,
"score": 3.109375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Despite our sometimes heated national debate about our energy future, Australia is well positioned to benefit from innovative low emission technologies. No matter which avenue we take to cleaner energy, our energy-rich resources means there are opportunities for Australian businesses – and cheaper energy for Australian consumers.
|Australia is awash with options for low-emissions energy.|
That’s the conclusion reached by CSIRO in our Low Emissions Technology Roadmap, which outlines potential pathways for the energy sector to contribute to Australia’s emissions reduction target.
Our target under the Paris climate agreement calls for a 26-28% reduction of emissions by 2030 from 2005 levels. Our analysis also considers how the energy sector could meet the more ambitious aspiration of avoiding 1.5-2℃ global warming.
Read the piece on The Conversation by the Chief economist with CSIRO energy, Paul Graham - “Australia can’t lose in the global race for cheaper, cleaner energy.”
|
<urn:uuid:39b37deb-ec31-47b6-825f-b7b54dfd04c3>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26",
"url": "https://beneaththewisteria.blogspot.com/2017/06/australia-cant-lose-in-global-race-for.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867644.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625092128-20180625112128-00008.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9041199684143066,
"token_count": 198,
"score": 2.671875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
A Snapshot of Prison Gangs and Youth Gangs in Canada: Well-known Gangs, Membership, Offences, Risk, and Reconviction
Like their American counterparts, prison gangs in Canada are numerous
and diverse, and at many times dispositionally related to the region
in which they operate. In the Prairie provinces, one of the largest
focus areas of Aboriginal criminal justice research today, Native
Canadian gangs (largely youth-composed) are rapidly increasing both
within prison and without. An estimated 250 Aboriginal incarcerated
youths are involved in prison gangs and up to 1,000 in Aboriginal
youth street gangs (Correctional Service Canada 2005). 5% of Canada's
14,000 federal inmates is part of a prison gang, with Aboriginal
inmates contributing a sizable portion. Furthermore, 80% of all
young male offenders aged 25 and younger are affiliated with a gang
(Correctional Service Canada 2002). According to the Calgary
Herald, 450 Aboriginal gang members serve time in prisons throughout
Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, with 113 of those on conditional
release, and 58 of those at a single institution, Drumheller.
One may argue that the rise of prison gangs in Canadian correctional
facilities has simply been the direct recoil of recent anti-gang
initiatives by law enforcement. As Correctional Services Canada
admit, the "increase in the admission of members and associates
of gangs and criminal organizations... can be attributed to the
government's introduction of legislation to combat organized crime
and to the success of the integrated approach of law adopted by
law enforcement." (http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/releases/04-06-25_e.shtml)
American influence on Canadian street and prison gangs results
in some gangs adopting American styles of dress, identification,
and organization. Death
Do Us Part, a Prairie prison gang that began in Edmonton Young
Offender Centre (E.Y.O.C) in 1994, changed their color from purple
to blue a year after their inception, to mark their supposed affiliation
with the Crips in Arizona and California. After changing their name
to the DDP Crips, they thereafter became known only as the Crips
in Alberta, a reputation that lasted until 1998.
Some of the reasons for many forms of Western Canadian gang deviance
surrounds the current state of many of Canada's Native Canadians.
Many of those who are young, poor, unemployed, discriminated against,
out of school, and suffering from addiction statistically become
natural candidates for membership in solidarity-focused, "cultural
advocacy" groups. The actual activities of many Aboriginal
youth gangs, however, like their American equivalents protesting
similar cultural- and age-oppressive environments, involve very
little of these supposed cultural goals. Instead, vandalism, auto
thefts, robberies and muggings remain the crimes of choice for many
youth gangs, who either prefer (or must accept) both less prestigious
and less inconspicuous operations than their organized-crime counterparts,
the Manitoba Warriors and the Hells
Angels, who prefer gun-smuggling, drug-trafficking, drug-dealing,
The gangs listed below are by no means an exhaustive list of the
possible organizations operating in prison and on the streets in
the Vancouver, the Prairies, the Greater Toronto Area, Ottawa, and
Montreal, but they are by far the majority, with the largest being
Warriors, the Native
Syndicate, the Indian
Posse, Redd Alert, the Hells Angels, the Crips,
the Bandidos, Shower Posse, White Aryan Resistance, (aka Aggravated Resistance),
and the Bloods.
In all cases, these gangs produce institutional instability, an
increase in transfers, and a spread of membership.
Specific Gangs Across Canada
- Aggravated Resistance / Aryan Resistance / White Aryan
Resistance - transnational gang, reported either in prison
or on the street across Alberta, and in Toronto and Montreal.
Restrictions were imposed on inmates of the Edmonton Remand
Centre in 2003 after a growing feud between Redd Alert and
- Crazy Dragons
- Crazy Dragon
Do Us Part
- East Side Crips (in Winnipeg, but known as the Dog City
Crips in Colorado Springs. According to user-sources, East
Side Crips are known as more of a street gang than a prison
gang in Winnipeg)
- Guerillas Of Death
- Hell's Angels
- Mixed Blood
- RTN - Repping The Northside, reported inside the Manitoba Youth Center, numbering between 20 and 50 members, according to users (see street gang list for more details)
- Saskatchewan Warriors
- Untamed Til Death UTD
- Zig Zag Crew
on the street:
- 3-2 Bloodset (based out of 32st in Edmonton Alberta in
the Abbottsfield area)
- 4 Duece Killers (Blood set out of Edmonton)
- Aggravated Resistance / Aryan Resistance / White Aryan
- African Mafia (Winnipeg)
- Alberta Warriors
- Boyz N Tha Hood (large street gang known in
Calgary, Alberta, in the early 1990's.)
- Brawlers (Brandon, Manitoba)
- B-Side (Winnipeg)
- Brothers and Bitches
- Cash Money Brothers
- Charleswood Priand
- Clareview Crips (Edmonton)
- Crazy Cree
- Crazy Dragons (Edmonton, Alberta)
- Crazy Dragon Killers (Edmonton, Alberta)
- Dakota Warriors Society - Brandon, Manitoba.
- Death Do Us Part
- Dirty Money Crew (DMC) - identified by Dirty Money tattoo
on the stomach, with a smoking gun and money. Main source
of income trafficking. Main colour is grey, with secondary
colours being white and black. Reported in small numbers
but frequently inside Winnipeg Remand Centre.
- Dirty South (Edmonton)
- DK'Z - according to user sources, there are over 300 in
Edmonton's Millwoods area
- Dynamic Crew - Winnipeg-based Blood set.
- Dream City, DC (Calgary, Lethbridge and Medicine Hat,
Alberta) - according to user sources, Dream City "are
known for drug trafficking of cociane in the area. They
are of different ethnic backgrounds. It is unknown the size
of the gang presently but they do seem to be growing in
- Eastside Crips (Winnipeg)
- East End Bandits
- EvR (Regina) - according to users, they wear burgundy/red,
are based in the Eastview area, are rivals with U.K., have
"evr" tatoos, and the motto "All of us or none of us." Relatively
small, about 20-30 members.
- Junior Mixed Blood (Saskatchewan)
- Fresh Off the Boat F.O.B (Calgary)
- Fresh Off the Boat Killers F.O.B.K (Calgary)
- Hell's Angels
- Insane Deathrow Gangsta Crips
- Indian Mafia Crips (Saskatchewan)
- Indian Soulja's (Saskatchewan)
- Jamaican Posse
- Kapital Ground Brotherhood
- Kids (Brooks, Alberta)
- Kingpin Bloods (Based out of Edmonton)
- Kingsway Bloods (Edmonton)
- Krazies (Winnipeg)
- Krazy Cambodian Killers (K.C.K) (Edmonton, Alberta)
- La Raza (Calgary)
- Lawndale 13
- LB Bloods
- Locolz (North End, Winnipeg, Manitoba)
- Los Montoneros (Manitoba)
- Loyalty Honour Silence (LHS) (Manitoba)
- Mad Cowz, a Winnipeg-based gang made up of mostly young
African immigrants, and which recently split into two factions,
one of which calls itself the African Mafia.
- Mafia Crips (MC's), Edmonton, Alberta
- Main Street Rattlers
- Manitoba Bloods
Salvatrucha 13 (MS-13) (Calgary)
- Markham Royalz
- Mixed Blood
- Native Crips (Hobema, Alberta)
- Native Kings
- Native Mob Family (Minnesota-based)
- Native Souljas/Mafia (Saskatchewan)
- Native Syndicate Killers (NSK)
- North End Brotherhood (Winnipeg-based)
- North End Jamaicans (Edmonton)
- North Central Rough Riderz (Saskatchewan)
- North Shore Bloods (Kamloops,British Columbia)
- North Side Jonsquad (Winnipeg)
- Nine-Os (Winnipeg-based)
- Northside (Edmonton)
- Notorious Bloods (Blood set out of Winnipeg)
- Overlords (Winnipeg-based)
- Oriental Killers
- Partners In Crime (PIC) (Calgary, Alberta) offshoot of
- Pretty Boy Mafia P.B.M (Edmonton)
- RTN - Repping The Northside - Winnipeg set based in North
End. Activities include robbery, membership-protection,
graffiti and trafficking of marijuana and psychedelics.
Members have a belief in a socialist ideaology that includes
only robbing the rich or police (called "Sir'z") and not
selling Hard Drugs in the Ghetto.
- Saskatchewan Warriors
- Sisters In Action (S.I.A.) Winnipeg-based female gang
responsible for the death of a 16-year old boy, in a botched
gang fight in the early 1990's.
- Soul Suvivaz (Winnipeg)
- Southside Boys (Edmonton)
- South Side Skulls
13 (Calgary, Alberta)
- Trang Gang (Edmonton)
- Tribal Warriors (Saskatchewan)
- Untamed Til Death (UTD)
- Versace Crew
- West End Boys (Winnipeg-based)
- West End Jamaicans (Edmonton)
- Westside Compadres
- Westside Crips (based out of Edmonton)
- West Side Jonsquad (Winnipeg)
- West Side Kings (Taber, Alberta)
- West Side Soldiers (Saskatchewan)
- Whiteboy Posse (based out of Edmonton, Alberta)
- White Fence
- Wolf Pack
- Wrecking Crew - A user reports that the Wrecking Crew
reside in and around winnipeg mostly in the East Kildonan
and Elmwood area on motorcycles in the bars. They are violent
and are known to be friends to the Hells Angels. They wear
shirts that say "BOW DOWN" on the back. They travel
in in large numbers and often challenge people to fights.
They are growing in numbers very fast.
- Yellowheads (Edmonton, Alberta)
- Young Bloodz (Winnipeg, North Side)
- Zig Zag Crew
Greater Toronto Area (some street and some prison)
- 187 - Large gang associated with Tamils, Guyanese, Afghans,
- 400 Crew
- 5 (Five) Point Generalz (5PGz) - recently implicated in the
boxing day shooting of Jane Creba, an alleged member who was slain
infront of a church in Rexdale. Police also suspect the March
27 murder of Romaine Lawrence, who was shot to death at a pizzeria
on Weston Rd, was related to a turf war involving the 5PGz.
- 12 Buddhas, a Vietnamese gang that has allegedly provided protection
for Asian offenders serving time, especially in the gang-ridden
Mimico Detention Centre in Toronto.
- 18 Buddahsm, which numbered 20 as of 1998.
- 18th Street - Latino gang reported in Guelph and Toronto
- AK Kannon (Toronto and Montreal)
- Alberta Nomads
- Apocalypse Crew (Scarborough)
- Ardwick Blood Crew - subject to the recent 2005 Toronto police
raids targeting attempted murder and firearms trafficking charges
- Aryan Resistance
- Asian Assassins - and Asian youth gang from Alexandra Park,
according to user-sources.
- B3 (Bad Brown Boys) (Montreal, Malvern, Scarborough, Brampton,
- The Basement (Ajax, Ontario)
- Bay Mills Crips - Glendower Crips' arch-rivals from Scarborough,
according to user-sources.
- Big Circle Boys, allegedly behind a 1998 Toronto counterfeit
credit card operation whose success centred on the gang's clever
practice of concealing the transaction on the bill of the credit-holder.
- Black Soldiers (Kitchener-Waterloo)
- Blake Street Massive
- Bleeker Crew
- Block-13 (Scarborough)
- as of 1998, a Florida Blood member was alleged to have moved
north to Toronto and become a top-ranking member in the Toronto
chapter. Police have called the US influence mere "imitation"since
the early 1990s.
- Ardwick Bloods Crew
- BTB - B-Town Bloods (Based in Brampton)
- Bloods With Attitude (BWA)
- The North Riverdale Region had, as of the late 1990s, a
gang called the Young Blood Generation, which was reported
by Toronto Police to have about 20 known members as of 1998.
- Chalkfarm Bloods
- Homicide Bloods (Roywoods)
- Jungle Posse/City Bloods (Lawrence Hieghts)
- Looney Toons
- Ortan Park Bloods (Scarborough)
- Pelham Park Bloods
- Trife Kids (Finch area)
- True Portuguese Bloods
- Willowridge (Rotten Ridge Bloods) (Etobicoke)
- Born to Kill (BTK) (a.k.a. the BTK Canal Boys or just BTK).
Born To Kill was a Vietnamese organized crime group that existed
during the late 1980's & early 1990's. They were formed in
New York City's Chinatown district.
- BTM (Born To Murder)
- BTS (Brown Terror Squad)
- Brave Heartz (BHz)
- Brockton Massives - a Toronto gang reported involved in extortion
and violence in the early 1990s. The Piru Bloods were also reported
to be active in Toronto as of the late 1990s, with a modest force
- Chalkfarm Bloods
- Chester Le crew
- Christie Boys - youth gang from the Christie Pits area of Toronto
responsible for a shooting in 1992
- As of the late 1990s, Toronto's southwest end sported the
West End Crips, while North York harboured the New Born Crips,
a force that numbered 70 in 1998, according to police. New
Born Crips were reported to operate a base in Rexdale as of
1994, where 40 members existed at the time. As of the early
2000s, some of the gang was believed to be operating in Jamestown,
known as the Jamestown Crew. Jamestown has recently also been
home to the Little Gangsta Crips. Murders that occurred in
Toronto throughout the early 2000s were at least partly attributed
to the growing Bloods-Crips rivalry in that city.
- At least 6 sets of the Crips operate in Jamestown, however,
including Mother Natures Mistakes, which numbered 40 strong
in 1998, Jamestown Crips, Mount Olive Crips, Ghetto Boys,
New Born Crips, and the Junior Crips.
- ACG (All Crips Gang, Scarlett Road area)
- Lakeshore Crips
- TGK (Trethewey Gangsta Killaz)
- Falstaff Crips
- Dem Boyz N da Hoake (Tamil gang) in Markham
- Dovercourt Boys
- Duffrin Park Boys
- East Side Thugs (EST) (Tuxedo Court)
- Esplanade Crew
- Evil Ones - a Hells Angels-affiliated biker gang
- Fieldgate Boys (Mississuaga)
- Fred Hamilton Boys, 50 strong as of 1998
- Front Page Gangsters, known in 1998
- Fuller Park Boys
- Galloway Boys, a Scarborough-based gang that was brought to
the public light following the 2004 Toronto police undercover
operation, Project Pathfinder.
Disciples - a Chicago based gang, but recently reported in
Toronto by Toronto Police in an unknown capacity
- Gators, 50 strong in 1998
- Get Mad Crew
- Ghetto Boys, a small gang known in late 1990s.
- Gilder Boys
- Glendower Crips - scarborough gang, rivals of the Bay Mills
- Satan's Choice
- Para Dice Riders
- Last Chance
- Indian Gator Association
- India Mafia - Toronto gang with mixed Tamail and Punjabi membership.
- Indo-Candian Mafia - gang with ties to Vancouver Indo-Candian
gangs as well as ties to the Toronto-area Tamil Tigers
- Jane Finch Killers, which numbered 100 in 1998
- Jane Finch Tamilz (JFT)
- Jamaican Shower Posse - a gang allegedly drawing its name from
its trademark of "showering" its victims with bullets.
In addition to Toronto, shower posse has been reported across
the US, including Boston, New York, Pennsylvannia, Miami, Houston,
Minnesota, Portland, Orgeon, and Milwaukee. Spurred on by a recent
RICO indictment operation in 1988, Jamaican Shower Posse members
were arrested in: Atlanta; Baltimore; Boston; Chicago; Cleveland;
Dallas; Denver; Detroit; Hartford, Conn.; Houston; Kansas City;
Las Vegas; Los Angeles; Martinsburg, W.Va.; Miami; New Orleans;
New York; Norfolk, Va.; Philadelphia; Raleigh, N.C.; and Washington
metropolitan area. In 1991, the chief of police of Toronto called
for a squad to deal with the Jamaican Posse. Canada's border control
has been criticized for being too relaxed with the Jamaican Posse
out of fear of attacks of racial profiling.
- Jamestown Crew - a primarily Toronto street gang affiliated
with the continental Crips and once associated with a Six Nations
gun smuggler, who supplied the Crew with US weapons. The gang
was recently subject to the May 2004 police raid dubbed Project
XXX, which resulted in the arrests of 100 people belonging to
or connected with the Jamestown Crew in Rexdale.
- JFT Gang - located in Toronto. According to users, a gang founded in the 1980s after a terroristic attack, remains unknown.
- Junior Mafia - Gang in Markham (Mccowan and Steeles) consisting
of about 15 members, involved in drug trafficking and car thefts.
- KnL (Kennedy and Lawrence)
- L.A.'s (Latino Americanos) - a Latino youth gang who was approximately
60 members strong as of 1994, and reported in the Christie Pits
area and Alexandra Park area of Toronto. At that time, however,
Toronto Police did not view the L.A.'s as a sophisticated or organized
force to deal with.
- la Cinco Tras Familia (Five Three) - West end, Lakeshore Blvd
West and Mimico Ave, in Etobicoke
- La Familia 13
- Lankan Outlawz (Mississauga, Brampton, Scarborough)
- Lansdowne Boyz
- Latin Knights
- Latin Crips
Salvatrucha 13 (MS-13)
- Lynch Mob - a small gang that allegedly briefly robbed terrorized
passengers on Toronto subways in the early 1990s.
- Malvern Crew - based out of Scarborough (specifically Neilson
Road south of Finch Avenue) and active in Toronto, allegedly a
multi-talented gang with experience in drive-bys and drug smuggling.
Juice Mob is a sub-group of the Malvern Crew.
- Mara Loca 13
- Markham Boys - According to user-sources, the Malvern Crew's
- McCormack Boys, 40 strong in 1998
- Metro Posse - an old 1989 gang known for terrorizing the subway
- Military Minds (MM)
- Money Comes First (MCF)
- Mornelle Court crew
- Mount Olive Crips
- MNE Crew (Markham & Eglinton)
- Native Syndicate - Toronto
- Native Syndicate Killers
- National Front (Skinhead group known in late 1980s)
Association (Rexdale, York Region) - reportedly began by New
- Northshore Crips
- Nosiderz - East York based gang made up of Tamils from the nearby
East York school
- NWA (Niggaz with Additude)
- One Hit Killers (645) - gang in Portunion, Scarborugh
- One Lankan Nation (OLN)
- O.B.B (Oriental Bad Boys - now Original
bad Boys) (Hamilton)
- Outlaws - a motorcycle gang recently afflicted with the powerful
2002 joint police raid against members that uprooted gang bases
in Kingston, London, Toronto, Ajax, St. Catharines, Windsor, Hamilton
- Parkdale Crew
- Persian Soliders (PS) Etobicoke, Scarborough, Toronto,
Richmond Hill. Large Persian gang, in prison and on the street.
- Point Blank Souljahs (younger generation of Regent Park Crew)
- Project Originals - a Blood-affiliated gang (according to user-sources)
reported engaging in petty theft and drugs in and around the Alexandra
Park, College Street, Euclid Avenue, Dundas Street West , and
Spadina Avenue areas in Toronto. P.O. stands for Project Originals,
who are the older gang members, while Next Generation represent
the younger ones. They have also been reported around the Atkinson
Co-op, a downtown housing project formerly known as Alexandra
Park, west of Spadina, between Dundas and Queen, according to
the Toronto Star and user sources.
- Punjabi Mafia - old Indo-Candian gang from the early and mid
1990s, reportedly involved in drugs, thefts and defrauding insurance
companies by burning vehicles and faking car accidents, according
to the Toronto Star (16 February 1995). The relationship between
the Punjabi Mafia in Canada and the Punjabi Mafia in Pakistan,
which remains a formidable presence in that country, are unknown.
- Red Devils (MC)
- Regent Park Crew
- Rollin 200'z - Crip gang operating in Malvern (Wickson Trail,
Crow Trail, B-way)
- Rude Boys - a Jamaican gang linked to narcoterrorism
- Ruff Ryderz
- Ruff Souljahz "RSZ" (Scarborough) - Based in Warden/Finch area
- Scarborough Bandits - reported in the early 1990s as "nothing
more than a group of gun-toting guttersnipes" (5 April 1993
- Seelapu (Tamil Gang)
- Silver Boys, a male Chinatown gang affiliated with the female
- Silver Springs
- Slingers (Kitchener)
- Spadina Girls - a female youth gang that recruited teenagers
from high school, directed by its 16 year-old leader, and who
saw four of its members charged by Toronto Police in 1998 after
a severe beating and $500 robbery.
- Tamil Tigers - reported in the context of organized criminal
terrorist mobilization operations in Montreal and Toronto, connected
to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
- Tivu Boys (Malvern, Toronto)
- Tivu Family
- Toronto Persian Posse - allegedly responsible for various robberies
and violence in Toronto's transit system in the early 1990s.
- Tre Deuce
- Trethewey Gangster Killers 15
- Trife Kids 60
- True Brown Thug (TBT)
- True Portuguese Bloods (a Blood
set based in Toronto's Little Portugal.)
- Tuxedo Boys or Tuxedo Rude Boys (TRB or 292 Boys) at Turf Tuxedo
Court, Scarborough, and Markham Strip.
- Tux Soulz
- Uddaptaday, possibly a Tamil-linked gang with ties to Sri Lanka.
- Untouchables - a long-ago drug-trafficking gang reported in
Toronto and New York City in the late 1970s.
- Vatos Locos (Latino gang)
- Versace Crew - mainly reported in Toronto and Scarborough, including
Kingston Penitentiary, this gang holds as key members several
second-generation Jamaican immigrants and allegedly makes quick
enemies. Police allege the Ebanks brothers were behind much of
the activities of the gang in Toronto
- VVT - reported in Toronto, Scarborough, Etobicoke, Mississauga,
Montreal, and London, England. VVT is a Tamil-associated group
that allegedly fulfills enforcement duties for the Liberation
Tigers of Tamil Eelam, the Sri Lankan terrorist group. Many VVT
members are allegedly made up of trained ex-Tamil Tigers. The
VVT's rivals are AK Kanna (named after the popular AK-47 assault
rifle), having engaged in a bloody turf war in Scarborough during
the summer of 1999. The VVTs were subject to the 2001 police and
immigration raid, Project 1050, that eventually resulted in the
deportation of dozens of Tamil members.
- a Chicago-based gang, but has a Toronto chapter allegedly founded
by Andrew Bacchus, according to the The Miami Herald (22
June 2006 ). Bacchus grew up in the Jane and Finch area of the
city, and now runs a gang-exiting program called "Breaking
the Cycle" (see
- VR Troopers
- Woodblock (Mississauga) - Crip-related gang known among user
sources for drugs, shootings, robberies.
- Young Assassins, a very small gang known in late 1990s
- YBS (Young Brown Soljaz) downtown based gang, mostly made of
Tamils and Bengalis.
- Young LankanZ - Also Known as YL. Associated with Credit Card
Frauds, Drug Trafficking. Rivals
with the Junior Mafia.
- Young Thugs
Greater Vancouver Area
- 14K Triad
- 18th Street
- Big Circle Boys
- Born To Kill
- Brown Side Thugz - Indo Canadian gang in the Surrey, BC area.
According to user sources, significant members have operated in
the drug trade, sex trade, gun smugling, kidnapping, and murder
- Daku Killaz - according to user sources, a violent Indo-Canadian
gang located in East Vancouver, with close ties to the Independent
Soldiers. The gang has allegedly been involved in kidnapping Indo
Canadian business-men, home invasions, murder, and cross border
- Dark Cloud Bloods
do us Part (DDP)
- Dosanjh Brothers - According to users, the Dosanjh Brothers
were the first Indo Canadian gang in
Vancouver. Brothers Ron and Jimmy Dosanjh were killed in separate
hits in 1994 and 1995 in a drug turf war by former associate-turned-rival
Bindy Johal. Bindy Johal then took over the gang in the mid 1990s
until he was murdered in a Vancover night club on in Dec 20, 1998.
The deaths of such members, often revered for the respect they
attracted, continue to influence young Indo Canadian gangsters.
(for more information on Indo-Canadian gangs, see this Vancouver
- Eastside Disciples Crips (connected to 1960s-era Eastside Disciples?)
- The Elite (Richmond, B.C based Indo-Canadian hit squad)
- FBK - South Vancouver Indo-Canadian gang
- Independent Soldiers (Vancouver Indo-Canadian gang)
- Indo-Canadian Mafia
- KBC - major Filipino gang in the 1990s with membership from
60-100 (now defunct)
Ground Brotherhood (KGB)
- Krazy Cambodian Killers KCK
- L.A Boys (Latino gang)
- Los Diablos (as of 1989)
- Mara Loca (Latino gang)
- Mobtown Crew - East Indian organization in East Vancouver
- Night Crawlers
- Persian Pride (now defunct)
- Red Eagles (as of 1989)
- Red Scorpions - users report that the Red Scorpions were originaly
formed in the Young Offenders
facility in 2000 and from there continued to grow. They are muli-cultured,
as race is secondary to loyalty and respect. They have allegedly
been involved in a variety of serious crimes, and a range of international
ties. However, users say they are small in numbers (20), and most are in prison.
- Sunset Boyz - East Indian gang from Southeast Vancouver
- Surrey Jacks - Indo-Canadian gang in the Surrey area, involved
in car theft, home invasions and kidnappings, according to user
- TJ Thandi
- U.N Gang (Abbotsford, B.C based gang. U.N stands for United
Nations because of
the gangs multiracial make-up; Indo-Canadians, Asians, Persians,
- Viet Ching (also heavily reported on the US west coast, especially
Los Angeles. According to a 1999 article by Agence-Presse France,
"The two largest gangs in the United States are the Los Angeles
branch of the Viet-Ching and the Born To Kill gang of New York
city, also affiliated to the Viet-Ching." According to other
reports, Vietnamese gangs such as Viet Ching have typically leaned
more towards organized, high-tech and business crime, including
extortion and human trafficking)
- West Coast Players WCP (Black gang of pimps and drug dealers)
- WCPM - West Coast Punjabi Mafia, Indo-Canadian crime organization
with ties in California
- Ace Crew - responsible for the famous Sylvain Leduc killing
in 1995, when recently paroled John Wartley Richardson slayed
the 17 year-old for allegedly disrespecting the gang in a time
when the gang's legitimacy and street presence were both fading.
While Ace Crew activity has subsided since the late 1990s, there
are still apparently a small band of members left.
- Baycrest Crips
- Cedar Wood Crips
- Central Park Click (CPC) - reported to operate in Ottawa's Eastend (Manor
Park and Downtown), and was founded in the late 1990's.
- Combat18. (C-18) (Southwest Ontario) - originally a British terrorist organization formed in 1992, Combat-18, most commonly known as a paramilitary advocate of the neo-nazi/fascist cause, allegedly provided with funds by Skrewdriver's record label White Noise. C18 hosted the band No Remorse, which strived to be a "proper" terrorist organization at one point, according to Ryan, (2004:121). C18 leader William Browning fully intended the record label ISD Records to be 'created to fund terrorist organizations' (122). His plan was to keep the money from ISD earnings and funnel it into terrorist activities, using Denmark as a base of operations. There, bomb-maker Marcel Schift was to be handed responsibility of managing IDS Records' Scandinavian branch, with the ultimate goal of deploying a series of bombings across several European cities. The organization has been reported in cities across Canada.
- Crack Down Posse (historically) - in 1998 two CDP members shot then-21-year-old Apaid Noel with a sawed-off shutgun outside a club on Rideau Street downtown, in what the Assistant Crown attorney said was "one of the most brazen crimes imaginable." (Ottawa Citizen, January 20, 2006). A recent sentencing hearing opened new wounds for the victims, while offering a chance for the convicted to plead their case for parole eligibility in 12 years, highlighting that one of the two convicted of the murder has since removed the CDP's familiar machine-gun-tattoo as a sign that he has distanced himself from the gang world. It is unclear whether CDP members still exist in Ottawa.
- Double R - gang hailing from the West End of Ottawa. Started
as an alliance between the Ritchie and Ramsey housing units in the West
End, and has recently evolved into the Bloods.
- Eastside Mafia Crips, allegedley to have begun activity
in 2007 in the eastend of Ottawa.
- Gilder Boys - allegedly headed by Ottawa electrical engineer
Kaileshan Thanabalasingham, who later took over the leadership
of the VVT gang currently most active in Toronto, and who was
arrested in Ottawa in October of 2001. However, any Tamil linked
gangs, such as VVT, largely operate in Montreal, Toronto, and
Vancouver and any presence in Ottawa may be either transitory,
insignificant, or unknown.
- Hell's Angels - Ontario Nomads based out of Ottawa
- Ledbury Banff Crips
- Overbrook Bloods, allegedly created in 2002 in Overbrook,
a neighbourhood in the eastend of Ottawa
- Sandlewood Crips
- Triple S (South Side Souljaz) - South End gang.
- Westside 613 - users say it was created in 2006 in West Ottawa
- 18th Street (St-Leonard)
- Bloods - known as Bo-Gars in Montreal, reported to have a membership
of about 200, as of 2000, of mostly Haitian origin. The Bo-Gars
reportedly began in Montreal North in the mid-1980s. The gang
has since spread to Laval and Longeuil, and has been connected
to a host of violent and serious crime, as well as telemarketing
- Crips - known as C.D.P's (Crackdown Posse) in Montreal, reported
with a membership of about 200 in 2000, of mostly Haitian origin.
The CDP began in the early 1990s in the St. Michel district. The
turf war between CDP and the Bo-Gars has recently spread to Laval.
- Downtown Posse - A Montreal Crip gang in Cote-des-Neige, mostly
of Jamaican origin. Rivals of the Uptown Posses.
- Hells Angels
- Money Over Bitches (M.O.B ) - Bloods gang
- Montreal Italian Mafia
- Montreal West End Gang AKA the "Irish Mob" AKA the
"Westies" - according to user sources, a group of older
men who control the port of Montreal, and according to the Vancouver
Sun, a "group of anglophone criminals" running guns
and drugs (4 October 2001). The term "Westies" may have
originated from the custom of referring to South Boston's Irish-Americans
as "Southies." Montreal was the reported place of refuge
for Stephen "The Rifleman" Flemmi, an informer in the
Boston Irish Mob during the 1970s. Former Boston Irish Mob kingpin
Whitey Bulger built a strong underground network with the West
End Gang since Bulger went into hiding. The West End Gang (Irish
Mob) have been reported to work closely with the Hells Angels,
including fixing prices on cocaine for trafficking and distribution.
- MSBK - a Blood set in St. Hubert, off the Island of Montreal
- National League (Skinhead group known in late 1980s)
- N.D.G bloods
- Piru Park Boyz - a blood/piru gang with affiliation to piru's
in Compton, located in Greenfield Park, from St.constant to Longuiel. 100 to 150 members.
- Rock Machine - since absorbed by the Bandidos
- Ruff Ryders, in the West Island. Ruff Ryders began in West Island
high schools and graduated to higher level criminal activities
such as extortion and weapons trafficking. They developed alliances
with the Rockers up until 2001.
- Syndicate - according to user sources, a powerful street gang
that works for the Hell's
- T.L.R - Toronto Lankan Recruitement
- Uptown Posse - A Montreal Blood gang in Cote-des-Neige. Mostly
of Jamaican origin.
- White Boy Wrecking Crew
- Bayers Westwood Mob
- Hell's Angels
- MOB, (aka Sprytown Mob) Spryfield, Nova Scotia
- North End Dartmouth (NED), Halifax
- North Preston's Finest (Nova Scotia)
- Spry Town Mob (aka MOB), Spryfield, Nova Scotia
Gangs in Atlantic Canada have been reported incarcerated at Atlantic
Institution (maximum), Dorchester
Penitentiary, and Springhill
|Geographic Distribution of Canadian Prison Gangs, by City
source: Correctional Service Canada
According to the Winnipeg Free Press, the Manitoba Warriors
and the Indian Posse are the largest gangs in the city of Winnipeg,
and probably account for the city's 7% ownership of the country's
entire gang population. The Deuces, West End Boyz (WEB), North End
Brotherhood (NEB) and the Nine-Os are the city's other significant
gangs, but exist in much fewer numbers. The Indian Posse, known
as the Warriors' "farm team," was formed in 1990 and has
not yet matched the degree of organization the Manitoba Warriors
have achieved, but both gangs have successfully spread across rural
Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Northwestern Ontario. Recent efforts
from an anti-gang task force in Winnipeg in 2001, however, won a
national law enforcement award for its work in Operation Snow, a
criminal intelligence operation that sentenced 35 Warriors to prison
on various drug and weapons charges, and allegedly reduced the Warriors
to a gang "in name only" (Winnipeg Free Press,
24 November 2001). A highlight from these take-downs included the
conviction of former Vice-President Roger Kyle Sanderson in 2000,
a Warrior kingpin who helped torture and execute Russell Krowetz,
Stefan Zurstegge and Jason Gross on Winnipeg's 319 Semple ave. At
the time, the murders were believed to be precipitated by a turf
war between the Warriors and the Hells Angels over Winnipeg's prostitution
trade (Broadcast News, 12 October 2000).
In Edmonton, Aboriginal gangs such as the Indian Posse and Redd Alert are growing so fast that competition over resources is pushing
other gangs into outlying areas across rural Alberta. In the 12,000
person jurisdiction of Hobbema, the hub of the four Native reserves
Samson, Montana, Ermineskin and Louis Bull, drug-networks are being
set up by the Indian Posse and Redd Alert. Fort McMurray, with a
population of about 60,000, is now dealing with a new organized
drug-trade, while Camrose is becoming a convenient "commuter
destination" for gangs from Edmonton. Redd Alert is quickly
winning the battle for the control of street crime in Edmonton,
Fort McMurray, Hobbema, Regina, and North Battleford, Saskatchewan.
The city of Brooks, just east of Calgary, is experiencing "skyrocketing"
gang activity, while Lethbridge, just 100 km north of the American
border, is becoming a rendezvous point for marijuana and cocaine
dealers importing and exporting to the US. Along with Lethbridge
and Medicine Hat, Brooks is also becoming known for its up-and-coming
youth gang the Kids, consisting of about twelve street kids who
sell crack cocaine. In addition to these Aboriginal and street-youth
gangs, Hells Angels-affiliates the Devil's Henchmen, Iron Steed
and Red Demons are also growing (CISA 2005).
Saskatchewan reported the highest per capita Aboriginal youth gang
membership in Canada, at 1.34 per 1,000 people. After Alberta began
transferring Manitoba Aboriginal prison gang leaders into secure
custody units in Saskatchewan, gang involvement spread to prisons
in Saskatchewan (CISS 2005). Prisons in Atlantic Canada have seen
a conglomeration of drug smugglers from past Medellin drug cartel
members, while prisons in British Columbia have seen the growing
domination of Asian gangs.
In Quebec, prisons house 272 of the nation's 278 incarcerated outlaw
biker gang members (Calgary Herald, 5 May 2006). Both the
outlaw motorcycle gangs the Hells Angels and Rock Machine have been
vying for control of Quebec's prison drug trade since 1996. Donnaconna
Penitentiary near Quebec City houses several top-ranking members
of the Hells Angels, including Hells Angels kingpin Maurice "Mom"
Boucher, who was accused of killing two prison guards, Diane Lavigne
and Pierre Rondeau, in 1997. In October of 1998, a prison guard
was convicted of smuggling cocaine and heroin from Bordeaux jail
in Montreal to the Hells Angels "wing" of Donnacona penitentiary
(Ottawa Citizen 11 July 2002 ). Jean-Paul Ramsay, a member
of the Hells Angels Montreal chapter since 1987, was recently denied
parole from a Quebec penitentiary for allegedly running drug operations
from inside prison.
Offences of Prison Gang Members
In prison, gang members deal mostly in drugs and extortion, although
prostitution, murder, and retaliatory violence are becoming more
common. Criminal Intelligence Service Canada's Annual 2005 Report
states that "Incarcerated gang members and associates use assaults,
intimidation, and to a much lesser extent, homicide, to discipline
members/associates, to retaliate against rivals and to establish
or maintain involvement in criminal activities, like drug trafficking,
within correctional institutions." In 2004, Drumheller Institution
inmate Todd Jefferey Irving murdered Alberta Warriors inmate Roy
Eyre, allegedly in self-defence, immediately after he heard Jefferey
had marked Irving for assassination. In all cases, in the Prairies,
fights and drug trafficking are "stock-in-trade" for native
prison gangs (Calgary Herald 26 April 2004).
|Current Offences of Canadian Prison Gang Members, by Offence
source: Correctional Service Canada
Not surprisingly, risk levels for gang members in prison are comparably
very high. The largest cause of this risk involves the already high
risk level of existing street gang members entering prison, but
a small part also involves the requirements attached to prison gang
membership, including threat gestures, defiance to authority, misconduct,
and even homicide as a way to protect one's turf or to preserve
one's prestige and respect. One of the most common requirements
for prison gang membership is drug trafficking, conspiracy, and
criminal abetting. See the Risk
Assessment article for more information on individual factors
that increase one's risk of reoffending.
|Risk Level of Canadian Prison Gang Members at Intake, by Selected Measures|
source: Correctional Service Canada
|Institutional Misconducts of Canadian Prison Gang Members
source: Correctional Service Canada
As stated above, certain requirements of being a gang member may
contribute to an increased incidence of staff assaults and rule
violations. In California, for example, known gang members recently
admitted to prison are asked to disclose all information about their
rank, position, duties, allegiances, fellow members, and criminal
operations to correctional staff, called by correctional officials
as "debriefing." If they deny this information, which
is frequently the case, they will temporarily be placed in a disciplinary
segregation unit before being returned to the general population.
|Reconviction Rates of Canadian Prison Gang Members, by
source: Correctional Service Canada
Aboriginal programs have recently been implemented in Prairie prisons
by the Correctional Service of Canada, in an effort to curb gang
involvement in prison and to reduce recidivism rates following release.
Surprisingly, when controlling for risk, prison gang members were
only more likely to reoffend than the general prison population
when inmate were members of Asian gangs and street gangs. Specific
types of offences, such as armed robbery, weapon offences and drug
possession, were more likely in recently released prison gang members
compared to non-prison gang members, consistent with unique patterns
of offending of each type of gang member at intake.
Criminal Intelligence Service Alberta (2005). "Annual Report."
Edmonton, Alta: Criminal Intelligence Service Alberta.
Criminal Intelligence Service Saskatchewan (2005). "Aboriginal
Based Gangs in Saskatchewan." Regina, Sask: Criminal Intelligence
Correctional Service Canada. (2002). "An Examination of Youth
and Gang Affiliation within the Federally Sentenced Aboriginal Population."
Ottawa, ON: Correctional Service Canada.
Correctional Service Canada. (2004). "A Profile and Examination
of Gang Affiliation within the Federally Sentenced Offender Population."
Ottawa, ON: Correctional Service Canada.
Correctional Service Canada. (2005). "Report of the Task Force
on Security." Ottawa: ON. Correctional Service Canada.
|
<urn:uuid:fb8ce69e-4525-4951-983d-73907528934f>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44",
"url": "http://www.insideprison.com/prison-gangs-canada.asp",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718866.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00038-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9059543013572693,
"token_count": 9755,
"score": 2.5625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
D with stroke
Đ (lowercase: đ, Latin alphabet), known as crossed D or dyet, is a letter formed from the base character D/d overlaid with a crossbar. Crossing was used to create eth (ð), but eth has an uncial as its base whereas đ is based on the straight-backed roman d. Crossed d is a letter in the alphabets of several languages and is used in linguistics as a phonetic symbol.
In the lowercase, the crossbar is usually drawn through the ascender, but when used as a phonetic symbol it may be preferred to draw it through the bowl, in which case it is known as a barred d. In some African languages' orthographies, such as that of Moro, the barred d is preferred.
In the uppercase, the crossbar normally crosses just the left stem, but in Vietnamese and Moro it may sometimes cross the entire letter.
The DE ligature should not be confused with the Đ. That ligature was used stylistically in pre-19th century Spanish as a contraction for de, as a D with an E superimposed. For example, Universidad DE Guadalajara.
Uses by language
A lowercase đ appeared alongside a lowercase retroflex D in a 1982 revision of the African reference alphabet. This revision of the alphabet eliminated uppercase forms, so there was no conflict between ɖ and đ.
Đ was used in Medieval Latin to mark abbreviations of words containing the letter d. For example, hđum could stand for heredum "of the heirs". Similar crossbars were added to other letters to form abbreviations.
South Slavic languages
The crossed d was introduced by Serbian philologist Đuro Daničić in 1878 for use in Serbo-Croatian in his Dictionary of the Croatian or Serbian Language, replacing the older digraphs dj and gj. Daničić modeled the letter after the Icelandic or Anglo-Saxon letter eth, albeit representing a different sound, the affricate [dʑ]. In 1892 it was officially introduced in Croatian and Slavonian schools (in the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia where the Croatian language was official) and so definitively added to Gaj’s Latin alphabet. The letter thereafter gradually entered daily use, spreading throughout Serbo-Croatian and then to Macedonian (its Latin transliterations heavily influenced by Serbo-Croatian from the Yugoslav period).
The crossed d is today considered a distinct letter, and is placed between Dž and E in alphabetical order. Its Cyrillic equivalent is Ђ ђ. Its partial equivalent in Macedonian is Ѓ ѓ (because only some dialects contain the /dʑ/ sound). When a true đ is not available or desired, it is transcribed as dj in modern Serbo-Croatian, and as gj in Macedonian. The use of dj in place of đ used to be more common in Serbo-Croatian texts, but is now considered obsolete and discouraged by style guides.
Đ is the seventh letter of the Vietnamese alphabet, after D and before E. Traditionally, digraphs and trigraphs like CH and NGH were considered letters as well, making Đ the eighth letter. Đ is a letter in its own right, rather than a ligature or letter-diacritic combination; therefore, đá would come after dù in any alphabetical listing.
Đ represents a voiced alveolar implosive (/ɗ/) or, according to Thompson (1959), a preglottalized voiced alveolar stop (/ʔd/). Whereas D is pronounced as some sort of dental or alveolar stop in most Latin alphabets, an unadorned D in Vietnamese represents either /z/ (Hanoian) or /j/ (Saigonese).
The Vietnamese alphabet was formally described for the first time in the 17th-century text Manuductio ad Linguam Tunckinensem, attributed to a Portuguese Jesuit missionary, possibly Francisco de Pina or Filipe Sibin. This passage about the letter Đ was later incorporated into Alexandre de Rhodes' seminal Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum:
Another letter written with the symbol đ is completely different than our own and is pronounced by raising the tip of the tongue to the palate of the mouth, immediately removing it, without in any way touching the teeth, for example đa đa: partridge. And this letter is very commonly used at the beginning of a word.— Manuductio ad Linguam Tunckinensem[note 1]
On computers without support for a Vietnamese character set or Unicode, Đ is encoded as
DD and đ as
dd according to the Vietnamese Quoted-Readable standard. Vietnamese computer users typically input Đ as DD in the Telex and VIQR input methods or as D9 in the VNI input method. In the absence of an input method, the TCVN 6064:1995 and Microsoft Windows Vietnamese keyboard layouts map ZA0-09 (0 on a U.S. keyboard) to đ, or Đ when holding down ⇧ Shift. The Windows layout also maps ZA0-11 (=) to ₫.
Other modes of communication also have dedicated representations of Đ. In Vietnamese Braille, it is ⠙, which corresponds to D in French Braille. In the Vietnamese manual alphabet, Đ is produced by touching the thumb to the index finger. In Morse code, it is rendered – · · – · ·, corresponding to Telex's "DD".
The lowercase đ is used in some phonetic transcription schemes to represent a voiced dental fricative [ð] (English th in this). Eth (ð) is more commonly used for this purpose, but the crossed d has the advantage of being able to be typed on a standard typewriter, by overlaying a hyphen over a d.
A minuscule form of the letter, đ, is the symbol of the đồng, the currency of Vietnam, by a 1953 decree by Ho Chi Minh. The South Vietnamese đồng, on the other hand, was symbolized "Đ.", in majuscule. In Unicode, the Vietnamese đồng symbol is properly represented by U+20AB ₫ Dong sign, but U+0111 đ Latin small letter D with stroke is often used instead. In Vietnamese, the đồng sign is written after the amount in superscript, often underlined.
The uppercase eth (Ð) is also now used to symbolize the cryptocurrency Dogecoin. The idea originated in December 2013 on the website Reddit when a user realized that the symbol wasn't currently being used for any other currency, and the community believed it was fitting for Dogecoin.
Dispersity is represented by the symbol Đ, and is a measure of the heterogeneity of sizes of molecules or particles in a mixture, referring to either molecular mass or degree of polymerization.
Đ and đ are encoded in Unicode as U+0110 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE and U+0111 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE; in Latin-2, Latin-4 and Latin-10 as D0 and F0 respectively; and, in Latin-6 as A9 and B9 respectively. In PostScript they are Dcroat, Dmacron, Dslash, dcroat, dmacron and dslash. In Unicode, both crossed d and barred d are considered glyph variants of U+0111.
Unicode has a distinct code point for the visually very similar capital eth, Ð, U+00D0, which can lead to confusion.
As part of WGL4, Đ and đ can be expected to display correctly even on older Windows systems.
- As printed in Hồn Việt: Alterum đ notatur eo signo, quia est omnino diversù à nostro et pronunciatur attollendo extremum linguae ad palatum oris illamque statim amovendo absque eo, quod ullo modo dentes attingat, ùt đa đa: perdrix. Et haec littera est valde in usu in principio dictionis.
As paraphrased by de Rhodes: ...estque vitium linguæ, aliud đ notatur eo signo quia est omninò diversum à nostro & pronunciatur attollendo extremum linguæ ad palatum oris, illamque statim amovendo, absque eo quod ullo modo dentes attingat ut đa đa, perdix: & hæc litera est valdè in usu in principio dictionis.
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
- The Unicode Consortium (2003). The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley Developers Press. p. 432.
- ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 Revised Proposal to Encode Additional Latin Orthographic Character JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2847R
- Example: Lê Bá Khanh; Lê Bá Kông (1991). Vietnamese-English/English-Vietnamese Dictionary (7th printing ed.). New York City: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-87052-924-2.
- Bischoff, Bernhard (1990). Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. p. 150.
- Maretić, Tomislav. Gramatika i stilistika hrvatskoga ili srpskoga književnog jezika, p. 14-15. 1899.
- "Bài Tập Tại Nhà #1" [Homework Practice #1] (PDF). Portland, Oregon: Lạc Hồng Vietnamese Language School. August 7, 2009. p. 1. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
- "Tài Liệu Cho Giáo Viên" [Teaching Materials] (PDF) (in Vietnamese). La Vang Vietnamese Language School. October 28, 2011. p. 1. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
- Thompson, Laurence (1959). "Saigon phonemics". Language. Linguistic Society of America. 35 (3): 458–461. doi:10.2307/411232. JSTOR 411232.
- Jacques, Roland (2002). Portuguese Pioneers of Vietnamese Linguistics. Bangkok: Orchid Press. ISBN 9748304779.
- Gesammelte Studien. Bibliotheca Instituti Historici S.I. (in Portuguese). 21. Jesuit Historical Institute. 1963. p. 12.
…e a « Manuductio ad linguam Tunckinensem » do Padre Filipe Sibin SI…
- Nguyễn Minh Hoàng. "Alexandre de Rhodes có phải là cha đẻ của chữ Quốc ngữ?" [Was Alexandre de Rhodes the father of the Vietnamese alphabet?]. Hồn Việt (in Vietnamese). Retrieved November 17, 2013.
- de Rhodes, Alexandre (1651). "Lingue annamiticæ seu tunchinensis brevis declaratio". Dictionarium annamiticum lusitanicum, et latinum (in Latin). Rome: Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. p. 3.
- VietNamese Typewriter on Flickr
- "Morse Code". Alberquerque, New Mexico: Our Lady of La Vang Eucharistic Youth Society. 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
- Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Ladusaw, William A. (1996). Phonetic Symbol Guide. University of Chicago Press. pp. 36–37.
- Ho Chi Minh (May 20, 1953). "Sắc lệnh của Chủ tịch Nước Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa số 162/SL" [Decree number 162/SL of the President of Vietnam] (in Vietnamese). Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
|
<urn:uuid:c56cb3f8-8d2d-46c9-bf99-1e55983f382b>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161501.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925103454-20180925123854-00222.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8366134166717529,
"token_count": 2766,
"score": 3.390625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
The theory of groundwater flow and the transport of pollutants in groundwater are covered in this course. Topics include the modeling of groundwater flow and contaminant transport, well hydraulics, flow nets, subsurface chemical and microbial processes, sea water intrusion, groundwater monitoring and remediation.
- Semester 2 - 2016
- Semester 2 - 2017
On successful completion of the course students will be able to:
1. Introduce the discipline of hydrogeology and contaminant transport
2. Include laboratory experiments to illustrate key concepts.
3. Introduce solution techniques for common problems in contaminant hydrogeology
4. Develop critical thinking skills.
- Introduction to groundwater, groundwater history and groundwater resources in Australia.
- Darcy's Law and basic definitions.
- Aquifer properties and groundwater geology.
- 3D and 2D groundwater flow equation.
- Developing solutions to groundwater flow problems; boundary conditions, initial conditions.
- Analytical solutions to groundwater flow problems.
- Flow nets.
- Regional groundwater flow.
- Well hydraulics.
- Pump tests.
- Numerical modelling of groundwater flow problems; MODFLOW.
- Model calibration, parameter estimation and prediction.
- Groundwater contamination - overview.
- Groundwater chemistry.
- Contaminant transport equation.
- Diffusion and dispersion.
- Model calibration and parameter estimation.
- Boundary and initial conditions.
- Analytical solutions.
- Measurement of dispersivity.
- Sea water intrusion.
- Site remediation.
Content covered in courses CIVL1331; CIVL2050; MATH2310.
Written Assignment: Assignments
Tutorial / Laboratory Exercises: Laboratory Experiments
Formal Examination: Formal Examination
Face to Face On Campus 2 hour(s) per Week for 4 Weeks
Plus informal student consultation time.
Face to Face On Campus 2 hour(s) per Week for 3 Weeks
Face to Face On Campus 3 hour(s) per Week for Full Term
Face to Face On Campus 2 hour(s) per Week for 8 Weeks
|
<urn:uuid:a4dec1ab-08eb-410e-8746-199efb51d875>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40",
"url": "http://www.newcastle.edu.au/course/CIVL3470",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661900.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00125-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.6976697444915771,
"token_count": 444,
"score": 2.515625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
HOPE FOR THE BEST, BUT PREPARE FOR THE WORST: Knowing The Potential for Property Damage in the Advent of Hurricane Matthew
Hurricane Matthew is making its way through the Caribbean
towards the eastern seaboard of the United States less than 60 days before the
end of the 2016 Atlantic Hurricane Season.As we continue to track Hurricane Matthew in the possible advent of U.S.
landfall, several local authorities have been activated in Florida and other
U.S. coastal states.
During an emergency preparedness press conference on
October 3, 2016, Florida Governor Rick Scott announced, “Hurricane Matthew is a
life-threatening category four hurricane and we must all take it seriously. If
Hurricane Matthew directly impacts Florida, there could be massive destruction
which we haven’t seen since Hurricane Andrew devastated Miami-Dade County in
1992. That is why we cannot delay and must prepare for direct impact now.
Today, I signed an Executive Order declaring a State of Emergency in every
Florida county to ensure we have resources for evacuations, sheltering and
other logistical needs across our state. We are preparing for the worst,
but hoping for the best and we will not take any chances to ensure our state is
As local, state, and federal authorities release updated
information throughout the course of this week, it is important to understand
the impact of this storm and how it may affect public safety and property risk
management.Even if Hurricane Matthew
does not make landfall, the wind projections are sufficiently elevated to anticipate
severe property damage in the outlying portions of the storm.As illustrated in the graphic below, as of 5
am this morning, Advisory No. 29 reports that the entire eastern coast of
Florida is under a tropical storm and hurricane warning/watch.
According to the National Hurricane Center (NHC) and
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the above graphic shows
an approximate representation of coastal areas under a hurricane warning (red),
hurricane watch (pink), tropical storm warning (blue), and tropical storm watch
(yellow). The white dot indicates the current position of the center of the
tropical cyclone, and the dashed line shows the history of its center. Understanding
the difference between National Weather Service watches and warnings is
critical to being prepared for Hurricane Matthew or other any dangerous weather
The National Weather Service issued “watch” lets you know that weather conditions are favorable for a
hazard to occur. A “warning”
designation means a weather hazard is imminent - it is either occurring or it
is about to occur at any moment. Additionally, the issuance of an “extreme wind warning” indicates that
sustained winds of a major hurricane (115 mph or greater), usually associated
with the eyewall, are expected to begin within an hour in the designated area.
While there is no substitute for the professional analysis
of engineering and climatological experts with regard to the effects of storm
force winds, a general understanding of the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
is helpful in comprehending the implications of a warning designation in the
context of anticipating the potential for devastation.The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (a 1
to 5 rating based on a hurricane's sustained wind speed) estimates potential
property damage. Hurricanes reaching Category 3 and higher are considered major
hurricanes because of their potential for significant loss of life and damage.
Category 1 and 2 storms are still dangerous, however, and require preventative
An animated illustration of the various scales of damage
is available for observation here.
As Hurricane Matthew heads toward the Bahamas and makes
its projected westward turn toward the Florida coastline, its strength should
be monitored and preparations undertaken to handle the insurance claims arising
from the probable trail of destruction that it is expected to leave
|
<urn:uuid:03a87e5c-b782-4074-86bd-c667cea0df2a>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"url": "http://www.catlawnavigator.com/2016/10/hope-for-best-but-prepare-for-worst.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540486979.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206073120-20191206101120-00005.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9062499403953552,
"token_count": 802,
"score": 2.84375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
20 March 2018
Australia seems ideally suited to turn its trash into treasure by using it to generate electricity. But politics and regulation is holding the burgeoning energy-from-waste (EfW) industry back, as Kate Burgess reports for Inframation News
On paper, Australia seems destined to follow the lead of the UK, France and certain Southeast Asian countries in turning the mountains of urban waste that ends up in landfill into electricity.
Even though Australians are prodigious recyclers, a rapidly increasing number of city dwellers and an addiction to upgrading ‘throwaway’ consumable goods is fuelling an 8% rise in annual waste volumes.
Of the nearly 64 million tonnes of solid waste generated each year, 40% ends up being tipped into landfill sites dotted around the country, according to the latest figures available from the Department of Environment.
Aside from a handful of small-scale organic waste facilities, an enormous potential to divert larger quantities of residential, commercial and industrial waste away from pits in the ground and into generators has so far remained untapped.
To date, municipal councils have been the main driving forces for EfW schemes as they seek to recover more usable materials from rubbish thrown out by residents and businesses as a means to make local communities more liveable and sustainable.
A key stumbling block has been that most councils lack the scale, skill and expertise to design and run their own projects of any scale, says Ron Wainberg, a technical director of waste industry advisers MRA Consulting.
“Some local governments are interested in building energy-from-waste plants but in my view they don’t have the expertise. They wouldn’t consider building an oil refinery, so why would they build an energy from waste plant?," he says.
Research from MRA consulting estimates that councils and waste companies such as Veolia and Suez Environnement together have enough appropriately sorted waste to generate enough electricity to supply 2% of Australia’s baseload needs. In 2016, the from identified around 60 smaller schemes that can generate a combined 623MW of electricity.
The federal government’s Clean Energy Finance Corporation has also spotted the potential to turn rubbish into riches. In 2015, it predicted waste-to-energy and bioenergy could develop into an AUD 5bn (USD 3.85bn) industry, and provide 800MW of generation capacity.
While local councils have successfully pioneered schemes that break down organic waste from food and unwanted garden materials in a process known as anaerobic digestion, they have struggled to accumulate waste in the quantities needed to supply larger projects, which use combustion or gasification technologies to turn the waste into fuel for generating power.
“There are only a limited number of councils in Australia that are large enough to have enough waste to underpin a project by themselves so it takes multiple council groups to come together to have enough waste to underpin a project,” says Henry Anning, corporate and project finance director at the CEFC.
Anning believes the opportunity is as tangible as when the 2015 study was conducted. Yet three years on, not a single large-scale urban waste project has gotten off the ground.
Anning and Wainberg agree there is room for the private sector to take the lead on projects, and work with local councils to aggregate their waste into the quantities required for larger schemes.
First, financial incentives are needed. Councils and other waste providers pay a so-called “gate fee” to project developers for the waste that would otherwise be sent to landfill.
The cost of putting waste into landfill must therefore be higher than what a project developer would charge.
Some Australian states make this easy by charging councils a levy on each tonne of waste they send to landfill. The higher the levy, the more attractive it becomes to find other ways to dispose of the waste. New South Wales charges the highest levy, followed by Victoria and Western Australia, which targets sending zero tonnes of waste to landfill by 2020.
Queensland, on the other hand, abolished its levy in 2013 shortly after the conservative Campbell Newman government came to power. There is now little incentive for councils to consider energy from waste because it would be more expensive than the default option of dumping waste into landfill sites.
While the gate fee is a project’s main source of income, developers earn a smaller amount of revenue for every megawatt of power they produce. To date they have struggled to land on the radars of big energy retailers to sign on as long-term customers. Also, the Clean Energy Regulator only classifies 50% of the power they generate as renewable energy and eligible to earn subsidies under the national Renewable Energy Target.
Local communities have also acted as roadblocks to projects going ahead, fearing they will impact air quality and have adverse health impacts. Many remember the days when households and businesses freely used incinerators to burn waste before recycling programmes were widely implemented in the 1990s.
A proposed incinerator at a EfW facility in Eastern Creek on the fringes of Sydney has attracted the ire of local residents and environment groups. Its developer, Dial A Dump, has been slammed by the Environmental Protection Authority for not providing enough information on the “feedstock” or type of waste the project will use. The ongoing battle for an environmental permit has been referred to an Upper House inquiry, which was due to report back by the end of the first quarter of this year.
Better regulation to recognise the environmental and social costs of landfill, as well as how they can act as a baseload energy supplier are needed to improve the economics of bigger projects and attract investors, Anning says.
Investors and lenders have struggled to gain comfort with the complex web of contracts that underpin waste to energy schemes, and the fact that larger grate combustion and gasification technologies are as yet unproven in an Australian context.
“The trouble with waste is that somebody always owns it,” MRA’s Wainberg says. “What a lot of the entrepreneurs don’t appreciate is that waste is managed under a fairly complex interconnecting network of contracts and people who own those contracts and make their living out of it want to defend their patch.”
He adds that various waste contracts expire at different times, and co-ordinating them so they provide a reliable stream of waste to feed an incinerator can be challenging.
“It can become chicken and egg because councils want to secure their waste from projects that are likely to proceed but projects won’t go ahead unless the contracts are signed,” the CEFC’s Anning says.
Signs of progress
Councils in Western Australia have joined forces to alleviate this issue. Rivers Regional Council and Eastern Metropolitan Regional Councils are municipal clusters that have collectively agreed to supply waste to project developers.
Phoenix Energy has partnered with Rivers Regional Council (RRC) to develop the Kwinana Waste to Energy project in conjunction with Macquarie Capital as financial sponsor. Meanwhile, local developer New Energy is proposing a facility at East Rockingham, south of Perth together with the ERMC grouping.
Despite both projects being in development for several years, neither has yet managed to secure the project financing and equity investment they are seeking.
The schemes have been dogged at various times by a various technical, contractual and financial issues. A group of international lenders including ING and SMBC lost interest in the Phoenix project after the developer sacked engineering and procurement contractor POSCO in late 2015.
Phoenix has since dumped EY as financial adviser and taken on Macquarie in an advisory and sponsor capacity. Banking sources familiar with the project said funding talks involving MUFG and SMBC took place around six months ago but have not progressed into the signing of a project loan facility.
New Energy’s AUD 400m Rockingham project is also seeking lenders and equity sponsors, after enduring a major facelift when it ditched its original American contractor Kiewit in 2013. It later switched to a grate combustion technology provided by Hitachi Zosen and partnered with Abu Dhabi-based Tribe Infrastructure Group. The trio then entered their project in a tender run in 2017 by the ERMC, which specifically called for a combustion-based EfW solution. They were anointed preferred
bidder in September 2017, have agreed to process 330,000 tonnes of council waste annually, and are understood to be in early stage discussions with lenders and potential equity sponsors.
Phoenix is plowing ahead with its AUD 400m Kwinana project regardless, having signed 20-year waste supply agreements with RRC along with seven other local council to the tune of 400,000 tonnes of waste per annum. It has secured planning and environmental permits, and expects to have finished building the facility after 2020.
The ability of either Perth project or Sydney’s Eastern Creek to lock in financing will be critical to the viability of large scale energy from waste in Australia. The CEFC is looking to provide debt or equity to such projects, although Anning declines to say whether the agency has decided to back any.
“We’re looking to support proven technologies overseas that have been using a similar feedstock and at a similar scale and deploying those to market.
“We haven’t seen much project finance in the waste sector generally. Most of the projects are done on the balance sheets of large waste companies. We need one of the large-scale projects to reach financial close. That always builds investor confidence,” Anning adds.
Picking a winner
The CEFC is also looking to give a leg-up to the smaller end of the market where anaerobic digestors dominate, and in 2016 appointed UK infrastructure fund manager Foresight Group to manage an AUD 100m bioenergy fund.
Foresight director Gary Sofarelli says the fund is currently building a portfolio of about five to ten commercial and industrial projects each around AUD 10m-15m in size. It is speaking to various agribusinesses, handlers of urban landfill waste and those converting forestry materials into wood pellets to produce biofuels. The completed portfolio will be backed with non-recourse project finance.
He points out that anaerobic digestor projects are less political and more straightforward to build, but adds it is time consuming to mesh several different smaller schemes into a single investment.
"[Closing the first waste-to-energy project] will set a benchmark and once operational it will prove that the technology can work whilst still providing a healthy return to investors and delivering an environmentally and socially more responsible outcome,"Sofarelli says.
Large project or small, institutional investors are well on their way to finding a foothold in Australia’s burgeoning EfW scene. Watch this space.
|
<urn:uuid:1a8003f8-71f4-48e9-bc53-8ea289158184>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10",
"url": "https://www.cefc.com.au/media/cefc-in-the-media/files/news-analysis-efw-has-australia-burned-an-opportunity/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145729.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200222211056-20200223001056-00005.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9529744982719421,
"token_count": 2213,
"score": 2.96875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
STATE MEDIA in the United States of America – DESPICABLE!
We might as call our media network PRAVDA.
State media or state-owned media is media for mass communication which is “controlled financially and editorially by the state.” These news outlets may be the sole media outlet or may exist in competition with corporate and non-corporate media.
State media is not to be confused with public-sector media. Public-sector media is “funded directly or indirectly by the state, but over which the state does not have tight editorial control.”
The term state media is primarily understood in contrast to corporate media, and occasionally non-corporate independent news. Which has no direct control from any political party.
Its content, according to some sources, is usually more prescriptive, telling the audience what to think. Particularly as it is under no pressure to attract high ratings or generate advertising revenue. Therefore may cater to the forces in control of the state as opposed to the forces in control of the corporation, as described in the propaganda model of the mass media.
In more controlled regions, the state may censor content which it deems illegal, immoral or unfavorable to the government. Likewise regulate any programming related to the media; therefore, it is not independent of the governing party.
In this type of environment, journalists may be required to be members or affiliated with the ruling party, such as in the former Soviet Union or North Korea.
Within countries that have high levels of government interference in the media, it may use the state press for propaganda purposes:
- to promote the regime in a favorable light,
- vilify opposition to the government by launching smear campaigns
- giving skewed coverage to opposition views, or
- act as a mouthpiece to advocate a regime’s ideology.
Additionally, the state-controlled media may only report on legislation after it has already become law to stifle any debate. The media legitimizes its presence by emphasizing “national unity” against domestic or foreign “aggressors”.
In more open and competitive contexts, the state may control or fund its own outlet and is in competition with opposition-controlled and/or independent media. The state media usually have less government control in more open societies and can provide more balanced coverage than media outside of state control.
State media outlets usually enjoy increased funding and subsides compared to private media counterparts, but this can create inefficiency in the state media.
However, in the People’s Republic of China, where state control of the media is high, levels of funding have been reduced for state outlets, which have forced the Party media to sidestep official restrictions on content or publish “soft” editions, such as weekend editions, to generate income.
Read the NEXT PolitOpinion story HERE before the STATE CENSORS IT!
|
<urn:uuid:8741cd7b-7e01-4a4a-97c9-4cc5d6ed4b0d>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"url": "http://politopinion.com/2016/10/state-media-united-states-america-despicable/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590051.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718041450-20180718061450-00147.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9490200281143188,
"token_count": 592,
"score": 2.984375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Classic first-person shooter Quake has been ported to an Oscilloscope by Programmer Pekka Väänänen, marking one of the oldest video game demakes we've ever seen.
Physicist William Higinbotham was the first to create a video game for this device: a 2D tennis game in 1958, turning out to be one of the first games ever created. And now, 56 years later, Pekka has used the 2D dot matrix graphics to draw a 3D space to recreate the popular FPS.
Many difficulties were faced, including mapping the audio effects to the game and representing depth in what is a flat space of lines, but this could open the door for more demakes of this kind.
I am the Founder and Editor-in-chief of New Rising Media. You can follow me on Twitter @MrJasonEngland.
|
<urn:uuid:b62de06a-8f42-460d-ba79-af105cfa6ec2>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"url": "https://www.newrisingmedia.com/all/2014/12/29/watch-someone-play-quake-running-on-an-oscilloscope",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886416.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116105522-20180116125522-00034.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9432685971260071,
"token_count": 178,
"score": 2.71875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Testing is an essential part of any digital system design and one that can be made much easier if testing is considered during the design process rather than after the system is complete. There are a number of techniques for integrating testability into system design, but many of these traditional testing methods used for synchronous circuits are not directly applicable to non-clocked asynchronous circuits. As a result, many asynchronous circuits do not employ design for testability techniques. A method of using the familiar model of scan paths modified to test self-timed systems are presented. Specifically, circuits designed using a library of self-timed modules to assemble systems with two-phase transition control and bundled data paths are considered. The method involves modifying these self-timed modules such that circuits designed from them have a built-in scan path.
5th NASA Symposium on VLSI Design
- Pub Date:
- Digital Systems;
- Very Large Scale Integration;
- Test Equipment;
- Electronics and Electrical Engineering
|
<urn:uuid:19f0f35e-399b-4afc-b97d-c7d9f28db0e0>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45",
"url": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993vlsi.sympR....K/abstract",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107916776.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031062721-20201031092721-00527.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9159433245658875,
"token_count": 201,
"score": 2.578125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Tech moves fast! Stay ahead of the curve with Techopedia!
Join nearly 200,000 subscribers who receive actionable tech insights from Techopedia.
A backout plan is an IT governance integration approach that specifies the processes required to restore a system to its original or earlier state, in the event of failed or aborted implementation.
A backout plan adheres to an action list created prior to software or system integration. This list includes detailed steps and techniques for uninstalling or deintegrating a new system, as well reversing process changes.
A backout plan is a contingency plan component of the IT service management framework. It is implemented prior to any software or system upgrade, installation, integration or transformation to ensure automated system business operations, should a new system fail to deliver not clear post-implementation testing.
|
<urn:uuid:f2b1fe2a-b360-47f0-8e54-9e743d01898f>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18",
"url": "https://www.techopedia.com/definition/6119/backout-plan",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578596571.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423094921-20190423120921-00470.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8987711071968079,
"token_count": 167,
"score": 2.546875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
The United Nations reports that over four billion people worldwide are suffering through severe water scarcity. This crisis poses a threat far greater than societal epidemics like unemployment and crime. When our water supply is completely depleted, we lose the ability to sustain ourselves in every respect. The most egregious example of this can be found in Cape Town. The South African capital now holds the distinction as being the first major city to run out of water. City without Water travels to the region to investigate how city officials are struggling to manage the crisis, and how citizens are fighting for their lives in the throes of endless drought.
The situation in Cape Town is dire. Rainfall levels are well below average, and the city's crisis management personnel are imposing strict restrictions on water usage. Residents are relegated to only 50 liters of water per day, or a little more than European citizens use to flush their toilets during a 24-hour period. The wealthy enjoy the luxury of purchasing bottled water to supplement these restrictions.
The impacts of the crisis are far reaching. Reduced water usage means diminished city revenues. As a result, consumer water bills have risen. This places an additional strain on poor families who are already struggling to make ends meet. There's also the worry of dwindling tourism dollars and the increased unemployment rates that follow. Left without sufficient access to clean water, the region is suffering widespread agricultural decay, public sanitation concerns, health-related epidemics, and environmental devastation.
Throughout the film, the filmmakers focus on the daily lives of destitute citizens who are desperate to have their voices heard. A series of city officials, political scientists and others speak to the necessity for an infrastructure overhaul to combat the crisis. Climate change has been a major culprit in propelling this crisis, they claim, but it's not the only one. The country's government and the international community at large have largely ignored the warning signs for many years.
City without Water is a harrowing portrait of an arid landscape, a rallying cry for change, and a wake-up call to other nations who may soon find themselves on the brink of a similar fate.
|
<urn:uuid:3bfbd417-19ff-48d5-b7bb-7a65fe479ace>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50",
"url": "https://topdocumentaryfilms.com/city-without-water/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141163411.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20201123153826-20201123183826-00474.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.953049898147583,
"token_count": 424,
"score": 2.5625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
People have been celebrating Halloween—or some version of it—for more than 2,000 years. Today, many mistakenly associate this Americanized holiday with Dia de los Muertos (Day of the Dead). However, that is not quite true. The roots of Halloween reach much farther back, to Western Europe B.C.E.
The Original Halloween
Halloween originates from the Celtic New Year festival, Samhain (sow-in). The Celts, who lived during the Iron Age in the areas that are now Ireland, the U.K., and parts of northern Europe, celebrated their New Year on November 1. The Celts split their years into two halves—light and dark. Literally meaning “summer’s end” in modern Irish, Samhain marked the end of the light half of the year and the beginning of the dark half. This day signaled both a time of rebirth (a bountiful harvest) and death (a harsh winter).
Along with ushering in a new year, this was a time for the Celts to take stock and make sacrifices. They believed that on New Year’s Eve, the “world of the gods” was made visible to humankind. This open border allowed otherworldly spirits to enter the natural world. Faeries would play tricks, ghosts of the dead would visit the living, and the gods would cause trouble. However, they also believed that the presence of these spirits could provide the Celtic priests a clearer sight. The Druid priests recited prophecies and made predictions about the future.
Sacred bonfires were built to commemorate this event. Here, Druids sacrificed crops and animals to appease the Celtic deities. People gathered around the fire dressed in costumes of animal heads and skins in hopes of fooling spirits who might want to harm them on this night. Likewise, they left offerings outside of their homes to deter the devious faeries. The next day, using hollowed out turnips, the Celts would carry home a bit of the bonfire to light their own hearths and begin a new year.
These Celtic customs held strong for centuries until other visitors came to call.
The Romans conquered most of the Celtic lands by 43 C.E., and ruled for nearly 400 years. Celtic customs and religion continued on through the Romans’ reign. They still held festivals in celebration of the equinoxes and solstices; Samhain was still observed on the night that the spirits come to visit. In the course of that time, Roman traditions began to meld with the Celtic. Two Roman holidays—Feralia and Pomona—were combined with the Celts’ celebration of Samhain.
Feralia was a day in late October for the Romans to commemorate the passing of the dead. The second holiday, observed at the end of the harvest, was a festival in honor of Pomona, the goddess of fruit and trees. The incorporation of Pomona’s symbol—an apple—into the Celtic festival is often thought to be the origins of the modern Halloween tradition of bobbing for apples.
Christianity Takes Over
Throughout the centuries of Roman sovereignty, Christianity grew. Emperors in the 4th century of the Common Era issued mandates making this religion more and more common. Even after the Empire fell in 476 C.E., Christianity continued to spread throughout Europe.
On May 13th, 609 C.E., Pope Boniface IV dedicated the Pantheon—formerly a Pagan temple—as a memorial to Christian martyrs. On this day, he established the Catholic feast of All Martyrs Day for the Western church. In the 8th century, Pope Gregory III expanded the festival to include saints, as well. In doing so, he moved the observance to November 1, and the celebration became known as All Saints’ Day.
By the 9th century, Christianity reached the Celtic lands, displacing Druidism and blending with Celtic rites. The Catholic Church went on to establish November 2 as All Souls’. It is widely believed that All Souls’ Day was meant to replace the Celtic festival of the dead, in an attempt to dispel the ancient belief in faeries and monsters. But some things, like ghosts, don’t die.
The two Catholic holiday observations were similar to the Celtic Samhain celebrations. There were bonfires, feasts, parades, and costumes (though now they dressed up as saints, angels, and devils). The celebration on November 1 was often referred to as All-hallows, from Middle English Alholowmesse, meaning All Saints’ Day. October 31, the traditional night of Samhain, started to be known as All-hallows Eve and, eventually, Halloween.
Halloween in America
Early observations of Halloween could be sparsely seen in the colonial United States. Colonies south of Maryland were more likely to participate. The rigid Protestant belief systems that monopolized New England rejected anything that hinted of Catholicism. Soon a distinctly American version emerged from the blend of diverse groups on the land. The first observances were community events to celebrate the harvest. Much like Samhain, neighbors would share stories of the dead, tell fortunes, dance and sing. Soon the telling of ghost stories and mischief-making were common around the harvest festivals.
Later on, in the late 19th century, large populations of Irish immigrated to the U.S. and brought with them their Halloween customs. This was the start of Halloween celebrations all across the nation. But the Great Depression and the World Wars kept participation at bay in the early 20th century. The 1950s is when Halloween’s popularity soared. Merchants began to realize that there was money to be made in manufacturing costumes and making candy. In fact, today, one quarter of the candy sold in the U.S. annually, is for Halloween.
According to the National Retail Federation in 2015, Halloween sales rose to nearly $7 billion yearly with 64% of Americans spending an average of $74.34 per person on candy, costumes, and decorations. It is now the second-largest commercial holiday in the country, only beat by Christmas.
If you were paying attention, it is easy to draw a line from modern American Halloween traditions to the ancient Celtic festival. Ghosts of the dead are still depicted today. Dressing up in costumes evolved from the cloaks of animal skins to ward off harmful spirits. Trick-or-Treating is an imitation of the Celtic leaving offerings outside of their homes to dissuade trickery from faeries. And the hollowed out turnips carrying the sacred fire is the basis of Jack-O-Lanterns. After more than 2,000 years, celebrating Halloween seems to be as enduring as our innate fear of the dark and things that “go bump in the night,” or maybe we just can’t resist a feast to have fun and gorge on candy.
|
<urn:uuid:c6912139-61c8-4b13-a202-b86b484c2973>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21",
"url": "https://popularpittsburgh.com/17580-2/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662577757.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524233716-20220525023716-00752.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9622310400009155,
"token_count": 1435,
"score": 3.625,
"int_score": 4
}
|
Index | Search | Home | Table of Contents
Berglund, D.R. 2002. Flax: New uses and demands. p. 358360. In: J. Janick and A. Whipkey (eds.), Trends in new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA.
Duane R. Berglund
Flax (Linum uistatissimum L., Linaceae) and certain perennial species has been used in food in Europe and Asia since 50008000 bce, and the fiber of flax stem has been used for linen cloth, and many other uses. Approximately 200 species of Linum (flaxseed or linseed) are known (Carter 1993). Flax was first brought to North America for its stem fiber to use in making of linen and paper. The stem fiber of flax makes a fine parchment paper. In the Northern Great Plains region of the United States and Canada, flaxseed has been grown as a commercial oilseed crop for over 100 years. Linseed oil is pressed from flaxseed and further extracted with a petroleum solvent. Industrial linseed is not useable for food or feed, although the linseed meal remaining as a by-product after oil extraction is used for animal feed rations. Use is increasing for flaxseed as a food. Approximately 2,340,000 bu [60,000 tonnes (t)] of flaxseed are used for food annually in Germany (Prentice 1990). Although cold-pressed flaxseed oil is not considered suitable for frying at high temperatures, flaxseed oil is used for low-temperature stir-frying in hundreds of villages in the flax-growing region of the Peoples Republic of China (Pan 1990).
Flax has been grown in North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Montana since the early 1900s. North Dakota is the flax production leader with over 95% of crop area planted in 2001. In 2001 North Dakota farmers planted 214,120 ha of oilseed flax whereas the United States total flax crop area was 224,600 ha (NASS-USDA 2001). Total flax area in the United States has greatly increased in the past six years, from 38,800 ha in 1996 to 224,600 ha this past growing season. The Canadian prairie provinces produce a very large amount of oilseed flax. In 2001, 661,000 ha were planted in Canada which is approximately three times the crop area planted in the United States. Total 2000 production of oilseed flax in the United States was 273,000 t. In Canada, 2000 oilseed flax production was reported to be 707,000 t.
Flaxseed and flaxseed oil have been used for food for centuries in Asia, Europe, and Africa. More recently flaxseed has come onto its own in North America. Flaxseed has three major components making it beneficial in human and animal nutrition: (1) a very high content of alpha linolenic acid (omega-3 fatty acid) essential for humans; (2) a high percentage of dietary fiber, both soluble and insoluble; and (3) the highest content of plant lignans of all plant or seed products used for human food. Lignans appear to be anti-carcinogenic compounds (Lay et al. 1989). Scientific literature over the last 30 years supports the many expected health benefits of consuming flaxseed and cold-pressed flaxseed oil. Some of the benefits were studied directly by feeding flaxseed to people in controlled studies, and some were studied indirectly by feeding laboratory animals including mono-gastric animals which are consumed as meat or eggs. The National Cancer Institute has evaluated flaxseed, along with a number of other potential food ingredients, as a component of designer foods (Stitt 1990). Designer foods may be defined as those foods composed of one or more ingredients that contribute essential nutrients for health but also protect against certain diseases such as cancer and coronary heart disease. Several universities in US and Canada plus the Food and Drug Administration have conducted research on feeding flaxseed, with its high fiber and omega-3 fatty acid in its oil, to people or animals to evaluate potential health benefits. The apparent results have been positive.
Several authors have published details of flaxseed composition. The average composition of 11 flax cultivars are shown in Table 1 (Hettiarachchy et al. 1990).
Table 1. Composition of whole flaxseed produced in North Dakota, average of 11 cultivars.
|Lipids (DW basis)||
|Total dietary fiber||
|Fatty acid composition|
The North Dakota flaxseed cultivar Omega, a yellow or golden flaxseed is preferred in Europe and also sold in Japan, Korea, and in United States food markets. Its yellow color when ground blends well as a food ingredient. Ground or whole flaxseed can be added to almost any baked product and adds a nutty flavor to bread, waffles, pancakes, and other products if it composes 6%8% of the dry components of the recipe or formula. Some other food uses of flaxseed are: ready-to-eat breakfast cereals, breakfast drinks, salad dressings made with cold-pressed flaxseed oil, salad toppings, biscuits, meat extenders, crackers, soups, bagels, fiber bars, and cakes. Flaxseed flour is used commercially in breads in the United States by one or more large bakeries selling thousands of loaves per day (Burckhardt 1989) and by many bakeries and chain stores in Canada.
Flaxseed once ground or processed can be fed as an ingredient to poultry. So-called Omega eggs are being produced by two companies in the US and 11 companies in Canada (Henkes 1999). Omega eggs contain increased amounts (300 mg/egg) of omega-3 fatty acids and decreased amounts of saturated fatty acids (Scheideler and Lewis 1997). The increase in yolk polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) is accompanied by substantial decrease in saturated fatty acid, resulting in a healthy fat profile and more nutritional egg. Omega eggs have been consistently lower in cholesterol content from 210 mg/egg (Standard USDA egg level) to 180 mg/egg (Omega egg).
Feeding flaxseed to laying hens increases the omega-3 fatty acid in the egg by 6 to 8 times, making one egg equal to 113 g (4 oz) of cold water fish as a source of the omega-3 fatty acids. Further, research supported by the North Dakota Oilseed Council in Nebraska and Texas indicates consumption of up to 14 flax eggs/week improves the nature of blood lipids. If 5% of the laying hens in the US were fed 10% flaxseed in the ration then 60,000 ha more flax would be needed to supply the increased demand.
Several researchers have looked at the use of flaxseed in dairy cattle diets in an attempt to influence milk-fat composition. However, more research is needed before feeding flaxseed to dairy cattle will be a commercial reality. Researchers suggest that feeding flaxseed to breeding chickens and sows can increase the level of unsaturated fatty acids in the young chick and piglet. It is felt that these young animals may have tissue deficiencies in omega-3 fatty acids. Their health and livability may improve as a consequence of receiving more omega-3 fatty acids via their mothers. In the pet food industry, flaxseed is attracting attention from researchers. Feeding flaxseed may improve pet health in a similar manner as it does human health.
Gain and efficiency were greatest for cattle fed diets containing flax, and were substantially improved (P<0.05) relative to diets containing full-fat soybeans (Drouillard et al. 2000). No notable differences were evident in terms of the percentage of cattle treated for bovine respiratory disease, though cattle tended to require fewer retreatments when fed the diet containing flax. Death losses among stressed feeder calves were numerically highest for cattle fed beef tallow, and were lowest for those fed the diet containing flax. Growth performance and immunity can potentially be influenced by the source of dietary lipid.
The principal use of oilseed flax in the past has been for its linseed oil which is used in paints and coatings and other industrial uses. The use of modified other vegetable oils and petroleum products in place of linseed oil led to the reduced flax crop area. Paints and coatings containing linseed oil still are the highest quality and most durable of products. The linseed oil meal (LSOM) by-product left from oil extraction was and is used as an animal feed.
Linseed oil has recently been used as a diluent in paints and coatings. Linseed oil is a drying oil, a vegetable oil which undergoes oxidation and forms a natural, plastic-like film. The reactivity of linseed oil can be improved by the addition of metal catalysts, called driers, which promote oxidation, and by partially pre-oxidizing the linseed oil through exposure to the air. The use of linseed oil in this capacity is limited. Linseed oil has a comparatively slow curing rate, and has a tendency to soften paint films. As a diluent it cannot reduce volatile organic compound (VOC) levels to the degree required by proposed VOC regulations while still providing the desired film properties for many applications. Dilulin, a new linseed oil based reactive diluent manufactured by Cargill (Minneapolis, Minnesota), overcomes these problems.
Oilseed flax stem fiber is now being processed and used for a number of products. In addition to cigarette paper, flax fibers are being used for pulp and paper, erosion control mats, reinforcing materials in plastics and particle composite products (Domier et al. 2000). The value-added potential of oilseed flax straw is usually just burned or left in the field and sold to the three companies for $6.00 to $9.00/t. In Europe there is considerable interest in the use of natural fibers (such as oilseed flax) in interior panels, visors, and other parts of automobiles. Natural fibers like flax are blended with polypropylene or other synthetic fibers then needle-punched into a mat, a cover material can be added and then the composite can be hot pressed in one operation. North American manufacturers have started to use composites made from natural fibers. One company manufactures automotive head liners made from natural fibers (flax, hemp, jute) sandwiched between polyurethane foam. General Motors has Canadian oilseed flax fibers in the rear parcel shelf of selected models. Other vehicles also have some oilseed flax fibers in some of their interior components. Panels and molded products made from oilseed flax fiber/polypropylene mats may be very suitable for hygienic applications such as dairy plants, abattoirs, food processing facilities, etc. This composite material should combine excellent strength and durability characteristics with moisture resistance. Mats made from oilseed flax fibers with or without the addition of other materials such as polypropylene, polyethylene, cotton, wool, may be suitable for use as insulation, filters, upholstery padding, carpet backing, geotextiles for erosion control, and horticultural applications.
It is likely that the use and demand for oilseed flax will continue to increase and be utilized as a healthful food additive plus its use for animal feeding. New industrial uses of both the linseed oil and the fibers of oilseed flax also will increase the demand for this multi-use oilseed crop.
|
<urn:uuid:a16d4b02-941b-40fd-9d8a-d83579a87491>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-358.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267729.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00264-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9495034217834473,
"token_count": 2411,
"score": 2.921875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Lanphier would begin each day going from office to office, house to house, and shop to shop; but by midday he was physically, emotionally and spiritually worn out. He discovered that, even as the body needs food, the soul and spirit need prayer. Lanphier realized his need and regularly returned to a room in the church Consistory building to cry out to God for spiritual strength. This fresh, personal experience of the power of prayer suggested to Lanphier that there might be others, especially those engaged in business, who might profit from time in prayer. He handed out some 20,000 flyers advertising the first noonday prayer meeting on September 23, 1857.
For the first thirty minutes he sat alone praying. Eventually, steps were heard coming up the staircase and another joined. Then another and another until Lanphier was joined by five men. The next Wednesday the six increased to twenty. The following week there were 40. Lanphier and the others then decided to meet daily, and within weeks thousands of business leaders were meeting for prayer each day. Before long over 100 churches and public meeting halls were filled with noonday prayer meetings. God moved so powerfully that similar prayer meetings sprang up around the nation. For a season there were 10,000 conversions to Christ each week in New York City, and it is estimated that nearly one million people across the U.S. were transformed during this incredible move of God.
One man’s obedience to prayer… began a revival… that transformed a nation.
|
<urn:uuid:187e55fa-c717-420e-bd6a-2e9fa76bcf01>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"url": "http://anglicanrevivalist.blogspot.com/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105970.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820034343-20170820054343-00611.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9843370914459229,
"token_count": 311,
"score": 2.546875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Steel industry workers melt, mold, and form iron ore and other materials to make the iron and steel used in countless products. These workers operate furnaces, molding equipment, and rolling and finishing machines to make iron pipes, grates, and other objects and steel slabs, bars, billets, sheets, rods, wires, and plates. Iron and steel products range from carpentry nails to building girders and from cars to guitar strings.
History of Steel Industry Worker Career
Civilization changed forever when people first learned to heat and hammer iron ore into iron objects about 3,000 years ago. The first raw iron used was probably that found in meteorites on the surface of the earth. Smelting of iron ore from under the earth’s surface came later. People already knew how to make metal alloys (bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, had been in use since 3800 b.c.), and about 500 years after iron became widely used, steel was being made in India. Until modern times, however, steel was fairly rare. Now steel is one of the most ubiquitous substances in our civilization. Modern blast furnaces duplicate many of the processes used by the ancients, but in quantities they never could have dreamed of.
The Job of Steel Industry Workers
Today most molten iron goes into steel. Elements such as chromium, nickel, and manganese are added to the iron. The material is then tempered— heated and cooled to make it hard and tough. Forged—hammered or squeezed—steel is strong and dense. To produce iron and steel in traditional, integrated mills, the iron is first melted in huge blast furnaces, often more than 10 stories tall. These furnaces are water-cooled steel cylinders heated by blasts from other, dome-topped cylinders that heat air for melting ore.
Skip operators fill railroad cars with raw materials, such as iron ore, coke, and limestone, work controls that hoist the cars up to the top of the furnace, and dump the contents in layers into the furnace. Stove tenders heat air in the domed cylinders (or stoves) until it is the correct temperature and open valves to blast the heated air into the furnace. At temperatures exceeding 3000 degrees Fahrenheit, the materials burn and melt. The limestone purifies the iron, and pure molten iron collects at the bottom of the furnace, while the limestone and impurities float on the top as slag.
Blast furnace keepers and helpers then tap the furnace to remove the molten metal. They drill tapholes in the furnace’s firebrick lining and allow the slag to run out of the furnace. The liquid iron flows through a taphole that is drilled lower into torpedo or bottle cars that keep the iron heated. Keepers and helpers then shoot clay into the tapholes to plug them. One furnace can make as many as 8,000 tons of molten iron per day.
Pure molten iron may be cast into molded forms called “pigs,” which are used to make engine blocks and other items. Pig-machine operators and their helpers run machines that position molds under ladles holding the molten iron. By moving controls, they tilt the ladles and allow the iron to flow into the molds. Workers spray the molds with lime to keep iron from sticking.
Most iron is made into steel in one of three kinds of furnaces: the basic oxygen furnace, the open-hearth furnace, and the electric furnace. To make steel, kiln operators heat minerals such as lime, chromium, or manganese before they are mixed with iron. Mixer operators transfer molten iron from bottle cars to mixers and mix the iron and other elements together. Furnace operators regulate the temperature and flow of coolant in furnaces into which charging-machine operators dump loads of iron and other elements using controls that move mechanical arms to pick up boxes of materials and rotate them to spill the contents into the furnace.
When the steel is ready, the furnace is tilted or tapped to allow the molten metal to run into ladles. Next the steel is formed by pouring it into molds to make ingots. Hot-metal crane operators control cranes that pick up the ladles and hold them above molds. Steel pourers and their helpers assemble the stoppers used to plug these ladles. Other workers maintain the molds. Hot-top liners and helpers line the mold covers with firebrick and mortar. Mold workers remove the ingots from the molds and clean and coat the molds for the next casting.
The steel ingots then go to soaking pits for further processing. In the soaking pits, the ingots are reheated so that they may be rolled. Charger operators and helpers move steel through soaking-pit furnaces, where it stays heated at temperatures of up to 2450 degrees Fahrenheit for as long as 14 hours. The ingots are then ready for rolling or shaping into billets, blooms, and slabs. Bottom makers reline the bottom of the soaking pits with coke dust to keep oxide scale from forming on ingots. The soaking pits are then ready for more ingots.
Rail-tractor operators transport hot ingots and slabs from soaking pits to conveyors that take them to rolling mills. There, massive steel rollers squeeze the hot ingots into specified shapes. In five minutes, a 25″ x 27″ ingot can be rolled into a bloom with a 9″ x 9″cross section or into a 4″ billet. Roll builders and mill utility workers set up rollers for steel to pass through. Guide setters adjust rollers according to the type of shape required. Mill recorders control the scheduling of rolling ingots and record production data. Manipulators operate mechanisms that guide the ingots into the rolling mills. Primary mill rollers and rolling attendants operate machines that perform the first rolling operations. Rolltube setters adjust machines that roll ingots into shapes for pipes and tubing.
Some rolled steel goes to foundries to be made into tools, heavy equipment, and machine gears. Most, however, goes to finishing mills to be made into sheet steel, piping, wire, and other types of steel. Hot-mill tin rollers run machines that roll slabs into sheets and strips. Roller-leveler operators run machines that remove wrinkles from sheets. Roughers, rougher operators, speed operators, screwdown operators, and table operators set up and operate mills that reduce billets, blooms, and slabs to various shapes, depending on requirements. Some finishing operators make seamless tubing by piercing steel billets lengthwise and rolling them into tubing. Reeling-machine operators then round out and burnish the inner and outer surfaces of these tubes. As steel strips are made, coiler operators wind them into coils, checking for defects and cutting them into specified lengths. Tubing-machine operators roll metal ribbon into tubes and solder the seams to form conduit. Finishers roll strips, sheets, and bars to specified gauges, shapes, and finishes.
Most rods and tubes and other solid and hollow objects are formed through extruding and drawing hot metal through a die. Draw-bench operators and their helpers adjust dies to specified dimensions and draw hot metal rods through them to give them a specified shape and diameter. Tube drawers do the same in forming steel tubes.
Other workers process metal that is recovered in powder form from other iron and steel making processes. Much of this powder comes from dust in furnace flues. Batch makers tend equipment that recovers powdered metal and separates it from impurities. Mixers blend batches of powdered metal, and sinter workers make sinter cake, a mass of powdered metal formed without melting. This powder is processed by press setters and operators to make bearings, gears, filters, and rings.
Steel production is recorded by workers to assure that procedures are carried out correctly. Inspectors and assorters check steel products to make sure they meet customers’ specifications. Other workers test samples of metal to measure their strength, hardness, or ductility.
The industry also employs various mechanics and construction workers, including bricklayers who line furnaces with firebrick and refractory tile and repair cracked or broken linings. Millwrights install and maintain equipment and machinery. Electricians install and repair computer controls for machine tools and other equipment. Industrial engineers determine the most efficient and cost-effective methods for production. Mechanical engineers often work in management positions to solve mechanical issues on the production line. Environmental engineers design, build, and maintain systems to control air and water pollution. Metallurgical engineers try to improve or alter the properties of steel, as well as find new uses for the metal. General laborers are employed to feed, unload, and clean machines; to move supplies and raw materials; to hoist materials for processing; and to perform a variety of other unskilled tasks. Other workers bale scrap metal or strap coils.
Steel Industry Worker Career Requirements
In the past, some employers hired workers without high school diplomas, but today most prefer high school graduates. Classes to take in high school include English, communications, general mathematics, computers, and mechanical drawing as well as shop courses.
Most steelworkers learn their skills on the job or through apprenticeships. Apprenticeships are open to high school graduates who are at least 18 years old. Apprentice programs generally last four to five years and teach skills through classroom lectures and on-the-job training. Some employers pay for workers to take additional courses in subjects they can use on the job—chemistry, management, and metallurgy, for example. Other education is available through home-study courses, technical schools, and colleges.
Most of the jobs in this industry are physically demanding, and workers need to be in good health and have strength and endurance. Traits that employers look for include good mechanical skills, computer aptitude, strong reading comprehension, oral communication, and math skills.
Exploring Steel Industry Worker Career
One of the best ways to learn about the steel industry is to visit a steel mill. If this is not feasible, you may be able to invite a union or industry representative to your school to speak with students about careers in the steel industry. Reading publications, such as Iron & Steel Technology (http://www.aist.org/conference-expositions/aistech), put out by iron and steel associations is a good way to become more familiar with the industry and current trends.
Most steel mills are located in Illinois, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Texas, although there are also steel plants in California, Utah, Alabama, North Carolina, and Florida. Most workers are members of the United Steelworkers of America union.
Newspaper want ads and state employment agencies sometimes list openings in steel mills. Job seekers should also apply directly at the mills’ personnel offices. Workers who would like to begin as an apprentice should contact a local union or a state apprenticeship bureau.
Entry-level steelworkers and those new to a plant may start in a pool of unskilled laborers. Because steelworkers have a strong union, advancement is often dependent on seniority. As workers gain skills and seniority, they may move into more difficult but higher-paying jobs. Workers may take five years to learn the work of supervisors or rollers but then have to wait much longer for openings to occur. With further education and training, workers may advance into management positions.
Most steel mills operate 24 hours a day. Workers work one of three shifts: day, night, or graveyard. Late-shift workers receive premium pay, as do those who work overtime (more than 40 hours per week), or on Sundays and holidays.
According to the U.S. Department of Labor, the average weekly earnings for non-supervisory production workers in steel manufacturing in 2004 were $1,028 (or $53,450 annually). The Department of Labor reports the following median salaries for workers employed in and steel mills by specialty in 2004: first-line supervisors/ managers of production and operating workers, $50,620; electricians, $46,675; general maintenance and repair workers, $37,250; rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic, $36,170; crane and tower operators, $34,590; cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic, $29,575; and production work helpers, $22,630.
Workers receive paid holidays, paid vacations, sick leave, retirement plans, health and life insurance, and other fringe benefits. Many benefits are determined by contracts between the representative union and company management.
Safety is a great concern in steel mills. Furnaces create incredibly high temperatures, and machines handle mountains of materials. Yet the steel industry is one of the safest in America. While steelworkers of the past worked in searing, dangerous conditions, today’s workers often work in air-conditioned spaces and come no closer to machinery than pressing a button. Those who work in close proximity to machines and molten metal wear safety clothing and equipment (hard hats, safety glasses, protective aprons, and so on) provided by the company. Still, some workers are exposed to heat and great amounts of noise. The industry, however, is focused on making mills as safe as possible for workers.
Steel Industry Worker Career Outlook
Strong foreign competition, an increase in imported steel, decreases in domestic manufacturing, and overproduction of steel on the world market has negatively affected the U.S. steel industry and its workers. The U.S. Department of Labor predicts that employment in the steel industry will decline by 13 percent through 2014. Opportunities will be slightly better for workers employed at electronic arc furnace mills, which are more cost-effective than traditional steel mills (see sidebar for more information).
For More Information
American Iron and Steel Institute
Steel Manufacturers Association
|
<urn:uuid:162955f1-7c6d-4938-96ef-a0431a8527e3>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23",
"url": "http://career.iresearchnet.com/career-information/steel-industry-worker-career/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652184.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605221713-20230606011713-00001.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.938923716545105,
"token_count": 2891,
"score": 3.828125,
"int_score": 4
}
|
The Government will use next week's Budget to launch a consultation into whether taxes could be used to limit our use of plastic packaging.
Sources in the Treasury suggest the Chancellor will look at whether similar measures to those used to target carrier bags could help reduce plastic waste such as bottles, bubble wrap and takeaway boxes.
There has been an 80% reduction in plastic bag use since 2015 after shops were legally obliged to charge for their purchase.
Philip Hammond is expected to "call for evidence" next Wednesday from consumers, environmental groups and companies involved in the life cycle of plastic products to see whether taxes and charges could be used more widely.
Over 300 million tonnes of plastic were produced in the UK alone in 2014 and that number is expected to double over the next 20 years.
Tisha Brown from Greenpeace told Sky News: "Taxation measures can help as we've seen with the plastic bag levy, which dramatically reduced the number of bags purchased and those ending up in the environment.
"We know that works and we're hoping that taxation measures on other items can reduce our plastic footprint," she added.
But the Taxpayers' Alliance pressure group has warned the Government against using taxation as a "blunt instrument".
Research director Alex Wild argues that businesses often correct their own behaviours without interference and that "all too often governments use the tax system to correct every perceived ill they can think of".
The Scottish and Welsh parliaments are already using their devolved powers to try to limit single-use plastics.
Cardiff may follow Edinburgh and start trialling a deposit return scheme next year, while Sky's Ocean Rescue campaign has helped maintain the political pressure.
Government advisers say they want to look at what can be done to decrease use, increase recycling and force businesses to innovate in the materials they use for packaging.
They insist the aim is for Britain to become a world leader in green technologies, but argue levies - if used judiciously - can help alter behaviours without adding costs to business.
:: Sky has been running a campaign to make people more aware of the effect plastic has on the world's oceans and to share ways of tackling the problem. To get involved in Sky Ocean Rescue, visit the campaign website here. You can also watch our documentary, A Plastic Voyage.
|
<urn:uuid:1ff5da5b-49e1-4070-a562-53ab107df8ca>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49",
"url": "https://news.sky.com/story/chancellor-to-announce-plans-in-budget-for-tax-on-single-use-plastic-11130980",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358973.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130110936-20211130140936-00286.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9629815220832825,
"token_count": 464,
"score": 2.703125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Effective Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) programs are essential for improving global health, reducing poverty, and promoting sustainable development. Monitoring, Evaluation, Accountability, and Learning (MEAL) plays a vital role in the design, implementation, and assessment of WASH programs, ensuring that interventions are evidence-based, efficient, and responsive to the needs and priorities of affected communities. This article will explore the importance of MEAL in WASH programs, discuss the unique challenges and opportunities presented by these initiatives, and provide strategies and best practices for effectively implementing MEAL in WASH programs.
The Importance of MEAL for WASH Programs
The significance of MEAL in WASH programs can be attributed to several factors:
- Enhancing the effectiveness of interventions: MEAL helps identify successful practices, lessons learned, and areas for improvement, leading to the design and implementation of more effective and impactful WASH programs. By tracking progress and measuring results, MEAL enables practitioners to learn from experience and adapt their strategies and actions accordingly.
- Promoting accountability and transparency: MEAL fosters accountability and transparency among program implementers, donors, and other stakeholders by systematically tracking progress, reporting results, and ensuring the efficient and responsible use of resources.
- Supporting adaptive management and learning: WASH programs often involve complex and rapidly changing contexts, necessitating adaptive management and continuous learning. MEAL facilitates reflection and learning, enabling program staff and stakeholders to adjust and innovate in response to emerging challenges and changing circumstances.
- Informing policy and decision-making: MEAL generates evidence and insights that can inform policy and decision-making in the WASH sector, helping to shape more effective strategies and interventions.
- Empowering affected communities and stakeholders: By involving affected communities and stakeholders in the MEAL process, these approaches can empower local actors, ensuring their voices, concerns, and priorities are taken into account in program design and implementation.
Challenges and Opportunities for MEAL in WASH Programs
MEAL for WASH programs presents unique challenges and opportunities that require tailored strategies and adaptations. Some of the primary challenges and opportunities include:
Challenge 1: Measuring Complex and Interconnected Outcomes
WASH programs often involve complex and interconnected goals, such as improving access to water and sanitation, promoting hygiene behavior change, and enhancing the sustainability of WASH services. Measuring these outcomes can be challenging, as they may not be easily quantifiable or observable, and may require the use of proxy indicators or qualitative data.
Opportunity: Develop innovative and context-specific tools and indicators that can capture the complex and interconnected aspects of WASH programs. For example, the use of participatory video or storytelling can help document narratives of change and provide insights into the lived experiences of affected communities.
Challenge 2: Balancing Rigor and Flexibility
MEAL approaches in WASH need to balance the need for rigor and robust evidence with the need for flexibility and adaptability in response to changing contexts and priorities. Traditional evaluation methods, such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs), may offer high levels of rigor, but may not be suitable for all programs or contexts, particularly those that require rapid adaptation or involve multiple partners and interventions.
Opportunity: Utilize a mix of evaluation methods and approaches that combine rigor with flexibility, such as developmental evaluation, rapid assessment techniques, and adaptive learning approaches. These methods can generate timely and context-specific evidence while still maintaining a focus on rigorous data collection and analysis.
Challenge 3: Ensuring Inclusivity and Representation
MEAL approaches in WASH must ensure that the voices and perspectives of marginalized and vulnerable groups, including women, youth, and persons with disabilities, are included and represented, both in the design and implementation of programs and in the evaluation of their impacts. This can be challenging, particularly in contexts with high levels of inequality, discrimination, or social exclusion.
Opportunity: Adopt participatory and inclusive MEAL approaches that actively engage marginalized and vulnerable groups and promote their leadership and decision-making in program design, implementation, and evaluation. For example, the use of gender-sensitive and disability-inclusive evaluation techniques can help ensure that the needs and priorities of these groups are adequately addressed and reflected in program outcomes.
Challenge 4: Operating in Rapidly Changing and Uncertain Contexts
WASH programs often take place in rapidly changing and uncertain contexts, such as in the aftermath of a disaster or in the face of climate change-induced hazards. These conditions can pose significant challenges for MEAL activities, as data collection and monitoring may be hindered by logistical constraints, safety concerns, or shifting priorities.
Opportunity: Adapt MEAL strategies and methodologies to suit the constraints and realities of rapidly changing and uncertain environments. This may include the use of remote data collection techniques, such as mobile surveys or satellite imagery, or the adoption of flexible and adaptive monitoring frameworks that can accommodate changing circumstances.
Challenge 5: Navigating Political and Ethical ConsiderationsWASH programs often involve political and ethical considerations, such as power dynamics, resource allocation, and the potential for unintended consequences. Navigating these complexities can be challenging for MEAL practitioners, particularly in contexts with competing priorities, interests, and values.
Opportunity: Develop ethical guidelines and principles for MEAL in WASH programs that help ensure the rights, dignity, and well-being of affected communities are protected and promoted. This may include adopting principles such as “do no harm,” ensuring informed consent, and promoting equity and social justice in program design, implementation, and evaluation.
Strategies and Best Practices for Implementing MEAL in WASH Programs
To effectively implement MEAL in WASH programs, practitioners should consider the following strategies and best practices:
- Develop a clear MEAL framework and plan: Establish a comprehensive MEAL framework that outlines the purpose, objectives, indicators, and data sources for monitoring and evaluation, as well as the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders. Develop a detailed MEAL plan that sets out the specific activities, timelines, and resources required for each component of the framework.
- Utilize a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods: Employ a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to capture the full range of outcomes and impacts associated with WASH programs. This may include surveys, interviews, focus group discussions, direct observation, and participatory techniques.
- Adopt participatory and inclusive approaches: Ensure that affected communities and stakeholders are actively engaged in the MEAL process, including in the design, implementation, and evaluation of WASH programs. Promote the leadership and decision-making of marginalized and vulnerable groups, and ensure that their voices, concerns, and priorities are taken into account.
- Invest in capacity building and training: Strengthen the capacity of program staff and stakeholders to effectively implement MEAL activities, through training, mentoring, and the provision of technical support. Encourage a culture of learning and reflection, and promote the sharing of lessons learned and best practices across the WASH sector.
- Promote coordination and collaboration: Foster collaboration and coordination among different actors involved in WASH programs, including government agencies, non-governmental organizations, donors, and the private sector. This can help ensure that MEAL activities are harmonized, reducing duplication of effort and promoting the sharing of data, knowledge, and expertise.
- Establish feedback and accountability mechanisms: Implement feedback and accountability mechanisms that enable affected communities and stakeholders to provide input, raise concerns, and hold program implementers accountable for their actions. This may include the establishment of community feedback committees, hotlines, or grievance redress mechanisms.
- Regularly review and adapt MEAL activities: Periodically review and reflect on the effectiveness of MEAL activities, and adapt strategies and approaches as needed in response to changing contexts, priorities, and evidence. This may involve revising indicators, updating data collection tools, or modifying evaluation methodologies to better capture program outcomes and impacts.
In conclusion, MEAL plays a critical role in the success of WASH programs, helping to ensure that interventions are effective, efficient, and responsive to the needs and priorities of affected communities. By adopting innovative and context-specific strategies and best practices, practitioners can overcome the unique challenges and opportunities presented by WASH programs and contribute to the achievement of global health, poverty reduction, and sustainable development goals.
|
<urn:uuid:15a2c9c0-0518-4c2a-9cdb-92b2bb8cd242>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50",
"url": "https://hanibashier.org/meal-in-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash-programs/120/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100972.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209202131-20231209232131-00588.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9142405390739441,
"token_count": 1707,
"score": 3.4375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Cargill’s View on the Greenpeace Report: “Eating Up
In its April 2006 report “Eating Up the Amazon,” Greenpeace is sharply critical of
Brazilian soy producers and companies like Cargill that buy, store, process, transport, and
export soy from Brazil. Greenpeace contends that commercial agriculture, especially soy
production, is contributing directly and indirectly to the destruction of the Amazon
rainforest and to a host of other ills such as illegal land grabbing, the destruction of
protected areas and indigenous reserves and the use of slave or abusive labor practices in
remote, rural areas of the Amazon.
We agree with Greenpeace on several fundamental points.
1) The Amazon, which is one of the last significant rainforest reserves in the world,
is internationally significant because of the biodiversity it supports as well as the
role it plays in contributing to the stability of our global climate. The integrity of
this complex ecosystem needs to be preserved.
2) The rights of small landholders should be protected, and government-designated
indigenous reserves and protected areas should be protected from illegal
encroachment. Farmers should comply with Brazilian environmental law, which
is among the most rigorous in the world.
3) Some of the poorest and most vulnerable people in Brazil are being victimized by
abusive or degrading labor practices, especially in remote areas of the Amazon.
These illegal practices must be eradicated.
While we agree with Greenpeace on these goals, we find ourselves in fundamental
disagreement on the best way forward in several key areas. The following outlines our
point of view and a description of what we are doing in each of these areas.
Greenpeace wants to prohibit commercial agriculture in the Amazon biome, which is the
area of the Legal Amazon that is primarily forest. Toward that end, Greenpeace has
demanded that Cargill close its export facility at the Port of Santarem in the state of Para
and about a dozen grain storage facilities in the transition zone between the grasslands
of the Cerrado and the Amazon biome in the state of Mato Grosso.
We do not believe it is necessary to take such extreme measures to preserve the integrity
of the Amazon ecosystem. Soy occupies less than 0.6 percent of the land in the Amazon
biome today, and most of that soy is grown on the fringes of the Amazon biome in the
transitional area between the Cerrado and the forest.
It’s important to remember that the Amazon also is home to more than 23 million people,
(23.6 million according to IBGE/2004), including many indigenous populations. It is one
of the poorest regions in Brazil and the world, and there is a recognized need for
responsible economic and social development. Economic development is the long-term
solution to protecting both the Amazon’s peoples and the environment: poverty does not
do that. In recognizing the need for an appropriate balance, the Brazilian government has
wisely chosen to not prohibit soy production in the forested areas of the Amazon. Instead,
Brazil’s Forest Code seeks to combine strong environmental protection with limited, but
economically important, agricultural production.
Soy Production in Brazil and in the Santarem Region
Brazilian law sets aside large tracts of the Amazon as protected areas or as reserves for
indigenous peoples. As such, these areas cannot be developed. Despite Greenpeace’s
assertions that there should be no agricultural production within certain lines on a map,
not all lands within those lines are equally valuable from an environmental standpoint.
Agricultural production is appropriate in some areas. In forested areas, producers must set
aside 80 percent of their landholdings to be allowed to cultivate the remaining 20 percent.
The Brazilian Forest Code also requires landholders to maintain properly vegetated
riparian corridors as areas of permanent protection.
In some areas, such as the Santarem region in the state of Para, the land has been farmed
or developed over numerous boom and bust cycles for more than 100 years. According to
Brazilian government sources, about 300,000 hectares of land in this region were
deforested in the late 1800s and early 1900s for rubber plantations and for the production
of rice, corn and other crops. Once synthetic rubber was invented, these plantations were
abandoned. Some of these open areas reverted to scrub, and others were developed by
farmers to grow corn, rice and eventually soy. Today, soy occupies about 25,000 hectares
-- only 8 percent -- of the open areas in the Santarem region. One of the historic
challenges in this region has been compliance with Brazil’s strict Forest Code. In the
Santarem region, Cargill is working with The Nature Conservancy, an internationally
recognized environmental organization, the Farmers Union of Santarem and the farmers
who sell soy to our Santarem export facility to identify and implement best management
practices for environmental stewardship.
The Nature Conservancy is providing technical and other assistance to producers to help
them restore riparian areas, where applicable, and to comply with the 80 percent set-aside
requirements of the Forest Code. The Nature Conservancy and the farmers also are
working with the Ministerio Publico Federal (Department of Justice), IBAMA (the
federal environmental agency), INCRA (the federal institute for land ownerships) and
SECTAM (the Para State Secretariat for the Environment) in this effort. We are confident
that the government and producers working together on this practical approach will
achieve tangible results, restoring and preserving important segments of the Amazon.
Compliance must be achieved for our commitment, and the commitment of others who
bring economic development and improvement to people’s lives, to continue.
In a groundbreaking move, we have informed our suppliers and local officials that,
beginning with the next crop, Cargill will only purchase soy from those producers who
are in compliance with the Forest Code or actively working toward full compliance.
Compliance with the Brazilian Forest Code is an important tool to reconcile agricultural
production with the conservation of the Amazon forest.
By actively engaging with farmers and environmental organizations in the region, we can
help ensure that soy is produced in ways that are more sustainable than if we were not
We are also supporting efforts for defining sustainable production for areas of the
Amazon beyond the Santarem region. We fully support the Round Table on Responsible
Soy as the multi-stakeholder forum that will produce appropriate criteria for responsible
soy production. Many non-governmental organizations (NGOs), including WWF, support
this approach. We would welcome it if Greenpeace would reverse it decision and join the
Roundtable, which is an important multi-stakeholder collaboration among government,
industry, producers, academics and other NGOs.
Cargill’s Participation in the Santarem Region
The Santarem region has long experienced high rates of poverty, high unemployment and
a lack of sustainable economic and social development. We help local farmers by
providing them with seeds and other essential crop inputs and by opening up new markets
for their produce. This allows them to grow soy as well as rice on the pasturelands around
the town of Santarem - lands that were deforested decades ago.
Our investment is generating new economic activity in Santarem and nearby Belterra. As
part of our investment in the future of the local community, we are renovating a public
library in Santarem - to be fully equipped with books and computers by June 2006. It will
be the first computer system in this library. Cargill has been training library employees
on how to operate the software, use best practices and help visitors learn how to use the
computers for research.
Our approach in Santarem is consistent with our commitment to responsible economic
development around the world. Our investment creates economic opportunity to help
promote the wellbeing of communities and responsible environmental management.
The local leaders in Santarem have recognized the importance of our contributions and
have publicly said so. The statement attached in the original Portuguese and in English,
signed by many of them, was published in the local press in April.
Genetically Modified (GM) vs. Conventional Soy
Greenpeace continues to oppose the use of genetically modified soy.
Ironically, one of the unintended consequences of Greenpeace’s longstanding campaign
against genetically modified soy has been to encourage soy production in Brazil north
into the Amazon. As genetically modified soy is now widely grown in the traditional soy
production areas in southern Brazil, the need to ensure very strict standards of purity of
conventional soy has provided an incentive to expand soy production into the very areas
where Greenpeace wants to prohibit agricultural production. It is foreseeable, however,
that Brazil will not continue to be a source of non-GM soy in the future. Unless
customers and consumers are willing to pay the premiums required to cover the farmers’
losses with conventional soybeans due to lower yields, additional work, extra fuel and
extra tillage (with its resulting loss of topsoil), and the expenses of an identity
preservation system, producers will continue to choose GM soy. Quite simply, they can
achieve better yields at lower costs and produce a product that will yield better returns.
Our Santarem facility, which Greenpeace is demanding we close, is one of the only
export facilities in Brazil to handle exclusively non-GM soy. Nearly all of the soy
shipped through Santarem is grown outside of the Amazon biome in Mato Grosso. In
addition, because soy is transported to Santarem from Mato Grosso by waterways from
the west and south, less fuel is used, less pollution is generated as well as less traffic
congestion around large metro areas than if the soy were trucked to ports farther south,
such as Santos.
Greenpeace claims we are buying from farmers who use slave labor to cut down forests.
We do not condone the use of slave labor of any kind. Our raw material purchase
contracts stipulate that Cargill has the right to refuse deliveries of soy or refuse payment
if the company learns that slave or child labor was used in the production of the soy we
purchased. Through ABIOVE, the leading Brazilian soy processing industry trade
association, Cargill is a signatory to the Brazilian National Pact for the Eradication of
Slave Labor. This initiative, led by the Ethos Institute, represents a public commitment by
leading Brazilian corporations to join the Brazilian government in its concerted campaign
to eradicate abusive labor practices.
We have asked Greenpeace to provide any documentation it claims to have so that we
can take appropriate action, if warranted. We do not believe it is right to take action
against producers, or anyone else, on the basis of unsubstantiated allegations. To date, we
have not received any of the documentation that Greenpeace claims to have.
Port terminal at Santarem
Greenpeace claims that Cargill did not follow proper permitting procedures.
This is not true. Cargill followed all the permitting requirements of the applicable
governmental agencies for the construction and operation of the Santarem facility. As
part of the permit process, we commissioned third party experts to conduct a full
environmental impact assessment. As part of this assessment, it also was confirmed that
the facility was not located on a site of indigenous archaeological interest. There is an
ongoing court case concerning whether we should have done a particular type of
environmental impact assessment before construction, even though it was not required by
the government. We will, of course, abide by the decision of the courts, when it is
|
<urn:uuid:fcd52f87-8f7a-4e25-8145-97e1a514fb13>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40",
"url": "http://gilserique.blogspot.com/2009/07/cargill-versus-environs_9706.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736678979.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215758-00227-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9313319325447083,
"token_count": 2472,
"score": 2.640625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Thesis Type: Postgraduate
Institution Of The Thesis: Bursa Uludağ University, Turkey
Approval Date: 2019
Thesis Language: Turkish
Student: Tolga Aydın
Co-Supervisor: Doğan Yavaş, DOĞAN YAVAŞAbstract:
The migration movement that started with the Turks who arrived in Anatolia from Central Asia had an active role in the urban development of Amasya. The City of Amasya acts a choke point in Anatolia with its unique position. The protection offered by the mountains to the plain which they were surrounded caused the city to be conquered by many civilizations throughout the ages. Among the arrivals from the Central Asia there are dervishes who came by their ratifications. These dervishes had played a major role in the conquest and settlement of Anatolia. They also have been the pioneers for the later Turkish arrivals to Anatolia. The arrival and settlement of the Central Asian dervishes to Amasya happened in the Sultanate of Rum Period. The tradition of hankah which was established in Central Asia by the Great Seljuk Empire can also be found in Anatolia. Based on this tradition the first Dervish Lodge of Amasya has been established in the Sultanate of Rum period. These hankahs were assigned to the dervishes from the Central Anatolia in which they gave sermons. They also thought the way of their religious to their murids, eventually making them murshids. This adventure which started with the Sultanate of Rum continued in the later Turkish states with the same activity. Among these states Ottoman Empire is the one with the largest number of dervish lodges built. The practice of building dervish lodges in Amasya by the statesmen for the great religious orders in order to teach Islamic mysticism caused Amasya to be mentioned as "The City of Saints". In this work I have tried to locate the lodges in question which were the embodiment of the mysticist movement on the city that started with the Turkish period, by using contemporary sources and field work, trying the locate surviving or destroyed ones. Also the detail information regarding these lodges were given and the structures were examined by the art history methodology. The information gained from the sources were examined on marked on the map.
|
<urn:uuid:9f6285a9-9e5b-44d1-a3e0-f6306810bc60>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49",
"url": "https://avesis.uludag.edu.tr/advisingtheses/details/138f24cf-85db-4fdd-a349-56608cc33956/dervish-lodges-of-amasya",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710685.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129031912-20221129061912-00485.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9789289832115173,
"token_count": 481,
"score": 2.671875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Charles Schulz - Early Promise
Just as Beethoven betrayed his genius at an early age, Charles Schulz's unique talent was also expressed as a youngster. In the 1975 book Peanuts Jubilee, Schulz wrote:
"It may have been on the first day of kindergarten, or at least during the first week, when the teacher handed out big crayons and huge sheets of white wrapping paper and told us to lie on the floor and draw something. Several of my mother's relatives had recently moved from the Twin Cities [Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota] to Needles, California, and I had heard my mother reading a letter from one of them telling of the sandstorms in Needles and also describing the tall palm trees. So when the teacher told us to draw whatever came to our minds, being familiar with the Minnesota snowstorms I drew a man shoveling snow, but then added a palm tree to the background.
"I recall being somewhat puzzled when I was drawing the snow shovel because I was not quite sure how to put it in proper perspective. I knew that drawing the shovel square was not quite right, but I didn't know how to solve the problem. At any rate, it didn't seem to bother the teacher. She came around during the project, looked down at my drawing and said, 'Someday, Charles, you're going to be an artist.'
"Later, as a senior in high school in 1940, Schulz created the remarkable series of drawings seen here for his illustration class. The drawings demonstrate his creativity and versatility as a teenager. Schulz also described this class assignment in Peanuts Jubilee:
"One day [the teacher, Miss Paro] told us to draw anything we could think of in groups of three. Somehow, this was to stimulate our imaginations. I swung into the project with great enthusiasm. I filled the eleven-by-fourteen-inch sheet of paper with all sorts of little cartoons, and it is interesting today to look back at that project and see how I was affected by the times and by what was going on in my life. The telephones were the old-fashioned type. I drew three little Hitlers [and three swastikas - England had declared war on Nazi Germany in September 1939 about six months before this class assignment; the United States entered World War II after the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in December 1941], three Wheaties cereal boxes, three barber poles - because of my father [who was a barber] - and various sports equipments.
All in all it was a thoroughly enjoyable project ... I handed in the paper proudly. Twenty-five years later, I received a rather thick envelope in the mail, and when I opened it I couldn't believe my eyes. There was the sheet of paper on which I had drawn those very cartoons in groups of threes. A little note from Miss Paro explained that she frequently saved some of the work of her students, and she thought I might be interested in having it."
Drawings: Charles M. Schulz Museum and Research Center
|
<urn:uuid:9998f699-f2f8-45e6-8268-94f317a2a024>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"url": "http://absadmin.users.sonic.net/schulz/pages/page144.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380037.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00160-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9850972294807434,
"token_count": 631,
"score": 3.046875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Sumter County, located in South Carolina’s midlands, is about an hour-and-a-half from the Atlantic coastline in one direction and from the Blue Ridge Mountains in the other. Named after General Thomas Sumter, the “Fighting Gamecock” of Revolutionary War fame, it’s a place like many in the historic Black Belt, the stretch of former slave-holding plantations that extends from Texas to Delaware. Sumter County has also been the traditional home to a community of dark-skinned people known historically and derisively as “the Turks.” The story of this community (who prefer to be called “the Turkish people”) shows how hard it can be to be considered "American," even when roots run deep.
The "Turk" community has always traced its history back to an Ottoman refugee who reputedly served the colonial cause in the Revolutionary War. A brief version of their traditional narrative holds that a “Caucasian of Arab descent,” known as Joseph Benenhaley (or Yusef ben Ali, possibly his Ottoman name), made his way to South Carolina, where he served as a scout for General Sumter during the American Revolution. The grateful general then gave Benenhaley some land on his plantation to farm and raise a family, the story went. A few outsiders married in; but most who identified with the ostracized community and their progeny considered themselves people of Turkish descent. Amazingly, they persevered as an enclosed society—numbering several hundred persons in the area by the mid-20th century.
For many years the Turkish people’s origin story was usually considered no more than myth, a fable concocted to sustain an out-group through unpleasant realities of hard history. In 1973, a historian put it this way: “A stranger visiting Sumter County today may come across a baffling breed called ‘Turks’…. So meager are the facts relating to them that the wildest conjectures, based on what must surely be flight of fancy and geographical ignorance, have been advanced to support their origin.” Still, members of the group persisted in claiming Turkish descent, and now we—a political scientist and a Turkish descendant—have confirmed the group’s traditional narrative and beleaguered history, through original research and oral interviews.
The Turkish people didn’t fit cleanly into the broader black-versus-white paradigm in that part of South Carolina. They adhered to an ancestral understanding that they were “white people,” but outside the Dalzell area, where most lived, they were shunned. Like their black neighbors, they were subject to insults, intimidation and systemic oppression. The Turkish people had to go to federal court to be able to send their children to “white schools” during the 1950s, and only in the past few decades have they begun to enjoy things like getting good jobs in mainstream society, accessing health care at local hospitals, shopping at community businesses, or participating in Little League baseball, without being turned away or treated as second-class citizens.
So who, exactly, were these Turkish people? Were they really an Ottoman Turk’s descendants who had endured as a distinct ethnic community, against long odds, in backwoods South Carolina?
The Turkish people have always been extremely skittish about genetic testing, but we [authors of South Carolina's Turkish People: A History and Ethnology] obtained DNA sequences for eight direct descendants of the supposed patriarch, Joseph Benenhaley. Though such testing has its problems, it can be useful in combination with other research. In this case, the results for the eight subjects were consistent with ancestry including a Mediterranean/Middle Eastern/North African progenitor, with substantial white European admixture, some evidence of Native American linkages, and no significant sub-Saharan African contribution.
We also compiled a genealogical census of 270 Joseph Benenhaley descendants who lived in the Dalzell area during the 1800s, a number we deemed sufficient to judge the social character of that family settlement in its formative generations. The accounting showed important patterns: People with the Benenhaley last name comprised slightly over half (51 percent) of the individuals in the group, and the six intermarried families accounted for almost all of the names in the confined community. This was consistent with the stories we’d heard about a community that has always revolved around the family, their school, their church, their farms, and whatever jobs they could find in the Dalzell area.
Finally, we surveyed graveyards at the two churches that served as principal places of worship for the Turkish people during the 1900s; and our count of Benenhaleys buried in both was equally impressive. Benenhaleys again comprised a slight majority (51 percent) of interred individuals, and the same six family surnames accounted for virtually all of the individuals resting in peace in those cemeteries. Also, few individuals with Turkish-community names were buried outside the Dalzell area, attesting to the isolation of that group. All these findings, and others, suggest very strongly that the Turkish people did indeed endure as an enclosed ethnic community—originating from Joseph Benenhaley and known as “the Turks”—in rural South Carolina for almost two centuries.
Getting Turkish elders to talk about themselves was a difficult task—bad memories still bothered many of them. As one scholar reported in the 1970s, “The mood of the community strictly opposes any sort of historical investigation. The people will tell any would-be historian that they don’t know anything, don’t think that anyone else does either, don’t see any point in it, and think that he should go talk to some other member of the community.” However, four brave souls—“Boaz,” “Helen,” “Jean,” and “Tonie” (all adopting pseudonyms because feelings still run high in this area)—talked to us about their personal lives and community experience.
Our discussions with the Turkish people about their origins rambled, owing to the fuzzy interplay of ancestry and ethnicity. Still, all four stated that they were white people of Turkish descent; and they related their origins to General Sumter having brought their ancestors to Sumter County. Boaz explained their confidence and pride in the traditional narrative. “I assume I accepted it just like anyone else who would have been from whatever ethnic background they were from,” he said. “That’s who I am…and I hold my head high.”
Regarding their isolation, Boaz speculated that each ethnic group in Sumter County probably just felt more comfortable being with people like themselves: “I don’t want to have anything to do with you just as much as you don’t want to have anything to do with me,” he said. But despite his explanation of mutual disdain, it was clear that Boaz, and the others, viewed white discrimination as the main cause of the extended, lonely history of this community. He noted, with sadness, that, “the Turkish boys and girls were not allowed on teams like the American Legion baseball teams and those types of things. The segregation was almost as bad as the segregation of the blacks. Not as bad, but bad enough.”
Tonie remembered having to stay out of school for a year during the integration movement. “It was awful,” she said. “You never knew what they were going to say to you or what they were going to do to you. Even the teachers were prejudiced. Traumatic. Kids calling you ‘Turk.’ If they were the only ones on a seat, they would put their books on the other side of the bus so that you couldn’t sit there, and dare you to move them.” Helen told a story about a white hair stylist who wouldn’t cut a dark Turkish teenager’s hair. Jean described a traumatic Ku Klux Klan rampage during which somebody burned a cross on her father’s yard. “We were afraid to go outside the house,” she recalled.
When asked about their relations with black people, the Turkish elders had little to say and spoke nothing negative. They would compare the ways whites treated them to the ways whites treated blacks. Apparently, the two minority populations had always harbored resentment against the white establishment, and this served to mute whatever grievances they had against each other.
Today’s Turkish people are not as closed off as in the past—life is better in the 21st century. Most now marry outsiders. Many have moved to other areas, either to start a family or to attend college and begin careers. Those who have stayed say that, generally, they are “treated right” in Sumter County. The strange story of the Turkish people is important, not only for the belated recognition and dignity of that community but also as a compelling addition to our understanding of the American experience. The persistence of Joseph Benenhaley’s descendants—and the experiences of people like Boaz, Helen, Jean, and Tonie—illustrate that for some people, becoming American is a long and difficult ordeal.
Glen Browder is a former member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Alabama and professor emeritus of political science and American democracy at Jacksonville State University. Terri Ann Ognibene is a Spanish teacher at Pope High School in Marietta, Georgia. They are co-authors of South Carolina's Turkish People: A History and Ethnology.
|
<urn:uuid:dc4671a7-76d6-4bd9-b9a9-e3d62b42e790>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10",
"url": "https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/tracing-mysterious-turks-of-south-carolina-back-revolutionary-war-180970383/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474360.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223021632-20240223051632-00371.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9833071231842041,
"token_count": 2007,
"score": 3.0625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Golden Shouldered Parrot - Psephotellus Chrysopterygius - Endangered
The golden-shouldered parrot (Psephotellus chrysopterygius) is a rare bird of southern Cape York Peninsula, in Queensland, Australia. A small parrot related to the more common red-rumped parrot, it is considered to be a superspecies with the hooded parrot (P. dissimilis) of the Northern Territory and the apparently extinct paradise parrot of Queensland and New South Wales.
Description: The golden-shouldered parrot is 23–28 cm long and weighs 54–56 g. The adult male is mainly blue and has a characteristic yellow over the shoulder area. It has a black cap and pale yellow frontal band. It has an extended dark salmon pink lower belly, thighs and undertail-coverts. It has a grey-brown lower back.
Adult females are mainly dull greenish-yellow, and have a broad cream bar on the underside of the wings. The head in older females has a charcoal grey cap. The feathers of the vent area are a pale salmon pink. Juveniles are similar to the adult female though newly fledged males have a brighter blue cheek patch than females of the same age.
Habitat: The golden-shouldered parrot lives in open forested grassland liberally populated by numerous termite species and their mounds. Often these mounds are found every few metres apart. The parrot feeds on the seeds of small grass species and several months of the year, principally those prior to the onset of the wet season, the birds are almost entirely dependent on the small but plentiful seed of firegrass (Schizachyrium fragile). An important habitat requirement is the presence of suitably sized terrestrial termite mounds, in which the birds nest. This has led to the Golden shouldered parrot and its relatives being known as the antbed parrots.
Psittaciformes, The Parrot Index, a part of Phoenix Feathers © 2016 - 2023
Page last updated: 1/1/2320
|
<urn:uuid:99b14ce8-2192-4195-8e19-e55910f57c68>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14",
"url": "http://www.psittaciformes.com/species/Psephotellus/golden.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945372.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325191930-20230325221930-00633.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9278826713562012,
"token_count": 437,
"score": 3.03125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
In the mid 20th century, when paleoanthropologist Louis Leakey sent three pioneering women to study great apes in their natural habitats, the Earth’s wilderness was still untouched in many places. Jane Goodall went to Gombe in Tanzania to study chimpanzees; at first she could only study them with binoculars from far away because the chimps would not let her approach. In those days, Gombe was not the tiny island of forest surrounded by villages and crop fields it is today. In the neighboring country of Rwanda, Dian Fossey became the first researcher to be accepted by wild mountain gorillas. In the 1960s, her “gorillas in the mist” had not yet suffered the severe impact of war and refugees. The third of “Leakey’s Angels,” Birutė Galdikas, arrived in Borneo to study the red apes, orangutans. When she started her work in 1971, oil-palm plantations and loggers were just beginning to force orangutans into increasingly small patches of rain forest.
When these pioneering women started studying great apes in their pristine forests, the Earth had just entered a time characterized by the tremendous impact of humans on every ecosystem of our planet, what many scientists call a new epoch: the Anthropocene. Hunting, poaching and logging was taking place in the 1960s and 1970s, but the scale of the problem has dramatically increased since then.
As researchers studying great apes in the wild, we’re fully aware that there are few, if any, untouched forests left in tropical Africa and Southeast Asia. Chimpanzee sites across equatorial Africa are suffering human disturbance, but little is known about the ways in which these apes are surviving alongside their human neighbors. The unfortunate situation of declining habitat provides an interesting opportunity for science: we can study these apes in novel situations they’ve never had to deal with before and we can look for clues about our own evolutionary past.
Responding to new pressures
Is the behavior of our closest evolutionary cousins changing as human settlements and roads push into their habitats? We’ve observed that the chimpanzees of Bossou (Guinea), a field site under severe human pressure, increase their waiting time when they have to cross a large road with heavy human and vehicle traffic and wait less time before crossing a narrow, quieter road. Adult male chimpanzees are more likely to lead and bring up the rear when crossing the larger, more dangerous road with a group, in an attempt to protect vulnerable individuals in the road-crossing party, such as infants.
Apes now also need to cope with increased competition from human beings for resources such as fruits. Chimpanzees are developing new strategies to access resources that are shared with people. Adult males are more likely to take the risk to enter the village to raid human crops than females and younger individuals are; sometimes they bring these crops back to the safety of the forest to share with females. Researchers in Uganda have recorded nocturnal crop-raiding by chimpanzees. Typically, they haven’t previously been observed in activities after dark and this suggests that they are aware that the risks are lower under the cover of darkness.
Novel situations appear to trigger novel behaviors on the part of great apes. For example, we’ve recently reported how chimpanzees in Bossou exhibit bipedal behavior when they need to transport unpredictable and valuable resources, including fruits. Normally chimpanzees move around on four legs. When chimpanzees go to a village to crop-raid papayas, it’s a risky behavior since frequently the fruits grow very close to people’s houses. To minimize their exposure, chimpanzees try to carry as much as possible at once, sometimes as many as three large papayas. By running on two feet, they can carry more of a resource that might not even be available next time they return.
When apes are confronted with new human-induced challenges, we’re able to study the flexibility of ape cognition. Can they figure out how to solve problems they would never encounter if people weren’t a part of their lives? Bossou chimpanzees, for example, have been seen deactivating snares that hunters place in the forest to catch animals that will be eaten as bush meat. They’ve figured out how to free themselves from these traps, and even more amazingly it appears that they transmit the knowledge throughout their group. It’s a surprising and intelligent way of solving the problem, and something researchers haven’t observed in many other animals.
Different apes living side by side
The study of how these apes face new challenges may also teach us about our own evolutionary past. Researchers René Bobe and Bernard Wood, at George Washington University’s Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, are focused on understanding living primates and ancient human fossils to learn about our origins and evolution. They work closely with us and our colleagues studying ape responses to modern-day threats to learn about our own evolution.
For example, how do modern ape species living in the same habitats at the same time interact with one another? During the course of our evolution over many millennia, we know that human ancestors faced severe climatic and environmental changes. Some species survived and continued to evolve. Others went extinct. At various times human ancestors and close evolutionary cousins shared the same environments, much like chimpanzees and gorillas do today in parts of Africa. But we know little about how some of these ancient species competed for space and resources.
Our own species survived these challenges to become the only ape able to colonize the entire planet, and to have in its hands the survival of all other remaining apes. By looking at how great apes coexist now, we might find clues into our own evolutionary past. For instance, the chimpanzees who choose to run on two feet when rushing back to the forest with village crops hint at which pressures may have contributed to our ancestors becoming bipedal.
Human beings and chimpanzees currently share the same habitats, as do human beings and orangutans. Studies of modern sympatric apes – that is, different ape species that live in the same area and encounter one another frequently – can help us answer crucial evolutionary questions: which apes can adapt to rapid environmental change? What characteristics help them do that? How do apes avoid conflict when they must share resources with other apes?
Researchers are interested in whether a more or less specialized diet could be a barrier for adapting to a changing habitat. We also wonder about how apes avoid conflict when facing the need to share resources with other apes. One study in Congo reported interesting cases of chimpanzees and gorillas eating in the same tree at the same time. What is their way of avoiding conflict and sharing resources and space? They feed at different heights of the tree and eat different parts of the plants!
Apes’ ability to adapt doesn’t mean they should have to
The problem of apes adapting to human-dominated ecosystems has to be approached carefully. We dedicate our lives to trying to save these fascinating animals, and the last thing we want is to misuse the ability of apes to survive as a justification to continue the destruction of their remaining habitats. Some might argue that if wildlife can survive in highly human-influenced areas, then why put so much effort into conservation?
However, for apes to survive this new epoch, the Anthropocene, we need to understand how apes modify their behavior under human impact. We need to understand the limits of ape adaptability. Apes cannot adapt to urban areas, unlike some monkeys such as baboons and macaques. They do not survive in cities and towns. It’s imperative to understand the limits beyond which they cannot survive.
|
<urn:uuid:c8e331b4-cf46-4b5c-abc8-1280047237e7>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21",
"url": "https://theconversation.com/apes-under-pressure-show-their-ingenuity-and-hint-at-our-own-evolutionary-past-39897",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991252.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512035557-20210512065557-00498.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9588265419006348,
"token_count": 1583,
"score": 3.5625,
"int_score": 4
}
|
For children with disabilities, the question is whether a child will learn, academically, behaviorally, and socially, better in an inclusive environment, i.e., in a classroom with children with and without disabilities, or in a segregated classroom with other similarly disabled students.
That determination should be made with parents and school officials together at the table.
Some view state lawmakers attempt to create Education Savings Accounts (ESAs) as a move toward pushing children with disabilities out of public schools, done in the name of “school choice” and giving parents who are dissatisfied with their child’s public school an option to find a better place for their child to be educated.
The Alabama State Department of Education’s attempt to limit a parent’s right to due process to address problems with schools has also proved worrisome among special education advocates, leaving some to question why both the legislature and the state agency charged with overseeing special education are working to seemingly preventing parents from accessing the public special education services authorized and protected under federal law.
The following was written by Hannah Shapiro, Senior Coordinator for Public Policy at Autism Speaks. Hannah is the older sister of a young man receiving public special education services in Alabama. She is a firm believer that all children can and deserve to learn in inclusive environments.
The case for inclusive education
Less than fifty years ago, the education landscape for students with disabilities was markedly different than it is today. Around that time, only one in five children with disabilities received a public education or learned alongside their peers. Students with disabilities were set on a path of isolation and dependency by being denied access to public education, a fundamental civil right we share as Americans.
After decades of dedicated parents and disability advocates fighting for equal rights to public education, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) was signed into law in 1975. Today, students with disabilities are entitled to a free, appropriate public education as well as the supports and services needed to make educational progress.
Last year under the IDEA, 6.4 million students throughout the country were able to receive services that enabled them to learn in an inclusive educational setting and be a part of our community.
Over the past year, movements in Alabama aimed at weakening parents’ and their children’s rights to special education through due process as well as incentivizing removal of students with disabilities from public education are alarming. As a native Alabamian and sister of a brother with special needs, it is difficult to watch lawmakers place cost-savings value on our most vulnerable children.
The focus on the cost of educating students who happen to need extra supports to succeed rather than on the quality of education is far from the values Alabamians share.
Fifty years ago, most students with disabilities were cast aside as too expensive to educate.
In 2016, communities must focus resources to improve and expand access to quality education for all students, even when that means serving students who require special education and supports.
The IDEA mandates that the state provide all eligible children with a free education that meets their unique needs, including early intervention services. Although schools are not required to provide the best services, they are required to provide appropriate education and support services that will allow the child to make educational progress.
If the school fails to provide an appropriate education, parents are entitled to reimbursement for private placement through due process.
Public special education focuses on providing a child with an education, regardless of the level of ability or special needs.
Before considering private placement and relinquishing the right to public special education, parents should advocate for the free and appropriate education and services that students with disabilities are entitled to by law and paid for by taxpayer dollars.
The notion that students with disabilities are better served outside of public school could be improved with higher expectations and prioritizing state resources to help all students make educational progress.
Lack of high expectations for students with disabilities continues to be one of the biggest barriers in the case for increase in special education services.
Parents and advocates must signal to schools and lawmakers that children with disabilities can reach their fullest potential with quality special education that is made possible through prioritizing state funding.
About 85 to 90 percent of students with disabilities—including those with autism— can meet the graduation standards targeted for all other students, as long as they receive specially designed instruction and appropriate access, supports, and accommodations.
The school is required to provide these supports and accommodations that a child might need to make educational progress.
As Alabamians, we must uphold our commitment to an inclusive society, where all children, regardless of disability, have an equal opportunity to succeed.
With over 80,000 students being eligible for special education last year in Alabama it is critical that parents, teachers, lawmakers, and students understand the right to special education services provided by public schools.
Parents must continue to be their child’s strongest advocate in order to secure support services and an individualized education.
The first step to being a champion advocate is to know your rights
The IDEA guarantees the right to a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) for children with disabilities. This includes students with the most significant cognitive disabilities. Understanding what FAPE covers can be helpful to parents when discussing a child’s individualized education with the school.
Schools are required to provide special education and related services to all children who need them. Related services include things like speech therapy, applied behavioral analysis, occupational therapy, positive behavior intervention support, and classroom aides.
These services should be provided at no charge to the parents and spelled out in the child’s Individualized Education Program (IEP), a written statement of the educational program designed to meet the child’s individual needs.
Every child who receives special education services must have an IEP. Parents must be active participants in developing their child’s IEP as it holds schools accountable for providing the services agreed to in the document.
The IEP has two general purposes—to set reasonable learning goals for a child and to state the services that the school district will provide for the child.
For more information regarding IEPs, download Autism Speaks’ IEP Guide. This guide is meant to provide a summary, information on the process, and practical tips for all students with disabilities.
Under FAPE, schools are required to educate children with disabilities in the least restrictive environment (LRE), meaning in the most integrated setting appropriate. This may mean spending most or all day in a general education classroom.
Schools must provide the supports and accommodations for students to learn alongside their peers as appropriate for the student’s individual need.
Schools may place students in a more restrictive environment only if they cannot be educated appropriately in a regular class with the help of modifications and other services.
As a member of the IEP team, parents must be involved in figuring out which LRE is best for a child to make educational progress.
Many parents believe their child could be better served through a private program to better tailor to their child’s needs. Under the IDEA, a parent can obtain reimbursement for private placement if it is decided that the school system did not provide FAPE to the child in a timely manner prior to enrolling them in the private school.
This is a protected mechanism for parents to retain their rights under the IDEA if they prove the school system has failed to provide their child FAPE.
It is important for parents to understand that removing their child from public education means relinquishing all rights to FAPE.
Private school, programs, and homeschooling does not provide the right to LRE, related services and supports, equal participation in afterschool activities or school sponsored events.
Private schools are not mandated to provide individualized special education at no cost to parent.
Before parents consider removing a child from public education, parents must understand that they are no longer entitled to the legal protections under the IDEA.
If parents feel that their child is not receiving FAPE and the services needed to make educational progress, after trying to resolve these issues with the school, seeking help from a special education attorney might be necessary.
Download this helpful resource guide to stay educated as a parent advocate.
Hannah Shapiro is from Birmingham, Alabama. She is the Senior Coordinator for Public Policy at Autism Speaks, focusing on education and employment policy. Hannah is the older sister of a young man receiving public special education services in Alabama. She is a firm believer that all children can and deserve to learn in inclusive environments.
|
<urn:uuid:7a953530-18a0-4b69-af34-4109a45a7e98>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10",
"url": "http://alabamaschoolconnection.org/2016/04/28/are-we-pushing-children-with-special-needs-out-of-our-classrooms-and-schools/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147234.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228135132-20200228165132-00552.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9691683053970337,
"token_count": 1744,
"score": 3.234375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Class: Fungi Imperfect!
Common Names: The Yellow Mat Disease;
Yellow Mold; Confetti Disease.
Latin Root: From “chryso-” meaning
golden and “sporium” or spore.
Habitat & Frequency of Occurence: Saprophytic,
a common mold in soils, and endemic
to composts prepared in direct contact
with the ground. Although Chlysosporium
species naturally inhabit the dung of most
pastured animals and of chickens, today they
are rarely seen in finished mushroom composts
with the development of modern composting
Medium Through Which Contamination
Is Spread: Air; soil; and dung.
Measures of Control: Concrete surface used for composting; isolation of mushroom compost
from areas where untreated soils and raw dung are being stored; and filtration of air during Phase II.
If Chlysosporium occurs before or at the time of casing, salt or a similar alkaline buffer can be applied
to limit the spread of infection.
Macroscopic Appearance: Whitish at first, soon yellowish towards the center and maybe yellowish
overall in color, forming a “corky” layer of tissue between the infected compost and the casing
soil, and inhibiting fruitbody formation.
Microscopic Characteristics: Conidiophores poorly developed, relatively undifferentiated, irregularly
branched, vertically oriented, for the most part resembling and associated with the vegetative
mycelium. Clear, unicellular and often ornamented spores (conidia) develop terminally, either in
short chains or singularly, and measure 3-5 x 4-7 microns.
History, Use and/or Medical Implications: The genus in general does not host many pathogenic
species. One species of special concern is Chlysosporium dermatidis and allies, a mold causing
a skin disease in humans.
Comments: Chrysosporium is an indicator mold whose presence can be traced to compost prepared
on soil. Yellow mat disease is caused by Chrysosporium luteum, a synonym of
Myceliopthora lutea. Another species, Chrysosporium sulphureum, is known as Confetti, and is at
first whitish, then yellowish towards the center. These molds were fairly common in Agaricus
culture previous to 1 940, when composts were prepared directly on soil. With the advent of concrete
composting wharfs, they have all but disappeared. According to Atkins (1 974), this contaminant
is more frequent in cave culture because of the use of ridge beds made directly on the floor of
the cave. Chrysosporium is usually not detected until the first break and retards subsequent flushes.
Moderate To severe outbreaks of either species can adversely affect yields.
Both raw and prepared composts can become infected with this mold. It is thought that the
spores are introduced with the fresh air during the cool down period of the Phase II or from thermotolerant
spores from within the compost itself. Species in this genus can be found on media of poor
nutritional quality. They are generally not seen in spawn culture.
Chrysosporium can be grown for study on a hay infusion agar supplemented with sugar. Many
Chrysosporia have sexual forms in the Gymnoascaceae, an ascomycetous family.
For futher information see:
Carmichael, J.W., 1962 “Chrysosporium and some other Aleuriosporic Hyphomycetes.”.
van Oorshot, CAN., 1980 “A Revision of Chrysosporium and Allied Genera”. Studies in
Mycology No. 20. CBS Publication. Baarn,Nederland,
|
<urn:uuid:e9b35d53-4d20-47b7-9dbd-890c51945e17>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"url": "https://egymushroom.wordpress.com/2011/09/09/mushroom-culture-chrysosporium/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190234.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00243-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8848970532417297,
"token_count": 827,
"score": 3.671875,
"int_score": 4
}
|
The Great Canadian Math Debate, Pt. 41: Struggling Alberta could follow other provinces and move to JUMP math, an inexpensive and excellent math program for young students. So why isn’t Alberta Education doing it?
(Editor’s note: Dr. Paul W. Bennett, Director of Schoolhouse Consulting, is an Adjunct Professor of Education at Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS. An earlier version of this post appeared on his Education Blog, Educhatter.)
By Paul W. Bennett
Teaching all children Mathematics may well be possible. That’s the inspiring lesson delivered by Dr. John Mighton at an April 24 Public Lecture, sponsored by the Mount Saint Vincent Faculty of Education, and attended by 150 curious educators and concerned parents. He is the founder of JUMP (Junior Undiscovered Math Prodigies), a Toronto-based charitable organization that seeks to “multiply the potential in children” and to instill in them the joy of truly mastering mathematics.
Mighton is an incredibly talented mathematician on a mission. Founded as a kitchen-table tutoring group in 1998, JUMP Math is presently challenging the prevailing math education “discovery math” ideology embraced by North American curriculum consultants and reinforced in textbooks and online resources published by giant learning industry multinationals, Pearson and Oxford/Nelson. Since June of 2013, JUMP Math is breaking out with new adoptions in Manitoba, Calgary, and Vancouver where teachers are looking to significantly improve elementary level student math performance.
The founder of JUMP Math shot to prominence in 2003 with the publication of his book, The Myth of Ability. Leading mathematicians like Dr. Robert Dawson, Editor of the Canadian Mathematical Society Notes, sat up and took notice. In the Newsletter, he compared Mighton to the classroom teacher Jaime Escalante in the inspiring feature film, Stand and Deliver. Both educators, he noted, embraced the idea that mathematics was “something that everybody can learn to do.” His book, he added, “may be a big step in that direction.”
The Mathematics Education Wars are fought on contested pedagogical terrain and Mighton’s JUMP Math is emerging as a logical and welcome middle ground. In his recent lectures, he makes a persuasive case for a “balanced’ approach, starting with fundamentals and then empowering students to engage in creative problem-solving activities. He’s clear in explaining the limitations of both “drill and fill” traditional teaching and “fuzzy Math” promoted by romantic progressives.
“Students must be empowered to succeed” is his consistent message. Beginning math instruction is broken down into tiny and carefully-structured chunks, that any student, working with any teacher, can learn thoroughly. It’s teacher-guided but also exploratory and provides elementary students with the scaffolding needed to possess the knowledge and skills to eventually tackle creative problem-solving. “Teachers are my heroes,” he says, because they are the ones who have driven the spread of JUMP Math, not the math consultants.
Canadians tend to be slow to embrace their own heroes and seek validation of their talents elsewhere. Mighton holds a Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Toronto, completed NSERC postdoctoral research in knot and graph theory, teaches Mathematics at U of T, and in 2010 was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada. He’s also a playwright and script writer, known in Hollywood for his star turn in the feature film Good Will Hunting.
Mighton’s JUMP Math has evolved significantly over the past decade and now boasts supportive classroom effectiveness research, including studies at Toronto Sick Kids Hospital. in Lambeth, UK, and at the Mabin School. While he was once “the nation’s math conscience,” Manitoba Education Minister James Allum now sees his approach as giving that province an edge over provinces like Alberta, wedded to the standard Western and Northern Canada Protocol (WNCP) curriculum and continuing with “less successful methods”.
What’s standing in the way of Mathematics education reform? Two key factors jump out as the obvious explanation – the established “Discovery Learning” ideology and the preponderant influence of its proponents, the late Richard Dunne (1944-2012), creator of Maths Makes Sense, and his Canadian counterpart, Dr. Marian Small, purveyor of Nelson mathematics problem-solving books. They are a formidable force backed by the Pearson and Oxford/Nelson publishing conglomerates and a small army of textbook author replicators here in Canada.
Richard Dunne and his Canadian camp followers talk about mathematics but their real agenda is to promote a “whole school approach” to discovery learning. His distinctive teaching style, initiated at Reading Boys’ Grammar School in the late 1960s, uses concrete “manipulatives” to help kids understand math concepts. Based upon his theories rather than research, Dunne cut a plastic cup into 10 pieces to demonstrate the meaning of decimals and then developed other dramatic demonstration techniques to introduce children to abstract ideas.
Dunne was a teacher and math consultant rather than a mathematician. His earlier version of Maths Makes Sense published in the 1980s proved popular with teachers who were non-specialists, but was resisted by many university based mathematicians and then rejected by the British Government in 1989 with the introduction of a more rigorous National Curriculum. Panned in the U.K., his teaching methods enjoyed greater popularity in North America and his version of “Discovery Math” made a comeback in 2007 with the re-publication of Maths Makes Sense.
Dunne’s “whole school approach” was embraced by North American math consultants education schools seeking to promote “discovery learning” in all subject areas. Secondary school mathematics specialists remained skeptical and most stayed true to traditional methods, but Discovery Math made deep inroads among regular elementary teachers, often with little or no mathematics training. It achieved the height of its influence in Canada when the WNCP Math curriculum spread across the provinces, supported by the Pearson Canada Math Makes Sense series of books and online resources.
Declining Mathematics achievement levels from 2003 to 2012, on PISA and Canadian national tests, began to raise red flags. A WISE Math movement, sparked by Winnipeg math professors Anna Stokke and Robert Craigen, demonstrated the direct relationship between declining scores and the spread of Dunne-inspired WNCP curricula. In September 2013, Manitoba re-introduced Math fundamentals and approved JUMP Math for use in the schools. Over the past year, the number of students studying JUMP Math has jumped from 90,000 to 110,000 as more and more schools are breaking with the entrenched Discovery Math methods and adopting a more systematic, teacher-guided, step-by-step progression in their teaching of early mathematics.
Alberta was once the recognized leader in student performance levels. It’s time to completely re-assess the current elementary Mathematics curriculum. When that happens, Dr. John Mighton’s Jump Math program could be a critical piece in the needed Math education correction.
P.S. Here are the results of a massive US federal study on the effectiveness of Pearson’s discovery math textbook as compared to other math textbooks. Two others were found to be significantly better.
The Great Canadian Math Debate
Pt.33. Rote learning leads to deeper understanding, Zwaagstra argues
|
<urn:uuid:6ca62baa-4601-4e83-88a9-1b9830a84411>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22",
"url": "http://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/how-much-are-massive-u-s-textbook-companies-driving-albertas-push-to-discovery-math-and-a-discovery-curriculum",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612502.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529165246-20170529185246-00106.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9513299465179443,
"token_count": 1569,
"score": 2.515625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
May 22, 1862 – Major Generals Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson and Richard Ewell joined forces in the Shenandoah Valley and moved to attack Major General Nathaniel P. Banks’s isolated Federal outpost at Front Royal.
Jackson’s Confederates resumed their northward march down the Shenandoah Valley at dawn on May 21. Ewell, commanding the other Confederate force in the Valley, received intelligence that Federals troops comprising Banks’s left flank were stationed at Front Royal, east of Strasburg.
Advancing down the Valley turnpike, Jackson then turned east through the Luray Gap in the Massanutten Ridge to cross the South Fork of the Shenandoah River and enter the Luray Valley. Brigadier General Turner Ashby’s Confederate cavalry kept Banks, commanding the Federal Army of the Shenandoah, unaware of the movement.
Ewell’s Confederates joined Jackson’s that night; the combined force now totaled 16,000 men and 48 cannon. Jackson planned to attack Banks’s flank at Front Royal. The flank consisted of a small fort and just 1,000 men under Colonel John R. Kenly. Jackson hoped that destroying this force would trap Banks in the Valley and render him unable to reinforce the Federals at either Fredericksburg or the Peninsula.
The Confederates rose at 6 a.m. on the 22nd and resumed their march, with Ewell’s troops in the lead. Jackson would not divulge where they were headed, but he issued orders prohibiting no more than two men per battalion to leave a fight to tend to the wounded at a time. This strongly indicated that a battle was imminent. The men halted for the night within 10 miles of Front Royal, as Ashby’s cavalry fell back from Strasburg to join the main Confederate army.
Banks remained with his main force at New Market, 25 miles south. Unaware that Jackson and Ewell had joined forces and moved north, he believed that Ewell was still at Swift Run Gap and he had no idea where Jackson was. Banks wrote his superiors fearing that Jackson might try attacking New Market, and Ewell might try reinforcing him there.
Ironically, Banks asked Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton to send him reinforcements on the same day that Major General Irvin McDowell, commanding the Federals near Fredericksburg, reported to the War Department, “Major General (James) Shields’ command (detached from Banks’s army) has arrived here” to reinforce him.
Banks, who had previously been certain that Jackson had left the Shenandoah Valley to join the Confederates on the Peninsula, now suddenly warned:
“To these important considerations ought to be added the persistent adherence of Jackson to the defense of the valley and his well-known purpose to expel the Government troops from this country if in his power. This may be assumed as certain. There is probably no one more fixed and determined purpose in the whole circle of the enemy’s plans.”
CivilWarDailyGazette.com (multiple dates); Clark, Champ, Decoying the Yanks: Jackson’s Valley Campaign (Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1983), p. 120-23; Denney, Robert E., The Civil War Years: A Day-by-Day Chronicle (New York: Gramercy Books, 1992 [1998 edition]), p. 173; Foote, Shelby, The Civil War, A Narrative: Fort Sumter to Perryville (New York: Vintage Books, 1958), p. 430; Fredriksen, John C., Civil War Almanac (New York: Checkmark Books, 2007), p. 155; Klein, Frederic S, Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War (New York: Harper & Row, 1986, Patricia L. Faust ed.), p. 293; Long, E.B. with Long, Barbara, The Civil War Day by Day (New York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1971), p. 214
|
<urn:uuid:fc47dc62-04f9-4b3d-ba79-089eed9dbd40>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24",
"url": "https://civilwarmonths.com/2017/05/22/jackson-targets-front-royal/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347389309.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525161346-20200525191346-00461.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9327133297920227,
"token_count": 842,
"score": 3.125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Apr 01 2013
Last Saturday at Raccoon Wildflower Reserve I heard the sound of ducks in the woods but I wasn’t fooled. I knew they were wood frogs.
For most of the year wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) keep a low profile. In the summer they hide under leaves to avoid being eaten. In the winter they’re literally frozen “frog-sicles” under the leaf litter, but in early spring they emerge for an orgy in the nearest vernal pond.
The male wood frogs float around and call to attract the females. When the crowd really gets going they sound like ducks. The first time I heard them I searched in vain for the flock of ducks making so much noise at the edge of a damp field. Hah! Wood frogs. Click here to hear.
When the lady frogs arrive the orgy begins. Multiple males grab a female and ride around on her back. The pond becomes dotted with clumps of frogs.
After they mate the female wood frogs lay masses of eggs in big globs like this.
Then the orgy is over. The adults disappear into the woods and the sound of ducks comes to an end.
Ironically, there’s a duck whose courtship call sounds like frogs: the hooded merganser.
Nature is playing April Fools.
(photos by Marcy Cunkelman)
|
<urn:uuid:af86ef0e-77cc-440d-a694-97148c9eefa6>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40",
"url": "http://www.wqed.org/birdblog/2013/04/01/sounds-like-ducks/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736675795.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215755-00174-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9425083994865417,
"token_count": 292,
"score": 2.578125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
In Nick Bertozzi’s graphic novel “Shackleton,” the great man who between 1901 and 1921 embarked on four attempts to reach the South Pole is first depicted in a moment of total failure. So sick with scurvy that he can scarcely lift his head from his pillow — let alone pull a loaded sledge — Shackleton is ordered back to England, forced to abandon Robert Falcon Scott’s Discovery expedition. But he is determined to return to the Antarctic, despite his wife’s entreaties (“The children are growing so quickly”!) and the claims of common sense. Though it’s easy to miss in Bertozzi’s telling, Shackleton went back about 5 years later, leading the Nimrod expedition, which came within 97 miles of reaching the South Pole. He managed to secure funding for a third attempt in August 1914, on the eve of the First World War. It is this famed adventure that is the focus of “Shackleton.”
As Bertozzi depicts him on the book’s cover, Shackleton is a stubborn, heroic figure who appears undaunted by the ice-crushed wreck of his ship, the Endurance, behind him. But it’s a strength of Bertozzi’s narrative that he gives much of the book’s attention to Shackleton’s team (meteorologist, photographer, etc.) and crew, each man named and shown in a cameo portrait. Some take prominent roles in the story. That’s important, because although Shackleton’s judgment and charisma were essential to the their survival, so too was the crew’s almost unanimous good humor and gung-ho persistence. Banjo playing, card games, theatricals and plenty of old-fashioned grit made the discomforts and dangers of their isolation at the bottom of the world more bearable.
The 34 dogs that accompanied the men on the trip are also named — Hercules, Painful, Swanker, Lupoid, Summer … — and each gets its own portrait, too. There’s a sad moment when, after the team is forced to abandon ship and camp on ice floes, the last surviving dog, Nelson, is killed because there’s not enough food to feed him as well as the men. Bertozzi keeps the youth of his readers in mind, and treads carefully around this gruesome event, showing the men’s loving embrace of the dog and anguish at the sound of the distant shot that heralds its death. That the dog is then butchered for the men to eat is implied but not stressed, a kindness — but not a condescension to — the young adults for whom “Shackelton” is intended.
In other places, Bertozzi takes for granted an unlikely degree of familiarity with seafaring terms. When the men take lifeboats into the open ocean in a desperate attempt to reach Elephant Island, and later South Georgia Island, references to sea anchors, sailing “to wind,” a “Scotch mist” and finding “a lead” through ice floes can’t be fully explained in the text because nearly all the action is conveyed through dialogue or drawing. That’s a limitation of this kind of graphic storytelling, and for the most part Bertozzi’s pictures show enough to keep readers informed. But an expository authorial voice could have made the plot easier to follow.
Graphic novels of this style (Bertozzi also wrote and illustrated “Lewis & Clark,” published in 2011) make the reader work a little harder than a conventional written history would, but there’s pleasure to be had in that work and in admiring Bertozzi’s deft pen-and-ink style. A few quibbles about the books’ format: Though the limited palette of grey, black and white is better suited to barren Antarctica than to verdant settings, more color would have been interesting, if expensive to produce. A bigger page size would have allowed the text, often tiny, to be larger and more legible — admittedly less of a problem for young adults than for older ones.
For those who want more of Shackleton’s history, Bertozzi provides a list of book, museum and online sources. But “Shackleton,” exciting, amusing and detailed, may be just enough for many readers. It’s an amazing tale, one that shows how far technology and communication have progressed in the past century. But in terms of human nature, there’s much to admire — and even envy — in the esprit de corps of Shackleton’s daring group. That would be hard to match today, and impossible, perhaps, to better.
Written and illustrated by Nick Bertozzi
128 pp. First Second. $16.99. (Graphic novel; ages 12 to 18)
|
<urn:uuid:9b23e165-0838-43c3-9e8e-7da2e028d396>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18",
"url": "http://mobile.nytimes.com/2014/06/18/books/nick-bertozzis-shackleton.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121423.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00078-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9543522000312805,
"token_count": 1033,
"score": 2.765625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Text: The longevity noodle is a traditional part of Chinese birthday celebrations. When celebrating at home, the family would cook noodles that are just like the kind of noodles they normally cook, but it’s called the longevity noodle on birthdays. When celebrating at restaurants, the restaurants would provide the noodle as a gift to the persons celebrating their birthday. It is a simple dish that contains the wishes.
Context: The informant almost had the longevity noodle every year for her birthday. It is also a tradition that is commonly shared among the Chinese. When she went to other Chinese birthdays at Chinese restaurants or in their homes, they usually had noodles. It is especially important if people are celebrating the birthday of an elder. When eating noodles, it is best to swallow the whole strand without breaking it with chopsticks or teeth.
Analysis: The noodle is a symbol of longevity as it is long and thin. It reflects people’s good wishes for the person celebrating the birthday. As a birthday is related to the celebration of life, it is a good time to wish them a long life, especially for elders, who are highly regarded in Chinese culture. Both cooking longevity noodles at home and providing them as a gift at restaurants highlight the cultural importance of sharing food and hospitality in Chinese culture. It also shows how the tradition is passed down from generation to generation, as the informant almost had longevity noodles yearly for her birthday and others’ birthdays. This tradition of eating longevity noodles on birthdays reveals the cultural values and beliefs in Chinese cultures, such as respect for the elderly, hospitality, and longevity.
|
<urn:uuid:c8cc9bfd-6486-4017-bb34-c022fcc42a73>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23",
"url": "http://folklore.usc.edu/the-longevity-noodle/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652184.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605221713-20230606011713-00439.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9669433236122131,
"token_count": 327,
"score": 3.171875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
The Garde-Meuble de la Couronne was the forebear of the Mobilier national, today’s public body for managing France’s state furniture. This institution was in charge of royal furnishings, including tapestries, bronze works, weapons, items of furniture, and gold and silver ornaments.
The palace now called the Hôtel de la Marine on Place de la Concorde was built in the 1760s to house this institution, its storage spaces, its repair workshops and the apartments of its Intendant.
Discover the twists and turns of an iconic French institution from the country’s Ancien Régime.
An institution dating back to the Middle Ages that is still relevant today
In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the king and his court led a nomadic lifestyle. The travelling court would go from one royal residence to another. These residences therefore had to be fitted out as and when the royal court travelled. In the 13th century, Kings Louis IX and Philip IV were behind the creation of the job of ‘room valet and steward for the king’s rooms and carpets’, the purpose of which was to furnish castles before the king and his court would arrive there.
Arrival of the royal court at the Château d’Anet, by Antoine Caron
But it was not until 1663 that the Garde-Meuble de la Couronne – as the institution that settled in the Hôtel de la Marine in the 18th century – was officially founded by Louis XIV and Jean-Baptiste Colbert, France’s finance minister at the time. They both defined the purposes, organisation and internal workings of the institution. The Hôtel Bourbon, the Hôtel de Conti and the Hôtel d’Evreux, today’s Elysée Palace, were all Parisian sites that housed the institution before it ended up in the Hôtel de la Marine in 1772.
The Garde-Meuble was a royal institution until 1797 and disappeared in the French Revolution. In 1800, it was reborn as the Garde-Meuble des Consuls. Having become emperor, Napoléon Bonaparte renamed it the Mobilier impérial in 1804. It was not until 1870 that the institution became the Mobilier national, which is the name it still bears today. Since 1937, it has been housed in a building built by Auguste Perret in the former gardens of the Manufacture des Gobelins in the 13th arrondissement of Paris.
Did you know?
Today, collections in France’s national museums are inalienable. This means that they cannot be sold. This law dates back to King Louis XIV and the founding of the Garde-Meuble de la Couronne. The king was irritated to see items of royal furniture regularly disappear because of the court’s travels. Seeing that some noblemen would blithely help themselves to items in the collections to furnish their own residences, he decided to set up an institution with a precise inventory to prevent fraud.
A central purpose: to furnish royal residences
But how did the Garde-Meuble de la Couronne work in the second half of the 18th century when the Hôtel de la Marine housed it?
Its role was to furnish, purchase, maintain and repair the furniture of royal residences.
At its helm was the Intendant. He would manage the inventory and oversee construction of new items of furniture to adorn royal residences. The Intendant’s role was not to simply manage furniture and orders but to help royal power shine through items of furniture with the newest trends based on the latest expertise from French craftsmen.
So, in the premises of the Garde-Meuble de la Couronne were storage areas, furniture repair workshops and rooms for presenting the collections, which are today’s grand reception rooms that lead to the loggia. The most beautiful items of furniture, bronze works, the most carefully crafted gold items, weapons and, above all, the Crown Jewels would be exhibited for the public and available for all to see on the first Tuesday of the month from Easter to All Saints’ Day.
The display would be perfectly prepared to impress both the French and foreign visitors who would come to visit Paris. This exhibition of precious objects, open to the public, can be considered the capital’s first museum of decorative arts.
The Antiques Gallery in the Garde-Meuble, drawn by Jean-Démosthène Dugourc (1778)
The professions of the Garde-Meuble de la Couronne
Apart from the Intendant at the head of the institution, many professions crossed paths in the corridors of the Garde-Meuble de la Couronne. In total, around 100 people worked on site.
Administration and control
Among the different job positions were a secretary, a secretarial assistant and office boys, who were in charge of administration for the Garde-Meuble.
The chiefwarden would be in charge of preservation and surveillance of furniture stored on site, as well as transport of furniture between royal residences.
An auditor would control the quality of furniture coming in. This role was vital whenever a newly purchased item of furniture was received.
The Garde-Meuble staff also included two inspectors who would check the state of all items in the inventory and their place in the royal residences. They are rather like the forebears of our museum supervisors today, taking care of items in the royal collections!
Portrait of Jean-Henri Riesener, a great 18th-century cabinetmaker, painted by Antoine Vestier (1786)
One royal residence? Two? Or more?
Some Garde-Meuble staff were seconded to different royal residences. For example, around 15 people were in charge of furniture in the Palace of Versailles. There was also a caretaker in each royal residence: Montreuil, Fontainebleau, Compiègne, Marly, Choisy, Trianon, Rambouillet and Saint-Germain-en-Laye, where King Louis XIV was born.
Maintaining and repairing the furniture
A group of craftsmen also worked in this palace on Place de la Concorde in the storage areas, warehouses and renovation workshops.
For example, there were:
Did you know?
When a new item of furniture was needed for a royal residence, it was the Intendant of the Garde-Meuble de la Couronne who would place the order with the cabinetmaker or joiner. He would also trackconstruction of it, from design to delivery of the item. In the 18th century, the furniture factories were mainly in workshops in Paris. Many workshops for making furniture were in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine district of Paris.
The end product would then be delivered to the Garde-Meuble on Place de la Concorde, where it would be registered in the inventory of royal collections. The chief warden would then make sure that it was properly transported to the Palace of Versailles or another royal residence.
|
<urn:uuid:9532675a-e30d-47e4-9e7a-9a9731214d1d>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21",
"url": "https://www.hotel-de-la-marine.paris/en/The-Hotel-de-la-Marine/The-Garde-Meuble-de-la-Couronne/garde-meuble-couronne",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991648.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514060536-20210514090536-00075.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9568036198616028,
"token_count": 1497,
"score": 3.015625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Fishing is a sport that attracts adventurers, but also those who love spending time outdoors while enjoying a relaxing pastime. As proof of the popularity of fishing, in 2011, fishermen paid more than $ 41 billion in recreational fishing expenses. In addition, in 2014, there were only 50 million fishermen in the United States. As a pastime, fishing is sometimes an art transmitted from one generation to another. However, there are times when a person who wants to learn to fish may have little or no guidance.
Many beginning anglers find that what they need to learn is overwhelming. Without a doubt, those new to the art of fishing will have many questions. Once you learn the basics that all anglers need to know, you will soon find yourself enjoying the adrenaline when you begin to catch those fish at the end of your line.
Types of fishing
There are many types of fishing. Defining fishing types involves examining different categorization methods. First, the main categories for fishing include recreation, sports and commercial.
When it comes to fishing for beginners, the neophyte fisherman will begin in recreational activities: fishing for pure enjoyment as a relaxing pastime. Later, once the beginner learns to catch a fish with more competition, the fisherman can move on to other fishing practices such as competitive fishing and big game fishing. Commercial fishing is for those interested in following art as a career: a job that is exciting, profitable and dangerous.
The type of water or location can also define the fishing sport where it is fished. The two general categories for location-based fishing include seawater or freshwater. Seawater bodies and ecosystems include the sea, coral reefs, mangroves, lagoons, estuaries, intertidal zones, salt marshes and oceans.
In contrast, freshwater bodies, sometimes called freshwater, include streams, rivers, lakes, ponds and swamps. Marine and freshwater fisheries are divided into categories that are more specific.
Fishing in marine waters includes various fishing styles, which include, among others, shore or shore fishing, nets and deep-sea fishing for fish such as tuna, marlin, striped bass, snook, snapper, shark, sea trout , sailfish, mackerel, wolf fish, halibut, and more. In contrast, freshwater fishing is also subject to categorization and includes capture and release, capture and angling for trout, catfish, crappie, musk, walleye, seabass, seabass and salmon, among other fish .
When it comes to fishing for beginners, some types of fishing are more practical, simply because they are easier to learn. There are relaxed or casual fishing methods that will allow the neophyte to learn to catch a fish, without the additional pressures associated with competitive fishing types. Below is a table that shows some of the most common types of fishing and the level of skill needed.
|Type of fishing||Description||Recommended skill level|
|Angling / reed||Angling involves the use of a rod, a line, a reel, a hook, a bait / lures and a saucer / float to catch fish. It may involve fishing with bait or spinning, fishing with or without movement, and catch and release fishing methods.||Recreativo – BeginnerSport – Intermediate|
|Great game||Also known as blue-water fishing, hunting and sport fishing, sport fishing includes the capture of swordfish, marlin, sharks and tuna.||Recreational – intermediate to advanced|
|Bow and spear||The use of archery equipment or a spear to hit a fish while it is in the water. This type of fishing requires some familiarity weapons used.||Recreational-advanced|
|Fly||The use of special equipment with a weighted fishing line. Fly fishermen use an almost weightless artificial fly, which allows throwing at a considerable distance. The casting method requires some time to master.||Recreational – intermediate to advanced|
|Net||One way to fish using tangle nets, hand nets, trawls and fishing nets.||Recreational – beginner to intermediateCommercial – advanced|
|Capture||The use of equipment to catch fish, including eels, lobsters and crabs, among others.||It is often used in commercial activities.|
Fishing rod design
The fishing rods depend on the type of fishing you do, but for the most part, the rods have similar designs. From the handle to the tip of the rod, a fishing rod has several definitive characteristics. A stop cap is located at the end of the handle of the fishing rod, which has a reel seat. Beyond the handle of the rod, the thinnest part of the stick, which is usually made of metal or fiberglass material, is a rod or stop with a small notch called a hook that is used to hold the hook when the fishing rod It is not in use.
You will use the hook when walking to and from your fishing spots. The end cap is often made of cork or rubber material, so it will not cause any discomfort when pressed against the body while fishing.
At the end of the stock of the rod is the female splint that is inserted into another portion of the rod through the male splint. The male splint has several rings that serve as a line guide. The rods are available in a variety of sizes, and the choice of one depends on the age of the fisherman and the type of fishing that is sought.
It is important to keep in mind that fishing rods and rods are not the same, although both are a form of fishing equipment. A stick is absent from line guides and is usually made of cane. The stick will not have a reel, while a rod has guides and a seat for the fishing reel.
Reels, rods, and equipment.
When learning to catch a fish, you should think about the type of rod and reel you want to use; The equipment for catching trout in a stream will not be the same as the equipment you would use for sword fishing on a deep-water excursion. Knowing the type of fishing you want to do is the first and most vital step you can take when you learn to fish.
You can discover what equipment is ideal for your fishing adventure with enough ease. Your first option is to visit a sporting goods store or local bait and tackle. Talk to representatives or store staff and discuss which is the best equipment for your needs.
Define your needs by telling the store staff what type of fishing you want to do and where you plan to fish. Instead of a store recommendation, if you have friends or family that want to fish, you can talk to them about the type of equipment you need. An experienced fisherman will be more than happy to talk about his favorite pastime and share some fishing stories.
Fishing requires a considerable initial investment and the list of equipment grows as their participation in the sport increases. You will need a six or seven foot graphite fishing rod, a spinning reel, a line and a collection of hooks in different sizes. Additional equipment includes a tackle box, spinners, pencil floats, dispenser shots, saucer eggs, snaps and ball bearing swivels.
Assembly of rod and cane
There are fishing rods of one piece and two pieces that you can buy, the difference is that with a rod of a piece you can place the fishing reel immediately, and with a two piece rod you have to join the rod before placing the rod . The advantage of a two-piece rod is that it can decompose it for easy transportation. The disadvantage of the two-piece rod is that it can slide if the catch is large. The one-piece rod is a bit more difficult to transport, but it does not worry if the pieces of the rod fall apart when fishing.
If you have a two-piece rod, you will have to insert the female splint into the male splint. You must ensure that both ends are free of debris and clean before putting them together. A Q-Tip is a quick way to clean the inside of the female splint before inserting the second half of the fishing rod. To join the two parts of the bar, hold both splints at a 45-degree angle and slowly push one end towards the other, while simultaneously gently rotating the male splint.
Once the rod is together, it is time to place the reel. Attaching the fishing reel is easy to do. The reel slot of the fishing rod is a slot inside the handle. Slide the spool into the slot, pull the sleeve over the bottom of the spool and tighten the nut.
Fishing lures vs live bait
There are three forms of bait that a fisherman can use, and the choice of bait is based on the type of fish you want to catch. The bait includes lures, prepared bait and live bait. Many fishermen prefer live bait because the fish can sense the presence of live bait and, therefore, are easier to catch. For the beginner who learns to fish, bait is definitely ideal. However, this does not mean that there are no lures available that work just as well as a live bait.
The types of live bait available include worms, larvae, crickets, bugs, mealworms, night crawlers, worms, grasshoppers, frogs, leeches, crabs and small fish. If you are learning to fish and worms or other live bait scare you, you can always use lures for your fishing efforts.
Just as there are many forms of live bait, fishermen can choose between lures. The spinners are decoys that, when rolled, the line will rotate, imitating the movement of the live bait. The templates consist of a hook molded in a weight of lead. The templates can be painted in any color and are used for fishing in deep water, either in fresh or salt water.
The fisherman puts the template in the water and lets it sink to the bottom. The fishing line is rolled a couple of inches, and the fisherman uses a movement of up and down movement with his hand to imitate the bait movement. Additional lures include spoons, fake flies, rubber worms, artificial crabs and artificial bugs.
More on types of fishing lures
Fishing lures are a big business because many fishermen prefer the advantages associated with their use. In terms of cleanliness, fishing lures are clearly a cleaner bait option. What’s more, when it comes to a live bait, the fish you catch can end up with a gut hook where the bait is pushed deep into the belly of the catch. Gopping makes it a little harder to pick up the hook, and it is not a great situation when you are involved in capture and release fisheries. The problem with the gut hooks is not eliminated with the use of lures, but it is definitely minimized.
With so many decoy designs, a fisherman can easily attack the fish of his choice. Keep in mind that lures will be much more expensive than live bait and, if you pay a considerable expense for them, you may find it financially problematic when the lures become entangled in underwater obstacles and get lost. In addition to the lures mentioned above, there are also the following decoy equipment options.
Spoons: Briefly mentioned above, the spoons are metal lures with a characteristic curve. The lures come in all sizes and colors, and are teams that wobble side by side in the water imitating the action of the bait that has been injured.
Soft plastic bait: Also briefly mentioned above, soft plastic bait is created to look like living creatures like frogs, lizards, crabs and worms. There are also soft bait creatures that do not imitate nature.
All about fishing bait prepared.
Along with lures and live bait, fishermen have the option of using prepared bait products. Some prepared baits are prepared by the fisherman, while others are manufactured commercially. Some forms of prepared bait work better than others, so knowing which one to choose may require some experimentation. The decision of the prepared bait you need is based on the type of fish you want to catch.
The bait of the dough is excellent for catching catfish and bull heads, but it melts after it gets wet. Once it begins to fall apart, it can fall off the hook quickly. Salmon eggs are excellent for trout fishing. The product is sold by bottle and is available in rigging stores or in some department stores. Fish eggs are easy to use since the fisherman simply slides them into a small hook.
Other forms of prepared bait include pork rinds, hot dogs and chicken liver. Pork rillettes are a form of bait prepared for the catches of catfish; The same goes for hot dogs and chicken liver. Some people even use corn when they fish, which works well as bait, but it is also bad for fish. The corn can get trapped in the intestines of the fish, which causes difficulty for the fish with the digestion of the bait. In some states, it is illegal to use corn as bait. Some people even use bread to fish; However, this is not without problems. The minute the bread gets wet, it will fall directly from the hook.
Fresh water vs. saltwater
Saltwater fishing has advantages and disadvantages, and understanding the advantages and disadvantages will help you determine where you want to learn to fish. The advantages include the thrill of being in the ocean and fishing for a great selection of underwater life. When compared to freshwater fishing, you will often find larger fish and a greater diversity of fish in saltwater bodies.
However, the disadvantages associated with saltwater fishing include the fact that you have to find the right location, which may not always be local, and may require travel, not only by land, but also by boat. The trip can be expensive. Most of the bodies of salt water are along the coast, which makes it difficult for some fishermen to reach the places to fish.
The benefits of fishing in fresh water, as mentioned above, are many places to choose from and many are local. If you are looking to make fishing a family activity, fresh water is often nearby camps and other recreational places. The cons, of course, are a limited variety of fish species, and limitations in the size of the fish they can catch. However, there are still some big fish that you can catch in bodies of fresh water.
There is also less danger involved in freshwater fishing activities. Basically, deciding on the type of water in which you will fish will be a decision based on your location, the agility to travel and the possibility of going to places at a considerable distance.
For successful fishing efforts, you have to learn to catch a fish that eventually you will have to master the art of tying knots. When it comes to tying knots, the standing line is the part of the line that remains motionless during the process of tying knots. The end of the label is the absolute end of the fishing line and is the moving part of the line when making a knot.
- Clinch knot When making a hook knot, roll the end of the fishing line around the foot line a total of five times. Once you complete the envelope, execute the slogan to form a loop. This type of knot is ideal for lines that consist of 20 lb. test lines.
- Loop knot – non-slip variety: If you want a hook that has mobility, this is an ideal knot to choose from. A fixed loop is established around the hook. The end of the line label is wrapped six or seven times around the right line just after the line passes through the eye of the hook.
- Dovetail knot Another ideal knot for test lines of 20 pounds, the fishing line crosses the eye of the hook twice, which strengthens the retention of the knot. Once it is run through the hook, the line is tied, knotted and then rolled over the lure or hook.
Additional knots to be learned include the surgeon’s loop, the surgeon’s knot, the figure eight loop, the line drop, and the shaft knot.
Loading line for rotating reels.
When you are learning to fish, you will also have to learn how to keep your fishing equipment. Proper care of the equipment will ensure that you maximize the longevity of your fishing gear.
Line loading is the act of keeping your fishing reel. Take the line and execute it through the eyes of the pole, through the bail, and wrap the line two or three times around the reel, and tie a sliding knot. With a pencil or a stick, pass it along the fishing line while another person holds the ends of the pole (if you are alone, you can mount it on something) and wind the line tightly.
Keep the pressure on the line by holding the fishing line between your thumb and forefinger. Be sure to keep the slack off the line. Continue wrapping the line to the desired area you want. Be careful not to overfill the spool. If you overfill the reel, the line will become more easily entangled.
The loading of lines is something that must be done annually. If you do not load a new line on your reel, the line becomes fragile. The brittle line will break when you try to wind your capture. Once the line load is finished, you can add your hook, decoy, spin and plummet. Most fishing line reels come with instructions on what knots to use, how many meters of fishing line are in it and the line test.
Drag the configuration of the spinning reels.
The drag configuration allows you to set the amount of resistance that a fish will detect each time it pulls its fishing line. As fish tires, you can tighten the resistance. If the fish begins to fight against its attempt to roll it up, it can loosen the resistance again so that the fish feels less resistance. The drag dial is on the top of the fishing reel. You can turn to the right to tighten the resistance and to the left to loosen it.
The bait broker on the reel is a secondary drag. It is located on the bottom of the reel and acts as a switch. By moving the bait switch up, the live bait runs with the line so that the fish has a chance to get tired. When the fish gets tired, it is easier to catch. The bait corridor can be squeezed as the drag. It can also be loosened. To tighten the bait runner, you must turn the round knob on the base of the reel to the right to tighten the bait runner and to the left to loosen it. If any of the crawls are too tight, you can lose the fish
Some fishermen use a scale method to establish trawling. A small digital scale is attached to the line and the drag is set based on a specific weight. The last method is considered more accurate in terms of a drag configuration method. Alternatively, many expert fishermen approve of feeling resistance instead of using a scale.
Fishing tips and tricks.
When learning tricks on how to catch a fish, there are some important things to remember. First, make sure you know everything you can about the type of fish you are trying to catch. If you understand the behavior and habitat of a fish, you will have a better chance of catching it. When approaching your fishing spot, that’s the time to calm down. Put your computer in a safe place, but do it quietly.
When fishing, be as calm as possible. You do not want to bother the fish and scare them before you have the chance to catch them. Make sure you wear dark clothes so you do not see yourself easily. Keep your profile as low as possible, especially when fishing in shallow water. Be sure to also note where your shadow falls, since movement, even if projected from its shadow, can scare away the fish.
Secure your bait with sufficient strength so that it does not fall off the hook. Make sure you have plenty of bait with you, and if you are using lures, bring more. That way, if the lures are knotted in the water and you lose them, you can continue fishing by replacing them with others. Finally, make sure you have the proper freshwater or saltwater fishing license to be able to fish legally.
Learning to fish is a process that is worth investing time if you really want to practice the sport of fishing. You should be prepared for an initial investment of time and money, especially if you are going to get quality equipment for your excursions. You will have to be patient with yourself while you learn all the different fishing techniques you have to learn.
Like everything worthwhile, the longer you invest, the better you will become. Once you learn the basics of fishing, you can begin to advance in sports, participating in sport fishing and competitive events.
FISHING, HUNTING AND TRAPPING
|
<urn:uuid:4f342ada-0927-48a1-8838-ca7d636e30b8>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43",
"url": "https://survinat.com/how-to-fish-lessons-for-the-beginner-angler/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587767.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025185311-20211025215311-00117.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9521492719650269,
"token_count": 4280,
"score": 2.765625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Please encourage your child to read every day for at least 20 minutes.
Ongoing skills work – continue to practise times tables A very useful website for your child to play to develop these times tables skills is: http://www.ictgames.com/numberFacts.htm
As part of our new topic, Space, the children travelled to @Bristol to immerse themselves in a range of science based activities. Write a recount about your experience of the day out. Please complete on lined paper so it can be placed in your SOLE book.
Remember to use your best cursive handwriting so it can be placed in your SOLE book.
Write about 3 key best bits giving reasons for your choices. Use a range of connectives, and adverbials of time, to link your sentences. Remember your writeria so you produce a piece of writing to the same standard as literacy lessons.
|
<urn:uuid:26b13bba-ca3b-4c34-ae9b-831feb150870>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33",
"url": "https://www.hazeldown.co.uk/year-5-home-learning-10-3-17/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00776.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9130671620368958,
"token_count": 204,
"score": 3.609375,
"int_score": 4
}
|
The recorder is one of the oldest woodwind instruments. In the hands of an experienced player it creates a sound synonymous with Renaissance music. Often used in elementary music classes because of it’s ease of operation. With 3D printing everyone can have one of their own to make beautiful music on… or wailing screeches if they never got past “hot crossed buns”.
This instrument was created with the help of the 3D printing community who helped me iterate designs until this version became a reality.
Every Thursday is #3dthursday here at Adafruit! The DIY 3D printing community has passion and dedication for making solid objects from digital models. Recently, we have noticed electronics projects integrated with 3D printed enclosures, brackets, and sculptures, so each Thursday we celebrate and highlight these bold pioneers!
Have you considered building a 3D project around an Arduino or other microcontroller? How about printing a bracket to mount your Raspberry Pi to the back of your HD monitor? And don’t forget the countless LED projects that are possible when you are modeling your projects in 3D!
The Adafruit Learning System has dozens of great tools to get you well on your way to creating incredible works of engineering, interactive art, and design with your 3D printer! If you’ve made a cool project that combines 3D printing and electronics, be sure to let us know, and we’ll feature it here!
Stop breadboarding and soldering – start making immediately! Adafruit’s Circuit Playground is jam-packed with LEDs, sensors, buttons, alligator clip pads and more. Build projects with Circuit Playground in a few minutes with the drag-and-drop MakeCode programming site, learn computer science using the CS Discoveries class on code.org, jump into CircuitPython to learn Python and hardware together, or even use Arduino IDE. Circuit Playground Express is the newest and best Circuit Playground board, with support for MakeCode, CircuitPython, and Arduino. It has a powerful processor, 10 NeoPixels, mini speaker, InfraRed receive and transmit, two buttons, a switch, 14 alligator clip pads, and lots of sensors: capacitive touch, IR proximity, temperature, light, motion and sound. A whole wide world of electronics and coding is waiting for you, and it fits in the palm of your hand.
|
<urn:uuid:d290daca-1d82-4752-881c-8e5c6f2df3c8>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30",
"url": "https://blog.adafruit.com/2014/06/05/recorder-musical-instrument-that-actually-sounds-good/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525483.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718022001-20190718044001-00004.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9167773127555847,
"token_count": 492,
"score": 2.65625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
The wording of this motion, although explicitly states Spanish bullfighting, compels Team Affirmative to broaden the debate in its setup in order to cover other forms of animal cruelty as well. Whether or not it’s only limited to objectification of animals in sports, is optional, though. Or, another way round is Team Affirmative bringing up this issue of a motion like what is explicitly written according to the wording, literally banning only Spanish bullfighting, but using other sports as a parallel example. Under such a scenario, the moment when Team Negative challenges Team Affirmative with a statement of “Isn’t it hypocritical that Team Affirmative wants to uphold animal rights but yet at the same time only caters to bulls and ignores other animals?”, Team Affirmative can, and should, respond with a “No, it’s not; should the urgency calls for it, we are going to uphold other forms of animal rights as well. But for now, the motion explicitly words Spanish bullfighting, so we established urgency and preceding arguments circulating around Spanish bullfighting too. In other words, we only ban Spanish bullfighting for now because that is what fits our urgency, not like other scenarios under the status quo”.
And.. that should settle the geographical context of this debate.
Expect clashes to circulate around the degree of rights animals possess (no, they are not absolute, they are arbitrary – and that arbitrariness is still debatable even until as of present), then to the span of control governments have, then to the degree of justification humans have over controlling the fate of other species – ALL other species. Sub-points for this debate would include biological, zoological, botanical, morphological, and anatomical arguments. Those are the arguments that would drive the motion debated into specifically a scientific issue. A rhetorical question, for example: “Do animals perceive pain the same way as humans do?”
That being established; 1, 2, 3.. let’s go!
The checklist, as usual
- What is the urgency of the current status quo? Do we have any problems as of the current affairs? [THE PROBLEM]
- Or, is it rather a goal that we have in mind? What do we expect to achieve supposing this motion stands? [THE GOAL]
- Why do this? [THE SOLUTION]
- Why is this solution the best, if not the only, solution to point (1)?
- Or why is this solution the best, if not the only, way to reach point (2)?
Spend more time than usual discussing and determining your own components for point (1) as, like has been stated before, this is going to be tricky. The urgency.
- Because animals have rights, too.
No, animals don’t have rights to live, as humans do. No, they don’t have their rights to political involvement, participation, nor representation, either; unlike humans. But, it is inherently unethical for humans to inflict prolonged suffering to an animal when their death could be done quickly and instantly. A parallel example, your supporting explanations, would be the ethical parameters applied in all death-sentence apparatuses. Instant death, as painless as possible, that was in the around 1920s. Go Google it.
There are also other forms of rights manifesting on animals in their lesser forms compared to their human counterparts. You could also insist that animals have the same rights parallel and contingent to those of humans, but that would make your burden of proof ridiculously heavy. And, plus, you would sound like PETA. Personally, we dislike them. Other lesser forms of these rights would include freedom of movement – if it happens that humans just only have this certain width of space in order to feel free in their lives and not feeling constrained whatsoever in terms of place, then why not give the animals their allocated space for moving freely? It’s not like as if humans need to invade every inch of the jungle there is in this world.
- Because animals just happen to be humans, too.
Look at how some inherent human rights are removed even from normal human beings. Criminals don’t retain their access to politics in any form. Their freedom of movement and expression is restricted to only that within the prison. We restrain mentally disabled people from running rampant across the city. Let’s just suppose that these mentally handicapped people happen to possess the body resembling a giraffe, or a horse, instead that of a human. By this point, would the distinction between human-animal still be applicable? That is the philosophy behind the arbitrariness of this supposedly inherent basic human rights and their animal rights counterparts. You should explore other possibilities that can exploit and expose the threshold to subjectivity so that it becomes even more debatable. Fortification of explanations like that for this Team Affirmative Argument 2 will make defending Team Affirmative Argument 1 all the more easier when you decide to go back and capitalize your elaborations investment there.
- Because social contract over body autonomy.
As always, for all proposal motions. This is a course of action the government is going to pursue that undeniably will trample over some insisting freedom of expression of its citizens. You don’t mind if we copy-paste from another post entry of ours, yet again, for this time, do you? It’s going to be, has always been, and will always be the same thing anyways.
Social contract has always been the weapon of all debaters. Run that. Expect to have experienced debaters on Team Negative that will challenge your social contract with their body autonomy. By this point, expect to have clashes regarding issues of “(+) the government was elected by the people, and in the process of doing so the people surrender some of their rights” “(-) the rights surrendered by the people do not include their freedom to play sports” “(+) we do this because you stupid and government clever” “(-) government no clever, and even if, stupid still can carry their free will because reasons”.
- Because body autonomy over social contract.
A little bit of info over here, there is the difference in the priority order of your arguments. For negative teams debating issues like this, it is often a good idea if you just immediately concede whatever the grounds and basic proposals your Team Affirmative has to bring. It is THEIR JOB to prove that there exists this arbitrary animal rights, but you DON’T have to respond, at least with the appropriate amount of investment on your rebuttals. This is a matter of conceding and then challenging the magnitude of whatever stance they have with your own stance. Team Affirmative, we hope that you are still reading until this part. We are expecting a clash in the form of Team Affirmative saying that animal has rights, and then Team Negative conceding that, yes, animal has rights, but this is not about animals having right or not – this is about matadors having their own rights to retain their jobs and making a proper living. Starting to feel like “This House Would Ban Smoking in Public Places”, huh? Where negative teams do not bother to respond to whatever “smoking is harmful” arguments affirmative teams might bring?
Anyway, about body autonomy over social contract.. well… yeah. Nothing new. Your standard good old clash of an issue.
- Because your animal rights threshold do not stretch as far as you may have set them up, Team Affirmative.
Basically the debate about threshold at this point will be how far or how near Team Affirmative and Team Negative manages to convince the adjudicators to draw the line and boundaries of human rights-animal rights. Team Negative can extend this point, though, by analyzing the harms that might arise if animal rights are set too near to human rights. Imagine the pandemonium in philosophy and ethics the moment the boundaries disappear. One of the extreme examples, to give you an idea: a plunge in the rights of a criminal and a jump in the rights of a lion would translate into feeding the criminal to the lion’s stomach.
- Challenging the time frame of the motion.
Debate rules. In ALL motions. It is the burden of Team Affirmative to take and assume the position of going to carry out the motion as soon as possible. Team Negative, on the other hand, has the leeway of choosing whether not to carry the motion out at all, or choosing the stance of
“waiting” first, for some things, before the motion can be applied smoothly.
This motion is one of those cases. For a preceding example, consider the motion of “This House Would Introduce A Quota for Female Politicians in the Middle East Countries”. Team Affirmative debating that motion will take the stance of implementing the motion immediately, creating a shock effect, and then expecting the whole society and system to adapt, so that in the long run, there is no sexual discrimination in the governmental body. Team Negative, on the other hand, will take the stance of arguing that the status quo is progressing, and that sexual discrimination is being mitigated in all layers of education. It is that through this painful process, but continuous and perpetual, will improve the condition as time passes, and then females will eventually enter politics without any shock therapy being introduced.
Run that exact same argument on this point, with variations in how you might explain the progress in the status quo. Although animal rights might not receive that much exposure in all our education system, unlike sexual discrimination and feminism, at least ethical treatments for living beings is an integral part in moral education. Animal rights should belong somewhere over there.
|
<urn:uuid:b644fe87-c976-4196-9841-948328fbbeec>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10",
"url": "https://debating404.com/this-house-would-ban-spanish-bullfighting/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178374616.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306070129-20210306100129-00001.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9465638399124146,
"token_count": 2023,
"score": 2.515625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Communication of ideas is the main purpose of all writing endeavors. Whether you are writing a letter, a script for a speech, a novel or a monograph, your purpose is to relay a message to the audience. To increase your chances of achieving this objective, you must adopt an outside view of your own work. In other words, you need to see it as your reader might. When writing a speech, understanding the audience’s point of view is an exceedingly complicated endeavor. Therein, you would need to develop a broad comprehension of the diverse demographic groups within your audience, their lifestyle habits, ideological inclinations and even subjective tastes. On the other hand, this task becomes much easier when you are writing a letter because there, you only need to address one person.
However, as straight-forward as this task may appear to be, its apparent simplicity can be deceiving. In all likelihood, your letter is probably going to be addressed to a friend, relative or an authority figure. While the content of your statements may be factually accurate and your claims may adhere to a rigorous structure of logical argument, the reader exercises full discretion in his evaluative judgment of your work. Regardless of how hard you try to persuade a government official to adopt your policy proposal, he can reject your claim for no reason at all. When you find yourself embroiled in an argument with a friend, he may still reject your claim, regardless of much you appeal to his or her emotions or how effectively you mount your argument.
In stark contrast, your professor does not have carte blanche over your paper’s evaluation. That is why they will always distribute an official document of instructions and a rubric. Therein, they will typically provide the following information.
- The number of pages your paper should have
- The sources you should use
- The questions you need to answer
- Other information discussed in class that needs to be incorporated therein
If you did not receive a document of instructions or it is missing any of the aforementioned content, you would be well advised to contact your professor immediately. The Golden Rule of Essay writing is that it is always better to have too much information than too little. Never hesitate to ask questions when you do not have enough information and when you are unclear about the requirements, always question the professor about that, regardless of how redundant or unnecessary your inquiry may seem. It is better to risk aggravating your instructor with a pointless question than to complete a paper based on incomplete or inaccurate information.
|
<urn:uuid:d6557897-4264-4fee-8218-d8dbbbd59ce0>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"url": "http://www.academiccomposition.com/golden-rule-of-essay-writing/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813109.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220204917-20180220224917-00555.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9482753276824951,
"token_count": 511,
"score": 3.03125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Devana Lucile June 6, 2021 Worksheets
1st grade worksheets are used for helping kids learning in the first grade in primary schools. These worksheets are offered by many charitable & commercial organizations through their internet portals. The worksheets provide study materials to kids in a funky & innovative way, to magnetize them towards learning. These worksheets are provided for all subjects present in a 1st grade school curriculum covering English, math, science & many others. Worksheets are also provided for developing & nurturing the thinking skills of a student too in the form of crossword puzzle & thinking skill worksheets. Moreover, many 1st grade worksheet providers as well provide time counting & calendar worksheets as well to test the IQ of the kids.
Patterns and sequencing and basic addition and subtraction should follow on from counting and number recognition. By the time your child is starting kindergarten or school, they should be able to count to 20 with ease, write numbers, do simple addition sums, and have some understanding of patterns and sequences. Even if they are attending preschool, extra practice at home will help them improve their math. A systematic set of mathematics worksheets will help you teach your child the basic principles of math and help them prepare for school. Worksheets can be used as the basis for counting and adding games and other activities. Teaching your child with worksheets also makes them more comfortable with doing worksheets - which will help them when they get to kindergarten and school, where worksheets are used every day.
Homeschool worksheets are a vital part of the student’s homeschool experience. They allow the child to test his or her knowledge, and they offer them a practical application for their learning. Worksheets also, when used properly, provide both the students and parent / tutor immediate feedback as to the child’s progress. This means they can be used to point out areas where the student needs further reinforcement. Homeschool worksheets fortunately will not over-tax your budget. There are many places where you can get them at extremely low costs. In fact, several websites offer printable worksheets for free. You can find worksheets for a wide range of courses--almost any course you want to teach your children. These include spelling, writing, English, history, math, music, geography, and others. They’re also available for nearly all grade levels. There are printable middle school, high school, elementary school, and even pre-school worksheets.
What are math worksheets and what are they used for? These are math forms that are used by parents and teachers alike to help the young kids learn basic math such as subtraction, addition, multiplication and division. This tool is very important and if you have a small kid and you don’t have a worksheet, then its time you got yourself one or created one for your kid. There are a number of sites over the internet that offer free worksheets that are downloadable and printable for use by parents and teachers at home or at school.
Microsoft Excel Worksheets have built-in events that can run visual basic code based on certain action taken by the user within that specific worksheet. These worksheet events allow the users of Microsoft Excel to run code after activating a worksheet or before deactivating a worksheet. These events also allow users the ability to run a code every time a user changes data within a cell or selects a new range of cells. Newer versions of Excel have even created events that allow code to be run when tables and pivot tables are updated or refreshed. The Worksheet Activate event is a Microsoft Excel event that works on many different versions of Excel. It designed to run a script of code every time the specific worksheet is activated. This event has no required or optional parameters. This event can be used to show a hidden a worksheet upon its activation or it can pop up a login or data form.
If you home school your children, you will quickly realize how important printable homeschool worksheets can be. If you are trying to develop a curriculum for your home-schooled child, you may be able to save a lot of time and money by using free online home school worksheets. However, while they can be a helpful tool and seem like an attractive alternative to a homeschool, they do have a number of limitations. There are numerous online resources that offer online worksheets that you can download and use for your children’s homeschooling for free. They cover practically all subjects under the sun. Different homeschool worksheets are available that are suitable for all types of curriculums, and they can help enhance what you are teaching. Aside from helping you assess your child’s comprehension of a subject matter, printable home school worksheets also provide something for your child to do while you work on other things. This means that you can be free to run your home while teaching your child at the same time, because the worksheet simplifies the homeschooling job for you.
Tag Cloudbaseball holder walmart mole conversions worksheet toddler bed set target emotions worksheet for kindergarten aa 4th step worksheet joe and charlie double angle identities worksheet free printable antonyms worksheet for kindergarten body parts free worksheet for kindergarten elementary math worksheet function of a flower worksheet for kindergarten addition and subtraction worksheet for kindergarten with sums up to 5 dilutions worksheet solubility curve worksheet answers sentence structure worksheets 2nd grade rhetorical analysis outline worksheet factoring polynomials worksheet hygiene worksheet easy punctuation worksheet for kindergarten main topic worksheet for kindergarten onomatopoeia worksheet
|
<urn:uuid:4cdbd97c-6c16-413c-9365-c696dadbed58>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25",
"url": "https://www.tintarts.org/1i47A4f7E/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487623942.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210616124819-20210616154819-00208.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9444045424461365,
"token_count": 1188,
"score": 3.359375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
This story was originally written for Paste Health
Bangladeshi man Abul Bajandar got the nickname “Tree Man” when he was about 25 years old. As jovial as it may sound, the title referred to an incredibly rare, debilitating disease that cost him his ability to work and even complete simple tasks such as brushing his own teeth.
Bajandar’s condition—scientifically referred to as epidermodysplasia verruciformis—causes warts and skin tumors to grow rapidly, and often uncontrollably, throughout the body. For Bajandar, the warts grew around his hands, taking over them entirely and causing them to look as though they were covered in large, rigid tree branches.
However, Bajandar will now finally be able to live a normal life again, as a series of 16 surgeries over the course of the past year have removed the warts, and allowed him to regain use of his hands.
As tree man illness, as its often colloquially called, is both rare and highly invasive, Bajandar’s recovery makes him the first person to ever be fully cured of the disease.
The reason epidermodysplasia verruciformis is so difficult to treat is due to its tendency to cause sever cases of human papillomavirus (HPV), which is often transmitted sexually and can cause genital warts as well as skin lesions. In the case of tree man disease, and in similarly rare HPV-causing conditions, the warts begin to grow almost entirely uninhibited and can take over entire parts of the body.
In the past, those suffering from the disease have only had the hope of a cure, and many have died at a young age due to complications associated with their ailment. For example, there’s the case of Indonesian man Dede Koswar —also referred to locally as the tree man—who suffered from a similar HPV-related condition. Koswar, whose warts and lesions had encompassed both his feet and his hands entirely, died early last year in treatment while awaiting the possibility of a cure.
With Bajandar’ situation, it’s still unclear whether or not his tree-like warts could grow back, but for now there seems to finally be a cure for this crippling, and wildly bizarre, disease.
|
<urn:uuid:910156ff-7a04-4336-b874-7bb86044b488>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"url": "https://dillonthompsonblog.wordpress.com/2017/06/30/bangladeshs-tree-man-is-the-first-person-cured-of-his-rare-bizarre-disease/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589892.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717183929-20180717203929-00101.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9850496649742126,
"token_count": 496,
"score": 2.796875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
BERLIN (Reuters) - It was once one of the world’s most deadly frontiers but has since been converted into one of the planet’s most fascinating bicycle paths -- a green belt that offers a surreal ride into Berlin history.
The “Berliner Mauerweg” (Berlin Wall Trail) follows the wall’s 160-km (100-mile) route and the accompanying “death strip” that encircled West Berlin during the dark decades of the Cold War.
At least 136 people were killed trying to get through the Wall that divided Berlin from the day it was built 50 years ago on August 13, 1961, to its fall on November 9, 1989. Most were shot by East German border guards. About 5,000 made it.
In the euphoria that followed the despised Wall’s collapse, most of it was quickly destroyed and early proposals to preserve at least a few pieces for posterity or turn the “death strip” into a bike trail were dismissed as madness.
“Those who forget the past are condemned to repeat it,” said Michael Cramer, a Greens party leader who ignored the widespread criticism and spent a lonely decade pushing to get the Berlin Wall Trail built.
“Everyone wanted the Wall gone as soon as possible and they called some of us in the Greens who wanted to preserve parts of it crazy,” Cramer told Reuters. “Unfortunately, there was a certain Prussian thoroughness in demolishing it all.”
The city council finally got behind his project in 2001, agreeing it made sense for a city with financial woes to develop its top tourist attraction. The trail is now used daily by tens of thousands of people.
FEARS OF ANOTHER WAR
“It took 10 years but it was worth it,” said Cramer, 62, a physical education and music teacher in West Berlin for two decades before switching to politics and now a member of the European parliament.
“There was a realisation that you can’t eradicate history. They realised it wasn’t just tourists asking ‘Where’s the Wall?’ but people in Berlin too.”
Cramer was a 12-year-old boy when the Berlin Wall was built and remembered being terrified by the possibility the tensions around the construction would lead to another World War.
“I cried when I read the Wall was being built,” he said. “I always thought we’d never have a war like my father and uncles went through. But suddenly a war loomed. I’ve never forgot that feeling and the Wall fascinated me from that moment on.
The Wall turned into an obsession and he often rode the perimeter of the west side.
“The first time I rode along the Wall after it opened, I was able to cross back and forth from east to west and was amazed to think just a few months before I’d have been shot to death for trying to do that,” he added. “It was an incredible experience.”
“TRYING TO FLEE”
The Wall complex that split East and West Berlin as well as sealed off West Berlin from East Germany was between five and 500 meters wide. There were a series of barriers, minefields and barbed wire to keep East Germans far away from the Wall. Much of the western side of the Wall was covered with graffiti.
It was built to stop a flood of East Germans to the West -- some three million left from 1949 to 1961. About 3,200 people were arrested for trying to cross after the wall was built, jailed for “Republikflucht”, or trying to flee.
The trail that now stands in the Wall’s place was at first fairly primitive, poorly marked and much of it on the cement slabs used by East German border guard patrols but also on sandy terrain where bicycles had to be pushed.
Over the years, a total of 10 million euros has been invested on upgrading the bike path and now almost all if it is paved or on well-maintained dirt trails. About 900 grey and white signs now mark the path, all at a height of exactly 3.6 meters, the same height as the Wall in 1989.
Whether walking their dogs or pushing baby carriages, going for jogs or commuting to work, many people have made the Wall Trail an integral part of their lives.
PEDALING ALONG THE “DEATH STRIP”
In summer months, flocks of cyclists can be seen pedalling along the trail, especially along the 43 km (27 miles) of the “death strip” that snaked its way through the inner city.
Some hardy souls venture around the entire length of the trial in a day or two, and on August 20 a group of marathoners will run the distance in a race expected to last about 30 hours.
It is a remarkably pleasant journey and at the same time a fascinating trip back to a horrific period of history.
Scores of signs posted along the route detail historical landmarks, especially poignant escape attempts and some of the heartbreaking stories of those who failed.
“This is the spot where 20-year-old Chris Gueffroy was killed on February 5, 1989. He was the last victim shot dead while trying to escape from East Germany,” reads one.
“Peter Fechter, 1944-1962...he just wanted to be free,” reads another, a memorial to an 18-year-old bricklayer was shot by East German border guards and left to bleed to death in the shadow of the Wall. His unanswered cries for help were heard on both sides of the Wall.
New houses have sprung up on parts of the former death strip and horse stables and chicken farms have been established on the reclaimed land once patrolled by menacing East German border guards and watchdogs.
“The trail is to help Berlin come to terms with the past,” says Cramer. “It’s a reminder of not only of the division but also of how the Wall was peacefully swept away in 1989.”
Editing by Sonya Hepinstall
Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.
|
<urn:uuid:cc05fb54-6ded-4372-864a-3b6a883a7654>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06",
"url": "https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-germany-wall-idUSLNE77803220110810",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500035.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202165041-20230202195041-00268.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.975446879863739,
"token_count": 1308,
"score": 2.546875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Kazakhstan inherited from the Soviet Union a health system based on outdated norms and practices, delivered through an oversized network of state health facilities, managed through direct control, and with few incentives for improved efficiency or quality of services. In 2004, there were more than 8, 000 health facilities, including 1, 666 public outpatient facilities, 1, 101 private outpatient facilities, 894 public hospitals, and 148 private clinics. The distribution of health facilities and provision of health services varies significantly across regions.
The Government of Kazakhstan has recognized that health care is not delivered at a level that meets international standards. The Ministry of Health identified several factors that are contributing to the poor quality of the health system, including: outdated Soviet-era medical curriculum and methods for teaching; a rudimentary system of continuing medical education; a quality control system based on punitive external oversight that results in defensiveness and low transparency; a lack of a modern accreditation system for health facilities; limited use of quality management methods in hospitals; limited use of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines; and limited capacity for evidence based medicine, including the capacity to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of health care technologies.
It is widely recognized that the current system is in need of restructuring and reform.
The Kazakhstan Health Technology Transfer and Institutional Reform Project is an initiative being co-financed by the Government of Kazakhstan and the World Bank. The project has several components and is to be implemented until 2013. Its objective is to introduce international standards and build long-term institutional capacity in the Ministry of Health (MOH) and related health institutions in support of key health sector reforms in the following areas:
• Health Policy and Financing
• Health Management
• Clinical Practice Based on Evidence
• Accreditation of Health Facilities
• Laboratory and Blood Services
• Medical Education
• Health Research
• Health Information Systems
• Food Safety
The fundamental approach of the project is to build capacity in Kazakh institutions and improve their performance. For each of the project components, a twinning arrangement is being established between a highly capable external partner and relevant Kazakh institutions. Under these twinning arrangements, the external partner will provide technical support and knowledge transfer to the Kazakh counterparts.
CSIH in Kazakhstan
CSIH has been selected as the Twinning Partner to implement the following three components of the Kazakhstan Health Technology Transfer and Institutional Reform Project:
1) Health Accreditation System Improvement
2) Upgrading Clinical Practice and Medical Services Standardization Based on Evidence-Based Medicine and Health Technology Assessment
|
<urn:uuid:5563bed0-ea38-4c3e-a465-ea4bfd4b2aa5>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"url": "http://www.kazarchives.kz/News/kazakhstan-health",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812913.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220070423-20180220090423-00420.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9386034607887268,
"token_count": 528,
"score": 2.875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
A team of Penn State researchers has made a map of human chromosomes that shows the areas where mutations are more and less frequent; in their words “mutationally hot and cold regions.” However I found their diagram extremely difficult to understand. It took me quite a while to figure out the areas that are hot and cold for the SNPs that genetic genealogists are interested in. So I redid their image, removing the color for microsatellite repeat alterations, and changed the colors a little to be more in tune with hot and cold for me.
Here is my version:
Gray presumably are the areas not done and white outlined with black shows the centromeres. The one place with the least mutation is the X chromosome.
No guarantees that my reinterpretation of the graph by Kateryna Makova and Francesca Chiaromonte is correct!
So what does this mean for genetic genealogists? Well I would think that matches in the pink or red areas (hottest and hot) are going to be more recent and perhaps findable. Personally that blue area of chromosome 9 is where my Dad and I match many many people with no possible ancestral connection to us in the last 500 or so years! None are from his ancestral home area (Southen Norway) and most of his lines are documented pretty far back.
Here is the full article:
Warning it uses highly technical terminology
|
<urn:uuid:f0628125-1313-479c-a5ac-38926ff4cd58>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"url": "http://blog.kittycooper.com/2013/08/areas-of-faster-and-slower-mutations-in-our-chromsomes/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886108268.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821114342-20170821134342-00383.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9682011008262634,
"token_count": 289,
"score": 2.53125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
1. Workshop 'Calculating butterfly trends, indexes and indicators'
In the ABLE project new tools have been developed to make it easier for regional and national coordinators of Butterfly Monitoring Schemes to calculate indexes and trends as well as build indicators. This workshop focuses on the background of the method and learning how to use the tools.
- Install the latest version or R.
- Install the latest version of RStudio.
- Install Rtools, not a package but some updated tools for windows, from https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/Rtools/
- Then open R, and install:
- Then do: library(devtools) and then:
- devtools::install_github(repo = 'biologicalrecordscentre/BRCindicators')
Go to https://butterfly-monitoring.github.io/bms_workshop/ and find all necessary information, including the full R-code and an explanation.
All presentations (including a transcript) are available at:
Link video explanation WK1: BMS and count data in R, data wrangling and mapping (Reto Schmucki)
- Technical Report EU Butterfly Grassland Species 1990 - 2017
The updated of EU Butterfly Indicator for Grassland species, 1990-2017. We produced a technical report to describe the indicator, it represents a major update on previous versions, through the incorporation of more and expanded datasets, together with new analysis techniques. It is the first major output of the Assessing ButterfLies in Europe (ABLE) project. This would not have been possible without the effort of all the collaborators, national schemes and volunteers that provide the data. Our appreciation to all of them
The EU Butterfly Grassland Species 1990-2017 indicator is part of the monitoring report on progress towards the SDGs in an EU context — 2019 edition, which can be accessed here. The grassland butterfly indicator contributes to Goal 15: Life on Land.
|
<urn:uuid:2a182af9-99e6-43c7-a8ce-af110da9906e>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21",
"url": "https://butterfly-monitoring.net/index.php/pt-pt/ebms-outputs",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663011588.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528000300-20220528030300-00011.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7610123753547668,
"token_count": 501,
"score": 2.75,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Altenkirch, Thorsten, Conor McBride, and James McKinna. Why Dependent Types Matter. 2005. 19 pages (+2 more of references). Accessed 2015-08-26.
What is a dependent type?
A dependent type is a type that depends, not just on other types, but on terms. This means you can have values – plain old data – in your types. A common example is that of length-indexed lists:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
You likely caught on that that code is Swift-ish but not actually Swift. That’s DTSwift*, where I pretend that Swift is dependently typed.
Types are terms are types
Notice that I’m writing the type constructor using normal function
application with parentheses
() rather than “generic type application” with
1 2 3 4
As far as DTSwift is concerned,
a type constructor is just a function from some terms/types to a type.
We no longer need separate, parallel languages for working with types
vs working with terms in those types (like
"perish the thought").
Why do we care?
Provably correct code where you want it, loosey-goosey where you don’t
Dependent types make it possible to be very specific about the terms in a type. We don’t have to be, but now we have the option of cranking up the specificity from “eh, whatever, gimme a list” to “this list has to be non-empty” to “this list has to have a prime number of elements”.
This means that dependent types give us pay-as-you-go provable correctness. You can require proof of the most critical properties in your program in the form of very specific types that ensure those invariants, while handwaving about components that are either less important or just more readily shown correct by test or inspection.
We can treat different data in different ways at compile-time
No need to wait to crash at runtime or during a test; you can push “make invalid states unrepresentable” to the max if you want.
Where Swift’s types let you down
Have you ever noticed how, if you write
let order = x <= y ? .OrderedAscending : .OrderedDescending,
you could swap
y and still end up with a
valid program? It’s like we learned nothing from that
test we performed!
As far as normal Swift’s type system is concerned, any
T is as good as
any other; there’s “no means to express the way that different data mean
different things, and should be treated accordingly in different ways” (p. 11).
We can always just swap around the result of an if/else expression
and our compiler will happily accept our backwards logic.
While we can write:
1 2 3
This would be just as correct as far as the compiler is concerned as either of these definitions:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Aside: Yes, this is a toy example
This is a toy example. I’m sure you can quickly figure out when an if-then-else has the branches swapped. Refining your code to use more specific types grows more valuable as the complexity of its behavior grows, and this is not a terribly complex example!
The effort/reward calculus changes when it comes to library code, though. Specific types in library code can save a lot of collective confusion and wasted time. Think of some Apple API you’ve looked at and gone, “Gee, I wonder what this method does when it runs into this corner case?” If the types clearly said what the method did, you wouldn’t be left scratching your head.
As a side benefit, specific types constrain your code to where the compiler can provide non-trivial help in writing the code. There’s a section on this in the paper, or just give a dependently-typed language a spin.
If you need to see some less toy examples to be convinced, check out Oury and Swierstra’s The Power of Pi (2008) and Fowler and Brady’s Dependent Types for Safe and Secure Web Programming (2013).
How dependent types fix this
Dependent types let you replace a Boolean that throws away the knowledge gained from a test by a type that represents the outcome of that test.
In DTSwift, we have the option of shifting from
operator <=(left: UInt, _ right: UInt) -> Bool
LEQ type that must provide evidence for how
particular are related:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
We can then move from a “blind”
NSComparisonResult to an
Order type that expresses how two values are related
and includes proof that this is indeed the case:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
This burden of proof would rule out both of our bogus definitions of
- In the flipped case, we would find we couldn’t prove an untruth.
- In the constant case, we couldn’t generate any proof by flat-out ignoring our inputs. We have to examine them and work with them to arrive at a proof of their relationship, and the type ensures it is indeed the relationship between those specific values.
We can now write a type-correct version with these new types, one whose return type captures the relationship between the two input terms:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Summary of the Example
We started with a
compare function that did the right thing,
but it didn’t say so – it just said
“I’ll give you back a
UInt, one’s as good as another, right?” (paraphrasing
Because our starting version of
compare didn’t say what it did via its types,
it could also maybe not do the right thing;
you could test it, but for all you know, some perverse developer
decided to return the wrong answer for exactly one combination
of unsigned integers.
We ended up with a
compare that had no choice but to do the right thing,
because if it didn’t, it would no longer typecheck.
So Much More
I encourage you to read this paper. It’s a great introduction to programming with dependent types, and it covers a number of other topics while demonstrating the topic by refining the implementation of merge-sort throughout.
- Totality, and why you should care
- How you can do real work without general recursion, or, how
Turing completeness has caused you generally avoidable pain
- I’d write about these now, but they’ll come up in more detail when I write up my notes on Turner’s “Total Functional Programming”.
- Interactive type-directed editing, where you cooperate with the compiler to
write your program, since very specific types lead to very specific shapes of
programs working with those types
- Faking up a DTSwift example of this would be a blog post in itself.
- Approximations to dependent types that have shown up already in some
not quite (not yet?) dependently-typed languages
- Spoiler: Swift isn’t one of them.
…what we have tried to demonstrate here is that the distinctions term/type, dynamic/static, explicit/inferred are no longer naturally aligned to each other in a type system which recognizes the relationships between values. We have decoupled these dichotomies and found a language which enables us to explore the continuum of pragmatism and precision and find new sweet spots within it. Of course this continuum also contains opportunities for remarkable ugliness and convolution – one can never legislate against bad design – but that is no reason to toss away its opportunities. Often, by bringing out the ideas which lie behind good designs, by expressing the things which matter, dependent types make data and programs fit better. (p. 21)
*Since I don’t have a formal spec or implementation for this DTSwift fantasy language, it risks confusing things more than using an actual dependently-typed language, but I’m willing to take that risk to make this topic more approachable for people coming from Swiftland (population: 1 Gulliver).
|
<urn:uuid:2959d88e-5ad8-43e0-be94-1be892a2eef7>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30",
"url": "https://jeremywsherman.com/blog/2015/08/26/read-why-dependent-types-matter/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423774.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721122327-20170721142327-00613.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9092368483543396,
"token_count": 1840,
"score": 3.09375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
|July 17, 2018|
A Billion-Dollar Solar Project May Help Power Las Vegas
|A $1 billion solar project near Las Vegas may help light up the Strip and other parts of Nevada, California and Arizona as early as 2020.|
The proposed Gemini solar project would be one of the largest in the western U.S., located on almost 44,000 acres of federal land about 25 miles (40 kilometers) northeast of downtown Las Vegas, according to a statement Monday from developer Quinbrook Infrastructure Partners. The company is planning to install 690 megawatts of solar and as much as 200 megawatts of batteries.
A key element of the project is the batteries. Solar-storage projects are capable of delivering power when the sun has set. That's become especially important across the western U.S. With battery costs falling, electricity buyers in California are increasingly seeking solar coupled with batteries as well.
"In California, I'd sincerely doubt you'd build a solar project without a battery," Jeff Hunter, senior managing director of Quinbrook, said in an interview.
Quinbrook, with U.S. headquarters in Houston, said an environmental review is expected to be completed next year, with construction slated to begin in the third quarter of 2019. Arevia Power will oversee final development and construction, and the final cost will be dictated by the size of the project's battery component, Hunter said.
Quinbrook has begun seeking contracts to sell output from the project, which consist of two phases. Power could begin flowing from the plant as soon as 2020.
Gemini is among a spate of large U.S. solar projects proposed recently, in part to capture governmental incentives before they're scheduled to wane, said Hugh Bromley, a New York-based analyst at Bloomberg NEF.
|
<urn:uuid:e5c66b6f-49c1-4b91-bc3d-ac9e854f7a74>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09",
"url": "http://www.kleanindustries.com/s/environmental_market_industry_news.asp?ReportID=831541",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247482347.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217172628-20190217194628-00320.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9601080417633057,
"token_count": 368,
"score": 2.8125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
The Holst Centre is an independent research and development center in Eindhoven in the Netherlands. It is a hotbed of technology development, with special emphasis on wireless sensors and flexible electronics. At the South By Southwest (SXSW) conference in Austin, Texas last week, fashion designer Pauline van Dongen wore a shirt with integrated solar collectors that can generate enough power to charge a smartphone or other mobile device.
The photovoltaic cells are designed to be manufactured using low-cost roll-to-roll (R2R) fabrication on flexible substrates. They can then be “ironed” onto fabric before it is made into a garment. The modules are flexible, stretchable, and even washable. The placement of the modules becomes a part of the design.
The shirt is a technology demonstration, not a commercial product. It is capable of generating 1 W of electricity when in full sunlight, and lower amounts of power in other settings. It can recharge a phone in a few hours, and even indoors can keep the device “topped off” to extend the battery life. The shirt also has a battery pack of its own that can store excess power until it’s needed later. As we rely on more wearable Health Tech devices, energy harvesting clothing like this can help provide power without the need to plug in to recharge.
|
<urn:uuid:da3d63ad-7da6-47cb-b7d3-93d6cdcad50d>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50",
"url": "https://healthtechinsider.com/2015/03/16/light-up-your-phone-with-fashion/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141176864.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124140942-20201124170942-00253.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9409962296485901,
"token_count": 279,
"score": 2.6875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
The Cabinet of the Government of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is one of the three branches of the government constituted according to articles 71, 70 and 3 of the Constitution of Afghanistan. The Cabinet is created for the purpose of realizing goals of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan such as protection of Independence, territorial integrity, safeguarding the interests and stature of Afghanistan in International Community, ensuring public order and safety, combatting corruption, organizing government finances, protecting public properties, drawing up social, development, cultural, economic, and technological plans. The Cabinet functions in accordance with Islam and enacted laws of the country while complying with democratic values.
The Cabinet meeting of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is the highest decision-making and executive authority. According to article 71 of the Constitution of Afghanistan, the Government headed by the President is formed by Ministers, thus the President chairs Cabinet meetings. The members of Cabinet meetings include the First and Second Vice-Presidents, high-ranking officials from the Chief Executive Department and other high-ranking government officials. The Cabinet is a consultative and decision-making body where important issues are discussed and effective, valuable and expert ideas are exchanged which lead to the development and prosperity of our country.
As stipulated in the enacted laws of the country, the Cabinet is entrusted with legislation of more than 197 economic, social, and political laws. Also, the Cabinet of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan annually analyzes the budget of the government in order to manage the finances and ensure balance in allocation of budget to the provinces for development. After analysis, the budget is approved and mechanisms are devised to satisfy budgetary shortages and augment revenues. The Cabinet also approves and agrees on execution of comprehensive social, economic, cultural and development policies which are prepared by members of the Cabinet. They also discuss and approve legislative documents culminating in social empowerment. The Cabinet also discusses foreign policies adopted to manage affairs with friendly countries in accordance with international treaties and after discussions the Cabinet approves the International treaties in conformity with the legislative laws of the country.
Additionally, the Cabinet of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan discusses those issues which are beyond the authority of the ministries as laid down in the enacted laws of the country. The Cabinet holds meetings during emergencies and exceptional cases to discuss important national and international issues.
|
<urn:uuid:64c2df3b-26dd-4678-8b63-6c28c277c86a>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24",
"url": "https://ps.afghanistanembassy.nl/the-cabinet",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348509972.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606031557-20200606061557-00072.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9379040002822876,
"token_count": 450,
"score": 3.015625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
FDA Approves First Nucleic Acid Test (NAT) System to Screen Whole Blood Donors for Infections With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
February 28, 2002
The Food and Drug Administration has licensed the first nucleic acid test (NAT) system intended for screening donors of whole blood and blood components intended for use in transfusion. This test system can simultaneously detect the presence of HIV and HCV in blood using a semi-automated system and is expected to further ensure the safety of whole blood and blood components, including fresh plasma, red cells and platelets, by permitting earlier detection of HIV and HCV infections in donors.
FDA also recently licensed the first NAT system for screening donors of plasma for the specific use in products that will be further manufactured, such as clotting factors and immune globulins.
The approved test system was developed by Gen-Probe Inc., San Diego, Calif. and will be distributed by Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, Calif.
Blood donors have been tested for evidence of HIV infection since 1985 and for evidence of HCV infection since 1990. Although increasingly sensitive tests for detection of HIV and HCV antibodies and HIV antigen were implemented during the past decade, in rare instances infections in donors have been missed.
The NAT system is capable of detecting more infectious donations than current tests because it detects viral genes rather than antibodies or antigens (proteins from the virus). Detection of viral genes permits detection earlier in the infection since the appearance of antibodies requires time for the donor to develop an immune response, and since detection of antigens requires time for a higher level of virus to appear in the bloodstream.
This new technology detects very small amounts of genetic material by copying the genes numerous times, resulting in a billion-fold amplification of the target gene. The approved test system can detect ribonucleic acid (RNA) from HIV-1 and HCV when tested in pools of 16 samples obtained from multiple donors. In a less automated format, it can also be used to test individual samples from whole blood collections. If a test pool is positive for either virus, the individual donation suspected of containing a virus can be identified and not transfused. The donor can be deferred from donating blood and notified.
Currently, donors of blood and plasma are tested for antibodies to HCV, antibodies to HIV and HIV-1 antigens, which are the virus's own proteins. However, there is still a "window period" during which a donor can be infected, but have negative screening tests. With the use of NAT for HCV, the window period is reduced by approximately 57 days (from an average of 82 days to 25 days). For HIV-1, the average window period with antibody is 22 days. This window period is reduced approximately to 16 days with antigen testing and to 12 days with NAT.
In nation-wide clinical trials performed to support the approval of the test on pools, a total of 7 HIV-1 positive and 88 HCV positive donations were detected in more than 20 million donations tested confirming the effectiveness of the test. The NAT system using pools was evaluated at eight volunteer blood donor sites while NAT for use with individual donations used data from U.S. military blood donor sites.
The use of the licensed test will allow blood banks that implement it to discontinue antigen testing, although blood donations will continue to be tested by antibody tests. FDA plans to issue guidance on the use of NAT in the near future.
Since 1997, FDA has encouraged the large-scale study of NAT through the use of experimental protocols. More than one test system is under development. Most of the nation's blood establishments now participate in these experimental protocols. The Gen-Probe NAT system is the first to be approved to screen donors of whole blood and blood components intended for use in transfusion.
This article was provided by U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Visit the FDA's website to find out more about their activities and publications.
|
<urn:uuid:8f92b079-7ba2-42c4-bbec-02f3b4d1bc10>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18",
"url": "http://www.thebody.com/content/art13891.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430448947479.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501025547-00055-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9373072385787964,
"token_count": 825,
"score": 2.953125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Thomas Jefferson’s activities in support of a state university for Virginia were most visible during his retirement years, when he engaged in what he called “the Hobby of my old age.”1 His vision of the university, however, actually evolved over a period of decades. Ideas for the proper curriculum and governance of a university are found in bills submitted by Jefferson to the Virginia General Assembly in 1778.2 While fulfilling his duties as minister to France and later, as Washington’s Secretary of State, in the latter part of the 18th century, he never lost sight of his plan for a university in Virginia.
In January of 1800, writing to Dr. Joseph Priestley, a British scientist (discoverer of oxygen) and Unitarian theologian who emigrated to the United States, Jefferson described his goal for an institution of higher learning:
“We wish to establish in the upper & healthier country, & more centrally for the state an University on a plan so broad & liberal & modern, as to be worth patronizing with the public support, and be a temptation to the youth of other states to come, and drink of the cup of knowledge & fraternize with us.”3
The plans for a university became even more specific when, in 1805, he wrote to Littleton Waller Tazewell, a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and an enthusiastic supporter of Jefferson’s idea for a state university. The letter to Tazewell outlined Jefferson’s proposals for financing, administration, and professorships, as well as for the institution’s physical design. Regarding the latter, he wrote:
“Large houses are always ugly, inconvenient, exposed to the accident of fire, and bad in cases of infection. A plain small house for the school & lodging of each professor is best. These connected by covered ways out of which the rooms of the students should open would be best. These may then be built only as they shall be wanting. In fact, an University should not be an house but a village.”4
Soon after completing his second term as president, Jefferson expressed further his idea of a university as village. Writing to Hugh L. White in 1810 he advised that a university should be designed so that “the whole arranged around an open square of grass & trees would make it, what it should be in fact, an academical village.”5 An “academical village” was not only more convenient, safer, healthier, and less noisy (and thus more conducive to study), but, because a village can grow organically as space is “wanting,” its cost initially would be less than that of a single large building necessarily constructed on the basis of predicted future enrollment. Moreover, as Jefferson later wrote to Governor Wilson C. Nicholas in 1816, the small buildings of a village provide the opportunity to exhibit “models in architecture of the purest forms of antiquity, furnishing to the student examples of the precepts he will be taught in that art.” 6
Exactly how Jefferson came up with his plan for an academical village has been the subject of much speculation.7 Throughout his lifetime Jefferson expressed an interest in the fine arts, but it is said that his "penetrating interest," indeed his "passion" for architecture, is where "he displayed an original talent almost comparable to the genius which he evinced in political science."8 His first book on architecture apparently was acquired while a student at the College of William and Mary.9 The specific title is unknown but it is known that Jefferson collected many such books and had a “lifelong allegiance” to the architect Andrea Palladio.10 Palladio's Four Books of Architecture were edited and published in the 18th century by Giacomo Leoni. A 16th century Italian architect, Palladio devoted much of his practice to designing palatial villas by incorporating classical forms, such as the temple front and dome, in domestic architecture. These ideas found their way into Jefferson’s designs for his mountain top residence of Monticello, his retreat at Poplar Forest, and, later, for his university. Jefferson’s interest and obvious aptitude for architecture led Virginia’s Colonial governor, Lord Dunmore, in 1771, to ask him to design an addition to the main building of the College of William and Mary. The young architect’s plan, a quadrangle with interior arcade around a open courtyard, clearly revealed Palladio’s influence. According to noted architectural historian, Richard Guy Wilson, the design was “a prime element of his plan for the University of Virginia.” 11
Jefferson’s travels in Europe while minister to France (1784-1789) provided numerous examples of both modern and classical architecture which he had seen only in books. Historians have attempted to identify particular buildings that influenced his plan for the university. A popular candidate is the royal retreat of Marly-le-Roi overlooking the Seine, which Jefferson visited in 1786. It is a rectangular design with a central building at the head and six pavilions on each of two sides connected by trellises.12
Other buildings no doubt provided inspiration for the architectural plan of his university, including various hospitals and schools that Jefferson would have seen in books or first-hand during his years abroad.13 The notion of a university as a “village,” for instance, possibly was inspired by Jefferson’s reading of treatises describing how disciples of noted Greek philosophers set up huts around their master’s dwelling in a village-like compound.14
In the end, Jefferson’s design was unique. As Wilson stated: “All of this speculation on sources reveals the richness of Jefferson’s creation, its originality, and how it speaks to us on different levels.” 15
Jefferson’s plan for an academical village was more fully described in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia, commonly called the Rockfish Gap Report, which he drafted and which, in 1818, recommended to the General Assembly that Central College in Charlottesville be the site of a new state university.
As to the ground plan for the university, the report stated “they [commissioners] are of opinion that it should consist of distinct houses or pavilions, arranged at proper distances on each side of a lawn of a proper breadth, and of indefinite extent, in one direction, at least; in each of which should be a lecturing room, with two to four apartments, for the accommodation of a professor and his family; that these pavilions should be united by a range of dormitories, sufficient each for the accommodation of two students only, this provision being deemed advantageous to morals, to order, and to uninterrupted study; and that a passage of some kind, under cover from the weather, should give a communication along the whole range.”
After addressing the likely cost of constructing the buildings in his design, as well as the plan’s overall advantages, Jefferson adds:
“It is supposed probable, that a building of somewhat more size in the middle of the grounds may be called for in time, in which may be rooms for religious worship, under such impartial regulations as the Visitors shall prescribe, for public examinations, for a library, for the schools of music, drawing, and other associated purposes.”16
It was no coincidence, of course, that the buildings of Central College, already under construction, conformed to the commissioners’ suggestions for the design of a state university. The ground plan for Central College was based on a design provided by Jefferson to the Trustees of Albemarle Academy, in 1814, prior to the academy being raised to a college.17 It was essentially the same as that which he had described to Tazewell in 1805.18
The Virginia General Assembly reviewed the Report of the Commissioners during its 1818-1819 session and, on January 25, 1819, formally established the University of Virginia on the site of Central College in Charlottesville. Jefferson had already begun sketching a plan for a building of somewhat greater size that would serve as library, which he acknowledged was modeled after the Pantheon in Rome.19 In the following months the overall design was expanded to include east and west ranges with dining hotels and additional dormitories, separated from the main complex by gardens enclosed within serpentine walls. There would be ten pavilions, five on each side of a terraced lawn, connected by walkways along student dormitories that run north and south. The southern end of the rectangular design was left open. At the northern end Jefferson placed the magnificent Rotunda resembling the Roman Pantheon.
Jefferson contracted with an engraver, Peter Maverick, to provide a formal representation of the ground plan for his academical village. He received a proof in November of 1822, in time to distribute copies to members of the General Assembly in Richmond to support his requests for more money for the university.20 Maverick revised the engraving in 1825 incorporating subsequent changes in the design.21 The Maverick engravings, from drawings by the craftsman John Neilson, are among the earliest views of Jefferson’s architectural masterpiece. The finished structures represent the historic center point of the present-day University of Virginia and continue to speak to people on many different levels.
12. Ibid, 85-87. See also: Fiske Kimball, "The Genesis of Jefferson’s Plan for the University of Virginia,” Architecture 48 (1923): 397-399; Howard C. Rice, Jr., Thomas Jefferson’s Paris (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976).
13. Mary N. Woods, “Thomas Jefferson and the University of Virginia: Planning the Academic Village,” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 44 (1985): 266-83; see also Louis S. Greenbaum, “Thomas Jefferson, the Paris Hospitals, and the University of Virginia,” in Sharon Salinger and Max Boyd (eds.), Eighteenth-Century Studies, Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1993: An Anniversary Collection (Logan, Utah: American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 1993), 26: 607-626.
16. Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia, Rockfish Gap, August 4, 1818. Reprinted in Cabell, Nathaniel Francis, ed., Early History of the University of Virginia: as contained in the letters of Thomas Jefferson and Joseph C. Cabell, hitherto unpublished; with an appendix consisting of Mr. Jefferson’s bill for a complete system of education, and other illustrative documents; and an introduction comprising a brief historical sketch of the university, and a biographical notice of Joseph C. Cabell. (Richmond, VA: J. W. Randolph, 1856), 433, 434. Reproduction: Ann Arbor, MI: Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan, 2007. (Michigan historical reprint series). Available online at http://www.lib.umich.edu.
17. Minutes of the Trustees of the Albemarle Academy, August 19, 1814. Cabell, Jefferson-Cabell Letters, 380, 381.
|
<urn:uuid:4be0d966-d472-459c-9a99-bd729bb43e3c>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32",
"url": "http://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/jeffersons-plan-academical-village",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988061.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00017-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9655632972717285,
"token_count": 2353,
"score": 2.703125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Posts in this series
The Deficit Myth By Stephanie Kelton: Introduction And Index
Debunking The Deficit Myth
The second chapter of Stephanie Kelton’s The Deficit Myth deals with inflation. In Chapter 1, Kelton explains that the deficit is not a constraint on government spending. Instead, inflation is the important constraint. A deficit does not prove that the federal government is overspending. Only an increase in inflation proves Congress is overspending. Kelton says Congress shouldn’t tax and spend so as to deliver a balanced budget. Congress should spend and tax so as to deliver a balanced economy, one that serves all of us. She says that historically we have not done this, that we have chosen to focus of deficits and in so doing our economy has not served us well.
Definition and Description of Inflation
Inflation means a continuous rise in the price level. A bit of inflation is considered harmless and even something economists like to see in a healthy, growing economy. But if prices start rising faster than most people’s incomes, it means a widespread loss of purchasing power. Left unchecked, this would mean a decline in society’s real standard of living. In extreme cases, prices can even spiral out of control, gripping a country in hyperinflation. P. 44.
The danger of eroding incomes explains why everybody worries about inflation, and explains why politicians can use the threat of inflation to terrorize voters. It works, even though the problem for more than a decade hasn’t been too much inflation, it’s been too little. Ever since the Great Crash inflation has been less than 2% annually despite efforts of the Fed.
Kelton says that economists think of inflation as either cost-push or demand-pull. Demand-pull inflation occurs when consumer spending rises faster than the economy can produce goods and services. That hasn’t been a problem for a long time. Cost-push inflation can arise from disasters, which reduce the supply of something; from pricing power, as in the case of Big Pharma with its patents and trade secrets; or from workers gaining market power and demanding higher wages which businesses pass on to consumers. That last one is the only fear mainstream economists suffer, as far as I can tell.
The dominant theory of inflation stems from Milton Friedman’s monetarism:
According to Friedman, “inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon.” What he meant was that too much money is the culprit in any inflationary episode. If prices weren’t stable, it was because the central bank was trying to force the economy to create too many jobs by allowing the money supply to increase too rapidly.
The early neoliberal Friedman insisted that the Fed must never interfere with the workings of the market. Specifically, the Fed should not try to reduce unemployment below a certain level, which came to be called NAIRU, the non-accelerating inflationary rate of unemployment. Friedman thought there had to be some minimum level of unemployment in the economy. The Fed bought into this view, as did politicians of all stripes. They all agreed that to keep prices stable, the US has to accept a certain level of unwanted unemployment. And to be on the safe side, maybe a bit higher level of unemployment. In practice, Congress dumped the problems of inflation and unemployment on the Fed.
But problems arose. The NAIRU isn’t visible or measurable. It can only be seen in retrospect. And now we are pretty sure there isn’t a clear relationship between inflation and unemployment, as the Fed assumed. The Fed Chair, Jerome Powell, freely admitted to Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez that the Fed has been wrong about NAIRU, but defended its use on the grounds that “We need to have some sense of whether unemployment is high, low or just right.” P. 53.
2. The Problem of Unemployment
It turns out that the Fed used the purported correlation between inflation and unemployment as its primary tool for controlling inflation, ignoring all other causes of inflation. When the economy heated up and unemployment dropped, workers gained market power, and their share of national income increased. That led the Fed to raise interest rates leading to a tightening of the economy and usually a recession, as the following chart shows.
Kelton calls this a “human sacrifice”, forcing some people out of the workforce when they want to work and can be productive. She thinks we are asking too much of the Fed. It can’t spend money into the system; only Congress can do that. All the Fed can do is change the cost of borrowing. If unemployment is too high, the Fed can make borrowing cheaper, but it can’t force anyone to borrow. Usually when unemployment is high, no one wants to borrow. I note that this was what happened after the Great Crash. The Fed cut interest rates to zero and lowered bank reserve requirements, hoping to increase money going into the economy. It didn’t work.
3. The Job Guarantee
Kelton argues that a better way to deal with unemployment is a job guarantee. Every person who wants to work should be able to get a decent job with decent pay and decent benefits. If the private sector won’t provide those jobs, the government should. Kelton discusses this idea and its foundations.
It would probably be impossible for Congress to monitor the economy closely enough to manage full employment by tweaking taxes and spending. A job guarantee would act as a safety-valve and an automatic stabilizer for the economy and help solve this problem, leaving the Fed free to focus on inflation. If the private sector needs all the workers it can find them. If not, the government hires people to do jobs that need doing. There is plenty of work that needs doing, and, as Kelton pointed out elsewhere, we can always use more flowers in our parks and boulevards.
4. Preventing Inflation
So how should Congress budget knowing that the only effective constraint on spending is inflation? What would change? The way Congress currently works is that every bill that calls for expenditures gets a score from the Congressional Budget Office that assesses the impact of the expenditure on the deficit over a ten-year period. If inflation were the constraint, then the CBO would offer a score based on the probable impact of the expenditure on inflation. If the economy is, as now, operating well below its capacity for producing goods and services, the possibility of inflation would be low.
If the economy is close to capacity, either as a whole or in part related to the area of expenditures, then Congress has to make hard calls. How important is the expenditure? Can we create “fiscal space” for the expenditure with taxes? For example, in the case of the entire economy humming along, a general income tax hike would take money out of most people’s hands so they would not be buying as much, leaving room for the government to buy more. If there is a bottleneck, a more focused tax or some other step might be necessary.
MMT recognizes that inflation is a crucial problem. It shows how it arises and how we should protect ourselves from it.
[Graphic via Grand Rapids Community Media Center under Creative Commons license-Attribution, No Derivatives]
Marx said that the reserve army of labour is a necessary part of capitalism. Hmmm.
This relationship is embodied in the Philips Curve. I discuss it here.
Other economists favor a universal basic income. Both have the added benefit of freeing workers from abusive or irritating employers. Your family won’t starve if you walk out on a bad situation.
|
<urn:uuid:01f0baeb-3fa8-4af5-bc42-2610ff6a9e86>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06",
"url": "https://www.emptywheel.net/2020/06/22/mmt-on-inflation/?print=print",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500628.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207170138-20230207200138-00810.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9563988447189331,
"token_count": 1606,
"score": 3.578125,
"int_score": 4
}
|
Recently, The Los Angeles County Museum of Art has brought European masterpieces to Los Angeles to commemorate the 500 years since Martin Luther pinned his 95 thesis to the door of the church in Wittenburg. The exhibition “Renaissance and Reformation: German Art in the Age of Dürer and Cranach” features key pieces of German art from the 16th century during the Protestant Reformation.
The Reformation was marked by profound changes in thought, philosophy, science, and most importantly, religion, which had a significant influence on the transformation of many artists’ styles of painting. Despite the serious political and religious turmoil of the period, Europe witnessed a flourishing of many states and cities, leading to advances of craftsmanship and productions of innumerable famous masterpieces. Artists such as Albrecht Dürer, Lucas Cranach, Hans Holbein, Mathias Grünwald, Tilman Riemenschneider, Peter Vischer, and a host of others reflected this new vision of the world in their works.
The exhibition comprised over 100 pieces, including paintings, drawings, sculptures, arms and armors, as well as decorative arts. Even though artworks from this era rate among the most important chapters of German and European art, there was a great deal of disagreement among artists at the time – from variations in styles to their ways of treating subjects. LACMA’s exhibition told the story of how the Reformation created a lasting impact on central European culture and how it successfully dealt with different point of views and styles of artists during that time.
Diana Freeman, an art history student at Glendale High School, told JSR, “this exhibition was such a special opportunity to see the greatest achievements of German Renaissance artists. I visited LACMA for more than three times but this exhibition featured unique style of works that I’d never seen before.”
Mrs. Chaplar, an art history teacher at Crescenta Valley High School (CVHS), also said, “there were many pieces of art that were used to teach the Bible to common people during the Middle Ages in this exhibition. It was typical for artists to base their motifs on biblical themes during the Protestant Reformation because many people couldn’t read biblical texts,” showing the significance of such an exhibition.
The exhibition was supported by three different art museums in Germany and ran from November 20, 2016 to March 27, 2017.
|
<urn:uuid:9342799f-c1bd-410b-b380-b49cc16d6d6d>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40",
"url": "https://www.jstudentboard.com/media-sports-and-entertainment/lacmas-recent-renaissance-exhibition/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334596.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925193816-20220925223816-00635.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9761393666267395,
"token_count": 502,
"score": 3.28125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
What is an Arc Flash?
An Arc Flash happens when electric current moves through an air crevice between conduits. Mischances brought on by touching a conductor to the wrong surface are the most widely recognised reason for this. An arc flash may be thought of as a hazardous blast of warmth and light, brought on by a sudden, uncontrolled electrical curve in air.
Temperatures in an arc flash may reach as high as 35,000°F in just a moment, vaporizing metal and producing an impact wave that can crumple the lungs and break eardrums. Shrapnel, lethal gasses and UV beams can bring about extra wounds. This can slaughter in a moment, or cause a long, moderate, and excruciating passing. Indeed, even non-deadly wounds from an arc flash may require months or years of medicinal care and treatment.
Statisticians takes note of the fact that between 1992 and 2002, electrical mischances in the working environment brought about more than 3,000 fatalities and over 46,000 non-lethal wounds. Around 5% of all deaths in a work environment were identified with electrical hardware.
What Happens During an Arc Flash
A curve can start at whatever point a conductive element gets excessively near an uncovered current source. Dropping apparatuses, opening boards on weakened hardware or expelling segments from a stimulated framework can trigger that. Even a rat invasion occasionally causes that.
On the off chance that enough energy is present, it can keep on ionizing the air around it. This ionization decreases the electrical resistance along the route taken by the circular segment, permitting the curve to draw significantly more power. In a minute the arc turns more dangerous.
The essential origin of damage is the blast of warmth. Much the same as lightning, a circular arc discharges a gigantic measure of warmth in a brief span. That warmth likewise softens and vaporises the materials around it, for example, wiring and metal hardware boards. It raises the temperature of the air close-by.
High Pressure Waves
As this material warms up rapidly, it grows to make a wave of pressure, much the same as thunder. That wave can scramble the broken and softened pieces of gear like a shower of shots. Indeed, even after the quick impact, the vaporised material can shape a billow of dangerous vapour. This is regularly destructive where appropriate safety measures have not been taken.
Flashes can likewise be created by:
- Breaks or crevices in protective devices
- Gear with substandard parts or even ordinary wear and tear
iii. Different anomalies on the surface of the conductor
Because the broad vaporisation of conductive metal, a line-to-line or line-to-ground arcing issue can grow into a three-stage arcing issue in a moment. Short circuits and other related issues are to a great degree perilous and possibly deadly to people working with the equipment. The result of arc flash current and voltage gathered in one place, brings about colossal vitality discharged in a few structures. Curved blazes can bring about several accompanying wounds. These result in losses of time and disruptions in the ability of talented team members to complete their tasks, even if they are fortunate enough to be only mildly injured.
Skin is damaged by direct warmth from flashes. Streaks create a lot of warmth that can seriously consume human skin and set clothing ablaze instantly. Temperatures at the bend can be about four times the temperature of the Sun’s surface. High-power glimmer can likewise harm visual perception. At times, the pressure in such a wave has adequate strength to snap the heads of 3/8-inch steel jolts and to thump over development dividers. The impact can cause extensive stun waves that can push staff off their feet.
Some people who are caught by a high-pressure arc flash wave may suffer loss of memory or a blackout. Hearing problems from burst eardrums are also experienced. The sound related with the impact can extraordinarily surpass the sound of a fly motor. Dangers from flying flotsam and jetsam are a factor to consider. For instance, shrapnel wounds from metal parts can seriously wound everyone in the area. All safety precautions should be taken to avoid an arc flash.
|
<urn:uuid:42ba95d8-23bb-4f27-9c03-35a83cd9569d>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"url": "http://techyblog.org/what-is-an-arc-flash/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891105.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122054202-20180122074202-00283.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9320293664932251,
"token_count": 870,
"score": 3.859375,
"int_score": 4
}
|
This interesting surname is of Scottish and Irish origin, and is thought to be locational from the island of Bute in the Firth of Clyde; the placename being of uncertain etymology. Locational surnames were developed when former inhabitants of a place moved to another area, usually to seek work, and were best identified by the name of their birthplace. The name is very numerous in Ulster and in some cases appears as O'Boyd. There is also a Manx name which is the same as the Irish "MacElwee", but which was changed to Boyd. This name was from "MacGiolla Buidhe", meaning the yellow-haired youth's son. The modern surname can be found as Boyd, Boyde and Boyda. Among the sample recordings in Scotland are the marriage of Robert Boyd and Marie Irving on December 3rd 1639 at St. Nicholas', Aberdeen, and the christening of George Hay, son of William Boyd and Janet Mackie, on June 19th 1796 at Old Machar, Aberdeen. A Coat of Arms granted to a Boyd family of Trochrig depicts, on a blue shield, a fesse chequy silver and red between three red heraldic roses in chief, and crescent, silver, in base. The Crest is a hand pointing to a sun dial, gold. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Robert de Boyd, which was dated 1205, recorded at Irvine, Scotland, during the reign of King William "The Lion" of Scotland, 1165 - 1214.
|
<urn:uuid:67c22611-ca1c-4d45-a17e-e7439f8ec531>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34",
"url": "https://www.sysoon.com/name/boyd",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738595.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809222112-20200810012112-00024.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9807250499725342,
"token_count": 320,
"score": 2.546875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
table of contents
The severe side effects of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug evoked the …
Biology Articles » Botany » Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Piper nigrum, Linn and Ricinus communis, Linn. » Introduction
- Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Piper nigrum, Linn and Ricinus communis, Linn.
Inflammation is a normal protective response to tissue injury caused by physical trauma, noxious chemical or microbial agents. It is the body’s response to inactivate or destroy the invading organisms, to remove irritant and set the stage for tissue repair. It is triggered by the release of chemical mediators from injured tissue and migrating cell. 1, 2 Modern research in the field of anti- inflammatory drugs is directed towards developing potent anti- inflammatory compounds with improved tolerability and reduction in other major side effects. Drugs from plant origin are used in India for treatment of many diseases in traditional system of medicine 3. Black pepper consists of dried unripe fruits of Piper nigrum Linn. It is used to treat abnormal accumulation of liquid in cellular tissue, in kidney disease, diabetes, anemia, dysentery, laxative and softener of inflamed part 4. Castor oil is derived chiefly from the seed of Ricinus communis Linn.The better and pure quality of oil is administered in the form of emulsion with mucilage in inflammatory condition of bowels. The root of the plant is also useful in nervous disorder, rheumatic conditions such as lumbago, pleurodynia and sciatica5. The purpose of this study was to evaluate anti- inflammatory potential of methanolic, ethanolic, chloroform, ethyl acetate and pet ether extract of fruits of Piper nigrum, Linn and roots of Ricinus communis, Linn.
rating: 4.75 from 4 votes | updated on: 17 Mar 2008 | views: 10430 |
|
<urn:uuid:6d972d0c-abd8-4871-b116-fb4c3ca9f27d>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"url": "http://www.biology-online.org/articles/anti-inflammatory-activity-piper-nigrum-linn/introduction.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928350.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00056-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9111813306808472,
"token_count": 411,
"score": 2.875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Background The clinical pictures of autistic spectrum disorders include features described in catatonia.
Aims To examine the severe exacerbation of the catatonic features of autistic disorders in adolescence or early adult life, which occurs in some individuals.
Method A semi-structured interview schedule was used to collect information from parents or other care-givers concerning 506 referrals to a specialist clinic for autistic spectrum disorders. Individuals with severe exacerbation of catatonic features were compared with a same-age group of referrals without this type of deterioration in skills and behaviour.
Results Seventeen per cent of referrals aged 15 or over had severe exacerbation of catatonic features. They were significantly more likely than the comparison group to have had, before the onset of the change in behaviour, impaired language and passivity in social interaction.
Conclusions Catatonia is a later complication of autistic spectrum disorders, which adds considerably to the burden of caring. More research is needed to identify causes, neuropathology, and early signs of vulnerability.
Catatonia is a term used to refer to a cluster of behavioural features. In its extreme form, it is manifested as absence of speech (mutism), absence of movement (akinesia) and maintenance of imposed postures (catalepsy). Lesser degrees of these impairments, and various other abnormalities of posture, movement, speech and behaviour, are also considered to be catatonic phenomena (Bush et al, 1996; Joseph, 1992). Autistic spectrum disorders are characterised by a triad of impairments affecting the development of social interaction, communication and imagination. This triad is associated with a narrow, repetitive pattern of interests and activities and a range of other abnormalities of language, movement and behaviour (Wing & Gould, 1979), similar to the lesser manifestations of catatonia (Leary & Hill, 1996; Wing, 1996). Some individuals have a severe exacerbation of these features in adolescence or adult life (Realmuto & August, 1991; Wing, 1996). The present study examines the frequency of this exacerbation among people with autistic disorders referred to a diagnostic centre, and compares the characteristics of referrals with and without this marked deterioration in behaviour.
During the period March 1991 to December 1997, 506 children and adults with autistic spectrum disorders were referred to the Elliot House Centre for Social and Communication Disorders, which is the National Autistic Society's tertiary referral centre and accepts referrals from anywhere in the UK or overseas. The majority (94%) of these were seen at Elliot House for diagnostic assessment. The remainder were seen where they were currently living: in residential homes, hospitals or, in a few cases, their parents' homes.
The Elliot House team tends to see children and adults presenting complicated diagnostic problems. The fact that the staff members have a particular interest in catatonia has also become known and probably influences the pattern of referrals.
Criteria for catatonia
There are no generally accepted standardised criteria for diagnosing catatonia. In this study, a diagnosis of catatonia was given when exacerbation of certain features of behaviour occurred in sufficient degree to interfere with movement and everyday functions of self-care, education, occupation and leisure. The essential features were:
increased slowness affecting movements and verbal responses;
difficulty in initiating and completing actions;
increased reliance on physical or verbal prompting by others; and
increased passivity and apparent lack of motivation.
Other abnormalities of behaviour often associated were:
e. reversal of day and night;
f. Parkinsonian features: tremor, eyerolling, dystonia, odd stiff posture, freezing in postures, etc.;
g. excitement and agitation; and
h. increase in repetitive, ritualistic behaviour.
For those seen at Elliot House, information was collected from an appropriate informant, usually one or both parents, using the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO; further details available from the first author upon request). This is a semi-structured interview that enables the interviewer to obtain, in a systematic fashion, details concerning the medical history and the pattern of development from birth of a wide range of skills and atypical behaviour. It contains a section on associated psychiatric disorders and another on catatonic phenomena.
When the assessments were carried out in other locations, the same procedures were adopted as far as possible. In some cases, the diagnosis of an autistic spectrum disorder had already been firmly established. For these individuals, the purpose of the consultation was to consider how to manage challenging behaviour, sometimes including difficulties due to catatonic features. Relevant diagnostic information was collected from case notes, supplemented by informants. For the 14 individuals (2.8%) about whose early history no informant was available, as much information as possible was obtained from past case records. In all cases, the DISCO was used as the framework for recording details.
A study of interrater agreement has recently been completed for the DISCO, with the participation of parents of children who had not been seen at Elliot House. For over 80% of all the developmental and behavioural ratings made (515), kappa was equal to, or better than, 0.75 or, for the few ratings where kappa was not appropriate, agreement was 90% or above (further details available from the first author upon request).
The autistic spectrum is similar to, but broader than, the category of pervasive developmental disorders in the tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) (World Health Organization, 1993). The subgroups represented among the individuals in the study were Asperger syndrome, childhood autism and atypical autism. The criteria used for Asperger syndrome were those suggested by Ehlers & Gillberg (1993) because the ICD-10 criteria had been found to be unsatisfactory (Leekam et al, 2000). The ICD-10 criteria for childhood autism and atypical autism were used. When criteria for both autism and Asperger syndrome were present in one individual, the latter diagnosis was given. This is contrary to ICD-10 instructions but was more relevant to the needs of the individuals concerned.
One of the sections in the DISCO concerns social interaction. Individuals in the study could be assigned to one of three subgroups, based on the quality of their interactions with others. The three categories were ‘ aloof’ (indifferent to social approaches, although physical contact might be enjoyed), ‘passive’ (accepting social approaches and following other's lead but not initiating any contact), and ‘active but odd’ (making active social approaches but in an inappropriate manner) (Wing & Gould, 1979; Wing, 1996). Clinical observation before the study began had suggested that individuals with autistic spectrum disorders who were passive in their social interactions were particularly vulnerable to the development of severe exacerbations of catatonic features. For the individuals with catatonia, the rating was based on information concerning behaviour before the catatonia began. For the comparison group, the rating was made for behaviour current at the time when they were seen by the Elliot House team.
Although associated cognitive deficits of any level of severity are very common, autistic spectrum disorders can occur in individuals of average or superior cognitive ability on formal intelligence tests (Rutter, 1970; Wing & Gould, 1979; Wing, 1996). Assessments of cognitive skills were carried out, using standardised tests appropriate for age and ability to cooperate. The subjects were observed in structured and unstructured situations. Because of the difficulties of testing individuals with catatonia, for this group the estimates of cognitive ability were based on performance before the onset of catatonia, using information obtained from case records and interviews with parents or care-givers. For the comparison group, the estimate was based on the findings when seen and assessed by the Elliot House team.
On the results of assessments carried out as described above, individuals were classified into three groups: severe learning disability (IQ 0-49), mild learning disability (IQ 50-69) and borderline, average or high ability (IQ 70 and above). Because of the large discrepancies between different areas of skill, which are characteristic of autistic disorders, the estimates were approximations, but do give an indication of the overall level of function.
Expressive language was assessed on standardised measures where possible, or on history and observation when testing was not possible. As with other psychological assessments, estimates of expressive language in those with catatonia were based on information concerning language before the onset of the catatonia. For the comparison group, the estimates were based on assessments by the Elliot House team. Two subgroups were identified: those with no, impaired or deviant language (language-impaired); and those with grammatical speech and an adequate or good vocabulary (language not impaired).
Type of residence
At the time when they were seen and assessed, individuals in the study were in four different types of residence: living independently; at home with parents; in a small residential home in the community; or in a hospital ward.
A one-way analysis of variance was used to compare ages. Otherwise, Pearson's χ2 tests were used.
Prevalence among referrals
A total of 30 individuals with autistic spectrum disorders (6% of all referrals) met the above criteria for catatonia. Their ages when seen at Elliot House ranged from 15 to 50 years. Table 1 shows the numbers and percentages of these with catatonia among all referrals, by age group when seen. All of those with catatonia were aged 15 or above at referral. They represented 17% of all referrals in that age range.
A further eight individuals (five males (one with Down's syndrome) and three females, aged 10-36 years when seen) had occasionally had problems crossing thresholds and/or freezing during activity, but were not disabled enough to be included in the catatonic group. In two of these, the brief catatonic episodes had occurred only in early or middle childhood. In one, catatonic features were seen at school but not at home.
Characteristics of the group with catatonia
Age of onset
The ages of onset of the current episode of catatonia, obtained from the recollections of informants, are given in Table 2. For four individuals, the ages of onset could not be ascertained. For the rest, the majority started the current episode between 10 and 19 years of age. Five individuals had had brief episodes of slowness and freezing during childhood, before age 10.
Type of onset
In 15 individuals, the onset was immediately preceded by a period of very disturbed, often aggressive, behaviour. Eight individuals developed obsessive-compulsive symptoms before they became catatonic. Six of these were among those who had shown disturbed, aggressive behaviour before the onset of catatonia.
Possible precipitating factors
Possible precipitating factors were suggested for 13 individuals. These included bereavement, pressure at school, lack of structure after leaving school, and lack of occupation. The individuals concerned did not communicate their feelings about these events. The suggestion of a connection with the onset of the catatonia was made by the parents or other care-givers.
Information about any fluctuations in the catatonic state over time was obtained from parents or other carers and from available case notes. From the onset of catatonia up to the time they were seen at Elliot House, three individuals had experienced a slow but steady deterioration in mobility and practical skills. In 17, the course had been steady once the catatonia was established, while four had shown minor and six had shown major fluctuations in severity.
Manifestations of catatonic behaviour
The most common manifestations of catatonic behaviour seen in the group, each affecting seven or more individuals, are listed in Table 3. Most of the abnormalities of movement resulted in slowing or stopping activities, but episodes of excitement and sudden impulsive actions also occurred. Some could not stop actions once started. Incontinence resulted when the individual concerned did not initiate the movement needed to reach the toilet.
As shown in Table 3, 12 individuals showed bizarre behaviour that could not be classified under other headings. For example, two individuals would never use one arm and hand (the left in one case and the right in the other), although no physical reason could be found. One man walked the same route to the same destination each day in order to stand motionless, staring for 2 hours at a spot where a building used to be before it was pulled down. Others had occasional visual hallucinations or paranoid ideas that did not fit any particular diagnosis.
According to the accounts given by relatives or other carers, none had ever had the first-rank symptoms of schizophrenia. All showed abnormalities of speech, but these were indistinguishable from those found in autistic disorders. The quantity of speech was in all cases markedly reduced or absent when catatonia was present.
Severity of the effect of catatonia on daily activities
At the time of referral, the 30 individuals in the catatonic group varied in the degree to which the catatonia interfered with their participation in everyday activities, their mobility and their independence, as follows.
Twelve with the least severe symptoms were mobile but were very slow in carrying out all self-care activities, often freezing during an activity and needing prompting to begin moving again. They had difficulty crossing thresholds or demarcation lines, but were able to take part in the daily activities with much help from staff.
Fourteen were more severely affected. They were so slow, or so unable to cross thresholds, or so locked into one repetitive activity, that their daily programme was severely impoverished.
Four individuals were the most severely affected. Their lives were completely disrupted by their symptoms. One stayed in one room, rocking in a chair, and could not leave the house unless carried out, as stiff as a statue, completely covered by a blanket. One had to be half-lifted by two care-givers to enable him to cross any demarcation lines, including cracks in pavements. One sat immobile unless physically prompted, not even moving to empty her bladder. However, when taken out and started on a route, she would walk for miles without a pause until prompted to stop. The fourth was permanently confined to a wheelchair, apart from one occasion when his elderly father stumbled and nearly fell. Seeing this, the son leapt from his wheelchair, helped his father to sit down and then returned to immobility.
None of the above variables was significantly related to autistic spectrum subgroup, expressive language, level of ability or quality of social interaction.
Comparison with a group without catatonia
The comparison group comprised 115 individuals with autistic spectrum disorders whose age range (when they were seen at Elliot House) was the same as that of those with catatonia (15 years and above), and whose clinical details were entered into a computer file. Twenty-two individuals in the same age range were excluded because they were not in the computer file for administrative reasons, not due to any bias in their clinical pictures. The eight with mild or previous catatonia mentioned above were also excluded.
Age when seen at Elliot House
The age range of those with catatonia was 17-50 years (mean 24.6). For the comparison group it was 15-60 years (mean 25.1). There was no significant difference between the groups.
There was an expected excess of males in both groups, somewhat more marked among those with catatonia. The difference between groups was not significant (see Table 4).
In the group studied, catatonia occurred in a smaller proportion of those with Asperger syndrome than of those with childhood autism or atypical autism, but the difference was not significant (see Table 4).
Quality of social interaction
Only 17% of the comparison group were passive when assessed, whereas half of those with catatonia were passive before the onset of the catatonic behaviour (χ2=14.98, d.f.=2, P<0.001) (see Table 4).
Level of cognitive ability
In the group studied, catatonia was seen in a somewhat higher proportion of those with learning disabilities, but the difference between the groups was not significant (see Table 4).
The individuals with catatonia were more likely to be language-impaired than the comparison group (χ2=6.95, d.f.=1, P=0.008 with continuity correction) (see Table 4).
Type of residence
More of the group with catatonia were currently in some form of residential care, including psychiatric hospitals (χ2=23.27, d.f.=3, P<0.001) (see Table 4).
Four (13%) of those with catatonia and 25 (22%) in the comparison group had a history of one or more epileptic fits. The difference between the groups was not significant.
As previously noted, the number of individuals with catatonia, as defined above, among Elliot House referrals was probably unusually high. The proportion of individuals with this type of deterioration in skills and behaviour should not, without further investigation, be considered as typical of autistic disorders in general. It is also possible that the factors found to be significantly associated with catatonia can be explained by referral bias. Nevertheless, the comparisons between those with and those without catatonia remain valid.
Factors involved in the development of catatonia
Catatonia was seen more often in those who had impaired expressive language, and those who were passive in social interaction, before the onset of catatonia. Within the group of those who developed catatonia, however, the number of catatonic features and the degree to which the catatonia limited everyday activities had no significant relationship to expressive language ability or type of social interaction.
In the majority of individuals in this study, the onset of severe catatonia occurred in the years from 10 to 19, although a few had also had brief episodes of freezing, or difficulty crossing thresholds, in childhood. Adolescence is associated with physical and psychological stresses. However, in more than half of the group studied, no particular precipitating cause could be identified, although they may have experienced stresses that were idiosyncratic to the individuals concerned but were not evident to the care-givers. Most adolescents with autistic disorders do not develop catatonia, although they too are likely to meet the same kinds of difficulties associated with growing up. It is possible that some individuals have an inherent vulnerability to developing catatonia, which becomes overt in response to stress.
Autistic disorders, catatonia and related motor disorders
The terms ‘catatonia’ and ‘autistic spectrum disorder’ refer to clusters of behavioural features. They can each be associated with a range of physical and psychological conditions. They are best regarding as effects of underlying causes and not as causal entities. They share the fuzziness inherent in concepts defined only by a mix of behavioural features, even when operational criteria have been standardised, as with the ICD-10 classification. Nevertheless, they are useful concepts in clinical practice. It is necessary to use appropriate methods of management and treatment of the overt behaviour when, as in the group described here, a treatable underlying cause cannot be identified.
Autistic conditions are developmental disorders present from birth or early in life. The concept of catatonia was developed in relation to behaviour observed in adults. However, there is a marked overlap of the behavioural features of the two disorders. For example, motor stereotypies, mannerisms, rituals, mutism, echolalia and negativism, among others, are described in catatonia (Joseph, 1992; Bush et al, 1996) as well as in autistic spectrum disorders (Rutter, 1978, 1985; Wing, 1996). This overlap in the clinical pictures, as well as the findings reported here, raises the question of the nature of the relationship between the two disorders.
In this context it is relevant to note that the manifestations of catatonia that were most common in the group described here overlap with those found in parkinsonism. Damasio & Maurer (1978) discussed the similarities between the motor phenomena of autism and of parkinsonism. Rogers (1992) considered that a rigid division of motor disorders into ‘catatonic’ (psychiatric) and extrapyramidal (neurological) was not appropriate because of the high correlation between scores in the same individuals on the relevant scales. He concluded that there seems to be a continuously distributed array of disorders of movement, volition and behaviour, ranging from the relatively simple disorders of dyskinesia and parkinsonism to the complex disturbances of catatonia, all of which can be related to the extrapyramidal system. Lishman (1997) described the clinical manifestations of encephalitis lethargica, the condition that was pandemic towards the end of the First World War and the 1920s. Lishman noted that catatonic phenomena could occur, and he mentioned all the behavioural features listed in the present paper.
The tendency to passivity in social interaction seen in some individuals before the onset of catatonia is, perhaps, a precursor of the lack of ability to initiate voluntary movement, which is typical of catatonia and parkinsonism. However, the findings do not corroborate the view of Leary & Hill (1996) that autism is a purely motor problem. The social and cognitive disabilities are as important as the motor aspects and cannot be explained away.
Other disorders affecting movement that can co-occur with autistic disorders include the pictures resembling obsessive-compulsive disorder (Rutter, 1985), Tourette's syndrome (Realmuto & Main, 1982) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (Gillberg, 1992; Wing, 1996). The relationship between all these conditions and autistic disorders suggests that they have some aspect of their neuropathology in common.
Implication for care, treatment and research
Severe catatonia adds considerably to the difficulties of caring for individuals with autistic spectrum disorders, as shown by the numbers with catatonia who were in hospital placements. Admission was the result and not the cause of the catatonia.
It is important for clinicians to be aware of the possibility of catatonia when investigating reasons for deterioration in skills and behaviour occurring in adolescents and adults with autistic spectrum disorders. Conversely, the possibility of an underlying autistic disorder should be considered if an individual presents with catatonia. Possible physical or psychological causes should be investigated, and treated if found. In the absence of a treatable cause, there is no known cure for catatonia, but appropriate care and environmental management can help to alleviate the problems for the individual concerned and for their care-givers (further details available from the first author upon request).
Subjects for future research include investigation of the neuropathology, identification of early signs of vulnerability to exacerbation of catatonic features, the role of environmental stress, and methods of management and treatment.
Clinical Implications and Limitations
Catatonia develops in adolescence in a small proportion of individuals with autistic spectrum disorders.
Recognition of catatonia in individuals with autistic spectrum disorders is necessary in order to institute appropriate management and care.
The presence of an undiagnosed autistic spectrum disorder should be considered in any individual presenting with catatonia.
The prevalence rate of catatonia was based on referrals to a specialist clinic and is likely to be higher than that for a total population.
The study was cross-sectional and does not provide information on future course and prognosis.
Profiles based on all clinical features were not examined in the catatonic and comparison groups.
- Received June 15, 1999.
- Revision received October 5, 1999.
- Accepted October 12, 1999.
- © 2000 Royal College of Psychiatrists
|
<urn:uuid:a7bf795b-5946-4e55-916f-3bba44146191>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"url": "http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/176/4/357.long",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190236.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00638-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9669995903968811,
"token_count": 4921,
"score": 2.5625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Considering God’s Creation an elementary earth and life science program that was born out of our desire to introduce our own children to the Creator through His creation. We wanted them to have more than just information and facts about the world around them, so that they could make some of the spiritual connections that Jesus so often pointed out in nature. For example, when we study plants and are out working in the garden, it is a perfect opportunity to talk about how God provides for all His creation, to tell the story of the sower and the seeds, to talk about reaping what we sow, and to discuss how we will be known by our fruits.
We also wanted to teach our children to absolutely love science and to become scientist detectives. We wanted them to be able to accurately describe different kinds of plants and to classify them in the appropriate categories.
We wanted to help them to learn discernment in reading or watching documentaries so they could recognize biblical as well as non-biblical worldviews.
|
<urn:uuid:6fb753a9-7b59-42b6-b5a1-5e7984e6a952>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50",
"url": "http://www.eagleswingsed.com/q-what-is-considering-gods-creation/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679516047.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211174901-20231211204901-00628.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9770885705947876,
"token_count": 202,
"score": 2.8125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Resource Pack: Power of the Pen (transition)
Engage students in literacy across the curriculum as they discover the power of writing letters for people whose rights and lives are at risk.
The Power of the Pen (transition) resource pack is a compelling way for KS2 and KS3 pupils to explore global issues and build skills in literacy, persuasive writing and self-expression by writing for a real purpose.
Supports key curricular requirements in Literacy, English, Geography, Religious Studies/RMPS and other humanities subjects. Also whole school Social, Moral, Spiritual and Cultural education.
Order your free copy by calling 01788 545 553 or emailing [email protected]. When ordering please quote HRE012.
|
<urn:uuid:32d9c713-d6ab-4fc5-ac02-dcf4cc564560>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39",
"url": "https://www.amnesty.org.uk/resources/resource-pack-power-pen-transition",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574265.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921043014-20190921065014-00479.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8884314298629761,
"token_count": 154,
"score": 2.734375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Activity: Card Sort amongst students in groups of two or four, after which students can be given a handout with prerecorded answers. I apologize for the hand-drawn images but my students never minded so they can't be all bad.
- Cell Structure/Function 1 Handout/Answer Key
- Cell Structure/Function 2-3 Terms w/spaces for cards
- Cell Structure/Function 4 Description Cards w/out images
- Cell Structure/Function 5 Description Cards w/images
Print and glue pages 2-3 inside a folder and then laminate if possible. Staple the inside of a snack bag into the folder along the edge. Print the cards (with or without images) on card stock, cut and then store in the snack bag. Create a folder for each group of four or based on your preferences. Once students receive their folder they will take the cards out of the bag and then place them in the appropriate square, matching the description/image to the term.
- Cell Membrane
- Cell Wall
- Golgi Body, Apparatus, Complex
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
|
<urn:uuid:c6531d0a-6549-4d30-a9dc-ff4c8d1c760a>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"url": "https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Cell-Structure-Function-Card-Sort-Folder-3086562",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824293.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020173404-20171020193404-00636.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8655540943145752,
"token_count": 243,
"score": 3.34375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
27 August 2011
Widyaiswara LPMP Sulawesi Selatan
Students’ learning outcome, which is still considered as unsuccessful, has always been the focus of criticism towards the failure of teaching of English in Indonesia. As a consequence English teachers are demanded to be responsible for the failure in making the students capable of using English for communication both productively and receptively. To alleviate this ordeal, educators, practitioners, and policy makers quite often pay very much attention to research dealing with the curriculum, methodology and teachers excluding such significant variables as the learner perspective. They have rarely taken the learner perspective into consideration as a very important contribution to the learning process. Does the failure have any relations to these factors? Some English textbooks written for young learners seem to neglect these factors. As a matter of fact, many research findings have shown the powerful role of the students in improving their learning outcome.
Teaching speaking in Indonesia is considered to be the most difficult, pronunciation, structure, discourse, and the social context of culture and situation. In short, it needs the mastery of the linguistic and the cultural competence. Besides, as speaking is difficult, more effort is required on the part of the students and teachers. It is not enough for the students to listen or to speech only. The teachers need to give the students’ activities to practice the new speech among the four basic skills of language. Bourdons in Nunan (1993) stated that spoken language needs the mastery of vocabulary habit. This means that practice speaking needs much time to fulfil the requirements of the mastery of spoken English, either from school or the environment.
Teaching English at Senior High School in Indonesia as stated in Curriculum 1994 revised in 1999 covers abilities of language. One of them is speaking ability. Paultson and Brunder (1975) stated that the objective of the language teaching is the production of the speaker’s competence to communicate in the target language. Rivers (1968) stated that the teacher should give the students opportunities to practice speaking. She further stated that if the students are able to practice the new speech habit throughout as the children do in his native language, the problem of speaking fluency of foreign language would be lessened.
Teaching speaking at Senior High School in Indonesia is one of the main focuses in the English teaching. The principle of teaching English is all processes of teaching should be communicative because the graduates of the students of Senior High School are directed to have life skill for communication to meet the need for job opportunity, besides they can continue their study to the higher level. Therefore the English teachers should find out the effort on searching and creating a new model in presenting materials, in order to increase the students’ ability to speak English.
From the review of related literature, the researcher found some studies had been conducted using the students’ own picture through pair work in improving their ability to speak English. Some of them: (1) Clark and Clark (1977) stated on speaking talk in order to have some effect on their listeners. They assert things to change their state of knowledge. They ask them questions to get them to do things for them; (2) Shannon and Weaver in Jabu (2000) on the speaking found that the model of a communication system into interpersonal communication through speech. In this model, an information source emits a message, which is encoded for transition as signal. This signal passes through a channel to a receiver, which decodes the message for use at its destination. Besides, Crane et al: in Jabu (2000) defined communication as a process in which information is transmitted from a source, the sender to a goal, the receiver. This process involve the steps: encoding the information into a symbolic system, selecting a mode of communication, delivering the symbols through a medium, perceptual processing of symbols by the receiver, and decoding the symbols to obtain information; (3) Basturekmen in Syarifuddin (2003) conducted a study on differences in the discourse of native-speakers and non-native speakers in academic discussions and shows that analysis and non-native speakers provide a useful source of insight pedagogy; (4) Bordius in Goga (2003) reported that there are there integrated competencies that the essential to people in order to be able to communicate effectively which is suit to linguistic market. They are linguistic product (communication competence, linguistic competence, and cultural competence) and linguistic market (level of audience, cultural domination, and performance arts of speaking); (5) Westnood, Peter and Oliver (1975) stated that in improving oral language there are four ways should be considered in which teachers sometimes operate to restrict language development or indeed at times train students not to listen but to speak; (6) Hergenhalm in Elliott (1996) stated that good teaching begins with knowing what you want to teach: the stimuli, you must also identify the responses you want to connect to the stimuli and timing of appropriate satisfiers. Hulse in Elliott (1996) on the effective teaching and effective learning stated that feedback or reinforcement of asking question is very important. It is a powerful tool of controlling behavior of the students. If you praise students’ correct responses immediately and the students increase correct responses; (7) Elslee in Nappu (2003) who conducted a research on still pictures and written descriptions in teaching and the oral production to the second semesters of S1 English Education Department reported that still pictures can stimulate the oral production of the students more than written description can do. She also mentions that the students are more interested in still pictures; (8) Sari in Nappu (1995) who investigated the use of pictures in teaching reading concluded that there was a significant difference between the students reading achievement by using text with pictures and that without pictures.
It is often spontaneous, open-ended, and evolving. However, speech is not always unpredictable. Speaking requires that learners not only know how to produce specific points of language such as grammar, pronunciation, or vocabulary (linguistic competence), but also that they understand when, why, and in what ways to produce language (sociolinguistic competence); (2) another basic distinction we can make when considering the development of speaking skills is between monologue and dialogue or pair work. The ability to give an uninterrupted oral presentation is quite distinct from interacting with one or more other speakers for transactional and interactional purposes. While all native speakers can and do use language interact ional, not all native speakers have the ability to extemporize on given subject to a group of listeners. This is an ability which generally has to be learned and practiced; (3) Bygate in Nunan (1993) distinguished between motor-perceptive skills, which are concerned with correctly using the sounds and structures of the language, and interactional skills, which involve using motor-perceptive skills was all that one needed in order to communicate successfully. Besides, he suggested that, in particular, learners need to develop skills in the management of interaction involves such things as knowing when and how to take the floor, when to introduce a topic or change the subject, how to invite someone else to speak, how to keep a conversation going, when and how to terminate the conversation and so on. Negotiation of meaning refers to the skill of making sure the person you are speaking to has correctly understood you and that you have correctly understood them (making sure, in other words, that you are both ‘on about’ the same thing).
Speaking lesson can follow the usual pattern of preparation, presentation, practice, evaluation, and extension. The teacher can use the preparation step to observe, draw, and establish a context for speaking task on certain objects and things (where, when, why, with whom it will occur) and to initiate awareness of speaking skill to be targeted. In presentation, the teacher can provide learners with a reproduction model that furthers learner comprehension and help them become more attentive observers of language use. Practice involves learners in reproducing the target structure, usually in controlled or highly supported manner. Evaluation involves directing attention to the skill being examined and asking learners to monitor and assess their own progress. Finally, extension consists of activities that ask learners to use strategy or skill in a different context or authentic communicative situation, or to integrate use of new skill or strategy with previously acquired ones (Brown, 1994).
Speaking function as the productive and interactive skill. (1) What is productive skill? With reference to usage, it is then perfectly true to say that speaking is productive and makes use of the aural medium. Widdowson in Noni (2003) described that the act of communication through speaking is commonly performed in face-to-face interaction and occurs as part dialogue or other forms of verbal exchange. What is said, therefore, is dependent on an understanding of what else has been said, whether by the speaker or the interlocutor in the interaction; (2) What is an interactive skill? Richards et al. in Jabu (2000) stated that speaking is rarely done in one direction or in the form of monologue. It involves the participation of the listener. In an interactive communication, a speaker, and therefore the speaker also becomes a listener.
Why students’ own pictures? A wise statement says ‘I hear I forget, I see I know, and I do I understand. This means that if we have learning experiences by observing, drawing, doing and also what our eyes see and catch most of the time will stay long in our memory. Therefore, the statement strengthens to improve the students’ ability to speak English by using students’ own pictures (observing and then drawing pictures) of certain objects in the classroom as media to teach English. Pictures as visual aids will attract students’ attention, and motivate them to learn. In addition, using students’ own picture means that the students create or construct their knowledge as they attempt to bring meaning to their experiences.
Ruis (2003) said that teaching showing pictures can make the students remember more, more impressed, more interested and more focused. Ways, ideas, and criteria of using students’ own pictures: (1) the techniques of using pictures have been around for centuries and have had its place in all approaches to language teaching. Through traditionally the purpose of using pictures has been to describe or illustrate a written or recorded passage (Wright, 1000 pictures; (2) Brown in Nappu (2003) stated that picture can be used in many stages of the instructional process, to introduce and motivate study of new topics, to clarify misconceptions, to communicate basic information, and to evaluate student’s progress and achievement. Furthermore, he suggests some ways of using pictures for ensuring maximum students benefit from using them; (2) Using pictures can be an effective technique for any proficiencies level or language skill. The following is an example of how one picture can be used in improving the students’ ability to speak English. To teach speaking where the students share personal experiences that somehow relate to what is happening in a picture they have been given and drawn; (3) In teaching English using pictures need some criteria: make sure pictures are clear and unambiguous; make sure pictures provide reason to communicate (an opportunity or challenge); make sure pictures are interesting, simple, accurate, useful, legitimate, and visible.
The resources of pictures may be: newspapers, magazines, advertisements, brochures, catalogues, calendars, postcards, posters, instructions, stamps, family photographs, slides, and the teacher and students’ own drawing.
As teaching English based on meaning-based approach has to achieve the goal of teaching that is communicative competence in which students are encourage to negotiate the meaning. Various kinds of instructional media can be used. Teachers can prepare any media that meet the needs of the students to achieve the teaching objectives or they have to provide bank of games and activities.
Westwood, Peter and Oliver (1979) stated the principles of oral language should the language program of teaching speaking be based on: (1) create an enjoyable, entertaining, social learning situation, which gives pleasure to the students; (2) keep the pair work activity; (3) arrange for fragment, intensive sessions in two or three short sessions daily; (4) ensure active participation remembering that it is what a student practices saying, not what he hears, that improves communicating ability; (5) have clearly defined, short term goals for each sessions: teaching a certain adjective, adverb, or conjunction: ‘and’ and’ but’; (6) observe the slow learners and give some degree of repetition and our learning if necessary; (7) use material such as practices and games to hold attention as the basis for language simulation; (8) use pleasure and praise as reinforces.
Teaching communication skill through K - W - L model. K – W – L stands for Know, Want, Learn. It is teaching model that encourages students to have an active learning by activating their prior knowledge for anticipating the material that they are going to learn. It is also commonly used for teaching or developing reading, writing and speaking skills. There are three stages to K-W-L model as in the following: (1) know, at this stage students need to activate their prior knowledge by observing, drawing, talking, writing about anything they know about the topic/object of the reading/speaking. Each information gathered at this stage can be drawn or written on the piece of paper for everybody to see. If the students run out of ideas, they can start predicting information on more general categories; (2) want, at this stage students are encourage to ask question, think about what they want to say or present to speak from the their own pictures. So student can make a list of sentences/questions in which the answer will be derived from the pictures. Such activity will give students reason to speak or explain the picture because they are eager to practice their English freely; (3) learn, at this stage students describe their own pictures and then they write down or retell anything that they have learned from the pictures. It is the time when they confirm their prediction from previous stages.
The teacher should know the characteristics of a successful speaking activity. Characteristics of a successful speaking activity: (1) learners talk a lot; (2) participation is even; (3) motivation is high; (4) language is of an acceptable level and the speaking problems: (1) inhibition; (2) nothing to say; (3) low or uneven participation; (4) mother-tongue use. That is why the teacher can help to solve some of the problems with speaking activities: (1) monologue; (2) pair work; (3) question and answer drills; (4) retelling.
Pair work activities are the integral aspect of many teachers’ approach to language teaching. One of the easiest and the best ways of allowing all students in our class to speak English is to encourage pair work. “Pair” refers to groups of 2 or 3, as the odd number of students in the class under discussion necessitates one group of three students). Pair work is when the teacher divides the whole class into pairs. Every student has a partner to explain his/her picture in improving their ability to speak English and all the pair work activities take place at the same time.
Pair work activity consisted of dialogue, interview, and question and answer. In the pair work activity, the students could explain his/her own picture as in turn. It means that the interaction between one student and another might be carried out in the form of pair work, and Individual work activity can be in oral report or oral presentation, monologue, giving explanation, and describing pictures activity.
The application of using students’ own pictures through pair work as a teaching strategy motivated the students to improve their ability to speak English. In the implementation of teaching using students’ own pictures through pair work in improving the students’ speaking ability as the teaching strategy could develop the students’ speaking ability.
The students’ performance
The students’ performance was very important in improving their ability to speak English towards the use of their own pictures through pair work.The teacher/researcher motivated the students to speak English without paying much attention of the grammar’s mistakes. The most important things are how they speak English fluently and the content of their speaking were understandable by the listeners. The teacher should build up the students’ self-confidence and self-esteem in improving their ability to speak English using their own pictures through pair work. The researcher gave and trained them in building up sentences by describing their own pictures using the communication continuum activity starting from the simple sentence models up to the highly communicative activity.
The analysis showed that the use of using students’ own pictures in improving their ability to speak English significantly influenced the students’ motivation in improving their ability to speak English. This means that there is an applicable strategy in teaching speaking skill, to a large content, to develop the students’ speaking fluency. In other words, the students’ motivation is the indication of the degree of success that a foreign language learner is likely to have in real given language situation.
In improving the students’ ability to speak English, the teaching implementation using their own pictures through pair work was effective teaching strategy in building up the students’ motivation and improving the significant achievement of the students. Along with the implementation of the using students’ own pictures through pair work in improving their ability to speak English, the students could gain significant progress in improving their speaking ability covering pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, discourse, and performance in the context of situation.
The result of this research using observation noted that the implementation of using students’ own pictures through pair work as the teaching strategy in improving their ability to speak English, the teacher/researcher created some ways of teaching strategy in improving the problems faced by the students in their speaking ability, as in the following: (a) the students’ poor mastery of vocabulary. In overcoming the poor mastery of vocabulary, the sentence models are given. Vocabularies are used in context and the students are trained to practice individually, then they could create many sentences using their own words based on the given sentence models; (b) the students’ errors in grammar, some of the students still lack of applying the sentence structure. They made sentences influenced by the system of Indonesia system structure; and (c) the students’ performance, the students’ performance was very important in improving their ability to speak English towards the use of their own pictures through pair work.
The other findings of the researcher during the implementation of using students’ own pictures through pair work as the teaching strategy in improving their ability to speak English, the researcher noted the students’ characteristics in terms of their motivation, attitude, activeness in all interaction activities, and the students’ achievement during the process of teaching and learning either in the implementation of using their own pictures through pair work. During the implementation of using students’ own pictures through pair work as teaching strategy in improving their ability to speak English at the first cycle, some of the students’ problems are inhibition (worried about making mistakes, fearful of criticism or losing face), low are uneven participation, mother tongue used, nothing to say.
Based on the findings and discussion in the previous parts, the following conclusions are: (1) the implementation of teaching English in this action research using students’ own pictures through pair work as teaching strategy could nurture the students’ motivation in improving their ability to speak English both at the first cycle and second cycle; (2) the use of students’ own pictures through pair work as teaching strategy could improve the students’ ability to speak English significantly. This led to the conclusion that using of students’ own pictures through pair work as a teaching strategy is a need in English language teaching and learning in improving their ability to speak English in the term of vocabulary, grammar, discourse, and their performance based on the context of situation. It has brought a good nuance and variation in English language teaching particularly in teaching speaking ability.
Achsin, Amir dkk. 1985. Strategi Belajar Mengajar Keterampilan Berbahasa Inggris. Jakarta: Dep. P & K Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Proyek Pengembangan Pendidikan Tenaga Kependidikan.
Australian Government Publishing Service. 1984. Games for Beginners Secondary Beginners Materials. Camberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Bright, J.A., and Mc. Georger G.P. 1970. Teaching English as a Second Language. London: Longman.
Brown, Douglas. 1994. Teaching by Principles. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regentl.
Brumfit, Cristoper. 1989. Problems and Principles in English Teaching. London: Pergammer Press.
Clark, Herbert H. and Eve V. Clark, 1977. Psychology and Language, An Introduction to Psycolinguistics. New York: Harcourt Brace Javanovich, Inc.
Daeng, Bongko. 1995. Factors Influencing the Students’ Motivation in Asking Question in Teaching Process. Unpublished thesis. Ujung Pandang: FPBS IKIP Ujung Pandang.
Dep P & K 1999. Suplemen Kurikulum 1994 Bahasa Inggris. Jakarta: Ditjen Dikdasmen Depdikbud.
…………… 1999. Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (Classroom Action Research). Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi Proyek Pengembangan Guru Sekolah Menengah.
Doff, Adrian. 1988. Teach English, Teacher Training and Development. Bendigo: Cambridge University Press.
Elliott et al . 1996. Educational Psychology, Effective Teaching, Effective Learning. USA: Times Mirror Higher Education Group Inc.
Ellis, Rod. 1988. Undestanding Second Language Acquisition. New York: Oxford University Press.
Goga, Sulaiman. 2003. Research Proposal: Improving the Speaking of the First Year Students of SMK 1 Polewali Using Questioning Techniques. Makassar: Unpublished research proposal. PPs UNM.
Harmer, Jeremy. 2001. How to Teach English: An Introduction to Practice of English Language Teaching, Seventh Impression. London: Longman Group UK Limited.
Harrison, Andrew. 1983. A Language Testing Handbook Essential Language Teaching Series. Hongkong: Macmillan Publishers.
Heaton, J.B. 1988. Writing English Language Test. New York: Longman.
Hunkins, Francis, P. 1972. Questioning Strategies and Techniques. Boston: Allyn and Bacon
Hyman, Ronald T. 1974. Ways of Teaching, Second Edition. New York: B. Lippincott Company.
Ilham. 2000. Activating the Students to Ask Questions in Speaking Class. Makassar: Unpublished thesis. FBS UNM.
Latuheru. John. 1988. Media Pengajaran dalam Proses Mengajar Masa Kini. Depdikbud. Ditjen Pendidikan Tinggi Jakarta.
Jabu, Baso. 2000. Laporan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas, Upaya Peningkatan Kemampuan Menyimak Siswa Kelas I SMU 2 Makassar Melalui Teknik Listening – Writing – Speaking (LWS). Makassar: FBS UNM.
McDonough, J. and C. Shaw. Material and Method in ELT. Oxford: Blackwell.
McNiff, Jean. 1988. Action Research Principles and Practice. New York: Routledge.
Nappu, Syamsiarna. 2003. Using Pictures for Collaborative Learning in Large English Class. Unpublished thesis. Makassar: PPs UNM.
Noni, Nurdin. 2003. A Hybrid of Face-to-Face Teaching and Computer Assisted Language Learning in ELT Based on Individual References. Unpublished research proposal. Makassar: Post Graduate Program Hasanuddin University.
Nunan, David. 1993. Designing Tasks for Communication Classroom. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Nurhadi. 2001. Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL). Malang: Universitas Negeri Malang.
Paulston, C.B. and M. Bruder. 1995. Teaching English as a Second Language Technique and Procedure. Cambridge: Winthrop Publisher.
PPs. UNM. 2002. Pedoman Penulisan Tesis/Disertasi. Makassar: PPs UNM.
Rahman, M. Asfah. 2003. Statistics in Applied Linguistics. Makassar: UNM.
Rasyid, Muhammad Amin. 1995. Seluk Beluk Kata Kerja Bahasa Inggris. Makassar: Badan Penerbit IKIP UP.
Rivers, Wilga M. 1968. Teaching Foreign Language Skills. New York: The University of Chicago.
Ruis, N. 2003. Instructional Media. Jakarta: PPPG Bahasa Jakarta.
Sasmedi, D. 2002. Instructional Media. Makassar: BPG Ujung Pandang.
……………2003. Authentic Assessment for the SLTP Teachers’ of English. Makasar: BPG Ujung Pandang.
Sikapang. 1993. Improving the Students’ Ability to Speak English of Second Semester Students of SMU Darma Yadi Ujung Pandang.Unpublished thesis. Ujung Pandang: FPBS IKIP Ujung Pandang.
Sudjana and Rivai. 1999. Media Pengajaran: Bandung, CV Sinar Baru Bandung
Syarifuddin. 2003. The Effect of Self-Esteem, Anxiety, and Gender Differences on Oral Communication of EFL Learners. Unpublished research proposal. Makassar: Post Graduate Program Hasanuddin University.
Ur, Penny. 1996. A Course in Language, Practice and Theory. Cambridge: University Press.
Westwood, Peter and Oliver. 1979. The Remedial Teacher’s Handbook.
Hongkong: Wak Cheong Printing Press Ltd.
Widdowson, H.G. 1985. Teaching Language as Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wright, A. 1989. Pictures for Language Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zeiger, Arthur. 1973. Encyclopedia of English. New York: Arco Publishing Company Inc.
|
<urn:uuid:ae6106a6-7a42-424e-91d1-241d81bd77de>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35",
"url": "http://www.lpmpsulsel.net/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=101:improving-the-students-ability-to-speak-english-using-their-own-pictures-through-pair-work&catid=42:widyaiswara&Itemid=203",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645390745.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031630-00062-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9314345717430115,
"token_count": 5517,
"score": 2.921875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Identifiers An identifier is a string used to identify an area in memory. Typically, variable names need to be declared so the operating system can allocate sufficient space. The amount of memory is determined by the type of data that it will store.
Some VB Data Types Boolean2 bytesTrue or False (1 or 0) Char2 bytes0 to 65,535 representing the Unicode character set Date8 bytes0:00:00 on 1/1/0001 to 23:59:59 on 31/12/9999 Decimal16 bytes +/- 79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,335 +/ Double8 bytes +/ X to +/ X Integer4 bytes-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 Long8 bytes -9,223,382,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,382,036,854,775,807 Object4 bytesany type Short2 bytes-32,768 to 32,767 Single4 bytes+/ X to +/ X String0 to approximately 2 billion characters
Identifiers There are two types of identifiers for scalar data: Constants Variables
Constants A constant is a name for a fixed value. The value of a constant cannot be changed. They must be declared and initialised in the same step: Const g As Decimal = 9.8
Constants Note that the type declaration can be omitted for brevity. Const g = 9.8 VB will use the data to determine type.
Identifier Names in VB Must begin with a letter –Can include letters and numerals –Cannot include spaces Use names that are descriptive Capitalising convention –InterestRate, InitialCapital
The Scope of Variables Local (procedure-level) –Declared within a subprogram –Dim varName As dataType Global (module-level) –Declared at the top of the code listing –Private varName As dataType
Exploring Integer Data Types
Short type (low-order byte) =255
Short type (high-order byte) = The largest Unsigned value that can be stored in 16 bits. How many patterns are there?
Short Type To store integers, half the combinations are used to represent negative values. The range for Integer type variables is: -32,768 to The MSB is used to represent the sign. Which value of the sign bit (0 or 1) will represent a negative number?
Integer Storage (4 bytes) High order bit (MSB) is worth 2 31 The number of different combinations =2 32 =4,294,967,296 Half are used for negative values, so the range is –2,147,483,648 to + 2,147,483,647
Long Integers In 8 bytes there are 64 bits! High order bit (MSB) is worth The number of different combinations =2 64 =18,446,744,073,709,650,616 Ranging from -9,223,382,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,382,036,854,775,807
|
<urn:uuid:7ea19323-3d3a-4954-9196-00af1ea1da6d>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"url": "http://slideplayer.com/slide/3369977/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170614.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00098-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8039195537567139,
"token_count": 651,
"score": 3.9375,
"int_score": 4
}
|
Winter’s icy grip poses a challenge for preserving the grace of roses, but with strategic measures, you can shield these delicate beauties and ensure their resurgence in spring. One innovative method involves creating leaf-filled enclosures that serve as natural insulation against the harsh cold.
Understanding the Need for Winter Protection
Roses, varying in hardiness, demand tailored care to brave the chilling winter months. The crux of protection lies in maintaining an even coldness around the plant’s crown and lower canes, preventing the detrimental effects of freeze-thaw cycles.
Leaf-Filled Enclosures: Nature’s Insulation
Harnessing the power of fallen leaves can be an effective means of safeguarding roses. Here’s a step-by-step guide to creating leaf-filled enclosures for your cherished blooms:
- Preparing the Enclosure
- Construct a cylindrical enclosure using hardwire mesh or hardware cloth around the rose plant. Ensure the enclosure’s height can accommodate the plant’s size and leave sufficient space for filling with leaves.
- Collecting and Preparing Leaves
- Gather fallen leaves from your garden, ensuring they are disease-free. Remove any diseased or damaged leaves to prevent potential issues during the dormant season.
- Filling the Enclosure
- Layer the collected leaves within the wire mesh enclosure. Ensure the leaves are loosely packed to allow for adequate air circulation while providing insulation.
- Securing the Enclosure
- Once the enclosure is filled with leaves, secure the top with additional wire mesh or by fastening the ends of the hardware cloth together to contain the leaves within.
Benefits of Leaf-Filled Enclosures
- Natural Insulation: The layers of leaves act as a natural insulator, retaining heat and safeguarding the roses from extreme temperature fluctuations.
- Moisture Regulation: The leaf-filled enclosure helps regulate moisture, preventing excessive drying of the soil around the roses.
- Protection from Winter Elements: It acts as a barrier against harsh winds and potential damage from snow or ice, shielding the delicate plant from external elements.
Monitoring and Maintenance
- Periodically check the enclosures throughout the winter, ensuring they remain intact and adequately filled with leaves. Make adjustments if necessary to maintain insulation.
- In early spring, when the frost danger subsides, carefully remove the enclosures and clear away the leaves to allow the roses to flourish anew.
Leaf-filled enclosures provide a natural and effective way to protect roses during winter, offering insulation and safeguarding against the cold’s adverse effects. Incorporating this method into your winter rose care regimen can ensure the resilience and beauty of your roses come springtime.
|
<urn:uuid:93ec50e4-e800-424b-afa0-993b29020daa>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10",
"url": "https://savoirplusmag.com/the-ultimate-winter-protection-guide-for-a-rose-bush/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473738.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222093910-20240222123910-00431.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8811467289924622,
"token_count": 563,
"score": 2.515625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
0. education of a statesman james madison sr. reviews: a triumph over adversity” appeared in a companion to james madison and james james madison essay biography monroe james madison essay singapore we are here to help you complete individual by a vast james madison essay biography majority analysis of an argument essay strategy. a biography. james madison, fourth president of the united states (1809–17) and one of the founding fathers of his country. born: in his political career he worked for american independence and james madison essay biography helped to establish good words to use in essays the government of the new nation. this arrangement did not w. along with alexander no homework pass pdf hamilton and john jay, madison wrote the federalist papers, and, in collaboration with thomas jefferson, organized the republican, creative writing online classes free now known as the democratic‐ republican, party the modern edition of the papers of james madison documents the life and thesis statement for abortion research paper times of stephen tobin argumentative essay the virginia statesman we remember today dissertation editing help as the “father of the constitution” and the fourth president of the united states. apr/sun/2017 | uncategorized. required fields are writing an argument essay outline marked * comment. what is research report writing.
|
<urn:uuid:5a4a6074-72e6-4463-b726-4fa4c8979b69>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17",
"url": "https://customwritings.top/2021/03/03/james-madison-essay-biography_l9/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038101485.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417041730-20210417071730-00167.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9200109243392944,
"token_count": 285,
"score": 2.84375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
When your goal is to lose weight, it might be just as important how you combine the foods you eat as to how much you eat. Eating grains with vegetables is the best way to lose weight. Eating anything else with grains can cause a large weight gain. Eating one protein per meal is the appropriate way to watch your weight, because most proteins have high calorie counts. Proteins are also harder to digest. Substituting more veggies for dairy is also an essential to a healthy balanced meal. The next important health tip is to eat fruit on its own. The sugars that are in fruits digest in about twenty minutes, unlike their protein counterparts. If protein and fruit are in the stomach at the same time, digestion becomes much more complicated and can lead to an upset stomach. Vegetables are to be consumed in double servings. Vegetables are healthy and should always take up to fifty percent of your plate. A balance of starchy and non-starchy veggies make it so that your body doesn’t use up energy digesting carbs. Grains like bread and cereal are also essential for keeping your brain and muscles growing. Grains are packed high in fiber, which causes regular bowel movements. Your body needs a protein per meal, grains, vegetables and fruit to thrive and keep your body satisfied. Too many carbs and too much protein causes an upset or sour stomach.
Looking to avoid some common traps that keep the weight from coming off? Check this out. #HealthStatus
- 1Eat grains with vegetables, and meat with vegetables, but dont eat grains and meats together.
- 2Simple meals are easier to digest, so only eat one type of protein at a time.
- 3Sugar in fruit is digested quickly, so eat it on its own.
Latest posts by HealthStatus (see all)
- 11 Common Conditions That Can Be Treated By A Chiropractor - October 8, 2021
- 4 Signs Of Poor Gut Health And What You Can Do About It - September 16, 2021
- 4 Ways Magnesium Intake Impacts Your Body - September 13, 2021
|
<urn:uuid:b05b4f3b-76a7-4fec-adc1-a4f8a0edb031>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49",
"url": "https://www.healthstatus.com/health_blog/plan-for-weight-loss/5-foods-you-should-never-eat-together-according-to-a-nutritionist/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362287.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202175510-20211202205510-00409.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9651338458061218,
"token_count": 429,
"score": 2.578125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Air pollution could impact the cognitive function of older men more than previously thought — even from short-term exposure and at concentrations below World Health Organization guidelines for what's considered safe to breathe, a new study suggests.
Despite the cognitive decline of older adults being a popular topic of research, our understanding of the short-term impacts of polluted air on cognitive function is still limited. The study, published Monday in Nature Aging, adds to our knowledge of the harmful effects of fine particulate matter on brain function, said Xu Gao, an assistant professor with the School of Public Health at Peking University in Beijing and corresponding author of the study.
"Researchers have been working on this topic by analyzing associations with long-term exposure to air pollutants, up to a year or even longer," he told Fastinform. "But there are several air pollution [surges] across a year, so our interest is in whether short-term exposure to air pollutants — maybe a couple of weeks — could also impair cognitive function."
The researchers studied a cohort of 954 older white men in the greater Boston area who participated in the Normative Aging Study conducted by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Cognitive function was measured with tests over several appointments, providing researchers a total of 2,551 medical visits to analyze. The participants' performance in the tests was measured against local levels of fine particulate matter — no more than 2.5 micrometers in diameter, small enough to cross the lung barrier and enter the bloodstream — on the day of each visit and a period of four weeks prior to it. As a group, participants exposed to elevated air pollution up to 28 days before their appointment scored worse on cognitive tests.
Significantly, the researchers also found this effect at fine particulate levels below ambient air pollution guidelines set by WHO at 10 micrograms of particulate matter per square meter. "In our figures, we found increased risk of cognitive decline [above] 0 microgram, which means there is no safe levels of [particulate matter]," Gao explained.
"Even under concentrations usually considered safe to the public, cognitive function is still under threat," he continued. "So, this is quite important, and it led to the next question: How can we prevent this short-term effect of air pollution? We have a hypothesis that air pollution may lead to cognitive impairment by inducing inflammation."
The study suggests that nonsteroidal, inflammation-reducing pain medications, such as aspirin, could limit the cognitive effects of short-term air pollution. "We did an analysis based on the use of [anti-inflammatory] drugs in the normative aging study and found that more than 50% of the people took these kinds of drugs, and those people were suffering much less from cognitive impairment than the people who did not take the drugs."
But the researchers did not have access to detailed information about the participants' non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and could not draw firm conclusions. "We cannot recommend people to use an [anti-inflammatory] drug directly to protect from air pollution's effects," Gao said. Rather, he encouraged people who are already on such a pain medication regimen to think of possible protection from air pollution as an additional benefit.
"The most important findings of our study are that short-term air pollution is harmful, and that air pollution below levels previously believed to be safe [is] still harmful to your cognitive function," he emphasized.
The research has other limitations as well. "We used air pollution levels from a monitor based at Harvard University at the city level — not personal exposure of the participants to air pollution," Gao explained. "It's kind of a surrogate for personal exposure, but it cannot reflect the true personal exposure of these participants. They could be exposed to indoor air pollutants such as smoking and secondhand smoke, and other [sources] like forest fires that we cannot predict."
In the coming year, the researchers will analyze a large cohort of Chinese men and women within a larger age range, and with more information about their use of anti-inflammatory drugs, Gao said: "This could be a very good cross-validation of our findings."
The study, "Short-term air pollution, cognitive performance and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study," published May 3 in Nature Aging, was authored by Xu Gao, Peking University and Columbia University; Brent Coull, Xihong Lin and Joel Schwartz, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Pantel Vokonas, Boston University School of Medicine; Avron Spiro III, Boston University School of Medicine; Lifang Hou, Northwestern University; and Andrea A. Baccarelli, Columbia University.
|
<urn:uuid:9334e005-7085-4230-afe3-7f9370df688d>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25",
"url": "https://fastinform.com/even-short-term-air-pollution-could-harm-brain-function-of-older-men/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621699.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210616001810-20210616031810-00557.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9542171359062195,
"token_count": 971,
"score": 2.921875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Hemodialysis treatment methods in patients with chronic kidney failure increase the life span of these patients, but hemodialysis affects all life aspects of patients and diminishes the quality of life patients. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and quality of life for hemodialysis patients .This study was a descriptive – correlational research conducted in 2014 on 98 hemodialysis patients Referred to Hospitals of University Medical Sciences in Iran Iranshahr .The tools used in this study included demographic questionnaire, Cyberia Shrink Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, and the Kidney Disease Quality of Life-Short Form Questionnaire. After obtaining informed consent, patient completed the questionnaire. Finally, raw data were collected through questionnaires and were analyzed using SPSS16 Software. To investigate the relationships between predictor and criterion variables, Pearson correlation and linear regression analysis were used .The mean age of patients was 33/36 and the majority of participants were male (58.1 percent). In terms of variable of education level, majority of participants had elementary education, and 54.54% of the mean weight of the patients was 41.06 kg. Mean score of life quality was 41.06 ± 15.95 and the mean score of emotional intelligence was 43.99 ± 10.50. Pearson correlation coefficient with 99% probability confidence showed significant positive correlation between the components of emotional intelligence and quality of life in hemodialysis patients (p<0.001) and emotional intelligence with regression coefficient 0.412 predicts 30% of the variance of quality of life in hemodialysis patients .It is recommended for nurses and nursing directors to improve the quality of life hemodialysis patients by training emotional intelligence skills.
|
<urn:uuid:f75909d2-3a05-4c86-a911-02fe8682a65d>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17",
"url": "https://www.ijmrhs.com/abstract/the-relationship-between-emotional-intelligence-and-quality-of-life-hemodialysis-patients-9319.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038060603.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411000036-20210411030036-00193.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.934079647064209,
"token_count": 353,
"score": 2.96875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Date of Degree Completion
Master of Science (MS)
Cultural and Environmental Resource Management
Second Committee Member
Third Committee Member
North American Beavers (Castor canadensis) are important ecosystem engineers in the Pacific Northwest (PNW), as they provide ecosystem services and create habitats that benefit aquatic species, watersheds, and riparian vegetation. Even though the species has been coined a “nuisance” in some settings, it is common for environmental agencies to capture beavers and relocate them to areas where it is less likely for them to cause damage. This study geospatially modeled the Kittitas County landscape to identify areas of suitable habitat. Nine existing beaver ponds in Kittitas County were investigated; three of which were prior relocation sites that had failed, three were identified as successful beaver relocations, and the remaining three were naturally occurring beaver ponds. Using water quality components and vegetation surveys, each pond was determined to provide suitable aquatic and terrestrial habitat for regional flora and fauna. These ponds were characterized in relation to main channels of regional streams in Kittitas County to identify any potential differences in water quality between the two. Lastly, a geospatial analysis was used to identify county-wide areas where beavers would have the highest likelihood of successful colonization if they were to be relocated in future management practices. The county contains approximately 420 square kilometers of suitable beaver habitat, with about 180 square kilometers occurring in commercial forested lands. The most important takeaway from the study is that preliminary investigation work and habitat analysis is crucial when attempting to successfully re-locate or re-populate beaver colonies, and that beavers frequently move throughout a stream section depending on seasonal conditions.
Vroman, Kylie, "Characterizing and Predicting Beaver Pond Habitat in Kittitas County, Washington" (2022). All Master's Theses. 1777.
|
<urn:uuid:7ed3de4e-b9cd-4e1f-bfb2-e9f21b81ffa7>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06",
"url": "https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd/1777/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499819.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130133622-20230130163622-00779.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9502466320991516,
"token_count": 435,
"score": 2.734375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Denver Zoo is now the new home of three Spotted Hyena cubs! Kelele (keh-LAY-lay), a male born on June 26, arrived from the Buffalo Zoo on July 31. On August 1, two unnamed females, born June 11, arrived from Kapi’yva Exotics, a private facility in Houston, Texas, that specializes in the propagation of rare and endangered species. The cubs must first pass a mandatory, month-long quarantine before visitors can see them.
The three cubs arrived at Denver Zoo through recommendations of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) Species Survival Plan (SSP), which ensures healthy populations and genetic diversity among zoo animals. The female cubs’ parents and Kelele’s mother are all from Africa, making their genetics extremely valuable to the North American population as they are unrelated to most other hyenas in U.S. zoos.
“These animals are critical to the survival of Spotted Hyenas in AZA-accredited zoos, and we have been working to bring more hyenas to Denver Zoo for at least two years,” says Denver Zoo’s Curator of Large Mammals, Hollie Colahan. “This is a great example of cooperation between an AZA zoo, a private facility, and Denver Zoo to support the SSP's goals for a sustainable population.”
Kelele, named after the Swahili word for “noisy,” was born to a mother that historically has not cared for her cubs. Zookeepers have been hand-rearing him and wanted to provide him with a clan with which to socialize. Arrangements were then made to have him join the two female cubs, which had already been scheduled to arrive at Denver Zoo. This is very similar to how hyena cubs grow up in the wild. A mother will place her cub with others of various ages in a communal den. The cubs will then only come out to nurse until they are older.
Long reviled and misrepresented, the Spotted Hyena is one of the most misunderstood mammals on the planet. They are commonly thought of as unintelligent scavengers. However, ongoing research has shown that Spotted Hyena are actually one of the most intelligent mammals in the world. Spotted Hyenas are also skilled hunters. Although they scavenge carcass remnants left behind by other carnivores, Spotted Hyenas’ cooperative hunting strategies have proven to be some of the most successful in the animal world, even more successful than lions!
Spotted Hyenas are the largest of the four species of hyena, with adults standing almost 3-feet-tall at the shoulder. They have yellowish-brown fur with irregular oval spots, a bushy tail along with large ears and eyes, and a short erectile mane on their neck. Their jaws are the most powerful in proportion to their size of any mammal.
They are sometimes called “laughing hyenas” due to the unusual “cackle” sound, which is unique to Spotted Hyena. This is just one of their many communication techniques, including whoops and yells and body postures.
Spotted Hyenas are mostly found in the grasslands of sub-Saharan Africa. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies Spotted Hyenas as “least concern,” but their numbers are declining due to hunting, trapping and poisoning.
All three cubs arrived on flights accompanied by a Denver Zoo keeper and staff member.
|
<urn:uuid:11f03dd9-ef16-46dd-a979-d66ebab140ed>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34",
"url": "https://www.zooborns.com/zooborns/2014/08/spotted-hyena-cubs-fly-to-denver.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736962.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806121241-20200806151241-00056.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9716832637786865,
"token_count": 755,
"score": 2.671875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Childhood is the most crucial age for children. They love exploring and discovering things around them. They are attracted towards new things. Their minds seem more like a sponge which can absorb anything that comes their way. This is the reason why the development stage is considered to be crucial for children. This determines how the future of children would shape up to be once they grow into individuals ready to take on the world. It is vital to offer them opportunities that would turn out to be productive. One of the ways parents can engage their children is by exposing them to something that can benefit them from educational perspective. This is the reason why parents think that it would be a wise move to purchase books for children or consider enrolling them in book clubs where they get a chance to interact with other children in their age group. Enrolling children in book clubs is quite a serious activity for parents who want their children to utilize nothing but the best.
Plethora of options when it comes to book clubs
There are several book clubs available. Internet has also opened up options for connecting to book clubs. You need to verify the background of book clubs before enrolling your children on any forum on the Internet. Check feedback from members of the book club. This will give you a clear idea of the activities and how good the club is. You also need to take a look at the number of children who are a part of the book club. It would be a good idea to enroll if there are a lot of children who are a part of the club you are considering.
Check legitimacy of the club
It is vital to look into the legitimacy of the book club. This is because you would not want your children to be a part of a group that operates on a hidden agenda. The books being offered need to match with the taste and age of your children. You need to consider your children’s opinion as well while deciding which book club your children should be enrolled into. This is because they would be the ones who would be a part of the activities and the discussions of the group.
Monitor the activities of your children
Once enrolled, it is vital for you to periodically check the activities that your children are indulging in. You need to take a look at the books being read by your kids. This would let you know whether your children are gaining any kind of knowledge or enjoying their time with their friends and activities.
It is important to pick the right activities for your children as this would equip them to face the future courageously. Book clubs prove out to be helpful as they expose your kids to things beyond the classroom. Interacting with other children would help them improve their social interaction skills. It is not difficult to pick the right book club if you look into the requirements of your children.
|
<urn:uuid:f3e177b7-ed03-4a1e-a5b3-652afa81f54c>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"url": "http://www.jandjbooksandcoffee.com/how-to-pick-the-right-book-club-for-your-kids/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104681.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818140908-20170818160908-00401.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.979636549949646,
"token_count": 562,
"score": 2.546875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
WHAT IS IT?
Vibrio cholerae is a gram negative comma shaped bacteria.
Grows in alkaline media such as Cary Blair media (ideal for transport) or selective thiosulfate–citrate–bile salts agar (TCBS) which is ideal for isolation/identification.
Oxidase positive: a redox indicator will be turned dark blue when oxidized indicating that the bacterium produces cytochrome c oxidases.
Cholera toxin overactives adenylate cyclase (increases cAMP) by permanently activating the Gs subunit of the enterocyte. This all leads to increased secretion of chlorine ions into the gut, which will promote water efflux (and subsequent secretory diarrhea). A significant amount of water can be lost through this route, that can lead to volume depletion/dehydration.
Fecal-oral route: common sources of infection are seafood and water
Cholera (think “rice water diarrhea”)
Oral rehydration that is prompt and aggressive.
Antibiotic therapy can be used for patients with very severe dehydration. Doxycycline, tetracycline, and erythromyociin
OTHER HY FACTS
Patients with achlorhydria are at increased risk of infection: if patients have issues with gastric acid production, these organisms require a lower amount to be inoculated to result in an infection.
ARCHIVE OF STANDARDIZED EXAM QUESTIONS
This archive compiles standardized exam questions that relate to this topic.
Page Updated: 03.10.15
|
<urn:uuid:fc40cb62-4794-4e96-a34c-b0e99ff5d593>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14",
"url": "https://www.stepwards.com/?page_id=3000",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945315.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325033306-20230325063306-00054.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8593662977218628,
"token_count": 373,
"score": 3.328125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Samuel Tarbox and his wife are still remembered nearly 200 years after they froze to death in a fearful March snowstorm. To this day, some people in Maine's Sebago Lakes Region refer to a fierce snowstorm as a ‘real tarboxer.’
It had snowed for three days when Samuel Tarbox ventured out of his house in the town of Standish, Maine. He set out to the local gristmill to have a bag of corn ground, but collapsed on his return. His wife went to find him and she, too, perished.
The sad tale reached the ears of their 67-year-old neighbor, Thomas Shaw, who wrote bad but popular poems for a little bit of money. Shaw sold printed copies of MOURNFUL SONG, On a man and wife, who both froze to death in one night, on Standish Cape, so called. (Read it here.)
Shaw sold his ballad for pennies in nearby Portland, where sailors picked it up and took it to distant lands. And Nathaniel Hawthorne, the teenaged nephew of the Tarboxes’ neighbor, supposedly watched the burial of Mr. and Mrs. Tarbox.
The Storm of 1819
The winter of 1818-19 had had remarkably little snow. People had hardly had to use their sleighs.
Then on March 25 came the great snowstorm. "Probably more snow fell at this time than has ever fallen during a single storm in this town since its settlement," wrote Francis Gould Butler in his history of Farmington, Maine.
"The depth was estimated from three and one-half feet, and the surrounding country is blockaded for several days."
The storm, according to some accounts, lasted nine days.
The Tarbox Tragedy
Samuel Tarbox left his starving family at their home in Standish with a bag of corn to have it ground. He reached the gristmill, but on his return the heavy bag of cornmeal proved too much for him in the heavy snowdrifts. He tied the bag to a low-hanging branch, then struggled home through the snow.
Just outside his yard, Samuel Tarbox collapsed. He cried to his wife for help. Inside the house, Mrs. Tarbox thought she heard her husband call over the howling wind. So she told her five children to stay inside the house, and to blow a horn so she could find her way back, according to Hidden History of the Sebago Lakes Region.
Mrs. Tarbox (her first name is lost to history) found her husband lying just a few feet from her door. She tried to move him, but couldn’t. So she covered him with her woolen cape and hat, then set off to a neighbor’s house for help. But she didn’t get far. Mrs. Tarbox collapsed not far from her husband.
Meanwhile the frightened Tarbox children blew intermittently on the horn for two days. Finally a woodsman came upon the frozen bodies of their parents.
Thomas Shaw wrote folksy poems he called mournful ballads and sold them on broadside sheets in Portland and the other Cumberland County towns.
Bon in 1753, he had come to Standish as a 10-year-old with his father. He grew up on the frontier of Cumberland County before churches or schools were built. In 1775, he joined the Continental Army.
Thomas Shaw had no formal education, but as he wrote in his journal, "I learned to read and write a little, and in the year 1775 I began in my ignorant way to write spiritual songs . . . and some of them I have got printed.”
The subjects included the fall of the Gorham meeting house, Captain Adams' shipwreck and the hanging of Drew, which he and his son watched in Portland in 1808.
He sold thousands of the ballads for six and a quarter cents apiece. In his poem about the Tarbox tragedy, Shaw had two coffins printed at the top.
The mournful song did not go down as great literature, with lines such as “She left her children then with speed To help her husband then in need, Through cold and wind in a deep snow, God knows what she did undergo.”
The tale of the Tarbox tragedy may have inspired a greater writer than Thomas Shaw. Nathaniel Hawthorne, 14, visited his Aunt Susan and Uncle Richard Manning in Standish in 1819. He reportedly stood by an upstairs window and watched in horror as Mr. and Mrs. Tarbox were buried.
The Mannings, who had no children of their own, adopted the youngest Tarbox child, Betsy. She was later described in a diary believed written by Hawthorne, who spent some of his youth in nearby Raymond, Maine:
"I can from my chamber window look across into Aunt Manning's garden, this morning, and see little Betty Tarbox, flitting among the rosebushes, and in and out of the arbor, like a tiny witch. She will never realize the calamity that came upon her brothers and sisters, that terrible night when her father and mother lay within a few rods of each other, in the snow, freezing to death. I love the elf, because of her loss; and still my aunt is much more to her than her own mother, in her poverty, could have been."
Two of Hawthorne’s short stories, The Gentle Boy and My Kinsman, Major Molineux, deal with young people cut off from their families. They may have been inspired by Betsy Tarbox.
This story about the Tarbox family was updated in 2019.
|
<urn:uuid:ec1c59d0-58fe-4de5-a1cd-f5a6902bb964>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43",
"url": "http://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/raging-blizzard-killed-mr-mrs-tarbox-1819/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986653216.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014101303-20191014124303-00037.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9871253371238708,
"token_count": 1174,
"score": 3.109375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Researchers have hit on what may be an inexpensive way to prevent death from infections in children with HIV until anti-retroviral drugs become affordable in the developing world. In an article published in the Lancet, investigators report how they slashed the death rate of children infected with AIDS by nearly half using a common, cheap antibiotic drug.
The 20-month study involved more than 500 HIV-infected children between the ages of one and 14 in Zambia. In an effort to prevent life-threatening infections in immune-compromised children, investigators gave daily doses of the inexpensive and widely available drug, co-trimoxazole, to half the children. The rest received a placebo or sugar pill.
When the initial results showed that the antibiotic reduced the death rate by 42 percent, the study was stopped and all the children were put on co-trimoxazole therapy.
Co-infections in people with AIDS , such as tuberculosis, are a main cause of death. The benefit of co-trimoxazole taken preventatively is that it keeps such infections in check, even though bacteria have become resistant to the drug. The study author is Diana Gibb of England's Medical Research Council.
"We're not talking about this drug actually having a direct affect on the HIV itself. It's having an effect on what we think is the bacterial infections there, despite in the test tube, if you like, where there's evidence of resistance," she said.
Dr. Gibb notes that co-trimoxazole stacks up well against anti-retroviral drugs, in reducing the death rate from HIV. Until anti-AIDS drugs become widely available in poor countries, Dr. Gibb says, the antibiotic can be very useful. "It's not in that sort of order, but it's still a very good start. And it's a good reason for testing children, getting them into follow-up, giving them nutritional help and co-trimoxazole which is cheap," she said.
Dr. Gibb believes that co-trimoxazole should be given to all HIV-infected individuals, no matter how old they are or how sick, to prevent life-threatening infections.
|
<urn:uuid:e6ff3d27-5b1a-41d4-bd41-c6540493eb6a>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"url": "http://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2004-11-18-voa73-66871242/376609.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187113.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00453-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9698379039764404,
"token_count": 455,
"score": 3.40625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Skip to Main Content
It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.
Other Education Research Guides
Critical Thinking Across the Curriculum by
Call Number: E-Book
Publication Date: 2010-01-09
This exciting, practical book is an essential resource for developing literacy, philosophy and thinking skills in the primary classroom.
Developing Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Abilities by
Call Number: LB1025.2 .N456 no.30
Publication Date: 1987-06-23
This volume of New Directions for Teaching and Learnig addresses the problem of teaching problem solving.
Teaching and Learning Outside the Box by
Call Number: LB1062 .T43 2007
Publication Date: 2007-03-30
Addressing the whole curriculum, this book provides insights into each of those areas central to educational success.
|
<urn:uuid:773c73cd-02df-447a-90ab-91c5d95c2624>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40",
"url": "https://andersonuniversity.libguides.com/c.php?g=118945&p=776025",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337473.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004023206-20221004053206-00356.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7928080558776855,
"token_count": 251,
"score": 2.640625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Selecting the best lubricants for a vessel is important, particularly if the ship sails in extreme climates around the globe. This has been particularly topical since the Polar Code came into force in the Arctic regions this January.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is concerned about the safety of ships, especially cruise vessels, sailing in the polar regions where they encounter hazards including ice, remoteness, and severe and rapidly changing weather conditions. The IMO is prioritising many issues related to safety and pollution in these regions. The Polar Code specifically addresses Safety Of Life At Sea (SOLAS) and several shipborne causes of pollution such as sewage, garbage, chemicals and oil. Discharge of oil or oily mixtures into the sea from any ship are prohibited.
According to Polar Code recommendations, vessel owners should consider using environmentally friendly lubricants. It also states that cold temperatures may reduce the effectiveness of numerous components of the ship, including deck machinery and emergency equipment.
The base oils of lubricants that are generally accepted as being environmentally friendly – or Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants (EALs) – include plant- or seedbased triglycerides, which are commonly known as vegetable oils; polyalkylene glycols (known as polyglycols); polyalphaolefins
(PAOs) or synthetic hydrocarbons (manmade mineral oil); and either fully saturated, or unsaturated, synthetic esters.
Critical pieces of cruise ships’ and ro-pax vessels’ propulsion, steering, stability and deck equipment rely on the performance
of EALs when they are sailing in environmentally sensitive waters and, now that expedition cruises are also venturing to
polar regions, it’s essential operators select the right lubricant. But how do they decide which base oil type to select?
Reliability and long life comes from the ‘partnership’ of the base oil and additives, so operators should look at the overall
operational performance characteristics of base oils. Triglycerides perform poorly in low and high temperatures, whereas polyglycols can operate well in low temperatures, but their hygroscopy raises questions about toxicity and the corrosion of metals. Plus, because polyglycols are not compatible with mineral oils, they are
costly to convert to, and from, mineral oil-lubricated systems. PAOs work well in low temperatures, but require viscosity improvers to provide higher viscosity lubricants such as gear oils. These lubricants can be broken down under conditions of shear in equipment.
This leaves both the unsaturated and saturated esters. Unsaturated esters are susceptible to thermal oxidation, resulting in polymerisation and an increase in viscosity.
In addition, unsaturated esters (and PAOs) require frequent viscosity monitoring and offer relatively short operational life, hence they have high through-life costs compared with the more stable and better-perfoming
fully saturated esters.
The base oil also needs to have good additive solubility. In arctic conditions, certain base lubricants exhibit poor additive solubility, which results in the separation (crystallisation) of additives and comprises equipment performance, potentially causing equipment failure. Fully saturated ester has excellent additive solubility.
A passenger ship operator’s equipment
lubricant is an asset – they should select it
wisely and look after it.
Source: Cruise and Ferry, Autumn 2017
Author: Phil Cumberlidge, Business Development Manager of PANOLIN GREENMARINE
Image: Simon Maennling
|
<urn:uuid:10972b96-6fb1-4b13-9fc4-2c57df467562>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09",
"url": "https://www.panolin.com/en/news_presse/News/2018/choosing_the_ideal_lubricant.php",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247503249.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221071502-20190221093502-00428.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9279961585998535,
"token_count": 740,
"score": 2.5625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
The Global War on Terrorism, a war which “unlike any war preceding it…has no V Day or VJ Day…[a war where]there’s still no end in sight.” - U.S. Rep. Mike Gallagher, R-Wis.
Today marks the 16th anniversary of the September 11 terrorist attacks on our country.
Pentagon workers unfurl a large American flag over the west side of the Pentagon at sunrise, Sept. 11, 2017, on the 16th anniversary of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. DoD photo by Air Force Tech. Sgt. Brigitte N. Brantley
Those dastardly attacks killed 2,977 innocent men, women and children, including 55 military personnel who died at the Pentagon when American Airlines Flight 77 slammed into the building during the attacks.
In response to those attacks, our nation embarked upon what most likely will be the longest, most difficult and perhaps never-ending military campaign: the “Global War on Terrorism,” GWOT.
Called by different names – initially the “Overseas Contingency Operations” — and consisting of several “Wars” and “Operations,” the resulting military campaigns to combat terrorism world-wide have claimed nearly 7,000 additional lives and more than 52,000 wounded from among the more than 2.5 million Americans estimated to have been deployed in support those Wars and Operations.
Americans have always been bighearted and scrupulous about honoring and memorializing those who have sacrificed so much.
The nation has thousands of statuary, monuments and memorials honoring those who have fought and died in all our wars and battles, from the War of Independence to the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars. There are additional memorials and tributes honoring those who perished on September 11 and who continue to die in the GWOT.
The Pentagon Memorial, below, honors the 184 people who died in the building and on American Airlines Flight 77 during the September 11 attacks.
But, at times, we have been slow in establishing a “national war memorial” in our nation’s capital. That is, a memorial meeting the strict interpretation of what a “national” monument is or should be: a monument “commonly accepted as the nation’s memorial for all its citizens who died in a particular war,” and a project that takes an act of Congress to authorize and implement.
It was nearly 60 years after the end of World War II before the National World War II Memorial was dedicated on the National Mall.
It has taken America almost a century to pass a law establishing a World War One Centennial Commission with the task “to ensure a suitable observance of the centennial of World War I” and subsequently authorizing the Commission to develop such a national monument in Washington, D.C.
In January 2016 26, the Centennial Commission announced it had selected the design concept “The Weight of Sacrifice,” below, for the National WWI Memorial at Pershing Park. It is expected that the Memorial will be opened to the public by Nov. 11, 2018, the centennial of the Armistice.
Which brings us back to the Global War on Terrorism.
As mentioned before, there is no “national” memorial honoring those who have given their lives in those wars and operations.
The 1986 Commemorative Works Act requires Congress to wait 10 years after the official end of a military conflict before considering a memorial in the nation’s capital.
That means it will be the year 2020 before a memorial can be considered for the 4,486 U.S. soldiers who died in the Iraq War, “Operation Iraqi Freedom,” or the year 2024 before Americans can honor the 2,345 U.S. soldiers who died in “Operation Enduring Freedom,” the “original” Afghanistan War – even longer when one considers “Operation Freedom’s Sentinel” the continuation of that never-ending war in which our troops continue to make the ultimate sacrifice.
Then there is the Global War on Terrorism — including its major and newest element, Operation Inherent Resolve — a war that on this grim anniversary has already lasted for 16 years.
A war for which President George W. Bush in 2003 approved the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal (below) to recognize those military service members who have supported operations to counter terrorism in the GWOT. The period of eligibility says it all: From 11 September 2001, “to a date yet to be determined.”
A war against a scourge about which Robin Wright at The New Yorker asks, “Sixteen Years After 9/11, How Does Terrorism End?”
A war which “unlike any war preceding it…has no V Day or VJ Day…[a war where] there’s still no end in sight.” *
Many have, for years, fought to persuade Congress to grant a waiver to the 10 year “waiting period.”
One of them, Andrew Brennan, a former Army Captain who flew Black Hawks in the Afghanistan war, has been fighting for several years to have Congress authorize a national Memorial for his fallen GWOT brethren.
Brennan created the nonprofit Global War on Terror Memorial Foundation to get legislative support, hold a national design competition for the memorial and to raise the millions it will take to build the memorial.
Brennan received backing from veterans organizations, retired four-star Army generals David Petraeus and George Casey and, more recently, bi-partisan support in the House and Senate and also support from the Trump administration.
Finally, on July 28, 2017, Congress passed the Global War on Terrorism War Memorial Act containing an exception to the 10-year rule for the GWOT memorial, approving its construction and authorizing the Global War on Terrorism Memorial Foundation to “oversee the fundraising, design and construction of the memorial.”
The president signed the bill at Camp David on August 18.
In a statement, Brennan said:
Today’s historic signing is dedicated to our 3 million brothers and sisters who have deployed in the Global War on Terror, especially to the ones we have lost, and those who face great obstacles since their return home…We’re looking forward to building a sacred place of healing and remembrance for our veterans and their families and want to thank our partners and advocated who worked tirelessly on Capitol Hill to pass this bipartisan legislation.
The Stars and Stripes expects the project to be completed in 2024. The memorial will include six themes: endurance, sacrifice, all-volunteer, global, multicultural and unfinished.
“The ‘unfinished’ theme not only will embody the ongoing war around the globe, but also the continued personal conflicts our veterans wage here at home,” says George Chewning, the legislative director of the Global War on Terror Memorial Foundation.
To donate or to learn more about the Global War on Terror Memorial Foundation, please visit www.gwotmf.org.
* Bill sponsor U.S. Rep. Mike Gallagher, R-Wis. — a Marine Corps officer who served in Iraq — during a hearing of the House Natural Committee on Natural Resources.
Cross-posted from The Huffington Post
Copyright 2017 The Moderate Voice
|
<urn:uuid:4542cea2-c648-440d-bd62-f88904590147>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39",
"url": "http://themoderatevoice.com/national-global-war-terrorism-memorial/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688932.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922093346-20170922113346-00228.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9436250329017639,
"token_count": 1516,
"score": 2.75,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Housing grants are provided to low-income families that are unable to cover housing costs. The grants are not usually dispensed in cash, but are set aside and used to subsidise costs. Most low-income housing grantees live in public, government approved homes. The majority of low-income housing grants are provided by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) including the HOME, SHOP, and Homeownership Zone grants. The Federal Housing Authority (FHA) and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) also provide grants.
The HOME Investment Partnerships program helps increase the supply of affordable and decent housing to low-income and very low-income families. It does so through grants local and state governments known as participating jurisdictions or PJs. HOME funds are used to help new home buyers, existing homeowners, and renters. To be eligible for rental housing and assistance, families must make less 60 per cent of the median income in the area, which is determined by HUD.
Self-Help Homeownership or SHOP grants provide funds to national or regional non-profit organisations. These organisations use the grant money to purchase, develop, or improve low-income housing facilities. These non-profits typically build grant-sponsored housing with the use of volunteer labour.
The Homeownership Zone (HOZ) program provides communities with the opportunity to reclaim abandoned and damaged properties. Communities that receive these grants use them build Homeownership Zones, which care comprised of single-family, modern housing units. While according to HUD the program is still technically active, it has not been funded since 1997.
FHA & USDA Grants
Low-income housing grants are also provided by the Federal Housing Authority (FHA) and the United State Department of Agriculture (USDA). To receive these grants, families cannot make over a certain yearly income (which varies) and cannot own homes. The grants normally got to first-time home buyers, and are designed to help cover taxes, insurance, and closing costs. FHA and USDA also offer rehabilitation programs available for homeowners who cannot afford to make repairs.
Rural Housing Grants
A number of rural housing grants are provided through the USDA. One grant, the Housing and Community Facilities Program (HCFP) Direct Loan, is provided to families in the form of a low-interest rate loan. Eligible families must make less than 80 per cent of the median income level in the area. The loans can be used to purchase or construct new homes. Another grant targeted at rural families is provided by the HCFP Loan Guarantee Program. Under the program, families can borrow up to 100 per cent of the appraised value of their homes.
|
<urn:uuid:37cbdb9b-c63a-4200-8de6-ec4deaae5f09>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"url": "http://www.ehow.co.uk/about_5476835_housing-grants-low-income.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815544.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224092906-20180224112906-00056.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9503576159477234,
"token_count": 547,
"score": 2.953125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Getting into a good routine of studying will be beneficial to your long term success at achieving your qualifications. At first it may seem hard to get ‘into’ this process as this will require daily self management on your part. But through commitment, goal setting and determination you can become successful. This article will look at the following tips for study habit success.
Form or join a study group
Attend all your classes
At the beginning of each semester check your time table on a regular basis until you are familiar with your time, topic and classes. Make sure you have the correct books, study guides, readings, pen and paper ready for your lectures. Look at the topic, set time aside to complete the readings before hand. This is good practice so you are fully informed of what your lecturer will be speaking on. Being prepared mentally will bring peace and calmness as well.
Get to know the other students in your classes. Start up a study group or join an existing one. You will reap many rewards begin in a study group. Choose a study buddy that you are comfortable with. This will encourage both of you to keep on task. Social interaction getting to know others and making new friends are all part and parcel of a group. Bouncing ideas off other people will give you another perspective on the topic. Then there is the combined efforts of helping each other through the assignments.
Always attend your classes. This can be a very effective way to receive all the information you need to support your learning. Hearing the information first hand from your lecturer is more effective then from word of mouth or from someone else. Being at every class means you will not miss any thing that is important or vital to your success.
Get into the habit of studying on a daily basis, go prepared, go to study group sessions and attend all your classes. This will equip you for those up and coming assignments and examinations.
|
<urn:uuid:07b2f47c-a6c7-4fce-bb3e-931e5140158f>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39",
"url": "http://collegestudytips.net/3-tips-for-study-habit-success/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514576122.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923064347-20190923090347-00099.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9448180198669434,
"token_count": 385,
"score": 2.609375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
There is a veritable hotbed of controversy (among people who care about these sorts of things) (ahem, dorks) regarding whether the words data, criteria, and media should be treated as plural nouns or as mass nouns. (Mass nouns are nouns that cannot be made singular, yet they take a singular verb. Example: Milk is gross. For a refresher, click here.)
The old school method is to treat these nouns as normal plurals and use them with plural verbs. For grammar sticklers, this is the only correct way to use these nouns. Let’s first discuss the technically correct way to use data, criteria, and media, and then we’ll find out how these words function in the real world.
Data: facts, statistics, or other pieces of information
The singular form of data is the word datum. Traditionally, datum takes a singular verb, and data takes a plural verb. Here are some examples:
This datum is the most important piece of information in our research.
These data are inconclusive.
This datum shows little without the rest of the statistics.
The study’s data show us the big picture.
Criteria: a rule or principal used in evaluation
The singular form of criteria is criterion. Similarly, criterion takes a singular verb, and criteria takes a plural verb.
This specific criterion is too harsh.
As a whole, the criteria are fair.
The scandal is the criterion that seems to be deciding factor in her candidacy.
The criteria seem easy to meet, for most people.
Media: means of communication (radio, newspapers, television)
The singular form of media is medium. This means medium uses a singular verb, and media uses a plural verb.
The medium of the print newspaper is struggling.
People say the media are biased.
This medium, called the Internet, changes the way people get news.
Traditional media, such as print newspapers and magazines, change to fit modern needs.
How we use these nouns in the real world
You are much more likely to hear data, criteria, and media used with singular verbs, like in these examples:
The data shows us some interesting facts.
Their criteria is easy to fulfill.
The media gets a lot of blame.
This is because people tend to think of these words as mass nouns. For instance when a person is discussing the media, they are likely talking about all forms of media as one whole, as a career or as the group of people in that field. And when people refer to data, they often speak of several factors or statistics as a whole, not just one pinprick of information. So people are taking all the different sectors of media or all the individual pieces of data and speaking about them as if they were one entity: the media, the data, the criteria. Viola. Mass noun.
So, is one way more correct than the other? In my opinion, not really. I, of course, stick to the traditional method of using these nouns. I say “data are” and “media are” and “criteria are,” but I am more on the grammar stickler side. And I am swimming against the linguistic tide. The fact is that it is more common to hear these nouns being treated as mass nouns than the proper plural nouns they technically are. Grammar sticklers probably can’t stem the tide on this one, however.
|
<urn:uuid:1e946513-524e-432d-b119-77157d7bf408>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40",
"url": "https://grammarpartyblog.com/2011/07/21/confusing-plurals-data-criteria-and-media/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661296.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00169-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9379289150238037,
"token_count": 731,
"score": 3.25,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Gardening can be a great delight for both young and old. It can be a way to relax and enjoy nature while getting some light exercise. A backyard gardener can find great joy and pride in what he has planted. He will also experience deep satisfaction as the beauty of his garden increases over the years. Gardening can also be a way to make a yard and home more beautiful. An appealing curbside garden can increase the value of one’s home and improve the home’s resale quality. In addition, gardening can greatly affect the environment by producing fruits, vegetables and flowers right in one’s backyard. Not only can gardeners know what is in and on their plants, but also they can decrease the amount of fuel they use driving to the grocery store.
Gardening encompasses numerous topics. Most often, gardening is done outside, although some plants can also be brought indoors. Outdoor gardens can include decorative trees, shrubs and flowers. Other outdoor gardens may include vegetables. Those who grow their own vegetables in their gardens can enjoy healthy, natural produce throughout the year. There are numerous ways to start a garden. Of course, one of the most popular ways is planting directly in the ground. However, some people like to add interest to their yards by starting a rock garden or by planting small trees and shrubs in pots, which can be moved around the yard. Raised planters are another possibility. Some gardeners even build their own backyard greenhouses. However one chooses to garden, the activity is sure to be rewarding.
|
<urn:uuid:9067905d-592e-49ca-a158-6ccb5b8616d1>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09",
"url": "https://findhow.com/gardening/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247482347.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217172628-20190217194628-00311.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9734044075012207,
"token_count": 317,
"score": 2.546875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
A family member of mine has high blood pressure, so I was researching the risks and strokes. What surprised me was the phrase "infant stroke." I knew that adults of a certain age were at risk, but it never occurred to me that children, or even infants, could also suffer from them.
Strokes in children are very different from those that strike adults. Boys are more likely to have strokes than girls are, and the reasons that children have strokes also differ from the reasons adults have them.
Infants can't tell us in words what is going on with them, so it's up to us to be aware of the symptoms in order to act as quickly as possible. Often, the symptoms are the same for both children and adults, but we may misinterpret them and end up misdiagnosing the problem.
Inability to move one side of the body is a huge indicator of infant stroke. However, this may be difficult to notice since they have not yet developed most motor skills. Facial drooping or inability to see out of one eye are more obvious, but may be subtle as well. If your baby's pupils are different sizes, there is a problem.
Another symptom you might overlook is greater than usual sleepiness. Infants usually sleep in short bursts, but those sleep patterns are averages rather than hard-and-fast rules. If you think your baby is sleeping more than usual, along with other symptoms, contact your pediatrician.
Seizures can indicate many health problems, but they can also indicate a stroke in infants. If your baby has a seizure, contact your pediatrician immediately. If the symptoms come on suddenly or your baby is in severe distress, get to the hospital.
Have you ever encountered a serious issue with your baby? Share your story below in the comments section.
Photo credit: Flickr
|
<urn:uuid:41975b37-ec9e-4e93-8fba-0096603bee5d>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"url": "http://www.whattoexpect.com/wom/baby/infant-stroke-symptoms.aspx",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131309986.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172149-00045-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9803953766822815,
"token_count": 375,
"score": 2.890625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Why you should care
The education most Americans get is Eurocentric, but an alternative is now struggling to attract students.
Back in the summer of 1955, young Emmett Till was visiting family in Money, Mississippi. One day he whistled at a white woman. A few nights later, two men beat him, gouged an eye out and shot him in the head. They tied him by the neck to a heavy cotton gin and dumped his body in a river.
Never heard this story? It was a turning point in the American civil rights movement — and was essentially forgotten for decades. Over at Meadows-Livingstone, a tiny private school in San Francisco’s Mission District, students know all about it. The curriculum there is decidedly Afrocentric, covering art, music, history and more from the perspective of the African-American community. But these days, the future of Meadows-Livingstone and dozens of Afrocentric schools like it is a question mark.
There are only 20 kids enrolled at Meadows-Livingstone, down a third from nearly 30 students a decade ago, and it’s getting harder and harder to fill the one-room schoolhouse. Indeed, since the elementary school opened its doors in 1979, San Francisco has grown vastly wealthier — and more white — and the school’s founder, Gail Meadows, has had to reach farther afield to places like Oakland and San Mateo to attract students.
Meadows-Livingstone is just one of dozens of institutions in the country trying not only to mitigate the lower test scores and higher dropout rates that afflict minority students — 9 percent of Black students drop out of school before college, compared to just 5 percent of white students — but also to create an alternative for families seeking something other than what’s on offer from the current Eurocentric public education system. Too many traditional schools, according to advocates of Afrocentric curricula, gloss over the vital role people of color have played throughout history while glorifying white innovation and struggle. Yet the movement has recently hit roadblocks — with at least four Afrocentric charter schools ordered to close in the past two years, from West Palm Beach to Detroit, and still more put on watch lists after posting disappointing academic results.
We highlight African-Americans, we talk about slavery — and that’s important.
William Anderson, principal at Africentric Early College in Columbus, Ohio
Aside from academic underperformance, increasing numbers of these schools have started losing their charters due to financial mismanagement or too many years battling money-related challenges. Some private schools, meanwhile, are now finding that their greatest challenge is simply filling their classrooms. Part of the problem is tied to fundraising, as these schools serve underprivileged communities, and another part, evidenced by Meadows-Livingstone, is discovering over time that the cities in which they launched have priced out the disadvantaged families they set out to help. Not to mention that there’s ever-mounting competition for high-performing minority students. “A lot of private schools that aren’t necessarily progressive want those kids,” says Amy Binder, author of Contentious Curricula: Afrocentrism and Creationism in American Public Schools.
With each potential closure, the threat is not only the loss of an individual school. What also could be at risk is the Afrocentric education movement itself, a way of emphasizing the contributions of African culture to Western civilization that has evolved into a philosophical movement, which prioritizes community and responsibility over single-minded academic performance. “We highlight African-Americans, we talk about slavery — and that’s important,” says William Anderson, principal at Africentric Early College in Columbus, Ohio. But, he adds, educators like him also make a lasting impact on students by pressing them to think about why they do certain things. A shared focus on community is key, many educators maintain, and making each child feel responsible not only for their own academic achievement, but also for the greater educational microcosm they inhabit, is one way Afrocentric schools set themselves apart. At Africentric Early College, for instance, Anderson asks misbehaving students to think about the wider impact of their actions, rather than doling out traditional punishments.
The tide of Afrocentric schools rose along with the charter school movement, and hundreds opened over the past two decades. And while they’ve encountered obstacles of late, the news is not entirely bleak. Toronto opened its first Afrocentric high school program in 2013, and its 20 or so students are reportedly thriving — to such a degree that the province of Ontario has proposed opening a school with a First Nations-centered curriculum. Meanwhile in the U.S., Columbus’ Africentric Early College has broken ground on a new $39.3 million campus, complete with a 2,000-seat football stadium that will host the home team: the Nubians.
Tempering these successes are detractors who argue that the Afrocentric movement is unnecessary — or worse, detrimental to students who are already challenged, because it means they learn a different history than what’s taught in traditional schools. They also point out that while Afrocentric schools go to great lengths to stress inclusion — white children are welcome to attend Afrocentric schools, just as many African-American children attend Eurocentric schools — more often than not they end up being populated almost exclusively by Black students, when studies have shown that minority students perform better academically in desegregated environments.
The initial force behind crafting and implementing Afrocentric curricula was the fact that kids weren’t succeeding in traditional schools, says Binder, and educators wanted kids to learn in environments where they felt comfortable. From the start, the mission was dogged by cries of revisionism, to which Meadows responds: “African-Americans built this country.” And if, as she says, some people feel African-Americans are rising up as these schools have emerged over the years, then she doesn’t dispute the claim. “We are,” says Meadows. “But because of our history, it frightens them.”
|
<urn:uuid:0d4637e3-481f-42e8-938d-aaf6f5d8d624>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"url": "https://prod2-2017-elb-web-us-west-2.aws.ozymandias.com/fast-forward/save-afrocentric-schools-save-history/61156",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601615.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121044233-20200121073233-00533.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9632973670959473,
"token_count": 1270,
"score": 2.90625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ's)
How can Ebola HF be prevented?
Avoid direct contact with body fluids of a person suffering from Ebola or a deceased patient by wearing gloves, goggles, and masks Persons suspected to be suffering from Ebola should be taken to the nearest health unit immediately for medical attention.
Tracing and follow up of people who may have been exposed to Ebola through close contact with patients are essential. Persons who have died of Ebola must be handled using strong protective wear and buried immediately; Report any suspected cases of Ebola to the nearest health unit immediately Suspected cases should be isolated from other patients and strict barrier nursing techniques implemented.
All hospital staff should be briefed on the nature of the disease and its transmission routes. Particular emphasis should be placed on ensuring that invasive procedures such as the placing of intravenous lines and the handling of blood, secretions, catheters and suction devices are carried out under strict barrier nursing conditions. Hospital staff should have individual gowns, gloves, masks and goggles.
Non-disposable protective equipment must not be reused unless they have been properly disinfected. Infection may also spread through contact with the soiled clothing or bed linens from a patient with Ebola. Disinfection is therefore required before handling these items. Communities affected by Ebola should make efforts to ensure that the population is well informed, both about the nature of the disease itself and about necessary outbreak containment measures, including burial of the deceased. People who have died from Ebola should be promptly and safely buried
What is Ebola hemorrhagic fever (Ebola HF)?
Ebola is a severe, infectious often-fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees) caused by infection with Ebola virus. It is very infectious, kills in a short time BUT can be prevented.
How many people have HIV and AIDS?
Since the epidemic began, an estimated 21.8 million people have died of AIDS (17.5 million adults and 4.3 million children under 15). An estimated 5.3 million new HIV infections occurred in 2000. During 2000, HIV- and AIDS-associated illnesses caused deaths of an estimated 3 million people, including 500,000 children under the age of 15.
How is Ebola spread?
The natural reservoir of the virus is unknown and it is not always clear how the virus first appears in humans. Usually the first person gets infected through contact with an infected animal. People can be exposed to Ebola virus from direct physical contact with body fluids like blood, saliva, stool, urine, sweat etc. of an infected person and soiled linen used by a patient. It can be spread through contact with objects, such as needles, that have been contaminated with infected secretions. Incubation period is 2-21 days.
What is AIDS? What causes AIDS?
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
An HIV-positive person receives an AIDS diagnosis after developing one of the CDC-defined AIDS indicator illnesses. An HIV-positive person can also receive an AIDS diagnosis on the basis of certain blood tests (CD4 counts) and may not have experienced any serious illnesses. A positive HIV test does not mean that a person has AIDS. A diagnosis of AIDS is made by a physician according to the CDC AIDS Case Definition.
Over time, infection with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) can weaken the immune system to the point that the system has difficulty fighting off certain infections. These types of infections are known as opportunistic infections. Many of the infections that cause problems or that can be life-threatening for people with AIDS are usually controlled by a health
What’s the connection between HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases?
Having a sexually transmitted disease (STD) can increase a person’s risk of becoming infected with HIV, whether or not that STD causes lesions or breaks in the skin. If the STD infection causes irritation of the skin, breaks or sores may make it easier for HIV to enter the body during sexual contact. Even an STD that causes no breaks or sores can stimulate an immune response in the genital area that can make HIV transmission mo
What are the signs and symptoms of Ebola HF?
Joint and muscle aches
Measles like rash
A rash, red eyes, hiccups and Bleeding from body openings may be seen in some patien
How long does it take for HIV to cause AIDS?
Currently, the average time between HIV infection and the appearance of signs that could lead to an AIDS diagnosis is 8-11 years. This time varies greatly from person to person and can depend on many factors including a person’s health status and behaviors. Today there are medical treatments that can slow down the rate at which HIV weakens the immune system. There are other treatments that can prevent or cure some of the illnesses associated with AIDS. As with other diseases, early detection offers more options for treatment and preventative health care.
What is the Difference Between HIV and AIDS?
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS.
H - Human: because this virus can only infect human beings.
I - Immuno-deficiency: because the effect of the virus is to create a deficiency, a failure to work properly, within the body’s immune system.
V - Virus: because this organism is a virus, which means one of its characteristics is that it is incapable of reproducing by itself. It reproduces by taking over the machinery of the human cell.
A - Acquired: because it’s a condition one must acquire or get infected with; not something transmitted through the genes
I - Immune: because it affects the body’s immune system, the part of the body which usually works to fight off germs such as bacteria and viruses
D - Deficiency: because it makes the immune system deficient (makes it not work properly)
S - Syndrome: because someone with AIDS may experience a wide range of different diseases and opportunistic infections.
|
<urn:uuid:50a96935-8f67-4507-861c-8d1f679c079a>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24",
"url": "http://library.health.go.ug/faqs",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347402885.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529085930-20200529115930-00554.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9483388662338257,
"token_count": 1228,
"score": 3.78125,
"int_score": 4
}
|
Material could protect soldiers, firefighters, astronauts and more
By Leah Burrows / SEAS Communications
(CAMBRIDGE, Mass) — Since World War I, the vast majority of American combat casualties has come not from gunshot wounds but from explosions. Today, most soldiers wear a heavy, bullet-proof vest to protect their torso but much of their body remains exposed to the indiscriminate aim of explosive fragments and shrapnel.
Designing equipment to protect extremities against the extreme temperatures and deadly projectiles that accompany an explosion has been difficult because of a fundamental property of materials. Materials that are strong enough to protect against ballistic threats can’t protect against extreme temperatures and vice versa. As a result, much of today’s protective equipment is composed of multiple layers of different materials, leading to bulky, heavy gear that, if worn on the arms and legs, would severely limit a soldier’s mobility.
Now, Harvard University researchers, in collaboration with the U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center (CCDC SC) and West Point, have developed a lightweight, multifunctional nanofiber material that can protect wearers from both extreme temperatures and ballistic threats.
The research is published in the journal Matter.
“When I was in combat in Afghanistan, I saw firsthand how body armor could save lives,” said senior author Kit Parker, Ph.D., the Tarr Family Professor of Bioengineering and Applied Physics at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army Reserve. “I also saw how heavy body armor could limit mobility. As soldiers on the battlefield, the three primary tasks are to move, shoot, and communicate. If you limit one of those, you decrease survivability and you endanger mission success.”
Parker is also a Core Faculty member at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University.
“Our goal was to design a multifunctional material that could protect someone working in an extreme environment, such as an astronaut, firefighter or soldier, from the many different threats they face,” said Grant M. Gonzalez, Ph.D., a postdoctoral fellow at SEAS and first author of the paper.
In order to achieve this practical goal, the researchers needed to explore the tradeoff between mechanical protection and thermal insulation, properties rooted in a material’s molecular structure and orientation.
Materials with strong mechanical protection, such as metals and ceramics, have a highly ordered and aligned molecular structure. This structure allows them to withstand and distribute the energy of a direct blow. Insulating materials, on the other hand, have a much less ordered structure, which prevents the transmission of heat through the material.
Kevlar® and Twaron® are commercial products used extensively in protective equipment and can provide either ballistic or thermal protection, depending on how they are manufactured. Woven Kevlar, for example, has a highly aligned crystalline structure and is used in protective bulletproof vests. Porous Kevlar aerogels, on the other hand, have been shown to have high thermal insulation.
“Our idea was to use this Kevlar polymer to combine the woven, ordered structure of fibers with the porosity of aerogels to make long, continuous fibers with porous spacing in between,” said Gonzalez. “In this system, the long fibers could resist a mechanical impact while the pores would limit heat diffusion.”
The research team used immersion Rotary Jet-Spinning (iRJS), a technique developed by Parker’s Disease Biophysics Group, to manufacture the fibers. In this technique, a liquid polymer solution is loaded into a reservoir and pushed out through a tiny opening by centrifugal force as the device spins. When the polymer solution shoots out of the reservoir, it first passes through an area of open air, where the polymers elongate and the chains align. Then the solution hits a liquid bath that removes the solvent and precipitates the polymers to form solid fibers. Since the bath is also spinning — like water in a salad spinner — the nanofibers follow the stream of the vortex and wrap around a rotating collector at the base of the device.
By tuning the viscosity of the liquid polymer solution, the researchers were able to spin long, aligned nanofibers into porous sheets — providing enough order to protect against projectiles but enough disorder to protect against heat. In about 10 minutes, the team could spin sheets about 10 by 30 centimeters in size.
To test the sheets, the Harvard team turned to their collaborators to perform ballistic tests. Researchers at CCDC SC in Natick, Massachusetts simulated shrapnel impact by shooting large, BB-like projectiles at the sample. The team performed tests by sandwiching the nanofiber sheets between sheets of woven Twaron. They observed little difference in protection between a stack of all woven Twaron sheets and a combined stack of woven Twaron and spun nanofibers.
“The capabilities of the CCDC SC allow us to quantify the successes of our fibers from the perspective of protective equipment for warfighters, specifically,” said Gonzalez.
“Academic collaborations, especially those with distinguished local universities such as Harvard, provide CCDC SC the opportunity to leverage cutting-edge expertise and facilities to augment our own R&D capabilities,” said Kathleen Swana, Ph.D., a researcher at CCDC SC and one of the paper’s authors. “CCDC SC, in return, provides valuable scientific and soldier-centric expertise and testing capabilities to help drive the research forward.”
In testing for thermal protection, the researchers found that the nanofibers provided 20 times the heat insulation capability of commercial Twaron and Kevlar.
“While there are improvements that could be made, we have pushed the boundaries of what’s possible and started moving the field towards this kind of multifunctional material,” said Gonzalez.
“We’ve shown that you can develop highly protective textiles for people that work in harm’s way,” said Parker. “Our challenge now is to evolve the scientific advances to innovative products for my brothers and sisters in arms.”
Harvard’s Office of Technology Development has filed a patent application for the technology and is actively seeking commercialization opportunities.
This paper was co-authored by Janet Ward, John Song , Kathleen Swana, Stephen A. Fossey, Jesse L. Palmer, Felita W. Zhang, Veronica M. Lucian, Luca Cera, John F. Zimmerman and F. John Burpo.
The research was supported by the Harvard Materials Research Science and Engineering Center under the National Science Foundation Award Number DMR-1420570.
|
<urn:uuid:f59caee6-1a55-4c7e-b91d-087719334dc0>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40",
"url": "https://wyss.harvard.edu/news/multifunctional-nanofiber-protects-against-extreme-temperatures-and-fast-moving-projectiles/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400201601.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921081428-20200921111428-00054.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9280523657798767,
"token_count": 1404,
"score": 2.90625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
A frequent coin used as money in several nations is the quarter. They are often used in daily transactions and have a unique worth. Have you ever pondered the weight of a quarter? This article will examine a quarter’s weight, the elements that impact it, and some fascinating historical details related to this widely used currency. Let’s get started how much does a quarter weigh,
Let’s first explain what a quarter is in order to understand its weight. A quarter is a fraction of a unit of money, often one dollar. It is worth a quarter of a dollar, or 25 cents. Knowing a quarter’s weight can be useful in a variety of situations, such as coin sorting machines, numismatics, or just to quench one’s curiosity. To discuss how many grams in a quarter
Physical Characteristics of a Quarter
It’s critical to think about a quarter’s physical attributes in order to comprehend its weight. Commonly, a mixture of metals, particularly copper and nickel, is used to make quarters. Depending on the country of origin, the precise composition could change.
Quarters in the US are made up of 91.67 % copper and 8.3 % nickel. These coins are 0.069 inches thick and around 0.955 inches in diameter.
Weight of a Quarter
Due to modifications made to the minting procedures, wear and tear, and accumulated dirt, the weight of a quarter may fluctuate significantly over time. The weight of a quarter, though, is fairly constant on average.
A typical U.S. quarter weighs around 5.67 grammes as of this writing. This weight may vary by a few hundredths of a gramme depending on the precise production tolerances, it is important to note.
Factors Affecting the Weight of a Quarter
The weight of a quarter can vary depending on a number of things. The precision of each coin’s weight is greatly influenced by the minting procedure. During this process, any variations from the desired weight are possible.
Additionally, since quarters are used in numerous transactions, they may develop dings, scratches, and other wear. These elements may have an impact on the coin’s total weight.
A quarter’s weight can also be increased over time by dirt and debris adhering to its surface. The effect of dirt on the weight of a single quarter, however, is often negligible.
Weighing a Quarter
You can weigh a specific quarter precisely using precision measuring equipment if you’re interested in knowing how much it weighs. For accurate measurements, a digital scale with a high degree of accuracy is advised, such as one that measures to the closest tenth of a gramme. Read also how many nickels in 2 dollars
For collectors, anyone working with large quantities of coins, or people wishing to confirm the legitimacy of their money, it might be crucial to weigh a quarter precisely.
Historical Significance of Quarter Weight
The weight of quarters has changed over time in different monetary systems. These modifications frequently reflect political and economic concerns. In certain instances, weight adjustments were done to regulate coin intrinsic value or stop coin fraud.
Understanding the historical relevance of quarter weight can help one better understand how monetary systems have developed and what effect they have had on economies.
Other Interesting Facts about Quarters
Quarters have interesting characteristics in addition to their weight. The reverse side of the quarter in the United States has a varied design on a regular basis, frequently honouring several states or historical occasions. For numismatists, this makes collecting quarters a fun pastime.
Additionally, certain quarters appreciate further because of their scarcity or low supply. Their numismatic appeal is boosted by the fact that collectors and enthusiasts may seek for rare editions or distinctive designs.
Finally, a quarter’s weight is an intriguing feature of this widely used currency. Although the average weight is very steady, the weight of individual quarters might vary depending on the minting procedure, wear and tear, and dirt buildup. We acquire insights into the historical importance of quarters and recognise their usefulness in our monetary systems by comprehending their weight.
Q1: Can the weight of a quarter vary significantly from the stated average weight?
A1: Although production limitations may result in very small weight fluctuations, the weight of a quarter usually stays quite close to the stated average weight.
Q2: Can we use an ordinary kitchen scale to weigh a quarter?
A2:It’s possible that a regular kitchen scale lacks the accuracy needed to measure a quarter’s weight precisely. For accurate results, it is suggested to use a digital scale with a high degree of precision.
|
<urn:uuid:2c164827-00e0-49e1-9ab7-6e567c7bc194>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40",
"url": "https://www.newschronicles24.com/how-much-does-a-quarter-weigh/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506027.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921105806-20230921135806-00465.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9536018371582031,
"token_count": 977,
"score": 3.203125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Working through interruptions 'is something you learn how to deal with,' researcher says
TUESDAY, Dec. 4, 2012 (HealthDay News) -- Noises, questions and other disruptions in the operating room can cause young, inexperienced surgeons to make serious mistakes, according to a new, small study.
Researchers found that 44 percent of young surgeons aged 27 to 35 made a significant mistake when they were distracted during a simulated operation.
During critical moments of the procedure, a cell phone rang or a tray fell on the floor. But most errors occurred when the 18 young surgeons were asked questions about problems developing with another patient, the study found. As the surgeon addressed these questions, someone standing nearby would strike up a casual conversation about politics. These sidebar conversations were the second most common cause of the surgical mistakes.
The study, published Nov. 29 in the journal Archives of Surgery, also found that surgeons tested in the afternoon fared worse. The mistakes made were serious or potentially fatal, resulting in organ damage or injuries to ducts and arteries, they found.
"This research clearly shows that at least with younger surgeons, distractions in the operating room can hurt you," said the study's lead author, Robin Feuerbacher, assistant professor of energy systems engineering at Oregon State University, Cascades, in a university news release. "The problem appears significant, but it may be that we can develop better ways to address the concern and help train surgeons how to deal with distractions."
For the study, the researchers used a virtual reality simulator of a minimally invasive gall-bladder-removal operation, a procedure that requires much skill and concentration.
Although the study involved second-year, third-year and research-year surgical residents, the study's authors said older age and experience may not make surgeons immune to distractions, particularly when they are overworked or tired.
"We've presented these findings at a surgical conference and many experienced surgeons didn't seem too surprised by the results," noted Feuerbacher. "It appears working through interruptions is something you learn how to deal with, and in the beginning you might not deal with them very well."
The National Patient Safety Foundation provides more information on patient safety (http://www.npsf.org/for-patients-consumers/patients-and-consumers-key-facts-about-patient-safety/ ).
SOURCE: Oregon State University, news release, Nov. 29, 2012
|
<urn:uuid:4ef2b098-a45f-407e-a1d9-cf9ca7f44fee>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18",
"url": "http://redmondregional.com/hl/?/news/NRCN671166&com.dotmarketing.htmlpage.language=1",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861754936.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164234-00142-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9578889608383179,
"token_count": 504,
"score": 2.53125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Search Swinburne Research Bank
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/218043
- iPodology: the new kid on the block
- Edirisingha, Palitha; Salmon, Gilly
- Podcasting, which originated as a technology to create and distribute personal radio shows on the Internet, is now becoming a technology to support learning in many educational contexts. In this paper, we introduce podcasting as a learning technology, and discuss four approaches to using podcasting to support formal higher education, a key stage of an individual's lifelong learning process. These podcasting approaches have been developed to support: transition from school to university; acquiring good learning and study skills; online and independent learning, and; learning at a distance. Following a brief overview of the definitions of podcasting as they apply in educational contexts, and a review of the current use of podcasting for learning, this paper outlines the methodology for developing podcasting approaches. It then briefly describes the four approaches to support student learning. Each approach has been developed to address a specific teaching and learning challenge. We invite practitioners to adopt these approaches and develop their own podcasts to address similar or different teaching and learning challenges.
- Publication type
- Journal article
- Lifelong Learning in Europe, Vol. 14, no. 3 (2009), pp. 153-160
- Publication year
- FOR Code(s)
- 1301 Education Systems
- Distance learning; Flexible delivery modes; Higher education; Learning method; Lifelong learning; Online learning; Skill development; Transition from education to work
- Kansanvalistusseura: KVS Foundation (Finnish Adult Education Research Society)
- Publisher URL
- Copyright © 2009.
- Peer reviewed
|
<urn:uuid:2da1f07b-3419-406b-b20b-610f4ff96ea9>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"url": "http://researchbank.swinburne.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/swin:26778?f0=subject%3A%22Higher+education%22&f1=type%3A%22Journal+article%22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299339.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00184-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.880480170249939,
"token_count": 373,
"score": 2.765625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.